ANEW
CLASSICAL DICTIONARY
OF GREEK AND ROMAN
BIOGRAPHY, MYTHOLOGY, AND GEOGRAPHY,
PARTLY BASED UPON THE
DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN BIOGRAPHY AND MYTHOLOGY.
BY WILLIAM SMITH, LL.D.,
EDITOR OF THE DICTIONARIES OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES, AND OF GREEK
AND ROMAN BIOGRAPHY AND MYTHOLOGY.
REVISED, WITH NUMEROUS CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS,
BY CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D.,
PROFESSOR OF THE GREEK AND LATIN LANGUAGES IN COLUMBIA COLLEGE.
NEW YORK;
HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS,
82 CLIFF STREET.
1851.




Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand
eight hundred and fifty, by
HARPER & BROTHERS,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District
of New York.




TO
CHARLES KING, LL.D.,
PRESIDENT OF COLUMBIA COLLEGE,
THE STAUNCH FRIEND OF CLASSICAL LEARNING,
AND
WHO HAS RETAINED AMID THE BUSY SCENES OF PUBLIC LIFE
SO ACCURATE A PERCEPTION OF, AND SO KEEN A
RELISH FOR, THE CHARMS OF
de itk n^ Amnanln litmtrfinm.








PREFACE OF THE AMERICAN EDITOR.
THE volume here presented to the American public is one of a series of Dictionaries prepared under the editorial supervision of Dr. William Smith, aided by a number of learned men, and designed to present in an English dress the valuable historical
and archeological researches of the scholars of Germany. For it is a fact not to be
denied, that classical learning has found its proper abode in the latter country, and
that whatever of value on these subjects has appeared in England for many years past,
has been, with a few honorable exceptions —rari nantes in gurgite vasto-derived
immediately or remotely from German sources. For instance, an English " Society
for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge" desires a "History of Greek Literature;"
none but a German can be found competent to prepare it, and when death removes
him in the midst of his noble efforts, a continuator can not be found on English soil,
and the ablest history of Greek literature (as far as it goes) remains a fragment.
Turn over the pages of the most elaborate and valuable English histories of Greece,
and how few names are there quoted as authorities out of the limits of the land
of antiquarian research. Thirlwall's and Grote's splendid superstructures rest on
Teutonic foundations. The text-books used even in the Universities, which claim
a Bentley and a Porson among their illustrious dead, and where Gaisford still labors in a green old age, the Nestor of English scholarship, are mere reprints from, or
based on, German recensions. The University press sends forth an Aristotle, an
iEschylus, a Sophocles, and what English alumnus of Oxford or Cambridge performs
the critical revision-we read on the title-page the Teutonic names of Bekker, Dindorf, &c. As in every other department of classical learning English scholarship is
indebted to German labors, so, until the appearance of the present series of dictionaries (mostly the result of German erudition), she had nothing to put in comparison
with the valuable classical encyclopedias of Germany but the miserable compendiums
of Lempriere and Dymock-compilations in which the errors were so glaring and so
absurd, that when the American editor of the present work prepared a revised edition
of Lempriere, pruning away many of its faults, correcting many of its misstatements,
supplying many of its deficiencies, and introducing to his countrymen the latest resuits of German scholarship, his work was immediately reprinted, and found extensive
circulation in England. Though he had to work single-handed, and amid many discouragements and disadvantages, yet his labors seemed to meet with favor abroad, and
this approbation was distinctly manifested in the fact that his last revision of Lempriere was republished in its native land in several different forms and in abridgments.
What he sought to do unaided, and in the intervals of laborious professional duties,
has now been undertaken on a more extended scale by an association of scholars, both
English and foreign. The increased attention paid to this department in Germany,
the recent discoveries made by travellers in more thorough explorations, the vast
amount of literary material collected in separate works, or scattered through the published proceedings of learned societies, at length suggested to these scholars the propriety of exhibiting in one body the latest results of German learning. An able and




vi                 PREFACE OF THE AMERICAN EDITOR.
useful guide was found at hand in the learned and copious " Real-Encyclopidie der
Alterthumswissenschaft von Aug. Pauly."  Following in the footsteps of Pauly and
his fellow-laborers, and using freely the materials and the references of these writers,
as well as other works of standard excellence not otherwise accessible to English students, Dr. William Smith, aided by some twenty-eight collaborateurs, English and
German, prepared,
1st. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London, 1842, in one vol. 8vo,
of 1121 pages; reprinted in a new edition, London, 1850.
2dly. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, in 3 vols. 8vo,
of about 3600 pages; to be followed by,
3dly. A Dictionary of Ancient Geography, now in preparation.
After the completion of the second of these works, Dr. W. Smith and his brother, the
Rev. Philip Smith, from that work, from Pauly's Encyclopaidie, and other works, drew
up a " Classical Dictionary for Schools" (of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology,
and Geography), which should by its size and price be accessible to all students, and present in a brief and convenient form the latest and most reliable results in these departments. The plan and detail of the work are stated at length in the preface of the
English editor, subjoined to this, on p. xiii.-xv., to which the reader is referred. When
the printing of this work commenced, the publishers of the American edition immediately made an arrangement with the English publishers, and purchased at a considerable
cost the sheets in advance, to be revised and edited for circulation in this country;
and the two books were to appear nearly simultaneously.  The present work is the
revised edition of the English one, and will be found, the editor believes, greatly improved, as well as much more complete. It is not, however, designed to, and, in the
editor's opinion, will not supersede his own " Classical Dictionary" published in 1841,
since the'articles are purposely brief, and results only are stated, without that fullness
of detail which is desirable to the more advanced scholar and the educated man of leisure; but it is intended for the use of those whose means will not allow a more expensive, or their scanty time the useof a more copious work; in other words, it is
meant to take the place, by reason of its convenient size and low price, of Lempriere's
old dictionary, which, with all its absurd errors and defects, still has a lingering existence in certain parts of our country on account of its cheapness. On this head the
English editor speaks strongly; in point of literary or scientific value, Lempriere's
dictionary is dead-" requiescat in pace"-and to put it into a boy's hands now as
a guide in classical matters would be as wise and as useful as giving him some mystic
treatise of the Middle Ages on alchemy to serve as a text-book in chemistry. The
present work contains all the names of any value to a schoolboy occurring in Lempriere, and a great many not in that work, while the information is derived from the
fountain-head, and not from the diluted stream of French encyclopedias.
As regards the plan pursued in revising the work, the editor has been guided by
the wants of the class for whom it is specially designed; he has therefore inserted
more fully than in the original the names occurring in the authors most frequently
read by younger students, as Caesar, Sallust, Virgil, Cicero, Ovid, Xenophon, Herodotus, Homer, &c., and has endeavored to give briefly such information as a boy meeting with any of these names in his author would seek in a classical dictionary. For
this purpose he has used freely the most recent and most reliable authorities; he has
added brief notices from Dr. Smith's Dictionary of Biography and Mythology, and
from his own Classical Dictionary, of course abridging to suit the character of the




PREFACE OF THE AMERICAN EDITOR.                        vii
~work; ne-has also, among other works less frequently consulted, and single looks on
special topics unnecessary to.be enumerated, derived materials from Ersch and Gruber's
Allgemeine Encyclopadie (A-F, H-Italien, 0-Phokylides), 97 vols. 4to, from Kitto's
and Winer's Bible CyclopaEdia, from the indexes and notes to the best editions of the
classic authors, especially the valuable index to Groskurd's translation of Strabo, and
the Onomasticon Ciceronianum and Platonicum of Orelli, from Gruber's Mythologisches
Lexicon, 3 vols. 8vo, from Mannert's, Ukert's, and especially Forbiger's Alte Geographie, from Cramer's Ancient Greece, Italy, and Asia Minor, from numerous recent
books of travel in classic and sacred lands, from Grote's and Thirlwall's Greece,
and Niebuhr's Rome and Lectures; but particularly would he acknowledge, in the
most explicit terms, his obligations to Pauly's Real-Encyclopadie der Alterthumswissenschaft (A-Thymna), and to Kraft and Muller's improved edition of Funke's RealSchullexicon (of which, unfortunately, only the first volume, A-K, has appeared):
from these two works he has derived many of his own articles, and has been enabled
to correct many of those in the English work taken from the same sources. In this
connection,'the editor regrets to find that Dr. W. Smith and some of his coadjutors
have studiously avoided, in all their dictionaries hitherto published, making any direct
acknowledgment of their indebtedness to the former of these two works.  Although
the plan and much of the detail of the works in question are taken from Pauly's,
there is no indication of the existence of such a book in the preface to the Dictionary
of Antiquities, or to the Dictionary of Biography and Mythology, and this omission has
led a distinguished German scholar, in a notice of the latter work in the Leipziger
Repertorium for February, 1846, to complain of this conduct as unscholarlike and
reprehensible: he says, "Under this head the editor (Dr. W. Smith) ought not to
have omitted stating of how great service to him and several of his coadjutors the' Encyclopedia of Classical Antiquity,' begun by Aug. Pauly and continued after his (Pauly's) death by Chr. Walz and W. Teuffel, has been, and especially since we can show
that the above-named production of German scholars has been actually adopted as the
basis of the English Dictionary, although the plan of the latter is considerably altered."... " In regard to its (Smith's Dictionary of Biography and Mythology) relation to
the Stuttgard (Pauly's) Encyclopaedia, we have still further to remark, that the articles which have been borrowed from it, namely, by Dr. Schmitz and the editor, have
been revised, and in some respects considerably enlarged."*
The present edition is called an enlarged and corrected one, and the editor thinks
he may justly claim to have improved as well as enlarged the work: his own additions are inclosed in brackets, and amount to more than 1400 independent articles,
while the additions to articles already in the work, but either too briefly or incorrectiy stated, or omitting some important matter, are not a few. The editor has bestowed
considerable care on the department of bibliography, and under this head many additions will be found.  Dr. Smith has been content in most cases to copy the statements
* -" Hier hatte der Herausgeber nicht verschweigen soilen, von wie grossem Nutzen ihm und
mehreren seiner mitarbeiter die von Aug. Pauly begonnene und nach dessen Tode von Ch.
Walz and W. Teuffel fortgesetzte'Real-Encyclopadie der Classischen Alterthumswissenschaft,'
gewesen ist, und zwar ur so weniger, da wir diese Arbeit deutscher Gelehrten geradezu als die
Grundlage des englischen Dictionary bezeichnen dirfen, obschon der Plan derselben vielfach
anders angelegt ist." * * * "Ueber das Verhaltniss zu der Stuttgarter Encyklopadie ist noeh
zu bemerken, das die Artikel, welche daher entlehnt sind, namentlich von Schmitz und dem
Herausgeber, aufs Neue durchgesehen und zum Theil schatzbar erweitert sind."




viii                PREFACE OF THE AMERICAN EDITOR.
in the Dictionary of Biography and Mythology, without noticing many valuable
books which have appeared since the publication of that work.  Many corrections of
names, or erroneous statements too short to be marked in the text, will also be found
on a comparison of the two editions; we have kept a list of these, and subjoin some
of the more important of them here, that the public may see that the revision of the
work has been pretty thorough.    Many mere verbal alterations and corrections of
oversight or carelessness in reading the proofs might also be adduced.
ABra is said to be in Phocis, on the boundaries of Euboa!.EsAcUS: Thetis is used for Tethys, and this error is very frequently repeated, in most cases
copied from the Dictionary of Biography and Mythology, in the present instance adopted by
Dr. Schmitz from Pauly, s. v.
ALEXANDRIA: oftener -la, rarely ea, a statement just the reverse of the fact, and for correction, vide the article in the Dictionary.
ANCEUS: the Greek quotation is wrong; the line as given by us from the scholiast is a
hexameter verse, as it is also given by Thirlwall in the Philological Museum, vol. i., page
107, quoted by Dr. Schmitz for his authority, though he copies the altered Greek from
Pauly.
ANIUS: Dryope is copied erroneously from the Dictionary of Biography and Mythology, and
the account of the daughters of Anius is taken incorrectly from Kraft and Muller, though right
in the Dictionary of Biography and Mythology.
ANTONIA 1 is called husband of L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, and ANTONIA 2, the husband of
Drusus; where the editor, copying from the German of Kraft and Muller, has taken Gemahlin
(wife) for Gemahl (husband); and so again under
CRETHEUS, by way probably of compensation, Kraft and Muller's Gemahl (husband) is trans
lated wife, and Cretheus is made "wife of Tyro."
APHRODITOPOLIS, No. 3, 1, from Kraft and Muller, Aphroditopolis Nomos for -lites.
APIS (the city) is said to be 10 stadia west of Paraetonium for 100, which erroneous statement, probably a typographical slip in the German work, is copied from Kraft and Muller.
Assus: ruins near Berani, a typographical error from Kraft and Muller for Beram or Beiram.
ARCADIA (p. 70), the greatest river of Peloponnesus is said to be the Achelous!!
ARGONAUTE (p. 76): "And when Pollux was slain by Amycus," copied from an article in
the Dictionary of Biography and Mythology by Dr. L. Schmitz, who has compiled the account
from Grotefend's in Pauly, and falls into Grotefend's unaccountable blunder of making Amycus slay Pollux, though Apollodorus, whose narrative both profess to follow, says plainly
enough the reverse (Ho2XvdEKJf 6i, V7roaXO/evog TrVwrntaeEv 7rpOC avrov, 7r2a iccar rt aov aVXxva
aTdSKTreve, i., 9, 20, ~ 2), and yet Dr. Schmitz, at the end of his article, quotes Schenemann, de
Geogr. Argonaut.; Ukert, Geographic der Griech. und Romer; Miuller, Orchomenos, &c., but
says not a word about Pauly's Encyclopidie or Grotefend.
Other instances of similarity to Pauly's work are frequent in the articles of this contributor,
but this is not the place to point them out.
AULIs: a strange fatality seems to hang over this unfortunate place; the editors, infected
with the American spirit of annexation, transfer it, port and all, from the main land to the island of Euboea!!
BEBR-CES, after Kraft and Miuller, for Bebryces, or, at least, Bebryces; and in the account
of their king, the editor, copying hastily from Pauly, has mistaken the German Ihren for Ihrer.
Pauly has " Ihren Konig Amycus erschlug Pollux," the termination of the accusative indicating sufficiently the object; but Dr. Smith, in following the same order in English, has made
quite a difference in the result: 4' whose king, Amycus, slew Pollux!"
CAESAR, No. 5: L. Caesar is called the uncle, and afterward nephew, of M. Antony in the same
article.
CHARES (at the end), the colossus, overthrown B.C. 224, and removed A.D. 672; of course
it could not have remained on the ground 923 years, as stated.
CHION: thirteen letters for seventeen.
CocAIxus: it is said that he received Daedalus, and afterward killed him, when Minos came




PREFACE OF THE AMERICAN EDITOR.                             ix
in pursuit of him. It was Minos that was killed; the error is taken from Dr. Schmitz, in the
Dictionary of Biography and Mythology.
CRATOS: " Uranus and Ge" for "Pallas and Styx;" taken from Dr. Schmitz, in the Dictionary of Biography and Mythology.
CYME, in LEolis: it is said to have been Hesiod's birth-place! though, under HESIOD, it is
correctly stated that "we learn from his own poem that he was born in the village of Ascra,
in Boeotia."
ERINNYES: reference is made to Eumenide! for a feminine plural; and so again, under
Phaethon, his sisters are called Heliada! the same error occurs under Tisiphone (Eumenida!) and under Valens (the islands Stcechade! for des), in part from the Dictionary of Biography and Mythology.
HALESUS: he is said to have been slain by " Evander" for " Pallas," copied from Dr. Schmitz
in the larger dictionary.
HALMYRIS: we have'A;ipif, sc.?iu7v for ateUvj.
HALOSYDNE: Thetys (or Thetis), as usual, for Tethys; from Dr. Schmitz, in the Dictionary
of Biography and Mythology.
HELIOS: Pha6tusa, and, under Heliades, Phaeton, for " th."
HERCULES (p. 310): he is said to have taken Pylos and slain Periclymenus, a son of Neleus; elsewhere, all the sons of Neleus, except Nestor.
ITHOME: "last" Messenian war for "first."
LEANDER: "Herois" is made the genitive of " Hero."
LEONTIADES: "Spartan" exiles for, "Theban."
LEUCIPPUS: his birth-place is inferred to beElis! because he was of the " Eleatic" school,
instead of' Elea," in Italy! copied from the Dictionary of Biography and Mythology.
MAXIMUS, NO. 2: Dionysius is styled Halicarnassus!
MYCENJE: the treasury of Atreus, in Mycene, is called the treasury of Athens! and the same
error is repeated under Pelasgi (near the end).
MYRONIDES: Megara is used for Megaris.
NEREUS: just as Proteus, in the story of Ulysses, for Menelaus.
NITRIEm: voeboC has the feminine adjective NTrporniT! agreeing with it.
OASIS: al'OaaTrac is used for ol'Oacr.
OGYRIS: 2000 stadia = 20 geographical miles for 200.
PADUs: Mount Vesula for -lus I
PANDA: the Siraces for Siraci, as used by Tacitus.
PASITIGRIS: it is said to be now Karoon, which name is given to the Eulaeus, s. v.
PAULINUS (p. 531): "Nero's" for " Otho's."
PELOPONNESUS: in the enumeration of its provinces, Argolis is strangely omitted.
PHocIs: Daphnus is placed on the Eubcean Sea, between the Locri Ozolac!! and Opuntii.
PHocis: the Crisscean plain is placed in the southeast, on the borders of Locri Ozole! and
anti-historical! for ante-historical.
PICENUM: along the northern! coast of the Adriatic for western.
PIRITHOUS: Theseus is said to have placed Helen at "./Ethra!" under the care of " Phaedra!"
POSEIDON (p. 610): Pasiphae is made "daughter!" of Minos.
SASSULA: Tiber for Tibur!
SCOPAS, No. 1: he is put to death B.C. 296, though alive in B.C. 204; copied from the larger
dictionary.
SILANUS, No. 6: the dates refer to B.C. for A.D.
TAVIUM: now Boghaz-Kieni for Kieui is a typographical error copied from Pauly.
THEOPHRASTUS (p. 763) is' said to have presided in the Academy! (for Lyceum), 35 years.
TERENTIA, the wife of Cicero, is called Tullia, and this error is copied from the Dictionary
of Biography and Mythology.
In, some instances references are made to articles which are omitted; these the editor has been careful to supply, while in other cases important names have been
passed over altogetlier: a few of these are given in thie English work in the addenda,
and many others not there supplied might be quoted, but any one running over the




x                  PREFACE OF THE AMERICAN EDITOR.
additions marked with brackets can judge of the extent of this improvement in the
American edition for himself. The editor ought to add on this point, that, before receiving the page of addenda, he had already inserted in their proper places the only
important articles there given. The biographical and mythological notices in the
present work, which have been chiefly taken from the Dictionary of Biography and
Mythology, have been compared with the corresponding ones in that work, and several
errors are found to have been made in the process of abridgment, e. g.,
FERONIA (p. 263) is said to have had her chief sanctuary at Terracina, near Mount Soracte! 
Now Terracina is in Latium, southeast of Rome, while Mount Soracte was in Etruria, some
distance north of Rome: the larger dictionary says, "Besides the sanctuaries at Terracina
and near Mount Soracte, she had others at," &c.
Other errors from the same cause will be found (in the English work, corrected in this)
under Octavius No. 8, Masinissa, Orestes, Tissaphernes, &c.
Another great blemish in the English work is the utter carelessness exhibited in
the accentuation of the Greek names. If it be desirable to have the Greek accented
at all, it should be done correctly. The editor has carefully revised this portion of
the work also, and hopes no gross error will be found uncorrected. In the historical
and mythological names the errors are copied from the Dictionary of Biography and
Mythology, which exhibits the same carelessness in this respect, and these errors are
not of that nature that they might result merely from haste, or a disinclination to turn
to the pages of a lexicon or an author to find the place of the accent, but such as the
slightest acquaintance with the principles of Greek accentuation would indicate to
the eye at once: e.g., dissyllables with long penult and short final syllable having
the acute on the penult; the circumflex placed on the antepenult; the acute placed
on the penult of feminine adjectives in ig and cdg; or final syllable long by nature, with
circumflex on the penult, &c.; as instances almost at random, Bo6aa-rt', K,,avOqIq,
KrrlLaag,'Apr-ia~, rsveraiog, rTav'i/og, KaRAited&ov,'Iaorvof, "Ilog, Me6a9, Kprvat, Motpoclf, OaarTra, leiadsf, &c., &c. In the English edition the Greek
names of the Greek divinities are commonly given, but with considerable inconsistency; e. g., Ge is usually employed, though it does not occur in the work as a separate article at all, Gaea being the form in the alphabetical order, and this is frequently
used instead of Ge; Pluto or Aidoneus sometimes instead of Hades, Bacchus interchangeably with Dionysus; while, on the other hand, AEsculapius and Hercules, Ulysses and Pollux, Ajax, and other heroes, are uniformly written after the Latin form
of the name; these the editor has allowed to stand, and so, too, he has retained the
Greek names of the divinities, but has placed by the side of this form the more usual
one inclosed in parentheses, or has placed the parentheses around the former. The
change, familiar enough to the Germans and those well acquainted with German literature, seems yet, among us, too great and radical a one to be made at once. Time
may effect this, but at present, as a matter of expediency, " sub judice lis est."
To impart additional value to the work, and render it still more complete as a classical guide and book of reference, the editor has appended from the Dictionary of Biography and Mythology the "Chronological Tables of Greek and Roman History'"
subjoined to that work, and which have been drawn up with great care from the
Fasti HIellenici and Romani of Clinton, the Griechische and Romische Zeittafeln of
Fischer and Soetbeer, and the Annales Veterum Regnorum et Populorum of Zumpt,
and, in addition to these, the "Tables of Weights, Measures, and Money" from the
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. With these various improvements and




PREFACE OF THE AMERICAN EDITOR.                         xi
additions, the editor now presents the book to the American public, and ventures to
recommend it as a reliable guide to those, for whom it is designed, in the various departments which on its title-page it professes to comprise.
In conclusion, the editor would be guilty of great injustice were he not to acknowledge in the warmest terms the obligations which he is under to his learned and accurate friend Professor Drisler, whose very efficient co-operation has been secured in the
revisal and correction of the entire work. Every article has been read over and examined in common, and a frank interchange of opinions has been made wherever any
point occurred of sufficient importance to warrant this. And it is on this account that
he- ventures to recommend the present volume with more confidence to the young student, than if it had been the result merely of his own individual exertions.
COLUMBIA COLLEGE, December, 1850.








P     E   F A   C-E.
THE great progress which classical studies have made in Europe, and more especially in Germany, during the present century, has superseded most of the works usually employed in the elucidation of the Greek and Roman writers. It had long been
felt by our best scholars and teachers that something better was required than we
yet possessed in the English language for illustrating the Antiquities, Literature,
Mythology, and Geography of the ancient writers, and for enabling a diligent student
to read them in the most profitable manner. It was with a view of supplying this
acknowledged want that the series of classical dictionaries was undertaken; and the
very favorable manner in which these works have been received by the scholars and
teachers of this country demands from the editor his most grateful acknowledgments.
The approbation with which he has been favored has encouraged him to proceed in
the design which he had formed from the beginning, of preparing a series of works
which might be useful not only to the scholar and the more advanced student, but
also to those who were entering on their classical studies. The dictionaries of " Greek
and Roman Antiquities" and of "Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology,"
which are already completed, and the " Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography,"
on which the editor is now engaged, are intended to meet the wants of the more advanced scholar; but these works are on too extended a scale, and enter too much into
details, to be suitable for the use of junior students. For the latter class of persons a
work is required of the same kind as Lempriere's well-known dictionary, containing
in a single volume the most important names, biographical, mythological, and geographical, occurring in the Greek and Roman writers usually read in our public schools.
It is invidious for an author to speak of the defects of his predecessors; but it may
safely be said that Lempriere's work, which originally contained the most serious
mistakes, has long since become obsolete, and that since the time it was compiled we
have attained to more correct knowledge on a vast number of subjects comprised in
that work.
The present dictionary is designed, as already remarked, chiefly to elucidate the
Greek and Roman writers usually read in schools; but, at the same time, it has not
been considered expedient to omit any proper names connected with classical antiquity,
of which it is expected that some knowledge ought to be possessed by every person
who aspires to a liberal education. Accordingly, while more space has been given to
the prominent Greek and Roman writers, and to the more distinguished characters
of Greek and Roman history, other names have not been omitted altogether, but oply
treated with greater brevity. The chief difficulty which every author has to contend
with in- a work like the present is the vastness of his subject and the copiousness of
his materials. It has therefore been necessary in all cases to study the greatest possible brevity, to avoid all discussions, and to be satisfied with giving simply the results at which the best modern scholars have arrived., The writer is fully aware
that in adopting this plan he has frequently stated dogmatically conclusions which
may be open to much dispute; but he has thought it better to run this risk, rather




xiv                             PREFACE.
than to encumber and bewilder the junior student with conflicting opinions. With
the view likewise of economizing space, few references have been given to ancient and
modern writers. In fact, such references are rarely of service to the persons for whom
such a work as the present is intended, and serve more for parade than for any useful
purpose; and it has been theless necessary to give them in this work, as it is supposed
that the persons who really require them will be in possession of the larger dictionaries.
The present work may be divided into three distinct parts, Biography, Mythology,
and Geography, on each of which a few words may be necessary.
The biographical portion may again be divided into the three departments of History, Literature, and Art. The historical articles include all the names of any importance which occur in the Greek and Roman writers, from the earliest times down
to the extinction of the Western Empire, in the year 476 of our era.- Very few
names are inserted which are not included in this period, but still there are some persons who lived after the fall of the Western Empire who could not with propriety be
omitted in a classical dictionary.  Such is the case with Justinian, whose legislation
has exerted such an important influence upon the nations of Western Europe; with
Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, at whose court lived Cassiodorus and Boethius;
and with a few others. The lives of the later Western emperors and their contemporaries are given with greater brevity than the lives of such persons as lived in the
more important epochs of Greek and Roman history, since the students for whom the
present work is intended will rarely require information respecting the later period of
the empire. The Romans, as a general rule, have been given under the cognomens,
and not under the gentile names; but in cases where a person is more usually mentioned under the name of his gens than' under that of his cognomen, he will be found
under the former. Thus, for example, the two celebrated conspirators against Caesar,
Brutus and Cassius, are given under these names respectively, though uniformity
would require either that Cassius should be inserted under his cognomen of Longinus,
or Brutus under his gentile name of Junius. But in this as in all other cases, it has
been considered more advisable to consult utility than to adhere to any prescribed rule,
which'would be attended with practical inconveniences.
To the literary articles considerable space has been devoted. Not only are all Greek
and Roman writers inserted whose works are extant, but also all such as exercised
any important influence upon Greek and' Roman literature, although their writings
have not come down to us. It has been thought quite unnecessary, however, to give
the vast number of writers mentioned only by Athenmeus, Stobaeus, the Lexicographers, and the Scholiasts; for, though such names ought to be found in a complete history of Greek and Roman literature, they would be clearly out of place in a work like
the present. In the case of all writers whose works are extant, a brief account of
their works, as well as of their lives, is given; and at the end of each article one or
two of the best modern editions are specified. As the present work is designed for
the elucidation of the classical writers, the Christian writers are omitted, with the
exception of the more distinguished fathers, who form a constituent part of the history
of Greek and Roman literature.  TheByzantine historians are, for the same reason,
inserted; though in their case, as well as in the case of the Christian Fathers, it has
been impossible to give a complete account either of their lives or of their writings.
The lives of all the more important artists have been inserted, and an account has
also been given of their extant works. The history of ancient art has received so
little attention from the scholars of this country, that it has been deemed advisable to




PREFACE.                                 xv
devote as much space to this important subject as the limits of the work would allow.
Accordingly, some artists are noticed on account of their celebrity in the history of
art, although their names are not even mentioned in the ancient writers. This remark applies to Agasias, the sculptor of the Borghese gladiator, which is still preserved
in the Louvre at Paris; to Agesander, one of the sculptors of the group of Laocoon;
to Glycon, the sculptor of the Farnese Hercules, and to others. On the contrary,
many of the names of the artists in Pliny's long list are omitted, because they possess
no importance in the history of art.
In writing the mythological articles, care has been taken to avoid, as far as possible,
all indelicate allusions, as the work will probably be much in the hands of young persons. It is of so much importance to discriminate between the Greek and Roman
mythology, that an account of the Greek divinities is given under their Greek names,
and of the Roman divinities under their Latin names, a practice which is universally
adopted by the Continental writers, which has received the. sanction of some of our
own scholars, and which is, moreover, of such great utility in guarding against endless confusions and mistakes as to require no apology for its introduction into this work.
For the geographical articles the editor is alone responsible. The biographical and
mythological articles are founded upon those in the " Dictionary of Greek and Roman
Biography and Mythology," but the geographical articles are written entirely anew
for the present work. In addition to the original sources, the editor has availed himself I< the best modern treatises on the subject, and of the valuable works of travels
in Greece, Italy, and the East, which have appeared within the last few years, both
in England and in Germany.   It would have been impossible to give references to
these treatises without interfering with the general plan of the present work, but this
omission will be supplied in the forthcoming " Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography."  It is hoped that in the geographical portion of the work very few omissions will be discovered of names occurring in the chief classical writers; but the
great number of names found only in Strabo, Pliny, Ptolemy, and the Itineraries have
been purposely omitted, except in cases where such names have become of historical
celebrity, or. have given rise to important towns in modern times. At the commencement of.every geographical article the Ethnic name and the modern name have been
given, whenever they could be ascertained. In conclusion, the editor has to express
his obligations to his brother, the Rev. Philip Smith, who has rendered him valuable
assistance by writing the geographical articles relating to Asia and Africa.
WILLIAM SMITH.
LONDON, August 12th, 1850.








A
CLASSICAL DICTIONARY,
BIOGRAPHICAL, MYTHOLOGICAL, AND GEOGRAPHICAL.
AARASSUS.                                    ABAS.
[AARASSUS ('Aapauo6r), a city ofPisidia; more the father of Aratus, B.C. 264, but was soon
correctly, perhaps, Arassus, as given in some after assassinated.
MSS.; the old Latin version of Strabo having  [ABANTIS ('A6avril), an early name of Eubcea,
also Arasum.]                             from the Abantes.]
[ABA ('A&a), daughter of Zenophanes, made  [ABARBXREA ('A6papsapEr), name of a Naiad,
herself queen of Olbe in Cilicia; her authority mother of 2Esepus and Pedasus.]:
was confirmed by Antony and Cleopatra: she  ABXRIS ('A6aptf), son of Seuthes, was a Hywas subsequently deposed and driven out.]  perborean priest of Apollo, and came from the
[ABA ("A6a), more usually Abe, q. v.]   country about the Caucasus to Greece, while
ABAC2ENUM ('A6alcalmov or ra'A66catva:'A6a- his own country was visited by a plague. In:caevlvo: ruins near Tripi), an ancient town of his travels through Greece he carried with him
the Siculi in Sicily, west of Messana, and south an arrow as the symbol of Apollo, and gave
of Tyndaris.                              oracles. His history is entirely mythical, and
ABs  (WA6at:'A6aloc: ruins near Exarcho), is related in various ways: he is said to have
an ancient town of Phocis, on the boundaries taken no earthly food, and to have ridden on
of Bceotia, said to have been founded by the Ar- his arrow, the gift of Apollo, through the air.
give Abas, but see ABANTES. It possessed an He cured diseases by incantations, and deliverancient temple and oracle of Apollo, who hence ed the world from a plague. Later writers asderived the surname of Abaus. The temple cribe to him several works; but if such works
was destroyed by the Persians in the invasion were really current in ancient times, they were
of Xerxes, and a second time by the Bceotians not genuine. The time of his appearance in
in the sacred war: it was rebuilt by Hadrian.  Greece is stated differently: he may, perhaps,
[ABALUS, an island in the North or German be placed about B.C. 570. [Abiris occurs in
Ocean, where amber was said to have been Nonnus, Dionys., 11,132, but the short quantity
washed up by the waves, and used by the in- seems preferable.-2. A Latin hero, who fought
habitants for fuel. The more usual name was on the side of Turnus against zEneas: he was
Basilia.                                  slain by Euryalus.-3. Called Caucasius by Ovid,
[ABANNmE or ABANNI, a people of Mauretania, a friend of Phineus, slain by Perseus.]
brought into subjection to the Roman power by  [ABARIS (YaptC or Avaptr), a city of Egypt,
Theodosius, father of the Emperor Theodosius.] called, also, Avaris. Manetho places it to the
ABANTES (Agavrer), the ancient inhabitants east of the Bubastic mouth of the Nile, in the
of Euboea. (Hom., II., ii., 536.) They are said Saitic nome, while Mannert identifies it with
to have been of Thracian origin, to have first what was afterward called Pelusium.]
settled in Phocis, where they built Abue, and  ABARNIS (A6apvtr or "A6apvoq:'A6apver), a
afterward to have crossed over to Eubcea. The town and promontory close to Lampsacus on
Abantes of Eubcea assisted in colonizing sev- the Asiatic side of the Hellespont. [Abarnis
eral of the Ionic cities of Asia Minor.   was also the name of the country lying around
ABANTIXDES ('A6avrLd6dC), any descendant of and adjacent to the city.]
Abas, but especially Perseus, great-grandson of  [ABARTUS ("A6apror), one of the Codride,
Abas, and Acrisius, son of Abas. A female de- chosen king of the Phoceans.]
scendant of Abas, as Danae and Atalante, was  ABAS (A6ac). 1. Son of Metanlra, was changcalled Abantias.                          ed by Ceres (Demeter) into a lizard, because
ABANTIAS. Vid. ABANTIADES.              he mocked the goddess when she had come on
ABANTIDAS ('A6avridac), son of Paseas, be- her wanderings into the house of his mother,
came tyrant ofSicyon, after murdering Clinias, and drank eagerly to quench her thirst.-.2.
1




ABASITIS.                                ABORRHAS.
Twelfth king of Argos, son of Lynceus and Hy-  ABGARUS, ACBARUs, or AUGARTJS ("A6yapoc,
permnestra, grandson of Danaus, and father of "AK6apog, Aiiyapog), a name common to many
Acrisius and Pretus. When he informed his rulers of Edessa, the capital of the district of
father of the death of Danais, he was rewarded Osrhoene in Mesopotamia. Of these rulers, one
with the shield of his grandfather, which was is supposed by Eusebius to have been the author
sacred to Juno (Hera). This shield performed of a letter written to Christ, which he found in
various marvels, and the mere sight of it could a church at Edessa and translated from the
reduce a revolted people to submission. He is Syriac. The letter is believed to be spurious.
described as a successful conqueror and as the  ABIA (7 A6ia: near Zarnata), a town of Mesfounder of the town of Abre in Phocis, and of senia, on the Messenian Gulf. It is said to
the Pelasgic Argos in Thessaly.-[3. A centaur, have been the same town as the Ire of the Iliad
son of Ixion and Nephele, a celebrated hunter, (ix., 292), and to have acquired the name of
one of those who escaped the fury of the Lap- Abia in honor of Abia, the nurse of Hyllus, a
ithae in the fight that arose at the nuptials of son of Hercules. At a later time Abia belonged
Pirithoiis and Deidamia.-4. A follower of Per- to the Achaean League.
seus, who slew Pelates in the contest with Phin-  ABnf ('A6tot), a tribe mentioned by Homer
eus.-5. A warrior in the Trojan army, son of (II., xiii., 6), and apparently a Thracian people.
Eurydamas, slain by Diomede.-Others of this This matter is discussed by Strabo (p. 296.)
name occur in Virgil and Ovid, who probably  ABYLA (Tri "Ata6ia:'A67Xv6h, probably Nebi
derived their accounts of them from the Cyclic Abel), a town of Ccele-Syria, afterward called
poets.]                                   Claudiopolis, and the capital of the tetrarchy of
[ABASITIS ('A6aairr), a district of Phrygia Abilene (Luke, iii., 1).  The position seems
Major, on the borders of Lydia.]          doubtful. A town of the same name is men[ABATos (A6aTroC; now Biggeh),a small rocky tioned by Josephus as being sixty stadia east
island near Philae in the Nile, to which priests of the Jordan.-[2. A mountain of Mauretania:
alone were allowed access, whence the name.] vid. ABYLA.]
[ABDAGESES, a Parthian nobleman who revolt-  [ABILENE ('A6tl?;nV), vid. ABILA, No. 1.]
ed from his king Artabanus, and aided Tirida-  ABISARES ('AGaidpnr), also called Embisarus,
tes.]                                     an Indian king beyond the River Hydaspes, sent
ABDERA (ra "A6d7pa, Abdera, e, and Abdera, embassies to Alexander the Great, who not only
orum:'A6drpitrn, Abderites and Abderita). 1. allowed him to retain his kingdom, but increased
(Now Polystilo), a town of Thrace, near the it, and on his death appointed his son his sucmouth of the Nestus, which flowed through the cessor.
town. According to mythology, it was founded  [ABLERUS (YA62vpor), a Trojan, slain by Anby Hercules in honor of his favorite ABDERUS; tilochus.]
but according to history, it was colonized by  ABNSBA MONS, the range of hills covered by
TimesiusofClazomenwe aboutB.C. 656. Time- the Black Forest in Germany, not a single
sius was expelled by the Thracians, and the mountain.
town was colonized a second time by the inl-  [ABOBRICA (now Bayona), a city of Gallecia in
habitants of Teos in Ionia, who settled there Hispania Tarraconensis, near the mouth of the
after their own town had been taken by the Minius.]
Persians, B.C. 544. Abdera was a flourishing  [ABoccIs (now Aboo Simbel), a city of Athitown when Xerxes invaded Greece, and con- opia, on the western bank of the Nile, with very
tinued a place of importance under the Romans, remarkable ruins.]
who made it a free city. It was the birthplace  ABONITICHOS ('A6vov reTEoc), a town of Paphof Democritus, Protagoras, Anaxarchus, and lagonia, on the Black Sea, with a harbor, afterother distinguished men; but its inhabitants, ward called Ionopolis ('Ievo6roZtg), whence its
notwithstanding, were accounted stupid, and an modern name Ineboli, the birth-place of the pre" Abderite" was a term of reproach.-2. (Now  tended prophet ALEXANDER, of whom Lucian has
Adra), a town of Hispania Batica on the coast, left us an account.
founded by the Phonicians.                  ABORIGINES, the original inhabitants of a
ABDERUS (YA66ypoC), a favorite of Hercules, country, equivalent to the Greek avro6xovec.
was torn to pieces by the mares of Diomedes, But the Aborigines in Italy are not in the Latin
which Hercules had given him to [guard while writers the original inhabitants of all Italy, but
he himself] pursued the Bistones. Hercules is. the name of the ancient people who drove the
said to have built the town of Abdera in honor Siculi out of Latium, and there became the proof him.                                   genitors of the Latini.
ABDOLONYMUS or ABDALONIMUS, also called   ABORRHAS ('A66bpa~: now Khabur), a branch
Ballonymus, a gardener, but of royal descent, of the Euphrates, which joins that river on the
was made king of Sidon by Alexander the Great. east side near Arcesium. It is called the AraxABELLA or AVELLA (A6eXa: Abellanus: now  es by Xenophon (Anab., i., 4, { 19), and was
Avella vecchia), a town of Campania, not far from  crossed by the army of Cyrus the Younger in
Nola, founded by a colony from Chalcis in Eu- the march from Sardis to the neighborhood of
bcea. It was celebrated for its apples, whence Babylon, B.C. 401. A branch of this river,
Virgil (2in., vii., 740) calls it mdlifera, and for which rises near Nisibis, and is now called Jakhits great hazel-nuts, nuces Avellance.    jakhah, is probably the ancient Mygdonius. The -
ABELLINUM (Abellinas: now Avellino), a town Khabur rises near Orfah, and is joined near the
of the Hirpini in Samnium, near the sources of Lake of Khatuniyah by the Jakhjakhah, after
the Sabatus.-[2. (Now IMarsico Vetere), a town which the united stream flows into the Euof Lucania, near the sources of the Aciris, call- phrates. The course of the Khabur is very ined, for distinction' sake, Abellinum Marsicum.] correctly represented in the maps.
2




ABRADATAS.                                 ACACETES.
ABRADITAS ('A6padirag), a king of Susa, and kindly received by King Alcinous, who refused
an ally of the Assyrians against Cyrus, accord- to surrender her to Absyrtus. When he overing to Xenophon's Cyropadia. His wife, Pan- took her a second time in certain islands off the
thda, was taken on the conquest of the Assyrian  Illyrian coast, he was slain by Jason. The son
camp. In consequence of the honorable treat- of 2Edtes, who was murdered by Medea, is called
rnent which she received from Cyrus, Abrada- by some writers 2Egialeus.
tas joined the latter with his forces. He fell in  AB3LITTES ('A6ovAtir7y), the satrap of Susiana,
the first battle in which he fought for him, while surrendered Susa to Alexander. The satrapy
fighting against the Egyptians in the army of was restored to him by Alexander, but he and
Crersus at Thymbrana, on the Pactolus. In- his son Oxyathres were afterward executed by
consolable at her loss, Panthea put an end to Alexander for the crimes they had committed.
her own life.. Cyrus had a high mound raised  ABURNUS VALE]NS. Vid. VALENS.
in honor of them.                           Anus (now Flumber), a river in Britain.
[ABRETTENE ('A6perr7vi5), a region of Mysia,  [ABUS ('A6oC: now Aghri-Dagh), a mountain
on the borders of Bithynia, said to have been chain of Armenia Major, and believed by the
so called from the nymph Abretia.]        natives at the present day to be the Ararat of
ABRZNCATdI, a people of Gallia Lugdunensis, Scripture.]
in the neighborhood of the modern Asranches.  ABYDEvNUS ('A6v6dvSC), a Greek historian, who
ABROCdMAS ('A6poic6yao), one of the satraps wrote a history of Assyria. His date is uncerof Artaxerxes Mnemon, was sent with an army tain: he made use of the works of Megastheto oppose Cyrus on his march into Upper Asia, nes and Berosus, and he wrote in the Ionic diB.C. 401. He retreated on the approach of Cy- alect. His work was particularly valuable for
rus, but did not join the king in time for the chronology. The fragments of his history have
battle of Cunaxa.                         been published by Scaliger, De Emendatione
[ABROc6MES ('A6poKtc61tq, Ion.), son of Darius Temporum; and Richter, Berosi Chaldeoru-m
and Phratagune, accompanied the army of Xerx- Historia, &c., Lips., 1825.
es to Greece, and was slain at Thermopylae.]  ABDtos  ('A6vdot:'A6vdr7v6C). 1. A town of
[ABRoN (CA6pwv), son of the Attic orator Ly- the Troad on the Hellespont, and a Milesian
curgus.-2. Son of Callias, of the deme of Bate colony. It was nearly opposite to Sestos, but a
in- Attica, who wrote on the festivals of the little lower down the stream. The bridge of
Greeks.]                                  boats which Xerxes constructed over the HelABR6ONCiUS ('A6pfvvxoq), an Athenian, who lespont, B.C. 480, commenced a little higher up
served in the Persian war, B.C. 480, and was than Abydos, and touched the European shore
subsequently sent as ambassador to Sparta, with between Sestos and Madytus. The site of AbyThemistocles and Aristides, respecting the for- dos is a little north of Sultania or the old castle
tifications of Athens.                    of Asia, which is opposite to the old castle of
ABR6T6NUM, mother of THEMISTOCLES.      Europe.-2. (Ruins near Arabat el Matfoon and
ABRfT6NUM ('A6p67ovou: now Sabart or Old El Birbeh), a city of Upper Egypt, neat the west
Tripoli), a city on the coast of Africa, between  bank of the Nile; once second only to Thebes,
the Syrtes, founded by the Phoenicians; a colony but in Strabo's time (A.D. 14) a small village.
under the Romans. It was also called Sabrata It had a temple of Osiris and a Memnonium, both
and Neapolis, and it formed, with (Ea and Lep- still standing, and an oracle. Here was found
tis Magna, the African Tripolis.          the inscription known as the Table of Abydos,
[ABRONIUS SILO, a Latin poet of the Augustan  which contains a list of the Egyptian kings.
age, pupil of Porcius Latro. According to Vos-  ABYLA or ABILA MONs or COLUMNA ('A66uy or
sius, there were two of this name, father and'Adiy air-XV or dpor: now Jebel Zatout, i. e.,
son.] -                                   Apes' Hill, above Ceuta), a mountain in Maure[ABROZELMES ('A6poW'Zqrgc), a Thracian, inter- tania Tingitana, forming the eastern extremity
preter of the Thracian king Seuthes, mentioned  of the south or African coast of the Fretumn
in the Anabasis of Xenophon.]             Gaditanum. This and Mount Calpe (Gibraltar),
ABSYRTIDES or APSYRTIDES, SC. insulae ('AiPvp- opposite to it on the Spanish coast, were called
rideg: now Cherso, Osero, Ferosina, and Chao), the Columns of Hercules, from the fable that they
the name of four islands off the coast of Illyri- were originally one mountain, which was torn
cum, [the principal one of which was ABssRas, asunder by Hercules.
with a town of the same name.] According to  ACACALLIS (',AcaaKal2;C), daughter of Minos,
one tradition, Absyrtus was slain in these isl- by whom Apollo begot a son, Miletus, as well as
ands by his sister Medea and by Jason.    other children. Acacallis was in Crete a comABSYRTUS or APSYRTUS ("Abvprog), son of mon name for a narcissus.
2Edtes, king of Colchis, and brother of Medea.  AcAcfisYUM ('AKaKt6ctov:'AMKaato'), a town
When Medea fled with Jason, she took her of Arcadia, at the foot of a hill ofthesame name.
brother Absyrtus with her; and when she was  AcA6csiUvs ('AicaKrjlto), a surname of Mernearly overtaken by her father, she murdered cury (Hermes), for which Homrner uses the form
Absyrtus, cut his body in pieces and strewed Acacetes. Some writers derive it from the Arthem on the road, that her father might thus be cadian town of Acacesium, in which he was bedetained by gathering the limbs of his child. lieved to have been brought up; others from a
Tomi, the place where this horror was corm- priv. and Ica.c6, and suppose it to mean "the
mitted, was believed to have derived its name god who does not hurt." The same surname
from rpJLU, "to cut." According to another tra- is given to Prometheus, whence it may be indition, Absyrtus did not accompany Medea, but ferred that its meaning is that of benefactor or
was sent out by his father in pursuit of her. He deliverer from evil.
overtook her in Corcyra, where she had been e ACACETES. Vid. ACACESIUS.
3




ACACUS;                             ACCA LAURENTIA.
[AcXcus ('AKaKoc), son of Lycaon, a king in ni, son of Alcmaeon and Callirrhoe, and brother
Arcadia, who brought up Mercury (Hermes), ofAmphoterus. Their father was murdered by
and founded Acacesium: v id. ACACESIUS.]  Phegeus when they were very young, and CaiACXDEMIA ('AcaSj/eta or'A-ac6iulyia: also lirrhoe prayed to Jupiter (Zeus) to make her sons
Academia in the older Latin writers), a piece of grow quickly, that they might be able to avenge
land on the Cephissus, six stadia from Athens, the death of their father. The prayer was grantoriginally belonging to the hero ACADEMUS, and ed, and Acarnan with his brother slew Phegeus,
subsequently a gymnasium, which was adorn- his wife, and his two sons. The inhabitants of
ed by Cimon with plane and olive plantations, Psophis, where the sons had been slain, purstatues, and other works of art. Here taught sued the murderers as far as Tegea, where,
Plato, who possessed a piece of land in the however, they were received and rescued.
neighborhood, and after him his followers, who They afterward went to Epirus, where Acarnaga
were hence called the Academici, or Academic founded the state called after him Acarnania.
philosophers. When Sulla besieged Athens in  ACARNANIA ('AKapZ'vaia:'Axapvdiv, -dvo), the
B.C. 87, he cut down the plane trees in order to most westerly province of Greece, was boundconstruct his military machines; but the place ed on the north by the Ambracian Gulf, on the
was restored soon afterward. Cicero gave the west and southwest by the Ionian Sea, on the
name of Academia to his villa near Puteoli, northeast by Amphiloehia, which is sometimes
where he wrote his " Questiones Academicae." included in Acarnania, and on the east by lEtoACADEnMICI. Vid. ACADEMIA.              lia, from which at a later time it was separated
ACADEMUS ('A/cd 7io), an Attic hero, who be- by the Acheloiis. The name of Acarnania does
trayed to Castor and Pollux, when they invaded not occur in Homer. In the most ancient times
Attica to liberate their sister Helen, that she the land was inhabited by the Taphii, Telebose,
was kept concealed at Aphidnae. For this the and Leleges, and subsequently by the Curetes,
Tyndarids always showed him gratitude, and who emigrated from UEtolia and settled there.
whenever the Lacedaemonians invaded Attica, At a later time a colony from Argos, said to
they spared the land belonging to Academus. have been led by ACARNAN, the son of Alcmaon,
Vid. ACADEMIA.                            settled in the country. In the seventh century
ACALANDRUS (now Salandrella), a river in Lu- B.C. the Corinthians founded several towns
cania, flowing into the Gulf of Tarentum.  on the coast. The Acarnanians first emerge
[ACALANTHIS ('AKcaRavOi), daughter of Pierus, from obscurity at the beginning of the Peloponchanged by the muses into a thistle-finch. Vid. nesian war, B.C. 431. They were then a rude
PIERUS.]                                  people, living by piracy and robbery, and they
[ACAMANTIS ('Aca/zavrit), one of the Attic always remained behind the rest of the Greeks
tribes, so named from the hero Acamas I.]  in civilization and refinement. They were good
ACAMAS ('AKiiUas). 1. Son of Theseus and slingers, and are praised for their fidelity and
Phaedra, accompanied Diomedes to Troy to de- courage. The different towns formed a league
mand the surrender of Helen. During his stay with a strategus at their head in time of war:
at Troy he won the affection ofLaodice, daugh- the members of the league met at Stratos, and
ter of Priam, and begot by her a son, Munitus. subsequently at-Thyrium or Leucas. Under
He was one of the Greeks concealed in the the Romans Acarnania formed part of the provwooden horse at the taking of Troy. The At- ince of Macedonia.
tic tribe Acamantis derived its name from him.  [ACASTE ('Aicd6r7), a daughter of Oceanus
-2. Son of Antenor and Theano, one of the and Tethys.]
bravest Trojans, slain by Meriones. —3. Son of  ACASTUS ('A/caerot), son of Pelias, king of
Eussorus, one of the leaders of the Thracians Iolcus, and of Anaxibia or Philomache. He
in the Trojan war, slain by the Telamonian was one of the Argonauts, and also took part
Ajax.-[4. Son of Asius, fought on the side of in the Calydonian hunt. His sisters were inthe Trojans, slain by Meriones.]          duced by Medea to cut up their father and boil
[AcAMAS ('AKc6iaC: now Cape Salizano or St. him, in order to make him young again. AcasPifano), a promontory at the northwest end of tus, in consequence, drove Jason and Medea
Cyprus.]                                  from Iolcus, and instituted funeral games in
[ACAMPSIS ('Alayetoc: now Tschorak or Bitu- honor of his father. During these games Asmi), a river of Asia forming the boundary be- tydamia, the wife of Acastus, also called Hiptween Pontus and Colchis, and so named from  polyte, first saw Peleus, whom Acastus had puits impetuous course, a priv. and KadTrrbo. It was rifled from the murder of Eurytion. When Pecalled by the natives themselves Boas.]   leus, faithful to his benefactor, refused to listen
ACANTHUS ('AKavOoc:'Aidv0toS). 1. (Ruins to her addresses, she accused him to her husnear Erso), a town on the Isthmus, which con- band of improper conduct. Shortly afterward,
nects the peninsula ofAthos with Chalcidice, on when Acastus and Peleus were hunting on
the canal cut by Xerxes (vid. ATHOS). It was Mount Pelion, and the latter had fallen asleep,
founded by the inhabitants of Andros, and con- Acastu-s took his sword from him, and left him
tinued to be a place of considerable importance alone. He was, in consequence, nearly destroyfrom the time of Xerxes to that of the Romans. ed by the Centaurs; but he was saved by Chiron
-2. (Now Dashur), a town on the west bank of or Mercury (Hermes), returned to Acastus, and
the Nile, 120 stadia south of Memphis, with a killed him, together with his wife.-[2. A king
temple of Osiris.                         of Dulichium, mentioned in the Odyssey.]
[ACANTHUS ('AIcavaoc), a Lacedaemonian, vie-  ACBARUS. Vid. ABGARUS.
tor at Olympia in the diavioc, was said to have  [ACCA, a companion of the Volscian heroine
been the first who ran naked at these games.]  Camilla.]
ACARNAN ('Atcapvdv, -avo), one of the Epigo-  AccA LAURENTIA or LARENTIA, a mythical
4




ACCIUS.                                   ACHMEI.
woman in early Roman story. According to Apollo expressive of his beautiful hair, which
one account, she was the wife of the shepherd was never cut or shorn.
Faustulus, and the nurse of Romulus and Remus  [ACES (AKeCf), a river in the interior of Asia,
after they had been taken from the she-wolf. from which the country of the Hyrcanians, ParAnother account connects her with the legend thians, Chorasmians, &c., was watered by means
of Hercules, by whose advice she succeeded in of canals. On the conquest of this region by
making Carutius or Tarrutius, an Etruscan, the Persian king, the stoppage of this irrigation
love and marry her. After his death she in- converted many fertile lands into barren wastes.
herited his large property, which she left to the This river has been supposed to be the same
Roman people. Ancus Marcius, in gratitude with the Ochus or Oxus, and Wilson (Ariana, p.
for this, allowed her to be buried in the Vela- 129), following Gatterer, inclines to the latter.]
brum, and instituted an annual festival, the  [ACESXIMENUS ('AKceCIaapte), a king of Thrace,
Larentalia, at which sacrifices were offered to father of Peribcea, and said to have founded the
the Lares. According to other accounts, again, city Acesamenae in Macedonia.]
she was not the wife of Faustulus, but a pros-  [ACESANDER ('AKfaavdpoC), a Greek historian,
titute, who, from her mode of life, was called who wrote an account of Cyrene.]
lupa by the shepherds, and who left the prop-  ACESAS ('AKecats), a native of Salamis in Cyerty she gained in that way to the Roman peo- prus, famed for his skill in weaving cloth with
pie. Thus much seems certain, whatever we variegated patterns (polymitarius). He and his
may think of the stories, that she was of Etrus- son Helicon were the first who made a peplus
can origin, and connected with the worship of for Minerva (Athena) Polias. They must have
the Lares, from which her name Larentia seems lived before the time of Euripides and Plato,
to be derived.                            who mention this peplus.
L. Accius or ATTYUS, an early Roman tragic  [ACESIMBROTUS ('AiceiL6poroc), an admiral of
poet and the son of a freedman, was born B.C. the Rhodians, and a delegate to the conference
170, and lived to a great age. Cicero, when a between T. Flamininus and Philippus.]
young man, frequently conversed with him.   AcEsiNEs('AicacvVg:'AceaCvoc). 1. (Now CheHis tragedies were chiefly imitated from the naub), a river in India, into which the Hydaspes
Greek, but he also wrote some on Roman sub- flows, and which itself flows into the Indus.-2.
jects(Pretextata); oneofwhich, entitled Brutus, (Now Alcantara), a river in Sicily, near Taurowas probably in honor of his patron, D. Brutus. menium, called also Onobalas.
We possess only fragments of his tragedies,  [ACEsius ('Acecatof), an appellation of Apollo,
but they are spoken of in terms of admiration "the healer," from daKeopuat.]
by the ancient writers. Accius also wrote An-  [ACESTA. Vid. SEGESTA.]
nales in verse, containing the history of Rome,  ACESTES ('AIeCarnf), son of a Trojan woman
like those of Ennius; and a prose work, Libri of the name of Egesta or Segesta, who was sent
Didascalion, which seems to have been a his- by her father to Sicily, that she might not be
tory of poetry. The fragments of his tragedies devoured by the monsters which infested the
are given by Bothe, Poet. Scenici Latin., vol. v., territory of Troy. When Egesta arrived in SicLips., 1834; and those of the Didascalia by ily, the river-god Crimisus begot by her a son,
Madvig, De L. Attii Didascaliis Comment., Haf- Acestes, who was afterward regarded as the
niae, 1831.                               hero who had founded the town of Segesta.
Acco, a chief of the Senones in Gaul, who in- AEneas, on his arrival in Sicily, was-hospitably
duced his countrymen to revolt against Caesar, received by Acestes.
B.C. 53, by whom he was put to death.       [ACEsToDORUS ('AKearoTSpoc), a Greek hisAcE. Vid. PTOLEMAIS.                    torian from whom Plutarch quotes some inci[ACERATUS ('A tcparof), a priest and prophet dents relating to the battle of Salamis, in his
at Delphi, who with sixty men alone did not Life of Themistocles.]
abandon the place on the approach of Xerxes and  ACESTOR ('A/KEar(p). 1. Surnamed Sacas, on
his army.-2. A poet of the Greek anthology.]  account of his foreign origin, was a tragic poet
ACERBAS, a Tyrian priest of Hercules, who at Athens, and a contemporary of Aristophanes.
married Elissa, the sister of King Pygmalion. -2. A sculptor of Cnosus, who flourished about
He had concealed his treasures in the earth, B.C. 452.
knowing the avarice of Pygmalion, but he    [ACESTORIDES ('Acearopid6S), a Corinthian
was murdered by Pygmalion, who hoped to ob- chosen general by the Syracusans, but banished
tain his treasures through his sister. The pru- from Syracuse by Agathocles.]
denee of Elissa saved the treasures, and she  ACHEA ('Axaia, from 5Xog, "grief"), "the
emigrated from Phoenicia.  In this account, distressed one," a surname of Ceres (Demeter)
taken from Justin, Acerbas is the same person at Athens, so called on account of her sorrow
as Sichaeus, and Elissa the same as Dido in Vir- for the loss of her daughter.
gil (An., i., 343, seq.). The names in Justin  ACHem ('AtaLoi), one of the chief Hellenic
are undoubtedly more correct than in Virgil; races, were, according to tradition, descendfor Virgil here, as in other cases, has changed ed from Achaeus, who was the son of Xuthus
a foreign name into one more convenient to him. and Creusa, and grandson of Hellen.  The
AcERRa: (Acerranus). 1. (Now Acerra), a Achaei originally dwelt in Thessaly, and from
town in Campania on the Clanius, received thence migrated to Peloponnesus, the whole of
the Roman franchise in B.C. 332. It was de- which became subject to them, with the excepstroyed by Hannibal, but was rebuilt. 2. (Now  tion of Arcadia, and the country afterward callGerra), a town of the Insubres in Gallia Trans- ed Achaia. As they were the ruling nation in
padana,                                   Peloponnesus in the heroic times, Homer freAcassc6xoe s ('AlcepaefrlfSg), a surname of quently gives the name of Achaei to the collect.
5




ACHLEMENES.                                 ACHATES.
ive Greeks. On the conquest of the greater who left him behind in Sicily, when he fled from
part of Peloponnesus by the Heraclidae and the the Cyclopes. Here he was found by tEnea.,
Dorians eighty years after the Trojan war, who took him with him.
many of the Achaei under Tisamenus, the son  Acnmus ('AXa6Sc). 1. Son of Xuthus, the
of Orestes, left their country and took posses- mythical ancestor of the ACHMI. —2. Governoy
sion of the northern coast of Peloponnesus, then under Antiochus III. of all Asia west of Mount
called _Egialea, and inhabited by the Ionians, Taurus. He revolted against Antiochus, but
whom they expelled from the country, which was defeated by the latter, taken prisoner at Sarwas henceforth called Achaia. The expelled dis, and put to death B.C. 214.-3. Of Eretria in
Ionians migrated to Attica and Asia Minor. The Eubcea, a tragic poet, born B.C. 484. In 447,
Achoei settled in twelve cities: Pellene, 2Egira, he contended with Sophocles and Euripides,
Egoe, Bura, Helice,.Egium, Rhypae, Patre, and though he subsequently brought out maany
Pharae, Olenus, Dyme, and Tritaea.  These dramas, according to some as many as thirtycities are said to have been governed by Tisa- four or forty, he nevertheless only gained the
menus and his descendants till Ogyges, upon prize once. In the satyrical drama he possesswhose death a democratical form of govern- ed considerable merit. The fragments of his
ment was established in each state; but the pieces have been published by Urlichs, Bonn,
twelve states formed a league for mutual de- 1834; [and by Wagner in his Fmragmenza Tragifence and protection. In the Persian war the corum Grccorum (in Didot's Biblioth. Grsec.), p.
Achaei took no part; and they had little in- 36-52. The satyric pieces have been published
fluence in the affairs of Greece till the time of separately in Friebel's Graecorum Satyrograph
the successors of Alexander. In B.C. 281 the orum Fragmenta, Berlin, 1837. -4. A Greek
Acheei, who were then subject to the Macedo- tragic poet of Syracuse, who flourished at a
nians, resolved to renew their ancient league for later period than the foregoing, belonging to
the purpose of shaking off the Macedonian yoke. the Alexandrine period: he was said to have
This was the origin of the celebrated Achaean written ten or fourteen tragedies.]
League. It at first consisted of only four towns,  AcI-AA ('Axaga:'Axat6o). 1. The northern
Dyme, Patrae, Triteea, and Pharee, but was sub- coast of the Peloponnesus, originally called.gisequently joined by the other towns of Achaia, alea (Aiyitdita) or AEgialus (Aiyea6f), i. e., the
with the exception of Olenus and Helice. It coast land, was bounded on the north by the
did not, however, obtain much importance till Corinthian Gulf and the Ionian Sea, on the south
B.C. 251, when Aratus united to it his native by Elis and Arcadia, on the west by the Ionian
town, Sicyon. The example of Sicyon was Sea, and on the east by Sicyonia. It was a
followed by Corinth and, many other towns in narrow slip of country sloping down from the
Greece, and the league soon became the chief mountains to the sea. The coast is generally
political power in.Greece. At length the Achei low, and has few good ports. Respecting its
declared war against the Romans, who destroy- inhabitants, vid. AcHeI.-2. A district in Thesed the league, and thus put an end to the inde- saly, which appears to have been the original
pendence of Greece. Corinth, then the chief seat of the Achaei. It retained the name of
town of the league, was taken by the Roman Achaia in the time of Herodotus.-3. The Rogeneral Mummius, in B.C. 146, and the whole man province included Peloponnesus and northof southern Greece made a Roman province un- ern Greece south of Thessaly. It was formed
der the name of ACHAIA. The different states on the dissolution of the Achsean League in
composing theAchaean League had equal rights. B.C. 146, and hence derived its name.
The assemblies of the league were held twice  [ACHAIA ('Axata), a city and harbor on the
a year, in the spring and autumn, in a grove of northeastern coast of the Euxine, mentioned by
Jupiter (Zeus) Homagyrius near -.Egium. At Arrian in his Periplus.]
these assemblies all the business of the league  [ACHARACA (',Axdpaea), a village near Nysa
was conducted, and at the spring meeting the in Lydia, having a celebrated Plutonium, and
public functionaries were chosen. These were: an oracular cave of Charon, where intimations
1. A strategus (arparyo6s) or general, and a hip- were given to the sick respecting the cure of
parchus (i7rnapXor) or commander of the caval- their maladies.]
ry; 2. A secretary (ypaycuaredv); and, 3. Ten  [ACHARDEUS ('AXapfSof: now F,-goli}). a rivdemiurgi (dgufLovpyoi, also called UpXover)), who er of Asiatic Sarmatia, flowing from the Caucaappear to have had the right of convening the sus into the Palus Mweotis.]
assembly. For further particulars, vid. Diet. of  ACHARNE ('AXapvae:'Agapve f, pl.'AxapAnt., art. Achaicum Fedus.               vk), the principal demus of Attica, belonging
ACH^MENES ('AXatlflv})... The ancestor to the tribe CEneTs, sixty stadia north of Atens,
of the Persian kings, who founded the family possessed a rough and warlike population, who
of the Achaemenide ('Axatyesvidat), which was the were able to furnish three thousand hoplite at
noblest family of the Pasargadae, the noblest of the commencement of the Peloponnesian wva-r.
the Persian tribes. The Roman poets use the Their land was fertile, and they carried on eonadjective Acheamenius in the sense of Persian. siderable traffie in charcoal. One of the plays
[Some writers identify him with the Djemschid of Aristophanes bears the name of the inhabiof the Oriental historidns.]-2. Son of Darius ants of this demus.
1., governor of Egypt, commanded the Egyptian  ACHARRm, a town in Thessaliotis in Tessaly,
fleet in the expedition ofXerxes against Greece, on the River Pamisus.
B.C. 480. He was defeated and killed in battle  [ACHiTEs, a friend ana eompanion of.Eneas,
by:Inarus the Libyan, B.C. 460.          so remarkable for the fidelity of his attachme:t,
ACHENMENIDES or ACHEMNIDES, son of Ada- that " fidus Achates" became subsequeatly a
mastus of Ithaca, and a companion of Ulysses, proverb.]
6




ACHATES.                                  ACHILLES.
ACHATES (now Dirillo), a river in southern name were near Hermione in Argolis, between
Sicily, between Camarina and Gela, in which Cumse and Cape Misenum in Campania, and
the first agate is said to have been found.  lastly in Egypt, near Memphis. Acherusia was
ACHiLOIDES, a surname of the Sirens, the also the name of a peninsula, near Heraclea in
daughters of Achelous and a Muse; also a sur- Bithynia, with a deep chasm, into which Hername of water nymphs.                     cules is said to have descended to bring up the
AcHLLOUS ('AXelC5oC:'AXEr-6io in Hom.: now  dog Cerberus.
Aspro Potmno), more anciently called Thoas,  ACHETUM, a small town in Sicily, the site of
Axenus, and Thestius, the largest river in which is uncertain.
Greece. It rises in Mount Pindus, and flows  ACHILLA or ACHOLLA ("AXo;%a:'AXo;Raior:
southward, forming the boundary between Acar- Achillitanus: now El Aliah, ruins), a town on
nania and Xtolia, and falls into the Ionian Sea the sea-coast of Africa, in the Carthaginian teropposite the islands called Echinades, [which ritory (Byzacena), a little above the northern
were supposed to have been formed in part by point of the Syrtis Minor.
the depositions of this very rapid river.] It is  ACHILLAS ('Axta'tXS), one of the guardians
about one hundred and thirty-miles in length. of the Egyptian king Ptolemy Dionysius, and
The god of this river is described as the offspring commander of the troops when Pompey fled to
of Oceanus and Tethys, and as the eldest of their Egypt, B.C. 48. It was he and L. Septimius
three thousand sons. He fought with Hercules who killed Pompey. He subsequently joined
for IDeianira, but was conquered in the contest. the eunuch Pothinus in resisting Caesar, and
He then took the form of a bull, but was again obtained possession of the greatest part of Alexovercome by Hercules, who deprived him of andrea. He was shortly afterward put to death
one of his horns, which, however, he recovered by Arsinoe, the youngest sister of Ptolemy, B.C.
by giving up the horn of Amalthea. According 47.
to Ovid (Met., ix., 87), the Naiads changed the  [ACHILLEIS, a poem of Statius, turning on the
horn which Hercules took from Achelous into story of Achilles. Vid. STATIUS.]
the horn of plenty. Achelous was, from the  ACHILLES ('AX^tiUedI), the great hero of the
earliest times, considered to be a great divinity Iliad.-Homeric story. Achilles was the son of
throughout Greece, and was invoked in prayers, Peleus, king of the Myrmidones in Phthiotis, in
sacrifices, &c. On several coins ofAcarnania, Thessaly, and of the Nereid Thetis. From his
the god is represented as a bull with the head father's name, he is often called Pelides, Peleiaof an old man. Achelous was also the name des,or Pelion, and from his grandfather's, _Eaciof a river in Arcadia, and of another in Phthio- des.,He was educated by Phoenix, who taught
tis in Thessaly.                          him eloquence and the arts of war, and accomACHEMENIDES. Vid. ACHAMENIDES.          panied him to the Trojan war. In the healing
ACHERON ('AX6pwv), the name of several riv- art he was instructed by Chiron, the centaur.
ers, all of which were, at least at one time, be- His mother, Thetis, foretold him that his fate
lieved to be connected with the lower world.-1. was either to gain glory and die early, or to live
[Now Gurla, or River of Suli]. A river in Thes- a long but inglorious life. The hero chose the
protia in Epirus, which flows through the Lake former, and took part in the Trojan war, from
Acherusia into the Ionian Sea.-2. A river in which he knew that he was not to return. In
Elis, which flows into the Alpheus.-3. [Proba- fifty ships, he led his hosts of Myrmidones, Helbly Lese or Arconti.] A river in southern Italy, lenes, and Achaeans, against Troy. Here the
in the country of the Bruttii, on which Alexan- swift-footed Achilles was the great bulwark of
der of Epirus perished.-4. The river of the the Greeks, and the worthy favorite of Minerva
lower world, round which the shades hover, and (Athena) and Juno (Hera). Previous to the disinto which the Pyriphlegethon and Cocytus flow. pute with Agamemnon, he ravaged the country
In late writers the name of Acheron is used, in around Troy, and destroyed twelve towns on
a general sense, to designate the whole of the the coast and eleven in the interior of the counlower world. The Etruscans were acquainted try. When Agamemnon was obliged to give
with the worship of Acheron (Acheruns) from  up Chryseis to her father, he threatened to take
very early times, as we must infer from their away Briseis from Achilles, who surrendered
Acheruntici libri, which treated of the deification her on the persuasion of Minerva (Athena), but
of souls, and of the sacrifices (Acheruntia sacra) at the same time refused to take any further
by which this was to be effected.         part in the war, and shut himself up in his tent.
AcfiteoNTiA. 1. (Now Acerenza), a town in Jupiter (Zeus), on the entreaty of Thetis, promApulia, on a summit of Mount Vultur, whence ised that victory should be on the side of the
Horace (Carm., iii, 4, 14) speaks of celsa, nidum  Trojans, until the Achaeans should have honAcheronti. —2. A town on the River Acheron, ored her son. The affairs of the Greeks dein the country of the Bruttii. Vid. ACHERON, dined in consequence, and they were at last
No. 3.                                    pressed so hard, that an embassy was sent to
ACHERuIsIA ('AXepovaia i/zvw or'AXepovaiS), Achilles, offering him rich presents and the resthe name of several lakes and swamps, which, toration of Briseis; but in vain. Finally, howlike the various rivers of the name of Acheron, ever, he was persuaded by Patroclus, his dearwere at some time believed to be connected est friend, to allow him to make use of his men,
with/ the lower world, until at last the Ache- his horses, andhis armor. Patroclus was slain,
rusia came to be considered to be in the lower and when this news reached Achilles, he was
world itself. The lake to which this belief seized with unspeakable grief. Thetis consoled
seems to have been first attached was the Ache- him, and promised new arms, to be made by
mraia in Thesprotia, through which the Acheron Vulcan (Hephaestus), and Iris appeared to rouse
lowed. Other lakes or swamps of the same him from his lamentations and exhorted him
7




ACHILLES.                            ACHILLEUS DROMOS.
to rescue the body of Patroclus. Achilles now  thesilea, an Amazon. He also fought with
rose, and his thundering voice alone put the Memnon and Troilus. The accounts of his
Trojans to flight. When his new armor was death differ very much, though all agree in
brought to him, he hurried to the field of battle, stating that he did not fall by human hands, or,
disdaining to take any drink or food until the at least, not without the interference of the god
death of his friend should be avenged. He Apollo. According to some traditions, he was
wounded and slew numbers of Trojans, and at killed by Apollo himself; according to others,
length met Hector, whom he chased thrice Apollo assumed the appearance of Paris in killaround the walls of the city. He then slew  ing him, while others say that Apollo merely
him, tied his body to his chariot, and dragged directed the weapon of Paris against Achilles,
him to the ships of the Greeks. After this, he and thus caused his death, as had been sugburned the body of Patroclus, together with gested by the dying Hector. Others, again, retwelve young captive Trojans, who were sac- late that Achilles loved Polyxena, a daughter of
rificed to appease the spirit of his friend; and Priam, and, tempted by the promise that he
subsequently gave up the body of Hector to should receive her as his wife, if he would join
Priam, who came in person to beg for it. Achil- the Trojans, he went without arms into the
les himself fell in the battle at the Scaean gate, temple of Apollo at Thymbra, and was assasbefore Troy was taken. His death itself does sinated there by Paris. His body was rescued
not occur in the Iliad, but it is alluded to in a by Ulysses and Ajax the Telamonian; his arfew passages (xxii., 358; xxi., 278). It is ex. mor was promised by Thetis to the bravest
pressly mentioned in the Odyssey (xxiv., 36), among the Greeks, which gave rise to a conwhere it is said that his fall-his conqueror is test between the two heroes who had rescued
not mentioned-was lamented by gods and men, his body. Vid. AJAX. After his death, Achilthat his remains, together with those of Patro- les became one of the judges in the lower world,
clus, were buried in a golden urn, which Bac- and dwelled in the islands of the blessed, where
chus (Dionysus) had given as a present to The- he was united with Medea or Iphigenia.-[2. A
tis, and were deposited in a place on the coast son of the Earth (y7yev7C), to whom Juno (Hera)
of the Hellespont, where a mound was raised fled for refuge from the pursuit of Jupiter (Zeus),
over them. Achilles is the principal hero of and who persuaded her to return and marry that
the Iliad: he is the handsomest and bravest of deity. Jupiter (Zeus), grateful for this service,
all the Greeks; he is affectionate toward his promised him that all who bore this name for
mother and his friends; formidable in battles, the time to come should be illustrious personwhich are his delight; open-hearted and without ages.-3. The preceptor of Chiron, after whom
fear, and, at the same time, susceptible of the Chiron named the son of Peleus.-4. The in.
gentle and quiet joys of home. His greatest ventor of the ostracism in Athens, according
passion is ambition, and when his sense of hon- to one account.-5. Son of Jupiter (Zeus) and
or is hurt, he is unrelenting in his revenge and Lamia, so beautiful that Pan awarded to him
anger, but withal submits obediently to the will the prize of beauty over every competitor. Veof the gods.-Later traditions.  These chiefly nus was so offended at this, that she inspired
consist in accounts which fill up the history of Pan with a fruitless passion for the nymph
his youth and death. His mother, wishing to.Echo, and also wrought a hideous change in
make her son immortal, is said to have con- his person.]
cealed him by night in the fire, in order to de-  ACHILLES TATIUS, or, as others callhim,Achilstroy the mortal parts he had inherited from his les Statius, an Alexandrine rhetorician, lived in
father, and by day to have anointed him with the latter half of the fifth or the beginning of
ambrosia. But Peleus one night discovered his the sixth century of our era. He is the author
child in the fire, and cried out in terror. Thetis of a Greek romance in eight books, containing
left her son and fled, and Peleus intrusted him the adventures of two lovers, Clitophon and
to Chiron, who educated and instructed him in Leucippe, which has come down to us. The
the arts of riding, hunting, and playing the phor- best edition is by Fr. Jacobs, Lips., 1821. Suiminx, and also changed his original name, Li- das ascribes to this Achilles a work on the
gyron, i. e., the "whining," into Achilles. Chi- sphere (7rept a6caipat), a fragment of which, proron fed his pupil with the hearts of lions and the fessing to be an introduction to the Phaenomena
marrow of bears. According to other accounts, of Aratus, is still extant. But this work was
Thetis endeavored to make Achilles immortal written at an earlier period. It is printed in
by dipping him in the River Styx, and succeed- Petavius, Uranologia, Paris, 1630, and Amstered with the exception of the ankles, by which dam, 1703.
she held him. When he was nine years old,   ACHILLEUMA ('AXitXeLov), a fortified place near
Calchas declared that Troy could not be taken the promontory Sigeum in the Troad, [founded
without his aid, and Thetis, knowing that this by the Mytileneans, and in the neighborhood of
war would be fatal to him, disguised him as a which] Achilles was supposed to have been
maiden, and introduced him among the daugh- buried. There was a place of the same name
ters of Lycomedes of Scyros, where he was on the Cimmerian Bosporus, or Straits of Kaffa,
called by the name of Pyrrha on account of his on the Asiatic side.
golden locks. But his real character did not  ACHILLEUS assumed the title of emperor unremain concealed long, for one of his compan- der Diocletian, and reigned over Egypt for some
ions, Deidamla, became mother of a son, Pyr- time. He was taken by Diocletian after a siege
thus or Neoptolemus, by him. Ulysses at last of eight months in Alexandrea, and put to death
discovered his place of concealment, and Achil- A.D. 296.
les immediately promised his assistance. Dur-  ACHILLiEUS DRMaos ('AXi; etog dpopoo: now.
ing the war against Troy, Achilles slew Pen- Tendera or Tenclra), a narrow tongue of land Ia
$




ACHILLEUS.                                  ACRLEA.
the Euxine Sea, not far from the mouth of the  [ACMoN ('AKcZov). 1. A companion of Dio.
Borysthenes, where Achilles is said to have medes, who was changed into-a bird for disremade a race-course. Before it lay the cele- spect to Venus.-2. Son of Elytius of Lyrnesbrated Island of Achilles (Insula Achillis) or sus a companion of _Eneas.]
Leuce (AevKi~), where there was a temple of  ACMONIA ('AKfovia:'AKYovi7rVC: Acmonensis),
Achilles.                                 a city of the Greater Phrygia.
ACHILLfUS PORTUS ('AXiLewg0oc 7qtv), a har-  ACMONIDES, one of the three Cyclopes in Ovid,
bor in Laconia, near the promontory Taenarum. is the same as Pyracmon in Virgil, and as Arges
ACHILLIDES, a patronymic of Pyrrhus, son of in most other accounts of the Cyclopes.
Achilles.                                   ACETES ('Arcoirt), son of a poor fisherman
ACHILLIS INSULA. Vid. ACHILLEUS DROMOS. of Maeonia, who served as a pilot in a ship.
ACHIROE ('AXtp6O), daughter of Nilus and wife After landing at the Island of Naxos, the sailors
of Belus, by whom she became the mother of brought with them on board a beautiful boy
/Egyptus and Danaus.                      asleep, whom they wished to take with them;
ACHIVI, the name of the Achaei in the Latin but Accetes, who recognized in the boy the god
writers, and frequently used, like Achaei, to sig- Bacchus, dissuaded them from it, but in vain.
nify the whole Greek nation. Vid. ACHaI.  When the ship had reached the open sea, the
AC.HOLLA.. Vid. ACHILLA.               boy awoke, and desired to be carried back to
ACHOLOE. Vid. HARPYI.E.                 Naxos. The sailors promised to do so, but did
ACHRXDINA or ACRADINA. Vid. SYRACUSE.   not keep their word. Hereupon the god disACICHoRIus ('ActxSptorf), one of the leaders of closed himself to them in his majesty; vines
the Gauls, who invaded Thrace and Macedonia began to twine round the vessel, tigers appearin B.C. 280. In the following year he accom- ed, and the sailors, seized with madness, jumppaniedBrennusinhisinvasionofGreece. Some ed into the sea and perished. Accetes alone
writers suppose that Brennus and Acichorius was saved and conveyed back to Naxos, where
are the same person, the former being only a he was initiated into the Bacchic mysteries.
title and the latter the real name.       This is the account of Ovid (Met., iii., 582, &c.).
ACIDALIA (mater), a surname of Venus, from  Other writers call the crew of the ship Tyrrhethe well Acidalius, near Orchomenos, where nian pirates, and derive the name of the Tyrshe used to bathe with the Graces.        rhenian Sea fiom them.
[ACIDAS ('AKidac), a small river of Triphylian  ACONTIUS ('Ac6vrof), a beautiful youth of the
Elis, which ran into the Anigrus.]        Island of Ceos. On one occasion he came to
ACIDINUS, L. MANLIUS. 1. One of the Roman Delos to celebrate the annual festival of Diana,
generals in the second Punic war, praetor ur- and fell in love with Cydippe, the daughter of a
banus B.C. 210, served against Hasdrubal in noble Athenian. In order to gain her, he had
207, and was sent into Spain in 206, where he recourse to a stratagem. While she was sitremained till 199.-2. Surnamed FULVIANUS, be- ting in the temple of Diana, he threw before her
cause he originally belonged to the Fulvia gens, an apple, upon which he had written the words
praetor B.C. 188 in Nearer Spain, and consul in " I swear by the sanctuary of Diana to marry
179 with his own brother Q. Fulvius Flaccus, Acontius."  The nurse took up the apple and
which is the only instance of two brothers hold- handed it to Cydippe, who read aloud what was
ing the consulship at the same time.      written upon it, and then threw the apple away.
[ACIDON ('ACi6wv), same as the AcIDAS, q. v.] But the goddess had heard her vow, and the
ACIL.YA GENS, plebeian. Its members are repeated illness of the maiden, when she was
mentioned under the family names of AVIOLA, about to marry another man, at length compelBALBUS, and GLABRIO.                      led her father to give her in marriage to Acon[AcILISENE('Aicetaqvm7), a districtofArmenia tius. This story is related by Ovid (Heroid.,
Major, between Antitaurus and the Euphrates.] 20, 21), who borrowed it from a lost poem of
[ACIMINCUM or ACUMINCUM (now Peterward-, Callimachus, entitled " Cydippe."
ein), a town in Lower Pannonia, on the Danube.]  ACORIS ("Acoptl), king of Egypt, assisted Evag[AcuIicuM or AQUINCUM (now Buda or Old oras, king of Cyprus, against Artaxerxes, king
Ofen), a strongly fortified town of Pannonia, on of Persia, about B.C. 385. He died about 374,
the Danube.]                              before the Persians entered Egypt, which was
[ACINIPO (ruins near Ronda), a town of His- in the following year.
pania Baetica, of which some remarkable remains  [ACRA ('Acpa), a name of many places situstill exist.]                             ated on heights and promontories. 1. A vil[ACRIS ('Asctpt: now Agri), a river of Lu- lage on the Cimmerian Bosporus.-2. A town
cania, flowing into the Sinus Tarentinus.]  in Eubcea.-3. A town in Arcadia.-4. ACRA
Acis ('Acg), son ofFaunus and Symaethis, was LEUCE (2evcKi), a town in Hispania Tarraconenbeloved by the nymph Galatea: Polyphemus sis, founded by Hamilcar Barcas.]
the Cyclops, jealous of him, crushed him under  ACREM ('YApa). 1. (Ruins near Palazzalo), a
a huge rock.. His blood, gushing forth from un- town in Sicily, west of Syracuse, and ten stadia
der the rock, was changed by the nymph into from the River Anapus, was founded by the Syrthe River Acis or Acinius (now Fiume di Jaci), acusans seventy years after the foundation of
at the foot of Mount AEtna. This story, which their own city.-2. A town in.Etolia.
is related only by Ovid (IMet., xiii., 750, seq.), is  [ACRJEA ('AKpaia), a daughter of the riverperhaps no more than a happy fiction suggested god Asterion (near Mycena), one of the nurses
by the manner in which the little river springs of Juno. A mountain in Argolis, opposite to
forth from under a rock.                  the Heraeum, was named after her Acrea.]
[Acis ('AKIS), a river of Sicily. Vid. the fore-  ACRAA ('Acpata) and ACREUS are surnames
going.]                                   given to various goddesses and gods whose
9




ACRLEPHEUS.                                 ACTzEUS.
temples were situated upon hills, such as Jupi- Sicily, is said to have been in Athens during
ter (Zeus), Juno (Hera), Venus (Aphrodite), the great plague (B.C. 430) in the PeloponneMinerva (Pallas), Diana (Artemis), and others. sian war, and to have ordered large fires to be
ACREPHEUS. Vid. ACREPHIA.               kindled in the streets for the purpose of purifyAcRFPHiA,AcRApHIRHE,orAcREPHioN('A/cpat- ing the air, which proved of great service to
pia,'AKcpatciat,'Atpafbtov:'AKpaiplo~,'AKpat- several of the sick. This fact, however, is not
ieLalo: now Kardhitza), a town in Boeotia, on mentioned by Thucydides. The medical sect
the Lake Copais, said to have been founded by of the Empirici, in order to boast of a greater
Acrapheus, the son of Apollo.             antiquity than the Dogmatici (founded about B.
[ACREus.  Vid. ACRiEA.]                C. 400), claimed Acron as their founder, though
[ACRAGAS ('Alcpdyar: now Girgenti or Fiume they did not really exist before the third cendi S. Biagio), a small river of Sicily, on which tury B.C.-[3. An Etrurian of Corythus, an ally
was the celebrated city of Acragas or Agrigen- of zEneas, slain by Mezentius.]
tum.]                                       ACRoN, HELENYUS, a Roman grammarian,
ACRAGAS. Vid. AGRIGENTUM.               probably of the fifth century A.D., wrote notes
[ACRPTHOS ('Alcp(ioc aicpov, i. e., "'Apof on Horace, part of which are extant, and also,
A6ds: now Cape Monte Santo), the northeast- according to some critics, the scholia which we
ern promontory in the peninsula Acte in Mace- have on Persius.
donia.]                                     [AcRONIUS LACUS. Vid. BRIGANTINUS LACUS.]
ACRATUS, a freedman of Nero, sent into Asia  ACROPOL.IS. Vid. ATHENIE.
and Achaia (A.D. 64) to plunder the temples  ACROPOLITA, GEORGIUS (TrEdpytoC'AKpo'rotiand take away the statues of the gods.    7-a), a Byzantine writer, was born at ConstanAcRIE ('Atcptai or'AlcpaLat), a town in La- tinople in A.D. 1220, and died in 1282. He
conia, not far from the mouth of the Eurotas.  wrote several works which have come down
ACRILLLE, a town in Sicily between Agrigen- to us. The most important of them is a histum and Acre.                             tory of the Byzantine empire, from the taking
ACReSIONE ('AKPtGaovy), a patronymic of Da- of Constantinople by the Latins in 1204, down
nae, daughter of Acrisius. Perseus, grandson to the year 1261, when Michael Paleologus deof Acrisius, was called, in the same way, Acris- livered the city from the foreign yoke. Edited
ionides.                                 by Leo Allatius, Paris, 1651; reprinted at VenAcRisIus ('AKpiC6Lo), son of Abas, king of Ar- ice, 1729.
gos, and of Ocalia, grandson of Lynceus, and  ACROREA (A'AKpSpeia), a mountainous tract
great-grandson of Danaus. His twin-brother of country in the north of Elis.
was Prcetus, with whom he is said to have quar-  ACROTATUS ('Al/p6T-aro). 1. Son of Cleomerelled even in the womb of his mother. Acris- nes II., king of Sparta, sailed to Sicily in B.C.
ius expelled Prcetus from his inheritance; but, 314 to assist the Agrigentines against Agathosupported by his father-in-law Iobates, the Ly- cles of Syracuse. On his arrival at Agrigencian, Prcetus returned, and Acrisius was con- tum, he acted with such tyranny that the inpelled to share his kingdom with his brother by habitants compelled him to leave the city. He
giving up to him Tiryns, while he retained Ar- returned to Sparta, and died before his father,
gos for himself. An oracle had declared that leaving a son, Areus.-2. Grandson of the preDanaB, the daughter of Acrisius, would give ceding, and the son of Areus I., king of Sparta;
birth to a son who would kill his grandfather. bravely defended Sparta against Pyrrhus in B.C.
For this reason he kept Danae shut up in a sub- 272; succeeded his father as king in 265, but
terraneous apartment, or in a brazen tower, was killed in the same year in battle against
but here she became mother of Perseus, not- Aristodemus, the tyrant of Megalopolis.
withstanding the precautions of her father, ac-  ACROTHOUM or AcROTHOI ('Acpo6oov,'Acpocording to some accounts by her uncle Proetus, Ooot:'AcpoOBwtry: now Lavra), afterward calland according to others by Jupiter (Zeus), who ed Uranopolis, a town near the extremity of the
visited her in the form of a shower of gold. peninsula of Athos.
Acrisius ordered mother and child to be ex-  ACT.EA ('AKcraia), daughter of Nereus and
posed on the wide sea in a chest; but the chest Doris.
floated toward the Island of Seriphus, where  ACTEON ('AKTaiov). 1. A celebrated huntsboth were rescued by Dictys. As to the man- man, son of Aristaeus and Autonoe, a daughter
ner in which the oracle was subsequently ful- of Cadmus, was trained in the art of hunting by
filled, vid. PERSEUS.                     the centaur Chiron. One day as he was huntAcRITAS ('ApPEi7TaC: now Cape Gallo), the ing, he saw Diana (Artemis) with her nymphs
most southerly promontory in Messenia.    bathing in the vale of Gargaphia, whereupon
ACROCERAUNIA (ra'AKpoKEpaevvta, SC. opr/:the goddess changed him into a stag, in which
now Cape )Linguetta), a promontory in Epirus, form he was torn to pieces by his fifty dogs on
jutting out into the Ionian sea, was the most Mount Cithaeron. Others relate that he prowesterly part of the CERAUNII MONTES. The voked the anger of the goddess by boasting
coast of the Acroceraunia was dangerous to that he excelled her in hunting.-2. Son of Meships, whence Horace (Carm., i., 3, 20) speaks lissus, and grandson of Abron, who had fled
of infames scopulos Acroceraunia.         from Argos to Corinth for fear of the tyrant
ACROCORINTHUS.  Vid. CORINTHUS.         Phidon. Archias, a Corinthian, enamored with
AceOLISSUS.  Vi. Vissus.                the beauty of Actaeon, endeavored to carry him
ACRON. 1. King of the Caninenses, whom  off; but in the struggle which ensued between
Romulus slew in battle, and whose arms he Melissus andArchias, Acteon was killed. Vicd
dedicated to Jupiter Feretrius as Spolia Opima. ARcHIAs.
-2. An eminent physician of Agrigentum in   AcTEus ('AKtraIog), son of Erisichthon, and
10




ACTE.                                  ADHERBAL.
the earliest king of Attica. He had three daugh-  ACULEO, C., an eminent Roman lawyer, who
ters, Agraulos, Herse, and Pandrosus, and was married the sister of Helvia, the mother of Cicsucceeded by Cecrops, who married Agraulos.  ero: his son was C. Visellius Varro; whence it
ACTE, the concubine of Nero, was originally would appear that Aculeo was only a surname
a slave from Asia Minor. Nero at one time given to the father from his acuteness, and that
thought of marrying her; whence he pretend- his full name was C. Visellius Varro Aculeo.
ed that she was descended from King Attalus.  [ACUMENUS ('Atcovzev6o), a celebrated physiShe survived Nero.                        cian of Athens, who lived in the fifth century beACTE ('A/rn), properly a piece of land run- fore Christ, a friend and companion of Socrates.]
ning into the sea, and attached to another larger  ACTsILAUS ('AKcovaOaof), of Argos, one of the
piece of land, but not necessarily by a narrow  earlier Greek logographers, flourished about B.
neck. 1. An ancient name of Attica, used espe- C. 525. Three books of-his Genealogies are
cially by the poets.-2. The eastern coast of quoted, which were, for the most part, only a
Peloponnesus, near Trcezen and Epidaurus.-  translation of Hesiod into prose. He wrote in
3. The peninsula between the Strymonic and the Ionic dialect. His fragments are published
Singitic gulfs, on which Mount Athos is.  by Sturz, Lips., 1824, and in Didot's Fragment.
AcTIAcus. Vid. ACTIUM.                  Histor. Grcec., p. 100, seq.-[2. An Athenian,
[ACTIS, one of the Heliadme, who, according who taught rhetoric at Rome in the time of
to Diodorus, migrated from Rhodes to Egypt, Galba, and having amassed there great wealth,
founded Heliopolis, which he named after his left it at his death to his countrymen.]
father, and taught the Egyptians astrology. The  [AD. This preposition was often prefixed by
same writer states that the Greeks, having lost the Romans to some natural object on the line
by a deluge nearly all their memorials of previ- of their marches,.to indicate their stopping-place,
ous events, became ignorant of their claim to especially when encamping in any quarter where
the invention of this science, and allowed the they did not find any habitation or settlement by
Egyptians to arrogate it to themselves. Wesse- which the spot might be designated. Sometimes
ling considers this a mere fable, based on the na- the preposition was prefixed to the ordinal numtional vanity of the Greeks.]             her, designating the distance in miles. Thus,
ACTISANES ('AKruadvn), a king of Ethiopia, Ad Aquas indicated a spot near which there was
who conquered Egypt and governed it with jus- water, or an encampment near water; Ad Q2uartice, in the reign of Amasis. This Amasis is turn, "at the fourth mile-stone:" supply lapidem,
either a more ancient king than the contempo- &c.]
rary of Cyrus, [or else we must read Ammosis  ADA ('Ada), daughter of Hecatomnus, king of
for Amasis.]                              Caria, and sister of Mausolus, Artemisia, HiAGTIUM   A (AKrtov:'AICtaKOf, ",AKrtO: now  drieus, and Pixodarus. She was married to her
La Punta, not Azio), a promontory, and likewise brother Hidrieus, on whose death (B.C. 344) she
a place in Acarnania, at the entrance of the- succeeded to the throne of Caria, but was exAmbracian Gulf, off which Augustus gained the pelled by her brother Pixodarus in 340. When
celebrated victory over Antony and Cleopatra, Alexander entered Caria in 334, Ada, who was
on September 2, B.C. 31. At Actium there was in possession of the fortress of Alinda, surrenoriginally no town, but only a temple of Apollo, dered this place to him. After taking Halicarwho was hence called Actiacus and Actius. This nassus, Alexander committed the government
temple was beautified by Augustus, who estab- of Caria to her.
lished, or rather revived, a festival to Apollo,  ADAMANTEA. Vid. AMALTHEA.
called Actia (vid. Dict. of Ant., s. v.), and erect-  ADAMANTIUS ('Adaydvrtlo), a Greek physician,
ed NICOPOLIS on the opposite coast, in commem- flourished about A.D. 415, the author of a Greek
oration of his victory. A few buildings sprung treatise on Physiognomy, which is borrowed in
up around the temple at Actium, but the place a great measure from Polemo's work on the
was only a kind of suburb of Nicopolis.   same subject. Edited by Franzius, in Scrip[ACTIUS ('A/c7tio), an appellation of Apollo tores Physiognomice Veteres, 1780, 8vo.
from his temple at Actium.]                 [ADAMAS ('Add/la), a Trojan hero, slain by
AcTYus. Vid. ATTIUS.                    Meriones ]
ACTOR ('AKrOp). 1. Son of Deion and Dio-  [ADAMAS ('Ad'/aC), a river of India, where
mede, father of Mencetius, and grandfather of diamonds were found. It is now the Soank,
Patroclus. —2. Son of Phorbas and Hyrmine, but near its mouth is called Brammi.
and husband of Molione.-3. A companion of   [ADANA (Tra Adava:'Adavev: now Adana),.,Eneas, of whose conquered lance Turnus made a city in the interior of Cilicia, on the west side
a boast. This story seems to have given rise of the River Sarus, in a fruitful district of counto the proverb Actoris spolium (Juv., ii., 100) try.]
for any poor spoil.                         ADDnA (now Adda), a river of Gallia CisalAcTORIoDEs or ACTORION ('Acropi6^ or'Acro- pina, which rises in the Rietian Alps, and flows
pltv), patronymics of descendants of an Actor, through the Lacus Larius (now Lago di Como)
such as Patroclus, Erithus, Eurytus, and Ctea- into the Po, about eight miles above Cremona.
tus.                                        ADHERBAL ('Arap6aC), son of Micipsa, and
ACTUABiUS, JOANNES, a Greek physician of grandson of Masinissa, had the kingdom of NuConstantinople, probably lived in the reign of midia left to him by his father in conjunction
Andronicus II. Palueologus, A.D. 1281-1328. with his brother Hiempsal and Jugurtha, B.C.
He was the author of several medical works, 118. After the murder of his brother by Ju-which are extant, [and most of which have been gurtha, Adherbal fled to Rome, and was restored
published by Ideler in his ", Physici et Medici to his share of the kingdom by the Romans in
Grtsi Minores,". Berlin, 1841, seq.]      117. But he was again stripped of his domin11




ADIABENE.                                 ADRASTIA.
ions by Jugurtha, and besieged in Cirta, where months the tree burst, and Adonis was born.
he was treacherously killed by Jugurtha in 112. Venus (Aphrodite) was so much charmed with
[According to Gesenius, the more Oriental form  the beauty of the infant, that she concealed it in
of the name is Atherbal, signifying " the wor- a chest which she intrusted to Proserpina (Pershipper of Baal:" from this the softer form Ad- sephone); but the latter refused to give it up.
herbal arose.]                            Zeus decided the dispute by declaring that durADIABENE ('A6&a67V7), a district of Assyria, ing four months of every year Adonis should be
east of the Tigris, and between the River Lycus, left to himself, during four months he should
called Zabatus in the Anabasis of Xenophon, belong to Proserpina (Persephone), and during
and the Caprus, both of which are branches of the remaining four to Venus (Aphrodite). Adothe Tigris.                               nis, however, preferring to live with Venus
ADIMANTUS ('Adeizavroc). 1. The commander (Aphrodite), also spent with her the four months
of the Corinthian fleet when Xerxes invaded over which he had control. Adonis afterward
Greece (B.C. 480), vehemently opposed the ad- died of a wound which he received from a boar
vice of Themistocles to give battle to the Per- during the chase. The grief of the goddess at
sians.-2. An Athenian, one of the command- the loss of her favorite was so great, that the
ers at the battle of _Egospotami, B.C. 405, where gods of the lower world allowed him to spend
he was taken prisoner. He was accused of six months of every year with Venus (Aphrotreachery in this battle, and is ridiculed by Aris- dite) upon the earth. The worship of Adonis,
tophanes in the " Frogs."-3. The brother of which in later times was spread over nearly all
Plato, frequently mentioned by the latter.  the countries round the Mediterranean, was, as
ADIs ('Adit: now Rhades?), a considerable the story itself sufficiently indicates, of Asiatic,
town on the coast of Africa, in the territory of or more especially of Phoenician origin. Thence
Carthage (Zeugitana), a short distance east of it was transferred to Assyria, Egypt, Greece,
Tunis. Under the Romans it appears to have and even to Italy, though, of course, with varibeen supplanted by a new city, named Maxula. ous modifications. In the Homeric poems no
ADMETE ('AdAurn). 1. Daughter of Oceanus trace of it occurs, and the later Greek poets
and Tethys.-2. Daughter of Eurystheus and changed the original symbolic account of AdoAntimache or Admete. Hercules was obliged nis into a poetical story. In the Asiatic religions
by her father to fetch for her the girdle of Mars Venus (Aphrodite) was the passive or vegeta(Ares), which was worn by Hippolyte, queen of tive principle of nature. [Adonis represented
the Amfzons.                              the sun as the fructifying principle, while the
ADMETUS ("VAdurot). 1. Son of Pheres and boar, said to have killed him, was the emblem
Periclymene or Clymene, was king of Pherae in of winter, during which the productive powers
Thessaly. He took part in the Calydonian hunt of nature being suspended, Venus (Aphrodite)
and in the expedition of the Argonauts. He sued was said to lament the loss of Adonis until he
for the hand of Alcestis, the daughter of Pelias, was again restored to life.] Hence he spends
who promised her to him on condition that he six months in the lower and six in the upper
should come to her in a chariot drawn by lions world. His death and his return to life were
and boars. This task Admetus performed by celebrated in annual festivals (Adonia) at Bythe assistance of Apollo, who served him, ac- blos, Alexandrea in Egypt, Athens, and others
cording to some accounts, out of attachment to places.
him, or, according to others, because he was  ADONIS (YA&uvtf: now Nahr Ibrahim), a small
obliged to serve a mortal for one year for hav- river of Phoenicia, which rises in the range of
ing slain the Cyclopes. On the day of his mar- Libanus. [At the anniversary of the death of
riage with Alcestis, Admetus neglected to offer Adonis, which was in the rainy season, its waa sacrifice to Diana (Artemis), but Apollo recon- ters were tinged red with the ochrous particles
ciled the goddess to him, and at the same time from the mountains of Libanus, and were hence
induced the Moirme to grant to Admetus deliver- fabled to flow with his blood.]
ance from death, if at the hour of his death his  ADRAMYTTIUM ('Adpa'bUrTretov or'AdpaJnVrrlov:
father, mother, or wife would die for him. Al-'ASpaezv7rrrvdo: now Adramyti), a town of Myscestis died in his stead, but was brought back ia, near the head of the Gulf of Adramyttium,
by Hercules from the lower world.-2. King of and opposite to the Island of Lesbos.
the Molossians, to whom THEMISTOCLES fled for  ADRANA (now Eder), a river in Germany,
protection, when pursued as a party to the trea- which flows into the Fulda, near Cassel.
son of Pausanias.                           ADRANUM or HADRXNUM (WAdpavov, "Adpavov,
ADONIs ('A6Svic), a beautiful youth, beloved'Adpavir/f: now Aderno), a town in Sicily, on
by Venus (Aphrodite). He was, according to the River Adranus, at the foot of Mount Etna,
Apollodorus, a son of Cinyras and Medarme, or, was built by Dionysius, and was the seat of the
according to the cyclic poet Panyasis, a son of worship of the god Adranus.
Theias, king of Assyria, and Smyrna (Myrrha).  ADRANUS ('A6pavo6). Vid. ADRANUM.
The ancient story ran thus: Smyrna had neg-  A.DRASTTA ('Adpdorea). 1. A Cretan nymph,
lected the worship of Venus (Aphrodite), and daughter of Melisseus, to whom Rhea intrusted
was punished by the goddess with an unnatural the infant Jupiter (Zeus), to be reared in the
love for her father. With the assistance of her Dictaean grotto.-2. A surname of Nemesis, denurse she contrived to share her father's bed. rived by some writers from Adrastus, who is
When he discovered the crime he wished to said to have built the first sanctuary of Nemesis
kill her; but she fled, and on being nearly over- on the River Asopus, and by others from a, priv.,
taken, prayed to the gods to make her invisible. and dtlpdacKetv, i. e., the goddess whom none
They were moved to pity and changed her into can escape.,a tree called qalpva, After the lapse of nine  [ADRAsTiA ('Adp6rela), a district of Mysia,.1J




ADRASTUS..EACIDES.
along the Propontis, through which the Grani- ed from the town Adria [No. 1], was, in its
cus flowed, containing a city of the same name, widest signification, the sea between Italy on
said to have been founded by a King Adrastus, the west, and Illyricum, Epirus, and Greece on
in which was a temple and oracle of Apollo and the east. By the Greeks the name Adrias was
Diana.]                                   only applied to the northern part of this sea, the
ADRASTUS ("Adpaa7ro). 1. Son of Talaus, southern part being called the Ionian Sea.
king of Argos, and Lysimache, or Lysianassa,  [ADRIANOPOLIS. Vid. HADRIANOPOLIS.]
or Eurynome. Adrastus was expelled from Ar-  ADRIANUS. Vid. -HADRIANUS.
gos by Amphiaraus, and fled to Polybus, king  ADRIiANUS ('A.Sptav6), a Greek rhetorician,
of Sicyon, whom he succeeded on the throne born at Tyre in Phoenicia, was the pupil of Heof Sicyon, and instituted the Nemean games. rodes Atticus, and obtained the chair of philosAfterward he became reconciled to Amphiaraus, ophy at Athens during the lifetime of his masand returned to his kingdom of Argos. He ter. He was invited by M. Antoninus to Rome,
married his two daughters, Deipyle and Argia, where he died about A.D. 192. Three of his
the former to Tydeus of Calydon, and the latter declamations are extant, edited by Walz in
to Polynices of Thebes, both fugitives from their Rhetores Grceci, vol. i., p. 526-33, Stuttg., 1832.
native countries. He now prepared to restore  [ADRIATICUM MARE. Vid. ADRIA.]
Polynices to Thebes, who had been expelled by  ADRUMETUIM. Vid. HADRUMETUM.
his brother Eteocles, although Amphiaraus fore-  ADUATUCA, a castle of the Eburones in Gaul,
told that all who should engage in the war should probably the same as the later Aduaca Tongroperish, with the exception of Adrastus. Thus rum (now Tongern).
arose the celebrated war of the " Seven against  ADUATUCI or ADUATICI, a powerful people of
Thebes," in which Adrastus was joined by six Gallia Belgica in the time of Cae.sar, were the
other heroes, viz., Polynices, Tydeus, Amphia- descendants of the Cimbri and Teutoni, and
raus, Capaneus, Hippomedon, and Partheno- lived between the Scaldis (now Schelde) and
paeus. Instead of Tydeus and Polynices other Mosa (now Maas).
legends mention Eteocles and Mecisteus. This  ADULA MONS. Vid. ALPES.
war ended as unfortunately as Amphiaraus had  ADIfLE or ADUILIS ('A6o0i7V, "Adovutr, and also
predicted, and Adrastus alone was saved by the other forms:'Adovir7vT, Adulitanus:: ruins at
swiftness of his horse Arlon, the gift of Hercu- Zula), a maritime city of AE3thiopia, on a bay
les. Creon of Thebes refusing to allow the of the Red Sea, called!Adulitanus Sinus ('Adovbodies of the six heroes to be buried, Adrastus  etreKiS sSK6roc, Annesley Bay). It was believed
went to Athens and implored the assistance of to have been founded by slaves who fled from
the Athenians. Theseus was persuaded to un- Egypt, and afterward to have fallen into the
dertake an expedition against Thebes; he took power of the Auxumitee, for whose trade it
the city, and delivered up the bodies of the fallen became the great emporium. Cosmas Indicoheroes to their friends for burial. Ten years pleustes (A.D. 535) found here the Monumentum
after this, Adrastus persuaded the seven sons of Adulitanum, a Greek inscription recounting the
the heroes who had fallen in the war to make conquests of Ptolemy II. Euergetes in Asia and
a new attack upon Thebes, and the oracle now  Thrace.
promised success. This war is known as the  ADYRMXCHIDIE ('Advpuaxcldat), a Libyan peowar of the " Epigoni" ('E7riyovot), or descend- pie, who appear to have once possessed the
ants. Thebes -was taken and razed to the whole coast of Africa from the Canopic mouth
ground. The only Argive hero that fell in this of the Nile to the Catabathmus Major, but were
war was LEgialeus, the son of Adrastus: the afterward pressed further inland. In their manlatter died of grief at Megara, on his way back ners and customs they resembled the Egyptians,
to Argos, and was buried in the former city. to whom they were the nearest neighbors.
He was worshipped in several parts of Greece,  LEA (Ala), sometimes with the addition of
as at Megara, at Sicyon, where his memory was the word Colchis, may be considered either a
celebrated in tragic choruses, and in Attica. part of Colchis or another name for the counThe legends about Adrastus, and the two wars try. (Herod., i., 2.) [According to the scholiagainst Thebes, furnished ample materials for ast on Apoll. Rhod., the royal city of.Eetes,
the epic as well as tragic poets of Greece.-2. on the Phasis, in Colchis.]
Son of the Phrygian king Gordius, having un-.EXicEs (AtidcyC), son of Syloson, and grandintentionally killed his brother, fled to Crcesus, son of fEaces, was tyrant of Samos, but was
who received him kindly. While hunting, he deprived of his tyranny by Aristagoras, when
accidentally killed Atys, the son ofCrcesus, and the Ionians revolted from the Persians, B.C.
in despair put an end to his own life. —[3. Son 500. He then fled to the Persians, who restored
of Merops, an ally of the Trojans, probable him to the tyranny of Samos, B.C. 494.
founder of the city Adrastia, q. v.].LEXcEUM (AidiceEov). Vid../EGINA.
ADRIA or HADRIA. 1. (Now Adria), also call-,  EXcIDES (AiaKidlg), a patronymic of the deed Atria, a town in Gallia Cisalpina, between scendants of.,Eacus, as Peleus, Telamon, and
the mouths of the Po and the Athesis (now  Phocus, sons of.LEacus; Achilles, son of PeAdige), from which the Adriatic Sea takes its leus, and grandson of XEacus; Pyrrhus, son of
name. It was originally a powerful town of Achilles, and great-grandson of.ZEacus; and
the Etruscans. —2. (Now Atri), a town of Pice- Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, who claimed to be a
hum in Italy, probably an Etruscan town orig- descendant of Achilles.
inally, afterward a Roman colony, at which  /ETiciDES, son of Arymbas, king of Epirus,
place the family of the Emperor Hadrian lived. succeeded to the throne on the death of his
ADRIA ('Adpita, Ion.'AdpiqC:'A,6pav6g) or cousin Alexander, who was slain in Italy, B. C.
MARE ADiRIATICUM, also MARE SUPERUM, so call- 326..Eacides married Phthia, by whom he had
13




AEACUS..EG.EON.
ithe celebrated PYRRHUS. He took an active of her brother Amphion, who had six sons and
part in favor of Olympias against Cassander; six daughters, she resolved to kill the eldest of
but his subjects disliked the war, rose against Niobe's sons, but by mistake slew her own son
their king, and drove him from the kingdom. Itylus. Jupiter (Zeus) relieved her grief by
H-e was recalled to his kingdom by his subjects changing her into a nightingale, whose melanin B.C. 313>: Cassander sent an army against choly notes are represented by the poets as
him under Philip, who conquered him the same Ae.don's lamentation's about her child. Aedon's
year in two battles, in the last of which he was story is related differently in a later tradition.
killed                                      JDUI or HfiDUI, one of the most powerful
-EXcus (Aiacof), son of Jupiter (Zeus) and people in Gaul, lived between the Liger (now
EAgina, a daughter of the river-god Asopus. Loire) and the Arar (now Saonc). They were
He was born in the Island of (Enone or CEno- the first Gallic people who made an alliance
pia, whither XAgina had been carried by Ju- with the Romans, by whom they were called
piter (Zeus), and from whom this island was "brothers and relations."- On Caesar's arrival
afterward called.Egina. Some traditions re- in Gaul, B.C. 58, they were subject to Ariovislated that at the birth ofzEacus, iEgina was not tus, but were restored by Caesar to their former
yet inhabited, and that Jupiter (Zeus) changed power. In B.C. 52 they joined in the insurrecthe ants (dpv/ipKei) of the island into men (Myr- tion of Vercingetorix against the Romans, but
midones), over whom LEacus ruled. Ovid (Met., were at the close of it treated leniently by Caevii., 520) relates the story a little differently. sar. Their principaltown was BIBRAcTE. Their
Eaacus was renowned in all Greece for his jus- chief magistrate, elected annually by the priests,
tice and piety, and was frequently called upon was called Vergobretus.
to settle disputes not only among men, but even  LEETES or I.EITA (Alrm1f), son of Helios; (the
among the gods themselves. He was such a Sun) and Persdis, and brother of Circe, Pasifavorite with the gods, that, when Greece was phae, and Perses. His wife was Idyia, a daughvisited by a drought, rain was at length sent ter of Oceanus, by whom he had two daughters,
upon the earth in consequence of his prayers. Medea and Chalciope, and one son, Absyrtus.
Respecting the temple which zEacus erected to He was king of Colchis at the time when PhrixJupiter (Zeus) Panhellenius, and the Eaceum, us came thither on the ram with the golden
where he was worshiped by the.Eginetans, see fleece. For the remainder of his history,.see
AEGINA. After his death,.E acs became _.e of ABSYRTus, ARGONAUTE, JASON, MEDEA, and
the three   gin Haes.      e ginetans re- PHRIXUS.-[2. This name was also borne by
garded him as the tutelary deity of their island. later kings of Colchis, as mentioned by XenoLBEEA (Aiaia). 1. A surname of Circe, the phon in the Anabasis, and Strabo, who says it
sister of Eetes. Her son, Telegonus, likewise was a common appellation of the kings of Colbore the surname BEcus.-2. A surname of Ca- chis.]
lypso, who was believed to have inhabited a  2EETIS, EETIAS, and LEETINE, patronymics of
small island of the name of zEea in the straits Medea, daughter of 2Eites.
between Italy and Sicily.                   zEGA (Aciyn), daughter of Olenus, who, with
[iEXNES (Ai6dv77), a Locrian, slain by Patro- her sister Helice, nursed the infant Jupiter
clus, to whom a grove (Aldvetov reevor) near (Zeus) in Crete, and was changed by the god
Opus, in Locris, was consecrated.]        into the constellation Capella.
[lEmNIS (Alavic), a celebrated, fountain near  EEGE (Alyai: AlyaTos). 1. A town in AchaOpus, in Locris.]                         ia on the Crathis, with a celebrated temple of
[2EANTEUM (AicvreTcov), tomb and temple of Neptune (Poseidon), was originally one of the
the Telamonian Ajax, on the Rhoetean promon- twelve Achaean towns, but its inhabitants subtory in Troas.]                           sequently removed to 2Egira.-2. A town in
[ZEANTIDES (Alav7rdrC), tyrant of Lampsacus, Emathia, in Macedonia, the burial-place of the
to whom Hippias gave his daughter Archedice Macedonian kings, was probably a different
in marriage.-2. A tragic poet of Alexandrea, place fiom EDESSA.-3. A town in Eubea with
one of the tragic Pleiades. He lived in the time a celebrated temple of Neptune (Poseidon), who
of the second Ptolemy.]                    was hence called JAgaeus. 4. Also JGLEE  (Al[.EAs (Alas), more commonly Aous, q. v.]  yalal: Aiyed6ryf), one of the twelve cities of
LEBURA (now Cuerva), a town of the Carpe- LEolis in Asia.Minor, north of Smyrna, on the
tani, in Hispania Tarraconensis.          River Hyllus: it suffered greatly from an earth/EBUTIA GENS, patrician, was distinguished quake in the time of Tiberius.-5. (Now Ayas),
in the early ages of the Roman republic, when a sea-port town of Cilicia Campestris, at the
many of its members were consuls, viz., in B.C. mouth of the Pyramus.
499, 463, and 442.                          [LEGEA (AlyaZa), an appellation of Venus
ZECA or LEAc  (ccanus), a town of Apulia, on (Aphrodite), from her being worshipped in the
the road fiom Aquilonia in Samnium to Venusia. isles of the LEgean.]
2ECULANUM or AECLANUM, a town of the Hir-  LEGmEON (Aiyaiuv), son of Uranus by Gaea.
pini in Samnium, a few miles south of Bene- AEgaeon and his brothers Gyges and Cottus are
ventum.                                   known under the name of the Uranids, and are
LEDEPSUS (Ahrly/og: Aid'ptoc: now Dipso), described as huge monsters with a hundred
a town on the western coast of Eubea, north arms (kecaroyXetpeC) and fifty heads. Most writof Chalcis, with warm baths (still famous), sa- ers mention the third Uranid under the name
cred to Hercules, which the dictator Sulla used. of Briareus instead of Egaeon, which is explainAEDON ('A}d&Sv), daughter of Pandareus of ed by Homer (I., i., 403), who says that men
Ephesus, wife of Zethus, king of Thebes, and called him LEgseon, but the gods Briareus. Acmother of Itylus. Envious of Niobe, the wife cording to the most ancient tradition,?Egeeon
H4




2EG.EUJM MARE..EGIMIUS.
and his brothers conquered the Titans when the fifty sons of his uncle Pallas, who had made
they made war upon the gods, and secured the war upon Egeus, and had deposed him. /Egvictory to Jupiter (Zeus), who thrust the Titans eus was now restored. When Theseus went to
into Tartarus, and placed 2Egseon and his broth- Crete to deliver Athens from the tribute it had
ers to guard them. Other legends represent to pay to Minos, he promised his father that on
2Egoeon as one of the giants who attacked Olym- his return he would hoist white sails as a signal
pus; and many writers represent him as a ma- of his safety. On approaching the coast of Atrine god living in the 2Egean Sea..LEgeon and tica he forgot his promise, and his father, perhis brothers must be regarded as personifica- ceiving the black sail, thought that his son had
tions of the extraordinary powers of nature, perished, and threw himself into the sea, which,
such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and according to some traditions, received from this
the like.                                 event the name of the A.Egean. AEgeus was one
EGUM U M}ARE (r7 Alyatov ireXayof, 6 Alyatot of the eponymous heroes of Attica; and one of
6wovToc), the part of the Mediterranean now  the Attic tribes (2Egeis) derived its name from
called the Archipelago. It was bounded on the him.-2. The eponymous hero of the phyle
north by Thrace and Macedonia, on the west called the zEgidae at Sparta, son of (Eolycus,
by Greece, and on the east by Asia Minor. It and grandson of Theras, the founder of the colcontains in its southern part two groups of ony in Thera.- All the 2Egeids were believed
islands, the Cyclades, which were separated to be Cadmeans, who formed a settlement at
from the coasts of Attica and Peloponnesus by Sparta previous to the Dorian conquest.
the Myrtoan Sea, and the Sporades, lying off  z2EGi   Alyetai, Alyalat), a small town in Lathe coasts of Caria and Ionia. The part of the conia, not far from Gythium, the Augia of HoEgeean which washed the Sporades was called mer (II., ii., 583).
the Icarian Sea, from the Island Icaria, one of  AEGIALE or ZEGIALEA (A/iytd2r, Aiytdceta),
the Sporades. The origin of the name of. EEg- daughter of Adrastus and Amphithea, or of
an is uncertain; some derive it from 2Egeus, 2Egialeus, the son of Adrastus, whence she is
the king of Athens, who threw himself into it; called Adrastine. She was married to Diomeothers from  Egaea, a queen of the Amazons, des, who, on his return from Troy, found her
who perished there; others from  Egae in Eu- living in adultery with Cometes. The hero atbcea; and others from alyif, a squall, on account tributed this misfortune to the anger of Venus
of its storms,                            (Aphrodite), whom he had wounded in the war
AGEorus (AiyaEog). Vid. LEGAM, No. 3.   against Troy: when _/Egiale threatened his life,./EGALEOS (AiydhueoC, rT Aiyd2euoEv  epo': now  he fled to Italy.
Skarmanga), a mountain in Attica, opposite Sal-.LEGIALEA, 2EGIYLOS. Vid. ACHAIA; SICYON.
antis, from which Xerxes saw the defeat of his  2EGiALEUS (Aiyta2evc). 1. Son of Adrastus,
fleet, B.C. 480.-[2. (ro Aiya2isov, now Mali), the only one among the Epigoni that fell in the
a mountain of Messenia, extending to Cory- war against Thebes. Vid. ADRASTUS.-2.' Son
phasium.]                                 of Inachus and the Oceanid Melia, from whom
LEGATES, the goat islands, were three-islands the part of Peloponnesus afterward called Achaoff the west coast of Sicily4 between Drepanum  ia [was fabled to have] derived its name 2Egiaand Lilybwum, near which the Romans gained lea: he is said to have been the first king of
a naval victory over the Carthaginians, and Sicyon.-3. Son of ietes, and brother of Methus brought the first Punic war to an end, dea, commonly called Absyrtus.
B.C. 241. The islands were gEgusa (Alyovaaa) _EGIDES (Ayeidc), a patronymic from AEgor Capraria (now Favignaena), Phorbantia (now  eus, especially his son Theseus.
Leva.nzo), and Hiera (now Maretimo).        2EGILA (ri Aiy/tma), a town of Laconia, with
_GEERIA' or EGERiA,;one ofl the Camenma in a temple of Ceres (Demeter).
Roman mythology, from whom Numa received     EcGILIA (Aiyt2ia: AlyL2levr).  1. A demus
his instructions respecting the forms of worship of Attica belonging to the tribe Antiochis, celewhich he introduced. The grove in which the brated for its figs.-2. (Now Cerigotto), an island
king had his interviews with the goddess, and between Crete and Cythera.-3. [/Egilia (Aiyiin which a well gushed forth from a dark re-?2.e.a, Hdt.).] An island west of Eubcea and opcess, was dedicated by him to the Camene. posite Attica.
The Roman legends point out two distinct    2EGIMIUS (Aiyiyto), the mythical ancestor of
places sacred to*,Egeria, one near Aricia, and the Dorians, whose king he was when they were
the other near Iome, at the Porta Capena, in yet inhabiting the northern parts of Thessaly.
the valley now called Caparella. zEgeria was Involved in'a war with the Lapithwe, he called
regarded as a prophetic divinity, and also as the Hercules to his assistance, and promised him
giver of life, whence she was invoked by preg- the third part of his territory if he delivered
nani women. [Niebuhr places the grbve of him from his enemies. The Lapithe were conEgeria below S. Balbina, near the baths of Car- quered. Hercules did not take the territory for
acalla. Wagner, in a dissertation on this sub- himself, but left it to the king, who was to preject, is in favor of the Valley of Caffarella, some serve it for the sons of Hercules. 2Egimius
few miles from the present gate of S. Sebastian.] had two sons, Dymas and Pamphylus, who miA/GESTA. Vid. SEGESTA.                  grated to Peloponnesus, and were regarded as
G.GESTuIS. Vid. ACESTES.                the ancestors of two branches of the Doric race.EGEuTS (Aiyevc). 1. Son of Pandion andking (Dymanes and Pamphylians), while the third
of Athens. He had no children by his first two branch derived its name fiom Hyllus (Hyllewives, but he afterward begot TTESEUS by ans), the son of Hercules, who had been adopt-.Ethra at Trcezen. When Theseus had grown ed by.Egimius. There existed in antiquity an
up to manhood, he went to Athens and defeated epic poem called iEgimius, which described the
15




2EGIMURUS.                AEGOSTHENA.
war of. Egimius and Hercules against the Lap-  [2E GIUS (Atyepog), a village in the island of
ithe.                                     Lesbos, supposed by some scholars to be the
2EGIIM~RUS (Aiytiovpof, 2EgTimri Arae, Plin., town of _Eilis alluded to by Herodotus-under
and probably the Ara of Virg., En., i., 108; the name _Egirussa, but Herodotus says explicnow Zowamour or Zeribra), a lofty island, sur- itly that the towns there mentioned were on the
rounded by cliffs, off the African coast, at the main land.]
mouth of the Gulf of Carthage..EGIRUSSA (Aiytp6eaaa, Aiytpovaaa), one of
XEGINA (Aiytva: Alytvr/77g: now Eghina), a the cities of EoLIs in. Asia Minor.
rocky island in the middle of the Saronic Gulf,  AEGISTHUS (AlyitOog), son of Thyestes, who
about two hundred stadia in circumference. It unwittingly begot him by his own daughter Pewas originally called (Enone or CEnopia, and is lopia. Immediately after his birth he was exsaid to have obtained the name of EEgina from  posed, but was saved by shepherds and suckled
AEgina, the daughter of the river-god Asopus, by a goat (aid), whence his name. His uncle
who was carried to the island by Jupiter (Zeus), Atreus brought him up, as his son. When Peand there bore him a son,.Eacus. As the island lopia lay with her father, she took from him his
had then no inhabitants, Jupiter (Zeus) changed sword, which she afterward gave to zEgisthus.
the ants into men (Myrmidones), over whom  This sword was the means of revealing the.Eacus ruled. Vid. zEAcvs. It was first colo- crime of Thyestes, and Pelopia thereupon put
nized by Achaans, and afterward by Dorians an end to her own life. _Egisthus murdered
from Epidaurus, whence the Doric dialect and Atreus, because he had ordered him to slay his
customs prevailed in the island. It was at first father Thyestes, and he placed Thyestes upon
closely connected with Epidaurus, and was sub- the throne, of which lie had been deprived by
ject to the Argive Phidon, who is said to have Atreus. Homer appears to know nothing of
established a silver mint in the island. It early these tragic events; and we learn from him
became a place of great commercial importance, only that ZEgisthus succeeded his father Thyand its silver coinage was the standard in most estes in a part of his dominions. According to
of the Dorian states. In the sixth century B.C. Homer,.Egisthus took no part in the Trojan./Egina became independent, and for a century war, and during the absence of Agamemnon,
before the Persian war was a prosperous and the son of Atreus, _Egisthus seduced his wife
powerful state. The LEginetans fought with Clytemnestra. _Egisthus murdered Agamemthirty ships against the fleet of Xerxes at the non on his return home, and reigned seven
battle of Salamis, B.C. 480, and are allowed to years over Mycenae. In the eighth, Orestes,
have distinguished themselves above all the the son of Agamemnon, avenged the death of
other Greeks by their bravery. After this time his father by putting the adulterer to death.
its power declined. In B.C. 429 the Athenians Vid. AGAMEMNON, CLYTEMNESTRA, ORESTES.
took possession of the island and expelled its  ZEGITHALLUS (AlyiOactoS: now C. di S. Teoinhabitants, and though a portion of them were doro), a promontory in Sicily, between Lilyrestored by Lysander in B.C. 404, the island beum and Drepanum, near which was the town
never recovered its former prosperity. In the ZEgithallum.
northwest of the island there was a city of the  ZEGITIUM (Aiyirtov: near Varnakova, Leake),
-same name, which contained the.Eaceum or a town in _Etolia, on the borders of Locris.
temple of YEacus, and on a hill in the northeast  _LEGIUM (Aytov: Aiyteev: now Vostitza), a
of the island was the celebrated temple of Jupi- town of Achaia, and the capital after the deter (Zeus) Panhellenius, said to have been built struction of Helice.  The meetings of the
by MEAcus, the ruins of which are still extant. Achaean League were held at 2Egium in a grove
The sculptures which occupied the tympana of of Jupiter (Zeus), called Homarium.
the pediment of this temple were discovered in  jEGLE(AiyAv), that is, "Brightness" or" Splen1811, and are now preserved at Munich. In dor," is the name of several mythological fethe half century preceding the Persian war, and males, such as, 1. The daughter of Jupiter (Zeus)
for a few years afterward,.Egina was the chief and Neaera, the most beautiful of the Naiads.seat of Greek art: the most eminent artists of 2. A sister of Phaethon.-3. One of the Hesperthe ZEginetan. school were CALLON, ANAXAGO- ides.-4. A nymph beloved by Theseus, for
RAS, GLAUCIAS, SIMON, and ONATAS.         whom   he forsook Ariadne.-5. One of the
[ZEGINA (Alytva), daughter of Asopus, and daughters of lEsculapius.
mother of Eacus, q. v. and foregoing article.]  EGLEITES (AiTyAri-n), that is, the radiant god,
ZEGINETA PAUL.US. Vid. PAULUS LEGINETA.  a surname of Apollo..cEGINIUM (Aiyivtov: AilytvteS: now Stagus),  ZEGOCRUS (AIyOKcepf), a surname of Pan,
a town of the Tymphei in Thessaly, on the con- descriptive of his figure with the horns of a
fines of Athamania.                       goat, but more commonly the name of one of
2EGIOCHUS (AiyioXOg), a surname of Jupiter the signs of the Zodiac, Capricornus.
(Zeus), because he bore the aegis..EGos-P6TAMOS (Alyci) irorayo6 [more usually
2EGIPAN (AiyiLrav), that is, Goat-Pan, was  in good authors, Aiyog 7rora/poi; in Latin writers,
according to some, a being distinct from Pan, /Egos Flumen:  Aiyo'S7rorauayir]), the "goat's
while others regard him as identical with Pan. river," a small river, with a town of the same
His story appears to be of late origin. Vid. PAN. name on it, [now probably Galata], in the ThraZEGIPLANCTUS MONS (r6 AiyiTrTay/crQv Q6po), cian Chersonesus, flows into the Hellespont.
a mountain in Megaris.                    Here the Athenians were defeated by Lysander,
2EGciR. (Aiyetpa: Alyetpar7qt), formerly Hy- B.C. 405.
peresia ('TTreptia), a town in Achaia on a steep  ZEGOSTHENA (Aily6Oeva: AlyoaOveve -: Aiyohill, with a sea-port about twelve stadia from  a0evrT'm), a town in Megaris, on the borders of
the town. Vid.,EGAc, No. 1.             Boeotia, with a sanctuary of Melampus.
16




AEGUS.                                  AEGYPTUS.
JEcGU and RoscIr.LUS, two chiefs of the Allo- northwest, and the eastern range strike's off to
broges, who had served Caesar with fidelity in the east, and the river divides into branches
-the Gallic war, deserted to Pompey in Greece (seven in ancient time, but now only two), which
(B.C. 48).                               flow through a low alluvial land, called, from its
iEUSA. Vid. EoGATES.                    shape, the Delta, into the Mediterranean. To-.EGYPSUS or 2EGYssus, a town of Moesia on this valley and Delta must be added the counthe Danube.'try round the great natural lake Mceris (now
[CEGYPTIUS (Ailyirrto'), an Ithacan hero, of Birket.el-Keroun), called Nomos Arsinoites (now
noble descent and much experience, who open- Faioum), lying northwest of Heracleopolis, and
ed the first assembly of the people called after connected with the Valley of the Nile by a break
the departure of Ulysses for Troy.]      in the western range of hills. The whole dis-,EGYPTUS (Atyvwrror), a son of Belus and An- trict thus described is periodically laid under
chinoe or Achiroe, and twin-brother of Danaus. water by the overflowing of the Nile from April
Belus assigned Libya to Danaus, and Arabia to to October. The river, in subsiding, leaves beAEgyptus, but the latter subdued the country of hind a rich deposit of fine mud, which forms
the Melampodes, which he called Egypt, after the soil of Egypt. All beyond the reach of the
his own' name. 2Egyptus by his several wives inundation is rock or sand. Hence Egypt was
had fifty sons, and his brother Danaus fifty called the ( Gift of the Nile." The extent of
daughters. Danaus had reason to fear the sons the cultivable land of Egypt is in the Delta about
of his brother, and fled with his daughters to 4500 square miles, in the valley about 2255, in
Argos in Peloponnesus. Thither he: was fol- Faioum about 340, and in all about 7095 square
lowed by the sons of./gyptus, who demanded miles. The outlying portions of ancient Egypt
his daughters for their wives, and promised consisted of three cultivable valleys (called Oafaithful alliance.'Danaus complied with their ses), in the midst of the Western or'Libyan
request) and distributed his daughters among Desert, a valley in the western range of hills' on
them, but to each of them he gave a dagger, the west of the Delta, called Nomos Nitriotes
with which they were to kill their husbands in from the Natron Lakes which it contains, some
the bridal night. All the sons of _Egyptus were settlements on the coast of the Red Sea, and in
thus'murdered, with the excption of Lynceus, the mountain passes between it and the Nile,
who was saved byHypermnestra. The Danaids and a strip of coast on the Mediterranean, exburied the heads of their murdered husbands in tending east' as far as Rhinocolura (now ElLerna, and their bodies outside the town, and Arish), and west as far (according to some of
were afterward purified of their crime by Mi- the ancients) as the Catabathmus Magnus (long.
nerva (Athena) and Mercury (Hermes) at the about 25~ 10' E.). The only river of Egypt is
command of Jupiter (Zeus).                the Nile. Vid. NILUS. A great artificial canal.2EGYPTUS ('? Aiyvrrror: Alyv'rreor, 2Egyptius: (the Bahr-Yussouf, i. e., Joseph's Canal) runs
now Egypt), a country in the northeastern cor- parallel to the river, at the distance of about six
ner of Africa, bounded on the north by the Med- miles, from Diospolis Parva, in the Thebais, to
iterranean, on the east by Palestine, Arabia Pe- a point on the west mouth of the river about
traea, and the Red Sea, on the south by Ethiopia, half way between Memphis and the sea. Many
the division between the two countries being at smaller canals were cut to regulate the irrigathe First or Little Cataract of the Nile, close to tion of the country. A canal from the eastern
Syene (now Assouan; lat. 24~ 8'), and on the mouth of the Nile to the head of the Red Sea
west by the Great Libyan Desert. This is the was commenced under the native kings, and
extent usually assigned to the country; but it finished by Darius, son of Hystaspes. There
would be more strictly'correct to define it as were several lakes in the country, respecting
that part of the basin of the Nile which lies be- which vid. MCERIS, MAREOTIS, BUTOS, TANIS,
low the First Cataract.                   SIRBONIS, and LAcus AMARI.
1. Physical Description of Egypt.-The River  2. Ancient History.-At the earliest period to
Nile, flowing from south to north through a nar- which civil history reaches back, Egypt was
row valley, encounters, in lat. 24~ 8', a natural inhabited by a highly civilized agricultural peobarrier, composed of two islands (Philae and Ele- ple, under a settled monarchical'government,
phantine), and between them a bed of sunken divided, into castes, the highest of which was
rocks, by which it is made to fall in a series composed of the priests, who were the minisof cataracts, or rather rapids (ra KaTrd6ovrra, o ters of a religion based on a pantheistic worship
itKpohb Karap)ca5Kdrc, Catarrhactes Minor, com- of nature, and having for its sacred symbols not
pare CATARRHACTES), which have always been only images, but also living animals and even
regarded as the southern limit assigned by na- plants. The priests were also in possession of
ture to Egypt. The river flows due north be- all the literature and science of the country, and
tween two ranges of hills, so near-each other all the employments based'upon such knowlas to leave scarcely any cultivable land, as far edge. The other castes were, second, the solas Silsilis (now Jebel Selseleh), about forty miles diers; third, the husbandmen  fourth, the artbelow Syene, where the valley is enlarged by ificers and tradesmen; and last, held in great
the western range of hills retiring from the contempt, the shepherds or herdsmen, poulterriver. Thus the Nile flows for about five hund- ers, fishermen, and servants. The Egyptians
red miles, through a valley whose average possessed a written language, which appears to
breadth is about seven miles, between hills have had affinities with both the great families
which in one plac.e (west of Thebes) attain the of Language, the Semitic and the Indo-Euroheight of ten or twelve hundred feet above the pean; and the priestly caste had, moreover,
sea, to a point some few miles below Memphis, the exclusive knowledge of a sacred system of
where the western range of hills runs to the writing, the characters of which are known by
2                                                               17




EGYPTUS.                                  E GYPTUS.
the name of Hieroglyphics, in contradistinction  giving orders for the building of Alexandrea. In
to which the common characters are called En- the partition of the empire of Alexander after
chorial (i. e., of the country). They were ac- his death in B.C. 323, Egypt fell to the share
quainted with all the processes of manufacture of Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, who assumed the
which are essential to a highly civilized com- title of king in B.C. 306, and founded the dynasmyunity:. they had made great advances in the ty of the Ptolemies, under whom the country
fine arts, especially architecture and sculpture greatly flourished, and became the chief seat of
(for in painting their progress was impeded by Greek learning. But soon came the period of
a want of knowledge of perspective); they were decline. Wars with the adjacent kingdom of
deterred from commercial enterprise by the poli- Syria, and the vices, weaknesses, and dissency of the priests, but they obtained foreign pro- sions of the royal family, wore out the state,
ductions to a great extent, chiefly through the till in B.C. 81 the Romans were called upon to
Phoenicians, and at a later period they engaged interfere in the disputes for the crown, and in
in maritime expeditions: in science they do not B.C. 55 the dynasty of the Ptolemies came to
seem to have advanced so far as some have be entirely dependent on Roman protection, and
thought, but their religion led them to cultivate at last, after the battle of Actium and the death
astronomy and its application to chronology, and of Cleopatra, who was the last of the Ptolemies,
the nature of their country made a knowledge Egypt was made a Roman province, B.C. 30.
of geometry (in its literal sense) indispensable, (4.) Egypt under the Romans, down to its conand their applicationof its principles to architect- quest by the Arabs in A.D. 638. As a Roman
ure is attested by their extant edifices. There province, Egypt was one of the most flourishcan be little doubt that the origin of this remark- ing portions of the empire. The fertility of its
able people and of their early civilization is to soil, and its position between Europe and Arabe traced to the same Asiatic source as the bia and India, together with the possession of
early civilization of Assyria and India. The such a port as Alexandrea, gave it the full beneancient history of Egypt may be divided into fit of the two great sources of wealth, agriculfour great periods: (1.) From the earliest times ture and commerce.  Learning continued to
to its conquest by Cambyses; during which it flourish at Alexandrea, and the patriarchs of the
was ruled by a succession of native princes, into Christian Church in that city became so powerthe difficulties of whose history this is not the ful as to contend for supremacy with those of
place toinquire. The last of them, Psammen- Antioch, Constantinople, and Rome, while a
itus, was conquered and dethroned by Cambyses succession of teachers, such as Origen and
in B.C. 525, when Egypt became a province of Clement of Alexandrea, conferred real lustre
the Persian empire. During this period Egypt on the ecclesiastical annals of the country.
was but little known to the Greeks. The Ho- When the Arabs made their great inroad upon
meric poems show some slight acquaintance the Eastern empire, the geographical position
with the country and its river (which is also of Egypt naturally caused it to fall an immecalled Aywrv ro, Od., xiv., 25), and refer to the diate victim to that attack, which its wealth
wealth and splendor of " Thebes with the Hund- and the peaceful character of its inhabitants inred Gates."  In the latter part of the period vited. It was conquered by Amrou, the lieulearned men among the Greeks began to travel tenant of the Calif Omar, in A.D. 638.
to Egypt for the sake of studying its institu-  3. Political Geography.-From  the earliest
tions: among others, it was visited by Pythag- times the country was divided into, (1.) The
oras, Thales, and Solon. (2.) From the Persian Delta, or Lower Egypt (rO Atlra, 0,  KIr, Xjpa,
conquest in B.C. 525, to the transference of their now EI-Bahari, El-Kebit); (2.) The Heptanomis,
dominion to the Macedonians in B.C. 332. This or Middle Egypt ('EIrravoci-, 7 CeTaOi X(Jpa, now
period was one of almost constant struggles be- MesrM_-ostani); (3.) The Thebais, orUpper Egypt
tween the Egyptians and their conquerors, until (O06atf, 7 divo Xupa, now Said): and it was furB.C. 340, when Nectanebo II., the last native ther subdivided into thirty-six nomes or governruler of Egypt, was defeated by Darius Ochus. ments. [Under the Ptolemies the number of
It was during this period that the Greeks acquir- nomes became enlarged, partly by reason of the
ed a considerable knowledge of Egypt. In the new and improved state of things in that quarwars between Egypt and Persia, the two leading ter of Egypt where Alexandrea was situated,
states of Greece, Athens and Sparta, at different partly by the addition of the Greater or Lesser
times assisted the Egyptians, according to the Oasis to Egypt, and partly, also, by the alterastate of their relations to each other and to Per- tions which an active commerce had produced
sia; and, during the intervals of those wars, along the borders of the Sinus Arabicus. A
Egypt was visited by Greek historians and phi- change also took place about this same period
losophers,.such as Hellanicus, Herodotus, An- in the three main divisions of the country.
axagoras, Plato, and others, who brought back Lower Egypt now no longer confined itself to
to Greece the knowledge of the country which the limits of the Delta, but had its extent enthey acquired. from the priests and through per- larged by the addition of some of the neighborsonal observation. (3.) The dynasty of Mace- ing nomes. In like manner, Upper Egypt, or
donian kings, from the accession of Ptolemy, the ThebaYs, received a portion of what had
the son of Lagus, in B.C. 323, down to B,C. 30, formerly been included within the limits of Midwhen Egypt became a province of the Roman die Egypt, so that eventually but seven nomes
empire. When Alexander invaded Egypt in B. remained to this last-mentioned section of the
C. 332, the country submitted to him without a country, which, therefore, received the name
struggle; and, while he left it behind him to re- of Heptanomis. The number of nomes became
turn to the conquest of Persia, he conferred upon still further increased, at a subsequent period,
it the greatest benefit that was in his power, by by various subdivisions of the older ones. At
18




,EGYS.                                  XENEADES.
a still later period we hear little more of the assumed the imperial purple in Gaul, but was
nomes. A new division of the country took killed by his own soldiers.]
place under the Eastern empire. An imperial  L/ELIANUS MECCIUS, an ancient physician, who
prefect exercised sway not'only over Egypt, must have lived in the second century after
but also over Libya as far as Cyrene, while a Christ, as he is mentioned by Galen as the
Comes Militaris had charge of the forces. From  oldest of his tutors.
this time the whole of Middle Egypt, previous-.ELIANUS TACTICUS, a Greek writer, who lived
ly named Heptanomis, bore the name of Arcadia, in Rome and wrote a work on the Military Tacin honor of Arcadius, eldest son of Theodosius. tics of the Greeks (IHepi 1rparlyuclKv Tde(ov
A new province had also arisen, a considerable'EXtJV7KUeV), dedicated to the Emperor Hadrian.
time before this, called Augustamnica, from its He also gives a brief account, of the constitulying chiefly along the Nile. It comprised the tion of a Roman army at that time.-Editions:
eastern half of-the Delta, together with a por- By Franciscus Robortellus, Venice, 1552; and
tion of Arabia, as far as the Arabian Gulf, and by Elzevir, Leyden, 1613.
also the cities on the Mediterranean as far as  AELLO, one of the Harpies, Vid. HARPYIJE.
the frontiers of Syria. Its capital was Pelu-  AELLOPUS ('AetL6orovt), a surname of Iris, the
sium.] Respecting the Oases, vid. OASIS.   messenger of the gods, by which she is described
LEGYs (AtyS,~ Aiyir'7-, Alyvevc: near Ghior- as swift-footed as a storm-wind.
gitza), a town of Laconia on the borders of Ar-  2EMILIA. 1. The third daughter of L. _Emilcadia.                                    ius Paulus, who fell in the battle of Cannse, was
LELANA (Aiaava: Ai        n aviTrT: n}ow Akaba), a the wife of Scipio Africanus I. and the mother
town on the northern arm of the Red Sea, near of the celebrated Cornelia, the mother of the
the Bahr-el-Akaba, which was called by the Gracchi.-2..Amilia Lepida.  Vid. LEPIDA.Greeks Elanites, from the name of the town. It 3. A Vestal virgin, put to death B.C. 114 for
is the Elath of the Hebrews, and one of the sea- having violated her vows upon several occaports of which Solomon possessed himself, to sions.
carry on trade with Ophir and the remote East.  AEM1LIA GENS, one of the most ancient patriLELIA GENS, plebeian, the members of which cian gentes at Rome, said to have been descendare given under-their surnames, GALLUS, LAMIA, ed from Mamercus, who received the name of
P.ETUS, SEJANUS, STILO, TUBERO.            Emilius on account of the persuasiveness of.EALIA, a name given to Jerusalem after its his language (de' alivitav 6Ryov).. This Mamerrestoration by the Roman emperor.Elius Ha- cus is represented by some as the son of Pydrianus. a.                               thagoras, and by others as the son of Numa.
[ELIA, a name of females of the.Elia gens. The most distinguished members of the gens
1. Wife of Sulla.-2. Peetina, of the family of are given under their surnames, BARBULA, LEPthe Tuberos, and wife of the Emperor Claudius. IDUS, MAMERCUS or MAMERCINUS, PAPUS, PAUShe was repudiated by him in order to make Lus, REGILLUS, SCSAURUS.
way for Messalina.]. EMILIA VIA, made by M. 2Emilius Lepidus,
JELIANUS, CLAUDIUS, was born at Praeneste cos. B.C. 187, continued the Via Flaminia from
in Italy, and lived at Rome about the middle of Ariminum, and traversed the heart of Cisalpine
the third century of the Christian era. Though Gaul through Bononia, Mutina, Parma, Placenan Italian, he spoke and wrote Greek as well as tia (where it crossed the Po) to Mediolanum. It
a native Athenian. He never married, and lived was subsequently continued as far as Aquileia.
to the age of sixty. Two of his works have  LEMILIANUS. 1. The son of L.:Emilius Paucome down to us: one a collection of miscel- lus Macedonicus, was adopted.by P. Cornelius
laneous history (1IoLi2;'IrTopia), in fourteen Scipio, the son of P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus,
books, commonly called Varia Historia; and and was thus. called P. Cornelius Scipio.Emilthe other a work on the peculiarities of animals ianus Africanus. Vid. SCIPIO.-2. The govern(TIspi Z(5cv idSTr7ro), in seventeen books, corn- or of Pannonia. and Moesia in the reign of Galmronly called De Animalium Natura. The for- lus, was proclaimed emperor by his soldiers in
mer work contains short narrations and anec- A.D. 253, but was slain by them after reigning
dotes, historical, biographical, antiquarian, &c., a few months.-3. One of the thirty tyrants
selected from various authors, generally with- (A.D. 259-268), assumed the purple in Egypt,
out their names being given, and on a great but was taken prisoner and strangled by order
variety of subjects. The latter work is of the of Gallienus.
same kind, scrappy and gossipping. It is part-  LEMILIUS PROBUS. Vid. NEPOS, CORNELIUS.
ly collected from older writers, and partly the'[2EMD6E INSUL.E. Vid. HEMODmE.]
result of his own observations both in Italy and'/EMONA or EMONA (now Laibach), a fortified
abroad. There are also attributed to him twen- town in Pannonia, and an important Roman
ty letters on husbandry ('AvpotGtcai'Errtaroai),: colony, said to have been built by the Argonauts.
written in a rhetorical style and of no value.-  LENARIA, also called PITHECUSA and INARiME.Editions:: Of the Varia Historia, by Perizonius,. (now Ischia), a volcanic island off the coast of
Leyden, 1701; by Gronovius, Leyden, 1731; Campania, at tle eentrance of the Bay of Naand by Kiihn, Leipsic, 1780. Of the De Ani-. ples, under which'the Roman poets representmalium Natura, by Gronovius, London, 1744; ed Typhoeus as lying.
by J. Schneider, Leipsic, 1784; and by Fr. Ja-  AJNEA (AivEta: Alvi.eeve, Alvetar7a), a town
cobs, Jena, 1832. Of the:Letters, by Aldus in Chalcidice, on the ThermaicGulf.-[2..ENfA
Manutius, in the Collectio Epistolarum Greca-'VETs, a city near the AcheIous, in. Acarnania,
rum, Venice, 1499, 4to.                  in' Strabo's time destroyed: further south. was
[.ELIANUS, LucIqs, one of the thirty tyrants XEnea Nova, now in ruins, near Paleo Catouna.]
under the Roman empire, about 267 A.D., who  XENE.ADES (A;iYmddSc ), a patronymic' from
19




.ENEAS.                                    ENUS..Eneas, given to his son Ascanius or Iulus, and after Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus, whom be
to those who were believed to be descended married. A new war then followed between
from him, such as Augustus, and the Romans Latinus and Turnus, in which both chiefs fell,
in general.                               whereupon AEneas became sole' rnler of the./ENEAS (Aiveia). 1. Homeric Story. 2Eneas Aborigines and Trojans, and both nations were
was the son of Anchises and Venus (Aphrodite), united into one. Soon after this hEneas fell in a
and born on Mount Ida. On his father's side battle with the Rutulians, who were assisted
he was a great-grandson of Tros, and thus near- by Mezentius, king of the Etruscans. As his
ly related to the royal house of Troy, as Priam  body was not found after the battle, it was behimself was a grandson of Tros. He was edu- lieved that it had been carried up to heaven,
cated from his infancy at Dardanus, in the house or that he had perished in the River Numicins.
of Alcathous, the husband of his sister. At first The Latins erected a monument to him, with
he took no part in the Trojan war; and it was the inscription To thq father and native god.
not till Achilles attacked him on Mount Ida, Virgil represents AIEneas landing in Italy seven
and drove away his flocks, that he led his Dar- years after the fall of Troy, and comprises all
danians against the Greeks.  Henceforth he the events in Italy from the landing to the death
and Hector are the great bulwarks of the Tro- of Turnus, within the space of twenty days.
jans against the Greeks, and 2Eneas appears The story of the descent of the Romans from
beloved by gods and men. On more than one the Trojans through AEneas was believed' at an
occasion he is saved in battle by the gods: early period, but probably rests on no historical
Venus (Aphrodite) carried him off when he was foundation.-2. SENEAS SILVius, son of Silvius,
wounded byDiomedes, and Neptune (Poseidon), and grandson of Ascanius, is the third-in the list'when he was on the point of perishing by the of the mythical kings of Alba in Latium: the Silhands of Achilles.. Homer makes no allusion vii regarded him as the founder of their house.
to the emigration of _Eneas after the capture  -/EN.AS GAZEUS, so called from Gaza, his
of Troy, but, on the contrary, he evidently con- birth-place, flourished A.D. 487.  He was at
ceives 2Eneas and his descendants as reigning first' a Platonist and a Sophist, but afterward
at Troy after the extinction of the house of became a Christian, when he composed a diaPriam.-Later -Stories. The later stories pre- logue, On the Immortality of the Soul, called
sent the greatest variations respecting the con- Theophrastus.7-Editions: By Barthius, Lips.,
duct of./Eneas at the capture of Troy and in 1655; by Boissonade, Par., 1836.
the events immediately following. Most ac-.ENEAS TACTICUS, a Greek writer, may be the
counts, however, agree that after the city had same as the.Eneas of Stymphalus, the general
fallen, he withdrew to Mount Ida with his friends of the Arcadians, B.C. 362 (Xen., Hell., vii., 3,
and the images of the gods, especially that of ~ 1); and he probably lived about that period.
Pallas (the Palladium); and that from thence He wrote a work on the art of war, of which a
he crossed over to Europe, and finally settled in portion only is preserved, commonly called ComLatium in Italy, where he became the ancestral mentarius'Poliorceticus, showing how a siege
hero of the Romans. A description of the wan- should be resisted. An epitome of the whole
-derings of AEneas before he reached Latium, book was made by Cineas. (Cic., ad Fam., ix.,
and of the various towns and temples he was 25.)-Editions: By Ernesti, Lips., 1763; by
believed to have founded during his wander- Orelli, Lips., 1818.
ings, is given by Dionysius of Halicarnassus.ENESIDEMUS (AivJCitdnto), acelebrated skep(i., 50, &c.), whose account is, on the whole, the tic, born at Cnosus in Crete, probably lived a
same as the one followed byVirgil in his AEneid, little later than Cicero. He differed on many
although the latter makes various' embellish- points from the ordinary skeptics. The grand
ments and additions, some of which, such as peculiarity of his system was the attempt to
his landing at Carthage and meeting with Dido, unite skepticism with the earlier philosophy, to
are irreconcilable with mythical chronology. raise a positive foundation for it by accounting
From Pallene, where _nEneas stayed the winter from the nature of things for the never-ceasing
after the taking of Troy, he sailed with his cor- changes both in the material and spiritual world.
panions to Delos, Cythera, Boise in Laconia, None of the works of 2Enesidemus have come
Zacynthus,'Leucas, Actium, Ambracia, and to down to us. To them Sextus Empiricus was
Dodcna, where he met the Trojan Helenus. indebted for a considerable part of his work.From Epirus he sailed across the Ionian Sea to [2. (Dor. Aivwidauos), father of Theroni tyrant
Italy, where he landed at the Iapygian promon- of Agrigentum. Vid. THERON.]
tory. Thence he crossed over to Sicily, where  [AENIA. Vid. LENEA.]
he met the Trojans, Elymus and.Egestus (Aces-.ENIANES (Aivtavef, Ion.'Evtver'), an ancient
tes), and built the towns of Elyme and 2Egesta. Greek race, originally near Ossa, afterward, in
From Sicily he sailed back to Italy, landed in southern Thessaly, between (Eta and Othrys,
the port of Palinurus, came to the Island of on the banks of the Spercheus.
Leucasia, and at last to the coast of Latium.  [IENI PONs (now Innsbruck), a town of Rmetia,
Various signs pointed out this place as the end on the.Enus.]
of his wanderings, and he and his Trojans ac-  2ENUS (AIvor: Aivmor, AivutdrrL: now Eno),
cordingly settled in Latium. The place where an ancient town in Thrace, near the mouth of
they had landed was called Troy. Latinus, the Hebrus, mentioned in the Iliad.. It was colking of the Aborigines, prepared for war, but onized by the IEolians of Asia Minor. Virgil
afterward concluded an alliance with the stran- (En., iii., 18) supposes.Enos to have been built
gers, gave up to them part of his dominions, and by 2Eneas, but he confounds it with AENEA in
with their assistance conquered the Rutulians. Chalcidice. Under the Romans 2Enos was a
JEneas founded the town of Lavinium, called free town, and a place of importance.
20




2ENUS.                                     EQUI.
2ENus (now Inn), a river in Roetia, the bound- of country which this race occupied probably
ary between Raetia and Noricum.           gave rise to the varying accounts about the
REoLEs or ES6LfI (AioXeS), one of the chief: number of his children.-2. Son of Hippotes, or,
branches of the Hellenic race, supposed to be according to others, of Neptune (Poseidon) and
descended from 3Eolus, the son of Hellen. Vid. Arne, a descendant of the previous 2Eolus. His
YEoLus, No. 1. They originally dwelt in Thes- story probably refers to the emigration of a
saly, from whence they spread over various branch of the 2Eolians to the west. His mother
parts of Greece, and also settled in LEolis in was carried to Metapontum in Italy,-where she
Asia Minor, and in the Island of LES1os.  gave birth to.Eolus and his brother Bceotus.
2EiOLLE INsULi (at A16;Lov vraoL: now Lipari The two brothers afterward fled from MetaponIslands), a group of islands northeast of Sicily, turn, and iEolus went to, some islands in the
where LEolus, the god of the winds, reigned. Tyrrhenian Sea, which received from him the
Homer (Od., x., 1) mentions only one 2Eolian name of the _Eolian Islands. Here he reigned
island, and Virgil (.En., i., 52) accordingly as a just and pious king, taught the natives the
speaks of only one oEolia (sc. insula), where use of sails for ships, and foretold them the na-.Eolus reigned, supposed to be Strongyle or ture of the winds that were to rise. In these
Lipara. These islands were also called He- accounts Zolus, the father of the 2Eolian race,
phcssti~des or Tulcsdnie, because Hephaestus or is placed in relationship with 2Eolus, the ruler
Vulcan was supposed to have had his workshop and god of the winds. In Homer, however,
in one of them, called Hiera. (Virg., En., viii., 2Eolus, the son'of Hippotes, is neither the god
415, seq.) They were also named Liparenses, nor the father of the winds, but merely the
from Lipara, the largest of them. The names happy ruler of the tEolian Island, to whom Juof these islands were Lipara (now Lipari), Hiera piter (Zeus) had given dominion over the winds,
(now Volcano), Strongyle (now Stromboli), Phce- which he might soothe or excite according to his'
nicusa (now Felicudi), Ericusa (now Alicudi), pleasure. (Od., x., 1, seq.) This statement of
Euonymus (now Panaria), Didyme (now Sa- Homer, and the etymology of the name of AEoline), Hicesia (now Lisca Bianca), Basilidia (now  lus from  EaRS, led to Eolus being regarded in
Basilizzo), Osteodes (now Ustica).       later times as the god and king of the winds,
E:OLIDES (Aiolidyg), a patronymic given to which he kept inclosed in a mountain. It is,
the sons of tEolus, as Athamas, Cretheus, Sis- therefore, to him that Juno applies when she
yphus, Salmoneus, &c., and to his grandsons, wishes to destroy the fleet of the Trojans.
as Cephalus, Ulysses, and Phrixus. [The name (Virg., tn., i., 78.) The 2Eolian Island of Ho2Eolides, applied by Virgil (3En., 6, 164) to Mi- mer was in later times believed to be Lipara
senus, is supposed by some to have arisen from  or Strongyle, and was accordingly regarded as
the legendary connection between the lEolian the place in which the god of the winds dwelt.
and Campanian Cumea; others suppose that, as Vid. 2EoLIE INSULLE.
Misenus played upon a wind instrument, the.EPEA (Alsrea: AcTrediar).  1. A town in
poet, by a figurative genealogy, makes him the Messenia on the sea-coast, afterward THURIA,
son of the wind-god zEolus. It is much more [as Strabo says, but, according to -Pausanias,
probable, however, that Virgil calls him tEolides the later CORONE.]-2. A town in Cyprus, afteras indicating merely his descent from a mortal ward SOLI.
father named 2Eolus, the same, probably, with.EpY (Abre), a town in Elis, situated on a
the one slain in battle with the Latins (tEn., 12, height, as its name indicates.
542, seq.).] 2Eolis is the patronymic of the fe-  EPYTUs (ArvrIoc). 1. A mythical king of
male descendants of AEolus, given to his daugh- Arcadia,-from whom a part of the country was
ters Canace and Alcyone.                  called _Epytis.-2. Youngest son of the- HerazEOLIS (AoXir)'or ESOLIA, a district of Mysia did Cresphontes, king of Messenia, and of Merin'Asia Minor, was peopled by 2Eolian Greeks, ope, daughter' of the Arcadian king Cypselus.
whose cities extended from the Troad along When his father and brothers were murdered
the shores of the 2Egean to the River Hermus. during an insurrection, 2Epytus alone, who was
In' early times their twelve most important with his grandfather Cypselus, escaped the dancities were independent, and formed a league, ger. The throne of Gresphontes was, in the
the members of which celebrated an annual mean time, occupied by the Heraclid Polyphonfestival (the Panaeolium) at Cyme. The twelve tes, who also forced Merope to become his wife.
cities comprising. this league were Cymne, La- When zEpytus had grown to manhood, he rerisse,; Neontichos, Teinnus, Cilla, Notium, turned to his kingdom, and put Polyphontes to
JEgirusa, Pitane, 2Egeae, Myrina, Grynea, and death. From him the kings of Messenia were
Smyrna; but SMYRNA subsequently became a called /Epytids instead of the more general
member of the Ionian confederacy. (Herod., name Heraclids.-3. Son of Hippothous, king
i., 149, seq.) These cities were subdued by of Arcadia, and great-grandson of the tEpytus
CrOEsus, and were incorporated in the Per- mentioned first.-[4. Son of Neleus,'grandson
sian empire on the conquest of Cresus by Cy- of Codrus, founder of Priene.]
rus..iEQUI, 2EQUICOLI,.EQUiC0LA,, _,QUICiULANI,
2EOLrus (AZo oC). 1. Son of Hellen and the an ancient warlike people of Italy, dwelling in
nymph Orseis, and brother of Dorus and Xu- the upper valley of the Anio, in the mountains
thus. He was the ruler of Thessaly, and the forming the eastern boundary of Latium, and
founder of the XEolic branch of the Greek na- between the Latini, Sabini, Hernici, and Marsi.
tion. His children are said to have been very In conjunction with the Volsci, who were of
numerous; but the most ancient story men- the same race, they carried on constant hostilitioned only four sons, viz., Sisyphus, Athamas, ties with Rome, but were finally subdued in
Cretheus, and Salmoneus. The great extent B.C. 302. One of their chief seats was Mount
21




/EQUI FALISCI.                              2ESCHINES.
Algidus, from which they were accustomed to time he appears as the friend of the Macedonimake their marauding expeditions.         an party and as the opponent of Demosthenes.
IJQUI FALISCI. Vid. FALERII.            Shortly afterward.Eschines formed one of the.EQUIMaLuM. Vid. MELIUS.              second embassy sent to Philip to receive the
[JEQUUM TUTIOUM. Vid. EQUUS TUTICUS.]   oath of Philip to the treaty which had been con[AiRIA (now Mont Venteux), a city of Gallia eluded with the Athenians; but, as the delay
Narbonensis, having an elevated and airy situa- of the ambassadors in obtaining the ratification
tion.]                                    had been favorable to the interests of Philip,
[AERIAs, an ancient king of Cyprus, who is  Eschines, on his return to Athens, was acsaid to have founded the temple of Venus (Aph- cused by Timarchus. He evaded the danger by
rodite) at Paphos.]                       bringing forward a counter-accusation against
AEROPE' ('Aepo&rr), daughter of Catreus, king Timarchus (345), and by showing that the moral
of Crete, and grand-daughter of Minos. Her conduct of his accuser was such that he had no
father, who had received an oracle that he right to speak before the people. The speech
should lose his life by one of his children, gave in which AEschines attacked Timarchus is still
her and her sister Clymene to Nauplius, who extant: Timarchus was condemned, and 2Eswas to sell them in a foreign land. Aerope chines gained a brilliant triumph. In 343, Demarried Plisthenes, the son of Atreus, and be- mosthenes renewed the charge against _Eschicame by him the mother of Agamemnon and nes of treachery during his second embassy to
Menelaus. After the death of Plisthenes, Aer- Philip. This charge of Demosthenes (r'ept 7raope married Atreus; and her two sons, who paerpes6etia) was not spoken, but published as a
were educated by Atreus, were generally be- memorial, and lEschines answered it in a simlieved to be his sons. Aerope was faithless to ilar memorial on the embassy (rrept irapar'peeAtreus, being seduced by Thyestes.        deiac), which was likewise published. Short[AEROPUS ('AiporoO), brother of Perdiccas, ly after the battle of Cheeronda, in 338, which
who was the first Macedonian king of the race gave Philip the supremacy in Greece, Ctesiphon
of Temenus, B.C. 670.-2. Aeropus I., king of proposed that Demosthenes should be rewarded
Macedonia, great-grandson of Perdiccas, father for his services with a golden crown in the theofAlcetas.-3. A6ropus II., king of Macedonia, atre at the great Dionysia. rEschines availed
guardian of.Orestes, the son ofArchelaus, whom  himself of the illegal form in which this reward
he murdered, after reigning jointly with him for was proposed to be, given to bring a charge
four years; after this he ruled'for two years against Ctesiphon on that ground, but he did
alone, and was then succeeded by his son Pau- not prosecute the charge till eight years later,
saiias.],330. The speech which he delivered on the
[AiROPus MONS (now Trebusin), a mountain occasion is extant, and was answered by Derange of Illyricum, at the base of which flows mosthenes in his celebrated oration on the
the Aous.]                                crown (irepi creadvov). zEschines was defeat-.EsXCus (AlaaKor), son of Priam and Alex- ed, and withdrew from Athens.  He went to
irrhoe. He lived far from his father's court, Asia Minor, and at length established a school
in the solitude of mountain forests. Hespe- of eloquence at'Rhodes. On one occasion he
ria, however, the daughter of Cebren, kindled read to his audience in Rhodes his speech
love in his heart, and on one occasion, while he against Ctesiphon, [and, after receiving much
was pursuing her, she was stung by a viper and applause, he was desired to read the speech of
died. 2Esacus in his grief threw himself into his antagonist. When he had done this, his
the sea, and was changed by Tethys into an auditors expressed great admiration; L but,"
aquatic bird. This is the story related by Ovid exclaimed Eschines, "how much greater would
(Met., xi., 761, seq.), but it is told differently by have been your admiration if you had heard (DeApollodorus.                              mosthenes) himself!"]' From Rhodes he went
2ESAR, the name of the deity among the to Samos, where he died in 314. Besides the
Etruscans.                                three orations extant, we also possess twelve
iEsAR or 2EsARUS (now Esaro), a river near letters which are ascribed to.Eschines, but
Croton, in the country of the Brutti, in Southern which are the work of late sophists.-Editions.
Italy.                                    In the editions of the Attic orators (id. DEMOS2EscHiNEs (AicXilvr). 1. The Athenian ora- THENES), and by Bremi, Zurich, 18 A-3.-2. An
tor, born B.C. 389, was the son of Atrometus Athenian philosopher and rhetorician, and a
and Glaucotbea.'According to Demosthenes, disciple of Socrates. After the death of his
his political antagonist, his parents were of dis- master, he went to Syracuse; but returned to
reputable character, and not even citizens of Athens after the expulsion of Dionysius, and
Athens; but Eschines himself says that his supported himself, receiving money for his infather was descended from an honorable family, structions.  He wrote several dialogues, but
and lost his property during the Peloponnesian the three. which have come down to us uBder
war. In his youth, 2Eschines appears to have his name are not genuine.-Editins;:By3 isassisted his father in his school; he next acted cher, Lips., 1786; by Bckh, Heidel., 1810; and
as secretary to Aristophon, and afterward to in many editions of Plato.-3. Of Neapolis, a
Eubulus; he'subsequently tried his fortune as Peripatetic philosopher, who was at the head
an actor, but was unsuccessful; and at length, of the Academy at Athens, together with Charafter serving with distinction in the army, came madas and Clitomachus, about B.C. 109-4. iOf
forward as a public speaker, and soon acquired Miletus, a contemporary of Cicero, and a disgreat reputation. In 347 he was sent, along tinguished orator in the Asiatic style of elwith Demosthenes, as one of the ten ambassa- quence.-[5. A distinguished individual among
dors to negotiate a peace with Philip: from this the Eretrians, who disclosed to the Athenias
22




2ESCHRION..ESCULAPIUS.
the treacherous designs:of some of his country- sources of art in its exhibition.  Thus; he is
men,. when the former had come;to: their aid said to have availed himself of the skill of Agagainst the Persians.-6. An Acarnanian, comn- atharchus, who painted for him the first scenes
mander of a company of light-armed troops in which had ever been drawn according to the
the retreat: of the ten thousand. under. Xeno- principles of linear: perspective.' He. also furphon.].                     nished his actors with more suitable and magZIscHRitoN (A7Xopiov). 1. Of Syracuse, whose nificent dresses, with significant and: various
wife Pippa was one of the mistresses of Verres, - masks, and with the thick-soled cothurnus, to
and who was himself one of the scandalous in- raise their stature to the height-of:heroes. He
struments of Verres.-2. An iambic poet, a na- moreover bestowed so much attention on the
tive of Samos. There. was an. epic poet of the choral dances, that he. is said to have invented
same:name, who was a native of Mytilene and various figures himself, and-to have instructed
a pupil of Aristotle, and who- accompanied Alex- the choristers in them without the aid of the
ander on some: of his expeditions, He may regular ballet-masters. With him, also, arose
perhaps.be the same person as the' Samian'.- the usage of representing at the same. time a
3. A native of Pergamus, and a physician in'. trilogy of plays connected in subject, so that
the second century after Christ, was one of: each formed one act, as it were, of a great-whole,
Galen's tutors.                            which might be compared: with some of Shaks-,.EsCHtYLU  (AlqXvXoyt).  1. The celebrated peare's historical plays. Even before the time
tragic poet, was born at Eleusis in Attica, B.C. of 2Eschylus, it -had been customary to cont'end
525, so that he. was thirty-five years of age at'for the- prize' of tragedy with three plays' exhibitthe' time of the battle of Marathon, and contem- ed at the same time, but it was reserved for him
porary with Simonides and Pindar. His father to show how each of three'tragedies might be'iuptorion was probably connected with the. complete in itself, and' independent of the rest,
worship of Ceres (Demeter), and 2Eschylus and nevertheless form a part of an harmonious
himself was, according to some authorities, ini-' and connected-whole. The only example still
tiated in the mysteries of this goddess.. At the: extant of such a trilogy. is the Oresteia, as it
age of twenty-five (B.C. 499), he made his first was called'. A satyrical play commonly followappearance as. a competitor for the prize of ed each tragic trilogy. - Eschylus- is said to
tragedy, without being successful. He, vwith have written seventy tragedies. Of these only
his brothers Cyn;egirus.and' Aminius, fought at seven are extant, namely, the Persians, the
the battle of Marathon (490), and also at those Seven against Thebes, the -Suppliants, the Proof Salamis (480) and Platwea (479). In 484 he' inetheus, the Agamemnon, the Choephori, and -Eugained the prize of tragedy;: and in 472 he gain- menides; the' last three forming, as already reed the,prize. with the trilogy, of.which the Per- marked, the trilogy of the'Oresteia. The Perse', the earliest' of his;extant dramas, was one sians was acted in 472, and the Seven against
piece. In 468 he was defeated in a tragic con- Thebes a year afterward. The: Oresteia was reptest by his younger rival, Sophocles; and he is resented in 458; the Suppliants and the Prosaid in consequence to have quitted Athens in metheus were brought out some time between
disgust; and to have gone to the court of Hiero, the Seven against Thebes- and the Oresteiea. It
king of Syracuse, where he found Simonides, has been supposed from some allusions in the
the lyric poet. In' 467 his friend and patron  Suppliants, that this play was acted in 461,
King Hiero died; and- in 458 it appears'that when Athens was allied' with Argos.- Editions:
JEschylus was again at Athens, from the' fact.By Schftz, third edition, Hal. Sax., 1808-21; by
that:the,trilogy of the Oresteia was produced Wellauer, Lips., 1823; by. W. Dindorf, Lips,.
in that year. In the same or the following 1827, and Oxon., 1832; and by Scholefield,
year. he again visited Sicily,. and he: died at. Camb., 1830. [The best edition, so far as it
Gem in 456, in the sixty-ninth year of his age. goes, is that by Blomfield, which unfortunately
It is said that an eagle, mistaking. the poet's was never completed, containing only five of
bald head for a stone, let a tortoise fall upon it:the seven remaining tragedies. —2.:Of Cnidus,
to break the ~shell,.and so fulfilled an oracle, ac- a contemporary of Cicero, and: one'of the most
cording to which XEschylus was.fated to die by celebrated rhetoricians "of Asia Minor. —3. Of
a, blow from heaven.'The alterations made by.Rhodes, was appointed by Alexander the Great
Esedhylus -in the composition and dramatic rep- one: of the inspectors of the governors of that
resentatio, of Tragedy were so great, that he country after its conquest in B.C.: 332.].
was considered by the Athenians. as the' father - EscUiLAPius,('AaKcty7rit6), the god of the medof it, just as Homer, was. of Epic poetry and ical' art. - In the"Homeric poems: ~Esculapius is
Ierodotus of. History.- Even the improve- not a divinity, but simply the: blameless physiments aRd alterations, -introduced by'his' sue-. cian". ( JTJ/P w/o3vi), Whose-sons, Machaon and
cessors were the natural:results and.sugges- Podalirius, were tehe physicians in the Greek
tioz.s of theose of XEsehylus. The-first and prin- army, and ruled over Tricca, Ithome; and: AEchacipa. alteration which. he made was the intro- lia. Homer says nothing of the descent of^ Esduetion of a second' aetor (devTrepayujvYrar7), and culapius. The common story- relates that he
the. eonsequent formation of-the dialogue prop- was a son of Apollo and Coronis, and that when
erly so ca'Pen'and the limitation of'the choral Coronis was with child by Apollo, she became
pamrts- The irnovation was of course adopted enamored with Ischys, an: Areadian. Apollo,
by h;s contemporaries, just as _/Eschylus him- informed of this by a raven, which he had set:self followed the example of Sophocles, in sub- to watch her, or, according to others, by his own. 
sequemtly introducing a third actor. But'the prophetic powers, sent his sister Artemis to kill
impovements of 2Eschylus were not limited to Coronis. Artemis accordingly destroyed' Cothe composition of tragedy;. he added the re. ronis in her own house at Laceria in Thessaly,
23




ESEPUS.                                   AESOPUS.
on the shore of Lake Baebia. According to Ovid  XESERNIA (,Eserninus: now Isernia), a town
(Met., ii., 605), it was Apollo himself who kill- in Samnium, made/a Roman-colony in the first
ed Coronis and Ischys.  When the body of Punic war.
Coronis was to be burned, either Apollo or Mer- yEsis (now Esino or Fiumesino), a river which
cury (Hermes) saved the child _Esculapius from  formed the boundary between Picenum and
the flames, and carried it to Chiron, who in- Umbria, was anciently the southern boundary
structed the boy in the art of healing and in of the Senones, and the northeastern boundary
hunting. There are various other narratives ofItaly proper.
respecting his birth, according to some of which  E sis or l.ESIUM (.Esinas: now Jesi), a town
he was a native of Epidaurus, and this was a and a Roman colony in Umbria, on the River
common opinion in later times. After he had.Esis, celebrated for its cheese, iEsznas casezts.
grown up, reports spread over all countries,.EsoN (Aanowv), son of Cretheus, the founder
that he not only cured all the sick, but called of Iolcus, and of Tyro,- the daughter of Salmothe dead to life again. But while he was re- neus, and father of Jason and Promachus. He
storing Glaucus to life, Jupiter (Zeus) killed him  was excluded from the throne by his half-brothwith a flash of lightning, as he feared lest men' er Pelias, who endeavored to keep the kingdom
might contrive to escape death altogether, or to himself by sending Jason away with the Arbecause Pluto had complained of AEsculapius gonauts. Pelias subsequently attempted to'get
diminishing the number of the dead. But, on rid of 2Eson by force, but the latter put an end
the request of Apollo, Jupiter (Zeus) placed to his own life. According to Ovid (Met., vii.,
/Esculapius among the'stars../Esculapius is 162, seq.), iEson survived the return of the Aralso said to have taken part, in the expedition gonauts, and was made young again by Medea.
of the Argonauts and in the Calydonian hunt.  [LESONIDES (Aiaovidyr),,a patronymic given
He was married to Epione, and besides the to the sons of tEson, especially Jason.]
two sons spoken of by Homer, we also find  ~EsoPus (AisaTro). 1. A writer of fables,
mention of the following children of his: Ianis- lived about B.C. 570, and was a contemporary
cus, Alexenor, Aratus, Hygieia, _Egle, laso, and of Solon. He was originally a slave, and rePanaceia, most of whom are only personifica- ceived his freedom from his master ladmon the
tions- of the powers ascribed to their father. Samian. Upon this he visited Crcesus, who.zEsculapius was worshipped all over Greece. sent him to Delphi, to distribute among the citiHis temples were usually built in healthy places; zens four mine apiece; but in consequence of
on hills outside the, town, and near wells which some dispute on the subject, he refused to give
were believed to have healing powers. These any money at.all, upon which the enraged Deltemples were not only places of worship, but phians threw him from a precipice. Plagues
were frequented by great numbers of sick per- were sent upon them from the gods for the ofsons, and may therefore be compared to modern fence, and they proclaimed their willingness to
hospitals. The principal seat of his worship in give a compensation for his death to anyone who
Greece was Epidaurus, where he had a temple' could claim it. At length Iadmon, the grandson
surrounded with an extensive grove. Serpents of.Esop's old master, received the compensawere every where connected with his worship, tion, since no nearer connection could be found.
probably because they were a symbol of pru- A life of LEsop prefixed' to a book of fables purdence and renovation, and were believed to porting to be his, and collected by Maximus
have the power of discovering herbs of won- Planudes, a monk of the fourteenth century,
drous' powers  For these reasons, a peculiar represents,Esop as a perfect monster of uglikind of tame serpents, in which Epidaurus ness and deformity; a notion for which there
abounded, was not only kept in his temple, but is no authority whatever in the classical authe god himself frequently appeared in the form  thors. Whether AEsop left any written works
of a serpent. At Rome the worship of 2Escu- at all, is a question which affords considerable
lapius was introduced from Epidaurus at the room for doubt; though it is certain that fables,
command of the Delphic' oracle or of the Sibyl- bearing.Esop's name, were popular at Athens
line books, in B.C. 293, for the purpose of avert- in its most intellectual age. We find them freing a pestilence. The supposed descendants quently noticed by Aristophanes. They were
of.Esculapius were called by the patronymic in prose, and were turned into poetry by several
name Asclepiade ('Aacin17rlE6da), and their prin-' writers. Socrates turned some of them into
cipal seats were Cos and Cnidus. They were verse during his imprisonment, and iDemetrius
an order or caste of priests, and for a long period Phalereus (B.C. 320) imitated his example. The
the practice of medicine was intimately con- only Greek versifier of zEsop, of whose writings
nected with religion. The knowledge of medi- any whole fables are preserved, is Babrius. Vid.
cine was regarded as asacred secret, which was BABRiUS. Of the Latin writers of Esopean
transmitted from father to son'in the families of fables, Phaedrus is the most celebrated. Vid.
the Asclepiadae. Respecting the festivals of PHIaDRUS. The fables now extant in prose,
2Esculapius,-vid. Diet. of Antiq          bearing the name of AEsop, are unquestionably
[yEsEPus (AaT70rof), son of Bucolion and the spurious, as is proved by Bentley in his dissernymph Abarbarea, slain by Euryalus before tation on the Fables of Esop' appended to his
Troy.]                                    celebrated letters on Phalaris.-Editions: By
JEsEPus (Atanyror: [now Boklu, according to Ernesti, Lips., 1781; by De Furia, Lips., 1810;
Leake, but usually considered the modern Sa- reprinted by Coray at Paris, 1810;- and by
tal-dere]), a river which rises in the mountains Schaefer, Lips.,' 1820.-2. A Greek historian,
of Ida, and flows by a northeasterly course into who wrote a life of Alexander the Great. The
the Propontis, which it enters west of Cyzicus original is lost, but there is a Latin translation
and east of the Granicus.                 of it by Julius VaALERUS.
24




XASOPUS. IETHIOPIA.
AEs6PUs, CLAUDIUS, or CLODIUS, was the Cesar, B.C. 44, and from other official docugreatest tragic actor at Rome, and a contem- ments. Edited by Gronovius, in his edition of
porary of Roscius, the greatest comic actor; Pomponlus Mela, Leyden, 1722.
and both of them lived on intimate terms with /ETHILLA (AiOt2ta or AOiv2tXa), daughter of
Cicero. fEsopus appeared for the last time on Laomedon and sister of Priam, became after
the stage, at an advanced age, at the dedication the fall of Troy the captive of Protesilaus, [acof the theatre, of Pompey (B.C. 55), when his cording to a late legend, for the Homeric acvoice failed him, and he could not go through count, makes Protesilaus to have been the first
with the speech., AEsopus realized an immense Greek slain. before Troy. Vid. PROTESILAUS.]
fortune by his profession, which was squander-  [2ETHION, a seer and friend of Phineus, slain
ed by his son, a foolish spendthrift. It is said, at the nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda.for instance, that this son dissolved in vinegar 2. Son of a Heliconian nymph, fell in the expeand drank a pearl worth about ~8000, which he dition of the Seven against Thebes.]
took from the ear-ring of COecilia Metella.  ETHIOPES (AiGiooe7re said to be from adWt and.ESTII, _ESTYI, or ZESTUI, a people dwelling L)+, but perhaps really a foreign name corrupton the sea-coast, in the northeast of Germany, ed), was a name applied, (1.) most generally to
probably in the modern Kurland, who collected allblack or dark races of men;. (2.) to the inamber, which they called glessum. Their cus- habitants of all the regions south of those with
toms, says Tacitus, resembled the Suevic, and which the early Greeks were well acquainted,
their language. the British. They were proba- extending even as far north-'as Cyprus -and
bly a Sarmatian or Slavonic race,'and not a Phoenicia; (3.) to all the inhabitants of Inner
Germanic.         -                       Africa, south of Mauretariia, the Great Desert,
EsULA (.Esiilanus), a town of the AEqui, on a and Egypt, from the Atlantic to the Red Sea
mountain between Praenestewand.Tibur. (AEsu- and Indian Ocean, and to some of. the dark
lIe declive'arvum, Hor., Carm., iii., 29.)  races of Asia; and (4.) most specifically to the
[-EsYiETES -(AiavzrTf), a Trojan hero, whose inhabitants of the land south of Egypt, which
son Alcathous married a daughter of Anchises. was called AETHIOPIA.
His tomb is alluded to by Homer, according to  AETHIOPIA (AiOteo ra, AlO.?v7rp AiyvTrrov: Aiwhom it served as a post of observation, and is Oiop, AlOtoxreif, Horn., fern. AiOtotf: _Ethiops:
said by Strabo to have been five stadia distant now Nubia, Kordofan, Sennaar, Abyssinia), a
from Troy, on the road leading to Alexandrea country of Africa, south of Egypt, the boundary
Troas. A conical mound is.still pointed out in of the.countries being at Syene (now Assouan)
that vicinity as the tomb of _Esyetes, and bears and the Smaller Cataract of the Nile, and extend-,
the appellation Udjek-Tepe.]              ing on the.east to the Red Sea, and to the south
[IEsYMNETES (Aiav7vfTrf), an appellation of and southwest indefinitely, as far apparently as
Bacchus (Dionysus), which means " Lord," the knowledge of the ancients extended-.- In,
"King," and under which he was honored its most exact political sense the word zEthioespecially at Aroe in Achaia.]            pia seems to have denoted the kingdom of
[2ETHi^A (AlOaia), a city of Laconia.]  MERo; but in its wider sense itincluded also
LETHALIA (AiOaida, Aid6cit), called ILVA (now  the kingdom of the AXOMIT2E, besides several
Elba) by the Romans, a small island in the Tus- other peoples, such as the Troglodytes and the
can Sea, opposite the town of Populonia, cele- Ichthyophagi on the Red Sea, the Blemmyes
brated for its iron mines. It, had on the north- and Megabari and Nubae in the interior.! The
east a good harbor, " Argous Portus" (now  country was watered by the Nile and its tribuPorto Ferraio), in which the Argonaut Jason is taries, the Astapus (Bahr-el-Azrek or Blue Nile)
said to have landed.                      and the Astaboras (Atbara or. Tacazze). The.ETHALIDES (AlOaid71f), son of Mercury.(Her- people of 2Ethiopia seem- to have been of the
mes) and Eupolemia, the herald of the Argo- Caucasian race, and to have spoken a language
nauts. He had received from his father the allied to the Arabic. Monuments are found in
faculty of remembering every thing, even in the country closely resembling those of Egypt,
Hades, and was allowed to reside alternately but of an inferior style. The religion of the
in the upper and in the lower world. His soul,,Ethiopians appears to have been similar to that
after many migrations, at length took posses- of the Egyptians, but free- from the grosser susion of the body of Pythagoras, in which it still perstitions of the latter, such as the worship of
recollected its former migrations.        animals.  Some traditions made Meroe the
aZTHER (AMO0p), a personified, idea of the parent of Egyptian civilization, while others
mythical cosmogonies, in which ZEther was ascribed the civilization ofAEthiopia to Egyptian
considered as one of the elementary substances colonization. So great was the power of the
out of which the Universe was formed. _Ethe're.thiopians, that more than once in its history
was regarded by the poets as the pure upper air,- Egypt was governed by 2Ethiopian kings; and
the residence of the -gods, and Jupiter (Zeus) even the most powerful kings of Egypt, though
as the Lord of the.Ether, or XEther itself per- they made successful incursions into Ethiopia;
sonified.                                 do not appear to have had any extensive or
3ETHIDES (AiOKceC), a Thessalian or Epirot. permanent hold upon the country. Under the
people, near Mount Pindus.                Ptolemies Graco-Egyptian colonies establish^ETHICUS, HISTER or ISTER, a Roman writer ed themselves in Ethiopia, and Greek manners
of the fourth century after Christ, a native of and philosophy had, a considerable influence on
Istria, the author of a geographical work, call- the upper classes; but the country was never
ed Ethici Cosmographia, which appears to have subdued. The Romans failed to-extend their
been chiefly drawn up from the measurement empire over -Ethiopia, though they made expeof the whole Roman world ordered by Julius ditions into the country, in one of which C. Pe25




AETHLIUS.                  _TOLIA.
tronius, prefect of Egypt under Augustus, ad- eral eruptions of Mount _Etna in antiquity. One
vanced as far as Napata, and defeated the war- occurred in B.C. 475, to which./Eschylus and
rior queen Candace (B.C. 22). Christianity Pindar probably allude, and another'in:B.C. 425,
very early extended to.Ethiopia, probably in which Thucydides says (iii., 116) was the third
consequence of the conversion of the treasurer on record since the-Greeks had settled in Sicily.
of Queen Candace (Acts, viii., 27). The his- The form of the mountain seems to have been
tory of the downfall of the, great.Ethiopian king- much the same in antiquity as it is at present.
dom of Meroe is very obscure.             Its base covers an area of nearly ninety miles
AiTHLIUS ('AMOtUof), first king of Elis, father in circumference, and its highest point is 10,874
of Endymion, was son of Jupiter, (Zeus) and feet above the level of the sea. The circumProtogenla, daughter of Deucalion; according ference of the crater is variously estimated
to others, a son of /Eolus.               from two and a half to four miles, and- the'depth
[.ETHON (AW0ov from agW'), father of Tanta- from- six hundred to eight hundred' feet.- 2.
lus.-2. Appellation assumed by Ulysses to es- (lEtnenses: now S. Maria di Licodia or S. Niccape detection on his return to Ithaca.-3. olas di Arenis), a town at the foot of Mount
Name of a horse of the Sun; also of one of Plu-  Etna, on the road to Catana, formerly called
to's; and of Aurora (Eos), of Hector, and of sev- Inessa or Innesa.- It was founded in B.C. 461,
eral other heroes.]                       by the inhabitants of Catana,-who had been exJETHRA (AMOpa). 1. Daughter of Pittheus' of pelled from their own town by the Siculi. They
Troezen, was mother of Theseus by /Egeus. gave the name of Etnato Inessa, because their
She afterward lived in Attica, from whence she own town Catana had been called -Etna by
was carried off. to Lacedaemon by Castor and Hiero I.
Pollux, and became a slave of Helen, with whom  ETN.US (AlTrvaroc), an epithet of several
she was taken to Troy. At the capture of Troy gods and mythical beings connected with Mount
she was restored to liberty by her grandson JEtna: of Jupiter (Zeus), of whom there was a
Acamas or Demophon. —2. Daughter of Oce- statue on Mount /Etna,'and to whom a festival
anus, by whom Atlas begot the twelve Hyades was celebrated there, called Etnea; of Vulcan
and a son, Hyas.'               (Hepheestus); and of the Cyclopes.
[2ETHUSA (AIOovca), daughter of Neptune and  E TOLIA (AlrToia: ATiro6f), a division of
Alcyone, and mother by Apollo of Eleuther.]  Greece, was bounded on the west by Acarna[ZETHYIA (AlOvta), an appellation of Minerva nia, from Which it was separated by the River
(Athena), as' the inventress of ship-building or Achelous, on the north by Epirus and Thessaly,
navigation.]                              on the east by the Ozolian Locrians, and on the
AETION ('Aerlov). 1. A sculptor of Amphip- south by the entrance to the Corinthian Gulf.
olis, flourished about the middle of the third It was divided into two parts, Old 2Etolia, from
century B.C.-2. A celebrated painter, whose the Achelous to the Evenus and Calydon, and
best picture represented the marriage of Alex- New _/Etolia, or the Acquired ('7ri/rlrof), from
ander and Roxana. It is commonly supposed the Evenus and Calydon to the Ozolian Locri-'
that he lived in the time of Alexander the Great; ans. On the coast the country is level and
but the words of Lucian (Herod., 4) show that fruitful, but in the interior ~mountainous and
he must have lived about the time of Hadrian unproductive. The mountains contained many
and the Antonines..                   wild beasts, and were celebrated in mythology
AETIUS. 1. [Son of Anthas, king of Trcezen, for the hunt of the Calydonian boar. The counwhose descendants founded Halicarnassus and try was, originally inhabited by Curetes and
Myndus.]-2. A celebrated Romanwgeneral, de- Leleges, but was at an early period colonized
fended the Western empire against the barbari- by Greeks from Elis, led by the mythical TEroans during the reign of Valentinian III. In LUS. The.AEtolians took part in the Trojan
A.D. 451 he gained a great victory over Attila, war, under their king, Thoas. They continued
near Chalons, in Gaul; but he was treacher- for a long time a rude and uncivilized people,
ously murdered by Valentinian in 454.-3. A  living to a great extent by robbery; and even
Greek medical writer, born at Amida in Meso- in the time of Thucydides (B.C. 410) many of
potamia, lived at the end of the fifth or the be- their tribes spoke a language which was not
ginning of the sixth century after Christ. His Greek, and were in the habit of eating raw flesh.
work Bt6;la'IarptcK'EKKaidelca, " Sixteen Books Like the other Greeks, they abolished, at an
on Medicine," is one of the most valuable med- early time, the monarchical form of governical remains of antiquity, as being a judicious ment, and lived under a democracy. They apcompilation from many authors whose works pear to have been early united- by a kind of
are lost. The whole of it has never appeared league, but this league first acquired political
in the original Greek, but a corrupt translation importance about the middle of the third cenof it into Latin was published by Cornarius, tury B.C., and became a formidable rival to the
Basil., 1542,'often reprinted, and in H. Ste- Macedonian monarchs and the Achean League.
phens's Medicce Artis Principes, Paris, 1567.  The;^tolian League at one time included not
LETNA (Airvn).  1. (Now Mfonte: Gibello), a only 2Etolia Proper, but Acarnania, part of Thesvolcanic mountain in the northeast of Sicily, be- saly, Locris, and the Island of Cephallenia; and
tween Tauromenium and Catana. It is said it also had close alliances with Elis and several
to have derived its name from XEtna, a Sicilian towns in the Peloponnesus, and likewise with
nymph, a daughter of Uranus and Gaea, or of Cius on the Propontis. Its annual meetings,
Briareus. Jupiter (Zeus) buried under it Ty- called Pancetolica, were held in the autumn at
phorn or Enceladus; and in its interior Vulcan Thermus, and at them were chosen a general
(Hepheestus) and the Cyclopes forged the thun. (arpari7yoc), who was at the head of the league,
derbolts for Jupiter (Zeus). There were sev. an hipparchus or master of the horse, a secre26




LTOLUS.                                    AFRICA.
tary, and a select committee called apocleti continent of Africa, and (2.) for the portion of
(a7fiX3arot). For further particulars respecting Northern Africa which constituted the territory
the constitution of the league, vid. Diet. of Ant., of Carthage, and which the Romans erected
art. ZETOLICUM FCEDUS. The AEtolians took the into a province, under the name of Africa Proside of Antiochus III. against the Romans, and pria.-1. In the more general sense the name
on the defeat of that monarch B.C. 189, they was not used by the Greek writers; and its
became virtually the subjects of Rome. On use by the Romans arose from the extension
the conquest of the Achaeans, B.C. 146, 2Etolia to the whole continent of the name of a part of
was included in the Roman province of Achaia. it. The proper Greek name for the continent
After the battle of Actium, B.C. 31, a consider- is Libya (A6t5iV). Considerably before the hisable part of the population of lEtolia was trans-' torical period of Greece begins, the Phceniplanted to the city of NICOPOLIs, which Augus- cians extended, their commerce over the Medituls built in commemoration of his victory.  terranean, and founded several colonies on the
JETOLUS (AilO&6f), son of Endymion. and. northern coast of Africa, of which Carthage was
Neis, or Iphianassa, married Pronoe, by whom  the chief. Vid. CARTHAGO. The Greeks knew
he had two sons, Pleuron and. Calydon.  He. very little of the. country until the foundation
was king of Elis, but was obliged to leave Pel- of the Dorian colony of CYRENE (B.C. 620), and
oponnesus, because he had slain Apis, the son the intercourse of Greek travellers with Egypt
of Jason or Salmoneus. He went to the coun- in the sixth and fifth centuries; and even then
try near the Achelous, which was called 2Etolia their knowledge of all but the part near Cyrene
after him.                                was derived from the Egyptians and PheniEXONE (AilSvi and AlovnC: Alwoevf: now  cians, who sent out some remarkable expediAsani.?), an Attic demus of the tribe Cecropis tions to'explore the country. A Phoenician
or Pandionis. Its inhdbitants'had the reputa- fleet, sent by the -Egyptian king Pharaoh Necho
tion of being mockers, and slanderers.    (about B.C. 600), was said to have sailed from
AFER, DOMITIus, of Nemausus (Nismes) in the Red Sea, round Africa, and so into the
Gaul, was the teacher of Quintilian, and one of Mediterranean: the authenticity of this story
the most distinguished orators in the reignsof is still a matter of dispute, We still possess
Tiberius, "Caligula, Claudius, and Nero, but he an authentic account of another expedition,
sacrificed his character by conducting accusa- whichthe Carthaginians dispatched under Hantions for the government. He was consul suf- no.(about B.C. 510), and which reached a point
fectus in A.D. 39, and died in 60. Quintilian on the western coast nearly, if not quite, as far
mentions several works of his on oratory, which as latitude ten degrees north. On the opposite
are all lost.                             side of the continent, the coast appears to have
[AFRANIA GAIA or CAIA, the wife of the sen- been very little known beyond the southern
ator Licinius Buccio, a very litigious woman, boundary of Egypt, till the time of the Ptolewho always pleaded her own causes before the mies. In the interior, the Great Desert (Sahara)
praetor. Hence her name became proverbial interposed a formidable obstacle to discovery;
for a litigious woman. She died 48 B.C.]  but even before the time of Herodotus, the
AFRiNIUS. 1. L., A Roman comic poet,flour- people on the northern coast told of individuals
ished about B.C. 100. His comedies described who had crossed the Desert and had reached a
Roman scenes and manners (Comosdic;togate), great river flowing toward the east, with croeand the subjects were mostly taken from the odiles in it, and black men living on its banks,
life of the lower classes (Comosdice tabernarice). which, if the story be true, was probably the
They were frequently polluted with disgraceful Niger in its upper course, near Timbuctoo. That
amours; but he depicted Roman life with such the Carthaginians had considerable intercourse
accuracy that he is classed with Menander with the regions south of the Sahara, has been
(Hor.,'Ep., ii., 1, 57). His comedies continued inferred from the abundance of elephants they
to'be acted under the empire. The names and kept. Later expeditions and inquiries extendfragments of between twenty and thirty are still ed the knowledge which the ancients possessed
preserved: [these fragments have been pub- of the eastern coast to about ten degrees south
lished by Bothe, in the 5th vol. of his Poetae See- latitude, and'gave them, as it seems, some
nici Lat., and by Neukirch, De Fabula togata further acquaintance with the interior, about
Romana.] - 2. L., a person of obscure origin, Lake Tchad, but the southern part of the contiand a faithful adherent of Pompey. He serv'ed nent was so totally unknown, that Ptolemy,
under Pompey against Sertorius and Mithra- who finally fixed the limits of ancient geographdates, and' was, through Pompey's influence, ical science, recurred'to the old notion, which
made consul, B.C. 60. When Pompey obtained seems to have prevailed before the time of Hethe provinces of the two Spains' in his second rodotus, that the southern parts of Africa met
consulship (B.C, 55), he sent Afranius and Pe- the southeastern part of Asia, and that the Intreius to govern them, while he himself remain- dian Ocean was a vast lake. The greatest geed in Rome. In B.C. 49, Afranius and.Petreius ographers who lived before Ptolemy, namely,
were defeated by Cesar in Spain. Afranius Eratosthenes and Strabo, had accepted the trathereupon passed over to Pompey in Greece; dition that Africa was circumnavigable. The
was present at the battle of Pharsalia, B.C. 48; shape of the continent they conceived to be that
and subsequently, at the battle-of Thapsus in of a right-angled triangle, having for its hypotAfrica, B.C. 46. He then attemptedto fly:into enuse a line drawn'from the Pillarsof Hercules
Mauretania, but was taken prisoner'by P. Sit- to the south of the Red Sea; and, as to its extius, and killed.                         tent, they did: not suppose it to reach nearly so
AFRICA ('AqpiK: Africanus),, was used by faras the equator. Ptolemy supposed the westthe ancients in two senses, (1.) for the whole ern coast to stretch north and south from the
27




AFRICA.                                  AGALLIS.
Pillars of Hercules, and he gave the continent by the latest of the ancient geographers. The
an indefinite extent toward the south. There northern district was better known to thle Rowere also great differences of opinion:as to the mans than it isto us, and was extremely popboundaries of the continent. Some divided the ulous and flourishing; and, if we may judge by
whole world into only two parts, Europe and the list of tribes in Ptolemy, the interior of the
Asia, and they were not agreed to which of country, especially between the Little and Great
these two Libya (i. e., Africa) belonged; and Altars, must have supported many more inhabthose who recognized three divisions differed itants than it does at present. Further inforagain in placing the boundary between Libya mation respecting the several portions of the
and Asia either on the west of Egypt, or along country will be found in the separate articles.the Nile, or at the Isthmus of Suez and the Red 2. AFRICA PROPRIA or PROVINCIA, or simply AfSea: the:last opinion gradually prevailed. As rica, was the name under which the Romans,
to the subdivision of the country itself, Herodo- after the Third Punic War (B.C. 146), erected
tus distributes it into gEgyptus, _Ethiopia (i. e., into a province the whole of the former territory
all the regions south of Egypt and the Sahara), of Carthage. It extended from the'River Tusand Libya, properly so called; and he subdi- ca, on the west, which divided it from Numidia,
vides Libya into three parts, according to their to the bottom of the Syrtis Minor, on the southphysical, distinctions, namely, (1.) the Inhabit- east. It was. divided into two districts (regioed Country along the Mediterranean, in which nes), namely, (1.) Zeugis or Zeugitana, the disdwelt the Nomad Libyans (oel rapaOadtatCoet r5v trict round Carthage, (2.) Byzacium or Byzavojid&ov AiBvuv: the Barbary States); (2.) the cena, south of Zeugitana, as far as the bottom
Country of Wild Beasts (5 irpG6di&), south of ofthe Syrtis Minor. It corresponds-to the modthe former, that is, the region between the Little ern regency of Tunis. The province was full
and Great Atlas, which still abounds in wild of flourishing towns, and was extremely fertile,
beasts,-but takes its name from its prevailing especially Byzacena: it furnished Rome with
vegetation (Beled-el-Jerid, i. e., the Country of its chief supplies of corn. The above limits are
Palms), and, (3.) the Sandy Desert (7 iba6qof; assigned, to the province by Pliny: Ptolemy
the Sahara), that is, the table-land bounded by makes it extend from the River Ampsaga, on
the Atlas on the north and the margin of the the west, to the borders of Cyrena'Yca, at the
Nile valley on the east, which is a vast tract of bottom of the Great Syrtis, on the east, so as
sand'broken only by a few habitable islands, to include Numidia and Tripolitana.
called Oases. As to the people, Herodotus dis-  AFRcIjNUS, a surname given to the Scipios
tinguishes four. races, two native, namely, the on account of their victories in Africa.'Vid.
Libyans and Ethiopians, and two foreign, name- SCIPIO.
ly, the Phoenicians and the Greeks. The Lib-  AFRICANUS., 1. SEX. CECILIUS, a Roman juyans, however, were a Caucasian race: the risconsult, lived under Antoninus Pius (A.D..LEthiopians of Herodotus correspond to our Ne- 138-161), and wrote Libri IX. Questionum, from
gro races. The Phoenician colonies were plant- which many extracts are made in the Digest.
ed chiefly along, and to the west of, the great'-2. JULIUS, a celebrated orator in the reign of
recess in the middle of the north coast, which Nero, is much praised by Quintilian, who speaks
formed the two SYRTES, by far the most irm- of him'and Domitius Afer as the best orators
portant of them being Carthage; and the Greek of their time.-3. SEX. JULIUS, a learned Chriscolonies were fixed on the coast along and be- tian writer at the beginning of the third cenyond the.east side of the Syrtes; the chief of tury, passed the greater part of his life at Emthem was CYRENE, and the-region was called maus in Palestine, and afterward lived at AlexCyrenaica. Between this and Egypt were Lib- andrea. His principal work was a Chronicon
yan tribes, and the whole region between the in five books, from the creation of the world,
Carthaginian dominions and Egypt, including which he placed in 5499 B.C., to A.D.221. This
Cyrenai'ca, was called by the same' name as the work is lost, but part of it is extracted by Eusewhole continent, Libya. The chiefnative tribes bius in his Chronicon, and many fragments of
of this region were' the ADYRMACHIDE, MAR- it are preserved by'Georgius Syncellus, CedreMARIDE, PSYLLI, and NASAMoNEs. The last ex- nus, and in'the Paschale Chronicon. There
tended into the Carthaginian territory. To the was another work written by Africanus, entiwest of the Carthaginian possessions, the coun- tied Cesti (Kearnt), that is, embroidered girdles,
try was called by the general names of NUMIDIA so called from the celebrated Cestus of Venus
and MAURETANIA, and was possessed partly by (Aphrodite). It treated of a vast variety of sub —
Carthagiriian colonies on the coast, and partly jects-medicine, agriculture, natural history,
by Libyan tribes under various names, the chief the military art, &c. The work itself is lost,
of which were the NUMIDs:, MASSYLII, MAs- but some extracts from it are published byTheS^.SYLII, and MAURI, and to the south of them  venot in the Mathematici Veteres, Paris, 1693,
the GETULI. The whole of this northern re- and also in.the Geoponica.
gion fell successively under the power of Rome,  AFRiCUS (2ip by the Greeks), the southwest
and was finally divided into provinces as fol- wind, so'called because it blew firom Africa,
lows': (1.) Egypt; (2.) Libya, including, (a) fiequently brought storms with it'(creberque proLibyae Nomos'or Libya Exterior; (b) Marma- cellis Africus, Virg., JEn., i., 85).
rica; (c) Cyrenalica;(3.) Africa Propria, the'  [AGACLES ('Ayaarcc), a Myrmidon hero, father
former empire of Carthage (see below, No..2); of Epigeus.]
(4.) Numidia;'(5.) Mauretania, divided into,  [AGALLIs ('AyaRtfC),'of Corcyra,. a female
(a) Sitifensis; (b) Cssariensis; (c) Tingitana: grammarian, who wrote upon Homer; but from
these, with (6.) -Ethiopia, make up the whole two passages in Suidas some have supposed
of Africa, according to the divisions recognized that he true name is Anagatlis.]
28




AGAMEDE.                                 AGAPENOR.
AGAMEDE ('Ayaprfyd), daughter of Augias and the port of Aulis in Boeotia. At this place Agawife of Mulius, who, according to Homer (II., memnon killed a stag which wassacred to Diana
xi., 739), was acquainted with the healing pow- (Artemis), who in return visited-the Greek army
ers of all the plants that grow upon the earth. with a pestilence, and produced a calm which
AGAMEBIn  ('AyaeLdfr), commonly called son prevented the Greeks from leaving the port. In
of Erginus, king of Orchomenus, and brother of order to appease her wrath, Agamemnon conTrophonius, though his family connections are sented to sacrifice his daughter Iphigenia; but
related differently by different writers. Aga- at the moment she was.to be sacrificed, she was
medes and Trophonius distinguished themselves carried off by Diana (Artemis) herself to Tauris,
as architects: they built a temple of Apollo at and another victim was substituted in her place.
Delphi, and a treasury of Hyrieus, king of Hyria The calm now ceased, and the army sailed to
in Boeotia. The story about this treasury re- the coast of Troy. Agamemnon alone had one
sembles the one which Herodotus (ii., 121) hundred ships, independent of sixty which he
relates of the treasury of the Egyptian king had lent to the Arcadians. In the tenth year
Rhampsinitus. In the construction of the treas- of the siege of Troy we find Agamemnon inury of Hyrieus, Agamedes and Trophonius con- volved in a quarrel with Achilles respecting
trived to place one stone in such a manner the possession of Briseis, whom Achilles was
that it could be-taken away outside, and thus obliged to give up to Agamemnon. Achilles
formed an entrance to the treasury, without withdrew from the field of battle, and the
any body perceiving it. Agamedes and Tro- Greeks were visited by successive disasters.
phonius now constantly robbed the treasury; The danger of the Greeks at last induced Paand the king, seeing that locks and seals were troclus, the friend of Achilles, to take part in
uninjured, while his treasures were constantly the battle, and his fall led to the reconciliation
decreasing, set traps to catch the thief. Aga- of Achilles and Agamemnon. Vid. ACHILLES.
medes was thus ensnared, and Trophonius cut Agamemnon, although the chief commander of
off his head to avert the discovery. After this the Greeks, is not the hero of the Iliad, andlin
Trophonius was immediately-swallowed up by chivalrous spirit, bravery, and character altothe earth. On this spot there was afterward, gether inferior'to Achilles. But he neverthein the grove of Lebadea, the cave of Agamedes, less rises above all the Greeks by his dignity,
with a column by the side of it. Here alsowas power, and majesty: his eyes and head are
the oracle of Trophonius, and those who con- likened to those of Jupiter (Zeus), his girdle to
suited it first offered a ram to Agamedes and that of Mars (Ares), and his breast to that of
invoked him. A tradition mentioned by Cicero Neptune (Poseidon). The emblem of his pow(Tusc. Quxcst., i., 47) states that Agamedes er is a sceptre, the work of Vulcan'(Hephaesand Trophonius, after building the temple of tus), which Jupiter (Zeus) had once given to
Apollo at'Delphi, prayed to the god to grant Mercury (Hermes), and Mercury (Hermes) to
them in reward for their labor what was best Pelops, from Whom it descended to Agamemfor men. The god promised to do so on a-cer- non. At the capture of Troy he received Castain day, and when the day came the two broth- sandra, the daughter of Priam, as his prize. On
ers died.                                 his return home he was murdered by cEgisthus,
AGAMEMNON ('Ayayjuvwv), son of Plisthenes who had seduced Clytemnestra during the abandAAerope or Eriphyle, and grandson ofAtreus, sence of her husband. The tragic poets make
king of Mycense; but Homer and others call him  Clytemnestra alone murder Agamemnon: her
a son of Atreus and grandson of Pelops. Aga- motive is in AEschylus her jealousy of Cassanmemnon and his brother Menelaus were brought dra, in Sophocles and Euripides her wrath at
up together with iEgisthus, the son of Thyes- the death of Iphigenia.
tes, in the house of Atreus. After the murder  AGAMEMN6NIDES ('AyayUEpvovidms), the son of
of Atreus by.Egisthus and Thyestes, who sue- Agamemnon, i. e., Orestes.
ceeded Atreus in the kingdom of Mycenae (vid.  [AGANiCE ('AyavtK77) or AGLAONICE ('Ay2Lao-.EGISTHUS), Agamemnon and Menelaus went to varl), daughter of the Thessalian Hegetor: she
Sparta, where Agamemnon married Clytemnes- was acquainted with the eclipses of the moon,
tra, the daughter of Tyndareus, by whom he be- and gave out that she could draw down the
came the father of Iphianassa (Iphigenia), Chry- moon itself from the sky.]
sothemis, Laodice (Electra), and Orestes. The  AGANIPPE ('Ayavirmrn), a nymph of the well
manner in which Agamemnon obtained the of the same name at the foot of Mount Helicon,
kingdom  of Mycenwe is' differently related. in Boeotia, which was considered sacred to the
From Homer, it appears as if he had peaceably Muses (who were hence called Aganippides),
succeeded Thyestes, while, according to others, and which was believed to have the power of
he expelled Thyestes, and usurped his throne. inspiring those who drank of it. [The nymph
He now became the most powerful prince in is called a daughter of the river-god PermesGreece. A catalogue of his dominions is given sus.] The fountain of Hippocrene has the epiin the Iliad (ii., 569, &c.). When Homer at- thet Aganippis (Ov., Fast., v., 7), from its betributes to Agamemnon the sovereignty over all ing sacred to the Muses, like that of Aganippe.
Argos, the name Argos signifies Peloponnesus,  AGAPENOR ('Ayax7rvwp), a son of Ancaeus,
or the greater part of it, for the city of Argos king of the Arcadians, received sixty ships from
was governed by Diomedes. When Helen, the Agamemnon, in which he led. his Arcadians to
wife of Menelaus, was carried off by Paris, and Troy. On his return from Troy he was cast by
the Greek chiefs resolved to recover her by a storm on the coast of Cyprus, where, accordforce of arms, Agamemnon was chosen their ing to some accounts, he founded the town of
commander-in-chief  After two years of prep- Paphus, and in it the fimous temple of Venus
aration, the Greek army and fleet assembled in (Aphrodite).
29




AGAPTOLEMUS.                               AGATHOCLES.
T[AGAPT6LtiMUS ('Ayarro;R~eloc), a son -of a contemporary of Alcibiades and Zeuxis, and
AEgyptus, slain by'the Danaid Pirene.]    must not be confounded with the contemporary
[AGAR, a- city of Byzacium in Africa Propria. of Eschylus.-[3. A Syracusan, who was placed
Sthaw regards it as the modern Boohadjar, where by the Syracusans over a fleet of twelve ships
ruins of a destroyed city are found.]    in B.C. 413, to visit their allies and harass the
[AGAA,. (now Agra), a city of India intra Athenians. He was one of the commanders,
Gangem, on the southern bank of the Iomanes in the same year, in the decisive battle fought
(now Dschumna).]                          in the harbor of Syracuse.]
[AcRicus SINtS (now Gulf of Artingeri), a  [AGATHA ('Ayd0y:'AyaOaioC: now Agde), a
gulf of India intra' Gangem.]'            city of Gallia Narbonbnsis on the Arauris.]
AGARISTA ('Ayapiar7). 1. Daughter of ClIs-  AGATHfIMfiRUS ('AyaOyUepoc), the, author.of
thenes, tyrant of Sicyon, wife of Megacles, and " A Sketch of Geography in Epitome" (Tfr yewmother of Cllsthenes, who divided theAthenians ypa~iaf v7rorv7rrw6etc Ev Etnroy,), probably lived
into ten tribes; and of Hippocrates. —2. Daugh- about the beginning of the third century after
ter,of the' above-mentioned Hippocrates, and Christ. The work consists chiefly of extracts
grand-daughter of No.1I, wife of Xanthippus, from Ptolemy and other earlier writers. It is
and mother of Pericles.                   printed in Hudson's Geogr. Script. Gr. Minores,
AGcASIAS ('Aya[iag), a son of Dositheus, a [and by Hoffman. with Arrian's Periplus, &c.,
sculptor of Ephesus, probably a contemporary Lips., 1842.]
of Alexander the Great (B.C. 330), sculptured  AGATHiAS ('AyaOcaf), a Byzantine writer, born
the statue known by the name of the Borghese about A.D. 536 at Myrina in.2Eolis, practiced
gladiator, which is still preserved in the gallery as an advocate at Constantinople, whence he
of the Louvre.  This' statue, as well as the obtained his surname Scholasticus (which word
Apollo Belvidere, was discovered among the signified an advocate in his time), and died
ruins of a palace of the Roman emperors on the about A.D. 582.  He wrote \many poems, of
site of the ancient Antium (now Capo d'Anzo). which several have come down to us; but, his
From the attitude of the figure, it is clear that principal work was his History in five books,
the statue represents'not a gladiator, but a war- which is also extant, and is of considerable
rior contending with a mounted combatant. value. It contains the history fromA.D. 553 to
Perhaps it was intended to represent Achilles 558, a period remarkable for important events,
fighting with Penthesilda.-[2. Another Ephe- such as the conquest of Italy by Narses and the
sian sculptor, son of Menophilus, who exercised exploits of Belisarius over, the Huns and other
his art in Delos, while it was under the ROman barbarians.- The.best edition is by Niebuhr,
sway.-3. Of Stymphalus in Arcadia, an officer Bonn, 1828.
in the army of the ten thousand, often mention-  [AGATHINUS ('AyafOvor), an eminent Greek
ed by Xenophon in his Anabasis.]          physician, born at Sparta, and flourished in the
AGASICLES, AGESICLES, or HEGESICLES ('Ayaa- first century after Christ: he Was a pupil of
Ntf;ct,'AyayucgaC,'Hycraclt2C2), king'of Sparta, Athenmaeus of Attalia in Cilicia, the founder of
succeeded his father Archidamus I., about B.C. the Pneumatic sect: he did not follow strictly
600 or 590.                               the tenets of his master. but united with them
[AGASTH9NES ('Aya OEvflc), son of Augias, those of others, and thus became himself foundand king in Elis: his son Polyxenus is men- er ofa new medical sect called Hectici'orEpisyntioned among the suitors of Helen.]       thetici.-2. Of Elis, son of Thrasybulus, accord.
[AGASTRSP:HUS ('Aydarpoqfo), son of Paeon, ing'to Bceckh, an Iamid, whose father was a
was slain by Diomedes before Troy.]       seer among the Mantineans in the time of Ara[AGcsus PO1RTUS (now Porto Greco), a harbor tus: he was a celebrated athlete, and gained
of Apulia on the Adriatic.]               the prize at the Olympic games.-3. A CorinAGATHARCHIDES ('AyaOapXiflC)' or AGATHAR- thian naval commander, who had charge of a
CHUS ('AydOapXo),;  a Greek grammarian, born -fleet in the Corinthian Gulf.]
at Cnidos, lived at Alexandrea, probably about  AGATH6CLEA ('AyaOe6;ueta), mistress of PtoleB.C. 130. He wrote a considerable number of my IV. Philopator, king of Egypt, and sister of
geographical and historical works; but we have his minister Agathocles. She and her brother
only an epitome of a portion of hiswork on the were put to death on the death -of Ptolemy (B.
Erythraean'Sea, which was made by Photius: C. 205).
it is printed in Hudson's Geogr. Script. Gr. Mi-  AGATHocLES ('AyaoKi;L)v). 1. A Sicilian, raised
nores: [of his works on Europe and Asia some himself from the' station of a potter to that of
fragments are preserved in Athenameus and other tyrant of Syracuse and king of Sicily.'Born at
writers, which have been published by Mfiller in Thermie, a town of Sicily subject to Carthage,
Didot's Fragmenta Historicorzum Greecorum, vol. he is said to have been exposed when an infant,
iii,, p. 190-197.]' -                    by his' father, Carcinus of'Rhegium, in conseAGATHARCHUaS ('Ay(iOapXoc), an'Athenian art- quence of a succession of troublesome dreams,
ist, said to have invented'scene-painting, and portending that he would be a' source of' much
to have painted a scene for a'tragedy which evil to Sicily. His'mother, however, secretly
XEschylus' exhibited. It'was probably not till preserved his life, and at- seven years old'he
toward the end ofLEschylus's career that scene- was restored to his'father, w'ho had long repainting was introduced, and not till the time pented of his conduct' to the child.' By him he
of Sophocles that it'.was generally made use of; was taken to' Syracuse and brought upas a potwhich may account for Aristotle's assertion ter. His strength' and:personal:beauty recom(Poet., iv., 16) that Scene-painting was intro-'mended him to Damas, a noble Syracusan, who
duced by Sophocles.-2. A Greek:painter, a na-' drew him from'obscurity, and on whose death
tive of Samos, and son of Eudemus. He was he married his rich widow, and so became one
30




AGATHODiEMON.                                 AGENOR.
of the wealthiest citizens in Syracuse. His He gained his first victory in 416: in honor of
ambitious schemes then developed themselves, which Plato represents the Symposium to have
and he was driven into exile. After several been given, which he has made the occasion of
changes of fortune, he collected an army which his dialogue so called. In 407 he visited the
overawed both the Syracusans and Carthagini-c court of Archelaus, king of Macedonia, where
ans, and-was restored under an oath that'he his friend Euripides was also a guest at the
would not interfere with the democracy, which same time. He died about 400, at the age of
oath he kept by murdering four thousand and forty-seven. The. poetic merits of Agathon
banishing six thousand citizens. He was im- were considerable, but his compositions were
mediately: declared sovereign of Syracuse, un- more remarkable for elegance and flowery order the title of Autocrator, B.C. 317. In' the naments than force, vigor, or sublimity.. In
course of a few years the whole of Sicily, which the Thesmophoriazusce of Aristophanes he is
was not under the dominion of Carthage, sub- ridiculed for his effeminacy, being brought on
mitted to him. In B.C. 310 he was defeated at the stage in female dress. [The fragments of
Himera by the Carthaginians, under Hamilcar, Agathon have been published by Wagner in Diwho straightway laid siege to Syracuse; where, dots Fragmenta Tragicorum GrCe., p. 52-61.upon he formed the bold design of averting the 2. A son of Priam.-3. Son of Tyrimmas, conmruin which threatened him, by carrying the war mander of the Odrysiari cavalry under Alexaninto Africa. His successes were most brilliant der the Great.]
and rapid. He constantly defeated the troops  AGATHYRNA, AGATHYRNUM (Aydtlvpva, -ov:
of Carthage, but was at length summoned from'AyaOvpvalqo: now Agatha), a town on the
Africa by the affairs of Sicily, where many cities northern coast of Sicily, between Tyndaris and
had revolted from-him, B.C. 307. -These he re- Calacta.
duced, after making a treaty with the Cartha-  [AGATHYRNUS ('AydaOvpvo), son of Eolus, and
ginians. He had previously assumed the title founder of the city Agathyrna, q. v.]
of King of Sicily. He afterward plundered the  AGATHYRSI ('AydIvpaot), a people in European
Lipari Isles and also carried his arms into Italy, Sarmatia, on the River Maris (now Marosch) in
in orderto attack the Bruttii. But his last days Transylvania. From their practice of painting
were embittered by family misfortunes. His or tattooing their skin, they are called by Virgil
grandson Archagathus murdered his son Agath- (3En., iv., 146) picti Agathyrsi.
ocles, for the sake of succeeding to the crown,  AGIVE ('Ayavi), daughter of Cadmus, wife
and the old king feared that the rest of his fam- of Echion, and mother of Pentheus. When
ily would share his fate. He accordingly sent Pentheus attempted to prevent the women from
his wife Texena and her two children to Egypt, celebrating the Dionysiac festivals on Mount
her native country;;and, his own death follow- Citheron, he was torn to pieces there by his
ed almost immediately, B.C. 289, after a reign own mother Agave, who in her phrensy beof twenty-eight years, and in the seventy-sec- lieved him to be a wild beast. Vid. PENTHEUS.
ond year of his age. Other authors relate an' -One of the Nereids, one of the Danaids, and
incredible story of his being poisoned by Maeno,: one of the Amazons were also called Agavae.
an associate of Archagathus. The poison, we  AGBATANA. Vid. ECBATANA.
are told, was concealed in the quill with which  ADISTIS ('Ayd6irtC), an androgynous deity,
he cleaned his teeth,'and reduced him to so the offspring of Jupiter (Zeus) and Earth, confrightful a condition, that he was placed on the nected with the Phrygian worship of Attes or
funeral pile and burned while yet living, being Atys.
unable to give any signs that he was not dead.  AGELADAS ('Aye;ldSaf), an eminent statuary
— 2. Of Pella, father of Lysimachus.-3. Son of of Argos, the instructor of the three great masLysimachus, was defeated and taken prisoner ters, Phidias, Myron, and Pblycletus.  Many
by Dromichaetis, king of the Getee, about B.C. modern writers suppose that there were two
292, but was sent back to his father with pres- artists of this name; one an Argive, the inents. In 287 he defeated Demetrius Poliorce- structor of,Phidias, born about B.C. 540, the
tes. At the instigation of his step-mother, Ar- other a native of Sicyon, who flourished about
sihoB, Lysimachus cast him into prison, where B.C. 432.
he was murdered (284) by Ptolemaeus Ceraunus.  AGELAUS ('AyO;aoc). 1. Son of Hercules and
-4. Brother of AGATHOCLEA.-5. A Greek his- Omphale, and founder of the house of Croesus.
torian, of uncertain date, wrote the history of -2. Son of Damastor and one of the suitors,Cyzicus, which was extensively read in antiqui- of Penelope, slain by Ulysses.-3.' A slave of
ty, and is referred to by Cicero (De Div., i., 24). Priam, who exposed the infant Paris on Mount
AGATHOsMoNC('AyYaOo(dai    or'AyacO6EOC). Ida, in consequence of a dream of his mother.
1. The "Good Deity," in' honor of whom the -[4. Son of the Heraclid Temenus.-5. A'TroGreeks drank a cupof unmixed wine at the end jan, son of Phradmon, slain by Diomedes.]
of every repast.-[2. A name applied by the  AGENDICUM or AGEDIGUM (now Sens), the chief
Greeks to the Egyptian Kneph, and also to a town of the Senones in Gallia Lugdtnensis.
species of snake as his symbol.-3. A name   AGENOR ('AyjYvop). 1. Son of Neptune (Pogiven by the Greek residents to the Canopic seidon) and Libya, king of Phoenicia, twin-brotharm of the Nile.]-4. Of Alexandrea, the' de- er of Belus, and father of Cadmus, Phcenix, Cisigner of some maps to accompany Ptolemy's lix, Thasus, Phineus,'and, according to some, of
Geography. Copies of these maps are found Europa also. Virgil (Xn., i., 338) calls Carthage:appended to several MSS. of Ptolemy.     the city of Agenor, since Dido was descended
AGXTHON ('AydOCv), an Athenian tragic poet,. from Agenor.-2. Son of lasus, and father of
born about B.C. 447, of a rich and respectable Argus Panoptes, king of Argos.-3. Son and
family, was a friend of Euripides and Plato. successor of Triopas, in the kingdom of Argos.
31




AGENORIDES.                               AGLAOPHON.
-4. Son of Pleuron and Xanthippe, and grand- minor, in B.C. 394, and reigned fourteen years.
son of zEtolus.-5. Son of Phegeus, king of As soon as his minority ceased, he took an actPsophis, in Arcadia. He and his brother Pron- iVe part in the wars in which Sparta was then
ous slew Alcneeon, when he wanted. to give the engaged with the other states of Greece. In
celebrated necklace and peplus of Harmonia to 390 he invaded Argolis with success; in 385
his second wife Callirrhoe. Vid. PHEGEUS. The he took the city of Mantinea; in 381 he went
two brothers were afterward killed by Ampho- to the assistance of Acanthus and Apollonia
-,terus and Acarnan, the sons of Alcmaeon and against the Olynthians, and died in 380 during
Callirrhoe.-6. Son.of the Trojan Antenor and this war in the peninsula of Pallene.-2. Son of
Theano, one of the bravest among the Trojans, Cleombrotus, reigned one year B.C. 371.-3.
engaged in single combat with Achilles, but was Succeeded Cleomenes in B.C. 220, but- was
rescued by Apollo.                        soon deposed by his colleague Lycurgus: he
AGENORIDES ('AyqvopidyC), a patronymic de- afterward took refuge with the Romans.
noting a descendant of an Agenor, such as Cad-  AGETOR ('Aycrwp), " the leader," a surname
mus, Phineus, and Perseus.                of Jupiter (Zeus) at Lacedsemon, of Apollo, and
AGESAoDER, a sculptor of Rhodes, who, in of Mercury (Hermes), who conducts the souls
conjunction with Polydorus and Athenodorus, of men to the lower world.
sculptured the group of Laocoon, one of the  AGGiNUS URBICUS, a writer on the science
most perfect specimens of art. This celebrated of the Agrimensores, may perhaps have lived
group was discovered in the year 1506, near the at the latter part of the fourth century of our
baths of Titus on the Esquiline Hill: it is,now  era. His works are printed in Goesius, Rei
preserved in the museum of the Vatican. The Agrarice Auctores.
artists probably lived in the reign of Titus; and  AGGRAMMES or XANDRAMES'(Zaaverp67C), the
sculptured the group expressly for that emperor. ruler of the Gangaridae and Prasii in India, when
AGESiLAUS ('Ayycizuaog), kings of Sparta. 1. Alexander invaded India, B.C. 327.
Son of Doryssus, reigned forty-four. years, and  AGIAS ('AyiaC), a Greek epic poet, erroneousdied about B.C. 886. He was contemporary lycalled Augias, a native of Trzen, flourished
with the legislation of Lycurgus.-2. Son of about B.C. 740, and was the author of a poem
Archidamus II., succeeded his half-brother Agis called Nosti (N6orot), i. e.; the history of the reII., B.C. 398, excluding, on the ground of spu- turn of the Achsean heroes from Troy.
rious birth, and by the interest of Lysander, his  AGINNUM (now Agen), the chief town of the
nephew LEOTYCHIDES. From 396 to 394 he Nitiobriges in Gallia Aquitanica.
carried on the war in Asia Minor with great sue-  AGIS ('Ayt), kings of Sparta. 1. Son of
cess, and was preparing to advance into the Eurysthenes, the founder of the family of the
heart of the Persian empire, when he was Agidae.-2. Son of Archidamus II., reigned B.C.
summoned home to defend his country against 427-398. He took an active part in the PelThebes, Corinth, and Argos, which had been oponnesian war, and invaded Attica several
induced by Artaxerxes to take up arms against times. While Alcibiades was at Sparta he was
Sparta.  Though full of disappointment, he the guest of Agis, and is said to have seduced
promptly obeyed; and in the course of the his wife Timaea; in consequence of which Leosame year (394), he met and defeated at Cor- tychides,. the son of Agis, was excluded from
onea, in Bceotia, the allied forces. During the the throne as illegimate.-3. Son of Archidamus
next four years he regained, for his country III., reigned B.C. 338-330, attempted to oyermuch of its former supremacy, till at length the throw the Macedonian power in Europe, while
fatal battle of Leuctra, 371, overthrew forever Alexander the Great was in Asia, but was dethe power of Sparta, and gave the'supremacy feated and killed in battle by Antipater in 330.
for a time to Thebes. For the next few years -4. Son of Eudamidas II., reigned B.C. 244Sparta had almost to struggle for its existence 240. He attempted to re-establish the instituamid dangers without and within, and it was tions of Lycurgus, and to effect a thorough rechiefly owing to the skill, courage, and presence form in the Spartan state; but he was resisted
of mind of Agesilaus that she weathered the by his colleague Leonidas II. and the wealthy,
storm. In 361 he crossed with a body of Lace- was thrown into prison, and was there put to
daemonian mercenaries into Egypt. Here, after death by command of the ephors, along with
displaying much of his ancient skill, he died, his mother Agesistrata, and his grandmother
while preparing for hisvoyage home, in the win- Archidamia.
ter of 361-360, after a life of above eighty years  AGIS, a Greek poet of Argos, a notorious flatand a reign of thirty-eight. His body was em- terer of Alexander the Great.
balmed in wax, and splendidly buried at Sparta.  [AGIZYMBA, the name applied by Ptolemy to
In person Agesilaus was small, mean-looking, the part of Africa lying under the equator, the
and lame, on which last ground objection had southernmost portion of that country with which
been made to his accession, an oracle, curious- the Greeks were acquainted.]
ly-fulfilled, having warned Sparta of evils await-  AGLAIA ('Aylaia), " the bright one." 1. One
ing her under a "lame sovereignty." In his of the CHARITES or Graces.-2. Wife of Charoreign, indeed, her fall took place, but not through pus and mother of Nireus, who came from the
him, for he was one of the best citizens and gen- Island of Syme against Troy.
erals that Sparta ever had.   -              AGLAONICE. Vid. AGANICE.]
[AGESIMBROTU's, -admiral of the Rhodian fleet,  AGLAOPHERME. Vid. SIRENES.
which aided the consul P. Sulpicius in the war  AGLAOPHON ('Ayvao0pv). 1. Painter ofThaagainst Philip, king of Macedonia, B.C. 200.]  sos, father and instructor of Polygnotus and
AGESIP6LIS ('Ayr7i~rOtf), kings of Sparta. 1. Aristophon, lived about B.C. 500.-2. Painter,
Succeeded his father Pausanias, while yet a lived about B.C. 420, probably grandson of No. 1.
3a




AGLAUROS.                                AGRIGENTUM.
[AGLAUROS. Vid. AGRAULOS.]              oracle had declared that the Athenians would
AGLIUS ('AyRao6), a poor citizen of Psophis conquer if some one would sacrifice himself for
in Arcadia, whom the Delphic oracle declared his country. The Athenians, in gratitude, built
happier than Gyges, king,of Lydia, on account her a temple on the Acropolis, in which it beof his contented disposition. Pausanias places came customary for the young Athenians, on
him in the time of Crcesus.               receiving their first suit of armor, to take an
[AGNIUS ("Ayvrog), father of the Argonaut Ti- oath that they would always defend their counphys, the pilot of the Argo.]             try to the last. One of the Attic demi (Agraule)
AGNODICE ('Ayvodik6), an Athenian maiden, derived its name from this heroine, and a feswas the first of her sex to learn midwifery, tival and mysteries (Agraulia) were celebrated
which a law at Athens forbade any woman to at Athens in honor of her.
learn. Dressed as a man, she obtained instruc-  AGREUS ('Aypevf), a hunter, a surname of Pan
tion from a physician named Hierophilus, and and Aristeus.
afterward practiced her art with success. Sum-  AGRI DECUMATES, tithe lands, the name given
moned before the Areopagus by the envy of the by the Romans to a part of Germany, east of
other practitioners, she was obliged to disclose the Rhine and north of the Danube, which they
her sex, and was not only acquitted, but obtain- took possession of when the Germans retired
ed the repeal of the obnoxious law. This tale, eastward, and which they gave to Gauls and
though often repeated, does not deserve much subsequently to their own veterans on the paycredit, as it rests on the authority of Hyginus ment of a tenth of the produce (decuma). Toalone.                                    ward the end of the first or the beginning of the
AGNONYDES ('Ayvyvi6if), an Athenian dema- second century after Christ, these lands were
gogue, induced the Athenians to sentenqe Pho- incorporated in the Roman empire.
cion to death (B.C. 318), but was shortly after-  [AGRIANES ('AypLdvyC, now Ergene), a river
ward put to death himself by the Athenians.  of Thrace, joining the Hebrus.]
AGORACRITiUS ('Ayopa'KptTro), a statuary of  [AGRIiNES ('Ayptavef),a Thracian race dwellParos, flourished B.C. 440-428, and was the fa- ing around Mount Haemus, in the vicinity of the
vorite pupil of Phidias. His greatest work was River Agrianes, a rude and warlike people, and
a statue of Venus (Aphrodite), which he chang- excellent archers.]
ed into a statue of Nemesis, and sold it to the:AGRICOLA, CN. JULIUS, born June 13th, A.D.
people of Rhamnus, because he was indignant 37, at Forum Julii (Frejus in Provence), was
that the Athenians had given the preference to the son of Julius Grnecinus, who was executed
a statue by Alcamenes, who was another dis- by Caligula, and of Julia Procilla. He received
tinguished pupil of Phidias.              a careful education; he first served in Britain,
AGOR2EA and AGORzEUS ('Ayopata and'Ayo- A.D. 60, under Suetonius Paulinus; was qusespaior), epithets of several divinities who were tor in Asia in 63; was governor of Aquitania
considered as the protectors of the assemblies from 74 to 76; and was consul in 77, when he
of the people in. the agora, such as Jupiter betrothed his daughter to the historian Tacitus,
(Zeus), Minerva' (Athena), Diana (Artemis), and and in the. following year gave her to him in
Mercury (Hermes).                         marriage. In 78 he received the government
[AGRA (AAypa) or Agrae ("Aypat), an Attic de- of Britain, which he held for seven years, durmus south of Athens on the Ilissus; it contain-' ing which time he subdued the whole of the
ed a temple of Diana (Artemis) Agrotera, and country with the exception of the highlands of
a temple of Ceres (Demeter).]             Caledonia, and by his wise administration inAGREI ('Aypalot), a people of Etolia, on the trodnuced among the inhabitants the language
Achelous.                                 and civilization of Rome. He was recalled in
AGRAULE ('Aypav2Oi and'Ayparl:'AypvEeVt'), 85 through the jealousy of Domitian, and on his.
an Attic demus of the tribe Erechtheis, named return lived in retirement till his death in 92
after AGRAULOS, No. 2.                    which, according to some, was occasioned hy
AGRAULOS ("Aypavaof, also vAycavpog).  1. poison, administered by order of Domitian. His
Daughter of Actaeus, first king of Athens, and character is drawn in the brightest colors by his
wife of Cecrops.-2. Daughter of Cecrops and son-in-law Tacitus, whose Life of Agricola has
Agraulos, is an important personage in the le- come down to us.
gends of Attica, and there were three different  AGRIGENTUM ('AKcpaya:'AKpayavrTvor, Agristories about her. 1. According to some writ- gentinus: now Girgenti), a town on the southern
ers, Minerva (Athena) gave Erichthonius in a coast of Sicily, about two and a half miles from
chest to Agraulos and her sister Herse, with the the sea, between the rivers Acragas (now Fiume
command not to open it; but, unable to control di S. Biagio) and Hypsas (now Fiume Drago).
their curiosity, they opened it,. and thereupon It was celebrated for its wealth and populouswere seized with madness at the sight of Erich- ness, and, till its destruction by the Carthaginithonius, and threw themselves down from the ans (B.C. 405), was one of the most splendid citAcropolis. 2. According to Ovid (Met., ii., 710), ies of the ancient world. It was the birth-place
Agraulos and her sister survived opening -the of Empedocles. It was founded by a Doric colochest, but Agraulos was subsequently punished ny from Gela about B.C. 579, was under the govby being changed into a stone by Mercury (Her- ernment of the cruel tyrant Phalaris (about 560),
mes), because she attempted to prevent the god and subsequently under that of Theron (488from entering the house of Herse, when he had 472), whose praises are celebrated by Pindar.
fallen in love with the latter. 3. The third le- After its destruction by the Carthaginians, it
gend relates that Athens was once involved in was rebuilt by Timoleon, but it never regained
a long-protracted war, and that Agraulos threw  its former greatness. After undergoing man3
herself down from the Acropolis because an vicissitudes, it at length came into the power
3                                                                33




AGRINIUM.                                 AGRCECIUS.
of the Romans (210), in whose hands it remain- manded the fleet of Augustus at the battle of
ed. There are still gigantic remains of the an- Actium; was consul a second time in 28, and
cient city, especially of the Olympi6um, or tern- a third time in 27, when he built the Pantheon.
pie of the Olympian Jupiter (Zeus).       In 21 he married Julia, daughter of Augustus.
AGRINIUM ('Aypivtov), a town in UEtolia, per- He had been married twice before, first to Pomhaps near the sources of the Thermissus.  ponia, daughter of T. Pomponius Atticus, and
AGRIPPA, first a praenomen, and afterward a next to Marcella, niece of Augustus. He concognomen among the Romans, signifies a child tinued to be employed in various military comnpresented at its birth with its feet foremost.  mands in Gaul, Spain, Syria, and Pannonia, till
AGRIPPA, HERODES. 1. Called "Agrippa the his death in B.C. 12. By his first wife PompoGreat," son of Aristobulus and Berenice,' and nia, Agrippa had Vipsania, married to Tiberius,
grandson of Herod the Great. He was edu- the successor of Augustus; and by his third
cated at Rome with the future Emperor Clau- wife, Julia, he had tw& daughters, Julia, married
dius, and Drusus, the son of Tiberius. Having to L. LEmilius Paulus, and Agrippina, married
given offence to Tiberius, he was thrown into to Germanicus, and three sons, Caius Caesar,
prison; but Caligula, on his accession (A.D. Lucius Caesar (rid. CESAR), and Agrippa Pos37), set him at liberty, and gave him the tetrar- tumus, who was banished by Augustus to the
chies of Abilene, Batanea, Trachonitis, and Island of Planasia, and was put to death by TiAuranitis. On the death of Caligula (41), Agrip- berius at his accession, A.D. 14.
pa, who was at the time in Rome, assisted Clau-  AGRIPPINA.  1. Daughter. of M. Vipsanius
dius in gaining possession of the empire. As a Agrippa and of Julia, the daughter of Augustus,
reward for his services,-Judaea and Samaria married Germanicus, by whom she had nine
were annexed to his dominions. His govern- children, among whom was the Emperor Caligment was mild and gentle, and he was exceed- ula, and Agrippina, the mother of Nero. She
ingly popular among the Jews. It was probably was distinguished for her virtues and heroism,
to increase his popularity with the Jews that and shared all the dangers of her husband's
he caused the Apostle James to be beheaded, campaigns. On his death in A.D. 17, she reand Peter to be cast into prison (44). The turned to Italy; but the favor with which she
manner of his death, which took place at Caesa- was received by the people increased the hatred
rea in the same year, is related in Acts, xii. By and jealousy which Tiberius and his mother
his wife Cypros he had a son, Agrippa, and three Livia had long entertained toward her. For
daughters, Berenice, Mariamne, and Drusilla.- some years Tiberius disguised his hatred, but at
2. Son of Agrippa I., was educated at the court length, under the pretext that she was forming
of Claudius, and at the'time of his father's death ambitious plans, he- banished her to the Island
was seventeen years old. Claudius kept him  of Pandataria (A.D. 30), where she died three
at Rome, and sent Cuspius Fadus as procurator years afterward, A.D. 33, probably by voluntary
of the kingdom, which thus again became a Ro- starvation. -2. Daughter of Germanicus and
man province. On the death of Herodes, king Agrippina [No. 1.], and mother of the Emperor
of Chalchis (48), his little principality was given Nero, was born at Oppidum Ubiorum, afterward
to Agrippa, who subsequently received an ac- called in honor of her Colonia Agrippina, now
cession of territory. Before the outbreak of Cologne. She was beautiful and intelligent, but
the war with the Romans, Agrippa attempted licentious, cruel, and ambitious. She was first
in vain to dissuade the Jews from rebelling. married to Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus (A.D; 28),
He sided with the Romans in the war; and af- by whom she had a son, afterward the Emperor
ter the capture of Jerusalem, he went with his Nero; next to Crispus Passienus; and thirdly
sister Berenice to Rome, and died in the sev- to the Emperor Claudius (49), although she was
enty-third year of his age, A.D. 100. It was his niece. In 50, she prevailed upon Claudius
before this Agrippa that the Apostle Paul made to adopt her son, to the prejudice of his own
his defeice, A.D. 60 (Acts, xxv., xxvi.).  son Britannicus; and in order to secure the,AGRIPPA, M. VIPSANIUS, born in B.C. 63, of succession for her son, she poisoned the eman obscure family, studied with young Octavius peror in 54. Upon the accession of her son.(afterward the-Emperor Augustus) at Apollonia Nero, who was then only seventeen years of
in Illyria; and upon the murder of Cesar in age, she governed the Roman empire for a few
44, was one of the friends of Octavius, who ad- years in his name. The young emperor soon
vised him to proceed immediately to Rome. In became tired of the ascendency of his mother,
the civil wars which followed, and which term- and after making several attempts to shake off
inated in giving Augustus the sovereignty of her authority, he caused her to be assassinated
the Roman world, Agrippa took an active part; in 59.
and his military abilities, combined with his  AGRIPPINENSES. Vid. COLONIA AGRIPPINA.
promptitude and energy, contributed greatly to  AGRYUS ("Aypto), son of Porthaon and'Euryte,
that result. In 41 Agrippa, who was then pre- and brother of CEneus, king of Calydon in 2Etotor, commanded part of the forces of Augustus lia: his six sons deprived CEneus of his kingin the Perusinian war. In 38 he obtained great dom, and gave it to their father; but Agrius
successes in Gaul and Germany; in 37 he was and his sons were afterward slain by Diomedes,
consul; and in 36 he defeated Sex. Pompey by the grandson of CEneus.
sea. In 33 he was adile, and in this office ex-  AGRCECUS or AGRCETYUS, a Romap grammapended immense sums of money upon great rian, probably lived in the fifth century after
public works. He restored old aqueducts, con- Christ, and wrote an extant work, De Orthostructed a new one, to which he gave the name graphia et Proprietate et Differentia Sermonis,
of the Julian, in honor of Augustus, and also which is printed in Putschius, Grammaticc Laerected several public buildings. In 31 he corn- tinc Auctores Antiqui, p. 2266-2275.
34




AGROLAS.                                    AJAX.
[AGROLAS ('Ayp6Xag), of Sicily, an architect, oricians; but otherwise their censorship was
who, with Hyperbius, surrounded the citadel of marked by their violent disputes.-5. L., brothAthens with.walls, except that part which was er of No. 4, praetor in Sicily, probably in 96, and
afterward built by Cimon.]                consul in 94, belonged to the party of Sulla, and
AGRON ('AypCw). 1. Son of Ninus, the first was murdered at Rome in 82, by order of the
of the Iydian dynasty of the Heraclidae.-2. younger Marius.-6. CN., son of No. 4, married
Son of Pleuratus, king of Illyria, died B.C. 231, Cornelia, daughter of L. Cihna, consul in 87,
and was succeeded by his wife Teuta, though and joined the Marian party. He was prohe left a son, Pinnes or Pinneus, by his first scribed by Sulla in 82, and fled to Africa, where
wife, Triteuta, whom he had divorced.     he was defeated and killed by Cn. Pompey in
AGROTERA ('AyporTpa), the huntress, a sur- 81.-7. L., son of No. 4, married Porcia, the
name of Diana (Artemis). Vid. AGRA. There sister of M. Cato, and was a stanch and courwas a festival celebrated to her honor at Athens ageous supporter of the aristocratical party.
under this name. Vid. Dict. of Antiq.     He was aedile in 61, praetor in 58, and consul in
AGRYLE. Vid. AGRAULE.                   54. On the breaking out of the civil war in 49
[AGusIus T., a faithful friend of Cicero, who he threw himself into Corfinium, but was comadhered to him in his banishment, and was the pelled by his own troops to surrender to Caesar.
sharer of all his labors and sufferings during He- next went to Massilia, and, after the surthat period.]                             render of that town, repaired to Pompey in
AGYIEUS ('Ayvevc), a surname of Apollo, as Greece: he fell in the battle of Pharsalia (48),
the protector of the streets and public places.  where he commanded the left wing, and, accordAGYLLA ('Ayv2;,a), the ancient Greek name ing to Cicero's assertion in the second Philippic,
of the' Etruscan town of CIERE.           by the hand of Antony.-8. CN., son of No. 7,
AGYRIU   ('Ayvptov:'Ayvptvalof, Agyrinen- was taken with his father at Corfinium (49),
sis: now S. Filipo d'Argiro), a town in Sicily on was present at the battle of Pharsalia (48), and
the Cyamosorus, northwest of Centuripae and returned to Italy in 46, when he was pardoned
northeast of Enna, the birth-place of the histo- by Caesar. After Caesar's death in 44, he comrian Diodorus.                            manded the republican fleet in the Ionian Sea.
AGYRRHIUS ('Ayi/5loc), an Athenian, after be- He afterward became reconciled to Antony,
ing in prison many years for embezzlement of whom he accompanied in his campaign against
public money, obtained, about B.C. 395, the res- the Parthians in 36. He was consul in 32, and
toration ofthe Theoricon, and also tripled the pay deserted to Augustus shortly before the battle
for attending the assembly; hence he became of Actium.-9. L., son of No. 8, married Anso popular, that he was appointed general in 389. tonia, the daughter of Antony by Octavia; was
AHILA, SERVILIUS, the name of several dis- aedile in 22, and consul in 16; and after his
tinguished Romans, who held various high of- consulship, commanded the Roman army in
fices in the state from B.C. 478 to 342. Of Germany and crossed the Elbe. He died A.D.
these the best known is C. Servilius Ahala, 25.-10. CN., son of No. 9, consul A.D. 32, marmagister equitum in 439 to the dictator L. Cin- ried Agrippina, daughter of Germanicus, and
cinnatus, when he slew SP. M.ELIUS in. the was father of the Emperor Nero. Vid. AGRIPforum, because he refused to appear before the PINA.
dictator. Ahala was afterward brought to trial,  AJAX (Alac). 1. Son of Telamon, king of Saland only escaped condemnation by. a voluntary amis, by Periboea or Eribcea, and grandson of
exile. Vid. SAVILII.                     AEacus. Homer calls him Ajax the'TelamoAHARNA [now Bargiano?], a town in Etruria, nian, Ajax the Great, or simply Ajax, whereas
northeast of Volsinii.                   the other Ajax, son of Oileus, is always distinAHLNOBARBaaS, DOMlTIUS, the name of a dis- guished from the former by some epithet. He
tinguished Roman family. They are said to sailed against Troy in twelve ships, and is rephave obtained the surname of Ahenobarbus, i. resented in the Iliad as second only to Achilles
e., "Brazen-Beard" or "' Red-Beard," because in bravery, and as the hero most worthy, in the
the Dioscuri announced to one of their ances- absence of Achilles, to contend with Hector.
tors the victory of the Romans over the Latins In the contest for the armor of Achilles, he was
at Lake Regillus (B.C. 496), and, to confirm the conquered by Ulysses, and this, says Homer,
truth of what they said, stroked his black hair was the cause of his death. (Od., xi., 541, seq.)
and beard, which immediately became red. — Homer gives no further particulars respecting
1. CN., plebeian aedile B.C. 196, praetor 194, and his death; but later poets'relate that his defeat
consul 192, when he fought against the Boii. by Ulysses threw him into an awful state of
-2. CN., son of No. 1, consul suffectus in 162. madness; that he rushed from his tent and
-3. CN., son of No. 2, consul 122, conquered slaughtered the sheep of the Greek army, fanthe Allobroges in Gaul, in 121, at the confluence eying they were-his enemies; and that at length
of the Sulga and Rhodanus. He was censor in he put an end to his own life. From his blood
115 with Caecilius Metellus. The Via Domitia there sprang up a purple flower bearing the letin Gaul was made by him.-4. CN., son of No. ters at on its leaves, which were at once the
3, tribune of the plebs 104, brought forward the initials of his name and expressive of a sigh.
law (Lex Domitia), by which the election of the Homer does not mention his mistressTEcMEssA.
priests was transferred from the collegia to the Ajax was worshipped in Salamis, and was honpeople. The people afterward elected him Pon- ored with a festival (AldvreIa). He was also
tifex Maximus out of gratitude. He was con- worshipped at Athens, and one of the Attic
sul in 96, and censor in 92, with Licinius Cras- tribes (_3Eantis) was called after him.-2. Son
sus the orator. In his censorship he and his of Oileus, king of the Locrians, also called the
colleague shut up the schools of the Latin rhet- lesser Ajax, sailed against Troy in forty ships.
35




AIDES.                                  ALBANIA.
He is described as small of stature, and wears Scythians, but probably a branch of the Masa linen cuirass (2AvoOdp4y), but is brave and in- sagetse. Theyiwere a nation of warlike horsetrepid, skilled in throwing the spear, and, next men. They are first found about the eastern
to Achilles, the most swift-footed among the part of the Caucasus, in the country called AlGreeks. On his return from Troy his vessel bania, which appears to be-only another form
was wrecked on the Whirling Rocks (Tvpati re- of the same name. In the reign of Vespasiari
Tpat); he himself got safe upon a rock through they made incursions into Media and Armenia;
the assistance of Neptune (Poseidon); but as and at a later time they pressed into Europe, as
he boasted that he would escape in defiance of far as the banks of the Lower Danube, where,
the immortals, Neptune (Poseidon) split the toward the end of the fifth century, they were
rock with his trident, and Ajax was swallowed routed by the Huns, who then compelled them
up by the sea. This is the account of Homer, to become their allies. In A.D. 406, some of
but his death is related somewhat differently by the Alani took part with the Vandals in their
Virgil and other writers, who also tell us that irruption into Gaul and Spain, where they gradthe anger of Minerva (Athena) was excited ually disappear from history.
against him, because, on the night of the cap-  ALARICUS, in German Al-ric, i. e., "All-rich,"
ture of Troy, he violated Cassandra in the tem- elected king of the Visigoths in A.D. 398, had
pie of the goddess, where she had taken refuge. previously commanded the Gothic auxiliaries
The Opuntian Locrians worshipped Ajax as of Theodosius. He twice invaded Italy, first in
their national hero.                      A.D. 402-403, when he was defeated by Stilicho
AIDES ('Ai'6c). Vid. HADES.             at the battle of Pollentia, and a second time in
AIDONEUS ('AidwJveVi). 1. A lengthened form  408-410; in his second invasion he took and
of Aides. Vid. HADES.-2. A mythical king of plundered Rome, 24th of August, 410. He died
the Molossians in Epirus, husband of Proser- shortly afterward, at Consentia in Bruttium,
pina (Persephone), and father of Core. When while preparing to invade Sicily.
Theseus and Pirithous attempted to carry off  ALASTOR ('A2(darip). P. A surname of JupiCore, Aidoneus had Pirithous killed by Cer- ter (Zeus) as the avenger of evil, and also, in
berus, and kept Theseus in captivity till he was general, any deity who avenges wicked deeds.
released by Hercules.                     -[2. Son of Neleus and Chloris, was slain,
Aius LocrUTIUS or LOQUENS, a Roman divini- together with his brothers, except Nestor, by
ty. A short time before the Gauls took Rome Hercules, when that hero took Pylos.]-3. A
(B.C. 390), a voice was heard at Rome in the Via Lycian, and companion of Sarpedon, slain by
Nova, during the silence of night, announcing Ulysses.-[4. A Greek who rescued Teucer,
that the Gauls were approaching. No atten- the brother of Ajax, when wounded, and also
tion was at the time paid to the warning, but Hypsenor when struck down by Deiphobus.]
the Romans afterward erected on the spot    ALBA SILVIUS, one of the mythical kings of
where the voice had been heard, an altar with Alba, son of Latinus, reigned thirty-nine years.
a sacred inclosure around it, to Aius Locutius,  ALBA. 1. (Now Abla), a town of the Bastitani
or the " Announcing Speaker."            in Spain.-2. (Now Alvanna), a town of the BarArLABANDA (/'A2udbavda or ra'AX6aavda: duli in Spain.-3. AUGUSTA (now Aulps, near'AXa6av6ev; or'Asd6av6oC:~ now Arabissar), an Durance), a town of the Elicoci in Gallia Narinland town of Caria, near the Marsyas, to the bonensis.-4. FUCENTIA or FUCENTIS (Albenses:
south of the Maeander, was situated between now Alba or Albi), a town of the Marsi, and
two hills: it was a prosperous place, but one subsequently a Roman colony, was situated on
of the most corrupt and luxurious towns in a lofty rock near the Lake Fucinus. It was a
Asia Minor. Under the Romans it was the strong fortress, and was used by the Romans
seat of a conventus juridicus.            as a state prison.-5. LONGA (Albani), the most
[ALABASTRON ('A2a6aaTrpiSv r6otC), a city in ancient town in Latium, is said to have been
JUpper;oriMiddle Egypt, in the Arabian mountain built by Ascanius, and to have founded Rome.
chaii, antd famed for its artists, who, from the It was called Longa, from its stretching in a
alabaster dug in Mons Alabastrinus, carved all long line down the Alban Mount toward the
kinds of vases, and ornaments.]           Alban Lake, perhaps near the modern convent
A:LABON ('A2ea6bv), a river and town in Sicily, of Palazzolo. It was destroyed by Tullus Hosnorth of Syracuse.                       tilius, and was never rebuilt: its inhabitants
ALAG6NIA ('ABayovia), a town of the Eleu- were removed to Rome. At a later time the
thero-Laconians on the frontiers of Messenia.  surrounding country, which was highly cultiALALc6OMENE ('AAaCKoy/eiva i:'A2aXKOteEvalog, vated and covered with vineyards, was studded'Aa2Ktcoytevtevi). 1. (Now Sulinari), an ancient with the splendid villas of the Roman aristocratown of Boeotia, east of Coronea, with a temple cy and emperors (Pompey's, Domitian's, &c.),
of Minerva (Athena), who is said to have been each of which was called Albanum, and out of
born in the town, and who was hence called which a new town at length grew, also called
Alalcomeneis ('AXaCKOUevn'tV, ibdo). The name Albanum (now Albano), on the Appian Road,
of the town was derived either from Alalcome- ruins of which are extant.-6. POMPEIA (Alnia, a daughter of Ogyges, or from the Bceotian benses Pompeiani: now Alba), a town in Liguhero Alalcomenes.-2. A town in Ithaca, or in ria, founded by Scipio Africanus I., and colothe Island Asteria, between Ithaca and Cephal- nized by Pompeius Magnus, the birth-place of
lenia.                                   the Emperor Pertinax.
ALALIA. Vid. ALERIA.                      ALBANIAA ('AX6avia:'AB6avoi, Albani: now
ALANI ('Aaavoi,'Avavvoi, i. e., mountaineers, Schirwan and part of Daghestan, in the southfrom the Sarmatian word ala), a great Asiatic eastern part of Georgia), a country of Asia on
people, included under the general name of the'western side of the Caspian, extending from
36




ALBANUM.                             ALBIUM INGAUNUM.
the Rivers Cyrus and Araxes on the south to the Samnites, but they refused to accept them.
Mount Ceraunius (the eastern part of the Cau- -4. L., consul 234, and again 229. In 216 he
casus) on the north, and bounded on the west was praitor, and was killed in battle by the BoiLi
by Iberia. It was a fertile plain, abounding in -5. SP., consul in 186, when the senatusconpasture and vineyards; but:the inhabitants were sultum was passed, which is extant, for supfierce and warlike. They were a Scythian tribe, pressing the worship of Bacchus in Rome. He
probably a branch of the Massagetae, and iden- died in 179.-6. A., consul 180, when he fought
tical with the ALANLI. The Romans first be- against the Ligurians, and censor 174. He was
came acquainted with them at the time of the. subsequently engaged in many public missions.
Mithradatic war, when they encountered Pom- Livy calls him Luscus, from which it would
pey with a large army.'                   seem that he was blind of one eye.-7. L.,
ALBANUM. Vid. ALBA, No. 5.              prietor 180, in Further Spain, where he remainALBANus LACes (now Lago di Albano), a small ed two years, and conquered the Vaccwei and.
lake about five miles in circumference, west of Lusitani. He was consul in 173, and afterward
the Mons Albanus, between Bovillae and Alba served under 2Emilius Paulus in Macedonia in
Longa, is the crater of an extinct volcano, and 168.-8. A., consul 151, accompanied L. Mumis many hundred feet deep. - The emissarium  mius into Greece in 146. He was well acwhich the Romans bored through the solid rock quainted with Greek literature, and wrote in
during the siege of Veil, in order to carry off that language a poem and a Roman history,
the superfluous water of the lake, is extant at which is censured by Polybius.-9. SP., consul
the present day.                          110, carried on war against Jugurtha in NuALBANUS MoNs (now Monte. Cavo or Albano), midia, but effected nothing. When Albinus dewas, in its narrower signification, the mountain parted from Africa, he left his brother Aulus
in Latium on whose declivity the town of Alba in command, who was defeated by Jugurtha.
Longa was situated. It was the sacred mount- Spurius was condemned by the Mamilia Lex,
ain of the Latins, on which the religious festi- as guilty of treasonable practices with Jugurtha.
vals of the Latin League were celebrated (Fe-ria -10. A., consul B.C. 99, with M. Antonius, is
Latine), and on its highest summit was the said by Cicero to have been a good speaker.
temple of Jupiter Latiaris, to which the Roman' ALBINUS ('Aa6voo), a- Platonic philosopher,
generals ascended in triumph, when this honor lived at Smyrna in the second century after
was denied them in Rome. The Mons Albanus Christ, and wrote an Introduction to the Diain its wider signification included the Mons AL- logues of Plato, which contains hardly any thing
GIDUS and the mountains about Tusculum.   of importance.-Editions. In the first edition
-ALBI MONTES, a lofty range of mountains in of Fabricius's Bibl. Grec., vol. ii., and prefixed
the west of Crete, three hundred stadia in length, to Etwall's edition of three dialogues of Plato,
covered with snow the greater part of the year. Oxon., 1771; and to Fischer's four dialogues
ALBICI ('AX6fiotoc,'A2c6te}), a warlike Gallic of Plato, Lips., 1783.
people, inhabiting the mountains north of Mas-  ALBINes, CLODIUS, whose full name was Desilia.                                    cimus"'Clodius C(eionius Septimius Albinus, was
ALBINGAUNUM. Vid. ALBIUM INGAUNUM.      born at Adrumetum in. Africa. The Emperor
ALBINOVANUS, C. PEDO, a friend of Ovid, who Commodus made him governor of Gaul and
addresses to him one of his epistles from Pon- afterward of Britain, where he was at the death
tus (iv., 10). Three Latin elegies are attributed of Commodus in A.D. 192. In order to secure
to Albinovanus, printed by WVernsdorf, in his the neutrality of Albinus, Septimius Severus
Poets Latini Minores, vol. iii., iv., and by Mei- made him Caesar; but after Severus had de,
necke, Quedlinburg, 1819.- [2. ALB. CELSUS, feated his rivals, he turned his arms against
A Latin poet, friend of Horace.]          Albinus. A great battle was fought between
ALBINOVANUS, P. TULLUS, belonged to the them at Lugdunum (Lyons), in Gaul, the 19th
Marian party, was proscribed in B.C. 87, but of February, 197, in which Albinus was defeated
was pardoned by Sulla in 81, in consequence of and killed.
his putting to death many of the officers of Nor-  ALBION or ALEBION ('A6iio)v,'ASe6ov), son
ban.as, whom he had invited to a banquet at of Neptune (Poseidon) and brother of Dercynus
Ariminum.                                 or Bergion, with whom he attacked Hercules,
ALBiNUS or ALBIJS, PosTUMsIs, the name of a when he passed through their country (Liguria)
patrician family at Rome,,many of the mem- with the oxen of Geryon. They were slain by
bers of which' held the highest offices of the Hercules.
state from the commencement of the republic  ALBION, another name of BRITANNIA, the white
to its downfall.-1. A., surnamed Regillensis, land, from its white cliffs opposite the coast of
dictator B.C. 498, when he conquered the Latins, Gaul: [more correctly, perhaps, the high land,
ai the great battle near Lake Regillus, and con- from the Celtic root Alb or Alp, high, in refersul 496, in which year s'ome of the annals placed ence to its lofty coasts, as it lies facing Gaul.]
the battle.-2. SP., consul-466, and a member  ALBIS (now Elbe), one of the great rivers in
of the first decemvirate 451. —3. Sp., consul Germany,'the most easterly which the Romans'
344, and again 321.'In the latter year he became acquainted with, rises, according to
marehed against the Samrnites, but was defeat- Tacitus, in the country ofthe Hermunduri. The
ed near Caudium, and obliged to surrender with Romans reached the Elbe for the first time in
his whole army, who were sent under the yoke. B.C. 9, under Drusus, and crossed it for the first
The Senate, on the advice of Albinus, refused time in B.C. 3, under Domitius Ahenobarbus.
to rati'y the peace which he had made with the The last Roman general who saw the Elbe was
Samnites, and resolved that all persons who Tiberius, inA.D. 5.
had sworn to the peace should be given up to  ALBIUM INGAUJNUM or ALBINGAUNUM (now Al37




ALBIUM INTEMELIUM.                               ALCESTIS.
bengo), a town of the Ingauni on the coast of his poems which remain,, and the excellent imLiguria, and a municipium.                 itations of Horace, enable us to understand
-ALBIUM INTEMELIUM or ALBINTEMELIUM (now  something of their character.; Those which
Vintimiglia), a town of the Intemelii on the have received the highest praise are his warcoast of Liguria, and a municipium.        like odes, in which he tried to rouse the spirits
[ALBUCELLAOrARBoCALA ('Ap6ovwcad7, Polyb.: of the nobles, the Alcci roinaces Cament of Hornow Villa Fasila), a city of Hispania Tarraco- ace (Carw., iv., 9, 7). In others he described
nensis, southwest of Pallantia: according to the hardships of exile, and his perils by sea
Polybius, it was the largest city of the Vaccei, (dura navis, dura feug, mala dura belli, Hor.,
and was taken by Hannibal after a brave and  Carm., ii., 13, 27). Aleeus is said to have inlong resistance.]                          vented the well-known Alcaic metre.-Ed.itions:
ALBUCIUS or ALBUTIUS, T., studied at Athens, By Matthim, Alcei Mytilenc reliquic, Lips.,
and belonged to the Epicurean sect; he was 1827; and by- Bergk, in Poetl Lyrici Grrc'i,
well acquainted with Greek literature, but was Lips., 1843.-2. A comic poet at Athens, filorsatirized by Lucilius on account of his affecting ished about B.C. 388, and exhibited plays of
on every occasion the Greek language, and phi- that muixed comedy, which formed; the transilosophy. He was prantor in Sardinia in B.C. tion between the old and the middle. [Some
105; and in 103 was accused of repetundae by fragments remain, which have been published
C. Julius Caesar, and condemned. He retired by Meineke, Fraginenta Com'cor0um Grecoru,
to Athens and pursued the study of philosophy. vol. i., p. 457-461, edit. minor.]-3. Of Messene,
[2. C. Albucius Silus. Vid. SILUS.]       the author of twenty-two epigrams in the Greek
AL-BLA, an ancient name of the River TIBER. Anthology, written between B.C. 219 and 196.
ALBULAE AQUAE.. Vid. ALBUNEA.    -         ALCAMENES ('AKtaUEV0n). 1. Son of TeleALBUNEA or ALBUNA, a prophetic nymph or clus, king of Sparta, from B.C. 779 to 742.Sibyl, to whom a grove was consecrated in 2. A statuary of Athens, flourished from B.C.
the neighborhood of'Tibur (now Tivoli), with a 444 to 400, and was the most famous of the pu
fountain and a temple. This fountain was the pils of Phidias. His greatest work was a statlargest of the Albule aqua, still called Acque ue of Venus (Aphrodite).
Albule, sulphureous springs'at Tibur, which  ALLCANDWR ('AAtcavdppo), a young Spartan,
flow into the Anio. Near it was the oracle of who thrust out one of the. eyes - of Lycurgus,
Faunus Fatidicus. The temple is still extant when his fellow-citizens were discontented with
at Tivoli.                                 the laws he proposed. Lycurgus pardoned the
ALBURNUS MONS, [now Monte di Postiglione], outrage, and thus converted Alcander into one
a mountain in Lucania, covered with wood, be- of his warmest friends.-[2. A Lycian, slain by
hind Pwestum.-[2. PORTus, a harbor near Paes- Ulysses before Troy.-3. A companion of Enetum, at the mouth of the Silarus (now Sele)].  as, slain by Turnus in Italy.]
[ALBUS PORTUS (" the White Haven," now    [ALcANDRA ('A-Kedvdpa), wife of Polybus, a
Algesiras), a town on the coast of Beetica in wealthy Egyptian of Egyptian Thebes, by whom
Spain.]                                    Helen was kindly received and entertained on
[ALBUS Vicus (7 AevCVt K(c'dt: now lambo?), her arrival in Egypt.]
a harbor in Arabia, from which Gallus set out  [ALcANoR, a Trojan, whose sons Pandarus
on his expedition into the interior.]      and Bitias accompanied ZEneas to Italy.-2. A
[ALBUTIUS. Vid. ALBUCIUS.]               warrior in the army of the Rutulians, wounded
ALCiEUS ('A;/caior), son of Perseus and An- by Aineas.]
dromeda, and father of Amphitryon and Anaxo.  ALCATHOE; or ALCITH6E ('AtrKao6  or'Aart-[2. Son of Hercules and a female slave of 06y), daughter of Minyas, refused, with her sis,
Jardanus, from whom the Heraclid dynasty in ters Leucippe and Arsippe, to join in the worLydia, e. g., Candaules (Myrsilus), &c., were ship of Bacchus (Dionysus) when it was indescended. Diodorus gives to this son of Her- troduced into Boeotia, and were accordingly
cules the name of Cleolaus.-3. Son of Andro- changed by the god into bats, and their work
geus, grandson of Minos.].   into vines. Vid. Dict. of Ant., art. AGRIONIA.
ALcEus. - 1. Of Mytilene in Lesbos, the earli-  ALCATO6US ('Ai door). 1. Son of Pelops
est of the./Eolian lyric poets, began to flourish and Hippodamia, brother of Atreus and Thyes.
about B.C. 611. In the war between the Athe- tes, obtained as his wife Eueehme, the daughnians and Mytileneans for the possession of ter ofMegareus, byslaying the Cithneroian lionr
Sigeum (B.C. 606), he incurred the disgrace of and succeeded his father-in-law as king of Meleaving his arms on the field of battle: these gara. He restored the walls of Megara, in
arms were hung up as a trophy by the Atheni- which work he was assisted by Apollo. The
ans in the temple of Pallas at Sigeum. Aleaus stone upon which the god used to place his lyre
took an active part in the struggles between while he was at work, was believed, even in
the nobles and people of Mytilene: he belong- late times, to give forth a sound, when struck,
ed by birth to the nobles, and was driven into similar to that of a lyre (Ov., Met., viii. 15)._
exile with his brother Antimenidas, when the 2. Son of Esyetes and husband of Hippodamia,
popular party got the upper hand. He attempt- the daughter of Anchises and sister of AEneas,
ed, by force of arms, to regain his country; but was one of the bravest of the Trojan leaders
all his attempts were frustrated by PITTACUS, in the war of Troy, and was s1ain by Idome —
who had been chosen by the people lEsymnetes, neus- [3. Son ofPorthaon and Eyte killed by
or dictator, for the purpose of resisting him and Tydeus.-4. A companion of.&neas slain b
the other exiles. Aleeus and his brother after- Cedicus.]
ward travelled into various countries: the timeIS ALCEsTIs or ALcEsT ("A;S~r or oA;L.gr Ts
of his death is uncertain. Some fragments of daughter of Pelias and Anaxibia, wife of Aid
38




ALCETAS.                                 ALCIMEDON.
metus, died in place of her husband. Vid. AD- he acted as the avowed enemy of his country.
ETUS.                                     At Athens sentence of death was passed upon
ALCTTAS ('A2/ceraf), two kings of Epirus. 1. him, and his property was confiscated. At
Son of Tharypus, was expelled from his king- Sparta he rendered himself popular by the fadom, and was restored by the elder Dionysius cility with which he adopted the Spartan manof Syracuse. He was the ally of the Atheni- ners; but the machinations of his enemy, AGIS
ans in B.C. 373.-2. Son ofArymbas, and grand- II., induced him to abandon the Spartans and
son oi Alcetas I., reigned B.C. 313-303, and take refuge with Tissaphernes (412), whose fawas put to death by his subjects.         vor he soon gained. Through his influence TisALCETA.   I. King of Macedonia, reigned saphernes deserted the Spartans and professed
twenty-nine' years, and was father of Amyntas his willingness to assist the Athenians, who ac1.-2. Brother of Perdiccas and son ofOrontes, cordingly recalled Alcibiades from banishment
was one of Alexander's generals. On the death in 411. He did not immediately return to Athof Alexander, he espoused his brother's party; ens, but remained abroad for the next four years,
and upon the murder of the latter in Egypt in during which the Athenians'under his com321, he joined Eumenes. He killed himself at mand gained the victories of Cynossema, AbyTermessus in Pisidia in 320, to avoid falling dos, and Cyzicus, and got possession of Chalinto the hands of Antigonus.              cedon and Byzantium. In 407 he returned to
ATCIBIAUDES ('AKlct6telJ). —[1. Of Athens, Athens, where he was received with great enfather of Clinias, aid grandfather of the cele- thusiasm, and was appointed commander-inbrated Alcibiades, deduced his descent from  chief of all the land and sea forces. But the
Eurysaces, the son of Telamonian Ajax. He defeat at Notium, occasioned during his absence
joined Clisthenes in an attempt to procure the by the imprudence of his lieutenant, Antiochus,
banishment of the Pisistratida*; but was ban- furnished his enemies with a handle against
ished with him B.C. 512.]-2. Son of Clinias him, and he was superseded in his command
and Dinonmache, was born at Athens about B.C.. (B.C. 406). He now went into voluntary ex450, and on the death of his father in 447, was ile to his fortified domain at Bisanthe in the
brought up by his relation Pericles. He pos- Thracian Chersonesus, where he made war on
sessed a beautiful person, transcen ent abilities, the neighboring Thracians.  Befdre the fatal
and great wealth, which received a large ac- battle of -Egos-Potami (405), he gave an inefcession through his marriage with Hipparete, fectual warningto the Athenian generals. After
the daughter of Hipponicus. His youth was the fall of Athens (404), he was condemned to
disgraced by his amours and debaucheries, and banishment, and took refuge with PharnabaSocrates, who saw his vast capabilities, at- zus; he was about to proceed to the court of
tempted to win him to the paths of virtue, but Artaxerxes, when one night his house was surin vain. Their intimacy was strengthened by rounded by a band of armed men, and set on
mutual services. IAt the battle of Potidea fire.  He rushed out sword in hand, but fell,
(B.C. 432) his life was —saved by Socrates, and pierced with arrows (404). The assassins were
at that of Delium (424) he saved the life of Soc- probably either employed by the Spartans, or
rates. - He did not take much part in public af- by the brothers of a lady whom Alcibiades had
fairs till after the death of Cleon (422), but he seduced. He left a son by his wife Hipparete,
then became one of the leading politicians, and named Alcibiades, who never distinguished himthe head of the war party in opposition to Nic- self. It was for him that Isocrates wrote the
ias. Enraged at the.affront put upon'him by speechrIIspI ro-b ZeVyovS.
the Lacedaemonians, who had not chosen to   ALCIDAMAS ('A;Kdt6d/ac), a Greek rhetorician
employ his intervention in the negotiations of Elea in.Eolis, in Asia Minor, was a pupil of
which ended in the peace of 421, and had pre- Gorgias, and resided at Athens between B.C.
ferred Nicias to him, he induced the Athenians 432 and 411. His works were characterized by
to form an alliance with Argos, Mantinria, and pompous diction, and the extravagant use of
Elis, and to attack the allies of Sparta. In 415 poetical epithets and phrases. There are two
he was foremost among the advocates of the declamations extant which bear his name, enSicilian expedition, which he believed would be titled Ulysses, and On the Sophists, but they
a step-toward the conquest of Italy, Carthage, were probably not written by him.-Editions:
and Peloponnesus. While the preparations for In Reiske's Oratores Greeci, vol. viii., and in
the expedition were going on, there occurred Bekker's Oratores Attici, vol: vii.
the mysterious mutilation of the Hermes-busts,  ALcIDAS ('AK/JdahC Dor. ~'Atceifcl), a Sparwhich the popular fears connected in some un- tan commander of the fleet in the Peloponnesian
accountable manner with an attempt to over- war, B.C. 428-427. In the former year he was
throw the Athenian constitution. Alcibiades sent to Mytilene, and in the latter to Cprcyra.
was charged with being the. ringleader in this  ALCIDES ('AtKEiiyf), a name of Amphitryon,
attempt; He had been already appointed along the son of Alcaeus, and more especially of Herwith Nicias and Lamachus as commander of the cules, the'grandson of Alceus.
expedition to Sicily, and he now demanded an  ALCI-MDE ('A;icl/ed6), daughter of Phylacus
ivestigation before he set sail. This, however, and. Clymene, wife of AEson,, and mother of
his enemies would not grant, as they hoped to Jason.
increase the popular odium against him in his  [ALCIMEDON ('A2?/c1YsdoJ), an Arcadian hero,
absenee. He was, therefore, obliged to depart father of Phillo. From him the Aicadian plain
for Sicily; but he had' not been there long, be- Alcimedon derived its name.-2. Son of Laerces,
fre e t as recalled to stand his trial. On his one of the commanders of the Myrmidons unrtura homeward, he managed to escape at der Achilles.-3. One of the Tyrrhenian sailors,
Thurii, and thence proceeded to Sparta, where who wished to carry off from Naxos the god
39




ALCIMEDON.                                 ALCMENE.
Bacchus, who had taken the form of an infant, caused his sons to murder Alcmeon. Alcmseon
and for this was metamorphosed into a dolphin.] was worshipped as a hero at Thebes, and at
[ALCIMEDON, an embosser or chaser, spoken Psophis his tomb was shown, surrounded with
of by Virgil (Eclog., iii., 37, 44), who mentions cypresses.-[2.iSon of Sillus, and'great grandsome goblets of his workmanship.]         son of Nestor, founder of the celebrated family
ALCIMUS (AVITUs) ALETHIUS, the writer of of the-ALcMnEONIDEM (q. v.) in Athens. —3. Son
seven short poems, a rhetorician in Aquitania, of Megacles, was greatly enriched by Crcesus.
in Gaul, is spoken of in terms of praise by Si- -4. Of Crotona in Italy, said to have been a
donius Apollinaris and Ausonius.-Editions: pupil of Pythagoras; though this is very doubtIn Meier's Anthologia Latina, p. 254-260, and ful. He is said to have been the first person
in Wernsdorf's Poetce Latini Minores, vol. vi.  who dissected animals, and he made some imALCINsUS ('Aatcivoot). 1. Son of Nausithous, portant discoveries in anatomy and natural phi
and grandson of Neptune (Poseidon), is cele- losophy. He wrote several medical and phil.
brated in the story of the Argonauts, and still osophical works, which are lost.
more in the Odyssey. Homer represents him   ALCMAEONIDAM ('AtXicatLvi6da), a noble family
as the happy ruler of the Phaeacians in the Isl- at Athens, members of which fill a space in
and of Scheria, who has by Arete five sons and Grecian history from B C- 750 to 400. They
one daughter, Nausicaa. The way in which he were a branch of the family of the Nelide, who
received Ulysses, and the stories which the lat- were driven out of Pylus in Messenia by the
ter related to the king about his wanderings, Dorians, and settled at Athens. Inconsequence
occupy a considerable portion of the Odyssey of the way in which Megacles, one of the fami(books vi. to xiii.).-2. A Platonic philosopher, ly, treated the insurgents under CYLON (B.C.
who probably lived under the Cesars, wrote a 612), they brought upon themselves the guilt of
work entitled Epitome of the Doctrines of Plato. sacrilege, and were in consequence banished
-Editions: By Fell, Ownn., 1667, and by J. F. from Athens, about 595. About 560 they reFischer, Lips., 1783, 8vo.                turned from exile, but were again expelled by
ALCIPHiRN ('A2lc~ipOv), the most distinguish- Pisistratus. In 548 they contracted with the
ed of the Greek epistolary writers, was perhaps Amphictyonic council to rebuild the temple of
a contemporary of Lucian about-A.D. 170. The Delphi, and obtained great popularity throughletters (one hundred and thirteen in number, in out Greece by executing the work in a style of
three books) are written by fictitious person- magnificence which much exceeded their enages, and the language is distinguished by its gagement. On the expulsion of Hippias in 510,
purity and elegance. The new Attic comedy they were again restored to Athens. They now
was the principal source from which the author joined the popular party, and Clisthenes, who
derived his information respecting the charac- was at that time the head of the family, gave a
ters and manners which he describes, and for new constitution to Athens. Vid. CLISTHENES.
this reason they contain much valuable informa-  ALCMAN ('A2AUioav, [Doric form-of the name,
tion about the private life of the Athenians of which was properly]'A2czaitov), the chief lyric
that time.-Editions: By Bergler, Lips., 1715, poet of Sparta, by birth a Lydian of Sardis, was
and by Wagner, Lips., 1798.               brought to Laconia as a slave, when very young,
[ALCIPPE ('A/Kicr7r]), a daughter of Mars and  and was emancipated by his master, who disAgraulos. Vid. HALIRRHOTHIUS.]            covered his'genius.  He probably flourished
ALCITHOE. Vid. ALCATHOE.                about B.C. 631, and most of his poems were
ALCM2EON ('A2XKia~cov)..Son ofAmphiaraus composed after the conclusion of the second
and Eriphyle, and brother of Amphilochus. His Messenian war. He is said to have died, like
mother was induced by the necklace of Har- Sulla, of the' morbus pedicularis.  Aleman's
monia, which she received from Polynices, to poems were comprised in six books: many of
persuade her husband Amphiaraus to take part them were erotic, and he is said by some anin the expedition against Thebes; and as he cient writers to have been the inventor of erotic
knew he should perish there, he enjoined his poetry. His metres were very various. The
sons to kill their mother as soonas they should Cretic hexameter was named Alcmanic, from
be grown up. Alcmaeon took part in the expe- his being its inventor. His dialect was the
dition of the Epigoni against Thebes, and on Spartan Doric, with an intermixture of the
his return home after the capture of the city, he.Eolic. The Alexandrean grammarians placed
slew his mother, according to the injunction of Aleman at the head of their canon of the nine
his father. For this deed he became mad, and lyric poets. The fragments of his poems are
was haunted by the Erinnyes. He went to edited by Welcker, Giessen, 1815; and by
Phegeus in Psophis, and being purified by the Bergk, in Poeta Lyrici Greci, 1843.
latter, he married his daughter Arsinoe or Al-  ALCMENE ('A2icjuvg?), daughter of Electryon,
phesiboea, to whom he gave the necklace and king of Mycena, by Anaxo or Lysidice. The
peplus of Harmonia. But as the land of this brothers of Alcmene were slain by the sons of
country ceased to bear, on account of its har- Pterelaus; and their father set out to avenge
boring a matricide, he left Psophis and repaired their death, leaving to Amphitryon his kingdom
to the country at the mouth of the River Ache- and his daughter Alcmene, whom Amphitryon
lous. The god Achelous gave him his daughter was to marry. But Amphitryon having aninCallirrhoe in marriage; and as the latter wish- tentionally killed Electryon before the marriage,
ed to possess the necklace and peplus of Har- Sthenelus expelled both Amphitryon and Alec
monia, Alcmaon went to Psophis and obtained mene, who went to Thebes. But here, instead
them from Phegeus, under the pretext of dedi- of marrying Amphitryon, Alcmene declared that
cating them at Delphi; but when Phegeus heard she would only marry the man who should
that the treasures were fetched for Callirrhoo, he avenge the death of her brothers. Amphitryon
40




ALCON.                                   ALETES.
undertook the task, and invited Creon of Thebes  [ALECTRYON ('Aeicpv(v), a youth stationed
to assist him.  During his absence, Jupiter by Mars, during his interview with Venus, at
(Zeus), in the disguise of Amphitryon, visited the door to guard against surprise. Having
Alcmene, and, having related in what way he fallen asleep, he was changed by Mars into a
had avenged the death of her brothers, [finally cock (iTertcpv6v) for his neglect of duty.-2.
persuaded her to a union]. Amphitryon him- The father of the Argonaut Lei'tus, called by
self returned the next day; Alcmene became Apollodorus Alector.]
the mother of Hercules by Jupiter (Zeus), and  [ALEIUS CAMPUS or ALEIn CAMPI (ro'A;iov
of Iphicles by Amphitryon. Vid. HERCULES. 7rediO'), an extensive and fruitful plain of Cilicia
After the death of Amphitryon, Alcmene mar- not far from Mallus, between the Rivers PyraniedRhadamanthys, atOcaliain Beotia. When mus and Sarus (in Homer's Lycia, II., 6, 201).
Hercules was, raised to the rank of a god, Ale- It derives its name from the circumstance that
mene, fearing Eurystheus, fled with the sons Bellerophon in his old age fell into melancholy
of Hercules to Athens..and madness, and wandered about here (from
[A-LCON (VAtKecv), son of Hippocoon, a Caly- aiv, wandering). Another legend makes Beldonialn hunter, slain by Hercules.-2. Son of lerophon to have been thrown from Pegasus
the Athenian King Erechtheus, so skillful an when attempting to mount to heaven, and to
archer, that he shot a serpent, which had en- have wandered about here lame and blind.]
twined itself around his son, without wounding  ALEMANNI, or ALAMANNI,OrALAMANI (from the
his child. In Virgil (Ecl., 5, 11) an Alcon is German alle Manner, all men), a confederacy of
mentioned, whom Servius calls a Cretan, and German tribes, chiefly of Suevic extraction, bea companion of Hercules, and relates of him tween the Danube, the Rhine, and the Main,
nearly the story just given.-3. A statuary, who though we Subsequently find them extending
made a statue of Hercules at Thebes, of iron, their territories as far as the Alps and the Jura.
to symbolize thereby the hero's powers of en- The different tribes of the confederacy were
durance.]                                 governed by their own kings, but in time of
ALCYONE or HALC6ONE ('AiKvOvr]). 1. A   war they obeyed a common leader. They were
Pleiad, daughter of.Atlas and Pleione, and be- brave and warlike, and proved formidable eneloved by Neptune (Poseidon):-2. Daughter of mies to the Romans. They first came into coniEolus and Enarete orLEgiale, and wife of Ceyx. tact' with the IRomans in the reign of Caracalla,
They lived so happily that they were presump- who assumed the surname of Alemannicus on
tuous enough to call each other Jupiter (Zeus) account of a pretended victory over them (A.D.
and Juno (Hera), for which Jupiter (Zeus) met- -214). They were attacked by Alexander Seamorphosed them into birds, alcyon and ceyx. verus (234), and by Maximin (237). They inOthers relate that Ceyxperished in a shipwreck, vaded Italy in 270, but were driven back by
that Alcyone for grief threw herself into the Aurelian, and were again defeated by Probus in
sea, and that the gods, out of compassion, 282. After this time they continually invaded
changed the two into birds.  It was fabled the Roman dominions in Germany, and, though
that during the seven days before, and as many defeated by Constantius I., Julian (357), Valenafter, the shortest day of the year, while the tinian, and Gratian, they gradually became more
bird alcyon.was breeding, there always prevail- and more powerful, and in the fifth century were
ed calms at sea.-[2. Daughter of Idas and Mar- in possession of Alsace and of German Switzerpessa, wife of Meleager, called by her parents land.
Alcyone, from the plaintive cries uttered by her  AILRIA ('A71epla:'A2a;ia in Herod.), one of
mother Marpessa when carried off by Apollo.] the chief cities of Corsica, on the east of the
ALCY6ONEtus ('AKcvovev'), a giant, killed by island, on the southern bank of the River RhotaHercules at the Isthmus of Corinth.       nus (now Tavignano), near its mouth. It was
[ALCYONIA PALUS ('A-KvuCvia 2iv/jl), a lake founded by the Phoceans B.C. 564, was plunin Argolis, of small size, but unfathomable dered by L. Scipio in the first Punic war, and
depth, by which Bacchus descended to the low- was made a Roman colony by Sulla.
er world, when he sought to bring back SemeleA. AL iSA. Vid. HALESA.
It is regarded by Leake as a part of Lerna.]  ArEsIA ('A;eria), an ancient town of the ManALCtoN'6UM MXRE (7]'AatKvovi  id2uaaaoa), the dubii in Gallia Lugdunensis, said to have been
eastern part of the Corinthian Gulf.      founded by Hercules, and situated on a high hill
ALtEA ('A2;a), a surname of Minerva(Athena), (now Auxois, [at the foot of which is a village
under which she was worshipped at Alea, Man- called Alise]), which was wash'ed by the two
tinea, and Tegea. Her temple-at the latter rivers Lutosa (now Oze) and Osera (now Ozerpl1ce was one of the most celebrated in Greece. ain). It was taken and destroyed by Caesar, in
It is said to have been built by Aleus, son of B.C. 52, after a memorable siege, but was afterAphidas, king of Tegea, from whom the god- ward rebuilt.
dess is supposed to have'derived this surname.  ALESIAi  ('ArEiatl), a town in Laconia, west
ALEA ('Aaia:''Aev-), a town in Arcadia, of Sparta, on the road to Phera.
east of the Stymphalian Lake, with a celebrated  ALESIUM ('Aueiatov), a town in Elis, not far
temple of Minerva (Athena), the ruins of which from Olympia, afterward called Alesiceum.
are near Piali.                             ALfSIUS MONS (rM'A caltov Opoc), a mountain
ALEBSON. Vid. ALTBION.                  in Arcadia, with a temple of Neptune (Poseidon)
ALECTO. Vid. FURI.                    Hippius and a grove of Ceres (Demeter).
[ALEcTOR ('AdeXrop), son of Pelops, and fa-  AL.TES ("'A^rTW), son of Hippotes and a dether of Iphiloche, who married Megapenthes, seendant of Hercules, is said to have taken posson ofMenelaus.-2. Son ofAnaxagoras, father session of Corinth, and to have expelled the
of Iphis, king of Argos.]                 Sisyphids, thirty years after the first invasion
41




ALETIUM.                                ALEXANDER.
of Peloponnesus by the Heraclids. His family, ander the Great. In his quarrel with his elder
called the Aletidae, maintained themselves at brother Antipater for the government (vid. ANCorinth down to the time of Bacchis.-[2. A  TIPATER), he called in the aid of Pyrrhus of
companion of _Eneas, who was held in venera- Epirus and Demetrius Poliorcetes, by the latter
tion on account of his age and wisdom.]   of whom he was murdered B.C. 294.-5. JANALETIUM (Aletinus), a town of Calabria.  NEUS, the son of Joannes Hyrcanus, and brothALETRIUM or ALATRIUM (Aletrinas, -dtis: now  er of Aristobulus I., king of the Jerws B.C. 104Alatri), an ancient town of the Hernici, subse- 77. At the commencement of his reign he was
quently a municipium and a Roman colony, engaged in war with Ptolemy Lathyrus, king of
west of Sora and east of Anagnia.         Cyprus; and subsequently he had to carry on for
ALEUADIE. Vid. ALEUAS.                  six years a dangerous struggle with his own
ALEUAS ('AZe.Vac), a descendant of Hercules, subjects, to whom he had rendered himself obwas the ruler of Larissa in Thessaly, and the noxious by his cruelties and by opposing the
reputed founder of the celebrated family of the Pharisees. He signalized his victory by the
Aleuadae. Before the time of Pisistratus (B.C. most frightful butchery of his subjects.-6. Sur560), the family of the Aleuadae appears to have named Isius, the chief commander of the zEtobecome divided into two branches, the Aleuadae lians, took an active part in opposing Philip of
and the Scopadae. The Scopedae'inhabited Cran- Macedonia (B.C. 198, 197), and in the various
non and perhaps Pharsalus also, while the main negotiations with the Romans.-7. Tyrant of
branch, the Aleuadae, remained at Larissa. The PHERM, was a relation of Jason, and succeeded
influence of the families, however, was not con- either Polydorus or Polyphron, as Tagus of
fined to these towns, but extended more or less Thessaly, about B.C. 369. In consequence of
over the greater part of Thessaly. They form- his tyrannical government the Thessalians aped, in reality, a powerful aristocratic party in op- plied for aid first to Alexander II., king of Maceposition to the great body of the Thessalians. donia, and next to Thebes. The Thebans sent
In the invasion of Greece by Xerxes (480), the Pelopidas into Thessaly to succor the malconAleuadae espoused the cause of'the Persians, tents; but having ventured incautiously within
and the family continued to be the predominant the power of the tyrant, he was seized by'Alexone in Thessaly for a long time afterward. But ander, and thrown into prison B.C. 368. The
after the end of the Peloponnesian war (404), Thebans sent a large army into Thessaly to
anotherThessalian family, the dynasts of Phere, rescue Pelopidas, but they were defeated in the
gradually rose to power and influence, and gave first campaign, and did not obtain their object
a great shock to the power of the Aleuadae. till the next year, 367. In 364 Pelopidas again
The most formidable of these princes was Jason entered Thessaly with a small force, but was
of Pherse, who succeeded, after various strug- slain in battle by Alexander. The Thebans
gles, in raising himself to the dignity of Tagus, now sent a large army against'the tyrant, and
or supreme ruler of Thessaly. Vid. JASON.  compelled him to become a dependent ally of
ALEUS. Vid. ALEA.                       Thebes.  We afterward hear of Alexander
ALEX or HALEX (now Alece), a small river in making piratical descents on many of the AtheSouthern Italy, was the boundary between the nian dependencies, and even on Attica itself.
territory of Rhegium and of the Locri Epi- He was murdered in 367, by his wife Thebe,
zephyrii.                                 with the assistance of her three brothers.-8.
[ALEXAMENUS ('A.rEcalevoc), an      OEtolian lead- Son of POLYSPERCHON, the Macedonian, was
er, sent by his countrymen with one thousand chiefly employed by his father in the command
men to Sparta, who slew Nabis the Spartan of the armies which he sent against Cassander.
tyrant.]                                   Thus he was sent against Athens in B.C. 318,
ALEXANDER ('A.Eiavdpoc), the usual name of and was engaged in military operations during
PARIS in the Iliad.                       the next year in various parts of Greece. But
ALEXANDER SEVERUS. Vid. SEVERUS.        in 315 he became reconciled to Cassander, and
ALEXANDER. I. Minor Historical Persons.  we find him in 314 commanding on behalf of
1. Son of ERaopus, a native of the Macedoni- the latter. He was murdered at Sicyon in 314.
an district called Lyncestis, whence he is usual- -9. PTOLEM2IUS. Vid. PTOLEMAcUS.-10. Tily called Alexander Lyncestes. He was an ac- BERIUS, born at Alexandrea, of Jewish parents,
complice in the murder of Philip, B.C. 336, but and nephew of the writer Philo. He deserted
was pardoned by Alexander the Great. He ac- the faith of his ancestors, and was rewarded
companied Alexander to Asia; but in 334 lie for his apostasy by various public appointments.
was detected in carrying on a treasonable cor- In the reign of Claudius he succeeded Fadus as
respondence with Darius, was kept in confine- procurator of Judeea (A.D. 46), and' was apment, and put to death in 330.-2. Son of AN- pointed by Nero procurator of Egypt. HIe was
TONIUS the triumvir, and Cleopatra, born, with the first Roman, governor who declared in fhhis twin-sister Cleopatra, B.C. 40. After the vor of Vespasian; and he accompanied Titus
battle of Actium they were taken to Rome by in the war against Judaea, and was present at
Augustus, and were generously educated by the taking of Jerusalem.
Octavia, the wife of Antonius, with her own. Kings of Epirus.
children.-3. Eldest son of ARISTOBULUS II.,          I
king of Judaea, rose in arms in B.C. 57, against  1. Son of Neoptolemus, and brother of OlymHyrcanus, who was supported by the Romanis. pias, the mother of Alexander the Great. PhilAlexander was defeated by the Romans in 56 ip made him king of Epirus in place of his'cousin
and 55, and was put to death by Pompey at An- YEacides, and gave him his daughter Cleopatra
tioch in 49.-4. Third son of CASSANDER, king in marriage (B.C. 336). In 332, Alexander, at
of Macedonia, by Thessalonica, sister of Alex- the request of the Tarentines, crossed over inmo
42




ALEXANDER.ALEXANDER.
Italy, to aid them against the Lucanians and Taulantii. A report of his death having reachBruttii.' After meeting with considerable sue- ed Greece, the Thebans once more took up
cess, he was defeated and slain in battle in 326, arms. But a terrible punishment awaited them.
near Pandosia, on the banks of the Acheron in He advanced into Bceotia by rapid marches, took
Southern Italy.-2. Son of Pyrrhus and Lanas- Thebes by assault, destroyed all the buildings,
sa, daughter of the Sicilian tyrant Agathocles, with the exception of the house of Pindar, killed
succeeded his father in B.C. 272, and drove An- most of the inhabitants, and sold the rest as
tigonus Gonatas out of Macedonia. He' was slaves. Alexander now prepared for his great
shortly afterward deprived -of both Macedonia expedition against Persia. In the spring of 334,
and Epirus by Demetrius,the son ofAn'tigonus; he crossed the Hellespont, with about thirty-five
but he recovered Epirus by the aid of the Acar- thousand men. Of these thirty thousand were
aanians.                                  foot and five thousand horse, and of the former
III.     of acednia. K-  X      only twelve thousand were Macedonians. AlexKings of  acedonander's first engagement with the Persians was
1. Son of Amyntas I., distinguished himself on the River. Granicus in Mysia (May, 334),
in the lifetime of his father by killing the Per- where they were. entirely defeated by him.
sian ambassadors who had come to demand the This battle was followed by the capture or subsubmission of Amyntas, because they attempt- mission of the chief towns on the west coast
ed to offer indignities to the ladies of the court, of Asia Minor. Halicarnassus was not taken
about B.C. 507. He succeeded his father short- till late in the autumn, after a vigorous defence
ly afterward, was obliged to submit to the Per- by Memnon, the ablest general of Darius, and
sians, and accompanied Xerxes in his invasion whose death in the following year (333) relieved
of Greece(B.C. 480). He gained the confidence Alexander from a formidable opponent. He
of Mardonius, who sent himto Athens to propose now marched along the coast of Lycia and Pampeace to the Athenians, which was rejected. phylia, and then north into Phrygia and to GorHe was secretly inclined to the cause of the dium, where he cut or untied the celebrated
Greeks, and informed them the. night before the Gordian knot, which, it was said, was to be
battle of Platamae of the intention of Mardonius loo6seneid only by the conqueror of Asia. In
to fight on the following day. He died about 333, he marched from Gordium through the
B.C. 455, and was succeeded by Perdiccas IT.-  centre of Asia Minor into Cilicia, where he
2. Son of Amyntas II., whom he succeeded, nearly lost his life at Tarsus by a fever, brought
reigned B.C. 369-367. A usurper of the name on by his great exertions, or though throwing
of Ptolemy Alorites having risdn against him, himself, when heated, into the cold waters of
Pelopidas, who was called in to mediate be- the Cydnus. Darius, meantime, had collected
tween them, left Alexander in possession of an army of five hundred thousand or six hundred
the kingdom, but took with him to Thebes rev- thousahd men, with thirty thousand Greek mereral hostages; among whom was Philip, the cenaries, whom Alexander defeated in the naryoungest brother of Alexander, afterward King row plain of Issus. Darius escaped across the
of Macedonia. Alexander was shortly after- Euphrates by the ford of Thapsacus; but his
ward murdered by Ptolemy Alorites. —3. Sur- mother, wife, and children fell into' the hands
named the GREAT, son of Philip II. and Olym- of Alexander, who treated them with the utmost
pias,'was born at Pella, B.C. 356. His early delicacy and respect. Alexander now directed
education was committed to Leonidas and Ly- his arms against the cities of Phcenicia, most
simnachus; and he was also placed under the of which submitted; but Tyre was not taken
care of Aristotle, who acquired an influence till the middle of332, after an obstinate defence
over his' mind and character which was mani- of seven months. Next followed the siege
fest to the latest period of his life. At the age of Gaza, which again delayed Alexander two
of sixteen, Alexander was intrusted-with the months. Afterward, according to Josephus, he
government.of Macedonia by his father, while marched to Jerusalem, intending to punish the
he was obliged to leave his kingdom to march people for refusing to assist him, but he was
against Byzantium. He first distinguished him- diverted from his purpose by the appearance
self, however, at the battle of Cheronea (338), of the high-priest, and pardoned the people..where the victory was mainly owing to his im- This' story is not mentioned by Arrian, and
petuosity and courage. On the murder ofPhilip rests on questionable evidence.  Alexander
(336), Alexander ascended the throne, at the next marched into Egypt, which Willingly subage of twenty, and found himself surrounded by mitted to him, for the Egyptians had ever hated
enemies on every side. He first put down re- the Persians. At the beginning of 331, Alexbellion in his own kingdom, and then rapidly ander founded at the mouth of. the western
marched into Greece. His unexpected activity branch of the Nile the city'ofALEXANDREA, and
overawed all opposition; Thebes, which had about the same time visited' the temple of Jubeen most'active against him, submitted when piter Ammon, in the desert of Libya, and was
he appeared at its gates; and the assembled saluted by the priests as the son of Jupiter AmGreeks at the Isthmus of Corinth, with the sole mon. In the spring of the same year (331),
exception of the Lacedaemonians, elected him  Alexander set'out to meet Darius, who had
to the command against Persia, Which had pre- collected another army. He marched through
viously been bestowed upon his.father.  He Phoenicia and Syria to the Euphrates, which
now directed his arms against the barbarians he crossed at the ford of Thapsacus; thence
of the north, marched (early in 335) across he proceeded through Mesopotamia, crossed
TMount Haemus, defeated the Triballi, and ad- the Tigris, and at length met with the immense
Varteed as far as the Danube, which he crossed; hosts of Darius, said tohave amounted to more
andf on his return, subdued the Illyrians and than a million of men, in the plains of Gauga.
43




ALEXANDER.                                ALEXANDER.
mela. The battle was fought in the'month of no resistance till he reached the Hydaspes,
October, 331, and ended in the complete defeat where he was opposed by Porus, an Indian king,
of the Persians. Alexander pursued the fugi- whom he defeated after a gallant resistance,
tives to Arbela (now Erbil), which place has and took prisoner. Alexander restored to him
given its name to the battle, though distant his kingdom, and treated him with distinguish-.about fifty miles from the spot where it was ed honor. He founded two towns, one on each
fought. Darius, who had left the field of battle bank of the Hydaspes: one called'Bucephala,
early in the day, fled to- Ecbatana (now Hama- in honor of his horse Bucephalus,-who died here,
dan), in Media. Alexander was now the con- after carrying him through so many victories;
queror of Asia, and began to adopt Persian hab- and the other Nicaea, to commemorate his vicits and customs, by which he conciliated the tory.  From  thence he marched across the
affections of his new, subjects. From Arbela Acesines (now the Chizab) and the Hydraotes
he marched to Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis, (now the Ravee), and penetrated as far as the
all of which surrendered to him. He is said to Hyphasis (now Garra). This was the furthest
have set fire to the palace of Persepolis, and, point which he reached, for the Macedonians,
according to some accounts, in the'revelry of a worn out by long service, and tired of the war,
banquet, at the instigation of Thais, an Athe- refused to advance further;'and-Alexander, notnian courtesan. At the beginning of 330 Alex- withstanding his entreaties and prayers, was
ander marched from Persepolis into Media, in obliged to lead them back. He returned to the
pursuit of Darius, whom. he followed through Hydaspes, where he had previously given orders
Rhagae and the passes of the Elburz Mountains, for the building of a fleet; and then sailed down
called by the ancients the Caspian Gates, into the river with about eight thousand'men, while
the deserts of Parthia, where the unfortunate the remainder marched along the banks in two
king was murdered by Bessus, satrap of Bac- divisions. This was late in the autumn of 327.
tria, and his associates. Alexander sent his The people on each side of the river submitted
body to Persepolis, to be buried in the tombs without resistance, except the Malli, in the conof the Persian kings. Bessus escaped to Bac- quest of one of whose places Alexander was
tria, and assumed the title of King of Persia. severely wounded. At the confluence of the
Alexander was engaged during the remainder Acesines and the Indus, Alexander founded a
of the year in subduing the northern provinces city, and left Philip as satrap, with a consideraof Asia between the Caspian and the Indus, ble body of Greeks. Here he built some fresh
namely, Hyrcania, Parthia, Aria, the Dranga  ships, and continued his voyage down the Inand Sarangae. It was during this. campaign dus, founded a city at Pattala, the apex of the
that' PHILOTAS, his father'PARMENION, and other delta of the Indus,, and sailed into the Indian
Macedonians were executed on a charge of Ocean, which he reached about the middle of
treason. In 329 Alexander crossed the mount- 326. Nearchus was sent with the fleet to sail
ains of the Paropamisus (nowthe Hindoo Koosh), along the coast to the Persian Gulf (rid. NEARand marched into Bactria against Bessus, whom  CHUS); and Alexander marched with the rest of
he pursued across the Oxus into Sogdiana. In his forces through Gedrosia, in which country
this country Bessus was betrayed to him, and his army suffered greatly from want of water
was put to death. From the Oxus he advanced and provisions. He reached Susa at the beas far as the Jaxartes (now the Sir), which he ginning of 325. Here he allowed himself and
crossed, and defeated several Scythian tribes his troops some rest from their labors; and
north of that river. After founding a city, Alex- anxious to form his European and Asiatic subandrea, on the Jaxartes, he retraced his steps, jects into one people,'he assigned to about
and returned to Zariaspa or Bactra, where he eighty of his generals Asiatic wives, and' gave
spent the winter of 329. It was here that he with them rich, dowries. He himself took a
killed his friend Clitus in a drunken revel. In second wife, Barsine, the eldest daughter of Da328, Alexander again crossed the Oxus to cor- rius, and, according to some accounts, a third,
plete the subjugation of Sogdiana, but was not Parysatis, the daughter of Ochus. About ten
able to effect it in the year, and accordingly thousand Macedonians followed the exaniple of
went into winter-quarters at. Nautaca, a place.their king and generals, and married Asiatic
in the middle of the province. At the begin-' women. Alexander also enrolled large numning of 327, he took a mountain fortress, in bers of Asiatics among his troops, and taught
which Oxyartes,,a Bactrian prince, had depos- them the Macedonian tactics. He, moreover,
ited his wife and daughters; The beauty of directed his attention to the increase of comRoxana, one of the latter, captivated the con- merce, and for this purpose had the Euphrates
queror, and he accordingly made her his wife. and Tigris made navigable, by removing the
This marriage with one of his Eastern subjects artificial obstructions which had been made in
was in accordancewith the whole of his policy. the river for the purpose of irrigation. The
Having completed the conquest of Sogdiana, he Macedonians, who were discontented with sevmarched south into Bactria, and made prepara- eral of the new arrangements of the king, rose
tions for the invasion of India. While in Bac- in mutiny against him, which he quelled with
tria another conspiracy was discovered for the some difficulty. Toward the close of the same
murder of the king. The plot was formed by year (325), he went to.Ecbatana, where he lost
Hermolaus with a number of the royal pages, his great favorite," HEPHiEsTImON  From Ecbatand Callisthenes, a pupil of Aristotle, was in- aia he marched to Babylon, subduing in his
volved in it, All the conspirators were put to way the Cossai, a mountain tribe; arid before
death. Alexander did not leave Bactria till he reached Babylon he Was met by ambassadors
late in the spring of 327, and crossed the Indus, from almost every part of the known world.
probably'near the modern Attock. He met with Alexander entered Babylon in the spring of
44




ALEXANDER.                                 ALEXANDER.
324, about a year before his death, notwith- in the first century after Christ, was tutor to the
standing the warnings of the Chaldeans, who Emperor Nero.-2. The.ETOLIAN, of Pleuron
predicted evil to him if he entered the city at in.Etolia, a Greek poet, lived in the reign of
that time. He intended to make Babylon the Ptoleme-us Philadelphus (B.C. 285-247), at
capital of his empire, as the best point of com- Alexandrea, where he was reckoned one of the
munication between his eastern and western seven tragic poets who constituted the tragic
dominions. His' schemes were numerous and pleiad. He also wrote other poems, besides
gigantic.' His first object was the conquest of tragedies. His fragments are collected by CaArabia, which was to be followed, it was said, pellmann, Alexandri iXtoli Fragmenta, Bonn,
by the subjugation of Italy; Carthage, and the 1829.-3. Of APHRODISIAS, in Caria, the most
West. But his views were not confined merely celebrated -of the commentators on Aristotle,
to conquest. He ordered a fleet to be built on lived about A.D. 200. About half his volunminthe Caspian, in order to explore that sea. He ous works were edited and translated into Latin
also intended to improve the distribution of at the revival of literature; there are a few
waters in the Babylonian plain, and for that more extant in the original Greek, which have
purpose sailed down the Euphrates to inspect never been printed, and an Arabic version is
the canal called Pallacopas. On his return to preserved of several others. His most importBabylon' he was attacked by a-fever, probably ant treatise is entitled De Fato, an inquiry into
brought on by his recent exertions in the the opinions of Aristotle on the subject of Fate
marshy districts around Babylon, and aggra- and Free-will: edited by Orelli, Zurich, 1824.vated by the quantity of wine he had drunk at 4. CORNELIUS, surnamed POLYHISTOR, a Gieek
a banquet given to his principal officers. He writer, was made prisoner during the war of
died after an illness of eleven days, in the month Sulla in Greece (B.C. 87-84), and sold as a slave
of May or June, B.C. 323, at the age of thirty- to Cornelius Lentulus, who took him to Rome,
two, after a reign, of twelve years and eight, made him the teacher of his children, and submonths. He appointed no one as his success- sequently restored him to freedom. The suror, but just before his death he gave- his ring name of Polyhistor was given to him on account
to Perdiccas. Roxana was with child at the of his prodigious learning. He is said to have
tinie of his death, and afterward bore a son written a vast number of works, all of which
who is known by the name of Alexander.Egus. have perished, [with the exception of a few
The history of Alexander forms an important fragments]: the most important of them was
epoch in the history of mankind. Unlike other one in forty-two books, containing historical and
Asiatic conquerors, his progress was marked by geographical accounts of nearly all countries of
something more than devastation and ruin; at the ancient world. [A list of his works is'given
every step of his course the Greek language by Miiller, who has collected and published the
and civilization took root and flourished; and fragments of his writings in the third volume of
after his death Greek kingdoms were formed in Fragmenta Historicorum Grecorum, p. 206-244.]
all parts of Asia, which continued to exist for -5. Surnamed LYCHNUS, of Ephesus, a Greek
centuries. By his conquests the knowledge of rhetorician and poet, lived about B.C. 30. A
mankind was increased; the sciences of geog- few fragments of his geographical and astroraphy, natural history, and others, received vast nomical poems are extant.-6. Of MYNDUS, in
additions; and it was through him that a road Caria, a Greek writer on zoology of uncertain
was opened to India, and that Europeans became date.-7. NuMENIeus, a Greek rhetorician, who
acquainted with the products of the remote East. lived ip the.second century of the Christian era.
-4. EGeus, son of Alexander the Great and Two works are ascribed to him, one De Figuris
Roxana, was born shortly after the death of Sententiarum et Elocutionis, from which Aquila
his father, in B.C. 323, and was acknowledged Romanus took his materials for his work on the
as the partner of Philip Arrhideus in the em- same subject; and the other On Show-speeches,
pire, under the guardianship of Perdiccas, An- which was written by a later grammarian of the
tipater, and Polysperchon in succession. Alex- name of Alexander. Edited inWalz's Rhetores
ander and his mother Roxana were imprisoned Graeci, vol. viii.-8.-The PAIPHLAGONIAN, a celeby Cassander, when he obtained possession of brated impostor, who flourished about the beMacedonia in 316, and remained in prison till ginning of the second century"after Christ, of
311, when they were put to death by Cassander. whom Lucian has givei an amusing account,
IV. Kings of Syria.            chiefly of the various contrivances by which he
established and maintained the credit of an ora1. Surnamed BALAS, a person of low origin,^ ole. The influence he attained' over the popupretended to be the son of Antiochus IV. Epiph- lace seems incredible; indeedthe narrative of
anes, and reigned in Syria B.C. 150-146.. He Lcian wold appear to be a mere romance,
defeated and slew inbattle Demetrius I. Soter,- Lcian  woud apper to be  mere romance
were it -not confirmed by some medals of Anbut was afterward defeated and dethroned by eonnu       s and M. Areus.   medof AnDemetrius II.  Surn  e          toninmus and M. Aurelius.-9. Surnamed PELODemetrius II. Nicator.-2. Surnamed ZEBINA
r     ZABINAS, son of a merchant, was et upy  PLATON, a Greek rhetorician of Seleucia in Cilior ZABINAS, son of a merchant, was set up by
cia, was appointed Greek secretary to M. AnPtolemy Physcon as a pretender to the throne cia was appointed Greek secretary to M. Anof Syria, shortly after the'return of Demetrius toninus, about A.D 174. At Athens, he conor  the  quered the celebrated rhetorician Herodes AtII. Nicator from his captivity among the Par- ticus, in a rhetorical contest. All persons, howthians, B.C. 128. He defeated Demetrius in
thians, B.C. 128. Herw   defeated Demetrius in ever, did not admit his abilities; for a Corinth125, but was afterward defeated by'Antiochus ian ofthe name of Sceptes said that he had found
Grypus, by whom he was put to death, 122.  in Alexanr the clay (TIO),bt  not Plat,"
in Alexander "the clay (IIX;tof), but not Plato,"
V. Literary.               alluding to his surname of " Peloplaton."-10.
1. Of Eair, a peripatetic philosopher at Rome PHILALTHES, an ancient Greek physician, lived
45




ALEXANDREA.                                 ALGIDUM.
probably toward the end of the first century] of the Prwafectus zEgypti. It retained its comB.C., and succeeded Zeuxis as head of a cele- mercial and literary importance, and became
brated Herophilean school of medicine, estab- also a chief seat of Christianity and theological
lished in Phrygia between Laodicea and Carura. learning. Its site is now covered by a mass of
— l1. Of TRALLES in Lydia, an eminent physi- ruins, among which are the remains of the ciscian, lived in the sixth century after Christ, and terns by which the whole city was supplied with
is the author of two extant Greek works:' 1. water, house by house; the two obelisks (vulg..Libri Duodecim de Re Medica.; 2. De Lumbricis. Cleopatra's Needles), which adorned the gateA.LEXANDREA,. [sometimes -drna, though, as way of the, royal palace, and, outside the walls,
Madvig says (Cic., De Fin., v., 19, 54), the Latin to the south, the column of Diocletian (vulg.
writers always preferred the e, and this was al- -Pompey's Pillar). The modern city stands on
ways the form on coins and inscriptions; cf. the dike uniting the Island of Pharos to thle
Fea, ad Hor., Od., iv., 14, 35] ('A?.eSdivdpeta: main land.-2. A. TROAs, also TROAS simply'A?~e avdpedv, Alexandrinus), the name of sev- ('A. V Tp6eig: now Eskistamboul, i. e., the Old
eral cities founded by, or in memory of Alex- City), on the sea-coast, southwest of Troy, was
ander the Great. —. (Alexandrea, Arab. Iskan- enlarged by Antigoius, hence called Antigonla,
deria), the capital of Egypt under the Ptolemies, but afterward it resumed its first name. It
ordered by Alexander to be founded in B.C. 332. flourished greatly, both under the Greeks and
It was built on the narrow neck of land between the Romans; it was made a colonia; and both
the Lake Mareotis and the Mediterranean, op- Julius Caesar and Constantine thought of estabposite to the Island'of Pharos, which was joined lishing the seat of empire in it.-3. A. AD Issue
to the city by an artificial dike, called Hepta- ('A. Katr'Ioa6v: -now Iskenderoon, Scander oun,
stadium, which formed, with the island, the two Alexandrette), a sea-port at the entrance of Syrharbors of the city, that on the northeast of the ia, a little south of Iss9s.-4. In Susiana, after
dike being named the Great Harbor (now the ward Antiochia, afterward Charax Spasini (Xd
2New Port), that on the southwest Eunostos pal Ylao.vov or EZrau.), at the mouth of the Ti
(Ecivo0o97o, the Old Port). These harbors com- gris, built by Alexander; destroyed by a flood;
municated with each other-by two channels Cut restored by Antiochus Epiphanes: birth-place
through the Heptastadium, one at each end of of Dionysius Periegetes and Isidorus Chara
it; and there was a canal from the Eunostos to cenus.-5. A. ARIa'('A. i? iv'ApiotCS: now He
the Lake Mareotis. The city was built on a rat), founded by Alexander on the River Arius,
regular plan, and was intersected by two prin- in the Persian province of Aria, a very flourish
cipal streets, above one hundred feet wide, the ing city, on the great caravan road to India.one extending thirty stadia from east to west, 6. A. ARACHOSIXE or ALEXANDROPOLIS (now Kanthe other across this, from the sea toward the dahar?), on the River Arachotus, was, probably
lake, to the length of ten stadia. At the east- not founded till after the time of Alexander.ern extremity of the city was the royAl quarter, 7. A. BACTRIANA ('A.,iara Bi&cpa: probably
called Bruchium, and at the other end of the Kh/ooloom, ruins), east of Bactra (Balkh). 8. A.
chief street, outside of the city, the Nec-ropolis AD CAUcAsuUM, or apud Paropamisidas ('A. iv
or cemetery. A great light-house was built on lIapo7racltaidatn), at the foot of Mount Paropainthe Island of Pharos in the reign of Ptolemy isus (now Hindoo Koosh), probably near CaPhiladelphus (B.C. 283). Under the care of the bool.-9. A. ULTIMA or AJLEXANDRESCHATA ('A.
Ptolemies, as the capital of a great kingdom' ieaXSrV: now Kokand?), in Sogdiana, on the
and of the most fertile country on the earth, Jaxartes, a little east of Cyropolis or Cyreschaand commanding by its position all the com- ta, marked the furthest point reached by Alexmerce of Europe with the East, Alexandrea ander in his Scythian expedition. These are
soon became the most wealthy and splendid not all the cities of the name.
city of the known world. Greeks, Jews, and  ALE xiccus ('AAefiKaicos), the averter of evil,
other foreigners flocked to it, and its population a surname of several deities, but particularly
probably amounted to three quarters of a mill- of Jupiter (Zeus), Apollo, and Hercules.
ion. But a still greater distinction was con-  ALEXINUS ('A2Xef-vof), of Elis, a philosopher
ferred upon it through the foundation, by the of the Dialectic,or Megarian school, and a disfirst two Ptolemies, of the Museum, an establish- ciple of Eubulides, lived about the beginning of
ment in which men devoted to literature were the third century B.C.
maintained at the public cost, and of the Library,  ALEXIS (VAaeft).. A comic poet, born at
which contained ninety thousand distinct works, Thurii in Italy, and an Athenian citizen. He
and four hundred thousand volumes, and the in- was the uncle and instructor of Menander, was
crease of which made it necessary to establish born about B.C. 394, and lived to the age of
another library in the Serapeum (Temple of one hundred and six. Some of his plays, of
Serapis), which reached to forty-two thousand which he is said to have written two hundred
eight hundred volumes, but which was destroy- and forty-five, belonged to the Middle, and others
ed by the Bishop Theophilus, at the time of the to the New Comedy. [The fragments of his
general overthrow of the heathen temples under plays have been published by Meineke, FragTheodosius (A.D. 389). The Great Library suf- menta Comicorum Grcecorumn, vol. ii., p. 688-768,
fered severely by fire when Julius Caisar was edit. minor.]-2. A sculptor and statuary, one
besieged in Alexandrea, and was finally destroy- of the pupils of Polycletus.
ed by Amrou, the lieutenant of the Calif Omar,  ALFENUS VARUS. Vid. VARUS..
in A.D. 651. These institutions made Alex-  ALGYDUM  or ALGIDUS (ruins near Cava?), a
andrea the chief centre of literary activity. small but strongly fortified town of the XEqui
When Egypt became a Roman province (vid. on one of the hills of Mount Algidus, of which
ZGYPTUs), Alexandrea was made the residence all trace has now disappeared.
46




ALG1DUS MONS.                                 ALPES.
ALGIDUS MONS, a range of mountains in La- 218. They were conquered, in B.C. 121, by Q.
tium, extending south from Praeneste to Mount Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus, and made subAlbanus, cold, but'covered with wood, and con- jects of Rome, but they bore the yoke unwilltaining good pasturage (gelido' Algido; Hor., ingly, and were always disposed, to' rebellion.
Carm., i., 21, 6: nigre feracz frondis in Algido; In the time of Ammianus the eastern part of
id., iv., 4, 58). It was an ancient seat of the their country was called Sapaudia, i. e., Savoy.
worship of Diana. From it the 2Equi usually  ALMO (now Almone), a small river, rises near
made their incursions into the Roman territory. Bovillae, and flows into the Tiber south of Rome,
ALIEaNwS CIECiNA. Vid. C^ECINA.         in which the statue and sacred things of Cybele
ALIMENTUS, L. CINCiUS, a celebrated'Roman were washed annually.
annalist, antiquary, and jurist, was praetor in  ALMOPES ('ARatSrec), a people in) Macedonia,
Sicily, B.C. 209, and wrote several works, of inhabiting the district Almopia between Eordaea
which the best known was his Annales, which and Pelagonia.
contained an account of the second Punic war.  ALOEUS ('A2aewg), son of Neptune Poseidon)
[His fragments have been published in the and Canace, married Iphimedia, the daughter
Scriptores Historici Romani of Popma, 1620, and of Triops. His wife was beloved by Neptune
more recently by Krause, in his Vitce et Frag- (Poseidon), by whom she had two sons, Otus
menta veterum Hist. Lat., Berlin, 1833.]  and Ephialtes, who are usually called the AlozALINDA (rTa "Atvwda:'AatvdejC), a fortress de, from their reputed father Aloeus. They
and small town, southeast of Stratonice, where were renowned for.their extraordinary strength
Ada, queen of Caria, fixed her residence,-when and daring spirit. When they were nine years
she was driven out of Halicarnassus (B.C. 340). old, the body of each measured nine cubits in
ALIPHERA ('CAZipepa,'Aioppa:'AtoeetpaTog, breadth and twenty-seven in height. At this'AqVqpedV: ruins near Nerovitza), a fortified early age, they threatened the Olympian gods
town in Arcadia, situated on a mountain on the with war, and attempted to pile Ossa upon
borders of Elis, south of the Alpheus, said to Olympus, and Pelion upon Ossa. They would
have been founded by the hero Alipherus, son have accomplished their object, says Homer,
of Lycaon.                                had they been allowed to grow up to the age of
ALIPHERUS. Vid. ALIPHERA.               manhood; but Apollo destroyed them before
[AiisIumA ('Aaeicov), a townof Elis, the same, their beards began to appear (Qd., xi., 305, seq.).
probably, with that called ALESI'EUM by Strabo, They also put the god Mars (Ares) in chains,
and placed by him between Elis and Olympia.] and kept him imprisoned for thirteen months.
ALiso (now Elsen), a strong fortress built by Other stories are related of them  by later
Drusus B.C. 11, at the confluence of the Luppia writers.
(now Liple) and the Eliso (now Alme).       ALOID6E. Vid. ALOEUS.
ALISONT.A (now Alsitz), a river flowing into  [ALONE ('A2cOvai: now Benidorme or Torre di
the Mosella (now Mosel).                  Salinas), a town of Hispania Tarraconensis, a
ALLECTUS, the chief officer of Carausius in colony of the Massilians.-2. A town of Britain,
Britain, whom,he murdered in A.D. 293. He somewhat south of Keswick; by some supposed
then assumed the imperial title himself, but was to correspond to Ambleside.]
defeated and slain in 296 by the general of Con-  ALONTA ('ALovra: now Terek), a river of Alstantius.                                 bania, in Sarmatia Asiatica, flowing into the
ALLIA, or, more correctly, ALIA, a small river, Caspian.
which rises about eleven miles from Rome, in  AL6OPE ('AXn?7r), daughter of Cercyon, bethe neighborhood of Crustumerium, and flows came'by Neptune (Poseidon) the mother of
into the Tiber about six miles from Rome. It HIPPOTHOUS. She was put to death by her fais memorable by the defeat of the Romans by ther, but her body was changed by Neptune
the Gauls on its banks, July 16th, B.C. 390; (Poseidon) into a well, which bore the same
which day, dies Alliensis, was hence marked as name.
an unlucky day in the Roman calendar.       ALOPE ('Ao67r:'AT7orrevf,'Aotirir)'  1. A
ALLIENUS, A. 1. A friend of Cicero, was the town in the Opuntian Locris, opposite Euboea.
legate of Q. Cicero in Asia, B.C. 60, praetor in -2., A town in Phthiotis in Thessaly (II., ii.,
49, and governor of Sicily on behalf of Caesar in 682).
48 and 47.-2. A'legate of Dolabella, by whom  ALOPECE ('AeW7reKm and'A&)7reCati:'A;7onrehe was sent into Egypt in 43.             KeVe), a demus of Attica, of the tribe Antiochis,
i ALLIFu or ALIFA. (Allifanus: now Allife), a eleven stadia east of Athens, on the Hill Antown of Samnium, on the Vulturnus, in a fertile chesmus. [Here the parents of Socrates dwelt,
country. It was celebrated for the manufacture who therefore belonged to this demus,. as did
of its large drinking-cups (Allifana sc. pocula, also Aristides,.]
Hor., Sat., ii., 8, 39).                    [ALOPECIA ('A2uWreIcia) or ALOPCE (Plin.), an
ALLOBR6GES (nom. sing., Allobrox:'A2Lt6o- island in the Palus Maeotis, near the mouth of
6poyef,'AX66pvyeg,'AL.266ptyec: perhaps from  the Tana's.]
the Celtic aill, "rock" or "mountain," and brog,  ALOPECONNESUS ('A2onE7rrvv,- oc''AaOrretcov" dwelling," consequently," dwellers in the viacot: now Alexi?), a town -in the Thracian
mountains"), a powerful people of Gaul dwell- Chersonesus, founded by the ZEolians.
ing between the Rhodanus (now Rhone) and    ALPENUS ('A;7riOv6,'As7r.nvoi), a town of the
the Isara (now Isire), as far as the Lake Leman- Epicnemidii Locri at the entrance of the pass
nus (now Lake of Geneva), consequently in the of Thermopylae.
modern Dauphind and Savoy. Their chief town  ALPES (al'A;rr-eCC, b "A'A7tr, Ti'A7rnevai 6pr7,
was VIENNA (now Vienne) on the Rhone. They ra "A,'Areta 6pr; probably from the Celtic Alb or
are first mentioned'in Hannibal's invasion, B.C. Alp, " a height"), the mountains forming the
47




ALPES.                                   ALTHLEA.
boundary of Northern Italy, are a part of the mountains of Southern Tyrol, in which the
great mountain chain which extends from the Athesis (now Adige) rises, with the pass of the
Gulf of Genoa across Europe to the Black Sea, Brenner.-8. ALPES NORICE, the Noric Alps,
of which the Apennines and the mountains of northeast of the Tridentine Alps, comprising the
the Grecian peninsula may be regarded as off- mountains in the neighborhood of Salzburg.shoots. Of the Alps proper, the Greeks had 9. ALPES CARNICM, the Carnic Alps, east of the
very little knowledge, and included them under Tridentine, and south of the Noric, to Mount
the general name of the Rhipaean Mountains. Terglu.-10. ALPES JULI2E, the Julian -Alps,
The Rorans first obtained-some knowledge of from Mount Terglu to the commencement of
them by Hannibal's passage across them: this the Illyrian or Dalmatian Mountains, which are
knowledge was gradually extended by their va- known by the name of the Alpes Dalmaticae,
rious wars with the inhabitants of the mount- further north by the name of the Alpes Panains, who were not finally subdued till the reign nonicee. The Alpes Julian were so called beof Augustus. In the time of the emperors the cause Julius Caesar or Augustus constructed
different parts of the Alps were distinguished roads across them: they are also called Alpes
by the following names, most of which are still Venetae.
retained. W'e enumerate them in order from  [ALPHEmEA ('A20Eaia). Vid. ALPHEUS, near
west to-east. 1. ALPES MARITIME, the Mari- the end.]
time or Ligitrian Alps, from Genua (now Genoa),.[ALPHENOR ('AX?~vCp), a son of Amphion and
where the Apennines begin, run west as far Niobe, slain by Apollo.]
as the River Varus (now Var) and Mount Cema  ALPRENUS ARUS. Vid. VARUS.
(now La Caillole), and then north to Mount Ve-  ALPHESIBOiA ('A2L0eti6ota. 1. MotherofAdosulus (now Monte Viso), one of the, highest nis. Vid. ADONIS.-2. Daughter of Phegeus,
points of the Alps.-2. ALPES COTTIE or COT- married Alcmteon. Vid. ALCMR.EON.
TIAN E, the Cottian Alps (so called from a King  ALPHfUS MYTILEbNEUS ('AXt0EOc MvrTavanog),
Cottius in the time of Augustus), from Monte the author of about twelve epigrams in the
Viso to Mont Cenis, contained Mount Matrona, Greek Anthology, was probably a contemporary
afterward called Mount-Janus or Janua (now  of the Emperor Augustus.
Mont Genevre), across which Cottius construct-  ALP1IHUS ('AC0et6C: Doric, i'A 6so~: now Aled a road, which became the chief means of  feo, Rofeo, Ryfo, Rufea), the chief river of Pelcommunication between' Italy and Gaul: this oponnesus, rises at Phylace in Arcadia, shortroad leads from the Valley of the Durance in ly afterward sinks under ground, appears again
France to Segusio (now Susa) and the Valley near Asea, and then mingles its waters with
of the Dora in Piedmont. The pass over Mont those of the Eurotas. After flowing twenty
denis, now one of the most frequented of the stadia, the two rivers disappear under ground:
Alpine passes, appears to have been unknown the Alpheus again rises at Pegas in Arcadia,
in antiquity. -3. APES GRAInm, also Saltus and, increased by many affluents, flows northGraius (the name is probably Celtic, and has west through Arcadia and Elis, not far from
nothing to do with Greece), the Graian Alps, Olympia, and falls into the Ionian Sea. The
from Mont Cenis to the Little St. Bernard in- subterranean descent of the rivei, which is conclusive, contained the Jugum Cremonis (now Le firmed by modern travellers, gave rise to the
Cramont) and the Centronicae Alpes, apparent- story about the river-god Alpheus and the
ly the Little St. Bernard and the surrounding nymph Arethusa. The latter, pursued by Almountains. The Little St. Bernard, which is pheus, was changed by Diana (Artemis) into
sometimes called Alpis Graia, is probably the the fountain of Arethusa, in the Island of Ortypass by which Hannibal crossed the Alps; the gia at Syracuse, but the god continued to purroad over it, which was improved by Augustus, sue her under the sea, and attempted to mingle
led to Augusta (now Aosta) in the territory of his stream with the fountain in Ortygia. Hence
the Salassi.-4.. ALPES PENNIN, the Pennife it was said that a cup thrown into the Alpheus
Alps, from the Great St. Bernard to the Simplon would appear again in the fountain of Arethusa
inclusive, the highest portion of the chain, Jn- in Ortygia. Other accounts related that Diana
eluding Mont Blanc, Monte Rosa, and Mont (Artemis) herself was beloved by Alpheus: the
Cervin.  The Great St. Bernard was called goddess was worshipped, under the name of
Mount Pennlnus, and on its summit the inhab- Alphcaa, both in Elis and Ortygia.
itants worshipped a deity, whom the Romans  ALPHIUS AVITUs. Vid. AVITUS.
called Jupiter Penninus. The name is proba-  ALPINUS, a name which Horace gives, in ridibly derived from the Celtic pen, " a height."-  cule, to a bombastic poet. He probably means
5. ALPES LEPONTIORUM or LEPONTIAE, the Lepon- BIBACULUS.
tian or Helvetian Alps, from the' Simplon to the  [ALSA (now Ausa), a river of Italy, in the
St.. Gothard.-6. ALPES RETICE, the Retian territory of the Veneti, just west of Aquileia.
Alps, from the St. Gothard to the Orteler by the Here the younger Constantine lost his life in a
pass of the Stelvio. Mount Adula is usually battle against his brother Constantius.]
supposedto be the St. Gothard, but it must be  ALSIUM (Alsiensis: now Palo), one of the
another name for the whole range, if Strabo is most ancient Etruscan towns on the coast near
right in stating that both the Rhine and the Caere, and a PRoman colony after the first Punic
Adda rise in Mount Adula. The Romans were war. In its neighborhood Pompey had a counacquainted with two passes across the Rwetian try seat (Villa Alsiensis).
Alps, connecting Curia (now Coire) and Milan,  [ALTES ('AXr-c), a king of the Leleges, at
one across the Spligen and the other across Pedasus, father of Laothoe.]
Mont Septimer, and both meeting at Clavenna  ALTH.EA ('A2ala), daughter of the ZEtolian
(now Chiavenna).-7. ALPES TRIDENTINE, the King Thestius and Eurythemis, married (Eneus,
48




ALTHEA.                                  AMARDUS.
king of Calydon, by whom she became the reconciled to one another by Thrasybulus, the
mother of several children, and among others Athenian commander, in 390, and induced by
of MELEAGER, upon whose death she killed her- him to become the allies of Athens.-2. A ruler
self.                                     in Thrace, who, in conjunction with Berisades
ALTHmEA (now Orgaz?), the chief town of the and Cersobleptes, succeeded Cotys in 358.
Olcades in the country of the Oretani, in His-  AMAGETOBRIA. Vid. MAGETOBRIA.
pania Tarraconensis.                        [AMALCHIUS OCEANUS, a part of the Northern
ALTHEMENES ('A2l7WgEVr] v or'AXOatIvr)t), son Ocean, extending, according to Hecateus, along
of Catreus, king of Crete. In consequence of the coast of Scythia.]
an oracle, that Catreus would lose his life by  [AMALLOBRIGA (now probably Medina del Rio
one of his children, Althemenes quitted Crete  Seco), a city of the Vaccaei, in Hispania Tarraand went to Rhodes. There he unwittingly conensis.]
killed his father, who had come in search of his  AMALTHEA ('AiadOeea). 1. The nurse of the
son.                                      infant Jupiter (Zeus) in Crete. According to
ALTiNUM (Altinas: now Altino), a wealthy some traditions, Amalthea is the goat which
municipium in the land of the Veneti in the suckled Jupiter (Zeus), and which was rewardnorth of Italy, at the mouth of the River Silis ed by being placed among the stars. Vid. YEGA.
and on the road from Patavium to Aquileia, According to others, Amalthea was a nymph,
was a wealthy manufacturing town, and the daughter of Oceanus, Helios, Hsemonius, or of
chief emporium for all the goods which were the Cretan king, Melisseus, who fed Jupiter
sent from Southern Italy to the countries of the (Zeus) with the milk of a goat. When this goat
north. Goods could be brought from Ravenna broke off one of her horns, Amalthea filled it
to Altinum through the Lagoons and the nu- with fresh herbs and gave it to Jupiter (Zeus),
merous canals of the Po, safe from storms and who placed it among the stars. According to
pirates.  There were many beautiful villas other accounts, Jupiter (Zeus) himself broke off
around the town. (Mart., iy., 25.)        one of the horns of the goat Amalthea, and gave
ALTIS (A2Lrt'), the sacred grove of Jupiter it to the daughters of Melisseus, and endowed
(Zeus) at OLYMPIA.                        it with the wonderful power of becoming filled
ALUNTIUM or HALUNTIUM (ARovUvrov), a town with whatever the possessor might wish. This
on the north coast of Sicily, not far from Calac- is the story about the origin of the celebrated
ta, on a steep hill, celebrated for its wine.  horn of Amalthea, commonly called the Horn of
ALUS or HALUS (VAXoQ, "AlOCq:'Ae6VC: ruins Plenty or Cornucopia, which was used in later
near Kefalosi), a town in Phthiotis in Thessaly, times as the symbol of plenty in general.-2.
at the extremity of Mount Othrys, built by the One of the Sibyls, identified with the Cumaean
hero Athamas.                             Sibyl, who sold to King Tarquinius the celeALYATTES ('Aiva'rrg), king of Lydia, B.C. brated Sibylline books.
617-560, succeeded his father Sadyattes, and  AMALTHEUM or AMALTHEA, a villa of Atticus
was himself succeeded by his son Croesus. He on the River Thyamis in Epirus, was perhaps
carried on war with Miletus from 617 to 612, originally a shrine of the nymph Amalthea,
and with Cyaxares, king of Media, from 590 to which Atticus adorned with statues and bass585; an eclipse of the sun, which happened in reliefs, and converted into a beautiful summer
585, (luring a battle between Alyattes and Cy- retreat. Cicero, in imitation, constructed a,
axares, led to a peace between them. Alyattes similar retreat on his estate at Arpinum.
drove the Cimmerians out of Asia and took   AMANTIA('AyavrTa: Amantinus, Amanti:anus,.
Smyrna. The tomb of Alyattes, north of Sar- or Amantes, pl.: now Nivitza), a Greek town
dis, near the Lake Gyg.ea, which consisted of and district in Illyricum: the town, said to, have
a large mound of earth, raised upon a founda' been founded by the Abantes of Eaubea, lay at,
tion of great stones, still exists. Mr. Hamilton some distance fiom the coast, east of Oiricurn
says that it took him about ten minutes to ride  AMiNUS (6'Aypav6o, rT'Apav6&:'AjaviwT'
round its base, which would give it a circum- Amaniensis: now Almadagh), a branch of~Mounts
ference of nearly a mile.                 Taurus, which runs from the head of the Gulf
ALYB.A ('AXl667), a town on the south coast of of Issus northeast to the principal chain dividthe Euxine. (Hom., II., ii., 857.)        ing Syria from Cilioia and Cappadocia. There
ALYPIUS ('Av7rTToc), of Alexandrea, probably were two passes in it; the one, called the Syrlived in the fourth century of the Christian era, ian Gates (al Svpia wrvAat, Syrie Port~e: now
and is the author of a Greek musical treatise, Bylan), near the sea; the other, called the
entitled " Introduction to Music" (eliayoynj eov- Amanian Gates ('Agavidef or'AypavtKacai rv:at:
aet7), printed by Meibomius in Antiquce Musicce Amanicae Pylme, Portae Amani Montis: now
Auctores Septem, Amstel., 1652.           Demir Kapu, i. e., the Iron Gate), further to the
ALYZIA or ALYZEA ('A;v'ia,'!A iela:'Av- north. The former pass was on the road from
aio': ruins in the Valley of Kandili), a town in Cilicia to Antioch, the latter on that to the disAcarnania, near the sea, opposite Leucas, with trict Commagene; but, on account of its great
a harbor and a temple both sacred to Hercules. difficulty, the latter pass was rarely used, until
The temple contained one of the works of Ly- the Romans made a'road through it. The insippus, representing the labors of Hercules, habitants of Amanus were wild banditti.
which the Romans carried off.             Ai  ARDI or MARDI ('Ayapdot, Mdp5dot), a powerAMrADCUS ('AUddo/co) or MEDOCUS (M^J6oco). ful, warlike, and predatory tribe, who dwelt on
1. King of the OdrysSp in Thrace, when Xeno- the south shore of the Caspian Sea.
phon visited the country in B.C. 400. He and  AMARDUS or MARDUS ("Azapso', MapdJo: now'
Seuthes, who were the most powerful Thracian  Kizil Ozien or Sefid Rud), a river flowing through
kings, were frequently at variance, but were the country of the Mardi into the Caspian Sea.
4                                                               49




AMARI LACUS.                                 AMBIANI.
[AMXRI LACUS (ati 7rKpai 2aEvaL: now Scheeb), ple of Venus (Aphrodite), who was hence called
in Lower Egypt, derived their name from their Amathdsia. There were copper mines in the
bitter, brackish taste, which was subsequently neighborhood of the town (fecundam Amathunta
changed and rendered sweet by the Canal of metalli, Ov., Met., x., 220).'[2. (Now Amatah),
Ptolemy, letting into them the water of the a fortified town of Peraea or Palestine, beyond
Nile.]                                    the Jordan.]
AMARYNCEUS ('AitapvyKe8vd), a chief of the  AMiATUS, surnamed Pseudomarius, pretended
Eleans, is said by some writers to have fought to be either the son or grandson of the great
against Troy; but Homer only mentions his son Marius, and was put to death by Antony in B.C.
Diores (Amaryncides) as taking part in the Tro- 44. Some call him Herbphilus.
jan war.                                    AMiAZNES ('Ajua'6vfY), a mythical race of warAMARYNTHUS ('Ayaipvv6oo:'ApapiivOtor), a like females, are said to have come from the
town in Eubcea, seven stadia from Eretria, to Caucasus, and to have settled in the country
which it belonged, with a celebrated temple of about the River Thermodon, where they foundDiana (Artemis), who was hence called Ama- ed the city Themiscyra, west of the modern
rynthia or Amarysia, and in whose honor there Trebizond. Their country was inhabited only
was a festival of this name both in Eubcea and by the Amazons, who were governed by a queen;
Attica. Vid. Diet. of Antiq., art. AMARYNTHIA. but, in order to propagate their race, they met
AmXSfiNUS (now Amaseno),;a river in Latiutn, once a year the Gargareans in Mount Caucasus.
rises in the Volscian Mountains, flows by Pri- The children of the female sex were brought up
vernum, and after being joined by the Ufens (now  by the Amazons, and each had her right breast
Ufente), which flows from Setia, falls into the cut off; the male children were sent to the
sea between Circeii and Terracina, though the Gargareans or put to death. The foundation
greater part of its waters are lost in the Pontine of several towns in Asia Minor and in the islmarshes.                                  ands of the 2Egean is ascribed to them, e. g., of
AM.XSIA or -EA ('Apaiaeeta:'Ayaaedv: now  Ephesus, Smyrna, Cyme, Myrina, and Paphos.
Amasiah), the capital of the kings of Pontus, The Greeks believed in their existence as a real
was a strongly fortified city on both banks of the historical race down to a late period; and hence
River Iris. It was the birth-place of Mithra- it is said that Thalestris, the queen of the Amadates the Great and of the geographer Strabo.  zons, hastened to Alexander, in order to beAMASIS (AyFaatLc). 1. King of Egypt, B.C. come a mother by the conqueror of Asia. This
570-526, succeeded Apries, whom he dethroned. belief of the Greeks may have arisen fromn the
During his long reign Egypt was in a very pros- peculiar way in which the women of some of
perous condition, and the Greeks were brought the Caucasian districts lived, and performed
into much closer intercourse with the Egyptians the duties which in other countries devolve
than had existed previously. Amasis married upon men, as well as from their bravery and
Ladice,.a Cyrenaic lady, contracted an alliance courage, which are noticed as remarkable even
with Cyrene and Polycrates of Samos, and also by modern travellers. Vague and obscure resent presents to several of the Greek citie~s.-  ports about them probably reached the inhabit2. A Persian, sent in the reign of Cambyses ants of Western Asia and the Greeks, and these
(B.C. 525) against Cyrene, took Barca, but did reports were subsequently worked out and emnot succeed in taking Cyrene.             bellished by popular tradition and poetry. The
AiASTRIs ('ApaL-rptg, Ion.'Auyarpet). 1. following are the chief mythical adventures with
Wife of Xerkes. and mother of Artaxerxes I., which the Amazons are connected: they are said
was of a cruel and vindictive character.-2. to have invaded Lycia in the reign of Iobates, but
Also called Amastrine, niece of Darius, the last were destroyed by Bellerophontes, who happenking of Persia. She married, I. Craterus; 2. ed to be staying at the king's court.  Vid. BJELDionysius, tyrant of Heraclea in Bithynia, B.C. LEROPHONTES, LAOMEDON. They also invaded
322; and, 3. Lysimachus, B.C. 302. Having Phrygia, and fought with the Phrygians and
been abandoned by Lysimachus upon his mar- Trojans when Priam was a young man. The
riage with Arsinoi, she retired to Heraclea, ninth among the labors imposed upon Hercules
where she reigned, and was drowned by her by Eurystheus was to take from Hippolyte, the
two sons about 288.                       queen of the Amazons, her girdle, the ensign
AMASTRIS ('Aeaarrpeg:'AfmarptavS6: now  of her kingly power, which she had received as
Amasera), a large and beautiful city, with two a present from Mars (Ares). Vid. HERCULEs.
harbors, on the coast of Paphlagonia, built by In the reign of Theseus they invaded Attica.
Amastris after her separation fiom Lysimachus Vid. THESEUS. Toward the end of the Trojan
(about B.C. 300), on the site of the old town of war, the Amazons, under their Queen PentheSesamus, which name the citadel retained. The silea, came to the assistance of Priam; but she
new city was built and peopled by the inhabit- was killed by Achilles. The Amazons and their
ants of Cytorus and Cromna.               battles are frequently represented in the reAmnTA, wife of King Latinus and mother of mains of ancient Greek art.
L avinia, opposed Lavinia being given in mar-  AMiZNiCI or -ius MONS, a mountain range
riag~e to _Eneas, because she had already prom- parallel and near to the coast of Pontus, conised her to Turnus. When she heard that Tur- taining the sources of the Thermodon and other
nus bad fallen in battle, she hung herself.  streams which water the supposed country of
[AXATHiA ('A/zdvela), one of the Nereids the Amazons.
(Hom:)].                                    AMBARRI, a people of Gaul, on the Arar (now
AmA;HiLJS, -UNTIS ('Ay/aOovC, -oivroC:'AlamOo- Saone) east of the AEdui, and of the same stock.wo.:.now Limasol), an ancient town on the as the latter.,:south coast of Cyprus, with a celebrated tem-  AIMBIXNI, a Belgic people, between the Bello50O




AMBIATINUS.                                AMBUSTUS.
vaci and Atrebates, conquered by Caesar in B. led to an open conflict between the Arians and
C. 57. Their chief town was Samarobriva, aft- Catholics. Ambrose exerted his influence to
erward called Ambiani: now Amiens.        restore peace, and addressed the people in a
AMBIATINUS VIcus, a place in the country of conciliatory speech, at the conclusion of which
the Treviri near Coblentz, where the Emperor a child in the further part of the crowd cried
Caligula was born.                        out " Ambrosius episcopus." The words were
AMBIBIRI, an Armoric people in Gaul, near received as an oracle from heaven, and Ambrose
the modern Ambieres in Normandy.          was elected bishop by the acclamation of the
[AMBIGITUS, a king of the Celts in Gaul in whole multitude, the bishops of both parties
the reign of Tarquinius Priscus.]         uniting in his election. It was in vain that he
AMBILIATI, a Gallic people, perhaps in Brit- adopted the strangest devices to alter the detany.                                     termination of the people; nothing could make
AMBISRIX, a chief of the Eburones in Gaul, them  change their mind; and at length he
cut to pieces, in conjunction with Cativolcus, yielded to the express command of the emperthe Roman troops under Sabinus and Cotta, who or (Valentinian I.), and was consecrated on the
were stationed for the winter in the territories eighth day after his baptism, for at the time of
of the Eburones, B.C. 54. He failed in taking his election he was only a catechumen. Amthe camp of Q. Cicero, and was defeated on the brose was a man of eloquence, firmness, and
arrival of Cesar, who was unable to obtain pos- ability, and distinguished himself by maintainsession of the person of Ambiorix, notwithstand- ing and enlarging the authority of the church.
ing his active pursuit of the latter.     He was a zealous opponent of the Arians, and
AMBIVARETI, the clientes or vassals of the thus came into open conflict with Justina, the
LEdui, probably dwelt north of the latter.  mother of Valentinian II., who demanded the
AMBIVARITI, a Gallic people west of the Maas, use of one of the churches of Milan for the Ariin the neighborhood of Namr.              ans. Ambrose refused to give it; he was supAMBIVIUS TURPIO. Vid. TURPIO.           ported by the people; and the contest was at
AMBLADA (ra'Al6ada:'Az6;Ladevc), a town length decided by the miracles which are rein Pisidia, on the borders of Caria; famous for ported to have attended the discovery of the
its wine.                                 reliques of two martyrs, Gervasius and ProtaAMBRXCIA ('Ayrpa/cKa, afterward'A,6paKia: sius. Although these miracles were denied by'A/JSpaccKuory7,'Ay6paLev't, Ambraciensis: now  the Arians, the impression made by them upon
Arta), a town on the left bank of the Arachthus, the people in general was so strong, that Justina
eighty stadia from the coast, north of the Am- thought it prudent to give way. The state of
bracian Gulf,'was originally included in Acar- the parties was quite altered by the death of
nania, but afterward in Epirus. It was colo- Justina in 387, when Valentinian became a Cathnized by the Corinthians about B.C. 660, and at olic, and still more completely by the victory of
an early period acquired wealth and importance. Theodosius over Maximus (388). This event
It became subject to the kings of Epirus about put the whole power of the empire into the
the time of Alexander the Great. Pyrrhus hands of a prince who was a firm Catholic, and
made it the capital of his kingdom, and adorned over whom Ambrose acquired such influence,
it with public buildings and statues. At a later that, after the massacre at Thessalonica in 390,
time it joined the AEtolian League, was taken he refused Theodosius admission to the Church
by the Romans in B.C. 189, and stripped of its of Milan for a period of eight months, and only
works of art. Its inhabitants were transplanted restored him after he had performed a public
to the new city of NICOPOLIS, founded by Au- penance. The best edition of the works of
gustus after the battle of Actium, B.C. 31. Ambrose is that of the Benedictines, Paris,
South of Ambracia, on the east of the Arach- 1686 and 1690.
thus, and close to the sea, was the fort Ambrdcus.  AMBR'SUS or AMPHRiSUS ('YA6pvUao:'A/AMsBRICUS SINUS ('A,7rpasTKv6 or'Au6pacLKKg 6pvaesc: near Dhistomo), a town in Phocis,
I6i;ro: now Gulf of Arta), a gulf of the Ionian strongly fortified, south of Mount Parnassus:
Sea between Epirus and Acarnania, said by in the neighborhood were numerous vineyards.
Polybius to be three hundred stadia long and  AMBUSTUS, FABIUS.  1. M., pontifex maxione hundred wide, and with an entrance only mus in the year that Rome was taken by the
five stadia in width. Its real length is twenty- Gauls, B.C. 390. His three sons, Kmeso, Nufive miles and its width ten: the narrowest part merius, and Quintus, were sent as ambassadors
of the entrance is only seven hundred yards, to the Gauls, when the latter were besieging
but its general width is about half a mile.  Clusium, and took part in a sally ofthebesieged
AMBRONES ('Alz6pwve), a Celtic people, who against the Gauls (B.C. 391). The Gauls dejoined the Cimbri and Teutoni in their invasion manded that the Fabii should be surrendered
of the Roman dominions, and were defeated by to them for violating the law of nations; and
Marius near Aquee Sextim (nowAix) in B.C. 102. upon the Senate refusing to give up the guilty
AMBRosIUs, usually called ST. AMBROSE, one parties, they marched against Rome.  The
of the most celebrated Christian fathers, was three sons were in the same year elected conborn in A.D. 340, probably at Augusta Treviro- sular tribunes.-2. M., consular tribune in B.C.
rum (now Treves). After a careful education 381 and 369, and censor in 363, had two daughat Rome, he practiced with great success as an ters, of whom the elder was married to Ser.
advocate at Milan; and about A.D. 370 was Sulpicius, and the younger to C. Licinius Stolo,
appointed prefect of the provinces of Liguria the author of the Licinian Rogations. Accordand LEmilia, whose seat of government was ing to the story recorded by Livy, the younger
Milan. On the death of Auxentius, bishop of Fabia induced her father to assist her husband
Milan, in 374, the appointment of his successor in obtaining the consulship for the plebeian or51




AMENANUS.                                 AMMONIUS.
der, into which she had married.-3. M., thrice at an early age among the imperial body gards.
consul, in B.C. 360, when he conquered the He served many years under Ursicinus, one of
Hernici; a second time in 356, when lie con- the generals of Constantius, both in the West
quered the Falisci and Tarquinienses; and a and East, and he subsequently attended the Emthird time in 354, when he conquered the Ti- peror Julian in his campaign against the Perburtes. He was dictator in 351. He was the sians (A.D. 363). Eventually he established
father of the celebrated Q. Fabius Maximus himself at Rome, where he composed his hisRullianus. Vid. MAXIMUS.                  tory, and was alive at least as late as 390. His
AMENANUS ('Afeevavoc, Dor.'Aievat: [now Ju- history, written in Latin, extended from the
dicello]), a river in Sicily near Catana, only accession of Nerva, A.D. 96, the point at which
flowed occasionally (nunc fluit, interdum sup- the histories of Tacitus terminated, to the death
pressis fontibus aret, Ov., Met., xv., 280).  of Valens, A.D. 378, comprising a period of two
AMERIA (Amerinus: now Amelia), an ancient hundred and eighty-two years. It was divided
town in Umbria, and a municipium, the birth- into thirty-one books, of which the irst thirteen
place of Sex. Roscius defended by Cicero, was are lost. The remaining eighteen embrace the
situate in a district rich in vines (Virg.,, Georg., acts of Constantius from A.D. 353, the seveni., 265).                                 teenth year of his reign, together with the whole
AMERMILA, a town in the land of the Sabines, career of Gallus, Julianus, Jovianus, Yalentindestroyed by the Romans at a very early period. ianus, and Valens. The portion preserved was
AMESTRATUS CAy#arparot-: Amestratinus: the more important part of the work, as he was
now Mistretta), a- town in the north of Sicily, a contemporary of the events described in these
not far from the coast, the same as the Myttis- books. The style of Ammianus is harsh and
tratum of Polybius, and the Amastra of Silius inflated, but his accuracy, fidelity, and impartiItalicus, taken by the Romans from the Cartha- ality deserve praise.-Editions: By Gronovins,
ginians in the first Punic war.           Lugd. Bat., 1693; by Ernesti, Lips., 1773; by
AMESTRIS. Vid. AMASTRIS.                Wagner and Erfurdt, Lips., 1808, 3 vols. Svo.
AMIDA (/i'Ayeda: now Diarbekr), a town in  [AMMOCHOSTUS ('AHPXocTroc: now C. Grego),
Sophene (Armenia Major), on the Upper Tigris. a sandy promontory near Salamis in Cyprus,
AMILCAR. Vid. HAMILCAR.                 which gives name by corruption to the modern
AMINIAS ('Ayeetvlac), brother of 2Eschylus, dis- Famagusta.]
tinguished himself at the battle of Salamis (B.C.  AMO5N (~'Apyqa), originally an 2Ethiopian or
480): he and Eumenes were judged to have Libyan, afterward an Egyptian divinity. The
been the bravest on this occasion among all real Egyptian name was Amun or Ammun; the
the Athenians.                            Greeks called him Zeus Ammon, the Romans
AMiPSIAS ('Ayevpitac), a comic poet of Athens, Jupiter Ammon, and the Hebrews Amon. The
contemporary with Aristophanes, whom  he most ancient seat of his worship was Meroe,
twice conquered in the dramatic contests, gain- where he had an oracle: thence it was introing the second prize with his Connus when duced into Egypt, where the worship took the
Aristophanes was third with the Clouds (B.C. firmest root at Thebes in Upper Egypt, which
423), and the first with his Comasta when Aris- was therefore frequently called by the Greeks
tophanes gained the second with the Birds (B.C. Diospolis, or the city of Zeus. Another famous
414). [Some fragments of his plays remain, seat of the god, with a celebrated oracle, was
which are collected in Meineke's Fragmenta in the oasis of Ammonium (now Siwah) in the
Comicorum Grcecorum, vol. i., p. 402-407, edit. Libyan desert; the worship was also established
minor.]                                   in Cyrenaica. The god was represented either
AMISIA or AMIslus ('Aydatoc, Strab.: now  in the form of a ram, or as a human being with
Ems), a river in northern Germany well known the head of a ram; but there are some repreto the Romans, on which Drusus had a naval sentations in which he appears altogether as a
engagement with the Bructeri, B.C. 12.    human being, with only the horns of a ram. It
AMISIA ('Aptaia and'AItuaeta: now Emden?), seems clear that the original idea of Ammor
a fortress on the left bank of the river of the was that of a protector and leader of the flocks.
same name.                                The -Ethiopians were a nomad people, flocks
AMISODARUS ('Afteadapoc), a king of Lycia, of sheep constituted their principal wealth, and
said to have brought up the monster Chimeera:it is perfectly in accordance with the notions
his sons Atymnius and Maris were slain at of the -Ethiopians as well as Egyptians to worTroy by the sons of Nestor.               ship the animal which is the leader and proAMisUS ('Atlao6:'Aytiv6rvo, Amisenus: now  tector of the flock. This view is supported by
Samsun), a large city on the, coast of Pontus, the various stories related about Ammon.
on a bay of the Euxine Sea, called after it  AMMONIUM. Vid. OASIS.
(Amisenus Sinus). Mithradates enlarged it,  AMMOnNIus ('A#opvtoc). 1. GRAMMATICUS, of
and made it one of his residences.        Alexandrea, left this city on the overthrow of
AMITERNUM (Amiterninus: now Amatrica or the heathen temples in A.D. 389, and settled
Torre d'Amiterno), one of the most ancient towns at Constantinople. He wrote, in Greek, a valuof the Sabines, on the Aternus, the birth-place able work On the Digferences of Words of like Sigof the historian Sallust.                 nification (Trepi doiuv t ay detaiopuvtige v). EdiAMMIINUS ('Ayytav6t), a Greek epigramma- tions: By Valckenaer, Lugd. Bat., 1739; by
tist, but probably a Roman by birth, the author Schafer, Lips., 1822.-2. SON OF HERMEAS, studof nearly thirty epigrams in the Greek Anthol- ied at Athens under Proclus (who died A.D.
ogy, lived under Trajan and Hadrian.      484), and was the master of Simplicius, DamasAMMIANUS MARCELLiNUS, by birth a Greek, cius, and others. He wrote numerous comand a native of Syrian Antioch, was admitted mentaries in Greek on the works of the earlier
52




AMNISUS.                               AMPHIDAMAS.
philosophers. His extant works are Comment-  AMPHEA (A/peCI a:'Apev'), a small town of
aries on the Isagoge of Porphyry, or the Five Messenia on the borders of Laconia and MesPredicables, first published at Venice in 1500; senia, conquered by the Spartans in the first
and On the Categories of Aristotle and De Inter- Messenian war.
pretatione, published by Brandis in his edition of  [AMPHIALUS ('Ay/taRof)), a Phmaeian, who
the Scholia on Aristotle.-3. Of LAMPRZE, in At- gained the prize in the games, in which Ulysses
tica, a Peripatetic philosopher, lived in the first took part (Od., viii., 114).]
century of the Christian era, and was the in-  [AMPHIANAX ('A/yzLvao), king of Lycia, who
structor of Plutarch.-4. Surnamed SsccAS, or received Prcetus when driven out ofArgolis,
sack-carrier, because his employment was car- gave him his daughter Antea in marriage, and
rying the corn, landed at Alexandrea, as a pub- restored him to Argos.]
lie porter, was born of Christian parents. Some  AMPHIARAUS ('Ay/tapaog), son of Oicles and
writers assert, and others deny, that he aposta- Hypermnestra, daughter of Thestius, was detized from the faith. At any rate, he combined scended on his father's side from the famous
the study of philosophy with Christianity, and seer Melampus, and was himself a great prophet
is regarded by those who maintain his apostasy and a great hero at Argos. By his wife Erias the founder of the later Platonic School. phyle, the sister of Atrastus, he was the father
Among his'disciples were Longinus, Herennius, of Alcmmon, Amphiaraus, Eurydice, and DePlotinus, and Origen. He died A.D. 243, at the monassa. He took part in the hunt of the Calyage of more than eighty years.-[5. Of ALEX- donian boar and in the Argonautic voyage. He
ANDREA, a pupil of Aristairchus, a celebrated also'joined Adrastus in the expedition against
grammarian, who composed commentaries on Thebes, although he foresaw its fatal terminaHomer, Pindar, and others, none of which are tion, through the persuasions of-his wife Eriextant.-6. Styled LITHOTOMUS, asn eminent sur- phyle, who had been induced to persuade her
geon of Alexandrea, celebrated for his skill in husband by the necklace of Harmonia which
cutting for the stone.]                   Polynices had given her. On leaving Argos,
AMNISUS ('Aveta6O), a town in the north of however, he enjoined on his sons to punish
Crete and the harbor of Cnosus, situated on a their mother for his death. During the war
river of the same name, the nymphs of which, against Thebes, Amphiaraus fought bravely,
called Amiisidades, were in the service of Diana but could not escape his fate. Pursued by Peri(Artemis).                                clymenus, he fled toward the River Ismenius,
AMOR, the god of love, had no place in the re- and the earth swallowed him up, together with
ligion of the Romans, who only translate the his chariot, before he was overtaken by his eneGreek name Eros into Amor. Vid. EROS.     my. Jupiter (Zeus) made him immortal, and
AMORGUS ("Ayopyo r:'Atopyovot: now Amor- henceforth he was worshipped as a hero, first
go), an island in the Grecian Archipelago, one of at Oropus and- afterward in all Greece. His
the Sporades, the birth-place of Simonides, and, oracle between Potniae and Thebes, where he
under the Roman emperors, a place of banish- was said to have been swallowed up, enjoyed
ment.                                     great celebrity.  Vid. Diet. of Ant., art. ORACUAM6RIUB  ('Ayoptov), a city of Phrygia Major LUM. His son, Alcmaeon, is called Amphiaraor Galatia, on the River Sangarius; the reputed ides.
birth-place of zEsop.                       AMPHIC.EA or AMPHICLE A ('A/biK ata,'Ap0iAMPE ('AzTran, Herod.) or AMPELONE (Plin'.), Icea:'AeutcatEe: now Dhadhi or Oglunitza?),
a town at the mouth of the Tigris, where Darius a town in the north of Phocis, with an adytum
I. planted the Milesians whom he removed from  of Bacchus (Dionysus), was called for a long
their own city after the Ionian revolt (B.C. 494). time Ophitea ('Oozreac), by command of the AmAMPELIUS, L., the author of a small work, en- phictyons.
titled Liber Memorialis, probably lived in the  [AMPHICLUS ('Ap/ozcoC), a Trojan, slain by
second or third century of the Christian era. Meges.]
His work is a sort of common-place book, con-  [AMPHICRATES ('Aetucpa7r7f), an early king of
taining a meagre summary of the most striking Samos, in whose reign the Samians made war
natural objects and of the most remarkable on the.Eginetans.-2. A sophist and rhetorician
events, divided into fifty chapters. It is gener- of Athens, who flourished about 70 B.C.]
ally printed with Florus, and has been published  AMPHICTYON ('AI0P.aTUOv), a son of Deucalion
separately by Beck, Lips., 1826.          and Pyrrha. Others represent him as a king of
AMPELUS ("Aure2rao), a promontory at the ex- Attica, who expelled from the kingdom his fatremity of the peninsula Sithonia in Chalcidice, ther-in-law Cranaus, ruled for twelve years,
in Macedonia, near Torone.-2. [A promontory and was then in turn expelled by Erichthonius.
of Crete, on the eastern coast south of Sam- Many writers represent him as the founder of
monium, with a city of same name, now prob- the amphictyony of Thermopylae; in conseably Cape Sacro.-3. A mountain ending in a quence of this belief a sanctuary of Amphictyon
promontory in the Island of Samos, opposite was built in the village of Anthela on the Aso[caria, now Cape Dominico.]               pus, which was the most ancient place of meetAMPiiELis  ('Apfre-ovaia: now C. Espartel), ing of this amphictyony.
the promontory at the west end of the south or  AMPHIDAMA. ('A/p dcpaar), son, or, according
African coast of the Fretum Gaditanum (now  to others, brother of Lycurgus, one of the ArStraits of Gibraltar). The natives of the coun- gonauts.-[2. Son of Busiris, king of Egypt,
try called it Cotes (al KeTEI-).          slain by Hercules along with his father. Vid.
AMPHArITIS ('A/oaTrEt), a district of Myg- BvsIRIS.-3. A hero of Scandia in Cythera, to
donia in Macedonia, at the mouths of the Axius whom Autolycus sent a helmet set round with
and Eche dorus.                           boar's tusks, afterward borne by Meriones be53




AMPHIDOLI.                                AMPHISSA.
fore Troy.-4. A king of Chalcis in Eubcea: had repudiated, and had then married Dirce in
he fell in a battle against the Erythraeans, and her stead. They took the city, and as Lycus
his sons celebrated in his honor funereal games, and Dirce had treated their mother with great
at which Hesiod gained the first prize of poetry, cruelty, the two brothers killed them both;
viz., a golden tripod, which he dedicated to the They put Dirce to death by tying her to a bull,
Muses.]                                   who dragged her about till she perished; and
[AMPHIDOLI ('A/oli0Joot), a city of Triphylian they then threw her body into a well, which
Elis.]                                    was fiom this time called the Well of Dirce.
AMPHILOCHIA ('AS0taogxia), the country of the After they had obtained possession of Thebes,
Amphilochi ('A'iaoxot), an Epirot race, at the they fortified it by a wall. It is said that when
eastern end of the Ambracian Gulf, usually in- Amphion played his lyre, the stones moved of
eluded in Acarnania. Their chief town was their own accord and formed the wall (movit
ARGOS AMPHILOCHICUM.                      Amphion lapides canendo, Hor. Carm., iii., 11).
AMPHiLOcaHus ('AlPaloxoc), son ofAmphiaraus Amphion afterward married Niobe, who bore
and Eriphyle, and brother of Alcmeeon. He him many sons and daughters, all of whom were
took an active part in the expedition of the Epi- killed by Apollo. His death is differently regoni against Thebes, assisted his brother in the lated: some say, that he killed himself from
murder of their mother (vid. ALCMON), and grief at the loss of his children (Ov., Met., vi.,
afterward fought against Troy. On his return 270), and others tell us that he was killed by
from Troy, together with Mopsus, who was, like Apollo because he made an assault on the Pythhimself, a seer, he founded the town of Mallos ian temple of the god. Amphion and his brothin Cilicia. Hence he proceeded to his native er were buried at Thebes. The punishment in-'place, Argos, but returned to Mallos, where he flicted upon Dirce is represented in the celewas killed in single combat by Mopsus. Others brated Farnese bull, the work of Apollonius and
relate (Thuc., ii., 68) that, after leaving Argos, Tauriscus, which was discovered in 1546, and
Amphilochus founded Argos Amphilochicum on placed in the palace Farnese at Rome.-2. Son
the Ambracian Gulf. He was worshipped at of Jasus and father of Chloris. In Homer, this
Mallos in Cilicia, at Oropus, and at Athens.  Amphion, king of Orchomenos, is distinct from
AMPHILYTUS ('Api0vTrof), a celebrated seer Amphion, the husband of Nipbe; but in earlier
in the time of Pisistratus (B.C. 559),-is called traditions they seem to have been regarded as
both an Acarnanian and an Athenian: he may the same person.-[3. A leader of the Epeans
have been an Acarnanian who received the before Troy.-4. Son of Hyperesius of Pallene,
franchise at Athens.                      an Argonaut.-5. A King of Corinth, father of
AMPHIMACHUS ('Apuiauxoc). 1. Son of Ctea- Labda.]
tus, grandson of Neptune (Poseidon), one of the  AMPHIPOLIS ('Ayixrol t:'A/t.rromirrc: now
four leaders of the Epeans against Troy, was Neokhorio, in Turkish Jeni-Keui), a town in
slain by Hector.-2. Son of Nomion, with his Macedonia on the left or eastern bank of the
brother Nastes, led the Carians to the assist- Strymon, just below its egress from the Lake
ance of the Trojans, and was slain by Achilles. Cercinitis, and about three miles from the sea.
AMPHIMALLA (ru'A/Lj0ua?^a), a town on the The Strymon flowed almost round the town,
northern coast of Crete, on a bay called after nearly forming a circle, whence its name Amit (now Gulf of Armiro).                  phi-polis. It was originally called'Evvea 6dol,
[AMPHIMXRUS ('Ajoplyapor), son of Neptune, (' the Nine Ways," and belonged to the Edonifather of the minstrel Linus by Urania.]  ans, a Thracian people. Aristagoras of Miletus
AMPHIMEDON ('ApiUtUieov), of Ithaca, a guest- first attempted:to colonize it, but was cut off
friend of Agamemnon, and a suitor of Penelope, with his followers by the Edonians in B.C. 497.
was, slain by Telemachus.-[2. A Libyan slain The Athenians made a next attempt with ten
at the nuptials of Perseus.]              thousand colonists, but they were all destroyed
[AMPHINSME ('ApF0ItvOpf), one of the Nereids. by the Edonians in 465. In 437 the Athenians
-2. Wife of JEson and mother of Jason, slew  were more successful, and drove the Edonians
herself when Pelias had slain her husband.-3; out of the " Nine WaAy,:which was henceforth
Daughter of Pelias, married by Jason to An- called Amphipolis. It was one of the most imdraemon.]                                 portant of the Athenian possessions, being ad[AMPHIN6MUS ('A/lfvoo0f), son of Nisus of'vantageously situated for trade on a navigable
Dulichium, one of the suitors of Penelope, slain river in the midst of a fertile country, and near
by Telemachus.]                           the gold mines of Mount Pangeeus. Hence the
AMPHION ('Apiuov). 1. Son of Jupiter (Zeus) indignation of the Athenians when it fell into
and Antiope, the daughter of Nycteus of Thebes, the hands of Brasidas (B.C. 424) and of Philip
and twin-brother of Zethus. (Ov., Met., yi., (358). Under the Romans it was a free city,
110, seq.) Amphion and Zethus were born and the capital of Macedonia prima:- the Via
either at EleutherTe in Bceotia or on Mount Ci- Egnatia ran through it. The port of Amphipthaeron, whither their mother had fled, and grew  olis was EION.
up among the shepherds, not knowing their de-  AMPHIS ('Aptig), an Athenian comic poet, of
scent. Mercury (Hermes) (according to others, the middle comedy, contemporary with the pbiApollo, or the Muses) gave Amphion a lyre, losopher Plato. We have the titles of twentywho henceforth practiced song and music, while six of his plays, and a few fragments of them.
his brother spent his time in hunting and tend- [These fragments have been published by Meiing the flocks. (Hor., Ep., i., 18, 41.) Hav- neke, Fragmenta Comicorum Grecoroum, vol. L.,
ing become acquainted with their origin, they p. 645-656, edit. minor.]
marched against Thebes, where Lycus reigned,  AMPHISSA (*Autoa a:'A5baeCovf,'Aptaaaio:
the husband of their mother Antiope, whom he now Salona), one of the chief towns of he Lis
5$




AMPHISTRATUS.                                 AMYCLXE.
cri Ozolae on the borders of Phocis, seven miles  AMPH6TiRUS ('Apo6o'repoS).  Vid. ACARNAN.from Delphi, said to have been named after [2. A Trojan slain by Patroclus.]
Amphissa, daughter of Macareus, and beloved  AMPHRYSUS ('Ajypva6r). 1. A small river in,
by Apollo. In consequence of the Sacred War Thessaly which flowed into the Pagastean Gulf,
declared against Amphissa by the Amphictyons, on the banks of which Apollo fed the herds of
the town was destroyed by Philip, B.C. 338, Admetus(pastor ab Amyphryso, Virg., Georg., iii.,
but it was soon afterward rebuilt, and under the 2).-2. Vid. AMIBRYSUS.
Romans was a free state.                    [AMPIUS BALBUs, T. Vid. BALBUS.:]
AaIIPISTEATUS ('AIt~irparog) and his brother  AMPsAGA (now Wad-el-Kabir, or Sufjimar), a
Rhecas, the charioteers of the Dioscuri, were river of Northern Africa, which divided Numidia
said to have taken part in the expedition of Ja- from Mauretania Sitifensis. It flows past the
son to Colchis, and to have occupied a part of town of Cirta (now Constantine).
that country which was called after them Heni-  AMPSANCTUS or AMSANCTUS LAcUS (now Lago
ochia, as heniochus (lvidoXoc) signifies a chari- d'Ansanti or Mufiti), a small lake in Samnium
oteer.                                    near 2AEculanum, from which mephitic vapors
[AMPH[THEA ('AuoeOla), wife of Autolycus, arose. Near it was a chapel sacred to Mephigrandmother of Ulysses.-2. Wife of Adrastus.] tis, with a cavern from which mephitic vapors
[AmPnHTrasms ('AlUiOeft,), son of Apollo and also came, and which was therefore regarded
Acacallis, and father of Nasamon and Caphau- as an entrance to the lower world. (Virg.,
rus by Tritonis.-2. A Theban general, who re-,En., vii., 563, seq.)
ceived money sent by the Persians into Greece  AMPSIVARII. Vid. ANSIBARII.
to excite disturbances there, for the purpose of  AMPrcus (Ay,7rVwKOg). 1. Son of Pelias, huscausing the recall of Agesilaus from Asia.]  band of Chloris, and father of the famous seer
[AMPHITHaE ('A~L00r/6), one of the Nereids.]  Mopsus, who is. hence called Ampycides. PanAMPHITRITrE ('AU~tLrPir), a Nereid or an sanias calls him Ampyx. —2. Son of Iapetus, a
Oceanid, wife of Neptune (Poseidon) and god- bard and priest of Ceres, killed by Pettalus at
dess of the sea, especially of the Mediterra- the marriage of Perseus.
nean.  In Homer Amphitrite is merely the    AMPYX. Vid. AmrPYcus. —[2. A friend of
name of the sea, and she first qccurs as a gol- Phineus, changed to stone by Perseus by the
dess in Hesiod. Later poets again use the head of Medusa. —3. One of the Lapithae, who
word as equivalent to the sea in general. She slew the Centaur CEclus at the nuptials of Pirbecame by Neptune (Poseidon) the mother of ithous.]
Triton, Rhode or Rhodos, and Benthesicyme.  AM ULIUS. Vid. ROMULUS.
AMPHITR6PE ('AyUTnp6rCr:'AoUPrpoTareEC), an  AmIYCLZ;. I. ('Atoc2-at':'AtvicXatev'C,'ArvAttic demus belonging to the tribe Antiochis, in Ic2aeor: now Sklavokhbri or Aia Kyriaki?), an
the neighborhoodofthesilver-minesofLaurium. ancient town of Laconia on the Eurotas, in a
AMPHITRYON or AMPHITRUO ('AtoTrpviOV), son beautiful country, twenty miles southeast. of
of Alcaus, king of Tiryns, and Hipponome. Al- Sparta. It is mentioned in the Iliad (ii., 584),
caeus had a brother Electryon, who reigned at and is said to have been founded by the ancient
Mycene. Between Electryon and Pterelaus, Lacedaemonian King Amyclas, father of Hyacinking of the Taphians, a furious war raged, in thus, and to have been the abode of Tyndarus,
which Electryon lost all his sons except Licym- and of Castor and Pollux, who are hence called
nius, apd was robbed of his oxen. Amphitryon Amyclai Fratres. After the conquest of Pelorecovered the oxen, but on his return to Myce- ponnesus by the Dorians, the Achoeans mainne accidentally killed his uncle Electryon. He tained themselves in Amyclae for a long time;
was now expelled from Mycenae, together with and it was only shortly before the first MesseAlermene the daughter of Electryon, by Sthen- nian war that the town was taken and destroyelus the brother of Electryon, and went to ed by the Lacedaemonians under Teleclus. The
Thebes, where he wvas purified by Creon. In tale ran that the inhabitants had been so often
order to win the hand of Alcmene, Amphitryon alarmed by false reports of the approach of the
prepared to avenge the death of Alcmene's enemy, that they passed a law that no one
brothers on the Taphians, and conquered them, should speakof the enemy; and accordingly,
after Comnetho, the daughter of Pterelaus, when the Lacedaimonians at last came, and no
through her love for Amphitryon, cut off the one dared to announce their approach, "Amyone golden hair on' her father's head, which clme perished through silence:" hence arose the
rendered him immortal. During the absence proverb Amyclis ipsis taciturnior, After its deof Amphitryon from Thebes, Jupiter visited struction by the Lacedoemnonians Amycelae beArLcaENE, who became by the god the mother came a village, and was only memorable by the
of Hercules; the latter is called Amphitryoniades festival of the Hyacinthia (vid. Diet. of lAntiq.,
in allusion to his reputed father. Amphitryon s. v.) celebrated at the place annually, and by the
fell in a war against Erginus, king of the Miny- temple and colossal statue of Apollo, who was
ans. The comedy of Plautus, called Amphitruo, hence called AnycEeus.-2. (Amyclanus), an
is a ludicrous representation of the visit of Ju- ancient town of Latium, east of Terracina, on
piter (Zeus) to Alcniene in the disguise of her the Sinus Amlyclanus, was, according to tradilover Amphitryon.                         tion, an Achaean colony from Laconia. In the
[xmPHIius (Ayotoc),' son of Lelagus, an ally time of Augustus the town had disappeared;
of the Trojans, slain by the Telamonian Ajax. the inhabitants were said to have deserted it
— 2. Son of Merops, the celebrated seer, against on' account of its being infested by serpents;
whose wish his two sons Amphius and Adras- whence Virgil (-En., x.. 564) speaks of tacite,
tuo went to the Trojan war: they were both Amycl, though some commentators suppose
2ain by Diomedes.]                       that he transfers to this town the epithet be55




AMYCLAS.                                 ANACREON.,
longing to the Amyclae in Laconia (No. 1). Near (racOyoi), probably an account of the different
Amyclae was the Spelunca (Spertonga), or nat- halting-places of Alexander the Great in his
ural grotto, a favorite retreat of the Emperor Asiatic expedition.
Tiberius.                                   AMYNTOR ('A/vuv'vop), son of Ormenus of EleAMYCLAS. Vid. AMYCLE.                   on in Thessaly, where Autolycus broke into his
AMYCLIDES, a name of Hyacinthus, as the son house, and father of PHCENIX, whom he cursed
of Amyclas.                               on account of unlawful intercourse with his
AMYcUS (`'AtvKoc), son of Neptune (Poseidon) mistress. According to Apollodorus he was a
and Bithynis, king of the Bebryces, was cele- king of Ormenium, and was slain by Hercules,
brated for his skill in boxing, and used to chal- to whom he refused a passage through his dolenge strangers to box with him. When the minions, and the hand of his daughter AsTYArgonauts came to his dominions, Pollux ac- DAMIA. According to Ovid (Met., xii., 364), he
cepted the challenge and killed him.      was king of the Dolopes.
[AMYDON('A v6SV), an ancient city of Paeonia  AMYRTAEUS ('AlivpraioC), an Egyptian, asin Macedonia, on the Axius, spoken of by Homer sumed the title of king, and joined Inarus the
(II., ii., 849).]                         Libyan in the revolt against the Persians in
AMYMONE ('At1ivfzS6), one of the daughters of B.C. 460. They at first defeated the Persians
Danaus and Elephantis. When Danaus ar- (vid. ACHAEMENES), but were subsequently totally
rived in Argos, the country was suffering from  defeated, 455. Amyrteus escaped, and maina drought, and Danaus sent out Amymone to tained himself as king in the marshy districts
fetch water. She was attacked by a satyr, but of Lower Egypt till about 414, when the Egypwas rescued from his violence by Neptune (Po- tians expelled the Persians, and Amyrtaus
seidon), who appropriated her to himself, and reigned six years.
then showed her the wells at Lerna. Accord-  AMYRUS ("Auvpoo), a river in Thessaly, with
ing to another account, he bade her draw his a town of the same name upon it, flowing into
trident from the rock, from which a three-fold the Lake Buebeis: the country around was
spring gushed forth, which was called after her called the'A/1vptKOv rE1iov.
the Well and River of Amymone. Her son by   AMYTHAON ('AjUUivOv), son of Cretheus and
Neptune (Poseidon) was called Nauplius.   Tyro, father of Bias and of the seer Melampus,
AMYNANDER ('Afivvav6poc), king of the Atha- who is hence called Amylhaonius (Virg., Georg.,
manes in Epirus, an ally of the Romans in their iii., 550). He dwelt at Pylus in Messenia, and
war with Philip of Macedonia, about B.C. 198, is mentioned among those to whom the restobut an ally of Antiochus, B.C. 189.       ration of the Olympian games was ascribed.
AMYNTAS ('A/yvpraf). 1. 1. King of Macedo-  ANABON ('Avd6ev), a district of the Persian
nia, reigned from about.B.C. 540 to 500, and province of Aria, south of Aria Proper, containwas succeeded by his son Alexander I.-2. II. ing four towns, which still exist, Phra (now
King of Macedonia, son of Philip, the brother Ferrah), Bis (now Beest or Bost), Gari (now
of Perdiccas II., reigned B.C. 393-369, and ob-.Ghore), Nii (now Neh).
tained the crown by the murder of the usurper  [ANABURA (T-i'Avd6ovpa), a city of Pisidia.]
Pausanias. Soon after his accession he was  ANNCES ("AvaKec). Vid. ANAX, No. 2.
driven from Macedonia by the Illyrians, but was  ANACHARSIS ('AvadapaLc), a Scythian of
restored to his kingdom by the Thessalians. princely rank, left his native country to travel
0tn his return he was engaged in war with the in pursuit of knowledge, and came to Athens
Olynthians, in which he was assisted by the about B.C. 594. Hebecame acquainted with SoSpartans, and by their aid Olynthus was reduced Ion, and by his talents and acute observations,
in 379. Amyntas united himself also with Ja- he excited general admiration. The fame of his
son of Pherae, and carefully cultivated the friend- wisdom was such, that he was even reckoned
ship of Athens. Amyntas left by his wife Eu- by some among the seven sages. He was killed
ridice three sons, Alexander, Perdiccas, and by his brother Saulius on his return to his native
the famous Philip.-3. Grandson of Amyntas country.  Cicero (T2sc. Disp., v., 32) quotes
II., was excluded by Philip from the succession from one of his letters, of which several, but
on the death of his father, Perdiccas III., in B.C. spurious, are still extant.
360. He was put to death in the first year of  ANACRION ('AvaxKpwv), a celebrated lyric
the reign of Alexander the Great, 336, for a plot poet, born at Teos, an Ionian city in Asia Miagainst the king's life.-4. A Macedonian officer nor. He removed from his native city, with
in Alexander's army, son of Andromenes. He the great body of its inhabitants, to Abdera, in
and his brothers were accused of being privy to Thrace, when Teos was taken by the Persians
the conspiracy of Philotas in 330, but were ac- (about B.C. 540), but lived chiefly at Samos,
quitted. Some little time after he was killed under the patronage of Polycrates, in whose
at the siege of a village.-5. A Macedonian praise he wrote many songs. After the death
traitor, son of Antiochus, took refuge at the of Polycrates (522), he went to Athens at the
court of Darius, and became one of the com- invitation of the tyrant Hipparchus, where he
manders of the Greek mercenaries. He was became acquainted with Simonides and other
present at the battle of Issus (B.C. 333), and poets. He died at the age of eighty-five, probaafterward fled to Egypt, where he was put to bly about 478, but the place of his death is uncerdeath by Mazaces, the Persian governor.-6. A tain. The universal tradition of antiquity repking of Galatia, supported Antony, and fought resents Anacreon as a consummate voluptuary,
on his side against Augustus at the battle of and his poems prove the truth of the tradition.
Actium (B.C. 31). He fell in an expedition He sings of love and wine with hearty good will;
against the town of Homonada or Homona.-  and we see in him the luxury of the Ionian in7. A Greek writer of a work entitled Stathmi flamed by the fervor of thepoet. The tale that
56




ANACTORIUM.                               ANAXAGORAS.
Ie loved Sappho is very. improbable.  Of his site the Island Eleussa, called after Anaphlyspoems only a few genuine fragments have come tus, son of Neptune (Poseidon).
down to us; for the "Odes" attributed to him  ANiAPUS (CAvaro). 1. A river in Acarnania,
are now admitted to be spurious.-Editions: By flowing into the Achelous.-2. (Now Anapo), a
Fischer, Lips., 1793; Bergk, Lips,, 1834.  river in Sicily, flowing into the sea south of SyrANACT6RIUM ('Avatcr6peov:'AvarS6ptog), a acuse through the marshes of Lysimelia.
town in Acarnania, built by the Corinthians,  ANARTES or -TI, a people of Dacia, north of
upon a promontory of the same name (near La the Theiss.
1ifadonnca) at the entrance of the Ambracian  ANAS (AvaC: now Guadiana), one of the chief
Gulf. Its inhabitants were removed by Au- rivers of Spain, rising in Celtiberia in the mountgustus after the battle of Actium (B.C. 31) to ains near Laminium, formed the boundary beNicopolis.                                tween Lusitania and Baetica, and flowed into
ANADY6MgNE ('Avadvouevsrv), the goddess rising the ocean by two mouths (now only one).
out of the sea, a surname given to Venus (Aph-  [ANAssus (now Stella), a small river in the
rodite), in allusion to the story of her being territory of the Veneti.]
born from the foam of the sea. This surname  ANATOLIUS. 1. Bishop ofLaodicea, A.D. 270,
had not much celebrity before the time of Apel- an Alexandrean by birth, was the author of sevles, but his famous painting of Aphrodite Ana- eral mathematical and arithmetical works, of
dyomene excited the emulation of other art- which some fragments have been preserved.ists, painters as well as sculptors. Vid. APEL- 2. An eminent jurist, was a native of Berytus,
LES.                                      and, afterward P. P. (praefectus pretorio) of Illyr[ANAEA or ANN2EA ('Avala or'Avvata), a Ca- icum. He died in A.D. 361. A work on agririan city on the Ionian coast of Asia Minor, op- culture, often cited in the Geoponica, and a
posite the Island of Samos, deriving its name treatise concerning Sympathies and Antipathies,
from an Amazon, Aneca: it was the place of are assigned by many to this Anatolius. The
refuge in the Peloponnesian war for the Samian latter work, however, was probably written by
exiles.]                                  Anatolius the philosopher, who was the master
ANAGNIA (Anagninus: now Anagni), an an- of Iamblichus, and to whom Porphyry addressed
cient town of Latium, the chief town of the Homeric Questions.-3. Professor of law at BeHernici, and subsequently both a municipium  rytus, is mentioned by Justinian among those
and a Romian colony. It lay in a very beauti- who were employed in compiling the Digest.
ful and fertile country on a hill, at the-foot of He wrote notes on the Digest, and a very conwhich the Via Lavicana and Via Praenestina cise commentary on Justinian's Code. Both of
united (now Compitum Anagninum). In the these works are cited in the Basilica. He perneighborhood Cicero had a beautiful estate, ished A.D. 557, in an earthquake at Byzantium,
Anagninum (sc. praediumn).                whither he had removed from Berytus.
ANAGYRTUS ('Apvayvpo0, -ov70roC:'Avayvp6a'oc,  ANAunus ('Avavp6g), a river of Thessaly flow-'Avayvpovvr60ev: ruins near Vari), a demus of ing into the Pagasaean Gulf. [ilt was in this
Attica, belonging to the tribe Erechtheis, not, stream that Jason lost his sandal, and thus fulas some say, XEantis, south of Athens, near the filled the words of the oracle. Vid. JASON.]
Promontory Zoster.                          ANaVA ("Avava), an ancient, but early decayed
ANAITiCA ('AvaZTlroe), a district of Armenia, city of Great Phrygia, on the' salt lake of the
in which the goddess Anaitis was worshipped; same name, between Celenae and Colossie (now
also called Acilisene.                    Hagee Ghioul).'
ANAITIS ('Avatrlt), an Asiatic divinity, whose  ANAX ("Ava:).  1. A giant, son of Uranus
name is also written Ancea, Aneitis, Tanais, or and Gaia, and father of Asterius.-2. An epithet
TanCe.  Her worship prevailed in Armenia, of the gods in general, characterizing them as
Cappadocia, Assyria, Persis, &c., and seems the rulers of the world; but the plural forms,
to have been a part of the worship so common'Avatce', or YAvaKreg, or'AvaKEf iraideC, were
among the Asiatics, of the creative powers of used to designate the Dioscuri.
nature, both male and female.  The Greek    ANAxXAGORAs ('AvaFay6pag), a. celebrated
writers sometimes identify Anai'tis with Diana Greek philosopher of the Ionian school, was
(Artemis), and sometimes with Venus (Aphro- born at Clazomenea in Ionia, B.C. 500.  He
dite).                                    gave up his property to his relations, as he inANAMARI Or -REs, a Gallic people in the plain tended to devote his life to higher ends, and
of the Po, in whose land the Romans founded went to Athens at the age of twenty; here he
Placentia.                                remained thirty years, and became the intimate
ANXNEs, a Gallic people west of the Trebia, friend and teacher of the most eminent men of
between the Po and the Apennines.         the time, such as Euripides and Pericles. His
ANANIUS ('AVivtoC), a Greek iambic poet, doctrines gave offence to the religious feelings'
contemporary with Hipponax, about B.C. 540. of the Athenians; and the enemies of Pericles
[His remains have been collected by Welcker, availed themselves of this circumstance to acand published at the end of his edition of Hip- cuse him of impiety, B.C. 450. It was only
ponax, q. v.]                             through the eloquence of Pericles that he wars
ANAPHE ('Ava1qo:'Avaoalog': now Anaphi, not put to death; but he was sentenced to pay
Nantio), a small island in the south of the.Ege- a fine of five talents, and to quit Athens. He
an Sea, east of Thera, with a temple of Apollo retired to.Lampsacus, where he died in 428. at
AEgletes, who was hence called Anapheus.  the age of seventy-two. Anaxagoras was disANAPUrhYmsTUs  ('Av6Zvaror:'AvaC7tarToC: satisfied with the systems of his predecessors,
now Anavyso), an Attic demus of the tribe An- the Ionic philosophers, and struck into a new
tiochis on the southwest coast of Attica, oppo- path. The Ionic philosophers had endeavored
57




ANAXANDER.                                  ANCzEUS.
to explain nature and its various phenomena in his Fragmenta Comicorum Grcec., vol. ii., p.
by regarding matter in its different forms and 667-675, edit. minor.]-4. A physician and
modifications as the cause of all things. Anax- Pythagorean philosopher, born at Larissa, was
agoras, on the other hand, conceived the neces- banished by Augustus from Italy, B.C. 28, on
sity of seeking a higher cause, independent of the charge of magic.
matter, and this cause he considered to be nous  ANAXIMANDER ('Avaiulavdpoc), of Miletus, was
(voag), that is, mind, thought, or intelligence. born B.C. 610 and died 547, in his sixty-fourth
[Editions of the fragments by Schaubach, Lips., year. He was one of the earliest philosophers
1827, and by Schorn, Bonn, 1829.-2. Son of- of the lonian school, and the immediate successArgeus, grandson of Megapenthes, monarch of or of Thales, its first founder. He first used
Argos. He shared the sovereign power with the word apXs to denote the origin of things,
Bias and Melampus, who had cured the Argive or rather the material out of which they were
women of madness.-3. An Athenian orator, formed: he held that this upxn was the infinite
pupil of Isocrates.]                      (r7  wretpov), everlasting, and divine, though
ANAXANDER ('Avdaavdpoc), king of Sparta, son not attributing to it a spiritual or intelligent naof Eurycrates, fought in the second Messenian ture; and that it was the substance into which
war, about B.C. 668.                      all things were resolved on their dissolution.
ANAXANXDRIDES ('Avaravdpftdg).  1. Son of -He was a careful observer of nature, and was
Theopompus, king of Sparta.-2. King of Spar- distinguished by his astronomical, mathematta, son of Leon, reigned from about B.C. 560 to ical, and geographical knowledge: he is said
520. Having a barren wife whom he would to have introduced the use of the gnomon into
not divorce, the ephors made him take with her Greece.
a second. By her he had Cleomenes; and      ANAXIM9NES ('Avafepvg).  1. Of Miletus,
after this by his first wife Dorieus, Leonidas, the third in the series of Ionian philosophers,
and Cleombrotus.-3. An Athenian comic poet flourished about B.C. 544; but as he was the
of the middle comedy, a native of Camirus in teacher of Anaxagoras B.C. 480, he must have
Rhodes, began to exhibit comedies in B.C. 376. lived to a great age. He considered air to be
Aristotle held him in high esteem. [The frag- the first cause of all things, the primary form,
ments of his plays are collected in Meineke's as it were, of matter, into which the other eleFragmenta Comicorum Grcec., vol. i., p. 574-594, ments of the universe were resolvable.-2. Of
edit. minor.]                             Lampsacus, accompanied Alexander the Great
ANAXARCHUS ('AvdcapozS), a philosopher of to'Asia (B.C. 334), and wrote a history of Philip
Abdera, of the school of Democritus, accom- of Macedonia; a history of Alexander the
panied Alexander into Asia (B.C. 334), and Great; and a history of Greece,' in twelve books,
gained his favor by flattery and wit. After the from the ealiest mythical age down to the death
death of Alexander (323), Anaxarchus'was of Epaminondas. He also enjoyed great reputhrown by shipwreck into the power of Nico- tation as a rhetorician, and is the author of a
creon, king of Cyprus, to whom he had given scientific treatise on rhetoric, the'PniTOPtKo irpOc
mortal offence, and who had him pounded to'Al:avdpFpov, usually printed among the works
death in a stone mortar.                  of Aristotle. He was an enemy of TheophrasANAXARETE ('Avasapr7t), a maiden of Cyprus, tus, and published'under the name of the latremained unmoved by the love of Iphis,. who at ter a work calumniating Sparta, Athens, and,last, in despair, hung himself at her door. She Thebes, which produced great exasperation'
looked with indifference at the funeral of the against Theophrastus.  [The Ars Rhetorica,
youth, but Venus changed her into a stone edited by L. Spengel, Turici, 1844; the fragstatue.                                   ments of the history of Alexander, by Geier, in
ANAXIBIA ('Avate6ia), daughter of Plisthenes, his," Scriptores Historiarum Alexandri M. etate
sister of Agamemnon, wife of Strophius, and suppares," Lips., 1844.]
mother of Pylades.-[2. Daughter of Bias, wife  [ANAXIPPUs('Avd6ervrog). 1. A general of Alof Pelias of Iolcos, and mother of Acastus, Pi- exander the Great.-2. A comic poet of the new
sidice, Hippothod, and Alcestis.]'      comedy, who flourished about B.C. 303. The
ANAXIBIUS ('Avafi6toC), the Spartan admiral titles of four of his plays have come down to
stationed at Byzantium on the return of the us: his fragments are collected by Meineke,
Cyrean Greeks from Asia, B.C. 400. In 389 Fragm. Comic. Grcec., vol. ii., p. 1112-1116, edit.
he succeeded Dercyllidas in the command in minor., who adds a fragment' from Athenaus,
the.Egean, but fell in battle against Iphicrates, attributed to Anthippus in the ordinary text,
near Antandrus, in 388.                   but supposed to be an error for Anaxippus.]
ANAXIDAMus ('AvaiSdatuof), king of Sparta;  ANAZARBUS or -A ('AvaCapb6a or -6:'Avacapson of Zeuxidamus, lived to the conclusion of 6evS, Anazarbenus: ruins at Anasarba or Nathe second Messenian war, B.C. 668.       versa), a considerable city of Cilicia Campestris,
ANAXLAUS ('Avaoi;aog) or ANAXILAS ('Avafi- on the left bank of the River Pyramus, at the;nac). 1. Tyrant of Rhegium, of Messenian ori- foot of a mountain of the same name. Augusgin, took possession of Zancle in Sicily about tus conferred upon it the name of Caesarea (ad
B.C. 494, peopled it with fresh inhabitants, and Anazarburn); and, on the division of Cilicia
changed its name into Messene. He died in into the two provinces of Prima and Secunda,
476.-2. Of Byzantium, surrendered Byzantium  it was made'the capital of the latter. It was
to the Athenians in B.C. 408.-3. An Athenian almost destroyed by earthquakes in the reigns
comic poet of the middle comedy, contemporary of Justinian and Justin. [It was the birth-place
with Plato and Demosthenes. We have a few.-of Dioscorides and Oppian.]
fragments, and the titles of nineteen of his com-  ANcI us ('Ay cao). 1.' Son of the Areadian
edies. [His fragments are collected by Meineke Lycurgus and Cleophile or Eurynome, and fa58




ANCALITES.                                  ANCYRA.
ther of Agapenor. He was one of the Argo- northwest of Mantinea, where Anchises is said
nauts, and took part in the Calydonian hunt, in to have been buried, according to one tradition.
which he was killed by the boar.-2. Son of  [ANCHURUS (fAyxovpog), son of Midas, king of
Neptune (Poseidon) and Astypalaea or Alta, Phrygia. A large chasm having opened near
king of the Leleges in Samos, husband of Samia, Celense, Anchurus threw himself into it, as
and father of Perilaus, Enodos, Samos, Alither- an oracle had said that it would not close unses, and Parthenope. He seems to have been til he had thrown what he regarded as most
confounded by some mythographers with An- precious into it. On this the chasm closed imcaeus, the son of Lycurgus. The son of Nep- mediately.]
tune (Poseidon) is also represented as one of  ANCON (AeVKioavpov'AYKc6v), a harbor and
the Argonauts, and is said to have become the town at the mouth of the River Iris (now Yehelmsman of the ship Argo after the death of shil-ermak) in Pontus.
Tiphys. A well-known proverb is said to have  ANCONA or ANCON ('AYKv: Anconitanus:
originated with this Ancaeus. He had been told now Ancona), a town in Picenum on the Adriby a seerthat he would not live to taste the wine atic Sea, lying in a bend of the coast between
of his vineyard; and when he was afterward on two promontories, and hence called Ancon or
the point of drinking a cup of wine, the growth an "elbow." It was built by the Syracusans,
of his own vineyard, he laughed at the seer, who settled there about B.C. 392, discontented
who, however, answered, 7roX0A peraSh irer.t with the rule of the elder Dionysius; and unKv~lioC Kaia Xei3eoS acpov, "There is many a der the Romans, who made it a colony, it beslip between the cup and the lip."  At the came one of the most important sea-ports of the
same instant Anceus was informed that a wild Adriatic. It possessed an excellent harbor,
boar was near. He put down his cup, went completed by Trajan, and it carried on an actout againstthe animal, and was killed by it.  ive trade with the opposite coast of Illyricum.
ANCALITES, a people of Britain, probably a The town'was celebrated foritstemple of Venus
part of the ATREBATES.                    and its purple dye: the surrounding country
ANCHARIUS, Q., tribune of the plebs, B.C. 59, produced good wine and wheat.
took an active part in opposing the agrarian  ANCORARIUS MONS, a mountain in Mauretania
law of Caesar. He was praetor in 56, and suc- Cesariensis, south of Ctesarea, abounding in
ceeded L. Piso in the province of Macedonia.  citron trees, the wood of which was used by
[ANCHEMALUS, son of Rhcetus, king of the the Romans for furniture.
Marrubii in Italy, was expelled by his father for  ANCORE. Vid. NIC.EA.
criminal conduct toward his step-mother, fled  ANcUS MARCIUS, fourth king of Rome, reignto Turnus, and was slain by Pallas, son of ed twenty-four years, B.C. 640-616, and is said
Evander, in the war with AEneas.]         to have been the son of Numa's daughter. He
ANCHESMUS ('AyXeoCo6f), a hill not far from  conquered the Latins, took many Latin towns,
Athens, with a temple of Jupiter (Zeus), who transported the inhabitants to Rome, and gave
was hence called Anchesmius.              them the Aventine to dwell on: these conquerANCHIALE and -LUS ('AyXti2a7).  1. (Now  ed Latins formed the original Plebs. He also
Akiali), a town in Thrace on the Black Sea, on founded a colony at Ostia, at the mouth -of the
the borders of Mcesia.-2. Also ANCHIALOS, an Tiber; built a fortress on the Janiculum as a
ancient city of Cilicia, west of the Cydnus near protection against Etruria, and united it with
the coast, said to have been built by Sardana- the city by a bridge across the Tiber'; dug the
palus.                                    ditch of the Quirites, which was a defence for
[ANCHIALUs ('AyXiaXo:). 1. King of the Taphi- the open ground between the Caelian and the
ans, father of Mentes, united in guest-friendship Palatine; and built a prison. He was succeedwith Ulysses.-2. A Greek, slain by Hector be- ed by Tarquinius Priscus.
fore Troy.-3. A Pha3acian. All these are men-  ANCiYRA ('AyyKvpa:'AyyKvpavo6, Ancyranus).
tioned in Homer.]                         1. (Now Angora), a city of Galatia in Asia Minor,
ANCHISES ('AyXioar), son of Capys and The- in 39~ 56' north latitude. In the time of Aumis, the daughter of Ilus, king of Dardanus on gustus, when Galatia became a Roman province,
Mount Ida. In beauty he equalled the immor- Ancyra was the capital: it was originally the
tal gods, and was beloved by Venus (Aphrodite), chief city of a Gallic tribe named the Tectosaby whom he became the father of Eneas, who ges, who came from the south of France. Unis hence called Anchisiades. The goddess warn- der the Roman empire it had the name of Seed him never to betray the real mother Of the baste, which in Greek is equivalent to Augusta
child; but as on one occasion he boasted of his in Latin. When Augustus recorded the chief
intercourse with the goddess, he was struck by events of his life on bronze tablets at Rome,
a flash of lightning, which, according to some the citizens of Ancyra had a copy made, which
traditions, killed, but according to others, only was cut on marble blocks and placed at Ancyra
blinded or lamed him. Virgil, in his 2Eneid, in a temple dedicated to Augustus and Rome.
makes Anchises survive the capture of Troy, This inscription is called the Monumentum Anand Eneas carries his father on his shoulders cyranum. The Latin inscription was first copied
from the burning city. He further relates that by Tournefort in 1701, and it has been copied
Anchises died soon after the first arrival of several times since. One of the latest copies
/Eneas in Sicily, and was buried on Mount Eryx. has been made by Mr. Hamilton, who also copied
This tradition seems to have been believed inas much of the Greek inscription as is legible.
Sicily, for Anchises had a sanctuary at Egesta, [Near this place Bajazet was defeated and made
and the funeral games celebrated in Sicily in prisoner by Timur, or, as he is commonly callhis honor continued down to a late period.  ed, Tamerlane.] —2. A town in Phrygia EpicteAiCHIas   ('Ayptaia), a mountain in Arcadia, tus, on the borders of Mysia.
59




ANDANIA.                                 ANDROGEOS.
ANDINTA ('Avdvia:'AveavtEvf,'Avr6dveo: Oxylus, and husband of Dryope, who was moth[now Andorossa, and the ruins near Cranoe]), a er of Amphissus by Apollo.
town in Messenia, between Megalopolis and   [ANDRIACA ('Av6ptaK': now Andraki), port of
Messene, -the capital of the kings of the race of Myra in Lycia.]
the Leleges, abandoned by its inhabitants in the  ANDRISCUS ('Av6ppiKOo), a man of low origin,
second Messenian war, and firom that time only who pretended to be a natural son of Perseus,
a village.                                king of Macedonia, was seized by Demetrius,
ANDECXVI, ANDEGAVI, or ANDES, a Gallic peo- king of Syria, and sent to Rome. He escaped
ple north of the Loire, with a town of the same from Rome, assumed the name of Philip, and
name, also called Juliomagus, now Angers.  obtained possession of Macedonia, B.C. 149.
ANDEMA.TUNNUM. Vid. LINGONES.           He defeated the praetor Juventius, but was conANDhRA (Trh Avdetpa:'Avdetpyv6f), a city of quered by Cecilius Metellls, and taken to Rome
AMysia, celebrated for its temple of Cybele, sur- to adorn the triumph of the latter, 148.
named'Avdetp7v. -                         ANDROCLES ('AvdpoiKecf), an Athenian demaANDERITUM (now Anterieux), a town of the gogue and orator. He was an enemy of AlciGabali in Aquitania.                      biades; and it was chiefly owing to his exertions
ANDES. 1. Vid. ANDECAVI. —2. (NOW Pie- that Alcibiades was banished. After this event,
tola), a village near Mantua, the birth-place of Androcles was for a time at the head of the
Virgil.                        *          democratical party; but in B.C. 411 he was
AND6CIDES ('AvJoKicJ.f), one of the ten Attic put to death by the oligarchical government of
orators, son of Leogoras, was born at Athens the Four Hundred.
in B.C. 467. He belonged to a noble family,  [ANDROCLiDES ('Avdpoaiseidy7f, a Theban offiand was a supporter of the oligarchical party at cer, one of those who received money from the
Athens. In 436 he was one of the commanders Persians to induce the Thebans to make war
of the fleet sent by the Athenians to the assist- on Sparta, so as to bring about the recall of
ance of the Corcyreans against the Corinthians. Agesilaus from Asia.]
In 415 he became involved in the charge brought  ANDROCLUS [('Av6POKeoc). 1. Son of Codrus,
against Alcibiades for having profaned the mys- leader of a colony of Ionians to Asia Minor, and
teries and mutilated the Hermee, and was thrown founder of Ephesus. ]-2. The slave of a Roman
into prison; but he recovered his liberty by consular, was sentenced to be exposed to the
promising to reveal the names of the real per- wild beasts in the circus; but a lion which was
petrators of the crime. He is said to have de- let loose upon him, instead of springing upon
nounced his own father among others, but to his victim, exhibited signs of recognition, and
have rescued him again in the hour of danger. began licking him. Upon inquiry, it appeared
But as Andocides was unable to clear himself that Androclus had been compelled by the seentirely, he was deprived of his rights as a citi- verity of his master, while in Africa, to run
zen, and left Athens. He returned to Athens away from him. Having one day taken refuge
on the establishment of the government of the in a cave from the heat of the sun, a lion enterFour Hundred in 411, but was soon obliged to ed, apparently in great pain, and, seeing him,
fly again. In the following year he ventured went up to him and held out his paw. Androonce more to return to Athens, and it was at clus found that a large thorn had pierced it,
this time that he delivered the speech, still ex- which he drew out, and the lion was soon able
tant, On his Return, in which he petitioned for to use his paw again. They lived together for
permission to reside at Athens, but in vain. He some time in the cave, the lion catering for his
was thus driven into exile a third time, and benefactor. But at last, tired of this savage
went to reside at Elis. In 403 he again return- life, Androclus left the cave, was apprehended
ed to Athens upon the overthrow of the tyran- by some soldiers, brought to Rome, and conny of the Thirty by Thrasybulus, and the proc- demned to the wild beasts. He was pardoned,
lamation of the general amnesty. He was now  and presented with the lion, which he used to
allowed to remain quietly at Athens for the lead about the city.
next three years, but in 400 his enemies ac-  [ANDROCRaTEs('AvePOoKPprvf), an ancient hero
cused him of having profaned the mysteries: of the Plataeans, who had a temple consecrated
he defended himself in' the oration still extant, to him at Plataea.]
On the Mysteries, and was acquitted. In 394  ANDndeG25S ('Avrpoyewc), son of Minos and
he was sent as ambassador to Sparta to con- Pasipha6, or Crete, conquered all his opponents
elude a peace, and on his return in 393 he was in the games of the Panathennea at Athens.
accused of illegal conduct during his embassy This extraordinary good luck, however, became
(nraparpeo6eiaf); he defended himself in the ex- the cause of his destruction, though the mode
tant speech On the Peace with Lacedcemon, but of his death is related differently.  According
was found guilty, and sent into exile for the to some accounts, tEgeus sent the man he dreadfourth time. He seems to have died soon aft- ed to fight against the Marathonian. bull, who
erward in exile. Besides the three orations al- killed him; according to others, he was assasready mentioned, there is a fourth against Alci- sinated by his defeated rivals on his road to
bliades, said to have been delivered in 415, but Thebes, whither he was going to take part in a
which is in all probability spurious.-Editions: solemn contest. A third account related that
In the collections of the Greek orators; also he was assassinated by.Egeus himself. Minos
separately by Baiter and Sauppe, Zurich, 1838. made war on the Athenians in consequence of
ANDR.EMON ('Avdpaiueov).  1. Husband of the death of his son, and imposed upon them
Gorge, daughter of EFneus, king of Calydon, in the shameful tribute, from which they were de-.fEtolia, whomhe succeeded, and fatherof Thoas, livered by THESEUS. He was worshipped in
who is hence called Andrsmaonides.-2. Son of Attica as a hero, and games were celebrated in
60




ANDROMACHE.                              ANDROSTHENES.
his honor every year in the Ceramicus. Vid. His fragments are given by Muller, 1. c., p.
Diet. of Ant., art. ANDROGEONIA.          348-9. —Two other historians of this name are
ANDROMACHE ('Avdpouuixv), daughterofEetion, mentioned, one of Alexandrea, author of a
king of the Cilician Thebe, and one of the no- Chronica, a fragment of which is given by
blest and most amiable female characters in the Muller, p. 352; the other of Ephesus, author
Iliad. Her father and her seven brothers were of a work entitled Tripus: fragments of it are
slain by Achilles at the taking of Thebe, and given in Muller, p. 347-8.-3. An Atheniani son
her mother, who had purchased her freedom by ofAndrotion, and father of the orator Androtion.]
a large ransom,. was killed by Diana (Artemis).  ANDRONiCUS ('Avdp6vtmoc). 1. CYRRHESTES,
She was married to Hector, by whom she had so called from his native place, Cyrrha, probaa son, Scamandrius (Astyanax), and for whom  bly lived about B.C. 100, and built the octagonal
she entertained the most tender love. On the tower at Athens, vulgarly called "the Tower
taking of Troy her son was hurled from the of the Winds."  Vid. Diet. of Ant., p. 616, 2d
wall of the city, and she herself fell to the share ed., where a drawing of the building is given.
of Neoptolemus (Pyrrhus), the son of Achilles, -2. LivIus ANDRONICUS, the earliest Roman
who took her to Epirus, and to whom she bore poet, was a Greek, probably a native of Tarenthree sons, Molossus, Pielus, and Pergamus. tur, and the slave of M. Livius Salinator, by
She afterward married Helenus, a brother of whom he was manumitted, and from whom he
Hector, who ruled over Chaonia, a part of Epi- received the Roman name Livius. He obtainrus, and to whom she bore Cestrinus. After the ed at Rome a perfect knowledge of the Latin
death of Helenus, she followed her son Perga- language. He wrote both tragedies and comemus to Asia, where a heroum was erected to her. dies in Latin, and we still possess the titles and
ANDRnOMACHUS ('AvdSpaXO`f). 1. Ruler of fragments of at least fourteen of his dramas, all
Tauromenium in Sicily about B.C. 344, and fa- of which were borrowed from the Greek: his
ther of the historian Timaeus.-2. Of Crete, first drama was acted in B.C. 240. He also
physician to the Emperor Nero, A.D. 54-68; wrote an Odyssey in the Saturnian verse and
was the first person on whom the title of Archi- Hymns. (Vid. Diintzer, Livii Andronici Fragater was conferred, and was celebrated as the menta Collecta, &c., Berl., 1835).-3. Of RHODES;
inventor of a famous compound medicine and a Peripatetic philosopher at Rome, about B.C.
antidote called Theriaca Andromachi, which re- 58. He published a new edition of the works
tains its place in some foreign Pharmacopoeias of Aristotle and Theophrastus, which formerly
to the present day. Andromachus has left the belonged to the library of Apellicon, and which
directions for making this mixture in a Greek were brought to Rome by Sulla with the rest
elegiac poem, consisting of one hundred and of Apellicon's library in B.C. 84. Tyrannio
seventy-four lines, edited by- Tidicaeus, Tiguri, commenced this task, but apparently did not do
1607, and Leinker, Norimb., 1754.-[3. Son of much toward it. The arrangement which Anthe former, commonly called the Younger, held dronicus made of Aristotle's writings seems to
the same office, that of physician to Nero, after be the one which forms the basis of our present
his-father's death. He is generally supposed to editions. He wrote many commentaries upon
have been the author of a work on pharmacy in the works of Aristotle; but none of these is exthree books, of which only a few fragments re- tant, for the paraphrase of the Nicomachean
main.]                                    Ethics, which is ascribed to Andronicus of
ANDR6OMDA ('Av6podz67j), daughter of the Rhodes, was written by some one else, and.Ethiopian king Cepheus and Cassiopea. Her may have been the work of Andronicus Callistus
mother boasted that the beauty of her daughter of Thessalonica, who was professor in Italy in
surpassed that of the Nereids, who prevailed the latter half of the fifteenth century.
on Neptune (Poseidon) to visit the country by  ANDR6OPLIS ('AvcpUv rO2L: now Chabur), a
an inundation, and a sea-monster. The oracle city of Lower Egypt,'on the western bank of
of Ammon promised deliverance if Andromeda the Canopic branch of the Nile, was the capital
was given up to the monster; and Cepheus, of the Nomos Andropolites, and, under the Roobliged to yield to the wishes of his people, mans, the station of a legion.
chained Andromeda to a rock. Here she was   ANDROS (YAvdpo:'Av(peot: now Andro), the
found and saved by Perseus, who slew the mon- most northerly and one of the largest islands of
ster and obtained her as his wife. Andromeda the Cyclades, southeast of Eubcea, twenty-one
had previously been promised to Phineus, and miles long and eight broad, early attained importthis gave rise to the famous fight of Phineus ance, and colonized Acanthus and Stagira about
and Perseus at the wedding, in which the for- B.C. 654. It was taken by the Persians in their
mer and all his associates were slain. (Ov., invasion of Greece, was afterward subject to the
Met., v., 1, seq.) After her death, she was Athenians, at a later time to the Macedonians,
placed among the stars.                   and at length to Attalus III., king of Pergamus,
[ANDRON ('AvJpvy), ofHalicarnassus, a Greek on whose death (B.C. 133) it passed, with the
historian, who wrote a work entitled ZvyyEvatat, rest of his dominions, to the Romans. It was
of which he himself made an epitome. Muller celebrated for its wine, whence the whole islassigns to this Andron a work, crepi i-vaiov, and was regarded as sacred to Bacchus (Dionywhich some ascribe to the following. His frag. sus). Its chief town, also called Andros, conments are collected by Muller, Fragm. Hist. tained a celebrated temple of Bacchus (DionyGraec., vol. ii., p. 349-352.-2. Of Teos, author sus), and a harbor of the name of Gaureleon,
of a Periplus, perhaps the same with the Teian and a Fort Gaurion.
Andron, son of Cebaleus, whom Arrian men-'[ANDROSTHENES ('AvdpoaO60vi), of Thasus,
tions as a companion of Alexander the Great, one of Alexander's admirals, sailed with Nearand one of the leaders of the Indian exploration. chus, and was also sent by Alexander to ex,
61




ANDROTION,                                  ANNALIS.
plore the coast of the Persian Gulf. He wrote ('Avwypi6de or'AvwypLdeS), where persons with
an dccount of his voyage, and also a TiC'Ivdt- cutaneous diseases were cured by the waters
ic larnp(arr2Xov.]                        of the river.
ANDR6OT1N ('AvdPOrTiv). 1. An Athenian    ANIo, anciently ANIEN (hence, gen., Aniknis:
orator, and a contemporary of Demosthenes, now Teverone or L'Aniene), a river, the most
against whom the latter delivered an oration, celebrated of the tributaries of the Tiber, rises
which is still extant.-2. The author of an At- in the mountains of the Hernici, near Treba
this, or a work on the history of Attica. [Frag- (now Trevi), flows first northwest and then
ments published by Siebelis with Philochorus, southwest through narrow mountain-valleys, reLips., 1811, and by Miller in his Fragm. Hist. ceives the Brook Digentia (now Licenza) above
Grcec., vol. i., p. 371-377.]             Tibur, forms at Tibur beautiful waterfalls (hence
ANEMOREA, afterward ANEM6LiA ('Avre/dpeta, preaceps Anio, Hor., Carm., i., 7, 13), and flows,'Aveu6aeEta;'Aveyzoplete), a town on a hill on forming the boundary between Latium and the
the borders of Phocis and Delphi.         land of the Sabines, into the Tiber, three miles
ANEMURIUM ('Ave/aodptov: now Anamrur, with above Rome, where the town of Antemnae stood.
ruins), a town and promontory at the southern The water of the Anio was conveyed to Rome
point of Cilicia, opposite to Cyprus.     by two aqueducts, the Anio vetus and Anio no[ANGELIoN ('AyyeLieov), an artist always men- vus. Vid. Diet. of Ant., p. 110, 111, 2d ed.
tioned in connection with Tectaus: they were  [ANITORGIS or ANISTORGIS, a city of Hispania
pupils of Dipcenus and Scyllis, and flourished Baetica, near which a battle was fought between
about 548 B.C.]        -                  Hasdrubal and the Scipios.]
ANGER6NA or ANGER5NIA, a Roman goddess,   ANIvs ( AvtoC), son of Apollo by Creiisa, or
respecting whom we have different statements, Rhoeo, and priest of Apollo at Delos. By Dosome representing her as the goddess of silence, rippe he had three daughters, (Eno, Spermo,
others as the goddess of anguish and fear; that and Elais, to whom Bacchus (Dionysus) gave
is, the goddess who not only produces this state the power of producing at will any quantity of
of mind, but also relieves men from it. Her wine, corn, and oil, whence they were called
statue stood in the temple of Volupia, with her (Enotr6poo. When the Greeks, on'their expedimouth bound and sealed up. Her festival, An- tion to Troy, landed in Delos, Anius endeavored
geronalia, was celebrated yearly on the twelfth to persuade them to stay with him for nine
of December.                              years, as it was decreed by fate that they should
ANGITES ('Ayy1i7-: now Anghista), a river not take Troy until the tenth year; and he
in Macedonia, flowing into the Strymon.   promised, with the help of his three daughters,
ANGITYA or ANGUITfA, a goddess worshipped to supply them with all they wanted during that
by the Marsians and Marrubians, who lived period. After the fall of Troy,.Eneas was
about the shores of the Lake Fucinus.     kindly received by Anius.
ANGLI or ANGLII, a German people of the   ANNA, daughter of Belus and sister of Dido.
race of the Suevi, on the left bank of the Elbe, After the death of the latter, she fled from
afterward passed over with the Saxons into Carthage to Italy, where she was kindly reBritain, which was called- after them England. ceived by 2Eneas. Here she excited the jealVid. SAXONES. A portion of them appear to ousy of Lavinia, and being warned in a dream
have settled in Angeln in Schleswig.      by Dido, she fled and threw herself into the
ANGRIVARII, a German people dwelling on River Numicius. Henceforth she was worboth sides of the Visurgis (now Weser), separa- shipped as the nymph of that river, under the
ted from the Cherusci by an agger or mound of name of ANNA PERENNA. There are various
earth. The name is usually derived from An- other stories respecting the origin of her worgern, that is, meadows: They were generally ship: Ovid relates that she was considered by
on friendly terms with the Romans, but rebelled some as Luna, by others as Themis, by others
in A.D. 16, and were subdued. Toward the end as Io, daughter of Inachus, by others as the
of the first century they extended their terri- Anna of Bovillae, who supplied the plebs with
tories southward, and, in conjunction with the food, when they seceded to the Mons Sacer.
Chamavi, took possession of part of the terri- (Ov., Fast., iii., 523.) Her festival was celetory of the Bructeri, south and east of the Lippe, brated on the 15th of March. She was, in realithe Angaria or Engern of the Middle Ages.  ty, an old Italian divinity, who was regarded as
ANICEITUS [('AviK277zo). 1. Son of Hercules, the giver of life, health, and plenty, as the godby Hebe, after his admission to the abode of the dess whose powers were most manifest at the
gods.]-2. A freedman2 of Nero, and formerly return of spring, when her festival was celehis tutor, was employed by the emperor in the brated. The identification of this goddess with
execution of many of his crimes: he was after- Anna, the sister of Dido, is undoubtedly of late
ward banished to Sardinia, where he died.  origin.
ANIciUS GALLUS..Vid. GALLUS.             ANNA COMNENA, daughter of Alexis I. Com[ANICIUS, C., a senator and friend of Cicero, nenus (reigned A.D. 1081-1118), wrote the life
whose villa was near the latter's; mentioned of her father Alexis in fifteen books, which is
in the letters of Cicero.]                one of. the most interesting and valuable hisANIGRUS ('AvtypoC: now Mavro-Potamo), a tories of the Byzantine literature. Editions:
small river in the Triphylian Elis, the Minyeius By Possinus, Paris, 1651; by Schopen, Bonn,
(Mtvvmiog) of Homer (II., xi., 721), rises in Mount 1839, 8vo.
Lapithas, and flows into the Ionian Sea near  ANNILIS, a cognomen of the Villia Gens, first
Samicum: its waters have a disagreeable smell, acquired by L. Villius, tribune of the plebs, ins
and its fish are not eatable. Near Samicum  B.C. 179, because he introduced a law fixing
was a cave sacred to the Nymphs Anigrides the year (annus) at which it was lawful for a
62




ANNEIUS.                                ANTEVORTA.
person to be a candidate for each of the public retain only Lemnos, Imbros, and Scyros; and
offices.                                  all the other Greek cities were to be indeANNEIUS, M., legate of M. Cicero during his pendent.
government of Cilicia, B.C. 51.             ANTANDER ( Avravdpor). 1. Brother of Agath[ANNIA, wife of L. Cinna, and, after his ocles, king of Syracuse, wrote the life of his
death, ofM. Piso Calpurnianus.]           brother. [A fragnment, preserved by Diodorus, is
ANNTiNUS, T., a Roman poet, lived in the time given by Miiller, Frag. Hist. Grac., vol. ii., p.
of Trajan and- Hadrian, and wrote Fescennine 383.-2. General of the Messenians, and comverses.                                   mander of cavalry in the first Messenian war
ANNICERIS ('Avvmiceptc), a Cyrenaic philoso- against the Lacedaemonians.]
pher, of whom the ancients have left us contra-  ANTANDRUS ('Avravdpog:'AvravdptoC: now
dictory accounts. Many modern writers have Antandro), a city of Great Mysia, on the Adrasupposed that there were two philosophers of myttian Gulf, at the foot of Mount Ida; an
this name, the one contemporary with Plato, 2Eolian colony.  Virgil represents 2Eneas as
whom he is said to have ransomed for twenty touching here after leaving Troy (nEn., iii., 106).
minae from Dionysius of Syracuse, and the other  ANTARXDUS ('AvrTpaog: now  Tortosa), a
with Alexander the Great.                 town on the northern border of Phoenicia, opANNIUS CIMBER. Vid. CIMBER.             posite the island of Aradus.
ANNiUS MILO. Vid. MILO.                   ANTEA or ANTIA ('AvTrea), daughter of the
ANSER, a poet of the Augustan age, a friend Lycian king Iobates, wife of Prcetus of Argos.
of the triumvir Marcus Antonius, and one of the She is also called Sthenobcea. Respecting her
detractors of Virgil. Hence Virgil plays upon love for Bellerophontes, see BELLEROPHONTES.
his name (Eel., ix., 36). Ovid (Trist., ii., 435)  [ANTEIUS, P., appointed governor of Syria 55
calls him procax.                         A.D. On account of the favor in which he stood
ANSIBARII or AMPSIVARII, a German people, with Agrippina, he was an object of hatred to
originally dwelt south of the Bructeri, between Nero: being accused of a conspiracy, he took
the sources of the Ems and the Weser: driven poison, but, finding this too slow, he opened his
out of their country by the Chauci in the reign veins.]
of Nero (A.D. 59), they asked the Romans for  ANTEMN. (Antemnas, -atis), an ancient Sapermission to settle in the Roman territory be- bine town at the junction of the Anio and the
tween the Rhine and the Yssel, but when their Tiber, destroyed by the Romans in the earliest
request was refused they wandered into the in- times.
terior of the country to the Cherusci, and were  ANTENOR ('Avrtivop).  1. A Trojan, son of
at length extirpated, according to Tacitus. We 2Esyetes and Cleomestra, and husband of Thefind their name, however, among the Franks in ano. According to Homer, he was one of the
the time of Julian.                       wisest among the elders at Troy: he received
ANT2EOP6LIS ('AVTraOT67rotC: near Gau-el-Ke- Menelaus and Ulysses into his house when they
bir), an ancient city of Upper Egypt (the The- came to Troy as ambassadors, and advised his
bais), on the east side of the Nile, but at some fellow-citizens to restore Helen to Menelaus.
distance from the river, was the capital of the Thus he is represented as a traitor to his counNomos Anteeopolites, and one of the chief seats try, and when sent to Agamemnon, just before
of the worship of Osiris.                 the taking of Troy, to negotiate peace, he conANTEUS ('AvrTaro). 1. Son of Neptune (Po- certed a plan of delivering the city, and even
seidon) and Ge, a mighty giant and wrestler in the palladium, into the hands of the Greeks.
Libya, whose strength was invincible so long On the-capture of Troy, Antenor was spared by
as he remained in contact with his mother the Greeks. His history after this event is reearth. The strangers who came to his country lated differently. Some writers relate that he
were compelled to wrestle with him; the con- founded a new kingdom at Troy; according to
quered were slain, and out of their skulls he others, he embarked with Menelaus and Helen,
built a house to Neptune(Poseidon). Hercules was carried to Libya, and settled at Cyrene;
discovered the source of his strength, lifted him  while a third account states that he went with
from the earth, and crushed him in the air. the'Heneti to Thrace, arid thence to the westThe tomb of Antaeus (Antcei collis), which form- ern coast of the Adriatic, where the foundation
ed a moderate hill in the shape of a man stretch- of Patavium and several other towns is ascribed
ed out at full length, was shown near the town to him. The sons and descendants of Antenor
of Tingis in Mauretania down to a late period. were called Antenfrida..-2. Son of Euphranor,
-2. [A companion of Turnus, slain by /Eneas.] an Athenian sculptor, made the first bronze
ANTAG6RAS ('Avrayopa), of Rhodes, flourish- statues of Harmodius and Aristogiton, which
ed about B.C. 270, a friend of Antigonus Gona- the Athenians set up in the Ceramicus, B.C.
tas and a contemporary of Aratus. He wrote 509. These statues were carried off to Susa by
an epic poem entitled Thebais, and also epi- Xerxes, and their place was supplied by others
grams, of which specimens are still extant [in made either by Callias or by Praxiteles. After
the Greek Anthology].                     the conquest of Persia, Alexander the Great
ANTALCIDAS ('AvrTahKdag), a Spartan, son of sent the statues back to Athens, where they
Leon, is chiefly known by the celebrated treaty were again set up in the Ceramicus.
concluded with Persia in B.C. 387, usually called  ANThROS. Vid. EROS.
the peace of Antalcidas, since it was the fruit  ANTEVORTA, also called PORRIMA or PRORSA,
of his diplomacy. According to this treaty, all together with Postvorta, are described either
the Greek cities in Asia Minor, together with as the two sisters or companions of the Roman
Clazomena? and Cyprus, were to belong to the goddess Carmenta; but originally they were
Persian king: the Athenians were allowed to only two attributes of the one goddes.s Car63




ANTHEA.                                 ANTIGONUS.
menta, the former describing her knowledge of  [ANTICRAGUS ('AvriKpayor: now Soumbourlu),
the future, and the latter that of the past, anal- a lofty and steep mountain range in Lycia, runogous to the two-headed Janus.            ning in a northeast direction along the coast
[ANTHEA (VAvOeza),.a city of Messenia, men- of the Sinus Glaucus.]
tioned by Homer (1., 9, 151); the later Thuria,  [ANTICRITES ('AvTrKPtrrlC),  a Spartan, who
or, according to others, identical with Asine.]  claimed the merit of having dealt the blow that
ANTHED6N ('Av0vdLv:'Avdjrd6vto",: now Lu- proved fatal to Epaminondas at Mantinea.]
kisi?). 1. A town ofBeotiawith a harbor, on the  ANTiCYRA, more anciently ANTICIRRHA ('Avcoast of the Eubhean Sea, at the foot of Mount riltPa or'Avr/cvpa:'AvtlEcvpenr,'AvrtKvpaZO.).
Messapius, said to have derived its name from  1. (Now Aspra Spitia), a town in Phocis, with
a nymph Anthedon, or from Anthedon, son of a harbor on a peninsula on the western side of
Glaucus, who was here changed into a god.'the Sinus Anticyranus, a bay of the Crissaean
(Ov., Met., vii., 232; xiii., 905.) The inhabit- Gulf, called in ancient times Cyparissus, and
ants lived chiefly by fishing.-[2. A sea-port of celebrated for its hellebore. It continued to be
Argolis on the Saronic Gulf, near the borders a place of importance under the Romans.-2.
of Corinthia, called by Ptolemy'AOqvaiuv 2;tuiv. A town in Thessaly, on the Spercheus, not far
-3. A harbor in the southern part of Palestine, from its mouth. Both towns were celebrated
afterward called'Ayptw-trui.]            for their hellebore, the chief remedy in antiquity
[ANTHEl,A ('AvOzl07), a village of Thessaly, be- for madness; hence the proverb,'AvrtKifpac ae
tween the entrance of the Asopus into the Ma- deL, when a person acted senselessly, and Naliac Gulf and Thermopylae, containing a temple uvget Anticyram. (Hor., Sat., ii., 3, 166.)
of Ceres: it was one of the places of meeting  ANTIG~INES ('Avirtyivyg), a general of Alexanof the Amphictyonic council ]             der the Great, on whose death he obtained the
ANTHEMjiUS, emperoI of the West, A.D. 467- satrapy of Susiana, and espoused the side of
472, was killed on the capture of Rome by Ri- Eumenes. On the defeat of the latter in B.C.
cimer, who made Olybrius emperor.         316, Antigenes fell into the hands of his enemy
ANTHEIMfS ('AvOe/oSC -oiV7roC:'AvOeolzJatoL), Antigonus, and was burned alive by him.
a Macedonian town in Chalcidice.            ANTIGNIDAS ('AVTlrEyidua), a Theban, a celeANTHiMUSfISY or ANTHE:MUS ('AvOeuovaiu), a brated flute-player, and a poet, lived in the time
city of Mesopotamia, southwest of Edessa, and of Alexander the Great.
a little east of the Euphrates. The surround-  ANTiG6NE ('Avrwyvij). 1. Daughter of CEdipus
ing district was called by the same name, but by his mother Jocaste, and sister of Ismene, and
was generally included under the name of Os- of Eteocles and Polynices. In the tragic story
RHOENE.                                   of (Edipus, Antigone appears as a noble maiden,
ANTHIENE ('Av0rv7/), a place in Cynuria, in the with a truly heroic attachment to her father
Peloponnesus.                             and brothers. When (Edipus had blinded him[ANTHERMUS, a statuary of Chios, father of self, and was obliged,to quit Thebes, he was
Bupalus and Athenis: as the name is differently accompanied by Antigone, who remained with
given in different MSS., Sillig has proposed Ar- him till he died in Colonus, and then returned
chennus instead of Anthermus.]            to Thebes. After her two brothers had killed
[ANTHEUS ('AvO6Ed), a Trojan, a companion each other in battle, and Creon, thee king of
of 2Eneas.]                               Thebes, would not allow Polynices to be buried,
ANTHIYLLA (YAvOvXta), a considerable city of Antigone'alone defied the tyrant, and buried the
Lower Egypt, near the mouth of the Canopic body of her brother. Creon thereupon ordered
branch of the Nile, below Naucratis, the reve- her to be shut up in a subterraneous cave, where
nues of which, under the Persians, were as- she killed herself. Haemon, the son of Creon,
signed to the wife of the satrap of Egypt, to who was in love with her, killed himself by her
provide her with shoes.                   side.- [2. Daughlter of the Trojan king LaomeANTIAS, Q. VALE lus, a Roman historian, don, changed by Juno (Hera) into a stork, beflourished about B.C. 80, and wrote the history cause she presumed to vie with her in the beauof Rome from the earliest times down to those ty of her hair.-3. (Historical.) Daughter of
of Sulla. He is frequently referred to by Livy, Cassander, second wife of Ptolemy Lagus, and
who speaks of him as the most lying of all the mother of Berenice.]
annalists, and seldom mentions his name with-  ANTIGONEA? or -IA and -IA ('AvrTy6vEta,'Avrtout terms of reproach: there can be little doubt yovia). 1. (Now Tepeleni), a town in Epirus
that Livy's judgment is correct. [The frag- (Illyricum), at the junction of a tributary with
ments of his work are collected by Krause in the Aous, and near a narrow pass of the Acrohis Vitce et Fragm. veterum Hist. Rom., Berlin, cerauniari Mountains.-2. A Macedonian town
1833, p. 271-88.]                        in Chalcidice.-3. Vid. MANTINEA.-4. A town
ANTICLiEA ('AVri[Kceta), daughter of Autolycus, on the Orontes in Syria, founded byAntigonus as
wife of Laertes, and mother of Ulysses, died of the capital of his empire (B.C. 306), but most
grief at the long absence of her son. It is said of its inhabitants were transferred by Seleucus
that, before marrying Lairtes, she lived on in- to ANTIOCHIA, which was built in its neighbortimate terms with Sisyphus; whence Euripides hood. —5. A town in Bithynia, afterward Nicea.
calls Ulysses a son of Sisyphus.          -6. A town in the Troas. Vid. ALEXANDREA,
ANTIC.IDES ('AvrTceiebd), of Athens, lived No. 2.
after the time of Alexander the Great, and was  [ANTIG6NIS ('AvrTYOvfr), an Athenian tribe, so
the author of several works, the most import- called in honor of Antigonus, father of Demeant of which was entitled Nosti (NOroto), con- trius.]
taining an account of the return of the Greeks  ANTIGuNUS ('AvriYOvoC). 1. King of ASIA,
from their mythical expeditions.          surnamed the One-eyed son of Philip of Ely64




ANTILIBANIUS.                               ANTIOCHIA.
rniotis, and father of Demetrius Poliorcetes by ceeds in height. Its highest summit is Mount
Stratonice. He was one of the generals of Hermon (also Jebel-es-Sheikh).
Alexander the Great, and in the division of the  ANTiLOCHUS ('AvriaoXog), son of Nestor and
empire after the death of the latter (B.C. 323), Anaxibia or Eurydice, accompanied his father
he received the provinces of the Greater Phryg- to Troy, and distinguished himself by his bravia, Lycia, and Pamphylia.  On the death of ery. He wasslain before Troy by Memnon the
the regent Antipater in 319, he aspired to the AEthiopian, and was buried by the side of his
sovereignty of Asia. In 316 he defeated and friends Achilles and Patroclus.
put Eumenes to death; after a struggle of near-  ANTYMXCHUS9 ('AvTr/aXog). 1. A Trojan, perly three years. From 315 to 311 he carried on suaded his countrymen not to surrender Helen
war, with varying success, against Seleucus, to the Greeks. He had three sons, two of whom
Ptolemy, Cassander, andLysimachus. By the were put to death by Menelaus.-2. Of Claros
peace made in 311, Antigonus was allowed to or Colophon, a Greek epic and elegiac poet, was
have the government of all Asia; but peace did probably a native of Claros, but was called a Colnot last more than a year. After the defeat of ophonian, because'Claros belonged to Colophon.
Ptolemy's fleet in 306, Antigonus assumed'the (Clarius poeta, Ov., Trist., i., 6, 1.) He flourishtitle of king, and his example was followed by ed toward the end of the Peloponnesian war:
Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Seleucus. In the his chief work was an epic poem of great length
same year, Antigonus invaded Egypt, but was called Thebais (0;76adc). Antimachus was one
compelled to retreat. His son Demetrius car- of the forerunners of the poets of the Alexanried on the war with success against Cassander drine school, who wrote more for the learned
in Greece; but he was compelled to return to th^an for the public at large. The Alexandrine
Asia to the assistance of his father, against grammarians assigned to him the second place
whom Cassander, Seleucus, Ptolemy, and Ly- among the epic poets, and the Emperor Hadrian
simachus had formed a fresh confederacy. An- preferred his works even to those of Homer.
tigonus and Demetrius were defeated by Lysim- He also wrote a celebrated elegiac poem called
achus at the decisive battle of Ipsus in Phryg- Lyde,' which was the name of his wife or misia, in 301. Antigonus fell in the battle in the tress, as well as other works. There was likeeighty-first year of his age.-2. GONATAS, son wise a tradition that he made a recension of the
of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and grandson of the text of the Homeric poems. [His fragments
preceding. He assumed the title of King of have been collected and published by SchellenMacedonia, after his father's death in Asia in berg, Halle, 1786; some additional fragments
B.C. 283, but he did not obtain possession of in Stoll's Animadversiones in Antimachi Fragm.,
the throne till 277. He was'driven out of his Gdtting., 1840; the epic fragments in Diintzer's
kingdom by Pyrrhus of Epirus in 273, but re- Fraygm. der Episch. Poes. der Griech. bhis auf Alexcovered it in the following year: he was again ander, p. 99.]
expelled by Alexander, the son of Pyrrhus, and  [ANTIM(ERUS ('AvTryotpot), a sophist of Mende
again recovered his dominions. He attempted in Thrace, a pupil of Protagoras, mentioned by
to prevent the formation of the Achaean League, Plato (Protag., 315, A.)]
and died in 239. He was succeeded by Deme-  ANTINO6POLIS ('AvrtLv6ov tr6oLt or'Avrtv6eLa:
trius II. His surname Gonatas is usually de- ruins at Enseneh), a splendid city, built by Harived from Gonnos or Gonni in Thessaly; but drian, in memory of his favorite ANTINOUS, on
some think that Gonatas is a Macedonian word, the eastern bank of the Nile, upon the site of the
signifying an iron plate protecting the knee. ancient Besa, in Middle Egypt (Heptanomis).
-3. DosON (SO called because he was always It was the capital of the Nomos Antinoites, and
about to give, but never did), son of Demetrius had. an oracle of the goddess Besa.
of Cyrene, and grandson of Demetrius Polior-  ANTIN6US  ('Avrivoor), 1. Son of Eupithes
cetes. On the death of Demetrius II. in B.C. of Ithaca, and one of the suitors of Penelope,
229, he was left guardian of his son Philip, but was slain by Ulysses.-2.: A youth of extraorhe married the widow of Demetrius, and became dinary beauty, born at Claudiopolis in Bithynia,
King of Macedonia himself. He supported Ara- was the favorite of the Emperor Hadrian, and
tus and the Achaean League against Cleomenes, his companion in all his journeys. He was
king of Sparta, whom he defeated at Sellasia in drowned in the Nile, A.D. 122, whether acci221, and took Sparta. On his return to Mace- dentally or on purpose, is uncertain. The grief
donia, he defeated the Illyrians, and died a few  of the emperor knew no bounds. He enrolled
days afterward, 220.-4. King of JUDeA, son Antinous among the gods, caused a temple to
of Aristobulus II., was placed on the throne by be erected to him at Mantinea, and founded the
the Parthians in B.C. 40, but was taken prison- city of ANTINOOPOLIS in honor of him. A large
er by Sosius, the lieutenant of Antony, and was number of works of art of all kinds were exeput to death by the latter in 37.-5. Of CARYS- outed in his honor, and many of them are still
TUS, lived at Alexandrea about B.C. 250, and extant.
wrote a work, still extant, entitled Historis Mi-  ANTISCHIA and -fA ('Avrt6GEta:'Avrtoxevdr
rabiles, which. is only of value from its preserv- and -6XeLto, fem.'Avr7toxir and -6Xtoaa, Antioing extracts from other and better works.- chdnus), the name of several cities of Asia, sixEditions: By J. Beckmann, Lips., 1791, and by teen of which are said to have, been built by
Westermann in his Paradoxographi, Bruns., Seleucus I. Nicator, and named in honor of his
1839.                                     father Antiochus.  1. A. EPIDAPHNES, or AD
ANTIL1BANUS ('AvTrait6avog':, now Jebel-es- DAPHNEM, or AD ORONTEM ('A. idri Aldov,: SO
Sheikh or Anti-Lebanon), a mountain on the called from a neighboring grove:'A. rin'OpOvconfines of Palestine, Phcenicia, and Syria, r|n: ruins at Antakia), the capital of the Greek
parallel to Libanus'(now Lebanon), which it ex- kingdom of Syria, and long the chief city of
5                                                                65




ANTIOCHIA.                                ANTIOCHUS.
Asia, and perhaps of the world, stood on the  ATTThCHUS ('AVTrioXc). I. Kings of Syria,
left bank of the Orontes, about twenty miles  1. SOTER (reigned B.C. 280-261), was the son
(geog.) from the sea, in a beautiful valley, about of Seleucus I., the founder of the Syrian kingten miles long and five or six broad, inclosed dom of the Seleucidae. He married his stepby the ranges of Amanus on the northwest, and mother Stratonice, with whom he fell violently
Casius on the southeast. It was built by Seleu- in love, and whom his father surrendered to
cus Nicator, about B.C. 300, and peopled chiefly him. He fell in battle against the Gauls in 261.
from the neighboring city of ANTIGONIA. It  2. THEOS (B.C. 261-246), son and successor
flourished so rapidly as soon to need enlarge- of No. 1. The Milesians gave him his surname
ment; and other additions were again made to of Theos, because he delivered them from their
it by Seleucus II. Callinicus (about B.C. 240), tyrant, Timarchus.  He carried on war with
and Antiochus IV. Epiphanes (about B.C. 170). Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt, which
Hence it obtained the name of Tetrapolis (re- was brought to a close by his putting away
rpadrotr, i. e., four cities).' Besides being the his wife Laodice, and marrying Berenice, the
capital of the greatest kingdom of the world, it daughter of Ptolemy. After the death of Ptolehad a considerable commerce, the Orontes be- my, he recalled Laodice; but, in revenge for the
ing navigable up to the city, and the high road insult she had received, she caused Antiochus
between Asia and Europe passing through it. and Berenice to be murdered. During the reign
Under the Romans it was the residence of the of Antiochus, Arsaces founded the Parthian
proconsuls of Syria; it was favored and visited empire (250), and Theodotus established an inby emperors; and was made a cblonia with the dependent kingdom in Bactria. He was sucJus Italicum by Antoninus Pius. It was one of ceeded by his son Seleucus Callinicus. His
the earliest strong-holds of the Christian faith; younger son Antiochus Hierax also assumed
the first place where the Christian name was the crown, and carried on war some years with
used (Acts, xi., 26); the centre of missionary his brother. Vid. SELEUCUS II.-3. The GREAT
efforts in the Apostolic age; and the see of one (B.C. 223-187), second son of Seleucus Calliniof the four chief bishops,' who were called Pa- cus, succeeded to the throne on the death of
triarchs. Though far inferior to Alexandrea as his brother Seleucus Ceraunus, when he was
a seat of learning, yet it derived some distinc- only in his fifteenth year. After defeating (220)
tion in this respect from the teaching of Liba- Molon, satrap of Media, and his brother Alexnius and other' Sophists; and its eminence in ander, satrap of Persis, who had attempted to
art is attested by the beautiful gems and medals make themselves independent, he'carried on
still found among its ruins. It was destroyed war against Ptolemy Philopator, king of Egypt,
by the Persian king Chosroes (A.D. 540), but in order to obtain Ccele-Syria, Phcenicia, and
rebuilt by Justinian, who gave it the:new name Palestine, but was obliged to cede these provof Theupolis (O8o'T6ro2Lt). The ancient walls- inces to Ptolemy, in consequence of his defeat
which still surround the insignificant modern at the battle of Raphia near Gaza, in 217. He
town are probably those built by Justinian. The next marched against Achaeus, who had revoltname of Antiochia was also given to the sur- ed in Asia Minor, and whom he put to death,
rounding district, i. e., the northwestern part of when he fell into his hands in 214. Vid. ACHEUS.
Syria, which bordered upon Cilicia.-2. A. AD Shortly after this he was engaged for seven
M.EANDRUM ('A.'rpo' Matdivdpo: ruins near Yen- years (212-205) in an attempt to regain the
ishehr), a city of Caria, on the Maeander, built eastern provinces of Asia, which had revolted
by Antiochus I. Soter, on the site of the old city during the reign of Antiochus III.; but though
of Pythopolis.-3. A. PISIDI)E or AD PISIDIAM he met with great success, he found it hopeless
('A. rlhaLt6i or 7rph bcItatcia), a considerable city to effect the subjugation of the Parthian and
on the borders of Phrygia Paroreios and Pisidia; Bactrian kingdoms, and accordingly concluded
built by colonists from Magnesia; declared a a peace with them. In 205 he renewed his war
free city by the Romans after their victory over against Egypt with more success, and in 198
Antiochus the Great (B.C. 189); made a colo- conquered Palestine and Ccele-Syria, which he
ny under Augustus, and called Caesarea. It was afterward gave as a dowry with his daughter
celebrated for the worship and the great temple Cleopatra upon her marriage with Ptolemy
of Men Arceeus (Miv'ApicaTog, the Phrygian Epiphanes. In 196 he crossed over into EuMoon-god), which the Romans suppressed.-4. rope, and took possession of the Thracian CherA. MARGIANA ('A. Mapytav': now Meru Shah- sonese. This brought him into contact with'Jehan?), a city in the Persian province of Mar- the Romans, who commanded him to restore
giana, on the River Margus, founded by Alexan- the Chersonese to the Macedonian king; but
der, and at first called Alexandrea; destroyed he refused to comply with their demand; in
by the barbarians, rebuilt by Antiochus I. Soter, which resolution he was strengthened by Hanand called Antiochia. It was beautifully situa- nibal, who arrived at his court in 195. Hannited, and was surrounded by a wall seventy sta- bal urged him to invade Italy without loss of
dia (about eight miles) in circuit. Among the time; but Antiochus'did, not follow his advice,
less important cities of the name were: (5.) and it was not till 192 that he crossed over into
A. AD TAURUM in Commagene; (6.) A. AD CRA- Greece. In 191 he was defeated by the Romans
GUM; and (7.) A. AD PYRAMUM, in Cilicia. The at Thermopylae, and compelled to return to
following Antiochs are better known by other Asia; his fleet was also vanquished in two ennames: A. AD SARUM (vid. ADANA); A. CHARA- gagements. In 190 he was again defeated by
CENES (vid. CHARAX); A. CALLIRRHOE (vid. EDES- the Romans under L. Scipio, at Mount Sipylus,
SA); A. AD HIPPUM (vid. GADARA); A. MIGDO- near Magnesia, and compelled to sue for peace,
zjE (vid. NISIBIS); in Cilicia (vid. TARSUS); in which was granted in 188, on condition of his
Caria or Lydia (vid. TRALLES).            ceding all his dominions east of Mount Taurus,
66




ANTIOCHUS.                                  ANTIOPE.
paying fifteen thousand Euboic talents within IX. in 95.-11. EPIPHANES, son of A. VIII. Grytwelve years, giving up his elephants and ships pus and brother of Seleucus Epiphanes, carried.of war, and surrendering the Roman enemies; on war' against A. X. Eusebes, but was defeatbut he allowed Hannibal to escape. In order ed by the latter, and drowned in the River'to raise the money to pay the Romans, he at- Orontes.-12. DIONYSUS, brother of No. 11, held
tacked a, wealthy temple in Elymais, but was the crown for a short time, but fell in battle
killed by the people of the place (187). He was against Aretas, king of the Arabians. The Syrsucceeded by his son Seleucus Philopator. —4. ians, worn out with the civil broils of the SeEPIPi.pNES (B.C. 175-164),'son of Antiochus leucidae, offered the kingdom to Tigranes, king:[II, was given as a hostage to the Romans in of Armenia, who united Syria to his own domin-.188, and was released from captivity in 175 ions in 83, and held it till his defeatby the Ro-,through his brother Seleucus Philopator, whom  mans in 69.-13. ASIATICUS, son of A. X. Euhe succeeded in the same year. He carried on sehes, became King of Syria on the defeat of.war against Egypt from 171-168 with great suc- Tigranes by Lucullus in 69; but he was de-,cess, in order to obtain Coele-Syria and' Pales- prived of it in 65 by Pompey, who reduced Syria
tine, which had been given as a dowry-with his to a Roman province. In this year the Seleusister, and he was preparing to lay siege to cida ceased to reign.
Alexandrea in 168, when the Romans compelled
him to retire. He endeavored to root out the        II. Kings of Commagene.
Jewish religion and to introduce the worship  1. Made an alliance with' the Romans about
of the Greek divinities; but this attempt led to B.C. 64. He assisted Pompey with troops in
a rising of the Jewish people, under Mattathias 49, and was attacked by Antony in 38. He was
and his heroic sons' the Maccabees, which An- succeeded by Mithradates I. about 31.-2. Suctiochus was unable to put down. He attempt — ceeded Mithradates I., and-was put to death at
ed to plunder a temple in Elymais in 164, but Rome by Augustus in 29.-3. Succeeded Mithhe was repulsed, and died shortly afterward in radates II., and died in A.D. 17. Upon his
a state of raving madness, which the Jews and death, Commagene became a Roman province,
Greeks equally attributed to his sacrilegious and remained so till A.D. 38.-4. Surnamed
crimes. His subjects gave him the name of EPIPHANES, apparently a son of Antiochus III.,
Epimanes (' the madman") in parody of Epiph- received his paternal dominion from Caligula in
anes.-'5.,EUPATOR (B.C., 164-162), son and sue- A.D. 38.  He was, subsequently deposed by
cessor of Epiphanes, was nine years old at his Caligula, but regained his kingdom on the acfather's death, and-reigned under the guardian- cession of Claudius in 41. He was a faithful
ship of Lysias. He was dethroned and put to ally of the Romans, and assisted them in their
death by Demetrius Soter, the son of Seleucus wars against the Parthians under Nero, and
Philopator, who had hitherto lived at Rome as against the Jews under Vespasian. At length,
a hostage.-6. THEOS, son of Alexander Balas. in 72, he was accused of conspiring with the
He was brought forward as a claimant to the Parthians against the Romans, was deprived of
crown in 144,' against Demetrius Nicator by his kingdom, and retired to Rome, where he
Tryphon, but he -was murdered by the latter, passed the remainder of his life.
who ascended the throne himself in 142-7.
SIDEiTES (B.C. 137-128), so called from Side in         III. Literar
Pamphylia, where he was brought up, younger'1. -Of AEGoM in Cilicia, a Sophist, or, as he
son of Demetrius Soter, succeeded Tryphon. himself pretended to be, a Cynic philosopher.
He married Cleopatra, wife of his elder brother He flourished about A.D. 200, during the reign
Demetrius Nicator, who was a prisoner with of Severus and Caracalla. During the war of
the Parthians. He carried on War against the Caracalla against the Parthians, he deserted to
Parthians, at first with success, but was after- the Parthians together with Tiridates. He was
ward defeated and slain in battle in 128.-8. one of the most distinguished rhetoricians of
GRYPUS, or Hook-nosed (B.C. 125-96), second his time, and also acquired some reputation as
son of Demetrius Nicator and Cleopatra. He a writer.-2. Of AscALON, the founder of the
was placed upon the throne in 125 by his moth- fifth Academy, was a friend of Lucullus and the
er Cleopatra, who put to death his eldest broth- teacher of Cicero during his studies at Athens
er Seleucus, because she wished to have'the (B.C. 79); but he had a school at Alexandrea
power in her own hands.'He poisoned' his also, as well as in Syria, where he seems to
mother in 120, and subsequently carried on war have ended his life. His principal teacher was
for some years with his half-brother A. IX. Philo, who succeeded Plato, Arcesilas, and CarCyzicenus. At length, in 112, the two broth- neades, as the founder of the fourth Academy.
ers agreed to share the kingdom between them, He is, however, better known as the adversary
A. Cyzicenus having Ccele-Syria and Phoenicia, than the disciple of Philo; and Cicero mentions
and A. Grypus the remainder of the provinces. a treatise called Sosus, written by him against
Grypus Was assassinated in 96.-9. CYZICENUs, his master, in which he refutes the skepticism
from Cyzicus, where he was brought up, son of of the Academics.-3. Of SYRACUSE, a Greek
A. VII.. Sidetes and Cleopatra,'reigned over historian, lived about B.C. 423, and wrote hisCoele-Syria and Phoenicia from 112 to 96, but tories of Sicily and Italy. [The fragments of
fell in battle in 95 against Seleucus Epiphanes, his writings are collected in Miiller's Fragmenta
son of A. VIII. Grypus.-10. EUSEBES, son of Hist. Grcec., vol. i.', p. 181-184.-4. Of ALEXA. IX. Cyzicenus, defeated Seleucus Epiph- ANDREA, author of a history of the comic poets
anes, who had slain his father in battle, and of Greece.]
maintained the throne against the brothers of  ANT16PE ('Avrt6irn). 1. Daughter of Nycteus
Seleucus. He succeeded his father Antiochus and Polyxo, or of the river-god Asopus in Bceo67




ANTIPATER.                                 ANTIPHON.
tia, became by Jupiter (Zeus) the mother of 100, and lived to a great age.-8. Of ThessaAmphion and Zethus. Vid. AMPHION. Bac- lonica, the author of several epigrams in the
chus (Dionysus) threw her into a state of mad- Greek Anthology, lived in the latter part of the
ness on account of the vengeance which her reign, of Augustus.
sons had taken on Dirce. In this condition she  ANTIPATES, L. CIUs, a Roman jurist and
wandered through Greece, until Phocus, the historian, and a contemporary of C. Gracchus
grandson of Sisyphus, cured and married her. (B.C. 123) and L. Crassus, the orator, wrote An-2. An Amazon, sister of Hippolyte, wife of sales, which were epitomized by Brut us and
Theseus, and mother of Hippolytus.        which contained a valuable account of the seeANTIPATER ('Avi7raTpoc). 1. The Macedoni- ond Punic war. [The fragments of this. work
an, an officer greatlytrusted by Philip and Alex- have been published by Krause in his vitce ee
ander the Great, was left by the latter regent in Fragmenta veterum Hist. Roman., Berlin, 1833,
Macedonia, when he crossed over into Asia in p. 182-201.]
B.C. 334. In consequence of dissensions be-  ANTIPATRIA ('Avrtrdrpta: now Berat?), a
tween Olympias and Antipater, the latter was town in Illyricum on the borders of Macedonia,
summoned to Asia in 324, and Craterus appoint- on the left bank of the Apsus.
ed to the regency of Macedonia, but the death  [ANTIPATRIS ('AvnTrarpig), a city of Judea beof Alexander in the following year prevented tween Jerusalem and Cmesarea, in a beautiful
these arrangements from taking effect.  An- and fruitful plain it was built on the site of an
tipater now obtained Macedonia again, and in older town called Capharsaba, enlarged by Herconjunction with Craterus, who was associated od the Great, and named Antipatris in honor of
with him in the government, carried on war his father Antipater.]
against the Greeks, who endeavored to establish  ANTIPHANES ('Avrm5dvwg). 1. A comic poet
their independence. This war, usually called of the middle Attic comedy, born about B.C.404,
the Lamian war, from Lamia,, where Antipater and died 330. Ho wrote 365, or at the least
was besieged in 323, was terminated by Antip- 260 plays, which were distinguished by eleater's victory over the confederates at Cran- gance of language. [The fragments of his
non in 322. This was followed by the submis- plays are collected by Meineke in his Fragsion of Athens and the death of DEMOSTHENES. menta Comic. Grcec, vol. i., p. 491-574, edit.
In 321 Antipater crossed over into Asia in or- minor.]-2. Of Berga in Thrace, a Greek writder to oppose Perdiccas; but the murder of er on marvelous and incredible things. —3. An
PERDICCAS in Egypt put an end to this war,and epigrammatic poet, several of whose' epigrams
left Antipater supreme regent. Antipater died are still extant in the Greek Anthology, lived
in 319, after appointing Polysperchon regent, about the reign of Augustus.-[4. Of Argos, a
and his own son CASSANDER to a subordinate sculptor, disciple of Polycl6tus, and teacher of
position.-2. Grandson of the preceding, and Cleon.-5. A physician of Delos, who lived
second son of Cassander and Thessalonica. about the beginning of the second century A.D.]
After the death of his elder brother Philip IV.  ANTIPHATES ('Avrt6arpT).  1. King of the
(B.C. 295), great dissensions ensued between mythical Laestrygones in Sicily, who are repreAntipater and his younger brother Alexander sented as giants and cannibals. They destroyfor the kingdom of Macedonia. Antipater, be- ed eleven of the ships of Ulysses, who escaped
lieving that Alexander was favored by his moth- with only one vessel.-[2. Son of the diviner
er, put her to death. The younger brother upon Melampus, and father of CEcles, mentioned in
this applied for aid at once to Pyrrhus of Epirus the Odyssey.-3. A companion of _Eneas, son
and Demetrius Poliorcetes. The remaining of Sarpedon, slain by Turnus.]
history is related differently; but so much is  ANTIPHELLUS ('AvTiOeuloC: now Antiphilo),
certain, that both Antipater and Alexander were a town on the coast of Lycia, between Patara
subsequently put to death, either by Demetri- and Aperlee, originally the port of PHELLUS.
us or at his instigation, and that Demetrius be-  ANTIPHEMUS ('Avri0juof),the Rhodian, foundcame King of Macedonia.-3. Father of Herod er of Gela in Sicily, B.C. 690.
the Great, son of a noble Idumaean of the same  ANTIPHILUS ('Avrimtn2o). 1. Of Byzantium,
name, espoused the cause of Hyrcanus against an epigrammatic poet, author of several excelhis brother Aristobulus. He ingratiatedhimself lent epigrams in the Greek Anthology, was a
with the Romans, and in B.C.47 was appointed by contemporary of the Emperor Nero.-2. Of
Caesar procurator of Judaea, which appointment Egypt, a distinguished painter, the rival of
he held till his death in 43, when he was carried Apelles, painted for Philip and Alexander the
off by poison, which Malichus, whose life he had Great.-[3. An Athenian general in the Lamitwice saved, bribed the cup-bearer of Hyrcanus an war, appointed in the place of Leosthenes.]
to administer to him.-4. Eldest son of Herod  ANTIPHON ('Avrt0v). 1. The most ancient
the Great by his first wife, Doris, brought about of the ten orators in the Alexandrine canon,
the death of his two half-brothers, Alexander was a son of Sophilus the Sophist, and born at
and Aristobulus, in B.C. 6, but was himself con- Rhamnus in Attica, in B.C. 430. He belonged
demned as guilty of a conspiracy against his fa- to the oligarchical party at Athens, and took an
ther's life, and was executed five days before active part in the establishment of the governHerod's death.-5.- Of Tarsus, a Stoic philoso- ment of the Four Hundred (B.C. 411), after the
pher, the successor of Diogenes and the teach- overthrow of which he was brought to trial,
er of Panaetius, about B.C. 144.-6. Of Tyre, a condemned, and put to death.'The oratorical
Stoic philosopher, died shortly before B.C. 45, powers of Antiphon are highly praised by the
and wrote a work on Duties (De Officiis).-7. ancients. He introduced great improvements
Of Sidon, the author of several epigrams in the in public speaking, and was the first who laid
Greek Anthology, flourished about B.C. 108- down theoretical laws for practical eloquence;
68




ANTIPHONUS.                                  ANTIUM.
he opened a school in which he taught rhetoric, founder of the sect of the Cynic philosophers.
and the historian Thucydides is said to have His mother was a Thracian. In his youth he
been one of his pupils. The orations which he fought at Tanagra (B.C. 426), and was a discicomposed were written for others; and the ple,first of Gorgias, and then of Socrates, whom
only time that he spoke in public himself was he never quitted, and at whose death he was
when he was accused and condemned to death. present., He died at Athens, at the age of sevThis speech, which was considered in antiqui- enty. He taught in the Cynosarges, a gymnaty a master-piece of eloquence, is now lost. sium for the use of Athenians born of foreign
(Thuc., viii., 68; Cic., Brut., 12.) We still pos- mothers; whence probably his followers were
sess fifteen orations of Antiphon, three of which called Cynics (imvvlcol), though others derive
were written by him for others, and the remain- their name from their dog-like neglect of all
ing twelve as specimens for his school, or ex- forms and usages of society.  His writings
ercises on fictitious cases. They are printed were very numerous, and chiefly dialogues; his
in' the collections of the Attic orators, and sep- style was pure and elegant; and he possessed
arately, edited' by Baiter and Sauppe, Zurich, considerable powers of wit and sarcasm.'Two
1838, and Miatzner, Berlin, 1838.-2. A tragic declamations of his are preserved, named Ajax
poet, whotm many writers confound with the'and Ulysses, which are purely rhetorical. He
Attic orator, lived at Syracuse, at the court of was an enemy to all speculation, and thus was
the. elder Dionysius, by whom he was put to opposed to Plato, whom he attacked furiously
death.-3. Of Athens, a Sophist and an epic in one of his dialogues. His philosophical syspoet, wrote a work on the interpretation of tem was confined almost entirely to ethics, and
dreams, which is referred to by Cicero and he taught that virtue is the sole thing necessaothers. He is the same. person as the Anti- ry. He showed his contempt of all the luxuries
phon who was an opponent of Socrates. (Xen., and outward comforts of life by his mean clothferm., i., 6.)-[4. The youngest brother of Pla- ing and hard fare. From his school the Stoics
to, mentioned in the Parmenides.-5. An Athe- subsequently sprung. In one of his works ennian, who was arrested for favoring the cause titled Physicus, he contended for the Unity of
of Macedonia, at the instigation of Demosthe- the Deity. (Cic., De Nat. Deor., i., 13.) [The
nes, and put to death.]                   fragments of his writings have been collect[ANTIPHONUS ('Avrioovog), one of the sons of ed and published by Winckelmann, Antisthenis
Priam, accompanied his father when he went Fragmenta, Turici, 1842.-2. Of Rhodes, a
to solicit the body of Hector from Achilles.]  Greek historian, who flourished about 200 B.C.
[ANTIPHRE ('Avriopa and'Avriopae), a city of He wrote a history of his own times, which
Africa, in the Libyan nome, at some distance has perished.]
from the sea: it was here that the common   ANTISTIUS, P., tribune of the plebs, B.C. 88,
Libyan wine was made, which formed the drink a distinguished orator, supported the party of
of the lower orders at Alexandrea.]       Sulla, and was put to death by order of young
ANTIPHUS ("Av7n'toc). 1. Son of Priam and Marius in 82. His daughter Antistia was marHecuba, slain by Agamemnon.-2. Son of Thes- ried to Pompeius Magnus.
salis, and one of the Greek heroes at Troy.-' ANTISTIUS LABO. Vid. LABEO.
[3. Son of Pylemenes and the nymph Gygea,   ANTISTIUS VETUS. Vid. VETUS.
ally of the Trojans, joint leader with his brother  ANTITAURUS ('Avriravpof: now Ali-Dagh), a
Mesthles of the Maeonians from Mount Tmolus. chain of mountains, which strikes off northeast
-4. Son of AEgyptius of Ithaca, a companion of from the main chain of the Taurus on the southUlysses in his wanderings; devoured by Poly- ern border of Cappadocia, in the centre of which
phemus.-5. Another Ithacan, a friend of Te- district it turns to the east and runs parallel to
lemachus.]                                the Taurus as far as the Euphrates. Its averANfTIPOLIS ('Avr7/roRtc: now Awtilbes, pro- age height exceeds that of the Taurus; and
nounced by the inhabitants Antiboul), a town in one of its summits, Mount' Argaeus, near MaGallia Narbonensis on the coast, in the territory zaca, is the loftiest mountain of Asia Minor.
of the Deciates, a few miles west of Nicaea, was  ANTIUM (Antias: now Torre or Porto d'Anzo),
fcunded. by Massilia: the muria, or salt pickle a very ancient town of Latium, on a rocky promnmade of fish, prepared at this town, was very ontory running out some distance into the Tyreelebrated.                               rhenian Sea. It was founded by Tyrrhenians
ANIRRu-IUm ('AvrPAtov: now Castello di Ro- and Pelasgians, and in earlier and even later
media), a promontory oa the borders of Agtolia times was noted for its piracy. Although unitand Loeeris, opposite Rhium (now Castello di Mo- ed by Tarquinius Superbus to the Latin League,
-rea) in Achaia, with which it formed the nar- it generally sided with the Volscians against
row entrance of the Corinthian Gulf: the straits Rome. It was taken' by the Romans in B.C.
are sometimes called the Little Dardanelles.  468, and a colony was sent thither, but it revoltANTISSA ('Avrtaaa'AvrTaiaroCt: now Kalas ed, was taken a second time by the Romans in.Limneons), a town in Lesbos with a harbor, B.C. 338, was deprived of all its ships, the beaks
en the western coast between Methymna and of which (Rostra) served to ornament the platthe promontory Sigriam, was originally on a form of the speakers in the Roman forum, was
small island opposite Lesbos, which was after- forbidden to have any ships in future, and reward united with Lesbos. [It was-the birth- ceived another Roman colony. But it graduplace of the poet Terpander.] It was destroy- ally recovered its former importance, was allow..
ed by th?, Romans, B.C. 168, and its inhabitants ed in course of time again to be used as a seamremoved to Methymna, because they had as- port, and in the latter times of the republic and
/sated Antiochus.                         under the empire, became a favorite residence'A   sINTE. ae (?A.v7rtaieV). 1. An Athenian,'of many of the Roman nobles and emperors.
69




ANTIUS RESTIO.                               ANTONIUS.
The Emperor Nero was born here, and in the he persuaded them to grant to his father Haremains of his palace the celebrated Apollo Bel- drian the apotheosis and the other honors usualvedere was found. Antium possessed a cele- ly paid to deceased emperors, which they had
brated temple of Fortune (0 Diva, gratum que at first refused to bestow upon Hadrian. The
regis Antium, Hor., Carm., i., 35), of zEscula- reign of Antoninus is almost a blank in history
pius, and at the port of Ceno, a little to the east -a blank caused by the suspension (for a time
of Antium, a temple of Neptune, on which ac- of war, violence, and crime. He was one of
count the place is now called Nettuno.    the best princes that ever mounted a throne,
ANTIUS RESTIO. Vid. RESTIO.             and all his thoughts and energies were dediANTONIA.  1. Major, elder daughter of M. cated to the happiness of his people. No atAntonius and Octavia, wife of L. Domitius tempt was made to achieve new conquests, and
Ahenobarbus, and mother of Cn. Domitius,:the various insurrections among the Germans, Dafather of the Emperor Nero.  Tacitus calls cians, Jews, Moors, ZEgyptians, and Britons,
this Antonia the younger daughter.-2. -Minor, were easily quelled by his legates. In all the
younger sister of the preceding, wife of Drusus, relations of private life the character ofAn tothe brother of the Emperor Tiberius, and mother ninus was without reproach. He was faithfhi
of Germanicus, the father of the Emperor Calig- to his wife Faustina, notwithstanding her profliula, of Livia or Livilla, and of the Emperor Clau- gate life, and after her death loaded her memory
dius. She died A.D. 38, soon after the acces- with honors. He died at Lorium, March 7th,
sion of her grandson Caligula. She was cele- 161, in his seventy-fifth year. He was suebrated for her beauty, virtue, and chastity.- ceeded by Marcus Aurelius, whom he had adopt3. Daughter of the Emperor Claudius, married ed, when he himself was adopted by Hadrian,
first to Pompeius Magnus, and afterward to and to whom he gave his daughter FAUsTINA
Faustus Sulla. Nero wished to marry her after in marriage.
the death of his wife Poppsea, A.D. 66; and on  ANTONINUS LIBERALIS, a Greek grammarian,
her refusal he caused her to be put to death on probably lived in the reign of the Antonines,
a charge of treason.                      about A.D. 147, and wrote a work on MetaANT6ONA TURRIS, a castle on a rock at the morphoses (Meraelopocba(.)v avvay(wyri) in fortynorthwest corner of the Temple at Jerusalem, one chapters, which is extant.-Editions: By
which commanded both thetemple and the city. Verheyk, Lugd. Bat., 1774; by Koch, Lips.,
It was at first called Baris: Herod the Great 1832; by- Westermann, in his Mythographi,
changed its name in honor of Marcus Antonius. Brunsv., 1843.
It contained the residence of the Procurator  ANTONIUS. 1. M., the orator, born B.C. 143;
Judaeee.                                  quaestor in 113; praetor in 104, when he fought
ANTONINI ITINERARIUM, the title of an extant against the pilates in Cilicia; consul in 99; and
work, which is a very valuable itinerary of the censor in 97.' He belonged to Sulla's party, and
whole Roman empire, in which both the prin- was put to death by Marius and Cinna when
cipal and the cross-roads are described by a list they entered Rome in 87: his head was cut off
of all the places and stations upon them, the and placed on the Rostra. Cicero mentions
distances from place to place being given-in him and L. Crassus as the most distinguished
Roman miles. It is usually attributed to the orators of their age; and he is introduced as
Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, but it ap- one of the speakers in Cicero's De Oratore.-2.
pears to have been commenced by order of M., surnamed C'RETICUS, elder son of the orator,
Julius Caesar, and to have been completed in the and father of the triumvir, was praetor in 75,
reign of Augustus, though it is probable that and received the command of the fleet and all
it received important additions and revision the coasts of the Mediterranean, in order to clear
under one or both of the Antonines.-Editions: the sea of pirates; but he did not succeed in
By Wesseling, Amst., 1735; by Parthey and his object, and used his power to plunder the
Pinder, Berlin, 1848.                     provinces. He died shortly afterward in Crete,
AN6ONiNrOPLIS ('Avrotv6o2Otc: -irrif, -anus), and was called Creticus in'derision. -3. C.,
a city of Mesopotamia, between Edessa and younger son of the orator, and uncle of the triDara, afterward Maximianopolis, and afterward umvir, was expelled the Senate in 70, and was
Constantia.                               the colleague of Cicero in the preetorship (65)
ANTONINUS, M. AURELIUS. Vid. AURELIUS, M. and consulship (63). He was one ofCatilie's
ANTONINUS PIus, Roman emperor, A.D. 138- conspirators, but deserted the latter by Cieero's
161. His name in the early part of his life, at promising him the province of Macedonia. He
full length, was Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius had to lead an army against Catiline, but, unArrius Antoninus. His paternal ancestors came willing to fight against his former friend, he
from Nemausus (now Nismes) in Gaul; but An- gave the command on the day of battle to his
toninus himself was born near Lanuvium, Sep- legate, M. Petreius. At the conceusion of the
tember 19th, A.D. 86. From an early age he war, Antony went into his province, which he
gave promise of his-future worth. In 120 he plundered shamefully; and on his return to
was consul, and subsequently proconsul of the Rome in 59, was accused both of taking part in
province of Asia: on his' return to Rome, he Catiline's conspiracy and of extortion in his
lived on terms of the greatest intimacy with province. He was defended by Cicero,;but was
Hadrian, who adopted him on February 25th, condemned, and retired to the Island of Cephal138. Henceforward he bore the name of T. lenia. He was subsequently recalled, probably
_/Elius Hadrianus Antoninus Cesar, and on the by Caesar, and was in Rome at the beginning of
death of Hadrian, July 2d, 138, he ascended the 44.-4. M., the TRIUMVIR, was son of No. 2. and
throne. The Senate conferred upon him the Julia, the sister of L. Julius Caesar, consul in
title of Pius, or the dutifully affectionate, because 64, and was born about 83 B.C. His father
70




ANTONIUS.                             ANTONIUS PRIMUS.
died while he was still young, and he was Cilicia he met with Cleopatra, and followed her
brought'up by Cornelius Lentulus, who married to Egypt, a captive to her charms. In 41 Fulhis mother Julia, and who was put to death by via, the wife of Antony, and his brother L. AnCicero in 63 as one of Catiline's conspirators; tonius, made war upon Octavianus in Italy.
whence he became a personal enemy of Cicero. Antony prepared to support his relatives, but
Antony indulged in his earliest youth in every the war was brought to a close at the beginning
kind of dissipation, and his affairs soon became of 40, before Antony could reach Italy. The
deeply involved. In 58 he went to Syria, where opportune death of Fulvia facilitated the reconhe served with distinction under A. Gabinius. ciliation of Antony.and Octavianus, which was
He took part in the campaigns against Aristo- cemented by Antony marrying Octavia, the
bulus in Palestine (57, 56), and in the restora- sister of Octavianus. Antony remained in Italy
tion of Ptolemy Auletes to Egypt in 55. In 54 till 39, when the triumvirs concluded a peace
he went to Caesar in Gaul, and by the influence with Sext. Pompey, and he afterward went to
of the latter was elected queestor. As qusestor his provinces in the East. In this year and the
(.52) -he returned to Gaul, and. served under following, Ventidius, the lieutenant of Antony,
Caesar for the next two years (52, 51). He re- defeated the Parthians. In 37 Antony crossed
turned to Rome in 50, and became one of the over to Italy, when the triumvirate was remost active partisans of Caesar. He was trib- newed for five years. He then returned to the
une of the plebs in 49, and in January fled to East, and shortly afterward sent Octavia back
Cesar's camp in Cisalpine Gaul, after putting to her brother, and surrendered himself entirely
his veto upon the decree of the Senate which ~to the charms of Cleopatra. In 36 he invaded
deprived Caesar of his command. He accom- Parthia, but he lost a great number of his troops,
panied Caesar in his victorious march into Italy, and was obliged to retreat. He was more sucand was left by Caesar in the command of Italy, cessful in his invasion of Armenia in 34, for he
while the latter carried on the war in Spain. obtained possession of the person ofArtavasdes,
In 48 Antony was present at the battle of Phar- the Armenian king, and carried him.to Alexansaliia, where he commanded the left wing; and drea. Antony now laid aside entirely the charin 47 he was again left in the command of Italy acter of a Roman citizen, and assumed the pomp
during Caesar's absence in Africa.  In 44 he and ceremony of an Eastern despot. His conwas consul with Caesar, when he offered him  duct, and the unbounded influence which Cleothe kingly diadem at the festival of the Luper- patra had acquired over him, alienated many of
calia. After Caesar's murder on the 15th of his friends and supporters; and Octavianus
March, Antony endeavored to succeed to his thought that the tirrie had now come for crushpower. He therefore used every means to ap- ing his rival. The contest was decided by the
pear as his representative; he pronounced the memorable sea-fight off Actium, September 2d,
speech over Caesar's body and read his will to 31, in which Antony's fleet was completely dethe people; and he also obtained the papers and feated.-, Antony, accompanied by Cleopatra, fled
private property of Caesar. But he found a new  to Alexandrea, where he put an end to his own
and unexpected rival in young Octavianus, the life in the following year (30), when Octavianus
adopted son and great-nephew of the dictator, appeared before the city.-5. C., brother of the
who came from Apollonia to Rome, assumed triumvir, was preetor in Macedonia, B.C..44,
the name of Caesar, and at first joined the Sen- fell into the hands of Marcus Brutus in 43, and
ate in order to crush Antony. Toward the end was put to death by Brutus in 42, to revenge
of the year Antony proceeded to Cisalpine Gaul, the murder of Cicero.-6. L., youngest brother
which had been previously granted him by the of the triumvir, was consul -in 41, when he enSenate; but Dec. Brutus refused to surrender gaged in war against, Octavianus at the instithe province to Antony and threw himself into gation of Fulvia, his brother's wife. He- was
Mutina, where he was besieged by Antony. unable to resist Octavianus, and threw himself
The Senate approved of the conduct of Brutus, into the town of Perusia, which he was obliged
declared Antony a public enemy, and'intrusted to surrender in the following year; hence the
the conduct of the war against him to Octavi- war is usually called that of Perusia. His life
anus. Antony was defeated at the'battle of was spared, and he was afterward appointed by
Mutina, in April, 43, and was obliged to cross Octavianus to the command of Iberia. Cicero
the Alps.  Both the consuls, however, had draws a frightful picture of Lucius's character.
fallen, and the Senate now began to show their He calls him a gladiator and a robber, and heaps
jealousy of Octavianus. Meantime Antony was upon him every term of reproach and contempt.
joined by Lepidus with a powerful army: Oc- Much of this is of course exaggeration.-7. M.,
tavianus became reconciled to Antony; and it called by the Greek writers Antyllus, which is
was agreed that the government of the state probably only a corrupt form  of, Antonillus
should be vested in Antony, Octavianus, and (young Antonius), elder son of the triumvir by
Lepidus, under the title of Triumviri Reipublica3 Fulvia, was executed by order of Octavianus,
Conslituende, for the next five years.  The after the death of his father in B.C. 30.-8. Iumutual friends of each were proscribed, and in Tus, younger son of the triumvir by Fulvia, was
the numerous executions that followed, Cicero, brought up by his step-mother Octavia at Rome,.
who, had attacked Antony in the most unmeas- and received great marks of favor from Augusared manner in his Philippic Orations, fell a tus. He was consul in B.C.10, but was put to
victim to Antony. In 42 Antony and Octavia- death in 2, in consequence of his adulterous innus crushed the republican party by the battle tercourse with Julia, the daughter of Augustus.
of Philippi, in which Brutus and Cassius fell.  ANTSNIJS FELIX. Vid. FELIX.
Antony then went to Asia, which he had re-  ANTSNIUS MusA.. Vid. MUSA.
ceived as his share of the Roman world. In  ANT6NiUS PIIMus. Vid. PRIMUS.
71




ANTRON.                                   APELLA.
ANTRON ('Avrpdv and ol'Avrpuvec:'Avrp(- Bactra in importance, having a strong and lofty
vioc: now Fano), a town in Phthiotis in Thes- citadel, but taken by Alexander the Great.
saly, at the entrance of the Sinus Maliacus.  Wilson regards the name as of Sanscrit origin
ANTUNNACUM (now Andernach), a town of the (from Awarana), and meaning " an inclosre"'
Ubii on the Rhine.                        or " stockade." —2. A mountain fastness of InANUBTS ('Avov6zr), an Egyptian divinity, wor- dia on this side of the Indus, between the
shipped in the form of a human being with a Cophen and Indus, to which the inhabitants of
dog's head. He was originally worshipped sim- Bazira fled from before Alexander.]
ply as the representative of the dog, which ani-  AORSI ('Aopaot) or ADORSI, a powerful people
mal, like the cat, was sacred in Egypt; but his of Asiatic Sarmatia, who appear to have had
worship was subsequently mixed up with other their original settlements on the northeast of
religious systems, and Anubis thus assumed a the Caspian, but are chiefly found between the
symbolical or astronomical character, at least Palus Maotis (now Sea of Azof) and the Caswith-thelearned. Hisworshipprevailed through- plan, to the southeast' of the River Tanais (now
out Egypt, but he was most honored at Cynopo- Don), whence they spread far into European Sarlis in Middle Egypt. Later myths relate that matia. They carried on a considerable traffic
Anubis was the son of Osiris and Nephthys, in Babylonian merchandise, which they fetched
born after the death of his father; and that Isis on camels out of Media and Armenia.
brought him up, and made him her guard and  Aous or' lEAS ('Adof or Afar: now Viosa,
companion, who thus performed to her the same Viussa, or Vovussa), the principal river of the
service that dogs perform to men. In the tem- Greek part of Illyricum, rises in Mount Lacmon,
pies' of Egypt Anubis seems to have been rep- the northern part of Pindus, and flows into the
resented as the guard of other gods, and the Ionian Sea near Apollonia.
place in the front of a temple was particularly  [APAMA ('Airitja or'Awrray), wife of Seleucus
sacred to him. The Greeks identified him with Nicator, and mother of Antiochus Soter.]
their own Hermes, and thus speak of Hermanu-  APXMEA or -IA ('Airdieta:'AAraytevg, Apameus,
bis in the same manner as of Zeus Ammon. -enus,-ensis), the name of several Asiatic cities,
His worship was introduced at Rome toward three of which were founded by Seleucus I. Nithe end of the republic, and, under the empire, cator, and named in honor of his wife Apama. 1.
spread very widely both in Greece and at Rome. A. AD ORONTEM (now Famiah), the capital of the
ANXUR. Vid. TARRACINA.                  Syrian province Apamene, and, under the Ro[ANXUR, an ally of Turnus in Italy, wounded mans, of Syria Secunda, was built by Seleucus
by.Eneas.]                               Nicator on the site of the older city of PELLA,
ANXURUS, an Italian divinity, whq was wor- in a very strong position on the River Orontes
shipped in a grove near Anxur (Tarracina), to- or Axius, the citadel being on the left (west)
gether with Feronia. He was regarded as a bank of the river, and the city on the right. It
youthful Jupiter, and Feronia as Juno. On was surrounded by rich pastures, in which Secoins his name appears as Axur or Anxur.  leucus kept a splendid stud of horses and five
ANYSIS ("AVvaLc), an ancient king of Egypt, hundred elephants.-2. In ORoiENE in Mesopoin whose reign Egypt was invaded by the.Ethi- tamia (now Balasir), a town built by Seleucus
opians under their king, Sabaco.          Nicator on the east bank of the Euphrates, opANYTE ('AvVTV), of Tegea, the authoress of posite to ZEUGMA, with which it was connected
several epigrams in the Greek Anthology, flour- by a bridge, commanded by a castle, called Seished about B.C. 300, [a date which some writ- leucia. In Pliny's time (A.D. 77) it was only
ers, on mere conjecture; have changed to 700 a ruin.-3. A. CIBOTUS or AD MzEANDRUM ('A.'7
B.C.] The epigrams are for the most part in KLroT-6, or -rpbo Maidvdpov), a great city of
the style of the ancient Doric choral songs.  Phrygia, on the Mseander, close above its conANYTUS ('Avvroc), a wealthy Athenian, son fluence with the Marsyas. It was built by Anof Anthemion, the most influential and formida- tiochus I. Soter, who named it in honor of his
ble of the accusers of Socrates, B.C. 399 (hence mother Apama, and peopled it with the inhabitSocrates is called Anyti reus, Hor., Sat., ii., 4, ants of the neighboring Celaenue. It became
3). He was a leading man of the democratic-'one of the greatest cities of Asia within the
al party, and took an active part, along with Euphrates; and, under the Romans, it was the
Thrasybulus, in the overthrow of the Thirty seat of a Conventus Juridicus, The surroundTyrants. The Athenians, having repented of ing country, watered by the Maeander and its
their condemnation of Socrates, sent Anytus tributaries, was called Apamena Regio.-4. A.
into banishment.,            YRLELON, in Bithynia. Vid. MYRLEA.-5H. A
[ACEDE ('Aoldj), one of the three oldest Muses, town built by Antiochus Soter, in the district
whose worship was introduced into Boeotia by of Assyria called Sittacene, at the junction of
the Aloidae.]                             the Tigris with the Royal Canal which connectAON ("Aov), son of Neptune, and an ancient ed the Tigris with the Euphrates, and at the
Boeotian hero, from whom the Aones, an ancient northern extremity of the island called Mesene,
race in Beotia, were believed to have derived which was formed by this canal and the two
their name. Aonia was the name of the part rivers.-6. A. MESENES (now Korna), in Babyof Bceotia near Phocis, in which were Mount lonia, at the south point of the same Island of
Helicon and the fountain Aganippe (Aonice aqua, Mesene, and at the junction of the Tigris and
Ov., Fast., iii., 456). The Muses are also called Euphrates.-7. A. RHAGIANA ('A. v rip''Pa<
Aonides, since they frequented Helicon and the yaig), a Greek city in the district of Choareno
fountain of Aganippe. (Ov., Met., v., 333.)  in Parthia (formerly in Media), south of the
AONIDES. Vid. AON.                      Caspian Gates.
[AORNOS ('Aopvof), a city of Bactria, next to  [AELLA, a very common name of Roman
72




APELLES.                                 APHRODISIAS.
freedmen: the Jews in Rome, mostly freedmen, summer (nivali vertice se attollens Apenninms,
dwelt on the further side of the Tiber, and were Virg., gn., xii., 703).
regarded as superstitious; hence Apella came to  APER, M., a Roman orator and a native of
be used proverbially for a superstitious person. Gaul, rose by his eloquence to the rank of quaes(Credat Jledrezs Apella, Her., Sat.,&i., 5, 100.)]  tor, tribune, and praetor, successively. He is
APELLES ('Arre2l2/j),,the most celebrated of one of the speakers in the Dialogue De OratoriGrecian painters, was born, most probably, at bus, attributed to Tacitus.
Colophon in Ionia, though some, ancient writers  APER, ARRYUS, praetorian prefect, and son-incall him a Coan, and others an Ephesian. He law of the Emperor Numerian, whom he was
was the contemporary and friend of Alexander said to have murdered: he was himself put to
the Great (B.C. 336-323), whom he probably death by-Diocletian on his accession in A.D. 284.
accompanied to Asia, and who entertained so   APERANTIA, a town and district of zEtolia,
high an opinion of him, that he was the only near the Achelous, inhabited by the Aperantii.
person whom Alexander would permit to take    [APEROPI.A ('A-repowria: now Dhoko or Bello
his portrait. After Alexander's death he ap- Poulo), a small island in the Argolic Gulf, near
pears to have travelled through the western  Hydrea.]
parts of Asia. Being driven by a storm to     APrSAs ('Arriaat: now Fuka?), a mountain
Alexandrea, after the assumption of the regal on the borders of Phliasia and Argolis, with a
title by Ptolemy (B.C. 306), whose favor he had temple of Jupiter (Zeus), who was hence called
not gained while he was with Alexander, his Apesanlais, and to whom Perseushere first sacrivals laid a plot to ruin him, which he defeated rificed.
by an ingenious use of his skill in drawing. We  APIHCA (ra'AoaKc.: now Afka?),'a town of
are not told when or where he died. Through- Ccele-Syria, between Heliopolis and- Byblus,
out his life Apelles labored to improve himself, celebrated for the worship and oracle of Venus
especially in drawing, which he never spent a (Aphrodite) Aphacitis ('AaLdrtrg).
day without practicing. Hence the proverb     APHXREUS ('A0apEgC), son of the Messenian
Nulla dies sine linen. A list of his works is king Perieres and Gorgophone, and founder of
given by Pliny (xxxv., 36). They are for the the town of Arene in Messenia, which he called
most part single figures, or groups of a very few  after his wife. His two sons, Idas and Lynceus,
figures. Of his portraits the most celebrated the Apharetide (Ap/areia proles, Ov., Met., viii.,
was that of Alexander wielding a thunderbolt; 304), are celebrated for their fight with the Diosbut the most admired of all his pictures was the curi, which is described by Pindar. (Nero., x.,
"Venus Anadyomene" (7/ a'va6vouev7'Acpotr7r), 111.)-[2. Son of Caletor, slain by 2Eneas before
or Venus rising out of the sea. The goddess Troy.-3. A centaur, whose arm was crushed
was wringing her hair, and the falling drops of by Theseus with the trunk of an oak at the nupwater formed a transparent silver veil around tials of Pirithous.]-4. A.n Athenian orator and
her form. He commenced another picture of tragic poet, flourished B.C. 369-342. After the
Venus, which he intended should surpass the death of his father, his mother married the oraVenus Anadyomene, but which he left unfinish- I tor Isocrates, who adopted Aphareus as his son.
ed at his death.'                He wrote thirty-five or thirty-seven tragedies,
APELLr.YcoN ('A7re2/LIucv), of Teos, a Peripa- and gained four prizes.
tetic philosopher and great collector of books.  APHETE ('Aqeratc and'AQerai:'Agebraloe:
His valuable library at Athens, containing the [now Fetio?]), a sea-port and promontory of
autographs of Aristotle's works, was carried to Thessaly, at the entrance of the Sinus MaliaRome by Sulla (B.C. 83): Apellicon had- died cus, from which the ship Argo is said to have
just before.                               sailed.
APENNrINUS MONS (6'ArrEvvtvoc and ro'ArrTv-  APHIDAS ('Aoeidac), son of Arcas, obtained
vtvov,opor, probably from the Celtic Pen, " a from his father Tegea and the surrounding terheight"), the Apennines, a chain of mountains ritory. He had a son, Aleus. —[2. Son of Polywhich runls throughout Italy from north to south, pemon, for whom Ulysses, on his return to Ithaand forms the backbone of the peninsula. It is ca, passed himself off to Eumaeus. —3.'A cena continuation of the Maritime Alps (vid. ALPES), taur, slain by Theseus at the nuptials of Piribegins nearGenua, and ends at the Sicilian Sea, thous.]
and throughout its whole course sends off nu  APHIDNA ("AQt(dva and "Atdvatn:'AotdvaloC),
merous branches in all directions. It rises to an Attic demus not far from Decelea, originally
its greatest height in the country of the Sabines, belonged to the tribe 2Eantis, afterward to Leonwhere one of its points (now Monte Cono) is tis, and last to Hadrianis. It-was in ancient
9521 feet above the sea; and further south, at times one of the twelve towns and districts into
the boundaries of Samnium, Apulia, and Lu- which Cecrops is said to have divided Attica:
cania, it divides into two main branches, one in it Theseus concealed Helen, but her brothers,
of which runs east through Apulia and Calabria, Castor and Pollux, took the place and rescued
and terminates at the Salentine promontory, their sister.
and the other west, through Bruttium, termina-  [APHIDNUS, one of the companions of Eneas,
ting apparently at Rhegium and the Straits of slain by Turnus ]
Messina, but in reality continued throughout  APHRODIsYAs ('A6poStwtdC:f'A6podairEVc: AphSicily. The greater part of the Apennines is rodisiensis), the name of several places famous
composed of limestone, abounding in numerous for the worship of Aphrodite (Venus). 1. A.
caverns and recesses, which, in ancient as well CARI; (now Gheira, ruins), on the site of an
as modern times, were the resort of numerous old town of the Leleges, named Nine: under
robbers: the highest points of the mountains I the Romans a free city and asylum, and a fourare covered with snow, even during most of the I ishing school of art. —2, V ENaPr.ms OPPIrnuA (now
73




APHRODISIUM.                                APIDANUS.
Porto Cavaliere), a town, harbor, and island on 3. In Upper Egypt, or the Theba'is: (1.) Venethe coast of Cilicia, opposite to Cyprus.-3. A  ris Oppidum (now Tachta), a little way from
town, harbor, and island on the coast of Cyrena- the west bank of the Nile; the chief city of the
Yea, in North Africa.-4. Vid. GADEs.-[5. (Now  Nomos Aphroditopolites; (2.) In the Nomos
Kaisch), an island in the Persian Gulf, on the Hermonthites (now Deir, northwest of Esneh),
coast of Carmania, earlier called Catmal]  on the west bank of the Nile.
[APHRODISIUM ('AQpodiatov), a town on the  APHTHONiUS ('AB06vtO), of Antioch, a Greek
northern coast of Cyprus. —2. A village of Area- rhetorician, lived about A..D. 315, and wrote the
dia, east of Megalopolis. —3. One of the three introduction to the study of rhetoric, entitled
minor harbors into which the Pireus was sub- Parog'ymnasmata (rrpoyvuvdatyara). It was condivided.-4. A. PROMONTORIUM, a promontory at structed on the basis. of the Progymnasmata of
the eastern base of the Pyrenees, with a temple Hermogenes, and became so popular that it was
of Aphrodite (Venus).]                    used as the common school-book in this branch
APHRODITE ('APpodirn), one of the great di- of education for several centuries. On the revinities of the Greeks, the goddess of love and vival of letters it recovered its ancient popubeauty. In the Iliad she is represented as the larity, and during the sixteenth and seventeenth
daughter of Jupiter (Zeus) and Dione, and, in centuries was used every where, but more eslater traditions, as a daughter of Saturn (Cronos) pecially in Germany, as the text book for rhetand Euonyme, or of Uranus and Hemera; but oric. The number of editions and translations
the poets most frequently relate that she was which were published during that period is
sprung from the foam (5dp6O) of the sea, whence greater than that of any other ancient writer.
they derive her name. She is commonly rep- The best edition is in Walz's Rhetores Graeci,
resented as the wife of Vulcan (Hephnestus); vol. i. Aphthonius also wrote some 2Esopie
but she proved faithless to her husband, and fables, which are extant.
was in love with Mars (Ares), the god of war,  APHYTIS ('AVbTbr: now Athyto), a town in
to whom she bore Phobos,'Deimos, Harmonia, the peninsula Pallene in Macedonia, with a,celeand, according to later traditions, Eros and An- brated temple and oracle of Jupiter Ammon.
teros also. She also loved the gods Bacchus  APIA ('A~ria, sc. y7), the Apian land, an an.
(Dionysus), Mercury (Hermes), and Neptune cient name of Peloponnesus, especially Argolis,
(Poseidon), and the mortals ANCHISES, ADONIS, said to have been so called from Apis, a mythand BUTES. She surpassed all the other god- ical king of Argos.
desses in beauty, and hence received the prize  APICATA, wife of Sejanus, was divorced by
of beauty from Paris. She likewise had the him, A.D. 23, after she had borne him three
power of granting beauty and, invincible chaims children, and put an end to her own life on the
to others, and whoever wore her magic girdle execution of Sejanus, 31.
immediately became an object of love and de-  APIcYvs, the name of three notorious gluttons.
sire. In the vegetable, kingdom  the myrtle, -I. The first lived in the time of Sulla, and is
rose, apple, poppy, &c., were sacred to her. said to have procured the condemnation of RuThe animals sacred to her, which are often tilius Rufus, B.C. 92.-2. The second and most
mentioned as drawing her chariot or serving renowned, M. Gabius Apicius., flourished under
as her messengers, are the sparrow, the dove, Tiberius. [It is stated by Seneca that, after
the swan, the swallow, and a bird called iynx. having spent upon his culinary dainties one
The planet Venus and the spring-month of April hundred millions of sesterces (sestertium millies),
were likewise sacred to her. The principal upward of three millions of dollars, he became
places of her worship in Greece were the isl- overwhelmed with debts, and was thus forced,
ands of Cyprus and Cythera. The sacrifices for the first time, to look into his accounts. He
offered to her consisted mostly of incense and found that he would have only ten millions of
garlands of flowers, but in some places animals sesterces (sestertium centies), a sum somewhat
were sacrificed to her. Respecting her festi- over three hundred thousand dollars, left after
vals, vid. Dict. of Antiq., art. ADONIA, ANAGOGIA, paying his debts;] upon which, despairing of
APHRODISIA, CATAGOGIA. Her worship was of being able to satisfy the cravings of hunger from
Eastern origin, and probably introduced by the such a pittance, he forthwith put an end to his
Pheonicians into the islands of Cyprus, Cyth- life by poison.. But hewas not forgotten. Sunera, and others, whence it spread all over dry cakes (Apicia) and sauces long kept alive
Greece. She appears to have been originally his memory; Apion, the grammarian, composed
identical with Astarte, called by the Hebrews a work upon his luxurious labors, and his name
Ashtoreth, and her connection with Adonis clear- passed into a proverb in all matters connected
ly points to Syria. Respecting the Roman god- with the pleasures. of the table.-3. A contemdess Venus-, rid. VENUS.                  porary of Trajan, sent to this emperor, when
APi-iRODirTi6LIS ('AopodTirc 7Tr6OSTc), the name he was in Parthia, fresh oysters, preserved by
of several cities in Egypt. 1. InLower Egypt: a skillful process of his own. The treatise we
(I.)-In the Nomos Leontopolites, in the Delta, now possess, bearing the title C&LII AmPICI de
between Arthribis and Leontopolis; (2.) (Now  Opsoniis et Condimentis, sive de Re Cutinaria,
Chybin-el-Koum), in the Nomos Prosopites, in Libri decem, is a sort of Cook and Confectionthe Delta, on a navigable branch of the Nile, er's Manual, containing a multitude of receipts
between Naucratis and Sais; probably the same for cookery. It was probably compiled at a late
as Atarbechis, which is an Egyptian name of the period by some one who prefixed the name of
same meaning as the Greek A.phroditopolis.-  Apicius, in order to insure the circulation of his
2. In Middle Egypt or Heptanomis (now Atfyl), book. - Editions: By Almeloveen, Amstelod.,
a considerable city on the east bank of the Nile; 1709; and by Bernhold, Ansbach., 1800.
the chief city of the Nomos Aphroditopolites.-  APIDNUS ('Avrtdav6a, Ion.'Hrldav6g), a river
74




APIOLfE.                                  APOLLO.
in Thessaly, which receives the Enipeus near on the sea, not far from Thyrea, where Danaus
Pharsalus, and empties into the Peneus.   is said to have landed.
APIOLE, a town of Latium, destroyed by Tar-  [APOBATHRA ('A7r66aOpa: now Boja), a place
quinius Priscus.                          near Sestos, where Xerxes's bridge of boats
APION ('Airiwv), a Greek grammarian, and a ended.]
native of Oasis Magna in Egypt, studied at Alex-  APODOTI and APODEOTlE ('Air6dWrot and'Airoandrea, and taught rhetoric at Rome in the doroi), a people in the southeast of.Etolia, bereigns of Tiberius and Claudius. In the reign tween the Evenus and Hylethus.
of Caligula he left Rome, and in A.D. 38 he was  APOLLINiRIS, SIDnNIUS. Wid. SIDONIUS.
sent by the inhabitants of Alexandrea at the  [APOLLINARIS, SULPICIUS. Vid. SULPICIUS.]
head of an embassy to Caligula to bring forward  APOLLINIS PROMONTORIUM ('Arb62towvor lcpov:
complaints against the Jews residing in their now Cape Zibeeb or Cape Farina), a promontory
city. Apion was the author of many works, all of Zeugitana in Northern Africa, forming the
of which are now lost [with the exception of a western point of the Gulf of Carthage.
few fiagments]. Of these the most celebrated  [APOLLIN6P6LIS ('Ar67rwavofrr6otH). 1. M.CGNA
were upon the Homeric poems. He is said not (r62nc fieyadyr'Air6;w~vof: now Edfou), the caponly to have made the best recension of the ital of the nome named after it, Apolloniates, in
text of the poems, but to have written explana- Upper Egypt, on the west bank of the Nile. The
tions of phrases and words in the form of a dic- people of this city were haters and destroyers of
tionary (XenfetL'O7/0plKai). He also wrote a the crocodile.-2. PARVA ('A70r62ttvoo  s,/c1pd.:
work on-Egypt in five books, and a work against now Kuss), a city of Upper Egypt, on the east
the Jews, to which Josephus replied in his treat- bank of the Nile, in the Nomos Coptites, -beise Against Apion.                        tween Coptos and Thebes.]
APION, PTOLENIAUS. Vid. PTOLEMMEUS, API-' APOLLO ('Air6227dUv), one' of the great diviniON.                                       ties of the Greeks, son of Jupiter (Zeus) and
Apis ('Arft). 1. Son of Phoroneus and La- Latona (Leto), and twin-brother of Diana (Arodice, king of Argos, from whom Peloponnesus temis), was born in the Island of Delos, whither'was called APIA: he ruled tyrannically, and was Latona (Leto) had fled from the jealous Juno
killed by Thelxion and Telchis.-2. The Bull (Hera). Vid. LETO. After nine days' labor,
of Memphis, worshipped with the greatest rev- the god wad born under a palm or olive tree at
erence as a god among the Egyptians.  The the foot of Mount Cynthus, and was fed by
Egyptians believed that he was the offspring of Themis with ambrosia and nectar. The powa young cow, fructified by a ray from heaven. ers ascribed to Apollo are apparently of different,There were certain signs by which he was rec- kinds, but all are connected with one another,
ognized to be the god.  It was requisite that and may be said to be only ramifications of one
he should be quite black, have a white square and the same, as will be seen from the followmark on the forehead, on his back a figure sim- ing classification. He is: i. The god who pun~ilar to thati of an eagle, have two kinds of hair ishes, whence some of the ancients derived his
in his tail, and on his tongue a knot resembling name from dur6,2Av/zt, destroy. (dEsch., Agam.,
an insect called cantharus.  When all these 1081.) As the god who punishes, he is represigns were discovered, the animal was conse- sented with bow and arrows, the gift of Vulcan
crated with great pomp, and was conveyed to (Hephaestus); whence his epithets, Eiaron, iKEdMemphis, where he had a splendid residence, epyor, eKary66iof,;KiXVT6roTfo and apyvp6rofor,
containing extensive walks and courts for his' arcitenens, &c. All sudden deaths were beamusement.   His birth-day, which was cele- lieved to be the effect of the arrows of Apollo;
brated every year, was his most solemn festival: and with them he sent the plague into the camp
it was a day of rejoicing for all Egypt. The god of the Greeks.-2. The god who affords help and
was allowed to live only a certain number of wards off evil. As he had the power of punishyears, probably twenty-five. If he had not died ing men, so he was also able to deliver men, if
before the expiration of that period, he was killed duly propitiated; hence his epithets, diuCatof,
and buried in a sacred well, the place of which'/ceharcp, ac(e~ithcacor, aor'p, drrorp67rato, Mirewas unknown except to the initiated. But if IcoiVpco~, iarpoyavre,'opifer, salutifer, &c. From
he died a natural death, he was buried publicly his being the god who afforded help, he is the
and solemnly; and as his birth filled all Egypt father of LEsculapius, the god of the healing art,
with joy and festivities, so his death threw the and was also identified in later times with
whole country into grief and mourning. The Peeion, the god of the healing art in Homer.
worship of Apis was originally nothing but the Vid. PMi-ON. —3. The god of prophecy. Apollo
simple worship of the bull; but in the course of exercised this power in his numerous oracles,
time, the bull, like other animals, was regarded and especially in that of Delphi. Vid. Dict. of
as a symbol, and Apis is hence identified with Ant., art. ORACULUM. He had also the power
Osiris or the Sun.                        of communicating the gift of prophecy both to
APIs (TA7rL: now Kasser Schama?), a city gods and men, and all the ancient seers and
of Egypt on the coast of the Mediterranean, on prophets are placed in some relationship to him.
the border of the country toward Libya, about -4. The god of song and music. We find him
one hundred stadia west of Parsetonium: cele- in the Iliad (i., 603) delighting the immortal
brated for the, worship of the god Apis.  gods with his phorminx; and the Homeric
[APIsXON ('A7rzaniv), son of Phausius, slain bards derived their art of song either from
by Eurypylus before Troy. —2. Son of Hippasus, Apollo or the Muses, Later traditions ascribed
a leader of the Paeonians, slain by Lycomedes to Apollo even the invention of the flute and
before Troy.]                             lyre, while it is more commonly related that he
APonAT{LM ('Air66aOa1ot), a place in Argolis, received the lyre from Mercury (Hermes). Rte75




APOLLOCRATES.                               APOLLONIA.
specting his musical contests, vid. MARsYAS, in B.C. 379, and exercised it with the utmost
MIDAS.-5. The, god who protects the flocks and cruelty. He was conquered and put to death
cattle (v6,usog &eo6, from vofo6c or vojFi, a meadow  by Antigonus Gonatas. -3. Of CARYSTUS, a
or pasture land). There are in Homer only a comic poet, probably lived B.C. 300-260, and
few allusions to this feature in the character of was one of the most distinguished of the poets
Apollo, but in later writers it assumes a very of the new Attic comedy. It was from him that
prominent form, and in the story of Apollo tend- Terence took his Hecyra and Phormio.-4. Of
ing the flocks of Admetus at Pherae in Thessaly, GELA in Sicily, a comic poet and a contempothe idea reaches its height.-6. The god who de- rary of Menander, lived B.C. 340-290. He is
lights in the foundation of towns and the establish- frequently confounded with Apollodorus of Cament of civil constitutions. Hence a town or a rystus.-5. A GRAMMARIAN of Athens, son of
colony was never founded by the Greeks with- Asclepiades, and pupil of Aristarchus and Panaeout consulting an oracle of Apollo, so that in tius, flourished about B.C. 140. He wrote a
every case he became, as it were, their spiritual great number of works, all of which have perleader.-7. The god of the Sun. In Homer, ished with the exception of his Bibliothcca.
Apollo and Helios, or the Sun, are perfectly This work consists of three books, and is by
distinct, and his identification with the Sun, far the best among the extant works of the kind.
though almost universal among later writers, It contains a well-arranged account of the mywas the result of later speculations and of for- thology and the heroic age of Greece: it begins
eign, chiefly Egyptian, influence. Apollo had with'the origin of the gods, and goes down to
more influence upon the Greeks than any other the time of Theseus, when the work suddenly
god. It may safely be asserted that the Greeks breaks off. -Editions: By Heyne, Gottingen,
would never have become what they were with- 1803, 2d ed.; by Clavier, Paris, 1805, with a
out the worship of Apollo: in him the brightest French translation; and by Westermann in the
side of the Grecian mind is reflected. Respect- llythographi, Brunswick, 1843. Of the many
ing his festivals, vid. Diet. of Ant., art. APOL- other works of Apollodorus, one of the most imLONIA, THARGELIA, and others. In the religion portant was a chronicle in iambic verses, comof the early Romans there is no trace of the prising the history of one thousand and forty
worship of Apollo. The Romans became ac- years, from the destruction of Troy (1184) down
quainted with this divinity through the Greeks, to his own time, B.C. 143.-6. Of PERGAMUS, a
and adopted all their notions and ideas about Greek rhetorician, taught rhetoric at Apollonia in
him from the latter people. There is no doubt his advanced age, and had as a pupil the young
that the Romans knew of his worship among Octavius, afterward the Emperor Augustus.-7.
the Greeks at a very early time, and tradition A painter of Athens, flourished about B.C. 408,
says that they consulted his oracle at Delphi! with whom commenced a new period in the hiseven before the expulsion of the kings. But tory of the art. He made a great advance in
the first time that we hear of his worship at coloring, and invented chiaroscuro.-8. An arRome is in B.C. 430, when, for the purpose of chitect of Damascus, lived under Trajan and
averting a plague, a temple was raised to him, Hadrian, by the latter of whom he was put to
and soon after dedicated by the consul, C. Julius. death.-[9. Of PHALERUM, one of the intimate
A second temple was built to him in 350. Dur- friends of Socrates, and who was present at his
ing the second Punic war, in 212, the ludi Apol- death.-10. Of LEMNOS, a writer on agriculture
linares were'instituted in his honor. Vid. Diet. previous to the time of Aristotle.]
of Ant., art. LUDI APOLLINARES. His worship,  APOLLONIA ('Atro2Aovia:'Airo20 vtLaTdrrC). 1.
however, did not form a very prominent part in (Now Pollina or Pollona), an important town in
the religion of the Romans till the time of Au- Illyria or New Epirus, not far from the mouth
gustus, who, after the battle of Actium, dedi- of the Aous, and sixty stadia from the sea. It
cated to him a portion of the spoils, built or em- was founded by the Corinthians and Corcyraebellished his temple at Actium, and founded a ans, and was equally celebrated as a place of
new one at Rome on the Palatine,,and instituted commerce and of learning; many distinguishquinquennial games at ActiumJ  The most ed Romans, among others the young Octavius,
beautiful and celebrated among the extant rep- afterward the Emperor Augustus, pursued their
resentations of Apollo are the Apollo Belvedere studies here. Persons travelling from Italy to
at Rome, which was discovered in 1503 at Ret- Greece and the East, usually landed either at
tuno, and the Apollino at Florence. In the Apollonia or Dyrrhachium; and the Via Egnatia,
Apollo Belvedere, the god is represented with the great high road to the East, commenced at
commanding but serene majesty; sublime in- Apollonia, or, according to others, at Dyrrhatellect and physical beauty are combined in the chium. Vid. EGNATIA VIA.-2. (Now. Polina),
most wonderful manner.                    a town in Macedonia, on the Via Egnatia, beAPoLLOCRITES ('Aro;72oKpacrfC), elder son of tween Thessalonica and Amphipolis, and south
Dionysius the Younger, was left by his father of the Lake of Bolbe.-3. (Now Sizeboli), a
in command of the island and citadel of Syra- town in Thrace on the Black Sea, with two
euse, but was compelled by famine to surrender harbors, a colony of Miletus, afterward called
them to Dion, about B.C. 354.             Sozopolis, whence its modern name: it had a
APOLLDO6RUS ('AiroXXO64poc). 1. Of AMPHIP- celebrated temple of Apollo, from which LuculOLIS, one of the generals of Alexander the lus carried away a colossus of this god, and
Great, was intrusted in B.C. 331, together with erected it on the Capitol at Rome.-4. A castle
Menes, with the administration of Babylon and or fortified town of the Locri Ozole, near Nauof all the satrapies as far as Cilicia.-2. Tyrant pactus.-5: A town in Sicily, on the northern
of CASSA DREA (formerly Potidaa), in the pen-1 coast, of uncertain site.-6. (Now Abullionte), a
iasula of Pallene, obtained the supreme power; town in Bithynia, on the Lake Apolloniatis,
76




APOLLONIATIS.                              APOLLONIUS.
through which the River Rhyndacus flows.-7. X6yov Aseps'!, "De Constructione Orationis," or
A town on the borders of Mysia and Lydia, be- "De Ordinatione sive Constructione Dictiotween Pergamus' and Sardis.-8. A town in num," in four books; edited by Fr. Sylburg,
Palestina, between Caesarma and Joppa.-9. A  Frankf., 1590, and by I. Bekker, Berlin, 1817.
town in Assyria, in the district of Apolloniatis, 2. rlepi dvrovvida~C, "De Pronomine;" edited
through which the Delas or Durus (now Diala) by I. Bekker, Berlin, 1814. 3. IRepi ovvw66(eov,
flows.-10. (Now Marza Susa), a town in Cy- " De Conjunctionibus," and, 4. Ilepi ETrl.SIdCruTv,
renaica, and the harbor of Cyrene, one of the " De Adverbiis," printed in Bekker's Anecdot.,
five towns if the Pentapolis in Libya: it was ii., p. 477, &c. Among the works ascribed to
the birth-place of Eratosthenes.          Apolloniusby Suidas there is one, 7rept care~Evea[APOLLONIiTIS. Vid. ASSYRiA, 1.1        Y7V~7C iaropiag, on fictitious or forged histories:
[APOLLONiDAS ('ATrO;~;)vidac), a Greek poet, this has been erroneously supposed to be the
under whose -name there are thirty-one pieces same as the extant work'Iaropiat tav/uaaiae,
extant in the Greek Anthology. He flourished which purports to be written by an Apollonius
under Augustus and Tiberius.]             (published by Westermann, Paradoxographi,
[APOLLONIYDES ('A7roAwovi6dq,, Dor.'A&ro;6e)v- Brunswick, 1839); but it is now admitted that
i6ar). 1. Commander of the cavalry in Olyn- the latter work was written by an Apollonius
thus, who opposed Philip of Macedon, and pre- who is. otherwise unknown..-5. PERGAUS, from
vented the surrender of the town to him. Philip, -Perga in Pamphylia, one of the greatest mathehowever, by his agents in Olynthus, procured maticians of antiquity, commonly called the
his banishment.-2. A Bceotian officer in the "Great Geometer," was educated at Alexanarmy of Cyrus the Younger, who was, after the drea under the successors of Euclid, and flourdeath of Cyrus, deprived of his office, and de- ished about B.C. 250-220. His most important
graded to a menial condition. -3. Of CHIos, work was a treatise on Conic Sections in eight
who betrayed Chios to the Persian general books, of which the first four, with the comMemnon during Alexander's eastern expedi- mentary of Eutecius, are extant in Greek; and
tion: he was afterward taken and put in con- all but the eighth in Arabic., We have also infinement.-4. A Stoic philosopher, friend of the troductory lemmata to all the eight by Pappus.
younger Cato, with whom he conversed on the Edited by Halley, 1"Apoll. Perg. Conic. lib. viii.,"
allowahleness of suicide before committing that &c., Oxpon., 1710, fol. The eighth book is a
act at Utica.-5. A Greek physician and sur- conjectural restoration founded on the introducgeon, born at;Cos, obtained reputation and hon- tory lemmata of Pappus.-6. RiIODIUS, a poet
or at the Persian court under Artaxerxes Lon- and grammarian, son of Silleus or Illeus and
gimanus. He became engaged in a disreputa- Rhode, was born at Alexandrea, or, according
ble attempt, and was put to death by torture.]  to one statement, at Naucratis, and flourished
APOLLONIS ('ATroXA;wvi), a city in Lydia, be- in the reigns of Ptolemy Philopator and Ptolemy
tween Pergamus and Sardis, named after Apol- Epiphanes (B.C. 222-181). In his youth he was
lonis, the mother of King Eumenes. It was instructed by Callimachus; but they afterward
one of the twelve cities of Asia which were became bitter enemies. Their tastes were endestroyed by an earthquake in the reign of Ti- tirely different; for Apollonius admired and imiberius (A.D. 17).                        tated the simplicity of the, ancient epic poets,
APOLLSNIUS ('AiroXijaVwOC). 1. Of ALABANDA and disliked and despised the artificial and learnin Caria, a rhetorician, taught rhetoric at Rhodes ed poetry of Callimachus. When Apollonius
about B.C. 100. He'was a very distinguished read at Alexandrea his poem on the Argonautic
teacher of rhetoric,, and used to ridicule and de- expedition (Argonautica), it did not meet with
spise philosophy. He was surnamed 6 Ma;atc6S, the approbation of the audience: he attributed
and must be distinguished from the following., its'failure to the intrigues of Callimachus, and
-2. Of ALABANDA, surnamed MOL~, likewise a revenged himself by' writing a bitter epigram
rhetorician, taught rhetoric at Rhodes, and also, on Callimachus which is still extant. (Anth.
distinguished himself as a pleader in the courts Grec., xi., 275.) Callimachus, in return, attackof justice. In B.C. 81, when Sulla was dicta- ed Apollonius in his Ibis, which was imitated by
tor, Apollonius came to Rome as ambassador Ovid in a poem of the same name. Apollonius
of the Rhodians, on which occasion Cicero now left Alexandrea and went to Rhodes, where
heard him; Cicero also received instruction he taught rhetoric with so much success, that
from Apollonius at Rhodes a few years later.- the Romans, honored him with their franchise:
3. Son of ARHecBULUS, a grammarian of Alex- hence he was called the " Rhodian." He afterandrea, in the first century of the Christian era, ward returned to Alexandrea, where he read a
and a pupil of Didymus. He wrote an Homeric revised edition of his Argonautica with great
Lexicon, which is still extant, and, though much applause. He succeeded Eratosthenes as chief
interpolated, is a work of great value.-Edi- librarian at Alexandrea, in the reign of Ptolemy
tions: By Villoison, Paris, 1773; by H. Tollius, Epiphanes, about B.C. 194, and appears to have
Lugd. Bat., 1788; and by Bekker, Berlin, 1833. held this office till his death;  The Argonaut-3. Surnamed DYscouvs, " the ill-tempered," ica, which consists of four books, and: is still exa grammarian at Alexandrlea, in the reigns of tant, gives a straightforward and simple descripHadrian and Antoninus Plus (A.D.. 117-161), tion of the adventures of the Argonauts: it is a
taught at Rome as well as Alexandrea. He close imitation of the Homeric language and
and his son HERODIANUS are called by Priscian style, but exhibits marks of art and labor, and
the greatest of all grammarians. Apollonius thus forms, notwithstanding its many resemwas the first who reduced grammar to any blances, a contrast with the natural and easy
thing like a system. Of his numerous works flow of the Homeric poems. Among the Roonly four are extant. 1. IIEpi avvrciFeW ro r mans the work was much read, and P. Teren77




APOLLONJUS.                                 APPIANUS.
tins Varro Atacinus acquired great reputation f the life of Apollonius was not written with a
by his translation of it. The Argonautica of controversial aim, as-the resemblances, although
Valerius Flaccus is only a free imitation of real, only indicate that a few things were borit.-Editions: By Brunck, Argentorat., 1780; rowed, and exhibit no trace of a systematic
by G. Schaefer, Lips., 1810-13; by WVellauer, parallel. Vid. PI-IILOSTRATUS. - 8. Of TYRE, a
Lips., 1828. Apollonius wrote several other Stoic philosopher, who lived in the reign of
works which are now lost. —7. TYANENSIS or Ptolemy Auletes, wrote a history of the Stoic
TvANIEUS, i. e., of TyAna in Cappadocia, a Py- philosophy fi'om the time of Zeno.-9. APOLLOthagorean philosopher, was born about four NIUS and TAuRIscus of Tralles, were two brothyears before the Christian era. At a period ers, and the sculptors of the group which is comwhen there was a general belief in magical monly known as the Farnese bull, representing
powers, it would appear that Apollonius obtain- the punishment of Dirce by Zethus and Amphied great influence by pretending to them; and on. Vid. DIRCE. It was taken from Rhodes to
we may believe that his Life by Philostratus Rome by Asinius Pollio, and afterward placed
gives a just idea of his character and reputation, in the baths of Caracalla, where it was dug up
however inconsistent in its facts and absurd in in the sixteenth century, and de'posited in the
its marvels. Apollonius, according to Philos- Farnese palace. It is now at Naples. Apollotratus, wras of noble ancestry, and studied first nius and Tauriscus probably flourished in the
under Euthydemus of Tarsus; but,, being dis- first century of the Christian era.
gusted at the luxury of the inhabitants, he re-  APOLt 6PHiXNES ('ARo2X.o(dpv7),  a poet of the
tired to the neighboring town of AEgee, -where old Attic comedy, of whose comedies a few fraghe studied the whole circle of the Platonic, ments are extant, lived about B.C. 400. [The
Skeptic, Epicurean, and Peripatetic philosophy, fragments are collected in Meineke's Fragm.
and ended by giving his preference to-the Pyth- Corn. Grcec., vol. i., p. 482-484, edit. minor.] -
agorean. He devoted himself to the strictest  AP6NUS or AP6NI FONS (now Abano), warm
asceticism, and subsequently travelled through- medicinal springs near Patavium, hence called
out the East. visiting Nineveh, Babylon, and Aquae Patavinte, were much frequented by the
India. On his return- to Asia Minor, we first sick.
hear of his pretensions to miraculous power,  APPIA or APIA ('A7riria,'Artia), a city of
founded, as it would seem, on' the possession of Phrygia Pacatiana.
some divine knowledge derived frqm the East.  APPIA VIA, the most celebrated of the Roman
From Ionia he crossed over into Greece, and roads (regina viarumrr, Stat., Silv., ii., 2, 12), was
came thence to Rome, where he arrived just commenced by Appius Claudius Caecus when
after an edict against magicians had been issued censor, B.C. 312, and was the great line of comby Nero. He accordingly remained only a short munication between Rome and Southern Italy.
time at Rome, and next went to Spain and Af- It issued from the Porta Capena, and, passing
rica; at Alexandrea he was of assistance to through Aricia, Tres Taberce, Appii Forum,
Vespasian, who was preparing to seize the em- Tarracina, Fundi, Formice, Minturnce, Sinuessa,
pire. The last journey of Apollonius was to and Casiliznum, terminated at Ctapua, but was
-Ethiopia, whence he returned to settle in the eventually extended through Calatia and CauIonian cities. On the accession of Domitian, dium to Beneventum, and finally thence through
Apollonius was accused of exciting an insur- Venusia, Tarentum, and Uria, to Brundisium.
rection against the tyrant: he voluntarily sur-  APPiXLus ('Arwriav6t), the Roman historian,
rendered himself, and appeared at Rome before was born at Alexandrea, and lived at Rome
the emperor; but, as his destruction seemed during the reigns of Trajan, Hadrian, and Animpending, he escaped by the exertion of his toninus Pius.  He wrote a Roman history
supernatural powers. The last years of his life ('Pwuabc'ta or'P(ouaeixu iaropla), in twenty-four
were spent at Ephesus, where he is said to have hooks, arranged, not synchronistically, but ethproclaimed the death of the tyrant Domitian at nographically, that is, he did not relate the his-the instant it took place. Many of the won- tory of the Roman empire as a whole in chroders which Philostratus relates in connection nological order, but he gave a separate account
with Apollonius are a clumsy imitation of the of the affairs of each country, till it was finally
Christian miracles. The proclamation of the incorporated in the Roman empire. The subbirth of Apollonius to his mother by Proteus, jects of the different books were: 1. The kingand the incarnation of Proteus himself, the cho- lyperiod. 2. Italy: 3. The Samnites. 4. The
rus of swans which sang for joy on the occa- Gauls or Celts. 5. Sicily and the other islands.
sion, the casting out of devils, raising the dead, 6. Spain. 7. Hannibal's wars. 8. Libya, Carand healing the sick, the sudden disappearances thage, and Numidia. 9. Macedonia. 10. Greece
and reappearances of Apollonius, his adventures and the Greek states in Asia Minor. 11. Syria
in the cave of Trophonius, and the sacred voice and Parthia. 12. The war with Mithradates.
wlhich called him at his death, to which may be 13-21. The civil wars, in nine books, from
added his claim as a-teacher having authority to those, of Marius and Sulla to the battle of Acreform the- world, can not fail to suggest the tium. 22.'EharovTae'ria, comprised the history
parallel passages in the Gospel history, [from  of a hundred years, from the battle of Actium
which they have evidently been borrowed.] to the beginning of Vespasian's reign. 23. The
vWe know, too, that Apollonius was one among wars with Illyria.: 24. Those with Arabia.
many rivals set up by the Eclectics to our Sa- We possess only eleven of' these complete,
viour, an attempt renewed by the English free- namely, the sixth, seventh, eighth, eleventh,
thinkers Blount and Lord Herbert. Still it must twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixbe allowed that the resemblances are very gen- teenth, seventeenth, and twenty-third: there
eral, and, on the whole, it seems probable that are fragments of several of the others. The
78




APPIAS.                                   APULrA.
Parthian: history, which has come down to us tracts from various orations and dissertations,
as part of the eleventh book, is not a work of collected, probably, by some admirer. III. De
Appian,, but merely a compilation from Plu- Deo Socratis Liber. IV. De Dogmate Platonis
tarch's Lives of Antony and Crassus. Appian's Libri tres. The first book contains some acwork is a compilation. His style is clear and count of the speculative doctrines of Plato, the
simple; but he possesses few merits as an his- second of his morals, the third of his logic. V.
torian, and he frequently makes the most ab-, De Mundo Liber. A translation of the work
surd blunders. Thus, for instance, he places repi ko6;Uov, at- one time ascribed to Aristotle.
Saguntum on the north of the Iberus, and states VI. Apologia sive De Magia Liber. The oration
that it takes only half a day to sail from Spaifn described above, delivered before Claudius Maxto Britain. The best edition is that of Schweig- imrus. The. best edition of the whole works of
lihuser, Lips., 1785.                     Appuleius is by Hildebrand, Lips., 1842.
APPIAS, a nymph of the Appian well, which  AP-PfLEfIUS SATURNINUS. Vid. SATURNINUS.
was situated near the temple of Venus Genetrix  APRRiS ('A7rpiC,'A7rpiac), a king of Egypt,
in the forum of Julius Caesar. It was surround- the Pharaoh-Hophra of Scripture, succeeded his
ed by statues of nymphs, called Appiades.  father Psammis, and reigned B.C. 595-.570. AfAppi FORUM. Vid. FORUM APPrI. -        ter an unsuccessful attack upon Cyrene he was
[APPIOLmE, an old city of Latium, said to have dethroned and put to death by AMAsIs.
been taken and burned by Tarquinius Priscus,  APRONIUS. 1. Q.,- one of the worst instruand to have furnished from its spoils the sums ments of Verres in oppressing the Sicilians.necessary for the construction of the Circus 2. L., served under Drusus (A.D. 14) and GerMaximrnus.]                 -             manicus (15) in Germany. In 20 he was pro[APPIus CLAUDIUS. Vid. CLAUDIUS.]       consul of Africa, and praetor of Lower Germany,
APPUL[IUS or AdPLiIUS, of Medaura in Africa, where he lost his life in a war against the Frisii.
was born about A.D. 130, of respectable parents. Apronius had-two daughters, one of whom was
He received the first rudiments of education at married to Plautius Silvanus, the other to Len-,Carthage, and afterward studied the Platonic tulus Gactulicus, consul in 26.
philosophy at Athens. He next travelled ex-  [AaPRiSA (now Ausa), a river of Umbria in
tensively, visiting Italy, Greece, and Asia, and Italy, flowing near Ariminum.]
becominginitiated in most mysteries. At length  [APsEUDES ('A7bevi c), a Nereid, mentioned
he returned home, but soon afterward undertook in the Iliad of Homer.]
a new journey to Alexandrea. I'On his way.APSIL.E ('AuiCLat), a Scythian people in Colthither he was taken ill at the town of CEa, and chis, north of the River Phasis.
-was hospitably received into the house of a  APSINES ('AVltvyr), of Gadara in Phmenicia, a
young man, Sicinius Pontianus, whose mother, Greek Sophist and rhetorician, taught rhetoric
a very rich widow of the name of Pudentilla, at Athens about A.D. 235. Two of his works
he married. Her relatives, being indignant that are extant: IIept r7(v uepwv roTV 7roxTItoDV?oyov
so much wealth should pass out of the family, r7Xv7, which is -much interpolated; and HIept'impeached Appuleius of gaining the affections Ir-,v iaX7lzara/eEvuv rrpo06Xl7drrOv, both of which
of Pudentilla by charms and magic spells. The are printed in Walz, Rhetor. Grcci, vol. ix., p.
cause was heard at Sabrata before Claudius 465; sqq.,'and p. 534, sqq.
Maximus, proconsul of Africa, A.D. 173, and  [APSINTHII ('AivlvOto), a people of Thrace,
the defence spoken by Appuleius is still extant. said by Herodotus to border on the Thracian
Of his subsequent career we know little: he Chersonesus.]
occasionally declaimed in public with great ap-  APsus (now Crevasta), a river in Illyria (Nova
plause. The most important of the extant works Epirus), which flows into the Ionian Sea.
of Appuleius are,- I. lMetamorphoseon seue deAsino  APSYRTus. Vid. ABSYRTUs.
Aurco Libri XI. This celebrated romance, to-  APTA JULIA (now Apt), chief town of the Vulgether with the Asinus of Lucian, is said to have gientes in Gallia Narbonensis, and a Roman
been founded upon a work bearing the same colony.
title by a certain Lucius of Patrae. It seems to  APTERA ('ArrTpa:'A7rrepalor-: now Palceohave been intended simply as a satire upon the kastron on the Gulf of Suda), a town on the west
hypocrisy and debauchery of certain orders of coast of Crete, eighty stadia from Cydonia.
priests, the frauds of juggling pretenders to su- - APUINI, a Ligurian people on the Macra, were
pernatural powers, and the general profligacy subdued by the Romans after a long resistance
of public morals. There are some, however, and transplanted to Samnium, B.C. 180.
who discover a more recondite meaning, and  APULEIUS. Vid. APPULEIUS.
especially Bishop Warburton, in his Divine Le-  APULIA (Apulus), included, in its widest siggation of Moses, who has at great length en- nification, the whole of the southeast of Italy
deavored to prove that the Golden Ass was from the River Frento to the promontory Iapywritten with the view of recommending the Pa- gium, and was bounded on the north by the
gan religion in opposition to Christianity, and Frentani, on the east by the Adriatic, on the
especially of inculcating the importance ofinitia- south by the Tarentine Gulf, and on the west
tion into the purer mysteries. The well-known by Samnium and Lucania, thus including the
and beautiful episode of Cupid and Psyche is in- modern provinces of Bari, Otranto, and Capitroduced in the fourth, fifth, and sixth books. tanata, in the kingdom of Naples. Apulia, in its
-This, whatever opinion we may form of the prin- narrower sense, was the country east of Samcipal narrative, is evidently an allegory, and is nium on both sides of the Aufidus, the Daunia
generally understood to shadow forth the pro- and Peucetia of the Greeks: the whole of the
gress of the soul to perfection. II. Floridorumrn  southeast part was called Calabria by the Ro-Libri IV. An- Anthology, containing select ex- mans. The Greeks gave the name of Daunia
79




AQUSE.                                ARA UBIORUM.
to the north part of the country from the Frento of Hermeium Promontorium (now Cape Bon),
to the Aufidus, of Peucetia to the country from  the eastern extremity of the Gulf of Carthage,
the Aufidus to Tarentum and Brundisium, and It was a good landing-place in summer.
of Iapygia or Messapia to the whole of the re-  AQUILEIA (Aquileiensis: now  Aquileia or
maining south part, though they sometimes in- Aglar), a town in Gallia Transpadana, at the
eluded under Iapygia all Apulia in its widest very top of the Adriatic, between the rivers
meaning. The northwest of Apulia is a plain, Sontius and Natiso, about sixty stadia from the
but the south part is traversed,y the east branch sea. It was founded by the Romans in B.C.
of the Apennines, and has only a small tract of 182 as a bulwark against the northern barbariland on the coast on each side of the mountains. ans, and is said to have derived its name from
The country was very fertile, especially in the the favorable omen of an eagle (aquila) appearneighborhood of Tarentum, and the mountains ing to the colonists. As it was the key of Italy
afforded excellent pasturage. The population on the northeast, it was made one of the strongwas of a mixed nature: they were, for the most est fortresses of.the Romans. From its posipart, of Illyrian origin, and are said to have set- tion it became also a most flourishing place of
tied in the country under the guidance of lapyx, commerce: the Via -Emilia was continued to
Daunus, and Peucetius, three, sons of an Illyr- this town, and from it all the roads to Reian king, Lycaon. Subsequently many towns tia, Noricum, Pannonia, Istria, and Dalmatia
were founded by Greek colonists. The Apu- branched off. It was taken and completely delians joined the Samnites against the Romans, stroyed by Attila in A.D. 452: its inhabitants
and became subject to the latter on the con- escaped to the Lagoons, where Venice was
quest of the Samnites.                    afterward built.
AQUmE, the name given by the Romans to    AQUIrLIA VIA, began at Capua, and ran south
many medicinal springs and bathing-places. 1. through Nola and Nuceria to Salernum; fiom
AURE.LI, or COLONIA AURELIA AQUENSIS (now  thence it ran through the very heart of LucaBaden-Baden). 2. CALIDE or SOLIS (now Bath) nia and the country of the Bruttii, passing Neruin Britain. 3. CUTILIiE, mineral springs in Sam- lum, Interamnia, Cosentia, Vibo, and Medma, and
nium near the ancient town of Cutilia, which terminated at Rhegium. 
perished in early times, and east of Reate.  AQUILLIUS or AQUILUS. 1. M'., consul B.C.
There was a celebrated lake in its neighborhood 129, finished the war against Aristonicus, son
with a floating island, which was regarded as of Eumenes of Pergamus. On his return to
the umbilicus or centre of Italy. Vespasian Rome he was accused of maladministration in
died at this place. 4. MATTIACE or FONTES his province, but was acquitted by bribing the
MATTIACI (now Wiesbaden), in the land of the judges. -2. M'., consul in B.C. 101, conquered
Mattiaci in Germany. 5. PATAVINx)  (vid. APONI the slaves in Sicily, who had revolted under
FONS). 6. SEXTIE (now Aix), a Roman colony Athenion. In 98 he was accused of maladminin Gallia Narbonensis, founded by Sextius Cal-| istration in Sicily, but was acquitted. In 88 he
vinus, B.C. 122; its mineral waters were long went into Asia as one of the consular legates
celebrated, but were thought to have lost much in the Mithradatic war: he was defeated, and
o their efficacy in the time of Augustus..Near handed over by the inhabitants of Mytilene to
this place Marius defeated the Teutoni, B.C. Mithradates, who put him to death by pouring
102. 7. STATIELL2 (now Acqui), a town of the molten gold down his throat.
Statielli in Liguria, celebrated for its warm  AQUILLrUS GALLUS. Vid. GALLUS.
baths.                                      AQUILONIA (Aquilonus), a town of Samnium,
AQUAi, in Africa. 1. (Now Meriga, ruins), in east of Bovianum, destroyed by the Romans in
the interior of Mauretania Caesariensis.-2. CA- the Samnite wars.
LIDE (now Gurbos or Hamnmam l'Enf), on the  AQUINUM (Aquinas: now Aquino), a town of
Gulf of Carthage.-3. REGI.E (now Hammam   the Volscians, east of the River Melpis, in a ferTruzza), in the north part of Byzacena.-4. tile country; a Roman municipium, and afterTACAPITANZE (now Hanzmat-el-Khabs), at the ward acolony;'the birth-place of Juvenal; celsouthern extremity of Byzacena, close to the ebrated for its purple dye. (Hor., Ep., i., 10,
large city of Tacape (now Khabs).'27.)
AQU~LA.  1. Of Pontus, translated the Old  AQUITINIA. 1. The country of the Aquitani,
Testament into Greek in the reign of Hadrian, extended from the Garumna (now Garonne) to
probably about A.D. 130. Only a few fragments the Pyrenees, and from the ocean to Gallia Narremain, which have been published in the edi- bonensis: it was first conquered by Caesar's letions of the Hexapla of - Origen.-2. JULIUS gates, and again upon a revolt of the inhabitants
AQUILA, a Roman jurist quoted in the Digest, in the time of Augustus.-2. The Roman provprobably lived under or before the reign of Sep- ince of Aquitania, formed in the reign of Autimius Severus, A.D. 193-198.-3. L. PONTIUS gustus, was of much wider extent, and was
AQUILA, a friend of Cicero, and one of Caesar's bounded on the north by the Ligeris (now Loire),
murderers, was killed at the battle of Mutina, on the west by the ocean, on the south by the
B.C. 43. —4. AQUILA ROMANUS, a rhetorician, Pyrenees, and on the east by the Mons Cevenwho probably lived in the third century after na, which separated it from Gallia Narbonensis.
Christ, wrote a small work entitled De Figuris The Aquitani were one of the three races which
Sententiarum et Elocutionis, which is usually inhabited Gaul; they were of Iberian or Spanprinted with Rutilius Lupus.-Editions: By ish origin, and differed from the Gauls and BelRuhnken, Lugd. Bat., 1768, reprinted with ad- gians in language, customs, and physical pecudtional notes by Frotscher, Lips., 1831.  liarity.
AQUIlARIA (now Alhowareah), a town on the  ARA UBIORUM, a place in the neighborhood of
coast of Zeugitana in Africa, on the west side Bonn in Germany, perhaps Godesberg: others
80




ARABIA.                                   ARABIA.
suppose it to be another name of Colonia Agrip- monites, &c. The Greeks and Romans called
pina (now Cologne).                       the inhabitants by the name of ];ABATHMAI, whose
AR.XBiA' (n'Apa6ia:'Apa4, pl.'Apa6e,'Apa6ot, capital was Petra. The people of Arabia DeArabs, Arcbts, pl. Arabes, Arabi: now Arabia), serta were called Arabes Scenitae (Xtcovv-rat),
a country at the southwest extremnity of Asia, from their dwelling in tents, and Arabes Noforming a large peninsula, of a sort of hatch- mades (Noeddre), from their mode of life, which
et shape, bounded on the west by the ARABICUs was that of wandering herdsmen, who supportSINUS (now Red Sead, on the south and south- ed themselves partly by their cattle, and to a
east by the ERYTHRRE UM MARE (now Gulf of great extent, also, by the plunder of caravans,
Bab~el-Mandeb and Indian Ocean), and on the as their unchanged descendants, the Bedouins or
northeast by the Persicus Sinus (now Persian  Bedawee, still do. The people of the Tehamah
GutLf). On the north or land side its bounda- were (and are) of the same race; but their pories were somewhat indefinite, but it seems to sition led them at an early period to cultivate
have included the whole of the desert country both agriculture and commerce, and to build
between Egypt and Syria on the one side, and considerable cities.  Their chief tribes were
the banks of the Euphrates on the other; and known by the following names, beginning south
it was often considered to extend even further of the Nabatheai, on the western coast: the
on both sides, so as to include, on the east, the Thamydeni and Minaei (in the southern part of
southern part of Mesopotamia along the left Hejaz), in the neighborhood of Macoraba (now
bank of the Euphrates, and on, the west, the Mecca);* the Sabaei and Homeritae, in the southpart of Palestine east df the Jordan, and the western part of the peninsula (now Yemen); on
part of'Egypt between the Red Sea and the east- the southeastern coast, the Chatramolita  and
ern margin of the Nile valley, which, even as a Adramitae (in El-.Hadramaut, a country very
part of Egypt, was called Arabiae Nomos. In the little known, even to the present day); on the
stricter sense of the name, which confines it to eastern and northeastern coast, the Omanite
the peninsula itself, Arabia may be considered and Daracheni (in Oman, and El-Ahsa or Elas bounded on the north\by a line frorn'the head Hejer), From the earliest known period a conof the Red Sea (at Suez) to -the mouth of the siderable traffic was carried on by the people
Tigris (now Shat-el-Arab), which just about co- in the north (especially the'Nabathaei) by means
incides with the' parallel of thirty degrees north of caravans, and by those on the southern and
latitude. It was divided into three parts: (1.) eastern coast by sea, in the productions of their
ARABIA PETREAb (1'rerpaia'Apa6ia: northwest own country (chiefly gums, spices, and precious
part of El-Hejaz), including the triangular piece stones),, and in those of India and Arabia. Beof land between the two heads of the Red Sea sides this peaceful intercourse with the neigh(the peninsula of Mount Sinai) and the country boring countries, they seem to have made miliimmediately to the north and northeast, and tary expeditions at an early period, for there can
called, from its capital, Petra, while the literal be no doubt that, the Hyksos or 1" Shepherdsignification of the name,, Rocky Arabia," kings," who foi; some time ruled over Lower
agrees also with the nature of the country: (2.) Egypt, were Arabians. On the other hand, they
ARABIA DESERTA (now El-Jebel), including the have successfully resisted all attempts to sub-.
great Syrian Desert, and a portion of the inte- jugate them. - The alleged conquests of some
rior of the Arabian peninsula: (3.) ARABIA FE- of the Assyrian kings could only have affected
LIX (now El-Neied, El-Hejaz, El-Yemen, El- small portions of the country on the north. Of
zHadramaut, Omaun, and El-Hejer) consisted of the Persian empire we are expressly told that
the whole country not included in the other two they were independent. Alexander the Great
divisions; the ignorance of the ancients re- died too soon even to attempt his contemplated
specting the interior of the peninsula leading scheme of circumnavigating the peninsula and
them to class it with Arabia Felix, although it subduing the inhabitants. The Greek kings of
properly belongs to Arabia Deserta, for it con- Syria made unsuccessful attacks upon the Nasists, so far' as' it is known, of a sandy desert bathaei. Under Augustus, _Elius Gallus, assistof steppes and table land, interspersed with ed by the Nabathaei, made an expedition into
Oases (Wadis), and fringed with mountains,. Arabia Felix, but was compelled to retreat into
between which and the sea, especially on the Egypt to save his army from famine and the
western coast, lies a belt of low land' (called climate.  Under Trajan, Arabia Petraea was
Tclh.inah), intersected by numerous mountain conquered by A. Cornelius Palma (A.D. 107),
torrents, which irrigate the strips of land on and the country of the Nabathawi became a Rotheir banks, and produce that fertility which man province. Some partial and temporary
caused the ancients to apply the epithet of Fe- footing was gained at a much later period, on
lix to the whole peninsula. The width of the the southwestern coast, by the.Ethiopians; and
Tehamah is, in some places on the western both in this direction and from the north Chriscoast, as much as from one to two days' jour- tianity was early introduced into the country,
ney, but on the other sides it is very narrow, where it spread-to a great extent, and continuexcept at the eastern end of the peninsula (about ed to exist side by side with the old religion
iMuskat in Oman), where for a small space its (which was Sabaism, or the worship of heavenwidth is again a day's journey. The inhabit- ly bodies), and with some admixture of Judaants of Arabia were of the race called Semitic ism, until the total revolution produced by the
or Aramaean, and closely related to the Israel- rise of Mohammedanism in 622. While mainites.' The northwestern district (Arabia' Pe- taining their independence, the Arabs of the
troea) was inhabited by the various tribes which' Desert have also preserved to this day their
constantly appear in Jewish history: the Ama-! ancient form -of government, which is strictly
lekites, Midianites, Edomites, Moabites, Am- patriarchal, under the heads of tribes and fam6                                                                81




ARABICUS SINUS.                               ARATUS.
ilies (Emirs and Sheiks). In the more settled it is deep and difficult to cross, and navigable
districts, the patriarchal authority passed into up to Ambracia.
the hands of kings, and the people were di-  [ARACIA ('Apaecia), or Alexandri Insula (now
vided into the several castes of scholars, war- Charedsch or Karek), an island in the Persian
riors, agriculturists, merchants, and mechanics. Gulf, opposite. the coast of Persis, containing a
The Mohammedan revolution lies beyond our mountain sacred to Neptune.]
limits.                                     ARACYNTHUS ('ApiaKvvOo: now  Zigos), a
ARABICUS SINUS (O'Apa6tofc KoPiTroc: now  mountain.on the southwest coast of.Etolia,
Red Sea), a long narrow gulf between Africa near Pleuron, sometimes placed in Acarnania.
and Arabia, connected on the south with the Later writers erroneously make it a mountain
Indian Ocean by the Angustiae Divae (now Straits between Boeotia and Attica, and hence mention
of Bab-el-Mandeb), and on the north divided into it in connection with Amphion, the Boeotian
two heads by the peninsula of Arabia Petraa hero.  (Propert., iii., 13, 41; Actao (i. e. At(now Peninsula of Sinai), the east of which was tico) Aracyntho, Virg., Ecl., ii., 24.)
called Sinus _Elanites or AElaniticus (now Gulf  AXRDUS ('Apador:'Apedtlo, Aradius: in Old
of Akaba), and the west Sinus Heroopolites or Testament, Arvad: now Ruad), an island off
Heroopoliticus (now Gulf of Suez). The upper the coast of Phoenicia, at the distance of twenty
part of the sea was known at a very early pe- stadia (two geographical miles),with a city which
riod, but it was not explored in its whole ex- occupied the whole surface of the island, seven
tent till the maritime expeditions of the Ptole- stadia in circumference, which was said to have
rnies. Respecting its other name, see ERYTH- been founded by exiles fiom Sidon, and which
R=UM MARE.                                was a very flourishing place under its own kings,
ARBISf (*Apa6tg, also'Apa6eoc, "Ap6c, "Apra- under the Seleucida, and upnder the Romans.
6f, and'Aprai&to-: now Poorally or Agbor), a It possessed a harbor on the main land, called
river of Gedrosia, falling into the Indian Ocean ANTARADUS.
1000 stadia (100 geographical miles) west of the  ARzE PHILIENORUM. Vid. PHILAENORUM ARXE.
mouth of the Indus, and dividing the Orltae on  ARnTHYREA ('ApatOvpea), daughter of Aras,
its west from the Arabitm or Arbles on its east, an autochthon who was believed to have built
who had a city named Arbis on its eastern bank. Arantea, the most ancient town in Phliasia.
ARABiTE. Vid. ARABIS.                   After her death, her brother Aoris called the
[ARABIUS (Scholasticus), a Grecian poet, prob- country of Phliasia Araethyrea, in honor of his
ably in the time of Justinian, who has left seven sister.
epigrams, which are found in the Anthologia  ARXPHEN ('Apabijv:'Apa~vt o,'ApabojvoOev:
Graeca.]                                  now Rafina), an Attic demus belonging to the
ARACHNEUM ('ApaXvatov), a mountain form- tribe zEgaeis, on the east of Attica, north of the
ing the boundary between Argolis and Corin- River Erasinus, not far from its mouth.
thia.                                       ARAR or AR.RIs (now Saone), a river of Gaul,
ARACHNE, a Lydianmaiden, daughter of Idmon rises in the Vosges, receives the Dubis (now
of Colophon, a famous dyer in purple. Arachne Doubs) from the east, after which it becomes
excelled in the art of weaving, and, proud of navigable, and flows with a quiet stream into
her talent, ventured to challenge Minerva (Athe- the Rhone at Lugdunum (now Lyon). In the
na) to compete with her. Arachne produced time of Ammianus (A.D. 370) it was also calla piece of cloth in which the amours of the gods ed Sauconna, and in the Middle Ages Sangona,
were woven, and as Minerva (Athena) could whence its modern name Saone.
find no fault with.it, she tore the work topieces.  [ARARENE ('Apapnv7), a barren district of
Arachne, in despair, hung herself; the goddess Arabia Felix, inhabited by nomad tribes, through
loosened the rope and saved her life, but the which _Elius Gallus had to make his way in his
rope was changed into a cobweb and Arachne unsuccessful attempt to subjugate Arabia.]
herself into a spider (puiXv7v), the animal most' ARARS ('Apap6g), an Athenian poet of the
odious to Minerva (Athena). (Ov., -Met., vi., 1, Middle Comedy, son of Aristophanes, flourishseq.) This fable seems to suggest the idea that ed B.C. 375. [The fragments of his comedies
man learned the art of weaving from the spider, are collected in Meineke's Fragm. Comic. Grac.,
and that it was invented in Lydia.        vol. i., p. 630-632, edit. minor.]
AR.CHSOSIA ('ApauXcia:'Apaxurol or -Cra7:  ARAS.' Vid. ARETHYREA.
southeastern part of Afghanistan and northeastern  ARAPEs ('Apaiorrg), a Mede,'and a friend of
part of Beloochistan), one of the extreme eastern the elder Cyrus, is one of the characters in
provinces of the Persian (and afterward of the Xenophon's Cyropeedia. He contends with CyParthian)' empire, bounded on the east, by the rus that love has no power over him, but shortIndus, on the north by the Paropamisadae, on ly afterward refutes himself by falling in love
the west by Drangiana, and on the south by with Panthea, whom Cyrus had committed to
Gedrosia. It was a fertile country, watered by his charge. Vid. ABRADATAS.
the River Arachotus, with a town of the same  ARA.TUs (Aparog). 1. The celebrated general
name, built by Semiramis; and which was the of the Achaeans, son of Clinias, was born at Siccapital of the province until the foundation of yon, B.C. 271. On the murder of his father by
ALEXANDREA. The shortest road from Persia ABANTIDAS, Aratus, who was then a child, was
to India passed through Arachosia.        conveyed to Argos, where he was brought up.
ARACHOTUS.  Vid. ARACHOSIA.             When he had reached the age of twenty, he
ARACHTHUS or ARETHO ("ApaXOoc or'Ap'eov: gained possession of his native city, B.C. 251,
now Arta), a river of Epirus, rises in Mount deprived the usurper Nicocles of his power, and
Lacmon or the Tymphean Mountains, and flows united Sicyon to the Achaean league, which
into the Ambracian Gulf, south of Ambracia: gained, in consequence, a great accession of
82




ARAURA.                                   ARCADIA.
power. Vid. ACHdEI. In 245- he was elected  TAXATA, flows through a plain, which was callgeneral of the league, which office he frequently ed ro'ApaSvvOv 7rediov. The Araxes was proheld in subsequent years: Through his influ- verbial for the force of its current; and hence
ence a great number of the Greek cities joined Virgil (,En., viii., 728) says pontem indignatus
the league; but he excelled more in negotiation Araxes, with special reference to the failure of
than in war, and in his war with the fEtolians both Xerxes and Alexander in throwing a bridge
and Spartans.he was often defeated. In order over it. It seems to be the Phasis of Xenoto resist these enemies, he cultivated the friend- phon.-2. In Mesopotamia.  Vid. ABORRHAS..
ship of Antigonus Doson, king of Macedonia, -3. In Persis (now Bend-Emir), the river on
and of his successor Philip; but as Philip was which Persepolis stood, rises in the mountains
evidently anxious to make himself master of all east of the head of the Persian Gulf, and flows
Greece, dissensions arose between' him and Ara- southeast into a salt lake (now Bakhtegan) not
tlus, and the latter was eventually poisoned in far below Persepolis.-4. It is doubtful whether
213, by the king's order. Divine honors were the Araxes of Herodotus is the same as the
paid to himr by his countrymen, and an annual Oxus, JAXARTES, or Volga.-5. The PENEUS, in
festival ('Apdreta, vid. Diet. of Antiq.) establish- Thessaly, was called Araxes from the violence
ed. Aratus wrote Commienstaries, being a his- of its torrent (from dpd6aco).
tory of his own times down to B.C. 220, at  ARAXUS ('ApaoFC: now Cape Papa),,a promw-hichl point Por. rus commienced his history. ontory of Achaia, near the confines of Elis.
-2. Of Soli, afterward Pompeiopolis, in Cilicia,  ARBACES ('Ap6d/cg), the founder of the Medior (according to one authority).of Tarsus, flour- an empire, according to Ctesias, is said to have
ished B.C. 270, and spent all the latter part of taken Nineveh in conjunction with Belesis, the
his life at the court of Antigonus Gonatas, king Babylonian, and to have destroyed the old Asof Macedonia. He wrote two astronomical po- syrian empire under the reign of Sardanapalus,
ems, entitled Phcenomnena (4atv/6eva), consisting B.C. 876. Ctesias assigns twenty-eight years
of 732 verses, and Diosemcia (Aoatr,uea), of 422. to the reign of Arbaces, B.C. 876-848, and
The design of the Phanomena is to give an in- makes his dynasty consist of eight kings. This
troduction to the knowledge of the constella- account differs from that of Herodotus, who;
tions, with the rules for their risings and set- makes DEIOCES the first king of Media, and astings. The Diosemeia consists of prognostics signs only four kings to his dynasty.
of the weather from astronomical phaenomena,  ARBELrA' (Td Ap6^2a: now Erbille), a city of
with an account of its effects upon animals. It Adiabene in Assyria, between the rivers Lycus
appears to be an imitation, of Hesiod, and to and Caprus; celebrated as the head-quarters of
have been imitated by Virgil in some parts of Darius Codomannus before the last battle in
the Georgics. The style of these two poems is which he was overthrown by Alexander (B.C.
distinguished by elegance and accuracy, but it 331), which is hence frequently called the battle
wants originality and poetic elevation. That of Arbela, though it was really fought near GAUthey became very popular both in the Grecian GAMELA, about fifty miles west of Arbela. The
and Roman world (cu-m sole et luna semper Ara- district about Arbela was called Arbelitis ('Aptus erit, Ov., Am., i., 15, 16), is proved by the 6721GTL).
number of commentaries and Latin translations.  ARBIS. Vid. ARABIS.
Parts of three poetical Latin translations are  [ARBITER. Vid. PETRONIUS.]
preserved. One written by Cicero when very  ARBUCXLA or ARBOCXLA (now Villa Fasila?),
young, one by Caesar,Germanicus, the grand- the chief town of the Vaccai in Hispania Tarson of Augustus, and one by Festus Avienus. raconensis, taken by Hannibal after a long re-Editions. [Most copious and complete, by sistance.
Buhle, Lips., 1793-1801, 2 vols.; later, with re-  ARBUSCULA, a celebrated female actor in panvised text], by Voss, Heidelb.. 1824, with a Ger- tomimes in the time of Cicero.
man poetical version; by Buttmann, Berol.,  ARCA or -A ('ApKv or -at: now Tell-Arka), a
1826; and by Bekker, Berol., 1828.        very ancient city in the north of Phoenicia, not
[ARAURA (now St. Tiberi), earlier Cessero, a far from the sea-coast, at the foot of Mount
town of the Volcae Arecomici, on the Arauris, Lebanon: a colony under the Romans, named
in Gallia Narbonensis.]                   Area Caesarea or Ceesarea Libani: the birthARAURIs (now Herault), erroneously Rauraris place of the Emperor Alexander Severus.
in Strabo,-a river in Gallia Narbonensis, rises  ARCADIA ('ApKca~ia:'ApKcar, pl.'Aplcdef), a
in Mount Cevenna, and flows into the Mediter- country in the middle of Peloponnesus, was
ranean.,       bounded on the east by Argolis, on the north by
ARAUSIO (now' Orange), a town of the Cavari Achaia, on the west by Elis, and on the south
or Caiares, and a Roman colony, in Gallia Nar- by Messenia and Laconica. Next to Laconica
bonensis, on the. road from Arelate to Vienna: it was the largest country in the Peloponnesus:
it still contains remains of an amphitheatre, its greatest length was about fifty miles, its
circus, aqueduct, triumphal arch, &c.     breadth from thirty-five to forty-one miles. It
ARAXES ('Apic)g), the hame of several rivers. was surrounded on all sides by mountains,
-1. In Armenia Major (now Eraskh or Aras), whi6h likewisetraversed it in every direction,
rises in Mount Aba or Abus (near Erzeroum), and' it may be regarded as the Switzerland of
from the'opposite side of which the Euphrates Greece. Its principal mountains were Cyllene
flows; and, after a great bend southeast, and and Erymanthus in the north, Artemisius in the
then northeast, joins the Cyrus (now Kour), east, and Parthenius, Maenalus, and Lycaeus in
which flows down from the Caucasus, and falls the south and southwest. The Alpheus, the
with it into the Caspian by two mouths, in about greatest river of Peloponnesus, rises in Arcadia,
39~ 20' northalatitude. Thelowerpart, past AR- and flows through a considerable part of the
83




ARCADIUS.                               ARCHEDEMUS.
country, receiving numerous affluents.  The on accents (7repl r6vov), which is extant.-Edi.northern and eastern parts of the country were lions: By Barker, Leipzig, 1820, and by Dindorf,
barren and unproductive; the western and in his Grammat. Gracci, Leipzig, 1823.]
southern were more fertile, with numerous val-  ARCANUM. Vid. ARPINUM.
leys where corn was, grown. The Arcadians,  ARCAS (Apxar), king and eponymous hero of
said to be descended from the eponymous hero the Arcadians, son of Jupiter (Zeus) and CalARCAs, regarded themselves as the most ancient listo, grandson of Lycaon, ahd father of Aphidas
people in Greece: the Greek writers call them  and Elatus.  Arcas was the boy whose flesh
indigenous (avor6xOove ) and Pelasgians. In con- his grandfather Lycaon placed' before Jupiter
sequence of the physical peculiarity of the coun- (Zeus), to try his divine character.  Jupiter
try, they were chiefly employed in hunting and (Zeus) upset the table (rpdxrea) which bore the
the tending of cattle, whence their worship of dish, and destroyed the house of Lycaon by lightPan, who was especially the god of Arcadia, and ning, but restored Areas to life. When Areas
of Diana (Artemis). They were a people sim- had grown up, he built on the site of his father's
ple in their habits and moderate in their desires: house the town of Trapezus. Areas and his
they were passionately fond of music, and cul- mother were placed by Jupiter (Zeus) among
tivated it with great success (soli cantare perili the stars.
Arcades, Virg., Ecl., x., 32), which circumstance  ARCESILAUS or AsCESiLAs ('Apceci2Raor,'Apsewas supposed to soften the natural roughness aitar), a Greek philosopher, son of Seuthes or
of their character. The Arcadians experienced Scythes, was born at Pitane in.Eolis, and flourfewer changes than any other people in Greece, -ished about B.C. 250. He studied at fir t in
and retained possession of their country upon his native town under Autolycus, a mathemathe conquest of the rest of Peloponnesus by the tician, and afterward went to Athens, where lhe
Dorians. Like the other Greek communities, became the disciple first of Theophrastus, and
they were originally governed by kings, but are next of Polemo and of Crantor. He succeeded
said to have abolished monarchy toward the Crates about B.C. 241 in the chair of the Acadclose of the second Messenian!war, and to have emy, and became the founder of the second or
stoned to death their last king Aristocrates, be- middle (upea,) Academy. He is said to have
cause he betrayed his allies the Messenians. died in his seventy-sixth year from a fit of
The different towns then became independent drunkenness. His philosophy was of a skeprepublics, of which the most important were tical character, though it did not go so far as
MANTINEA, TEGEA, ORCHOMENUS, PSOPHIS, and that of the followers of Pyrrhon. He did not
PHENEOS. Like the Swiss, the Arcadians fre- doubt the existence of truth in itself, only our
quently served as mercenaries, and in the Pelo- capacities for obtaining it,. and he combated
ponnesian war, they were found, in the armies most strongly the dogmatism of the Stoics.
of both the Lacedaemonians and Athenians.   ARCESILAUS ('ApKeai2ao). l. Son of Lycus
The' Lacedaemonians made many attempts to and Theobule, leader of the Boeotians in the
obtain possession of parts of Arcadia, but these Trojan war, slain by Hector.-2. The name of
attempts were finally frustrated by the battle four kings of Cyrene. Vid. BATTUS and BATof Leuctra (B.C. 371); and in order to resist TIADE.- [3. A  Sicilian, who accompanied
all future aggressions on the part of Sparta, Agathocles to Africa, but, on the departure of
the Arcadians, upon the advice of Epami- the latter from that country, murdered his son
nondas, built the city of MEGALOPOLIS, and in- Archagathus.-4. A sculptor in the first censtituted a general assembly of the whole na- tury B.C., who was held in high esteem at
tion, called the Myrii (Mvpiot,vid. Diet. of Antiq., Rome: he was intimate with L. Lentulus, and
s. v.). They subsequently joined the Achaean was greatly commended by Varro.]
League, and finally became subject to the Ro-  ARCESIus ('Apceiator), son of Jupiter (Zeus)
mans.                                     and Euryodia, father of Lartes, and grandfather
ARCADIUS, emperor of the East (A.D. 395- of Ulysses. Hence both Laertes and Ulysses
408), elder son of Theodosius I., was born in are called Arcesiades ('Ap eeltd67f).
Spain, A.D. 383. On the death of Theodosius  ARCH^SOPOLIS ('Apxat6oro;tT), the later capital
he became emperor of the East, while the West of Colchis, near the River Phasis.
was given to his younger brother Honorius.  [ARCHAGATHUS. Vid. ARCESILAUS, 3.]
Arcadius possessed neither physical nor intel-  ARCHANDR6OPLIS ('ApXCdVpov rr62g), a city of
lectual vigor, and was entirely governed by un- Lower Egypt,' on the Nile, between Canopus
worthy favorites. At first he was ruled by Ru- and Cercasorus.
finus, the prsefect of the East; and on the mur-  [ARCHEBXTES ('Apxe6drc), son of Lycaon,
der of the latter soon after the accession of -destroyed by Jupiter (Zeus) by lightning.]
Arcadius, the government fell into the hands of  ARCHiEDEMUS ('Apdpfuoc; Dor.'ApoXe6dapo).
the eunuch Eutropius. Eutropius was put to 1. A popular leader at Athens, took the first
death in 399, and his power now devolved upon step against the generals who had gained the
Gainas, the Goth; but upon his revolt and death battle of Arginuse, B.C. 406. "' The comic poets
in 401, Arcadius became entirely dependent upon called him "'blear-eyed' (y7/2uuwv), and said that
his wife Eudoxia, and it was through her influ- he was a foreigner, and had obtained the franence that Saint Chrysostom was exiled in 404. chise by fraud.-2. An: 2Etolian (called ArchiArcadius died on the first of May, 4Q8, leaving damus by Livy), commanded the.Etolian troops
the empire to his son, Theodosius II., who was which assisted the Romans in their war with
a minor.                                  Philip (B.C. 199-197). He afterward took an
[ARCADIUS ('Apicdtof), a Greek grammarian active part against the Romans, and eventual.
of Antioch, of uncertain date, but certainly not ly joined Perseus, whom he accompanied in his
earlier than 200 A.D. He wrote a useful work flight after his defeat in 168. —3. Of Tarsus, a
84




ARCHEDICUS.                                 ARCHIAS.
Stoic philosopher, mentioned by Cicero, Seneca, the accession of Tiberius and accused of treaand other ancient writers.                son. His life was spared, but he was obliged
ARrHEDIcus ('ApXedtKco), an Athenian comic to remain at Rome, where he died soon after,
poet of the new comedy, supported Antipater A.D. 17. Cappadocia was then made a Roman
and the Macedonian party.                 province.-7. A philosopher, probably born at'AIKCHRGTES ('ApXV/yrnf), a surname of Athens, though others make him a native of
Apollo, probably in reference to his being a Miletus, flourished about B.C. 450. Thephiloleader of colonies. It was also a surname of sophical system of Archelaus is remarkable, as
o'ther gods.                              forming a point of transition from the older to
A'RCHEL.iS ('ApeXae'i).  1. In Cappadocia the newer form of philosophy in Greece. As a
(now Akserai), on the Cappadox, a tributary of pupilof Anaxagoras, he belonged to the Ionian
the Halys, a city founded by Archelaus, the last school, but he added to the physical system of
king of Cappadocia, and made a Roman colony his teacher some attempts at moral speculation.
by the Emperor Claudius.-2. A town of Pales- -8. A Greek poet, in Egypt, lived under the
tine, *iear Jericho, founded by Archelaus, the Ptolemies, and wrote epigrams, some of which
son of Herod the Great.                   are still extant in the Greek Anthology.-9. A
ARCHELiAus ('Apxe2aog).  1. Son of HER'OD sculptor of Priene, son of Apollonius, made the
the Great, was appointed by his father as his marble bas-relief representing the Apotheosis of
successor, and received from Augustus Judaea, Homer, which formerly belonged to the ColonSamaria, and Idumaea, with the title of ethnarch. na family at Rome, and is now in the Townley
In consequence of his tyrannical government, Gallery of the British Museum. He probably
the Jews accused him before'Augustus in the lived in the reign of Claudius.
tenth year of his reign (A.D. 7): Augtistus  [ARCELOCHUS ('ApXEDoxot), son of the Trobanished him to Vienna in Gaul, where he died. jan Antenor; slain by Ajax.]
-— 2. King of MACEDONIA (B.C. 413-399), an il-  [ARCHEMXOHUS ('Apx/uaxoc), a Greek hislegitimate son of Perdiccas II., obtained the torian of Eubcea, who wrote a work on his nathrone by the murder of his half-brother. He tive country (ra Ede6olcc), consisting of at least
improved the internal condition of his kingdom, three books.]
and was a warm patron of art and literature.  ARCHEMSRUS ('Apxytopor), or OPHELTES, son'His palace was adorned with magnificent paint- of the Nemean king Lycurgus and Eurydice.
ings by Zeuxis; and Euripides, Agathon, and When the Seven heroes, on their expedition
other men of eminence, were among his guests. against Thebes, stopped at Nemea to obtain
According to some accounts, Archelaus was ac- water, Hypsipyle, the nurse of the child Ophelcidentally slain in a hunting party by his favorite, tes, while showing the way to the Seven, left
Craterus or Crateuas; but, according to other the child alone. In the mean time, the child
accounts, he was murdered by Craterus.-3. A  was killed by a dragon, and buried by the Seven.
distinguished general of MITHRADATES. In B. But as' Amphiaraus saw in this accident an.
C. 87 he was sent into Greece by Mithradates omen boding destruction to him and his comwith a large fleet and army; at first he met panions, they called the child Archemorus, that
with considerable success, but was twice de- is, "Forerunner of Death," and instituted the
feated by Sulla in 86, near Chieronea and Or- Nemean games in honor of him.
chomenos in Bceotia, with immense loss. There-  [ARCHEPTOLEMIUS ('ApyxTrr6'teOS g), son of Iphupon he was commissioned by Mithradates to itus, charioteer of Hector, was slain by Teucer.]
sue for peace, which he obtained; but subse-  [ARCHESTRATUS ('Apxearparof), one of the ten
quently being suspected of treachery by the generals appointed to supersede Alcibiades in
king, he deserted to the Romans just before the command of the Athenian fleet, after the
the commencement of the second Mithradatic battle of Notium, B.C. 407.-2. A member of
war, B.C. 81.-4. Son of the preceding, was the bov?2 at Athens, who, during the siege of
raised by Pompey, in B.C. 63, to the dignity of the city, after the battle of zEgospotami, B.C.
priest of the goddess (Enyo or Bellona) at Co- 405, was thrown into prison for advising capitumana in Pontus or Cappadocia. In 56 or 55 lation on-the terms proposed by Sparta.]
Archelaus became king of Egypt by marrying  ARCHESTRATUS ('Apxeaoparo), of Gela or SyrBereaice, the daughter of Ptolery Auletes, who, acuse, about B.C. 350, wrote a poem on the Art
after the expulsion of her father, had obtained of Cookery, which was imitated or translated
the sovereignty of Egypt. Archelaus, however,. by Ennius in his Carmina Hedypathetica or Hedywvas King df Egypt only for six months, for Ga- pathica (from dj6vrd6eta).
binius marched with an army into Egypt in or-  [ARCHETIUS, a companion of Turnus, slain by
der to restore Ptolemy Auletes, and in the bat- Mnestheus.]
tie which ensued, Archelaus perished.-5. Son  ARCHiAS ('ApXica). 1. An Heraclid ofCorinth,
of No. 4, and his successor in the office of high- left his country in consequence of the death of
prieist of Comana, was deprived of his dignity ACTiON, and founded Syracuse, B.C. 734, by
by Julius Casar in 47.-6. Son of No. 5, re- command of the Delphic oracle.-[2. A Theban,
cedved from Antony, in B.C. 36,' the kingdom  who betrayed the citadel (Cadmea) to the Spar-.of Cappadocia, a favor which he owed to the tan commander Phcebidas, B.C. 382. He was
charms of his mother Glaphyra. After the bat- at the head of the party in the interest of Spartie of Actium, Octavianus not only left Arche- ta, but was slain by the Theban exiles under
laus in the possession of his kingdom, but sub- Pelopidas.-3. Of THURII, originally an actor,
seqauently added to it a part of Cilicia and Lesser was sent, B.C. 322, after the battle of Cranon,
Armenia. But, having incurred the enmity of to apprehend the orators whom Antipater had
Tiberius by the attention which he had paid to demanded of the Athenians, and who had fled'C. Caesar he was summoned to Rome soon after from Athens. Vid. HYPERIDES and DEMOSTHE85




ARCHIDAMIA.                              ARCHILOCHUS.
NES. He was nicknamed Dvya(o1jpaf, I, exile- defeated the Arca'dians and Argives in the
hunter;" and ended his life, as he deserved, in "Tearless Battle," so called because le had
poverty and disgrace.]-4. A. LICINIUS ARCHIAS, won it without losing a man. In 362 he dea Greek poet, born at Antioch in Syria, about fended Sparta against Epaminondas.  In the
B.C. 120, very early obtained celebrity by his third Sacred war (B.C. 356-346) he assisted
verses. In 102 he came to Rome, and was re- the Phocians. In 338 he went to Italy to aid
ceived in the most friendly way by many of the the Tarentines against the Lucanians, and there
Roman nobles, especially by the Luculli, from  fell in battle.-4. Grandson of No. 3, and son
whom he afterward obtained the gentile name of Eudamidas I., was king in B.C. 296, when
of Licinius. After a short stay at Rome he ac- he was defeated by Demetrius Poliorcetes.-5.
companied L. Lucullus, the elder, to Sicily, and Son of Eudamidas II., and the brother of Agis
followed him, in the banishment to which he IV. On the murder of Agis, in B.C. 240, Aywas sentenced for his management of the slave chidamus fled from Sparta, but afterward obwar in that island, to Heraclea in Lucania, in tained the throne by means of Aratus. He was,
which town Archias was enrolled as a citizen; however, slain almost immediately after his reand as this town was a state united with Rome turn to Sparta. He was the last king of the
by a foedus, he subsequently obtained the Ro- Eurypontid race.
man franchise in accordance with the lex Plau-  ARCHIGEcNES ('ApXlyevrg), an eminent Greek
tia Papiria passed in B.C. 89. At a later time physician, born at Apamea in Syria, practiced
he accompanied L. Lucullus the younger to at Rome in the time of Trajan, A.D. 98-117.
the Mithradatic war. Soon after his return, a He published a treatise on the pulse, on which
charge was brought against him in 61 of as- Galen wrote a Commentary. He was the most
suming the citizenship illegally, and the trial eminent physician of the sect of the Eclectici,
came on before Q. Cicero, who was prator this and is mentioned by Juvenal as well as by other
year. He was defended by his friend M. Cicero writers. Only a.few fragments of his works rein the extant speech Pro Archia, in which the main.
orator, after briefly discussing the legal points  ARCHaILCHUS ('Apoxi2oXo), of Paros, was one
of the case, rests the defence of his client upon of the earliest Ionian lyric poets, and the first
his surpassing merits as a poet, which entitled  Greek poet who composed Iambic verses accordhim to the Roman citizenship. We may pre- ing to fixed rules. He flourished about B.C. 714sume that Archias was acquitted, though we 676. He was descended from a noble family,
have no formal statement of the fact. Archias who held the priesthood in Paros. His grandwrote a poem on the Cimbric war in honor of father was Tellis, his father Telesicles, and his
Marius; another on the Mithradatic war in hon- mother a slave, named Enipo. In the flower
or of Lucullus; and at the time of his trial was of his age (between B.C. 710 and 700), Archiloengaged on a poem in honor of Cicero's con- chus went from Paros to Thasos with a colony,
sulship. No fragments of these works are ex- of which one account makes him the leader.
tant; and it is doubtful whether the epigrams The motive for this emigration can only be conpreserved under the name of Archias in the jectured. It was most probably the result of
Greek Anthology were really written by him.  a political change, to which cause was added,
[ARCHIDAMIA ('Apxdia/eta), the priestess of in the case of Archilochus, a sense of personal
Ceres (Demeter) at Sparta, who, through love wrongs. He had been a suitor to Neobule, one
of Aristomenes, set him at liberty when he had of the daughters of Lycambes, who first prombeen taken prisoner.-2. A Spartan woman, who ised and afterward refused to give his daughter
distinguished herself by her heroic spirit when to the poet. Enraged at this treatment, ArchilSparta was nearly taken by Pyrrhus in B.C. ochus attacked the whole family in an Iambic
272, and opposed the plan which had been en- poem, accusing Lycambes of perjury, and his
tertained of sending the women to Crete.]  daughters of the most abandoned lives. The
ARCHIDAMU$ ('ApXicaizot), the name of five verses were recited at the festival of Ceres
kings of Sparta. 1. Son of Anaxidamus, con- (Demeter), and produced such an effect, that
temporary with the Tegeatan war, which fol- the daughters of Lycambes are said to have
lowed soon after the second Messenian, B.C. hung themselves through shame. The bitter668.-2. Son of Zeuxidamus, succeeded his ness which he expresses in his poems toward
grandfather Leotychides, and reigned B.C. 469- his native island seems to have arisen in part
427. During his reign, B.C. 464, Sparta was also from the low estimation in which he was
made a heap of ruins by a tremendous earth- held, as being the son of a slave. Neither was
quake; and for the next ten years he was en- he more happy at Thasos., He draws the most
gaged in war against the revolted Helots and melancholy picture of his adopted courtrywhich
Messenians. Toward the end of his reign the he at length quitted in disgust. While at ThaPeloponnesian war broke out: he recommend- sos, he incurred the disgrace of losing his shield
ed his countrymen not rashly to embark in the in an engagement with the Thracians of the op.
war, and he appears to have taken a more cor- posite continent; but, instead ofbeing ashamed
rect view of the real strength of Athens than of the disaster, he recorded it in his verse. At
any other Spartan. After the war had been de- length he returned to Paros, and in a war bedlared (B.C. 431) he invaded Attica, and held tween the Parians and the people of Naxs,
the supreme command' of the Peloponnesian he fell by the hand of a Naxian named Calondas
forces till his death in 429.-3. Grandson of No. or Corax. Archilochus shared with his con2, and son of Agesilaus II., reigned B.C. 361- temporaries, Thaletas and Terpander, in the
338. During the lifetime of his father he took honor of establishing lyric poetry throughout
an active part in resisting the Thebans and the Greece. The invention of the elegy is ascribed
various other enemies of Sparta, and in 367 he to him, as well as to Callinus; but it was on
86




ARCHIMEDES.                                 ARCTOS.
his satiric Iambic poetry that his fame was glish translation of the Arenarius by G. Anderfounded. His Iambics expressed the strongest son, London, 1784.
feelings in the most unmeasured language. The  ARCHINUS ('Apxyvo~), one of the leading Athelicence of Ionian democracy and the bitterness nians, who, with Thrasybulus and Anytus, overof a disappointed man were united with the threw the government of the Thirty, B.C. 403.
highest degree of poetical power to give them  ARCHIPPUS ('Apxtr7roc), an Athenian poet of'
force and point. The emotion accounted most the old comedy, about B.C. 415.  [The fragconspicuous in'his verses wa's " rage,",' Archi- ments of Archippus are collected in Meineke's
lochum proprio rabies armavit iambo." (Hor., Fragm. Comic. Grecor., vol. i., p. 408-415, edit.
Ars Poet., 79.) The fragments of Archilochus minor.]
are collected in Bergk's Poet. LyricirGrcec., and  [ARcHIPvus,,an ancient king of the Marrubii
by Liebel, Archilochi Reliquice, Lips., 1812, 8vo; in Italy, one of the allies of Turnus in his war
[2d edit., somewhat enlarged, Vienna, 1818, 8vo.] with.eEneas.]
ARCHIMEDES ('Apxyetodnl), of Syracuse, the  ARCHW-TAS ('ApXJrat).  1. Of Amphissa, a
most famous of ancient mathematicians, was Greek epic poet, flourished about B.C. 300.-2.
born B.C. 287. He was a' friend, if not a kins- Of Tarentum, a distinguished philosopher, mathman, of Hiero, though his actual condition in ematician, general, and statesman, probably livlife does not seem to have been elevated. In ed about B.C. 400, and onward, so that he was
the early part of his life he travelled into Egypt, contemporary with Plato, whose life he is said
where he studied under Conon the Samian, a to have saved by his influence with the tyrant
mathematician and astronomer. After visiting Dionysius. He was seven times the general of
other countries, he returned to Syracuse. Here his city, and he commanded in several camhe constructed for Hiero various engines of war, paigns, in all of which he was victorious. After
which, many years afterward, were so far ef- a life which secured to him a place among the
fectual in the defence of Syracuse against Mar- very greatest men of antiquity, he was drowned
cellus as to convert the siege into a blockade, while upon a voyage on the Adriatic. (Hor.,
and delay the taking of the city for a consider- Carm., i., 28.) -As a philosopher, he belonged
able time. The accounts of the performances to the Pythagorean school, and he appears to
of these engines are evidently exaggerated; and have been himself the founder of a new sect.
the story of the burning of the Roman ships by Like the Pythagoreans in general, he paid much
the reflected rays of the sun, though very cur- attention to mathematics.  Horace calls him
rent in later times, is probably a fiction. He maris et terrae numeroque carentis arena Mensosuperintended the building ot a ship of extraor- remn. To his theoretical science he added the
dinary size for Hiero, of which a description is skill of a practical mechanician, and constructed
given in Athenaeus (v., p. 206, d.), where he is various machines and automatons, among which
also said'to have moved it to the sea by the help his wooden flying, dove in particular was the
of a screw. He invented a machine called, from  wonder of antiquity. He also applied matheits form, Cochlea, and now known as the water- matics with success to musical science, and
screw of Archimedes, for pumping the waiter even to metaphysical philosophy. His influence
out of the hold of this vessel. His most cele- as a philosopher' was so great, that Plato was
brated performance was the construction of a undoubtedly indebted to him for some of his
sphere; a kind of orrery, representing the move- views; and Aristotle is thought by some writers
ments of the heavenly bodies. When Syracuse to have borrowed the idea of his categories, as
was taken (B.C. 212), Archimedes was killed well as some of his ethical principles, from Arby the Roman soldiers, being at the time intent chytas. [The fragments of Archytas are pubupon a mathematical problem. Upon his tomb lished in part by Gale, Opusc. Mythol., Cantab.,
was placed the figure of a sphere inscribed in 1671, Amst., 1688; and more fully by Orelli,
a cylinder. When Cicero was quaestor in Sicily Opusc. Sentent. et Moral., vol. ii., p. 234, seqq.]
(75), he found this tomb near one of the gates  ARCONNESUS ('Ap6cvvraoc:'APKOvv/atoeo). 1.
of the city, almost hid among briers,'and for- An island off the coast of Ionia, near Lebedus,
gotten by the Syracusans. The intellect of Ar- also called Aspis and Macris. —2. (Now Orak
chimedes was of the very highest order. He Ada), an island off the coast of Caria, opposite
possessed, in a degree never exceeded, unless Halicarnassus, of which it formed the harbor.
by Newton, the inventive genius which discov-  ARCTiNUS ('Aptlrivof), of Miletus, the'most
ers new provinces of inquiry, and finds new  distinguished among the cyclic poets, probably
points of view for old and familiar objects; the lived about B.C. 776. Two epic poems were
clearness of conception which is essential to attributed to him. 1. The 1Ethiopis, which was
the resolution of complex phenomena into their a kind of continuation'ofLHomer's Iliad: its
constituent elements; and the power and habit chief heroes were Menmnon, king of the -Ethioof intense and persevering thought, without pians, and Achilles, who slew him. 2. The Dewhich other intellectual gifts are comparatively struction of Ilion-, which 6ontained a description
fruitless. The following works; of Archimedes of the destruction of Troy, and the subsequent
have come down to us: 1. On Equiponderants events until the departure of the Greeks. [The
and Centres of Gravity. 2. The Quadrature of fragments of Arctinus have beenecollected by
the Parabola.  3. On the Sphere and Cylinder. Diubner,- Homeri Carm. et Cycli Epici Reliq.,
4. On Dimension of the Circle.  5. On Spirals. Paris, 1837' and by Diintzer, Die Fragm. des ep.
6. On Conoids and Spheroids. 7. The Arenarius. Poesie bis auf Alex., K6ln, 1840; and Nachtrag,
8. On Floating Bodies. 9. Lemmata. The best p. 16, K6ln, 1841.]
edition of his works is by Torelli, Oxon., 1792.  ARCTOPHILAX. Vid. ARCTos.
There is a French translation of his works, with  ARcTOS (*ApKrog), " the Bear," two constellanotes, by F. Peyrard, Paris, 1808, and an En- tions near the North Pole. 1. THE GREAT BEAK
87




ARCTURUS.                                    ARES
('ApKrof /eyeatn: Ursa Major), also called the phrates was so diverted from its course that it
Wagon (iifaa': plaustrium). The ancient Ital- passed three times through this place.-'2. A
ian name of this constellation was Septem Tri- town of Susiana, not far from Susa; perhaps the
ones, that is, the Seven Ploughing Oxen, also Sep- same as the Aracca of later writers, where Datentrio, and with the epithet Major to distinguish rius Hystaspis settled the captured Eretrians.]
it from the Septentrio Minor, or Lesser Bear:  [ARDESCUS (.Ap6a/Kor), a river of European
hence Virgil (ZEn., iii., 356) speaks of geminos- Sarmatia, flowing into the Ister; the god of this
que Triones. The Great Bear was also called He- stream was, according to Hesiod, a son of Ocelice (ir,:c) from its sweeping round in a curve.-  anus and Tethys.]
2. THE LESSER or LITTLE BEAR ('AplcroCIL ip6:-  ARDUENNA SILVA (now the Ardennes), a vast
Ursa Minor), likewise called the Wagon, Was forest in the northwest of Gaul, extended from
first added to the Greek catalogues by Thales, the. Rhine and the Treviri to the Nervii and
by whom it was probably imported from the' Remi, and north as far as the Scheldt: there
East. It was also called Phoenice (4)otviK&i), from are still considerable remains of this forest,
the circumstance that it was selected by the though the greater part of it has disappeared.
Phoenicians as the guide by which they shaped  ARDYS ('ApdvC), son of Gyges, king of Lydia,
their course at sea, the. Greek mariners with reigned B.C. 678-629: he took Priene, and made
less judgment employing the Great Bear for the war a'gainst Miletus.
purpose; and Cynosura (Kvvov'orpa), dog's tail,  AREX or ARETiAS (CApeta or'ApTItec v-cao',
from the resemblance of the constellation to the i. e., the island of Ares: now Kerasunt Ada),
upturned curl of a dog's tail. The constella- also called Chalceritis, an island off the coast
tion before the Great Bear was called Boiltes of Pontus, close to Pharnac6a, celebrated in the
(BO&6T7r), Arctophylax ('ApK'roo0Lab), or Arcturus legend of the Argonauts.
('Aptropog, from oppos, guard); the two latter  [AREGoNIS ('Apyyovif), wife of Ampycus, and
names suppose the constellation to represent a mother of Mopsus.]
man upon the watch, and denote simply the po-  [ARILLCUS ('ApGtavKof), a Trojan warrior,
sition of the figure in reference to the Great slain by Patroclus.]
Bear, while Bootes, which is found in Homer,  AREITH6US ('Aptloof). 1. King of Arne in
refers to the Wagon, the imaginary figure of Bceotia, and husband-of Philomedusa, is called
Bootes being fancied to occupy the place of the in the Iliad (vii., 8) Kcopvv-rrgj, because he fought
driver of the team. At a later time Arctophylax with a club: he fell by the hand of the Arcadian
became the general name of the constellation, Lycurgus.-[2.- Charioteer of Rhigmus, slain
and the word Arcturus was confined to the chief by Achilles.]
star in it. All these constellations are connect-  AREL.TE, ARkLAS, or ARELiTUM (Arelatensis:
ed in mythology with the Arcadian nymph CAL- now Arles), a town in Gallia Narbonensis, at
LISTO, the daughterofLycaon. Metamorphosed the head of the delta of the Rhone.on the left
by Jupiter (Zeus) upon the earth into a she- bank, and a Roman colony founded by the solbear, Callisto was pursued by her son Areas in diers of the sixth legion, Colonia Arelate Sextathe chase, and when he was on the point of kill- norum. It is first mentioned by Coesar, and unino' her, Jupiter (Zeus) placed themnboth among der the emperors it. became one of the most
the stars,. Callisto becoming the Great Bear, and flourishing towns on this side of the Alps. ConAreas the Little Bear, or BoBtes. In the poets stantine the Great built an extensive suburb on
the epithets of these stars have constant refer- the right bank, which he connected with the
ence to the family and country of Callisto: thus original city by a bridge. The Roman remains
we find them called Lycaonis Arctos: Menalia at Arles attest-the greatness of the ancient city:
Arctos and Mcenalis Ursa (from Mount Mwenalus there are still to be seen an obelisk of granite,
in Arcadia): Erymanthis Ursa (from Mount Ery- and the ruins of an aqueduct, theatre, amphimanthus in Arcadia): Parrhasides stelle (from  theatre, palace of Constantine, and a large Rothe Arcadian town Parrhasia). Though most man cemetery.
traditions identified Bodtes with Areas, others  [ARELLIUs FUSCus. Vid. FuScIus.]
pronounced him to be Icarus or his daughter  AREM6RJCA. Vid. ARMORICA.
Erigone. Hence the Septentriones are called  ARiiN.TCUM (now Arnheim or Err I), a town
Boves Icarii. Vid. Diet. of Antiq., p. 147, 148, of the Batavi in Gallia Belgica.
159, 2d ed.                                 [AREN]R MONTES (now Arenas Gordas), high
ARCTURUS.  Vid. ARCTOS.                 sand hills in Hispania Baetica, between the Bae.
ARDIA (Ardeas, -atis: now Ardea). 1. The tis and Urium.]
chief town of the Rutuli in Latium, a little to  [ARENE ('ApmvV). 1. Daughter of the Spartan
the left of the River Numicus, three miles from  king CEbalus, wife of Aphareus. —2. A city of
the sea, was situated on a rock surrounded by Elis, on the River MinyeYus, said to have been
marshes, in an unhealthy district. It was one named after the foregoing: it was the residence
of the most ancient places in Italy, and was said of Aphareus.]
to have been the capital of Turnus. It was  AREiXoPGUS. Vid. ATHENIE.
conquered and colonized by the Romans, B.C.  ARES ('Apyg), (the Latin Mars), the Greek
442, from which time its importance declined. god of war and one of the great Olympian gods,
In its neighborhood was the Latin Aphrodisium  is represented as the son of Zeus (Jupiter) and
or temple of Venus, which was under the super- Hera (Juno). The character of Ares (Mars) in
intendence of the Ardeates.-2. (Now Arde- Greek mythology will be best understood by
kdn?), an important town in Persis, southwest comparing it with that of other divinities who
of Persepolis.                            are likewise in some way connected with war.
[ARDERICCA ('ApdptIKca, now Akkerkuf? Hee- Athena (Minerva) represents thoughtfulness and
ten). 1. A town above Babylon, where the Eu- wisdom in the affairs of war, and protects men
88




ARESIAS.                                   AREVA.
and their habitations during its ravages. Ares of Arabia Petraa. 1. A contemporary of Pom(Mars), on the other hand, is nothing but the pey, invaded Judaea in B.C. 65, in order to place
personification of bold force and strength, and Hyrcanus on the throne, but was driven back
not so much the god of war as of its tumult, by the Romans, who espoused the cause of
confusion, and horrors. His sister Eris calls Aristobulus. His dominions were subsequentforth war, Zeus (Jupiter) directs its course, but ly invaded by Scaurus, the lieutenant of PomAres (Mars) loves war for its own sake, and pey.-2, The father-in-law of Herod Antipas,
delights in the din and roar of battles, in the invaded Judeaa because Herod had dismissed
slaughter of men, and the destruction of towns. the daughter of Aretas in consequence of his
Hle is not even influenced by party spirit, but connection with Herodias. This Aretas seems
sometimes assists the one, and sometimes the to have been the same who had possession of
other side, just'as his inclination may dictate; Damascus at the time of the conversion of the
whence Zeus (Jupiter) calls him ^;Aotorpca;aor. Apostle Paul, A.D. 31.
(i1., v., 889.) This savage and sanguinary char-  ARETE ('Apfr-). 1. Wife of Alcinous, king
acter of Ares (Mars) makes him hated by the of the Phaeacians, received Ulysses with hosother gods and by his own parents. It was pitality.-2. [ARETE, in Greek'AperJ], daughcontrary to the spirit of the Greeks to represent ter of the elder Dionysius and Aristomache,
a being like Ares (Mars), with all his overwhelm- wife of Thearides, and after his death of her
ing physical strength, as always victorious; and uncle Dion. After Dion had fled from Syrawhen he comes in contact with higher powers, cuse, Arete was compelled by her brother to
lie is usually conquered. He was wounded by marry Timocrates, one of his friends; but she
Diomedes, who was assisted by Athena (Miner- was again received by Dion as'his wife when
va), and in his fall he roared like ten thousand he had obtained possession of Syracuse and exwarriors. The gigantic Aloidwe had likewise pelled the younger Dionysius. After the assasconquered him, and-kept him a prisoner for thir- sination of Dion in 353, she was drowned by
teen months, until he was delivered by Hermes his enemies:-3. Daughter of Aristippus, the
(Mercury). He was also conquered byHercules, founder of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy,
with whom he fought on account of his son Cyc- was instructed by him in the principles of his
nus, and was obliged to return to Olympus. system, which she transmitted to her son, the
This fierce and gigantic, but, withal, handsome younger Aristippus.
god, loved and was beloved by Aphrodite (Ve-  ARETHUSA ('ApeOovaa), one of the Nereids, and
nus). Vid. APHRODITE. When Aphrodite (Ve- the nymph of the famous fountain of Arethusa,
nus) loved Adonis, Ares (Mars), in his jealousy, in the island of Ortygia, near'Syracuse. For
metamorphosed himself into a boar, and killed details, see ALPHEUS. Virgil (Eclog., iv., 1;
his rival. Vid. ADONIS. According to a late x., 1) reckons her among the-Sicilian nymphs,
tradition, Ares (Mars) slew Halirrhothius, the and as the divinity who inspired pastoral poetry.
son of Poseidon (Neptune), when he was on the There were several other fountains in Greece
point of violating Alcippe, the daughter of Ares which bore the name of Arethusa, of which the
(Mars). Hereupon Poseidon (Neptune) accused most importantwas one in Ithaca, now Lebado,
Ares (Mars) in the Areopagus, where the Olym- and another in Euboea, near Chalcis.
plan gods were assembled in court. Ares (Mars)  ARETHUSA ('ApeOovaa: now Er-Restun). 1. A
was acquitted, and this event was believed to town and fortress on the Orontes, in, Syria: in
have given rise to the name Areopagus. The Strabo's time, the seat of a petty Arabian prinwarlike character of the tribes of Thrace led to cipality.-[2. A city of Macedonia, between Amthe belief that the god's residence was in that phipolis and the Lake Bolbe.-3. A bituminous
country, and here and in Scythia were the prin- lake in Greater Armenia, through which the
cipal seats of his worship. In Scythia he was Tigris was said to flow without'mingling its
worshipped under the form ofa sword, to which waters, at no great distance from its source.
not only horses and other cattle, but men also, Strabo gives as the Oriental names of this lake,
were sacrificed. In Greece itself the worship Arsene and Thospilis.]
of Ares (Mars) was not very general. All the  ARETIAS. Vid. AREA.
stories about Ares (Mars), and his worship in the  ARETIUMi. Vid. ARRETIUM.
countries north of Greece, seem to indicate that  [ARETUS (AApv7/og). 1. Son of Priam, slain
his worship was introduced into the latter coun- by Automedon.-2. Son of Nestor.]
try from Thrace. The Romans identified their  AREUS ('Apevf), two kings of Sparta. 1. Suegod Mars withithe Greek Ares. Vid. MARS.  ceeded his grandfather, Cleomenes II., since
[AREIiAS ('Apealar), one of the thirty tyrants his father Acrotatus had died before him, and
in Athens under the Spartan ascendency.]  reigned B.C. 309-265. He made several unARESTOR ('ApEaTop), father of Argus, the successful attempts to deliver Greece from the
guardian of lo, who is therefore called Arestor, dominion of Antigonus Gonatas, and at length
ides.                                     fell in battle against the Macedonians in 265,
ARETrSUS ('Apetalho), the Cappadocian, one and was succeeded by his son Acrotatus.of the most- celebrated of the ancient Greek 2. Grandson of No. 1, reigned for eight years
physicians, probably lived in the reign of Ves- (the duration of his life) under the guardianship
pasian. He wrote in Ionic Greek a general of his uncle Leonidas II., who succeeded him
treatise on diseases in eight books, which is still about B.C. 256.
extant. The best edition is by C. G. Kuhn,  [AREUS ('Ape7oC), of Alexandrea, a Stoic or
Lips., 1828.                              Pythagorean philosopher, who enjoyed in a high
[ARETION ('Apera-c), a Trojan, slain by Teu- degree the confidence of Augustus, and was
cer]                                      said to have been his instructor in philosophy.]
ARETAS ('Aperas), the name of several kings  [ARtVA (nowAlanzon, or, according to Florez,
89




AREVACAE.                               ARGONAUTS.
Ucero), a tributary of the Durius, in Hispania  ARGILUS ('Apyteoc'ApyitoC.), a town in BiTarraconensis.]                           saltia, the eastern part of Mygdonia, in MaceAREVACE or AREVACI, the most powerful donia, between Amphipolis and Broriscus, a
tripe of the Celtiberians in Spain, near the colony of Andros.
sources of the Tagus, derived their name from  ARGINUSE ('Apywvovaal or'Apywvovacat), three
the River Areva (q. v.).                  small'islands off the coast of zEolis, opposite
ARGEMUS ('ApyaToc). 1. King of Macedonia, Mytilene in Lesbos, celebrated for the naval
son and successor of Perdiccas I., the founder victory of the Athenians over the Lacednemoof the dynasty.-2. A pretender to the Macedo- nians under Callicratidas, B.C. 406.
nian crown, dethroned Perdiccas II., and reign-  [ARGIOPE ('Apyto6rn), a nymph, mother of the
ed two years.  -Thracian bard Thamyris by Philammon.]
ARGEUS MoNs('Apycato: nowErdjish-Dagh),   ARGIPHONTES ('ApyetoPovr7), "the slayer of'
a lofty snow-capped mountain nearly in the Argus," a surname of HERMES.
centre of Cappadocia; an offset of the Anti-  ARGIPPMI ('Apytrralot), a Scythian tribe in
Taurus. At its foot stood the celebrated city Sarmatia Asiatica, who appear, from the deof Mazaca or Caesarea.                    scription of them by Herodotus (iv., 23), to have
ARGANTHONiUS ('ApyavOmvzof), kingofTartes- been of the Calmuc race.
sus in Spain, in the sixth century B.C., is said  ARGISSA. Vid. ARGURA.
to have reigned eighty years, and to have lived  ARGITHEA, the chief town of Athamania, in
one hundred and twenty.                   Epirus.
ARGANTHONIUS or ARGANTHUS MON S (Tro'Ap-  ARGIiA, a surname of Hera or Juno, from AryavO6vtov ipoc: now Katirli), a mountain in gos, where, as well as in the whole of PeloponBithynia, running out into the Propontis, form- nesus, she was especially honored. Vid. ARGos.
ing the Promontorium Posidium (Cape Bouz),  ARGivI. Vid. ARGOS.
and separating the bays of Cios and Astacus.  ARGO. Vid. ARGONAUTE.
[ARGE (Apy?7), a Hyperborean maiden, who  [ARGOLicUS SINUS. Vid. ARGOS.]
came with Opis to Delos.]                   ARGOLIS. Vid. ARGOS.
ARGENNUM or ARGINUM ('Apyevvov,'Apylvov:  ARGONAUTE ('ApyovaTrat), the Argonauts,
now Cape Blanco).. 1. A promontory on the 4 the sailors of the Argo," were the heroes who
Ionian coast, opposite to Chios.-[2. A promon- sailed to AEa (afterward called Colchis) for the
tory of the eastern coast of Sicily, now Capo purpose of fetching the golden fleece.  The
San Alessio.]                             story of the Argonauts is variously related by
[ARGENNUSA, an island with a city of same the ancient writers, but the common tale ran as
name between the promontory of Argennum, follows. In Iolcus in Thessaly reigned Pelias,
and the Ionian coast, and the promontorium Po- who had deprived his half-brother 2ESON of the
sidium in the island of Chios.] I         sovereignty. In order to get rid of JASON, the
[ARGENTANUR (now San Marco), a city of son of ZEson, PELIAS persuaded Jason to fetch
Bruttium.]                                the golden fleece, which was suspended on an
[ARGENTARIA or ARGENTUARIA, also ARGENTO- oak-tree in the grove of Ares (Mars) in Colchis,
VARIA (now Arzenheim), the capital city of Gal- and was guarded day and night by a dragon.
lia Belgica, where Gratian defeated the Ale- Jason willingly undertook the enterprise, and
manni A.D. 378.]                          commanded Argus, the son of Phrixus, to build
ARGENTEUS (now Argens), a small river in a ship with fifty oars, which was called Argo
Gallia Narbonensis, which flows into the Medi- ('Apyc) after the name of the builder. Jason
terranean near Forum Julii.               was accompanied by all the great heroes of the
ARGENTORATUM or -TUS (now Strassburg'), an age, and their number is usually said to have
important town on the Rhine, in Gallia Belgica, been fifty. Among these were Hercules, Casthe head-quarters of the eighth legion, and a tor and Pollux, Zetes and Calais, the sons of
Roman municipium. In its neighborhood Ju- Boreas, the singer Orpheus, the seer Mopsus,
lian gained a brilliant victory over the Aleman- Philammon, Tydeus, Theseus. Amphiaraus, Pehi, A.D. 357. It was subsequently called Strate- leus, Nestor, Admetus, &c. After leaving Iolburgum and Stratisburgum, whence its modern cus they first landed at Lemnos, where they
name.                                     united themselves with the women of the islARGES. Vid. CYCLOPES.                   and, who had just before murdered their faARGA ('Apyeia). 1. Daughter ofAdrastus and thers and husbands. From Lemnos they sailAmphithea, and wife of Polynices.-[2. Daugh- ed to the Doliones at Cyzicus, where King Cyzter of Autesion, wife of the Spartan king Aris- icus received them hospitably. They left the
todemus, by whom she became the mother of country during the night, and being thrown
Eurysthenes and Procles.]                 back on the coast by a contrary wind, they
ARGIA ('ApyEia). Vid. ARGOS.             were taken for Pelasgians, the enemies of the
[ARGILESNIS ('Apyt;ewvig), a. Spartan female, Doliones, and a struggle ensued, in which Cyzmother of the celebrated general Brasidas.]  icus was slain; but, being recognized by the
ARGILETUM, a district in Rome, which extend- Argonauts, they buried him, and mourned over
ed from the south of the Quirinal to the Capito- his fate. They next landed in Mysia, where
line and the Forum. It was chiefly inhabited they left behind Hercules and Polyphemus, who
by mechanics and booksellers. T.he origin of had gone into the country in search of Hylas,
the name is uncertain: the most obvious deri- whom a nymph had carried off while he was
vation is from argilla, " potter's clay;" but the fetching water for his companions.  In the
more common explanation in antiquity was Argi country of the Bebryces, King Amycus challetum, "death of Argus," from a hero Argus who lenged the Argonauts to fight with him; and
was buried there.                         when he was killed by Pollux, [the Bebryces,
90




ARGONAUTSE.                                  ARGOS.
to avenge the death of their king, made an prevent the Argonauts being allured by them.
attack on Pollux, but the Argonauts, having Butes, however, swam to them, but Venus (Aphseized their arms, repulsed them, and slew  rodite) carried him to Lilybaeum. Thetis and
many in their flight; they then] sailed to Salmy- the Nereids conducted them through Scylla and
dessus in Thrace, where the seer Phineus was Charybdis and between the whirling rocks (ritormented by the Harpies. When the Argo- rpaet r;2ayicrao); and, sailing by the Thrinacian
nauts consulted him about their voyage, he island With its oxen of Helios, they came to the
promised his advice on condition of their deliv- Phasacian island of Corcyra, where they were
ering him from the Harpies. This was done received by Alcinous. In the mean time, some
by Zetes and Calais, two sons of Boreas; and of the Colchians, not being able to discover the
Phineus now   advised them, before sailing Argonauts, had settled at the foot of the Cerauthrough the Symplegades, to mark the flight of nian Mountains; others occupied the Absyra dove, and to judge from its fate what they tian islands near the coast of Illyricum; and a
themselves would have to do. When they ap- third band overtook the Argonauts in the island
proached the Symplegades, they sent out a dove, of the Phaeacians.  But as their hopes of rewhich, in its rapid flight between the rocks, lost covering Medea were deceived by Arete, the
only the end of its tail. The Argonauts now, queen of-Alcinous, they settled in the island,
with the assistance of Juno (Hera), followed the and the Argonauts continued their voyage. Durexample of the dove, sailed quickly between the ing the night they were overtaken by a storm;
rocks, and succeeded in passing Without injury but Apollo sent brilliant flashes of lightning,
to their ship, with the exception of some orna- which enabled them to discover a neighboring
ments at the stern. Henceforth the Symplega- island, which they called Anaphe. Here they
des stood immovable in the sea. On their ar- erected andaltar to Apollo, and solemn rites were
rival at the country of the Mariandyni, the Ar- instituted, which continued to be observed down
gonauts were' kindly received by their king, to very late times. Their attempt to land in
Lycus. The seer Idmon and the helmsman Crete was prevented by Talus, who guarded the
Tiphys- died here, and the place of the latter island, but was killed by the artifices of Medea.
was supplied by Ancaeus. They now sailed From Crete they sailed to JEgina, and from
along the coast until they arrived at the mouth thence between Eubcea and Locris to Iolcus.
of the River Phasis. The Colchian king JEetes Respecting the events subsequent to their arpromised to give up the golden fleece if Jason rival in Iolcus, vid. ZEsoN, MEDEA, JASON, PELalone would yoke to a plough two fire-breathing IAs. The story of the Argonauts probably arose
oxen with brazen feet, and sow the teeth of the out of accounts of commercial enterprises which
dragon which had not been used by Cadmus at the wealthy Minyans, who lived in the neighThebes, and which he had received from Mi- borhood of Iolcus, made to the coasts of the
nerva (Athena). The love of Medea furnished Euxine. The expedition of the Argonauts is
Jason with means to resist fire and steel, on related by Pindar in the fourth'Pythian ode, by
condition of his taking her as his wife; and she Apollonius Rhodius in his Argonautica, and by
taught him how he was to kill the warriors that his Roman imitator, Valerius Flaccus.
were to spring up from the teeth of the dragon.  ARGOS (Tr'Apyoc, -eoC), is said by Strabo (p.
While Jason was engaged upon his task,.Etes 372) to have signified a plain in the language of
formed plans for burning the ship Argo and for the Macedonians and Thessalians, and it may
killing all the Greek heroes. But Medea's mag- therefore' contain the same root as the Latin
ic powers lulled to sleep the dragon who guard- word ager. In Homer we find mention of the
ed the golden fleece; and after Jason had taken Pelasgic Argos, that is, a town or district of
possession of the treasure, he and his Argo- Thessaly, and of the Achaean Argos, by which
nauts, together with Medea and her young broth- he means sometimes the whole Peloponnesus,
-er Abysrtus, embarked by night and sailed away. sometimes Agamemnon's kingdom of Argos, of
2Eetes pursued them; but, before he overtook which Mycenae was the capital, and sometimes
them, Medea murdered her brother, cut him the town of Argos. As Argos frequently siginto pieces, and threw his limbs overboard, that nifies the whole Peloponnesus, the most imher father might be detained in his pursuit by portant part of Greece, so the'Apyelot often occollecting the limbs of his child. LEetes at'last cur in Homer as a name of the whole body of
returned home, but sent out a great number of the Greeks, in- which sense the Roman poets
Colchians, threatening them with the punish- also use Argiti.-l. ARGOS, a district of Peloponment intended for Medea if they returned with- nesus, called Argolis (i'ApyoXif) by Herodotus,
out her. While the Colchians were dispersed but more frequently by other Greek writers eiin all directions,; the Argonauts had already ther Argos, Argia (A'Apyeia), orArgolice ('Apreached the mouth of the River Eridanus. But yo2Ltx). Under the Romans Argolis became the
Jupiter (Zeus), angry at the murder of Absyr- usual name of the country, while the word Argos
tus, raised a storm which east the ship from its or Argi was confined to the town. Argolis, uncourse. When driven on the Absyrtian Islands, der the Romans, signified the country bounded
the ship began to speak, and declared that the on the north by the Corinthian territory, on the
anger of Jupiter (Zeus) would not cease unless west by Arcadia, on the south by Laconia, and
they sailed toward Ausonia, and got purified by included toward the east the whole Acte or penCirce.'They now sailed along the coasts of insula between the Saronic and Argolic gulfs;
the Ligyans and Celts, and through the sea of but, during the time of Grecian independence,
Sardinia, and, continuiin their course along the Argolis or Argos was only the country lying
coast of Tyrrhenia, they arrived in the Island of round the Argolicus Sinus (now Gulf of Nauplia),
JEaa, where Circe purified them. When they bounded on the west by the Arcadian Mountains,
were passing by the Sirens, Orpheus sang to and separated on the north by a range of mount91




ARGOS.                                     ARIA.
ains from Corinth, Cleona, and Phlius. Argolis, tyrants. In the Peloponnesian war Argos sided
as understood by the Romans, was, for the most with Athens against Sparta. In B.C. 243 it
part, a mountainous and unproductive country: joined the Achaean League, and on the conquest
the only extensive plain adapted for agriculture of the latter by the Romans, 146,'it became a
was in the neighborhood of the city of Argos. Its part of the Roman province of Achaia. At an
rivers were insignificant, and mostly dry in sum- early time Argos was distinguished by its culmrer: the most important was the Inachus. The tivation of music and poetry (vid. SACADAS, TELcountry was divided into the districts of Arga or ESILLA); but at the time of the intellectual
Argos proper, EPIDAURIA, TRCEZENIA, and HER- greatness ofAthens, literature and science seem
MIONIS. The original inhabitants of the coun- to have been entirely neglected at Argos. It
try were, according to mythology, the Cynurii; produced some great sculptors, of whom AGEbut the main part of the population consisted of LADAs and POLYCLETUS are the most celebrated.
Pelasgi and Acheei, to whom Dorians were added  ARGOS AMPHILSCHICUM (CApyor rob'A#teoxeafter the conquest of Peloponnesus by the Do- K6v), the chief town of Amphiloehia in Acarnarians. See below, No. 2.-2. ARGos, or ARGI, nia, situated on the Ambracian Gulf, and found-ORiuM, in the Latin writers, now Arg'o, the cap- ed by the Argive AMPHILOCHUS.
ital of Argolis, and, next to Sparta, the most im-  ARGOS HIPPUM.- Vid. ARPI.
portant town of Peloponnesus, situated in a level  [ARGOS PELASGIGUM ('Apyof iro THe acaytov),
plain a little to the west of the Inachus. It had an ancient city and district of Thessaly, menan ancient Pelasgic citadel, called Larissa, and tioned by Homer; but in Strabo's time the city
another built subsequently on another height no longer existed.]
(duas arces habent Argi, Liv., xxxiv., 25). It  ARGOUS PORTUS (now Porto Ferraio), a town
possessed numerous temples, and was particu- and harbor in the Island of Ilva (now Elba).
larly celebrated for the worship of Juno (Hera),  ARGURA. (Apyovpa), a town in Pelasgiotis in
whose great temple, Herceum, lay between Argos Thessaly, called Argissa by Homer (II., ii., 738).
and Mycena. The remains of the Cyclopian    ARGUS ('ApyoC). 1. Son of Jupiter (Zeus) and
walls of Argos are still to be seen. The city is Niobe, third king of Argos, fram whom Argos
said to have been built by INACHUS or his son derived its name.-2. Surnamed Panoptes, " tihe
PHORONEUS, or grandson ARGUS. The descend- all-seeing," because he had a hundred eyes, son
ants of Inachus, who may be regarded as the of Agenor, Arestor, Inacljus, or Argus. Juno
Pelasgian kings, reigned over the country for (Hera) appointed him guardian of the cow into
nine generations, but were at length deprived which Io had been metamorphosed; but Merof the sovereignty by DANAUS, who is said to cury (Hermes), at the command of Jupiter
have come from Egypt. The descendants of (Zeus), put Argus to death, either by stoning
Danaus were in their time obliged to submit to him, or by cutting off his head after sending him
the Achean race of the Pelopide. Under the to sleep by the sweet notes of his flute. Juno
rule of the Pelopidl Mycene became the cap- (Hera) transplanted his eyes to the tail of the
ital of the kingdom, and Argos was a dependent peacock, her favorite hird.-3. The builder of
state. Thus Mycene was the royal residence the Argo, son of Phrixus, Arestor, or Polybus,
of Atreus and of his son Agamemnon; but under was sent by.,etes, his grandfather, after the
Orestes Argos again recovered its supremacy. death of Phrixus, to take possession of his inUpon the conquest of Peloponnesus by the Do- heritance in Greece. On his voyage thither he
rians Argos fell to the share of Temenus, whose suffered shipwreck, was found by Jason in the
descendants ruled over the country; but the Island of Aretias, and carried back to Colchis.
great bulk of the population continued to be  ARGYRA ('Apyvpd),a town. in Achaia near PaAchean. All these events belong to mythol- tree, with a fountain of the same name.
ogy; and Argos first appears in history about  ARGYRIPA. Vid. ARPI.
B.C. 750, as the chief state of Peloponnesus,  ARIA ('Apeia,'Apia:'Apelor,'Apto: the castunder its ruler PHIDON. After the time of Phi- ern part of Khorassan, and the western and northdon its power declined, and it was not even able western part of Afghanistan), the most important
to maintain its supremacy over the other towns of the eastern provinces of the ancient Persian
of Argolis. Its power was greatly weakened Empire, was bounded on the east by the Paroby its wars with Sparta. The two states long/ pamisadae, on the north by Margiana and lyrcontended for the district of Cynuria, which lay cania, on the west by Parthia, and on the south
between Argolis and Laconia, and which the by the great desert of Carmania. It was a vast
Spartans at length obtained by the victory of plain, bordered on the north and east by mounttheir three hundred champions, about B.C. 550. ains, and on the west and south by sandy desIn B.C. 524, Cleomenes, the Spartan king, de- erts; and, though forming a part of the great
feated the Argives with such loss near Tiryns sandy table-land, now called the Desert of Iran,
that Sparta was left without a rival in Pelopon- it contained several very fertile oases, espenesus. In consequence of its weakness and of cially in its northern part, along the base of the
its jealousy of Sparta, Argos took no part in the Sariphi (now Kohistan and Ha-arah) Mountains,
Persian war. Inborder to strengthen itself, Ar- which was watered by the river ARIvs or -AS
gos attacked the neighboring towns of Tiryns, (now Herirood), on which stood the later capital
Mycenae, &c., destroyed them, and transplanted Alexandrea (now Herat). The river is lost in
their inhabitants to Argos. The introduction the sand. The lower course of the great river
of so many new citizens was followed by the ETYMANDRUS (now Helmund) also belonged to
abolition of royalty and of Doric institutions, Aria, and the lake into which it falls was called
and by the establishment of a democracy, which ARIA LACUS (now  Xurrah).  From Aria was
continued to be the form of government till later derived the name under which all the eastern
times, when the city fell under the power of provinces were included. Vid. ARIANA.
92




ARIA LACUS.                                 ARIBJEUS.
ARIA LACUS. Fid. AIA.                   was treacherously murdered by Spargapithes;
ARIABIrNES ('AptLaiyvwf), son of Darius Hys- king of the Agathyrsi.]
taspis, one of the commanders of the fleet  [ARIARAXTHEA ('Aptapcdeta), a city of Cappaof Xerxes, fell in the battle of Salamis, B.C. docia, founded by the Cappadocian king Ariara480.                                      thes IV.: it lay between Sebastia and Conmana
ARIADNE ('Ap,6dv7), daughter, of Minos and Aurea.]
Pasiphae or Creta, fell in love with Theseus  ARIARITHES ('AplapdOvg),.the name ofseveral
when he was sent by his father to convey the kings of Cappadocia.-1. Son of Ariamnes I.
tribute of the Athenians to Minotaurus, and assisted OchuS in the recovery of Egypt, B.C.
gave him the clew of thread by means of which 350.  Ariarathes was defeated by Perdiccas,
he found his way out of the Labyrinth, and and crucified 322.  Eumenes then obtained
which she herself had received from Vulcan possession of Cappadocia.-2. Son of Holopher(Hephestus). Theseps, inreturn, promised to nes, and nephew of Ariarathes I., recovered
marry her, and she accordingly left Crete with Cappadocia after the death of Eumenes, B.C.
him; but on their arrival in the Island of Dia 315. He was succeeded by Ariamnes 1I.-3.
(Naxos), she was killed by Diana iArtemis). Son of Ariamnes II., and grandson of No. 2,
This, is the Homeric account (Od., xi., 322); married Stratonice, daughter of Antiochus II.,
but the more common tradition related that king of Syria.-4. Son of No. 3, reigned B.C.
Theseus left Ariadne in Naxos alive, either be- 220-162. He married Antiochis, the daughter
cause he was forced by Bacchus (Dionysus) tb of Antiochus III., king of Syria, and assisted
leave her, or because he was ashamed to bring Antiochus in his war against the Romans.
a foreign wife to Athens. Bacchus (Dionysus) After, the defeat of Antiochus, Ariarathes- sued
found her at Naxos, made her his wife, and for peace in 188, which he obtained on favorable
placed among the stars the crown which he terms. In 183-179, he assisted Eumenes in his
gave her at their marriage. There are several war against Pharnaces.-5. Son of No. 4, precircumstances in the story of Ariadne which viously called Mithradates, reigned B.C. 163offered the happiest subjects for works of art, 130. He was surnamed Philopator, and was
and some of the finest ancient works, on gems distinguished by the excellence of his character
as well as paintings, are still extant, of which and his cultivation of philosophy and the liberal
Ariadne is the subject.                   arts. He assisted the Romans in their war
ARIEUS ('ApLalor) or ARIDieUS ('ApLdalog), against Aristonicus of Pergamus, and fell in
the friend of Cyrus, commanded the left wing this war, 130.-6. Son of No. 5, reigned B.C.
of the army at the battle of Cunaxa, B.C. 401. 130-96. He married Laodice, sister of MithraAfter the death of Cyrus he purchased his par- dates VI., king of Pontus, and-was put to death
don from Artaxerxes by deserting the Greeks. by Mithradates by means of Gordius. On his
ARIAMNES ('Apt6,uvv), the name of two kings death the kingdom was seized by Nicomedes,
of Cappadocia, one the father of Ariarathes I., king of Bithynia, who married. Laodice, the
and the other theson and successor of Ariara- widow of the late king. But Nicomedes was
thes II.                                  soon expelled by Mithradates, who placed upon
ARIANA ('Aptavrj: now Iran), derived from  the throne,-7. Son of No. 6. He was, howARIA, from the specific sense of which it must ever, also murdered by Mithradates in a short
be carefully distinguished, was the general name time, who now took possession of his kingdom.
of the eastern provinces of the ancient Persian The Cappadocians rebelled against Mithradates,
Empire, and included the portion of Asia bound- and placed upon the throne, —8. Second son of
ed on the west by an imaginary line drawn No. 6; but he was speedily driven out of the
from the Caspian to the mouth of the Persian kingdom by Mithradates, and shortly afterward
Gulf, on the sodth by the Indian Ocean, on the died. Both Mithradates and Nicomedes ateast by the Indus, and on the north by the great tempted to give a king to the Cappadocians; but
chain of mountains called by the general name the Romans allowed the people to choose whom
of the Indian Caucasus, embracing the provin- they pleased, and their choice fell upon Arioces of Parthia, Aria, the Paropamisadae, Ara- barzanes.-9. Son of Ariobarzanes II, reigned
chosia, Drangiana, Gedrosia, and Carmania B.C. 42-36. He was deposed and put to death
(now Khorassan, Afghanistan, Beloochistan, and by Antony, who appointed Archelaus as his suQKirman). But the name was often extended to cessor.
the country as far west as the margin of the  ARIASP2E or AGRIASPE ('Aptiarrat,'AypaiaTigris valley, so as to include Media and Persis, 7rat), a people in the southern part of the Per-.
and also to the provinces north of the Indian sian province of Drangiana, on the very borders
Caucasus, namely, Bactria and Sogdiana (now  of Gedrosia, with a capital city, Ariaspe ('AptBokhara). The knowledge of the ancients re- dcirr). In return for the services which they
specting the greater part of this region was con- rendered to the army of Cyrus the Great when
fined to what was picked up in the expeditions he marched through the desert of Carmania,
of Alexander and the wars of the Greek kings they were honored with the name of Evepygof Syria, and what was learned from merchant rat, and were allowed by the Persians to recaravans.                                 tain their independence, which was confirmed
[ARIANTAS, a king of the Scythians, who, in to them by Alexander as the reward of similar
order to take a census of his subjects, ordered services to himself.
each to bring him an arrow-head. So great a  [ARIASPES ('Aptaa7r7nC), called by Justin (10,
number was collected, that he caused a bronze 1) Ariarates, son of the Persian king Artaxerxes
vessel to be made from them, and this he pre- Mnemon.]
served as a memorial.]                      [ARIaBUS ('Ap6IatoS), king of the Cappado[ARIAPITHES, a king of the Scythians, who cians, was slain by the Hyrcanians in the time
93




ARICIA.                                ARIOVISTUS.
of the elder Cyrus, according to Xenophon in times expelled from his kingdom by Mithradahis Cyropa.dia.]                          tes, but was finally restored by Pompey in 63,
ARICIA (Aricinus: now Ariccia or Riccia), an shortly before his death. -2. Surnamed Philoancient town of Latium, at the foot of the Alban pator, succeeded his father in 63. The time of
Mount, on the Appian Way, sixteen miles from  his death is not known, but it must have been
Rome. It was a member of the Latin confed- before 51, in which year his son was reigning.
eracy, was subdued by the Romans, with the -3. Surnamed Eusebes and Philoromez.s, son
other Latin towns, in B.C. 338, and received of No. 2, whom he succeeded about 51. He asthe Roman franchise. In its neighborhood was sisted Pompey against Casar in 48, but was
the celebrated grove and temple of Diana Ari- nevertheless pardoned by Caesar, who even encina, on the borders of the Lacus Nemorensis larged his territories. He was slain in 42 by
(now Nemi). Diana was worshipped here with Cassius, because he was plotting against him
barbarous customs: her priest, called rex nemo- in Asia.
rensis, was always a runaway slave, who obtain  ARION ('Aptv). 1. Of Methymna in Lesbos,
ed his office by killing his predecessor in single an ancient Greek bard and a celebrated player
combat. The priest was obliged to fight with on the cithara, is called the inventor of the
any slave who succeeded in breaking off a dithyrambic poetry and of the name dithyramb.
branch of a certain tree in the sacred grove.  He lived about B.C. 625, and spent a great part
ARIDU1s. Vid. ARIZEUS, ARRHIDAus.       of his life at the court of Periander, tyrant- of
[ARIDOLIs ('Apid(wat), tyrant of Alabanda in Corinth. Of his life scarcely any thing is known
Caria, accompanied Xerxes in his expedition beyond the beautiful story of his escape from\
against Greece, and was taken captive by the the sailors with whom he sailed [from TarenGreeks offArtemisium, B.C. 480.]          tum in Italy] to Corinth. On one occasion,
ARII, is the name applied to the inhabitants thus runs the story, Arion went to Sicily to take
of the province of ARIA, but it is probably, also; part in some musical contest. He won the
a form of the generic name of the whole Per- prize, and, laden with presents, he embarked in
sian race, derived from the root ar, which means a Corinthian ship to return to his friend Perinoble, and which forms the first syllable of a ander. The rude sailors coveted his treasures,
great number of Persian names.   Compare and meditated his murder. After trying in vain
ARTEI.                                    to save his life, he at length obtained permission
ARIMASPI ('Aptycaaroi), a people in the north once more to play on the cithara. In festal atof Scythia, of whom a fabulous account is given tire, he placed himself in the prow of the ship,
by Herodotus (iv., 27). The germ of the fable and invoked the gods in inspired strains, and
is perhaps to be recognized in the fact that the then threw himself into the sea. But many
Ural Mountains abound in gold.            song-loving dolphins had assembled round the
ARIMAZES ('Aptu(rlC) or ARIOMAZES ('Aptolya- vessel, and one of them now took the bard on
(X), a chief in Sogdiana, whose fortress was its back and carried him to Tsenarus, from
taken by Alexander in B.C. 328. In it Alex- whence he returned to Corinth in safety, and
ander found Roxana, the daughter of the Bac- related his adventure to Periander. Upon the
trian chief Oxyartes, whom he made his wife.  arrival of the Corinthian vessel, Periander inARImI (Aptluo') and ARIMA (r aApeta, se. odp), quired of the sailors after Arion, who replied
the names of a mythical people, district, and that he had remained behind at Tarentum; but
range of mountains in Asia Minor, which the when Arion, at the bidding of Periander, came
old Greek poets made the scene of the punish- forward, the sailors owned their guilt, and were
ment of the monster Typh6eus. Virgil (YEn., punished according to theirdesert. In the times
ix., 716) has misunderstood the eiv'Apioit. of of Herodotus and Pausanias there existed at
Homer (I., ii., 783), and made Typh6eus lie be- Tonarus a brass monument, representing Arion
neath Inarime, an island off the coast of Italy, ridingon adolphin. Arion and his cithara(lyre)
namely, Pithecusa or ZEnaria (now Ischia).  were placed among the stars. A fragment of a
ARIMINUM (Ariminensis: now Rimini), a town hymn to Neptune (Poseidon), ascribed to Arion,
in Umbria, on the coast, at the mouth of the little is contained in Bergk's Poete Lyrici Grceci, p.
River Ariminus (now Marocchia). It was origin- 566, &c.-2. A fabulous horse, which Neptune
ally inhabited by Umbrians and Pelasgians, was (Poseidon) begot by Ceres (Demeter); for, in
afterward in the possession of the Senones, and order to escape from the pursuit of Neptune
was colonized by the Romans in B.C. 268, from  (Poseidon), the goddess had metamorphosed
which time it appears as a flourishing place. herself into a mare, and Neptune (Poseidon)
After leaving Cisalpine Gaul, it was the first deceived her by assuming the figure of a horse.
town which a person arrived at in the northeast There were many other traditions respecting
of Italia proper.                         the origin of thishorse, but all make Neptune
ARIOBARZANES ('Apto6apndvng). I. Kings or (Poseidon) its father, though its mother is difSatraps of Pontus.-1. Betrayed by his son ferent in the various legends.
Mithradates to the Persian king about B.C.  ARIOVISTUS, a German chief, who crossed the
400.-2. Son of Mithradates I., reigned B.C. Rhine at the request of the Sequani, when they
363-337. He revolted from Artaxerxes in 362, were hard pressed by the YEdui. He subdued
and may be regarded as the founder of the king- the _Edui, but appropriated to himself part of
dom of Pontus.-3. Son of Mithradates III., the territory of the Sequani, and threatened to
reigned 266-240, and was succeeded by Mith- take still more. The Sequani now united with
radates IV. II Kings of Cappadocia.-l. Sur- the AEdui in imploring the help of Caesar, who
named Philoromceus, reigned B.C. 93-63, and defeated Ariovistus about fifty miles from the
was elected king by the Cappadocians, under Rhine, B.C. 58. Ariovistus escaped across the
the direction of the Romans. He was several river in a small boat.
94




ARIPHON.                               ARISTARCHUS.
[AIPaHON ('Api0wv). 1. The father of Xan- He applied for assistance to the Spartans and
thippus, and grandfather of Pericles.-2. Of Sic- Athenians: the former refused, but the latter
yon, a Greek poet, author of a beautiful paan to sent him twenty ships and some troops. In
Health, preserved by Atheneus: it is given in 499 his army captured and burned Sardis, but
Bergk's Poetce Lyrici Grceci, p. 841.]    was finally chased back to the coast.  The
[ARISBE ('Apiadr). 1. Daughter of Merops, Athenians now departed; the Persians confirst wife of Priam, to. whom she bore ZEsacus. quered most of the Ionian cities; and Aristag-2. Daughter of Teucer, wife of Dardanus, oras, in despair, fled to Thrace, where he was
from whom the town Arisbe, in Troas, was said slain by the Edonians in 497.-[2. Son of Herto be named.]                             aclides, tyrant of Cyme in IEolis, one of the Io[AIsBEs ('Apiac6, now Mussa Koi). 1. A town nian chiefs left by Darius to guard the bridge
of Troas, on the Selleis, not far from Abydus, over the Danube.-3. Tyrant of Cyzicus, also
founded by the Lesbians, or, according to Anax- in the service of the Persian king, and left by
imenes of Lampsacus, by the Milesians, the ear- him as one of the guards of the bridge over the
lier town having been destroyed by Achilles in Danube.-4. A Greek author, who composed a
the Trojan war. It Was occupied by the army of work on Egypt, flourished near the time of PlaAlexander after the passage of the Hellespont: to.-5. A comic poet of the old comedy, of whom
at a later period it was captured by the Gauls, a few slight fragments remain, given by Meiand in Strabo's time it no longer existed. It neke, Fragm. Comic. Grasc., vol. i., p. 427-428,
appears to have been subsequently rebuilt, and edit. minor.]
to have become a considerable place under, the  ARISTANDER ('Apiaravdpoc) the most celebralater emperors.-2. A city of Lesbos, made trib- ted soothsayer of Alexander the Great, wrote a
utary at an early period by the Methymnaeans: work on prodigies.
it was destroyed by an earthquake.]         ARISTARCHUS ('ApTarapXoC). 1. An Athenian,
[ARISBus  ("Apta6ol), a river of Thrace, flow- one of the leaders in the revolution of the " Four
ing into the Hebrus.]                     Hundred," B.C. 411. He was afterward put to
ARIST.rENETUS ('AptCTaivero7), the reputed au- death by the Athenians, not later than 406.-2. A
thor of two books of Love Letters, taken almost Lacedamonian, succeeded Cleander as harmost
entirely from Plato, Lucianl, Philostratus, and of Byzantium in 400, and in various ways ill
Plutarch. Of the author nothing is known. treated the Greeks of Cyrus's army, who had
The best edition is by Boissonade, Paris, 1822. recently returned from Asia.-3. Of TEGEA, a
ARISTmNUS ('Apiratvo);, of Megalopolis, tragic poet at Athens, contemporary with Eusometimes called Aristcnetus, was frequently ripides, flourished about B.C. 454, and wrote
strategus or general of the Achaean League from  seventy tragedies.-4. Of SAMOS, an eminent
B.C. 198 to 185. He was the political opponent mathematician and astronomer at Alexandrea,
of Philopcemen, and a friend of the Romans.  flourished between B.C. 280 and 264. He emARIsTaUS ('ApLTarao), a divinity worshipped ployed himself in the determination of some of
in various parts of Greece, was once a mortal, the most important elements of astronomy; but
who became a god through the benefits he had none of his works remain, except a treatise on
conferred upon mankind.  The different ac- the magnitudes and distances of the sun and
counts about him seem tohave arisen in differ- moon (Trepi yeyefiv Kc ao TroarT 6mUArV 2xiov alA
ent places and independently of one another, so ae^rjvy). Edited by Wallis, Oxon, 1688, and
that they referred to several distinct beings, reprinted in yol. iii. of his works. There is a
who were subsequently identified and united French translation, and an edition of the text,
into one. He is described either as a son of Paris, 1810.-5. Of SAMOTHRACE, the celebrated
Uranus and Ge, or, according to a more general grammarian, flourished B.C. 156. He was edutradition, as the son of Apollo and Cyrene. His cated in the school of Aristophanes of Byzanmother Cyrene had been carried off by Apollo tium,, at Alexandrea, where he himself founded
from Mount Pelion to Libya, where she gave a grammatical and critical school. At an adbirth to Aristaeus. Aristaeus subsequently went vanced age he left Alexandrea and went to
to Thebes in Bceotia; but after the unfortunate Cyprus, where he is said to have died at the
death of his son ACTIEON, he left Thebes, and age of 72, of voluntary starvation, because he
visited almost all the Greek colonies on the was suffering from incurable dropsy. Aristarcoasts of the Mediterranean. Finally he went chus was the greatest critic of antiquity. His
to Thrace, and after dwelling for some time labors were.chiefly devoted to the Greek poets,
near Mount Haemus, where he founded the town but more especially to the Homeric poems, of
of Aristaon, he disappeared. Aristaeus is one which he published a recension, which has been
of the most beneficent divinities in ancient my- the basis of the text from his time to the presthology: he was worshipped as the protector ent day. The great object of his critical labors
of flocks and shepherds, of vine and olive plant- was to restore the genuine text of the Homeric
ations; he taught men to keep bees, and avert- poems, and to clear it of all later interpolations
ed from the fields the burning heat of the sun and corruptions. He marked those verses which
and other causes of destruction.          he thought spurious with an obelos, and those
ARISTAcGRAS,('Aptrray6pac). I. Of Miletus, which he considered as particularly beautiful
brother-in-lawof Histiaeus, was left by the latter, with an asterisk. He divided the Iliad and
during his stay at the Persian court, in charge Odyssey into twenty-four books each. He did
of the government of Miletus. Having failed not confine himself to a recension of the text,
in an attempt upon Naxos (B.C. 501), which he but also explained and interpreted the poems:
had promised to subdue for the Persians, and he opposed the allegorical interpretation which
fearing the consequences of his failure, he in- was then beginning to find favor, and which at
duced the Ionian cities to revolt from Persia. a later time became very general. His gram95




ARISTEAS.                                ARISTIPPUS.
matical principles were attacked by many of his which was probably a romance, having Miletus
contemporaries: the most eminent of his oppo- for its scene. It was written in prose, and was
nents was CRATES of Mallus.               of a licentious character. It was translated into
ARISTEAs ('Aptwrtar). 1. Of Proconnesus, an Latin by L. Cornelius Sisenna, a contemporary
epic poet of whose life we have only fabulous of Sulla, and it seems to have become popular
accounts.  His date is quite uncertain: some with the Romans.  Aristides is reckoned as
place him in the time of Crcesus and Cyrus; the inventor of the Greek romance, and the
but other traditions make him earlier than Ho- title of his work gave rise to the term Milesian,
mer, or a contemporary and teacher of Homer. as applied to works of fiction. His age and
The ancient writers represent him as a magi- country are unknown, but the title of his work
cian, who rose after his death, and whose soul is thought to favor the conjecture that he was a
could leave and re-enter its body according to native of Miletus.-3. Of THEBES, a celebrated
its pleasure. He was connected with the wor- Greek painter, flourished about B.,. 360-330.
ship of Apollo, which he was said to have in- The point in which he most excelled was in
troduced at Metapontum. He is said to have depicting the feelings, expressions, and pastravelled through the countries north and east sions which may be observed in common life.
of the-Euxine, and to hate visited the Issedones, His pictures were so much valued, that, long
Arimaspae, Cimmerii, Hyperborei, and other after his death, Attalus, king of Pergamus, offermythical nations, and after his return to have ed six hundred thousand sesterces for one of
written an epic poem in three books, called The them.-4..ELIUS ARISTIDES, surnamed THEOArimaspea (ra'Aptziaoreta). This work is fre- DORUS, a celebrated Greek rhetorician,; was born
quently mentioned by the ancients, but it is at Adriani, in Mysia, in A.D. 117. He studied
impossible to say who was the real author of under Herodes Atticus at Athens, and subseit.-[2. Of Chios, a distinguished officer in the quently travelled through Egypt, Greece, and
army of the Ten Thousand. —3. An Argive, Italy. The fame of his talents and acquirewho invited Pyrrhus to Argos, B.C. 272, as his ments was so great, that monuments were
rival Aristippus was supported by Antigonus erected to his honor in several towns which he
Gonatas.]                                 had honored with his presence. Shortly before
ARISTEAS or ARISTrEUS, an officer of Ptolemy his return, he was attacked by an illness which
Philadelphus (B.C. 285-247), the reputed author lasted for thirteen years, but this did not prevent
of a Greek work,:giving an account of the man- him from prosecuting his studies. He subse-.
ner in which the translation of the Septuagint quently settled at Smyrna, and when this city
was executed, but which is generally admitted was nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 178,
by the best critics to be spurious. Printed at he used his influence with the emperor, M. AuOxford, 1692, 8vo.                        relius, to induce him to assist in rebuilding the
ARiSTIDES ('Apto-reidrC). 1. AnAthenian,son town. The Smyrn2eans showed their gratitude
of Lysimachus, surnamed the " Just," was of an to Aristides by offering him various honors and
ancient and noble family. He was the political distinctions, most of which he refused: he acdisciple of Clisthenes, and partly on that ac- cepted only the office of priest of /Esculapius
count, partly from personal character, opposed (Asclepius), which he held until his death, about
from the first to Themistocles. Aristides fought A.D. 180. The works of Aristides which have
as the commander of his tribe at the battle of come down to us are fifty-five orations and decMarathon, B.C. 490; and next year, 489, he was lamations, and two treatises on rhetorical sub
archon. In 483 or 482 he suffered ostracism, jects of little value. His orations are much suprobably in consequence of the triumph of the perior to those of the rhetoricians of his time.
maritime and democratic policy of his rival. He His admirers compared him to Demosthenes,
was still in exile in 480 at the battle of Salamis, and even Aristides did not think himself much
where he did good service by dislodging the inferior. This vanity and self-sufficiency made
enemy, with a band raised and armed by him- him enemies and opponents; but the number
self, from the islet of Psyttaleia. He was re- of his admirers was far greater, and several
called from banishment after the battle, was ap- learned grammarians wrote commentaries on
pointed general in the following year (479), and his orations, some of which are extant. The
commanded the Athenians at the battle of Pla- best edition of Aristides is by W. Dindorf, Lips.,
tame. In 477, when the allies had become dis- 1829. —5. QUINTILIANUS ARISTIDES, the author
gusted with the conduct of Pausanias and the of a treatise in three books on music, probably
Spartans, he and his colleague Cimon had the lived in the first century after Christ. His work
glory of obtaining for Athens the command of the is perhaps the most valuable of all the ancient
maritime confederacy; and to Aristides was by musical treatises: it is printed in the collection
general consent intrusted the task of drawing of Meibomius entitled Antique Musice Auctores
up its laws and fixing its assessments. This Septem, Amst., 1652.
first tribute (o6pop) of 460 talents, paid into a  ARISTION ('AptorTiO), a philosopher either of
common treasury at Delos, bore his name, and the Epicurean or Peripatetic school, made himwas regarded by the allies in after times as self tyrant of Athens through the influence of
marking their Saturnian age. This is his last Mithradates. He held out against Sulla in B.
recorded act. He died after 471, the year of C. 87; and when the city was taken by storm,
the ostracism of Themistocles, and very likely he was put to death by Sulla's orders.
in 468. He died so poor that he did not leave  ARISTIPPUS ('ApiarTXr7roq). 1. Son of Aritades,
enough to pay for his funeral: his daughters born at Cyrene, and founder of the Cyrenaic
were portioned by the state, and his son, Ly- school of philosophy, flourished about B.C. 370.
simachus, received a grant of land and of money. The fame of Socrates brought him to Athens,
-2. The author of a work entitled Milesiaca, and he remained with that philosopher almost
96




ARISTIUS FUSCUS.                           ARISTOCRATES.
up to the time of his execution, B.C. 399. sion of the crown. At length, in B.C. 63, ArisThough a disciple of Socrates, he wandered tobulus was deprived of the sovereignty by
both in principle and practice very far from the Pompey, and carried away as a prisoner to
teaching and example of his great master. He Rome. In 57 he escaped from his confinement
was luxurious in his mode of living; he in- at Rome with his son Antigonus, and, returndulged in sensual gratifications and the society ing to Judaea, renewed the war; but he was
of the notorious Lais; and he took money for taken prisoner, and'sent back to Rome by Gahis teaching (being the first of the'disciples of binius. In 49 he was released by Julius Caesar,
Socrates who did so). He passed part of his who sent him into Judea, but he was poisonlife at the court of Dionysius, tyrant of Syra- ed on the way by some of Pompey's party.-3.
cuse,; but he appears at last-to have returned Grandson of No. 2, son of Alexander, and brothto Cyrene, and there to have spent his old age. er of Herod's wife Mariamne. He was made
The anecdotes which are told of him, however, high-priest by Herod when he was only sevendo not give us the notion of a person who was teen years old, but was afterward drowned at
the mere slave of his passions, but rather of one Jericho, by order of Herod, B.C. 35.-4. Son of
who took a pride in extracting enjoyment from'Herod the Great by Mariamne, was put to death
all circumstances of every kind, and in con- in B.C. 6, with his brother Alexander, by order
trolling adversity and prosperity alike. They of their father, whose suspicions had'been exillustrate and confirm the two statements of cited against them by their brother ANTIPATER.
Horace (Ep., i., 1, 18), that to observe the pre- -5. Surnamed " the Younger," son of Aristocepts of Aristippus is nihi res, non me rebus sub- bulus and Berenice, and grandson of Herod the
jungere, and (i., 17, 23) thatomnis Aristippum  Great. He was educated at Rome with his
decuit color et status et res. Thus, when re- two brothers, Agrippa I. and Herod the future
proached for his love of bodily indulgences, he king of Chalcis. He died, as he had lived, in
answered that there was no shame in enjoy- a private station.-6. Son of Herod, king of
ing them, but that it would be disgraceful if he Chalcis, grandson of No. 4, and great-grandson
could not at any time give them up. To Xeno- of Herod the Great. In A.D. 55, Nero made
phon. and Plato he was very obnoxious, as we him king of Armenia Minor, and in 61 added
see from the Memorabilia (ii., 1), where he main- to his dominions some portion of the Greater
tains an odious discussion against Socrates in Armenia which had been given to Tigranes.
defence of voluptuous enjoyment, and.from the He joined the Romans in the war against AnPhecdo, where his absence at the death of Soc-. tiochus, king of Commagene, in 73.
rates, though he was only at &Egina, two hund-  ARISTOBULUS. 1. Of Cassandrea, served unred stadia from Athens, is doubtless mentioned der Alexander the Great in Asia, and wrote a
as a reproach. He imparted his doctrine to his history of Alexander, which was one of the
daughter Arete, by whom it was communicated chief sources used by Arrian in the composition
to her son, the younger Aristippus.-[2. ARIS- of his work.-2. An Alexandrine Jew, and a
TIPPUS, an Aleuad, of Larissa in Thessaly, re- Peripatetic philosopher, lived B.C. 170, under
ceived. money and troops from Cyrus, to resist Ptolemy VI. Philometor. He is said to have
a faction opposed to him, and for the ulterior been the author of commentaries upon the books
purposes of Cyrus, to whom he sent the troops of Moses, the object-of which was to prove that
under command of Menon.-3. An Argive, who the Greek philosophy was taken from the books
obtained the supreme power in Argos through, of Moses; but it is now admitted that this work
the aid of Antigonus Gonatas, about B.C. 272. was written by a later writer, whose object was
-4. An Argive, tyrant of Argos after the mur- to induce the Greeks to pay respect to the Jewder of Aristomachus I. Aratus made many at- ish literature.
tempts to deprive him of his tyranny, but at  ARISTCLES ('AptOroK2C). 1. Of Rhodes, a
first without success: he fell at length in a bat- Greek grammarian and rhetorician, a contemtle against Aratus, and was succeeded in the porary of Strabo.-2. Of Pergamus, a Sophist
tyranny by Aristomachus II. Vid. ARISTOMA- and rhetorician, and a pupil of Herodes Atticus,
CHUS, Nos. 3 and 4.]                      lived under Trajan and Hadrian.-3. Of Mes[ARISTIUS FUSCUS. Vid. Fuscus, No. 2.]  sene, a Peripatetic philosopher, probably lived
ARISTO, T., a distinguished Roman jurist, about the beginning of the third century after
lived under the Emperor Trajan, and was a Christ. He wrote a work on philosophy,. sorme
friend of the younger Pliny.  His works are fragments of which are preserved by Eusebius.
occasionally mentioned in the Digest, but there -4. Sculptors. There were two sculptors of
is no direct extract, from any of them in that this name: Aristocles the elder, who is called
compilation. He wrote notes on the Libri Pos- both a Cydonian and a Sicyonian,. probably beteriorum of Labeo, on Cassius, whose pupil he cause he was born at Cydonia and practiced his
had been, and on Sabinus.                 art in Sicyon; and Aristocles the younger, of
ARISTO. Vid. AISTON.                    Sicyon, grandson of the former, son of Clecetas,
ARISTOBULUS ('AptCrT6ov2oC), princes of Ju- and brother of Canachus. These artists, founddea. 1. Eldest son of Joannes Hyrcanus, as- ed a school of sculpture at Sicyon, which sesumed the title of King of Judaea on the death cured an hereditary reputation, and of which
of his father in B.C. 107. He put'to. death his we have the heads for seven generations, namebrother Antigonus in order to secure his power, ly, Aristocles, Cleoetas, Aristocles and Canabut died in the following year, 106.-2. Young- chus, Synnoon, Ptolichus, Sostratus, and Paner son of Alexander Jannaeus and Alexandra. tias. The elder Aristocles probably lived about
After the death of his mother in B.C. 70, there B.C. 600-568; the younger about 540-508.was a civil war for some years between Aristo- [5. Earlier name of Plato. Vid. PLAro.]
bulus and his brother Hyrcanus for the posses-  ARISTOCRITES ('Aptarocpd7rs). 1. Last King
7                                                               97




ARISTODEMUS.                              ARISTOMENES.
of Arcadia, was the leader of the Arcadians in  and others, and defended himself in a number
the second Messenian war, when they assisted of orations which are lost. Among the extant
the Messenians against the Spartans. Having speeches of Demosthenes there are two against
been bribed by the Spartans, he betrayed the Aristogiton, and among those of Dinarchus
Messenians, and was, in consequence, stoned to there is one.
death by the Arcadians about B.C. 668, who  ARIST6OMCHE ('Apt7rouaX^). [1. One of the
now abolished the kingly office.-2. An Atheni- daughters of Priam, and wife of Critolaus.]an of wealth and influence, son of Scellias, was 2. Daughter of Hipparinus of Syracuse, sister
one of the Athenian generals at the battle of of Dion, and wife, of the elder Dionysius, who
Arginusse, B.C. 406, and on his return to Athens married her and Doris of Locri on the same
was brought to trial and executed.        day. She afterward perished with her daughARISTSDEMUS ('Apiar6od7jiog). 1. A descend- ter ARETE.
ant of Hercules, son of Aristomachus, and fa-  ARISTOMACHUS ('Aptaro/uaxo). 1. Son ofTather of Eurysthenes and Procles. According laus and brother of Adrastus.-2. Son of Cieoto some traditions, Aristodemus was killed at demus or Cleodaeus, grandson of Hyllus, greatNaupactus by a flash of lightning, just as he grandson of Hercules, and father of Temenus,
was setting out on his expedition into Pelopon- Cresphontes, and Aristodemus. He fell in batnesus; but a Lacedaemonian tradition related tie when he invaded iPeloponnesus; but his
that Aristodemus himself came to Sparta, was three sons were more successful, and conquerthe first king of his race, and died a natural ed Peloponnesus.-3. Tyrant of Argos, under
death.-2. A Messenian, one of the chief heroes the patronage of Antigonus Gonatas, was asin the first Messenian war. As the Delphic sassinated, and succeededby Aristippus II.-4.
oracle had declared that the preservation of the Tyrant of Argos, succeeded Aristippus II.: he
Messenian state demanded that a maiden of the resigned his power upon the death of Demetrihouse of the AEpytids should be sacrificed, Aris- us in B.C. 229, and induced Argos to join the
todemus offered his own daughter. In order to Achwean League. He afterward deserted the
save her life, her lover declared that she was Achaeans, and again assumed the tyranny of Arwith child by him; but Aristodemus, enraged at gos; but the city having been taken by Antigothis assertion, murdered his daughter, and open- nus Doson, Aristomachus fell into the hands of
ed her body to refute the calumny. Aristode- the Achaeans, and was by them put to death.
mus was afterward'elected king in place of  ARISTSOMENES ('Aptaro/evyr^). 1. The MesseEuphaes, who had fallen in battle against the nian, the hero of the second war with Sparta,
Spartans. He continued the war against the belongs more to legend than to history. He
Spartans, till at length, finding further resist- was a native of Andania, and was sprung from
ance hopeless, he put an end to his life, on the the royal line of 2Epytus. Tired of the yoke of
tomb of his daughter, about B.C. 723.-3. Ty- Sparta, he began the war in B.C. 685,-thirtyrant of Cumte in Campania, at whose court Tar- nine years afterthe end of the first war. Soon
quinius Superbus died, B.C. 496.-4. One of the after its commencement, he so distinguished
three hundred Spartans at Thermopyle (B.C. himself by his valor that he was offered the
480), was not present at the battle in which his throne, but refused it, and received the office
comrades fell, either in consequence of sick- of supreme commander. After the defeat of
ness, or because he had been sent on an errand the Messenians in the third year of the war,
from the camp. The Spartans punished him  through the treachery of Aristocrates, the Arwith Atimia, or civil degradation. Stung with cadian leader, Aristomenes retreated to the
this treatment, he met his death at Plataeae in mountain fortress of Ira, and there maintained
the following year (479), after performing the the war eleven years, constantly ravaging the
wildest feats of valor.-5. A tragic actor of landof Laconia. Inone of his incursions, howAthens in the time of Demosthenes, took a ever, the Spartans overpowered him with suprominent part in the political affairs of his perior numbers, and carrying him, with fifty
time, and advocated peace with Macedonia. of his comrades, to Sparta, cast them into the
He was employed by the Athenians in the ne- pit (Keddar) where condemned criminals were
gotiations with Philip, with whom he was a thrown. The rest perished; not so Aristomegreat favorite.-6. Of Miletus, a friend and flat- nes, the favorite of the gods; for legends told
terer of Antigonus, king of Asia, who sent him  how an eagle bore him up on its wings as he
into Greece in B.C. 315, in order to promote fell, and a fox guided him on the third day from
his interests there.-7. There were many lit- the cavern. But having incurred the anger of.erary persons of this name referred to by the the Twin Brothers, his country was destined to;ancient grammarians, whom it is difficult to dis- ruin. The city of Ira, which he had so long
tinguish from one another. Two were natives successfully defended, fell into the hands of the
-of Nysa in Caria, both grammarians, one a teach- Spartans; Aristomenes, after performing prodier of Pompey, and the other of Strabo. There gies of valor, was obliged'to leave his country,
was also an Aristodemus of Elis, and another which was again compelled to submit to the
of Thebes, who are quoted as writers. [The Spartans, B.C. 668.  He afterward settled at
fragments of these writers are collected and Ialysus in Rhodes, wherehe died. Damagetus,
published together by Miller, Fragm. Histor. king of Ialysus, had been enjoined by the DelGracc., vol. iii., p. 307-311.]           phic oracle " to marry the daughter of the best
ARISTOGITON ('AptaroyEir7v). 1. The con- of the Greeks," and he therefore took to wife
spirator against the sons of Pisistratus. Vid. the daughter of Aristomenes, who accompanied
HARMODIUS.-2. An Athenian orator and ad- him to Rhodes. The Rhodians honored Arisversary of Demosthenes, Hyperides, and Dinar- tomenes as a hero, and from him were descendbhus. He was often accused by Demosthenes ed the illustrious family of the Diagoridae.-2.
98




ARISTON.                               ARISTOPHANES.
An Acarnanian, who governed Egypt with jus- her restored to the state in which she was flourtice and wisdom during the -minority of Ptole- ishing in the previous generation, and almost in
my V. Epiphanes, but was put to death by Ptole- his own childhood, before Pericles became the
my in 192.-3. A comic poet of Athens, flour- head of the government, and when the age of
ished during the Peloponnesian war: [of his Miltiades and Aristides had but just passed
comedies only'a few fragments remain; which away. The first great evil of his own time
are collected in Meineke's Fragm. Comic. Grasc., against which he inveighs is the Peloponnesian
vol. i., p. 415-7, edit. minor.]          war, which he regards as the work of Pericles.
ARISTON ('ApieGr7v).  1. Of Chios, a Stoic To this fatal war, among a host of evils, he asphilosopher, and a disciple of Zeno, flourished cribes the influence of demagogues like Cleon
about B.C. 260. Though he professed himself at Athens. Another great object of his indiga Stoic, yet he differed from Zeno in several nation was the recently adopted system of edupoints, and became the founder of a small cation, which had been introduced by the Sophschool. He is said to have died of a coup de.ists, acting on the speculative and inquiring
soleil.-2. A Peripatetic philosopher of Iulis in *turn given to the Athenian mind by the Ionian
the Island of Ceos, succeeded Lycon as'head and Eleatic philosophers, and the extraordinary
of the Peripatetie school about B.C. 230. He' intellectual development of the age following
wrote several philosophical works which are''the Persian war. The new theories introduced
lost.-3. Of Alexandrea, a Peripatetic philoso- by the Sophists threatened to overthrow the
pher and a contemporary of Strabo, wrote a foundations of morality, by making persuasion,,work on the Nile; [and another, wepi'AOlva[ov and not truth, the object of man in his intercourse
drotK[iag, as Vossius has shown, with whom also'with his fellows, and to substitute a universal
Miiler' agrees, who has given the fragments of skepticism for the religious creed of the people.
these works, in his Fragm. Hist. Grac., vol. iii., The worst effects of such a system were seen in
p. 324-5.]                                Alcibiades, who combined all the elements which
ARIST'ONAUTm ('Aptarovavrat), a town in Aristophanes most disliked, heading the war
Achaia, the harbor of Pallene.            party in politics, and protecting the sophistical
ARISTONiCUS ('AptaTO6voKo). 1. [A tyrant of school in philosophy and also in literature. Of
Methymna, in Lesbos, who oppressed the Les- this latter school-the literary and poetical Sophbians. He was subsequently taken prisoner by ists —Euripides was the chief, whose works
the naval commanders of Alexander at Chios, are full of that uere(opoaogta which contrasts so
given up'to the Methymneans, and by them  offensively with the moral dignity of /Eschylus
cruelly put to death.]-2. A natural son of Eu- and Sophocles, and for which Aristophanes inmenes II. of Pergamus. Upon the death of his troduces him as soaring in the air to write his
brother, Attalus III., B.C. 133, who left his tragedies. Another feature of the times was
kingdom to the Romans, Aristonicus laid claim  the excessive love for litigation at Athens, the
to the crown. At first he met with considerable consequent importance of the dicasts, and dissuccess. He defeated in 131 the consul P. Li- graceful abuse of their power, all of which enorcinius Crassus; but in 130 he was defeated and;mities are made by Aristophanes objects of contaken prisoner by- M. Perperna, was carried to tinual attack. But though he saw what Were
Rome by M'. Aquillius in 129, and was there put the evils of his time, he had not wisdom to find
to death.-3. An Alexandrine grammarian, a a remedy for them, except the hopeless and uncontemporary of Strabo, and the author of sev- desirable one of a movement backward; and
eral works, most of which related to the Ho- therefore, though we allow him to have been
meric poems.                              honest and bold, we must deny him the epithet
ARISToNYZMUS ('ApwTr6vv/zog), a comic poet and of great. The following is a list of his extant
contemporary ofAristophanes and Amipsias, [of comedies, with the year in which they were
whose plays scarcely any thing survives: two or performed: 425. Acharnians. Produced in the
three fragments are given in Meineke's Frag'm.  name of Callistratus. First prize.-424.'IrfreS',
Comic. Grsec., vol. i., p. 401-2, edit. minor.]  Knights or Horsemen. The first play produced
ARISTrPHXNES ('AptaroLdv7)S).   1. The cele- in the name of Aristophanes himself  First
brated comic poet, was born about B.C. 444, and prize; second Cratinus.-423. Clouds. First
probably at Athens. His father Philippus had prize, Cratinus; second, Amipsias. —422. Wasps.
possessions in AEgina, and may originally have Second prize.-Clouds (second edition), failed in
come from that island, whence a question arose obtaining a prize. Some writers place this B.C.
whether Aristophanes was a genuine Athenian 411, and the whole subject is very uncertain.
citizen: his enemy Cleon brought against him  -419. Peace. Second prize; Eupolis, first.more than one accusation to deprive him of,his Birds. Second prize; Amipsias, first; Phryncivic rights (beviag ypapai), but without success. ichus, third.-411. Lysistrata.-ThesmophoriaHe had three sons, Philippus, Araros, and Ni- zuse. During the Oligarchy.-408. First Plucostratus, but of his private history we know  tus.-405. 1Frogs; First prize; Phrynichus, secnothing. He probably died about B.C. 380. The ond; Plato, third. Death of Sophocles.-392.
comedies of Aristophanes are of the highest his- Ecclesiazusce.-388. Second edition of the Plutorical interest, containing as they do an admi- tus.-The last two comedies of Aristophanes
rable series of caricatures on the leading men were the JEolosicon and Cocalus, produced about
of the day, and a contemporary commentary on B.C. 387 (date of the peace of Antalcidas) by Arthe evils existing at Athens. Indeed, the cari- aros, one of his sons. Suidas tells us that Ariscature is the only feature in modern,social life tophanes was the author, in all, of fifty-four plays.
which at all resembles them. Aristophanes was As a poet Aristophanes possessed merits of the
a bold and often a wise patriot. He had the highest order. His works contain snatches of
strongest affection for Athens, and longed to see lyric poetry which are quite noble, and some of
99




ARISTOPHON.                              ARISTOTELES.
his choruses, particularly one in the Knights, in of Macedonia, and the author of several treatises
which the horses are represented as rowing tri- on subjects connected with natural science: his
remes in an expedition against Corinth, arewrit- mother, Phaestis (or Phaestias), was descended
ten with a spirit and humor unrivalled in Greek, from a Chalcidian family. The studies and ocand are not very dissimilar to English ballads. cupation of his father account for the early inHe was a complete master of the Attic dialect, clination manifested by Aristotle for the invesand in his hands the perfection of that glorious tigation of natjire, an inclination which is perlanguage is wonderfully shown. No flights are ceived throughout his whole life. He lost his
too bold for the range of his fancy: animals of father-before he had attained his seventeenth
every kind are pressed into his service; frogs year, and he was intrusted to the guardianship
chaunt choruses, a dog is tried for stealing a of one Proxenus of Atarneus in Mysia, who was
cheese, and an iambic verse is composed of the settled in Stagira. In 367 he went to Athens
grunts of a pig.-Editions: The best of the col- to pursue his studies, and there became a pupil
lective plays are by Invernizzi, completed by of Plato upon the return of the latter from SiciBeck and Dindorf, 13 vols., Lips., 1794-1826; ly about 365. Plato soon distinguished him
byBekker, 5vols. 8vo, Lond., 1829; [and by Din- above all his other disciples. He named him
dorf, 4 vols., in 7 parts, 8vo, Oxford, 1835-38].- the " intellect of his school," and his house the
2. Of Byzantium, son of Apelles, and one of the house of the " reader."  Aristotle lived at
most eminent Greek grammarians at Alexan- Athens for twenty years, till 347. During the
drea. He was a pupil of Zenodotus and Era- whole of this period the good understanding
tosthenes, and teacher of the celebrated Aristar- which subsisted between teacher and scholar
chus. He lived about B.C. 264, in the reign of continued, with some trifling exceptions, undisPtolemy II. and Ptolemy III., and had the su- turbed, for the stories of the disrespect and inpreme management of the library at Alexandrea. gratitude of the latter toward the former are
Aristophanes was the first who introduced the nothing but calumnies invented by his enemies.
use of accents in the Greek language. He de- During the last ten years of his first residence
voted himself chiefly to-the criticism and inter- at Athens, Aristotle gave instruction in rhetoric,
pretation of the Greek poets, and more espe- and distinguished himself by his opposition to
cially of Homer, of whose works he made a new  Isocrates. It was at this time that he publishand critical edition (dt6peoaL).  The philoso- ed his first rhetorical writings. Upon the death
phers Plato and Aristotle likewise engaged his of Plato (347) Aristotle left Athens; perhaps he
attention, and of the former, as of several of the was offended by Plato having appointed Speupoets, he made new and critical editions. All sippus as his successor in the Academy. He
we possess of his numerous works consists of first repaired to his friend Hermias at Atarneus,
fragments scattered through the Scholia on the' where he married Pythias, the adoptive daughpoets, some arguments to the plays of the tragic ter of the prince. On the death of HERMIAS,
poets and of Aristophanes, and a part of his who was killed by the Persians (344), Aristotle
Aeticf, which is printed in Boissonade's edition fled from Atarneus to Mytilene. Two years
of Herodian's Partitiones, London, 1819, p. 283- afterward (342) he accepted an invitation from
289. [A collection of all the extant fragments Philip of Macedonia to undertake the instrucof Aristophanes has been made by Nauck, Halle, tion of his son Alexander, then thirteen years
1848, 8vo.]                               of age. Here Aristotle was treated with the
ARISTOPHON ('ApCtroobv). 1. Of the demus most marked respect. His native city, Stagira,
of Azenia in Attica, one of the most distinguish- Which had been destroyed by Philip, was reed Athenian orators about the close of the Pelo- built at his request, and Philip caused a gymponnesian war. The number of laws which he nasium (called Nympheeum) to be built there in
proposed may be inferred from his own state- a pleasant grove expressly for Aristotle and his
ment, as preserved by 2Eschines, that he was pupils. Several of the youths of the Macedoaccused seventy-five times of having made ille- nian nobles were educated by Aristotle along
gal proposals, but that he had always come off  with Alexander. Aristotle spent seven years
victorious. In B.C. 354 he accused Iphicrates in Macedonia, but Alexander enjoyed his inand Timotheus, and in the same year he came struction without interruption for only four.
forward in the assembly to defend the law of Still, with such a pupil, even this short period
Leptines against Demosthenes.  The latter was sufficient for a teacher like Aristotle to
treats him with great respect, and reckons him  fulfill the highest purposes of education, and to
among the most eloquent orators.-2. Of the create in his pupil that sense of the noble and
demus of Colyttus, a contemporary of Demos- great which distinguishes Alexander from all
thenes, and an orator of great distinction and those conquerors who have only swept like a
influence. It was this Aristophon whom Es- hurricane through the world. On Alexander's
chines served as a clerk, and in whose service accession to the throne in 335, Aristotle returnhe was trained for his public career. Vid. Es- ed to Athens. Here he found his friend XenocCHINES.-3. A comic poet of the middle comedy; rates president of the Academy. He himself
[the fragments of his plays remaining are col- had the Lyceum, a gymnasium sacred to Apollo
lected by Meineke, in his Fragm. Comic. Grac., Lyceus, assigned to him by the state. He soon
vol. ii., p. 675-679, ed. minor.]-4. A painter of assembled round him a large number of distinsome distinction, son and pupil of Aglaophon, guished scholars, to whom he delivered lectures
and brother of Polygnotus.                on philosophy in the shady walks (,TrEpiaTroa)
ARISTOTELES ('AptrTore7XZ ), the philosopher, which surrounded the Lyceum, while walking
was born at Stagira, a town in Chalcidice in up and down (7reptrraruv), and not sitting, which
Macedonia, B.C. 384. His father, Nicomachus, was the general practice of the philosophers.
was physician in ordinary to Amyntas II., king From one or other of these circumstances the
100




ARISTOTELE S.                              ARISTOTELES.
name Peripatetic is derived, which was after- into the following classes, according to the subward given to his school.'He gave two dif- jects of which they treat: we only mention the
ferent courses of lectures every.day. Those most important in each class. I..DIALECTICS
which he delivered in the morning (icWO6vf'7e- AND LOGIC. The extant logical writings are
oirarog) to a narrower circle of chosen (esote- comprehended as'a whole -under the title Orric) hearers, and which were called acroamatic ganon ('Opya-vov, i. e., instrument of science).
or acroalic, embraced subjects connected with They are occupied with the investigation of the
the more abstruse philosophy (theology), phys- method by which man arrives at knowledge.
ics, and dialectics.l Those which he delivered An insight into the nature and formation of conin the afternoon (Jet;tLtvf 7repilraro), and intend- clusions, and of proof by means of conclusions,
edfor a more promiscuous circle(which, accord- is the common aim and centre of all the sepingly, he called exoteric), extended to rhetoric, arate six works composing the Organon: these
sophistics, and politics. He appears to have separate works are, 1. Kanryopiat, Prcedicatnentaught not so much in the way of conversation ta, in which Aristotle treats of the (ten) comas in regular lectures. His school soon became prehensive generic ideas, under which all the
the most celebrated at Athens, and he continued attributes of things may be subordinated' as
to preside over it for thirteen -years (335-323). species. —2. Hepti Eptnlnveiar, De Interpretatione,
During this time he also composed the greater concerning the expression of thought by means
part of his works. In these labors he was as- of speech.-3, 4.'Ava2vrTlKE rp6oTepa and vorepa,
sisted by the truly kingly liberality of his former Analytica, each in two books, on the theory of
pupil, who not only presented him with 800 conclusions, so called from the resolution of
talents, but also caused large collections oT nat- the conclusion into its fundamental component
ural curiosities to be made for him, to which parts.-5. To ruK6, De Locis, in eight books, of
posterity is indebted for one of his most excel- the general points of view (T67roL), from which
lent works, the Histoiry of Aninmals. Meanwhile conclusions may be drawn.-6. Hlept ao0ltaltKCv
various causes contributed to throw a cloud iERy Xv, concerning the fallacies which only
over the latter years of the philosopher's life. apparently prove something. The best edition
In the first place, he felt deeply the death of his of the Organon is by Waltz, Lips., 1844. II.
wife Pythias, who left behind her a daughter of THEORETICAL PHILOSOPHY, consisting, of Metathe same name: he lived subsequently with a physics, Mathematics, and Physics, on all of
friend of his wife's, the slave Herpyllis, who which Aristotle wrote works.  1. The Metabore him a son, Nicomachus. But a source of physics, in fourteen books (r-5v H7er-a r'h 0vlcK),
still greater grief was an interruption of the originally consisted of distinct treatises, indefriendly relation in which he had hitherto stood pendent of one another, and were put together
to his royal pupil. This was occasioned by the as one work after Aristotle's death. The title,
conduct of CALLISTHENES, the nephew and pupil also, is of late origin, and was given to the work
of Aristotle, who had vehemently and injudi- from its being placed after (cee-') the Physics
ciously opposed the changes in the conduct and (7'- 0wCTKe). The best edition is by Brandis,
policy of Alexander. Still Alexander refrain- Berol., 1823. —2. In Mathematics we have two
ed from any expression of hostility toward his treatises by Aristotle: (1.) HIepi 6r'6ouv ypateformer instructor, although their former cordial IuCv, i. e., concerning indivisible lines; (2..) M/yconnection no longer subsisted undisturbed. xavtK arpo6Qe5uara, Mechanical Problems. —3.
The story that Aristotle had a share in poison- In Physics we have, (1.) Physics (ovoavcv, a5cp6aing the king is a fabrication of a later age; act, called also, by others,.epi apXSv), in eight
and, moreover, it is certain that Alexander died books. In these As'istotle develops the general
a natural' death. After the death of Alexan- principles of natural science (Cosmology).. (2.)
der (323), Aristotle was looked upon with suspi- Concerning the Heaven (wrept odpavoQ), in four
cion at Athens as a friend of Macedonia;'but books. (3.) On Production and Destruction (7rept
as it was not easy to bring any political accusa- yeuie(io Kai 40opdc, de Generatione et Corruption against him, he was accused of impiety tione), in two books, develop the general laws
(ale6eita) by the hierophant Eurymedon. He of production and destruction. (4.) On Meteorwithdrew from Athens before his trial, and es- ology (teereopoXoyuKea, de Meteoris), in four books.
caped in the beginning of 322 to Chalcis in Eu- (5.) On the Universe (7repi,6o/ov, de Mundo), a
boea where he died in the course of the same letter to Alexander, treats the subject of the
year, in the sixty-third year of his age, of a last two works in a popular tone and a rhetorchronic disease of the stomach. His body-was ical style altogether foreign to Aristotle. The
transported to his native city Stagira, and his whole is probably a translation of a work with
memory was honored there, like that of a hero, the same title by Appuleius. (6.) The History
by yearly festivals: He bequeathed to Theo- of Animals (rrept Reiov laropia), in nine books,
phrastns his well-stored library and the origi- treats of all the peculiarities of this division of
nals of his writings. In person Aristotle was the natural kingdom, according to genera, classshort and of slender make, with small eyes, es, and species, especially giving all the charand a lisp in hlis pronunciation, using L for R, acteristics of each animal according to its exand with a sort of sarcastic expression in his ternal and internal vital functions, according
countenance. He exhibited remarkable atten- to the manner of its copulation, its mode of
tion to external appearance, and bestowed much life, and its character. The best edition is by
care on his dress and person. He is described  Schneider, Lips., 1811:  The observations in
as having been of weak health, which, consid- this work are the triumph of ancient sagacity,
ering the astonishiug' extent of his studies, and have been confirmed by the results of the
shows all the more the energyof his mind. The most recent investigations (Cuvier). (7.) On
numerous works of Aristotle may be divided the parts of Animals (7repi EwV  s yopiwv), in four
101




ARISTOTELES.                               ARISTOTELES.
books, in which Aristotle, after describing the the constitutions is the best (the ideal of a state).
phatnomena in each species, develops the causes The doctrine concerning education, as the most
of these phaenomena by means of the idea to be important condition of this best state, forms the
formed of the purpose which is manifested in conclusion. Best editions, by Schneider, Franthe formation of the animal  (8.) On the Gen- cof. ad Viadr., 1809; Coray, Paris, 1821; Gatteration of Animals (7rep~i o)v yeveogwa), in five ling, Jenne, 1824; Stahr, with a German transbooks, treats of the generation of animals and lation, Lips., 1837; Barth6l1my St. Hilaire, vith
the organs of generation. (9.) De Incessu Ani- a French translation, Paris, 1837. —5.(Econmoics,
malium (irepi 0ewv iropeiia). (10.) Three' books (obiovoyout), in two books,ofwhihonly the first
on the Soul (repti %bvXc).'Aristotle defines the is genuine. IV. TWORKS, oN-A; R' which have
soul to be "the internal formative principle of a for their subject the exercise of the creative
body which may be perceived by the senses, and faculty, or Art. To these belong the Poetics and
is capable of life." Best edition by Trendelen- Rhetoric. 1. The Poetics (Hepi'rotrlrsirs). Arisburg, Jenae, 1833.  Several anatomical works- totle penetrated more deeply than any of the
of Aristotle have been lost. He was the first ancients into the essence of Hellenic art. He
person who, in any special manner, advocated is the father of the cesthetics of poesry, as he is
anatomical investigations, and showed the ne- the completer of Greek rhetoric as a science.
cessity of them  for the study of the natural The greatest part'of the treatise cintains a
sciences.  He frequently refers to investiga- theory of Tragedy; nothing else is treated of,
tions of his own on the subject. III. PRACTI- with the exception of the epos; comedy is
CAL PNILOSOPHY or POLITICS.  All that falls merely alluded to. Best editions, by Tyr~whitt,
within the sphere of practical philosophy is com- Oxon., 1794; Hermann, Lips., 1802; Grafcuban,
prehended in three principal works: the Ethics, Lips., 1821; Bekker, Bero!:, 1832;' Ritter, Cothe Politics, and the (Economics. 1. The Ni- Ion., 1839.-2.'The Rhetoric (r-xvvn vrop lj), in
comachoan Ethics ('HOtKCC Nucop6uXia), in ten three books. Rhetoric, as a science, according
books. Aristotle here begins with the highest to Aristotle, stands side by side with Dialectics.
and most universal end of life, for the individ- The only thing which makes a scientific treatual as well as for the community in the state. ment of rhetoric possible is the argumentation
This is happiness (edatpovica); and'its condi- which awakens conviction: he therefore directs
tions are, on the one hand, perfect virtue ex- his chief attention to the theory of oratorical
hibiting itself in the actor, and, on the other argumentation. The second' main division of
hand, corresponding bodily advantages and fa- the work treats of the production of that favorvorable external circumstances. Virtue is the able disposition i:n the hearer, in consequence
readiness to act constantly and consciously, ac- of which the prator appears to him to' be worthy
cording to the laws of the rational nature of of credit. The third part treats of oratorical
man (bop0t 2.6yo0). The nature of virtue shows expression and arrangement. According to a
itself in its appearing as the medium between story current in antiquity, Aristotle bequeathed
two extremes.  In accordance with this, the his library and MSS. to Theophrastus, his sucseveral virtues are enumerated and character- cessor in the Academy. On the death of Theoized.  Best editions by Zell, Heidelb., 1820; phrastus, the' libraries and MSS., both of ArisCoray, P,aris, 1822; Cardwell, Oxon., 1828; totle and Theophrastus, are said to have come
Michelet, Berol., 1848, 2d edition.-2. The Eu- into the hands of his relation and disciple, Nedemean Ethics ('H9uch E'iMuec-a), in seven books, lens of Scepsis. This Neleus sold- both libraries
of which only books i., ii., iii., and vii. are in- to Ptolemy II., king of Egypt, for the Alexandependent, while the remaining books iv., v., drine library; but he retained for himself, as
and vi. agree word for word with books v., vi., an heir-loom, the original MSS. of the -works of
and vii. of the Nicomachean Ethics. This eth- these two philosophers. The descendants of'
ical work is perhaps a recension of Aristotle's Neleus,' who were subjects of the King of Perlectures, edited by Eudemus.-3.'HuKoc Mi- gamus, knew of no othert way of securing them
ya2;a, in two books.-4. Politics (ITHolrtzK), in from the search of the Attali, who wished to
eight books. The Ethics conduct us to the Pol- rival the Ptolemies in orming a large library,
itics. The connection between the two works than concealing them in a cellar, where for a
is so close, that in the Ethics by the word Vare- couple of centuries they were exposed to the
pov reference is made by Aristotle to the Poli- ravages of damp and worms. -t was not till
tics, and in the latter by Irp6repov to the Ethics. the beginning of the century before the birth of
The Politics show how happiness is to be attain- Christ that a wealthy book-coll-eetor, the Atheed for the human community in the state; for the nian Apellicon of Teos, traced out these nahnaobject of the state is not merely the external ble relies, bought them from the ignorant heirs,
preservation of life, "' but happy.life," as it is at- and prepared from them a new edition of Aristained by means of virtue" (operj, perfect de- totle's works. After the capture of Athens,
velopment of the whole man). Hence, also, eth- Sulla conveyed Apeilicon's library to Rome, B.
ics form the first and most general foundation  C. 84. Vid. APELLICON. Frio this story an
of political life, because the state can not attain error arose, which has been handed down from
its highest object if morality does not prevail the time of Strabo to the present day. It was
among its citizens. The house, the family, is concluded from this account that neither Aristhe element of the state. Accordingly, Aristo- totle nor Theophrastus had published their writtle begins with the doctrine of domestic econo- ings, with the exception of some exoterico Wvorks,
rmy, then proceeds to a description of the differ- which had no important bearing an their sysent forms of government, after which he gives tem, and that it was not till 200 years later
a delineation of the most important Hellenic that they were brought to light by the ahovre
constitutions, and then investigates which of mentioned Apellicon, and published to "the piI
102




ARISTOXENUS.                                 ARMENIA.
osophical world. That, however, was by no brated heretic, born shortly after the middle of
means the case. Aristotle, indeed, did not pre- the third century A.D. In the religious disputes
pare a complete edition, as we call it, of his at Alexandrea, A.D. 306, Arius at first took the
writings. Nay, it is certain that death overtook part of Meletius, but afterward became reconcilhim before he could finish some of his works ed to the Bishop of Alexandrea, the opponent of
and put the finishing hand to others. Never- Meletius, who made Arius deacon. Soon after
theless, it can not be denied that Aristotle des- this he was excommunicated by Peter of Alextined all his works for publication, and published andrea, but was restored by his successor Achilseveral in his life-time. This is indisputably las, and ordained priest A.D. 313. In 318 the
certain with regard to the exoteric writings. celebrated controversy with Bishop Alexander
Those which had not been published by Aristo- broke out, a controversy which has had a greattie himself, were given to the world by Theo- er and more lasting influence upon the developphrastus and his disciples in a complete form. ment of the Christian religion than any other.
-Editions: The best edition of the complete So fierce did the dispute become, that the Emworks of Aristotle is by Bekker, Berlin, 1831- peror Constantine was forced to convoke a gen1840, 4to, text in 2 vols., and a Latin translation eral council at Nicaea (Nice), A.D. 325, at which
in one volume. This edition has been reprint- upward of three hundred bishops were present.
ed at Oxford in 11 vols. 8vo. There is a ste- The errors of Arius were condemned; and he
reotyped edition' published by Tauchnitz, Leip- was compelled to go into exile into Illyricum,
zig, 1832, 16mo, in 16 vols., and another edition where he remained until recalled by the emof the text by Weise, in one volume, Leipzig, peror in 330, and allowed to return to Alexan1843.-[2. One of the thirty tyrants established drea, through the influence of Eusebius of Nicoin Athens B.C. 404: he would also appear to media. His ever-wakeful opponent, however,
have been one of the 400, and to have taken an Athanasius, was not so easily deceived as the
active part in'the scheme of fortifying Eetionea, emperor, and, notwithstanding the order of Conand admitting the Spartans into the Piraeeus,' stantine, refused to receive him into the comB.C. 411. In B.~. 405 he was living in banish- munion of the Church. This led to a renewed
ment, and is mentioned by Xenophon as being application to the emperor; and when Arius
with Lysander during the siege of Athens.-3. finally seemed on the point of triumphing over
Of Sicily, a rhetorician, who wrote against the his sturdy orthodox opponents, he was removed
Panegyricus of Isocrates.-4. Of Athens, an suddenly by the hand of death, A.D. 336.]
orator and statesman, under whose name some  ARIUSIA (q'Aptovaia Xopa), a district'on the
forensic orations were known in the time of Di- north coast of Chios, where the best wine in
ogenes Laertius, which were distinguished for the island was grown (Ariusium Vinum, Virg.,
their elegance.-5. Of Argos, a Megaric or dia-Eel., v., 71.)
lectic philosopher, belonged to the party at Ar-  ARMENE ('ApFeivn or -jvr: now Akliman), a
gos which was hostile to Cleomenes of Sparta.] town on the coast of Paphlagonia, where the
ARISTOXENUS ('Aptar6evof). 1. OfTarentum, 10,000 Greeks, during their retreat, rested five
a Peripateticphilosopher and a musician, flour- days, entertained by the people of Sinope, a litished about B.C. 318. He was a disciple of tie to the west of which Armene stood.
Aristotle, whom he appears to have rivalled in  ARMNNIA ('Apguvia:'Ap/evtof, Armenius: now
the variety of his studies. According to Suidas, Armenia), a country of Asia, lying between Asia
he produced works to the number of 453 upon Minor and the Caspian, is a lofty table-land,
music, philosophy, history-in short, every de- backed by the chain of the Caucasus, watered
partment of literature. We know nothing of by the rivers Cyrus and Araxes, containing the
his philosophical opinions except that he held sources also of the Tigris and of the Euphrates,
the soul to be a harmony of the body (Cic., Tusc., the latter of which divides the country into two
i., 10), a doctrine which had been already dis- unequal parts, which were called Major and Micussed by Plato in the Phcdo. Of his-numer- nor. 1. ARMENIA MAJOR or PROPRIA ('A. V i/eous works,'the only one extant is his Elements yur7F or 7 iiutra KacLov/vtl: now Erzeroum, tars,
of Harmon)y (cpp1zovtK(c c.rogXEa), in three books, Van, and Erivan), was bounded on the northedited by Meibomius, in the Antiquea, Musice east and north by the Cyrus (now Kur), which
Auctores Septenm, Amst., 1652.-[2. Of Selinus divided it from Albania and Iberia; on the northin Sicily, a Greek poet, who is said to have been west and west by the Moschici Mountains (the
the first who wrote in anapmstic metres.-3. prolongation of the chain of the Anti-TauA celebrated Greek physician, who flourished rus), and the Euphrates (now Frat), which diabout the beginning of the Christian, era, and vided it from Colchis and Armenia Minor; and
was the author of a work Hiepi rTg'Hpopijov- on the south and southeast by the mountains
Aipieeo, De Herophili Secta.]            called Masius, Niphates, and Gordiaei (the proARISTUS (YAptarog). 1. Of Salamis in Cyprus, longation of the Taurus), and the lower course
wrote a history of Alexander the Great. —2. An of the ARAXES, which divided it from MesopoAcademic philosopher, a contemporary and tamia, Assyria, and Media: on the east the
friend of Cicero, and teacher of M. Brutus.  country comes to a point at the confluence of
ARmIS, river. Vid. ARIA.                the Cyrus and Araxes.  It is intersected by
[ARIUS ('Apeoo). 1. A Pythagorean or Stoic' chains of mountains, between which run the
philosopher of Alexandrea, an instructor of Au- two great rivers ARAXES, flowing east into
gustus in philosophy; highly esteemed byAugus- the Caspian, and the Arsanias (now Mzlrad), or
tus, who declared, after the capture of Alexan- south branch of the Euphrates, flowing west into
drea, that he spared the city chiefly for the sake the main stream'(now Frat) just above Mount
of Arius. Besides philosophy, he also taught Masi's. The eastern extremity of the chain of
rhetoric, and wrote on that art.-2, The cele- mountains which separates the basins of these
103




ARMENIUS MONS.                                ARNISSA.
two rivers, and which is an offshoot of the Anti-  ARMINIUS (the Latinized form of Hermann,
Taurus, forms the Ararat of Scripture. -In the "the chieftain"), son of Sigimer, "the consouth of the country is the great\ lake of Van, queror," and chief of the tribe of the Cherusci,
Arsissa Palus, inclosed by mountain chains who inhabited the country to the north of the
which connect Ararat with the southern range Hartz Mountains, now forming the south of
of mountains.-2. ARMENIA MINOR ('A. litpda or Hanover and Bruntswick. He was born in B.C.
ppaXvrtpa), was bounded on the east by the 18; and in his youth he led the warriors of
Euphrates, which divided it from Armenia Ma- his tribe as auxiliaries of the Roman legions in
jor, on the north and northwest by the mount- Germany, where he learned the language and
ains Scodises, Paryadres, and Anti-Taurus, di- military discipline of Rome, and was admitted
viding it from Pontus and Cappadocia, and on the to the freedom of the city, and enrolled among
south by the Taurus, dividing it from Comma- the equites. In A.D. 9, Arminius, who was now
gene in Northern Syria, so that it contained the twenty-seven years old, and had succeeded his
country east and south of the city of Siwas (the father as chief of his tribe, persuaded his counancient Cabira or Sebaste) as far as the Euphra- trymen to rise against the Romans, who were
tes and the Taurus. The boundaries between now masters of this part of Germany, and which
Armenia Minor and Cappadocia varied at dif- seemed'destined to become, like Gaul, a Roman
ferent times; and, indeed, the whole countryTup province. His attempt was crowned with sucto the Euphrates is sometimes called Cappado- cess. Quintilius Varus, who was stationed in
cia, and, on the other hand, the whole of Asia the country with three legions, was destroyed
Minor -east of the Halys seems at one time to with almost all his troops (vrid. VARUs); and the
have been included under the name of Armenia. Romans had to relinquish all their possessions
The people of Armenia claimed to be aboriginal; beyond the Rhine. In 14, Arminius had to deand there can be little doubt that they were one' fend his country against Germanicus.'- At first
of the most ancient families of that branch of he was successful; the Romans were defeated,
the human race which is called Caucasian. and Germanicus withdrew toward the'Rhine,
Their language, though possessing some re- followed by Arminius. But having been commarkable peculiarities of its own, was nearly pelled by his uncle, Inguiomer, against his own
allied to the Indo-Germanic family; and their wishes, to attack the Romans in their intrenchmanners and religious ideas were' similar to ed camp, his army was routed, and the Romans
those of the Medes and Persians, but With a made good their retreat to the Rhine. It was
greater tendency to the personification of the in the course of this'campaign that Thusnelda,
powers of nature, as in the goddess Anaitis, the wife of Arminius, fell into the -hands of the
whose worship was peculiar to Armenia. They Romans, and was reserved, with the infant boy
had commercial dealings with Assyria and Phae- to whom'she soon after gave birth in her cap.
nicia. In the time of Xenophon they had pre- tivity, to adorn the triumph of Germanicus at
served a. great degree of primitive simplicity, Rome. In 16, Arminius was again called upon
but four hundred years later Tacitus gives an- to resist Germanicus, but he was defeated, and
unfavorable view of their character. -The ear- his country was probably only saved from subli'st Armenian' traditions represent the country jection by the jealousy of Tiberius, who recalled
as governed by native kings, who had perpetu- Germanicus in the following year. At length
ally to maintain their independence against at- Arminius aimed at absolute power, and was, in
tacks from Assyria.. They were said to have consequence, cut off by his own relations in the
been conquered by Semiramis, but again threw  thirty-seventh year of his age, A.D. 19.
off the yoke at the time of the Median and Baby-  ARMORICA or AREMORIC., the name of the
lonian revolt. Their relations to the Medes and northwest coast of Gaul from the Ligeris (now'
Persians seem to have varied between success- Loire) to the Sequana (now Seine), derived from
ful resistance, unwilling subjection, and-friendly the Celtic ar, air, " upon," and muir, mar, "the
alliance. A body of Armenians formed a part sea."  The Armoricex civitates are enumerated
of the army which Xerxes led against Greece; by Caesar (B. G., vii., 75).
and they assisted Darius Codomannus against  ARNA (Arnas, -atis: now Civitella d'Arno), a
Alexander, and in this war they lost their king, town in Umbria, near Perusia.
and became subject to the Macedonian empire  ARNm ('Apval), a town in Chalcidice in Mace(B.C. 328). After another interval of success- donia, south of Aulon and Bromiscus.
ful revolt (B.C. 317-274), they submitted to the  [ARN.AUS ('Apvalog), the proper name of the
Greek kings of Syria; but when Antiochus the beggar Irus, mentioned in the Odyssey. Vid.
Great was defeated by the Romans (B.C. 190), Inus.]
the country again regained its independence, and  ARNE ('Apv7). 1. A town in Bceotia, menit was at this period that it was divided ipntothe tioned by Homer (I., ii., 507), supposed by Pautwo kingdoms of Armenia Major and Minor, sanias to be the same as Chaeronea, but placed
under two different dynasties, founded respect- by others near Acraephiumn, on the east of the
ively by the nobles who headed the revolt, Lake Copais.-[2. A town ofMagnesia in T'l'hesArtaxias and Zariadras. Ultimately, Armenia saly, on the Maliac Gulf, said to have derived its
Minor was made a Roman province byTrajan; name from Arne, a daughter of AEolus. —3. A
and Armenia Major, after being a perpetual ob- fountain in the territory of Mantinea in Arcadia.]
ject of contention' between the Romans and the  [ARNE ('ApSV). 1. A daughter of/Eolus. Vid.
Parthians, was subjected to the revived Persian the foregoing, No. 2.-2. The betrayer of her
empire by its first king, Artaxerxes (Ardeshir), native country to King Minos, and, on this
in A.D. 226.'                           account, changed into a jackdaw.]
ARmENIus MONS (rO'Apzgvtov 6pog), a branchl ARNISSA ('Apvtcaa- now Ostrova?), a town in
of the Anti-Taurus chain in Armenia Minor.  I Eorduea in Macedonia,.104




ARNOBIUS.                                 ARRIANUS.
ARNOBIUS. I. The elder, a native of Africa,  [ARRABO (in Ptolemy Napa6&v, now Raab), a
lived about A.D. 300, in the reign of Diocletian. river in Pannonia, a tributary of the Danube.
He was at first a teacher of rhetoric at Sicca in At its mouth lay the city and fortress Arrabeo,
Africa, but afterward embraced Christianity; now Raab.]
and, to remove all doubts as to the reality of his  ARRETIUM or ARETYUM (Arretlnus: now Arezconversion, he wrote, while yet a catechumen, zo), one of the most important of the twelve
his celebrated work against the Pagans, in seven cities of Etruria, was situated in the northeast
books (Libri septem adversus Gentes), which we of the country at the foot of the Apennines, and
still possess. The best editions are by Orelli, possessed a fertile territory near the sources of
Lips., 1816, [aid by Hildebrand, Halle, 1844].- the Arnus and the Tiber, producing good wine
2. The Younger, lived about A.D. 460, and was and corn. It was thrice colonized by the Roprobably a bishop or presbyter in Gaul. He mans, whence we read of Arretini Veteres, Fiwrote a commentary on the Psalms, still extant, denates, Julienses.  It was particularly celewhich shows that he was a Semi-Pelagian.  brated for its pottery, which was of red ware.
ARNON ("Apvsov: now Wad-el Mojib), a con- The Cilnii, from whom Maecenas was descendsiderable river of East Palestine, rising in the ed, were a noble family of Arretium. The
Arabian Desert, and flowing west through a ruins of a city two or three miles to the southrocky valley into the Lacus Asphaltites (now  east of Arezzo, on a height called Poggio di San
Dead Sea). The surrounding district was call- Cornelio, or Castel Secco, are probably the reed Arnonas; and in, it the Romans had a mili- mains of the ancient Arretium.
tary station, called Castra Arnonensia,.    ARRHAPACHITIS ('Ap)a7raXartc), a district of
ARNUS (now Arno), the chief river of Etruria, Assyria, between the rivers Lycus and Choatras.
rises in the,Apennines, flows by Pisee, and falls  ARRHIBmUuS ('At6a7o;), chieftain of the Maceinto the Tyrrhenian Sea. It gave the name to donians of Lyncus, revolted against King Perthe Tribus Arniensis,, formed B.C. 387.   diccas in the Peloponnesian war. It was to
AROA ('Ap6a or'Ap6o), the ancient name of reduce him that Perdiccas sent for.Brasidas
PATRE.                                    (B.C. 424), and against him took place the un[AROANIS ('Apodveo), a river of Arcadia, successful joint expedition, in which Perdiccas
rises in Mount Cyllene, loses itself in some deserted Brasidas, and Brasidas effected his
natural cavities near Pheneus, then reappears bold and skillful retreat.
at the foot of Penteleion, and joins the Ladon.  ARRHIDEUS ('AP52dallo) or ARIDMEUS ('ApLThe same name was given to two other streams, daiog). 1. A half-brother of Alexander the Great,
one a tributary likewise.of the Ladon, the other son of Philip and a female dancer, Philinna of
a tributary of the Erymanthus.]           Larissa, -was of imbecile understanding.  He
ARiOMAT (ri('Apeuara,'ApoidarTv (llcpov: now  was at Babylon at the time of Alexander's death,
Cape Guardafii), the easternmost promontory B.C. 323, and was elected king under the name
of Africa, at the southern extremity of the Ara- of Philip. The young Alexander, the infant
bian Gulf: the surrounding district was also son of Roxana, was associated with him in the
called Aromata or Aromatophora Reglo, with a government. In 322 Arrhidaeus married Eurydtown'Apudruiv edropteov: so named from the ice. On their return to Macedonia, Eurydice
abundance of spices which the district produced. attempted to obtain the supreme power in opARPI (Arpanus: now Arpi), an inland town position to Polysperchon; but Arrhidaeus and
in the Daunian Apulia, founded, according to Eurydice were made prisoners, and put to death
tradition, by Diomedes, who called it'Apyoe Itr- by order of Olympias, 317.-2. One of Alexanr iov, from which its later names of Argyrippa der's generals, obtained the province of the Helor Argyripa and Arpi are said to have arisen lespontine Phrygia at the division of the prov(11ie (Diomedes) urbem Argyripam, patrice cog- inces in 321 at Triparadisus, but was deprived
nomine gentis, Virg., _En., xi., 246). During the of it by Antigonus in 319.
time of its independence it was a flourishing  ARRIA. 1. Wife of CeecinaPactus. When her
commercial town, using Salapia as its' harbor. husband was ordered by the Emperor Claudius
It was friendly to the Romans in the Samnite to put an end to his life, A.D. 42, and hesitated
wars, but revolted to Hannibal after the battle to do so, Arria stabbed herself, handed the dagof Canae, B.C. 216: it was taken by the Ro- ger to her husband, and said, " Petus, it does
mans in 213, deprived of its independence, and not pain me."-2. Daughter of the preceding,
never recovered its former prosperity.    and wife of Thrasea.
[ARPINA ('Apireva), an ancient place in Elis,  ARRIANUS ('ASpiav6g). 1. Of Nicomedia in
near the Alpheus, so called from a daughter of Bithynia, born about A.D. 90, was a pupil and
the Asopus: near it flowed the River Arpina- friend of Epictetus, and first attracted attention
tes.]                                     as a philosopher by publishing' at Athens the
ARPNUM (Arpnas, -atis: now Arpino), a town lectures of his master. In 124 he gained the
of Latium, on the small river Fibrenus (now Fi- friendship of Hadrian during his stay in Greece,
brenv), originally belonging to the Volsciansand and received from the emperor the Roman citiafterward to the Samnites, from whom the Ro- zenship; from this time he assumed the name
mans wrested it, was a Roman municipium, of Flavius. In 136 he was appointed praefect of
and received the jus suffragii, or right of voting Cappadocia, which was invaded the year after
in the Roman comitia, B.C. 188. It was the by theAlani or Massagete, whom he defeated.
birth-place of Marius and Cicero, the latter of Under Antoninus Pius, in 146, Arrian was conwhom was born in his father's villa, situated sul; and about 150 he withdrew frompublic life,
on a small island formed by the River Fibrenus. and from this time lived in his native town ofNiCicero's brother Quintus had an estate south of comedia, as priest of Ceres (Derneter) and ProsArpinum, called Arcanum.                  erpina (Persephone). He died at an advanced
105




ARRIBAS.                                  ARSACES.
age in the reign of M. Aurelius. Arrian was scendant of Achilles, and one of the early kings
one of the most active and best writers of his of the Molossians in Epirus. He is said to have
time. He was a close imitator of Xenophon, been educatedat Athens, and on his return to
both in the subjects of his works and in the his native country to have framed for the Mostyle in which they were written. He regard- lossians a code of laws, and established a regued his relation to Epictetus as similar to that of lar constitution.
Xenophon to Socrates; and it was his endeavor  ARRIUS, Q.  1. Praetor B.C. 72, defeated
to carry out that resemblance. With this view  Crixus, the leader of the runaway slaves, but
he-published, 1. The philosophical lectures of wasafterward conquered by Spartacus. In 71,
his master(Atarptai'E7rzcTr7rov), in eight books, Arrius was to have succeeded Verresias prothe first half of which is still extant. Edited in praetor in Sicily, but died on his way to Sicily.
Schweighauser's Epictetece Philosophice Monu- -2. A son of the'preceding, was an unsuccessmenta, vol. iii., and in Corae's IIdpepya'ERyYv. ful candidate for the consulship B.C. 59. He
Bt6atoO., vol. viii.-2. An abstract of the prac- was an intimate'friend of Cicero.
tical philosophy of Epictetus ('Eyxetpioov'Em-  ARRIUS APER. Vid.APER.
r7jTrOV), which is still extant. This celebrated  ARRUNTIUS, L. 1. Proscribed by the triumwork maintained its authority for many cen- virs in B.C. 43, but escaped to Sextus Pompey
turies, both with Christians and Pagans. The in Sicily, and was restored to thestate with
best editions are those of Schweighiuser and Pompey. He subsequently commanded the left
Corae, in the collections above referred to. He wing of-the fleet of Octavianus at the battle of
also published other works relating to Epictetus, Actium, 31, and was consul'in 22.-2. Son of
which are nowlost. His original works are: the preceding, consul A.D: 6. Augustus de3. A treatise on the chase (KvvZyr1rtK6o), which dared in his last illness that Arruntius was not
forms a kind of supplement to Xenophon's work unworthy of the empire, and would have boldon the same subject, and is printed in most edi- ness enough to seize it, if an opportunity pretions of Xenophon's works.-4. The History of sented. This rendered him an object of spsthe Asiatic expedition of Alexander the Great picion to Tiberius. He was charged in A.D.
('AvdgaatC'AAe(divdpov), in seven books, the 37 as an accomplice in the crimes of Albucilla,
most important of Arrian's works. This great and put an end to his own life.
work reminds the reader of Xenophon's Anab-  ARSA (now Azunga), a town in Hispania Beasis, not only by its title, but also by the ease tica.
and clearness of its style. It is also of great  ARsXcEs ('ApadrciC), the name of the founder
value for its historical accuracy, being based of the Parthian empire, which was also borne
upon the most trustworthy histories written by by all his successors, who were hence called
the contemporaries of Alexander, especially the Arsacide.-1. He- was of obscure origin,
those of Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, and of Aris- and seems to have come from the neighborhood
tobulus, the son of Aristobulus.-5. On India of the Ochus. He induced the Parthians to re('Ilvdic or rT'IvdLKd), which may be, regarded volt from the Syrian empire of the Seleucidae,
as. a continuation of the Anabasis, at the end of and he became the first monarch of the Parthiwhich it is usually printed. This work is writ- ans.  This event probably took place about
ten in the Ionic dialect, probably in imitation B.C. 250,.in the reign of Antiochus II.; but the
of Ctesias of Cnidus, whose work on the same history of the revolt, as well as of the events
subject,Arrian wished to supplant by a more which immediately followed, is stated very diftrustworthy and correct account.  The best ferently by different historians: Arsaces reigneditions of the Anabasis are by Ellendt, Regi- ed only two years, and was succeeded by his
montii, 1832, and by C. W. Kruiger, Berlin, brother Tiridates.-2. TIRIDATES, reigned thir1835-49, 2 vols.; of the Indica by Schmieder, ty-seven years, B.C. 248-211, and defeated SeHalle, 1798.-6. A description of a voyage round leucus Callinicus, the successor of Antiochus II.
the coasts of the Euxine (7repirXVovc Tpvrov Ev — -3. ARTABANUS I., son of the preceding, was
eivov), which had undoubtedly been made by Ar- attacked by Antiochus III. (the Great), who,
rian himself during his government of Cappa- however, was unable to subdue his country, and
docia. This Periplus has come down to us, to- at length recognized him as king about 210.gether with a Periplus of the Erythreean, and a. 4. PRIAPATIUS, son of the preceding, reigned fifPeriplus of the Euxine and the Palus Meeotis, teen years, and left three sons, Phraates, Mithboth of which also bear the name of Arrian, but radates, and Artabanus.-5. PHRAATES I., subthey belong undoubtedly to a later period. The dued the Mardi, and, though he had many sons,
best editions are in Hudson's Geographi Minores, left the kingdom to his brother Mithradates.vol. i., and in Gail's and Hoffmann's collections 6. MITHRADATES I., son of Arsaces IV., greatly
of the minor Geographers.-7. A work on Tac- enlarged the Parthian empire by his conquests.
tics (2,oyo ra-InTICOf or reXv' rccaK7rt), of which He defeated Demetrius Nicator, king of Syria,
we possess at present only a fragment: printed and took him prisoner in 138.  Mithradates
in Blancard's collection of the minor works of treated Demetrius with respect, and gave him
Arrian.  Arrian also wrote numerous other his daughter Rhodogune in marriage. Mithraworks, all. of which are now lost.-2. A Roman dates died during the captivity of Demetrius,
jurisconsult, probably lived under Trajan, and between 138 and 130.-7. PHRAATES II., son of
is perhaps the same person with the orator Ar- the preceding, carried on war against Antiochus
riahuis, who corresponded with the younger VII. Sidetes, whom Phraates defeated and slew
Pliny. He wrote a treatise De Interdictis, of in battle, B.C. 128.  Phraates' himself was
which the second book is quoted in the Digest. shortly after killed in battle by the Scythians,
ARRIBAS, ARRYBAS, ARYMBAS, or THARRYTAS who had been invited by Antiochus to assist
('Apti6aa'Appv6a,'Ap,46ac, or Oa5ppirag), a de- him against Phraates, but who. did not auri-v.
106




ARSACES.                                  ARSACES.
till after the fall of the former.-8. ARTABANUS king in his stead. Phraates, however, was soon
Io., youngest brother of Arsaees VI., and young- restored by the Scythians, and Tiridates fled to
est son of Arsaces IV., fell in battle against the Augustus, carrying with him the youngest son
Thogarii or Tochari, apparently after a short of Phraates.  Augustus restored his son to
reign.-9. MITHRADATES II., son, of the preced- Phraates on condition of his surrendering the
ing, prosecuted many-wars with success, and Roman standards and prisoners taken in the
added many nations to the Parthian empire, war with Crassus and Antony.  They were
whence he obtained the surname of Great. It given-up in 20: their restoration caused univerwas in his reign that the Romans first had any sal joy at Rome, and was celebrated not only
official communication with'Parthia. Mithra- by the poets, but by festivals and commemoradates sent an ambassador to Sulla, who had tive monuments. Phraates also sent to Auguscome into Asia B.C. 92, and requested alliance tus as hostages his four sons, with their wives
with the Romans. —10. (MNASCIRES?) Noth- and children, who were carried to Rome. In
rg is known of the successor of Arsaces IX. A.D. 2,;Phraates was poisoned by his wife TherEven his name is uncertain.-11. SANATROCES, musa and her son Phraataces.-16. PIRAATAreigned seven years, and died about B.C. 70.- CEs, reigned only a short time, as he was ex12. PHRAITES III., son of'the preceding. He pelled by his subjects on account of his crimes.
lived at the time of the war between the Ro- The Parthian nobles then elected as king Oromans and Mithradates of Pontus, by both of des, who was of the family of the Arsacidse.whom he was courted. He contracted an alli- 17. ORODES II., also reigned only a short time,
ance with the Romans, but he took no part in as he was killed by the Parthians on account
the war. At a later period misunderstandings of his cruelty. Upon his death the Parthians
arose between Pompey and Phraates, but Pom- applied to the Romans for Vonones, one of
pey thought it more prudent to avoid a war with the sons of Phraates IV., who was accordingthe Parthians, although Phraates had invad- ly granted to them.-18. VONONES I., son of
ed Armenia, and Tigranes, the Armenian king, Phraates IV., was also disliked by his subjects,
implored Pompey's assistance. Phraates was who therefore invited Artabanus, king of Media,
murdered soon afterward by his two sons, Mith- to take possession of the kingdom. Artabanus
radates and Orodes.-13. MITHRADATES II.., son drove Vonones out of Parthia, who resided first
of the preceding, succeeded his father during in Armenia, next in Syria, and subsequently in
the Armenian war. On his return from Arme- Cilicia. He was put to death in A.D. 19, acnia, Mithradates was expelled from the throne cording to some accounts by order of Tiberius
on account of his cruelty, and was succeeded on account of his great wealth.-19. ARTABAby his brother Orodes. Mithradates afterward NUS III., obtained the Parthian kingdom soon
made war upon his brother, but was taken pris- after the expulsion of Vonones, about A.D. 16.
oner and put to death.-14. ORODES I., brother Artabanus placed Arsaces, one of his sons, over
of the preceding, was the Parthian king whose Armenia, and assumed a hostile attitude toward
general Surenas-defeated Crassus and the Ro- the Romans. His subjects, whomhe oppressed,
mans, B.C. 53. Vid. CRAssUS. After the death dispatched an embassy to Tiberius to beg him
of Crassus, Orodes gave the command of the to send.to Parthia Phraates, one of the sons of
army to his son Pacorus, who entered Syria in Phraates IV. Tiberius willingly complied with
51 with a small force, but was driven back by the request; but Phraates, upon arriving in SyrCassius. In 50 Pacorus again crossed the Eu- ia, was carried off by a disease, A.D. 35. As
phrates with a much larger army, and advanced soon as Tiberius heard of his death, he set up Tias far as Antioch, but was defeated near Anti- ridates, another of the Arsacidee, as a claimant
gonea by Cassius. The Parthians now remain- to the Parthian thronee: Artabanus was obliged
ed quiet for some years. In 40 they crossed to leave his kingdom, and to fly for refuge to
the Euphrates again, under the command of the Hyrcanians and Carmanians.  Hereupon
Pacorus and Labienus the son of T. Labienus. Vitellius, the governor of Syria, crossed the
They overran Syria and part of Asia Minor, but Euphrates, and placed Tiridates on the throne.
were defeated in 39 by Ventidius Bassus, one Artabanus was, however, recalled next year
of Antony's legates: Labienus was [taken and (36) by his fickle subjects. He was once more
put to death by Ventidius after the battle], and expelled by his subjects, and once more restored.
the Parthians retired to their own dominions. He died soon after his last restoration, leaving
In 38, Pacorus again invaded Syria, but was two sons, Bardanes and Gotarzes, whose civil
completely defeated and fell in the battle. This wars are related differently by Josephus and
defeat was a severe blow to the aged king Tacitus.-20. GOTARZES, succeeded his father,
Orodes, who shortly afterward surrendered the Artabanus III., but was defeated by his brother
crown to his son Phraates during his life-time. Bardanes and retired into Hyrcania.-21. BAR-15. PERAiTEr IV., commenced his reign by DANES, brother of the preceding, was put to
murdering his father, his' thirty brothers, and death by his subjects in 47, whereupon Gotarzes
his own son, who was grown up, that there again obtained the crown. But, as he ruled
might be none of the royal family whom the with cruelty, the Parthians secretly begged the
Partliians could place upon the throne in his Emperor Claudius to send them from Rome Mestead. In consequence of his cruelty, many of herdates, grandson of Phraates IV. Claudius
the Parthian nobles fled to Antony (37), who complied with their request, and commanded
invaded Parthia in 36, but was obliged to retreat the governor of/Syria to assist Meherdates, but
after losing a great part of his -army. A few  the latter was defeated inhbattle, and taken prisyears afterward the cruelties of Phraates pro- oner by Gotarzes.-22. VONONES II., succeeded
daeed a rebellion against hirm: he was driven Gotarzes about 50. His reign was short.-23.
oat of the country, anid Tiridates proclaimed VoLOGESES I., Son of Vonones II. or Artabanus
107




ARSACES.                                  ARSINOE.
III.  Soon after his accession he conquered  ARSACIA ('ApaaKia: ruins southeast of TeheArmenia, which he gave to his brother Tiridates. ran), a great, city of Media, south of the CasIn 55 he gave up Armenia to the Romans, but piae Portae, originally named Rhagae ('Payai);
in 58 he again placed his brother over Armenia, rebuilt by Seleucus Nicator, and called Euroand declared war against the Romans. This pus (Evpucr6o); again destroyed in the Parthian
~war terminated in favor of the Romans: the wars, and rebuilt by Arsaces, who named it after
Parthians were repeatedly defeated by Domitius himself.
Corbulo, and Tiridates was driven out of Ar-  ARSACIDE, the name of a dynasty of'Parthian
mnenia. At length, in 62, peace was concluded kings. Vid.. ARSACES. It was also the name
between Vologeses and the Romans on condi- of a dynasty of Armenian kings, who reigned
tion that Nero would surrender Armenia to Ti- in Armenia from B.C. 149 to A.D. 428. This
ridates, provided the latter would come to Rome dynasty was founded by ARTAXIAS I., who was
and receive it as a gift from the Roman em- related to the Parthian Arsacidee.
peror. Tiridates came to Rome in 63, where  [ARSAMENES ('Apaay7EvnC), son of Darius Hyshe was received with extraordinary splendor, taspis, a commander in the army of Xerxes.]
and obtained from Nero the Armenian crown.  [ARSAME S ('Apa5u77g). 1. Father ofHystaspes,
Vologeses afterward maintained friendly rela- and grandfather of Darius. —2. Son of Darius,
tions with Vespasian, and seems to have lived and Artystone, daughter of Cyrus, commanded
till the reign of Domitian.-24. PACORUS, sue- the Arabians and -Ethiopians, who lived above
ceeded his father, Vologeses I., and was a con- Egypt, in the army of Xerxes.-3. An illegititemporary of-Domitian and Trajan.-25. CHOS- mate son of Artaxerxes Mneron, murdered by
RoEs or OsRoEs, succeeded his brother Pacorus his brother Artaxerxes Ochus.-4. A Persian
during the reign of Trajan. His conquest of satrap of Lydia under Darius Codomannus: by
Armenia occasioned the invasion of Parthia by not securing the Cilician passes, he afforded
Trajan, who stripped it of many of its provinces, Alexander an opportunity of a ready passage
and made the Parthians for a time subject to into Upper Asia from Asia Minor.]
Rome. Vid. TRAJANUS. Upon the death of      ARSAM6OSTA ('ApaaoF6aara, also wrongly abTrajan in A.D. 117, the Parthians expelled Par- breviated'Ap/uaara: now Shemshat), a town
thamaspates, whom Trajan had placed upon the and strong fortress in Armenia Major, between
throne, and recalled their former king; Chosroes. the Euphrates and the sources of the Tigris,
Hadrian relinquished the conquests of Trajan, near the most frequented pass of the Taurus.
and made the Euphrates, as before, the eastern  ARSANIAS, -Ius, or -us ('Apaaviar, &c.), the
boundary of the Roman empire. Chosroes died name of two rivers of Great Armenia.-1. (Now
during the reign of Hadrian. —26. VOLOGESIES Murad), the southern arm of the Euphrates.
II., succeeded his father Chosroes, and reigned Vid. ARMENIA.-2. (Now Arslan ), a small
from about 122 to 149. —27. VOLOGESES III., be- stream rising near the sources of the Tigris,
gan to reign in 149. He invaded Syria in 162, and flowing west into the Euphrates near Melbut the generals of the Emperor Verus drove. itene.
him back into his own dominions, invaded Mes-  ARSENARIA or -ENN- ('Apanvapia: now Aropotamia and Assyria, and took Seleucia and zaw, ruins), a town in Mauretania Casariensis,
Ctesiphon; and Vologeses was obliged to pur- three miles (Roman) from the sea: a Roman
chase a peace by ceding Mesopotamia to the colony.
Romans. From this time to the downfall of the  ARSENE. Vid. ARZANENE.
Parthian empire, there is great confusion in the  ARSES, NARSES, oraOARSES (yApamc, Ndpa^c,
list of kings.-28. VOLOGEIES  IV., probably as- or'OdpacnS), youngest son of King Artaxerxes
cended the throne in the reign of Commodus. III. Ochus, was raised to the Persian throne
His dominions were invaded by Septimius Seve- by the eunuch Bagoas after he had poisoned
rus, who took Ctesiphon ih 199. On the death Artaxerxes, B.C. 339, but he was murdered by
of Vologeses IV., at the beginning of the reign of Bagoas in the third year of his reign, when he
Caracalla, Parthia was torn asunder by contests attempted to free himself from the bondage in
for the crown between the sons of Vologeses. which he was kept. After the death of Arses,
-29. VoLOGEcSES V., son of Vologeses IV., was Bagoas made Darius III. king.
attacked by Caracalla in 215, and about the  ARSIA (now Arsa), a river in Istria, forming
same time was dethroned by his brother Arta- the boundary between Upper Italy and Illyribanus.-30. ARTABANUS IV., the last king of Par- cum, with a town of the same name upon it.
thia. T\le war commenced by Caracalla against  ARSIA SILVA, a wood in Etruria, celebrated
Vologeses, was continued against Artabanus; for the battle between the Tarquins and the
but Macrinus, the successor of Caracalla, con- Romans.
eluded peace with the Parthians. In this war  ARSINOE ('ApaLov6). I. Mythological. 1. The
Artabanus had lost the best of his troops, and daughter of Phegeus. and wife of Alcmmon.
the Persians seized the opportunity of recover- As she disapproved of the murder of Alcmweon,
ing their long-lost independence. They were the sons of Phegeus put her into a chest and
led by Artaxerxes (Ardeshir), the son of Sassan, carried her to Agapenor at Tegea, where they
and defeated the Parthians in three great bat- accused her of having killed Alemeaon. Vid.
ties, in the last of which Artabanus was taken ALCMEON, AGENOR.-2. Nurse of Orestes, saved
prisoner and killed, A.D. 226. Thus ended the the latter from the hands of Clytemnestra, and
Parthian empire of the Arsacidle, after it had carried him to Strophius, father of Pylades.
existed four hundred and seventy-six years. Some accounts call her Laodamia.-3. Daughter
The Parthians were now obliged to submit to Ar- of Leucippus and Philodice, became by Apollo
taxerxes, the founder of the dynasty of the Sas- mother of Eriopis and.Esculapius. II. Hlistor-.,anidte, which continued to reign tillA.D. 651. ical. 1. Mother of Ptolemy I., was a concubine
108




ARSINOE.                                  ARTANES.
of Philip, father of Alexander the Great, and  ARsIssA or MANTIANA ('AptoLa,'I MavTrav7:
married Lagus while'she was pregnant with now Van), a great lake, abounding in fish, in
Ptolemy.-2. Daughter of Ptolemy I. and Ber- the, south of Armenia Major.:Vid. ARMENIA.
enice, married Lysimachus, king of Thrace, in  ARTABANUS ('Aprd6avot). 1. Son of HystasB.C. 300; after the death of Lysimachus in 281, pes and brother of Darius, is frequently'menshe married her half-brother, Ptolemy Cerau- tioned in the reign of his nephew Xerxes as a
nus, who murdered her children — by Lysirna- wise and frank counsellor.-2. An'Hyrcanian,
chus; and, lastly, in 279, she married her own commander of the body-guard of Xerxes, asbrother Ptolemy II. Philadelphus. Though Ar- sassinated this king in B.C. 465, with the view
sinoe bore Ptolemy no children, she was ex- of setting himself upon the throne of Persia, but
ceedingly beloved by him: he gave her name was shortly afterward killed by Artaxerxes.to several cities, called a district (vofi6r) of 3. I., If', III., IV., kings of Parthia. Vid. ARSAEgypt Arsinoites after her, and honored her CES III., VIII., XIX., XXX.
memory in various ways.-3. Daughter of Ly-  [ARTABAZANES ('Apra6a'a6v1?), oldest son of
simachus, married Ptolemy II. Philadelphus Darius Hystaspis, half-brother of Xerxes, and
soon after his accession, B.C. 285. In conse- called, also, Ariabignes. Vid. ARIABIGNES.]
quence of her plotting against her namesake  ARTABiZUS ('Apr'd6afo). 1. A Mede, acts a
[No. 2.], when Ptolemy fell in love) with her, prominent part in Xenophon's account of Cyrus
she was banished to Coptos, in Upper Egypt. the Elder.-2. A distinguished Persian, a son
-She had by Ptolemy three children, Ptolemy III. of Pharnaces, commanded the Parthians and
Evergetes, Lysimachus, and Berenice.-4. Also Choasmians in the expedition of Xerxes into
called Eurydice and Cleopatra, daughter of Ptol- Greece, B.C. 480. He served under Mardonins
emy III. Evergetes, wife of her brother Ptol- in 479, and after the- defeat of the Persians at
emy IV. Philopator, and mother of Ptolemy V. Plataee;' he fled with forty thousand men, and
Epiphanes. She was killed by Philamrnon by reached Asia in safety.-3. A general of Arorder of her husband.-5. Daughter of Ptolemy taxerxes I., fought against Inarus in Egypt,
XI. Auletes, escaped from Caeesar when he was B.C. 462.-4. A Persian general, fought under
besieging Alexandrea in B.C. 47, and was rec- Artaxerxes II. against Datames, satrap of Capognized as queen by the Alexandreans. After padocia, B.C. 362. Under Artaxerxes III., Arthe capture of Alexandrea she was carried to tabazus, who was then satrap of Western Asia,
Rome by Caesar, and led in triumph by him in revolted in B.C. 356, but was defeated and
46. She.was afterward dismissed by Caesar, obliged to take refuge with Philip of Macedonia.
and returned to Alexandrea; but her" sister He was afterward pardoned by Artaxerxes, and
Cleopatra persuaded Antony to have her put to returned to. Persia; and he was one of the most
death in 41.                              faithful adherents of Darius III. Codomannus,
ARSYINOE ('Aptfvo':'Apacvoevc or -0oTr7C), the who raised him to high honors. On the death
name of several cities of the times of the suc- of Darius (330) Artabazus received from Alexcessors of Alexander, each called after one or ander the satrapy of Bactria.  One of his
other of the persons of the samfe name (see daughters, Barsine, became by Alexander the
above).-1. In /Etolia, formerly Kov67ra.-2. mother of Hercules; a second, Artocama, marOn the northern coast of Cyprus, on the site of ried Ptolemy, son of Lagus; and a third, Arthe older city of Marium (Mdptov), which Ptol- tonis, married Eumenes.
emy I. had destroyed.-3. A port on the west-  ARTABRI, afterward AROTREBmE,-a Celtic peoern coast of Cyprus.-4. (Now Famagosta), on ple in the northwest of Spain, near the Promonthe southeastern coast of Cyprus, between Sal- tory Nerium or Celticum, also called Artabrumn
amis and Leucolla.-5. In Cilicia, east of Ane- after them (now Cape Finisterre).
murium.-6. (Now Ajeroud or Suez), in the No-  ARTACE ('AprT/~c: now Artaki), a sea-port
mos Heroopolites in Lower Egypt, near or upon town of the peninsula of Cyzicus, in the Prothe head of the Sinus Heroopolites or western pontis: also a mountain in the same peninsula.
branch of the Red Sea (now Gulf of Suez). It  ARTACH EES ('ApTaiagf), a distinguished Perwas afterward called Cleopatris.-7. (Now AMe- sian in the army of Xerxes, died while Xerxes
dinet-el-Faioum, ruins.), the chief city of the No- was at Athos. The mound which the king
mos ArsinoTtes in the Heptanomis. or Middle raised over him is still in existence.
Egypt (rvid. 2EGYPTeTS, p. 18, b); formerly called  [ARTACIE ('Apradai/), a fountain in the counCrLocdilopolis (KpoKodel7ov 7roftC), and the dis- try of the mythic Laestrygones.],
trict Nomos Crocodilopolites, from its being the  ARTXACOAN ('Apraoava or -cavva: now Sekhchief seat of the Egyptian worship of the croc- van?), the ancient capital of ARIA, not far from
odile. This nomos also contained the Lake Mce.- the site of the later capital, ALEXANDREA.
ris and'the Labyrinth. -8. In Cyrenaica, also  ARTAEI ('Apraloe), was, according to Herodocalled Taucheira.-9. On the coast of the Trog- tus (vi., 61), the old native name of the Perlodytae on the Red Sea, east of Egypt. Its sians. It signifies noble, and appears in the
probable position is a little below the parallel of form Apra, as the first part of a large number
Thebes. Some other cities called Arsinoe are of Persian proper names. Compare ARII.
better known by other names, such as EPHEsus  [ARTAG:ERA or ARTAGiERE ('Aprayypat), a
in Ionia and PATARA in Lycia.             mountain fortress in southern Armenia, on the
[ARsINous ('Apcivoor), father of Hecamede; Euphrates.]
ruler of Tenedos.]                          [AiRAGERSES ('Apraypcr7g), a commander in
[ARSITES ('ApaigrC), satrap of the Helles- the army of Artaxerxes.]
pontine Phrygia when Alexander the Great in-  [ARTiNES ('Aprd7vV), son of Hystaspes and
vaded Asia: after the defeat of th6 Persians at brother of Darius, fought and fell at the battle
the Granicus he put'himself to death.]    of Thermopylae.]
109




ARTANES.                                ARTAXERXES.
ARTXNES ('ApraivrC). 1. A river in Thrace, ksathra, "a king:" consequently Artaxerxes
falling into the Ister.-2. A river in Bithynia.  means "the honored king."  1. Surnamed
[ARTAOZUS ('AprdaoCo,), a friend and supporter LONGIMANUS, from the circumstance of his right
of the younger Cyrus.]                    hand being longer than his left, reigned B.C.
ARTAPHERNES ('ApraOepvgS). 1. Son of Hys- 465-425. He ascended the throne after his fataspes and brother of Darius. He was satrap ther, Xerxes I., had been murdered by Artaof Sardis at the time of the Ionian revolt, B.C. banus, and after he himself had put to death his
500. Vid. ARISTAGORAS.-2. Son of the former, brother Darius at the instigation of Artabanus.
commanded, along with Datis, the Persian army His reign was disturbed by several dangerous inof Darius, which was defeated at the battle of surrections of the satraps. The Egyptians also
Marathon, B.C. 490. Artaphernes commanded revolted in 460, under Inarus, who was supportthe Lydians and Mysians in the invasion of ed by the Athenians. The first army which
Greece by Xerxes in 480:-[3. A Persian, sent Artaxerxes sent under his brother Achwemenes
by Artaxerxes I. to Sparta with a letter, ar- was defeated and Achaemenes slain. The seerested on his way by Aristides and taken to ond army which he sent, under Artabazus and
Athens, where his letter was translated: the AMegabyzus, was more successful. Inarus was
Athenians endeavored to turn this to their ad- defeated in 456 or 455, but Amyrteus, another
vantage, and sent Artaphernes.in a galley, with chief of the insurgents, maintained himself in
their ambassadors, to Ephesus.]           the marshes of Lower Egypt. At a later period
ARTAUNUM (now Salburg, near Homburg?), a (449) the Athenians under Cimon sent assistRoman fortress in Germany on Mount Taunus, ance to Amyrteeus; and even after the death
built by Drusus and restored by Germanicus.  of Cimon, the Athenians gained two victories
ARTAVASDES ('Apraovdo(6ri7 or'Apra6dac6d ) or over the Persians, one by land and the other by
ARTABAZES ('Apra6d(ir/). 1. King of the Great- sea, in the neighborhood of Salamis in Cyprus.
er Armenia, succeeded his father Tigranes. In After this defeat Artaxerxes is said to have conthe expedition of Crassus against the Parthians, eluded peaceswith the Greeks on terms very adB.C. 54, Artavasdes was an ally of the.Romans; vantageous to the latter. Artaxerxes was sucbut after the defeat of the latter, he concluded ceeded by his son, Xerxes II.-2. Surnamed
a peace with the Parthian king. In 36 he joined MNEMON, from his good memory, succeeded his
Antony in his campaign against the Parthians, father, Darius IT., and reigned B.C. 405-359.
and persuaded him to invade Media, because he Cyrus, the younger brother of Artaxerxes, who
was at enmity with his namesake Artavasdes, was satrap of Western Asia, revolted against
king of Media; but he treacherously deserted his brother,.and, supported by Greek mercenaAntony in the middle of the campaign. Antony ries, invaded Upper Asia. In the neighborhood
accordingly invaded Armenia in 34, contrived of Cunaxa, near Babylon, a battle was fought
to entice Artavasdes into his camp, wherb he between the armies of the two brothers, in
was immediately seized, carried him to Alex- which Cyrus fell, B.C. 401. Vid. CYRUS. Tisandrea, and led him in triumph. He remained saphernes was appointed satrap of Western
in captivity till 30, when Cleopatra had him  Asia in the place of Cyrus, and was actively
killed after the battle of Actium, and sent his engaged in wars with the Greeks. Vid,. THIMhead to his old enemy, Artavasdes of Media, in BRON, DERCYLLDAS, AGESILAUS. Notwithstandhopes of obtaining assistance from the latter. ing these perpetual conflicts with the Greeks,
This Artavasdes was well acquainted with the Persian empire maintained itself by the disGreek literature, and wrote tragedies, speeches, union among the Greeks themselves, which was
and historical works. —2. King of Armenia, fomented and kept up by Persian money. The
probably a grandson of No. 1, was placed upon peace of Antalcidas, in B.C. 388, gave the Perthe throne by Augustus, but was deposed by sians even greater power and influence than
the Armenians.-3. King of Media Atropatene, they had possessed before. Vid. ANTALCIDAS.
and an enemy of Artavasdes I., king of Arme- But the empire was suffering from internal disnia. Antony invaded his country in 36, at the turbances, and Artaxerxes had to carry on freinstigation of the Armenian king, but he was quent wars with tributary princes and satraps,
obliged to retire'with great loss. Artavasdes who endeavored to make themselves independafterward concluded a peace with Antony, and ent. Thus he maintained a long struggle against
gave his daughter Iotape in marriage to Alex- Evagoras of Cyprus, from 385 to 376; he also
ander, the son of Antony.  Artavasdes was had to carry on war against the Cardusians, on
subsequently engaged in wars with the Par- the shores of the Caspian Sea; and his attempts
thians and Armenians. He died shortly before to recover Egypt were unsuccessful. Toward
20 B.C.                                   the end of his reign he put to death his eldest'ARtTAXXTA or -mE (ri'Aprafara or -tiara: son Darius, who had formed a plot to assassiruins at Ardachat, above Nakshivan), the later nate him. His last days were still further emcapital of Great Armenia, built by ARTAXIAS, bittered by the unnatural conduct of his son
under the advice of Hannibal, on a peninsula, Ochus, who caused the destruction of two of
surrounded by the River Araxes. After being his brothers, inrorder to secure the succession
burned by the Romans under Corbulo (A.D. 58), for, himself  Artaxerxes was succeeded by
it vias restored by Tiridates, and called Nero- Ochus, who ascended the throne under the
nia (Nep6veca).  It was still standing in the name of Artaxerxes III.-3. Also called OcHUs,
fourth century.                           reigned B.C. 359-338. In order to secure his
ARTAXERXES or ARTOXERXES ('AprabdpSvc or throne, he began his reign with a merciless ex-'AprofepgC), the name of four Persian kings, is tirpation of the members of his family. He
compounded of Arta, which means' honored," himself was a cowardly and reckless despot;
and Xerxes,, which is the same as the Zend and the great advantages which the Persian
110




ARTAXIAS.                                  ARTEMIS.
arms gained during his reign were owing only rounded it. The style is simple, correct, and
to his Greek generals and mercenaries. These elegant. The best edition is by Reiff, Lips.,
advantages consisted in the conquest of the re- 1805.-4. Of EPHESUS, a Greek geographer,
volted satrap Artabazus (vid. ARTABAZUS, No. 4), lived about B.C. 100. He made voyages round
and in the reduction of Phoenicia, of several re- the coasts of the Mediterranean, in the Red Sea,
volted towns in Cyprus, and of Egypt, 350. The and apparently ever in the Southern Ocean. He
reins of government were entirely in the hands also visited Iberia'and Gaul. The work, in
of the eunuch Bagoas and of Mentor the Rho- which he gave the results of his investigations,
dian. At last he was poisoned by Bagoas, and consisted of eleven books, of which Marcianus
was succeeded by.his youngest son, ARSES.-  afterward made an abridgment. The original
4. The founder of the dynasty of the SASSANID.E. work is lost; but we possess fragments of MarARTAXIAS ('ApraS:af) or ARTAXES ('AprTirSC), cianus's abridgment, which contain the perithe name of three kings of Armenia. 1. The plus of the Pontus Euxinus, and accounts of
founder of the Armenian kingdom, was one of Bithynia and Paphlagonia. These fragments
the generals of Antiochus the Great, but revolt- are printed in Hudson's Geographi llfinores,
ed from him about B.C. 188, and became an in- vol. i.
dependent sovereign. Hannibal took.refuge at  ARTEMIS ('Apreuet), the Latin Diana, one of
the court of Artaxias, and he superintended the the great divinities of the Greeks. According
building of ARTAXATA, the capital of Armenia. to the most ancient account, she was the daugh,
Artaxias was conquered and taken prisoner by ter of Jupiter (Zeus) and Leto (Latona), and the
Antiochus IV. Epiphanes about 165. -2. Son twin-sister of Apollo, born with him in the islof Artavasdes, was made king by the Armeni- and of Delos. She was regarded in various
ans when his father was taken prisoner by An- points of view by the Greeks, which must be
tony in 34. In 20; Augustus, at the request of carefully distinguished. 1. Artemis (Diana), as
the Armenians, sent Tiberius into Armenia in the sister' of Apollo, is a kind of female Apollo,
order to depose Artaxias and place Tigranes on that is, she as a female divinity represented
the throne, but Artaxias was put to death be- the same idea that Apollo did as a male divinifore Tiberius reached the country. Tiberius, ty. As sister of Apollo, Artemis (Diana) is,
however, took the credit to himself of a suc- like her brother, armed with a bow, quiver, and
cessful expedition, whence Horace (Epist., i., arrows, and sends plagues and death among
12, 26) says, Claudi. virtute Neronis Armenius men and animals. Sudden deaths, but more
cecidit.-3. Son of Polemon, king of Pontus, was especially those of women, are described as the
proclaimed king of Armenia by Germanicus in effect of her arrows. As Apollo was not only
A.D. 18. He died about 35.                a destructive god, but also averted evils, so ArARTAYCTES ('ApT-aiVTcrn), Persian governor of temis (Diana) likewise cured and alleviated the
Sestus on the Hellespont, when the town was sufferings of mortals. In the Trojan war she
taken by the Greeks in B.C. 478, met with an sided, like Apollo, with the Trojans. She was
ignominious death on account of the sacrile- more especially the protectress of the young;
gious acts which he had committed against the and from her watching over the young of fetomb of the hero Protesilaus.             males, she came to be regarded as the goddess
[ARTAYNTE ('ApTaVtvr7), a daughter of Masis- of the flocks and the chase. In this manner
tes, the brother of Xerxes I., who gave her in she also became the huntress among the immarriage to his son Darius, while he himself mortals. Artemis (Diana), like Apollo, is unwas secretly in love with her: this, becoming married; she is a maiden divinity never conknown to Amastris, brought down her vengeance quered by love. She slew ORION with her aron the mother of Artaynte, whom she suspected rows, according to one account, because he
of having been the cause of the king's passion.] made an attempt upon her chastity; and she
[ARTXYNTES ('Apraivr7ng), one of the generals changed ACT EON into a stag simply because
in the army of Xerxes; after the battle of Sala- he had seen her bathing. With her brother
mis, he, with several other generals, sailed to Apollo, she slew the children of NIOBE, who
Samos to watch the Ionians; but, after the de- had deemed herself superior to Leto (Latona).
feat of the Persians at Platsee and Mycale, he When Apollo was regarded as identical with
abandoned his post and returned to Persia.]  the sun or Helios, nothing was more natural
ARTEMIDORUS ('Apregidspoo).  1. Surnamed than that his sister should be regarded as SeARISTOPHANIUS, from his being a disciple of the lene or the moon, and accordingly the Greek
celebrated grammarian Aristophanes, was him- Artemis is, at least in later times, the goddess
self a grammarian, and the author of several of the moon. Hence Artemis (Diana) is repreworks now lost.-2. Of CNIDUS, a friend of Ju- sented in love with the fair youth ENDYMION,
lius Caesar, was a rhetorician, and taught the whom she kissed in his sleep, but this legend
Greek language at Rome.-3. DALDIANUS, a na- properly relates to Selene or the Moon, and is
tive of Ephesus, but called Daldianus, from  foreign to the character of Artemis (Diana),
Daldis in Lydia, his mother's birth-place, to dis- who, as we have observed, was a goddess untinguish him from the geographer Artemidorus. moved by love.-2. The Arcadian Artemis is a
He lived at Rome in the reigns of Antoninus goddess of the nymphs, and was worshipped as
Pius and M Aurelius (A.D. 138-180), and wrote such in Arcadia in very early times. She hunta work on the interpretation of dreams ('Oveipo- ed with her nymphs on the Arcadian MountKpLTLKd), in five books, which is still extant. The ains, and her chariot was drawn by four stags
object of the work is to prove that the future with golden antlers. There was no connection
is revealed to man in dreams, and to clear the between the Arcadian Artemis and Apollo.science of interpreting them from the abuses 3. The Taurian Artemis. The worship of this
with which the fashion of the time had sur- goddess was connected, at least in early times,
111




ARTEMISIA.                                 ARYANDES.
with human sacrifices. According to the Greek  ARTEMISIUM ('APTeFtaLov), properly a temple
legend there' was in Tauris a goddess, whom  of Artemis. 1I A tract of country on the norththe Greeks for some reason identified with their ern coast of Euboea, opposite Magnesia, so callown Artemis (Diana), and to whom all strangers ed from the temple of Artemis (Diana) belongthrown on the coast of Tauris were sacrificed. ing to the town of Hestiaea: off this coast the
Iphigenia and Orestes brought her image from  Greeks defeated the fleet of Xerxes, B.C. 480.
thence, and landed at Brauron in Attica, whence -2. A promontory of Caria, near the Gulf Glanthe goddess derived the name of Brauronia. cus, so called from the temple of Artemis in its
The Brauronian Artemis was worshipped at neighborhood.
Athens and Sparta, and in the latter place the  ARTEMITA ('ApTreyra). 1. (Now Shereban ),
boys were scourged at her altar till it was be- a city on the Sillas, in the district of Apolloniasprinkled with their blood.  This cruel cere- tis in Assyria.-2., A city of Great Armenia,
mony was believed to have been introduced by south of the Lake Arsissa.
Lycurgus, instead of the human sacrifices which  ARTEMON ('Apreyov), a Lacedaemonian, built
had until then been offered to her. Iphigenia, the military engines for Pericles in his war
who was at first to have been sacrificed to Ar- against Samos in B.C. 441. There were also
temis (Diana), and who then became her priest- several writers of this name, whose works are
ess, was afterward identified with the goddess, lost.
who was worshipped in some parts of Greece,  [ARTIMAS ('Apri7'ua), a Persian satrap, menas at Hermione, under the name of Iphigenia. tioned'in the Anabasis.]
Some traditions stated thatArtemis made Iphi-  [ARTISCUS, ('ApraLmco: now Bujuk-Dere), a
genia immortal, in the character of Hecate, the river of Thrace, a tributary of the I-ebrus.]
goddess of the moon.-4. The Ephesian Artemis  [ARTONTES ('Apr6Tvrm), son of Mardonius.]
(Diana) was a divinity totally distinct from the  ARTORIUS, M., a physician at Rome, was the
Greek goddess of the same name. She seems fiiend and physician of Augustus, whom he atto have been the personification of the fructify- tended in his campaign against Brutus and Casing and all-nourishing powers of nature. She sius, B.C. 42. HHe was drowned at sea shortly
was an ancient Asiatic divinity, whose worship after the battle of'Actium, 31.
the Greeks found established in Ionia when   ARVER-NI, a Gallic people in Aquitania, in the
they settled there, and to whom they gave the country of the Mons Cebenna, in the modern
name of Artemis.   Her original character is Auvergne.  In early times they were the most
sufficiently clear from the fact that her priests powerful people in the south of Gaul: they
were eunuchs, and that her image in the mag- were defeated by Domitius Ahenobarbus and
nificent temple of Ephesus represented her with Fabius Maximus in B.C. 121, but still possessmany breasts (rouv/iac7TOc). The representations ed considerable power in the time of Caesar (58).
of the Greek Artemis in works of art are differ- Their capital was Nemossus, also named Auent, according as she is represented either as a gustonemetum or Arverni on the Elaver (now
huntress or as the goddess of the moon. As Allier), with a citadel, called at least in the Midthe huntress, she is tall, nimble, and has small dle Ages Clarus Mons, whence the name of the
hips; her forehead is high, her eyes glancing modern town, Clermont.
freely about, and her hair tied up, with a few  ARvINA, a cognomen of the Cornelia gens,
locks floating down her neck;. her breast is borne by several of the Cornelii, of whom the
covered, and the legs up to the knees are naked, most important was A. Cornelius Cossus Arthe rest being covered by the chlamys. Her at- vina, consul B.C. 343 and 322, and dictator 320.
tributes are the bow, quiver, and arrows, or a He commanded the Roman armies against the
spear, stags, and dogs. As the goddess of the Samnites, whom he defeated in several battles.
moon, she wears a long robe which reaches    ARUNs, an Etruscan word, was regarded by
down to her feet, a veil covers her head, and the Romans as a proper name, but perhaps sigabove her forehead rises the crescent of the nified a younger son in general. 1. Younger
moon. In her hand she often appears holding brother of Lucumo, i. e., L. Tarquinius Priscus.
a torch. The Romans identified their goddess — 2. Younger brother of L. Tarquinius SuperbDIANA with the Greek Artemis.              us, was murdered by his wife.-3. Younger
ARTEMISIA ('AprefUGia). 1. Daughter of Lyg- son of Tarquinius Superbus, fell in combat with
damis, and queen ofHalicarnassus in Caria, ac- Brutus.-4. Son of Porsena, fell in battle becompanied Xerxes, in his invasion of Greece, fore Aricia.-5. Of Clusium, invited the Gauls
with five ships, and in the battle of Salamis across the Alps.
(B.C. 480) greatly distinguished herself by her  ARUNTIUS. Vid. ARRUNTIUS.
prudence and courage, for which she was after-  ARUSIANUS, MESSUS or MEssYIU, a Roman
ward highly honored by the Persian king.-2. grammarian, lived about A.D. 450, and wrote a
Daughter of Hecatomnus, and sister, wife, and Latin phrase book,-entitled Quadriga, vel Exsuccessor of the Carian prince Mausolus, reign- empla Elocutionum ex Virgilio, Sallustio, Terened B.C. 352-350. She is renowned in history tie, et Cicerone per literas digesta. It is called
for her extraordinary grief at the death of her Quadriga from its being composed from four
husband Mausolus. She is said to have mixed authors. The best edition is by Lindemann, in
his ashes in her daily drink; and to perpetuate his Corpus Grammaticorum Latin., vol. i., p. 199.
his memory, she built at Halicarnassus the cele-  ARXXTA ("ApOa-a: now Nakshivan), the capibrated monument, Mausoleum, which was re- tal of Great Armenia, before the building of
garded as one of the seven wonders of the Artaxata, lay lower down upon the Araxes, on
world, and the name of which subsequently be- the confines of Media.
came the generic term for any splendid sepul-  ARYANDES ('Apvdv(lqn), a Persian, who was
chral monument.                            appointed by Cambyses governor of Egypt, but
112




ARYBAS.                            ASCONIUS PEDIANUS.
was put to death by Darius, because he coined a salt-water lake on the borders of Phrygia and
silver money of the purest metal, in imitation Pisidia, which supplied the neighboring country
of the gold money of that monarch.        with salt.'[ARYBAS or ARYMBAS. Vid. ARRIBAS.]       ASCXNIUS ('Aavcdvto). [1. An ally of the TroARYCANDA ('ApvKcav&d), a small town of Ly- jans from the Phrygian Ascania. —2. Son of
cia, east of Xanthus, on the River Arycandus, Hippotion, also an ally of the Trojans.]-3. Son
a tributary of the Limyrus.               of iEneas by Creusa. According to some traARZANdNE ('ApSavyiv7), a district of Armenia ditions, Ascanius remained in Asia after the fall
Major, bounded on the south by the Tigris, on of Troy, and reigned either at Troy itself or at
the west by the Nymphius, and containing in it some other town in the neighborhood. Accordthe Lake Arsene ('Apan7vi: now Erzen). It ing to other accounts, he accompanied his father
formed pa - of GORDYENE.                  to Italy. Other traditions, again, gave the name
ARZEN or -ks, or ATRANUTZIN ('Ap'~v, YApter, of Ascanius to the son of.Eneas and Lavinia.'ATrpdovr(iv: now Erzeroum), a strong fortress Livy states that on the death of his father Ascain Great Armenia, near the sources of the Eu- nius was too young to undertake the governphrates and the Araxes, founded in the fifth ment, and that, after he had attained the age of
century.                                  manhood, he left Lavinium in the hands of his
AsBs ('Aaaiot), a people of Sarmatia Asiatica, mother, and migrated to Alba Longa. Here he
near the mouth of the Tanais (now Don).   was succeeded by his son Silvius. Some writASANDER ('Aaavdpof). 1. Son of Philotas, ers relate that Ascanius was also called Ilus or
brother of Parmenion, and one of the generals Tulus. The gens Julia It Rome traced its origin
of Alexander the Great. After the death of from Iulus or Ascanius.
Alexander in 323, he obtained Caria for his sat-  ASCYBURGIUM (now Asburg, near Mors), an anrapy, and took an active part in the wars which cient place on the left bank of the Rhine, foundfollowed. He joined Ptolemy and Cassander in ed, according to fable, by Ulysses.
their league against Antigonus, but was de-  AscII (acKtot, i. e., shadowless), a term applied
feated by Antigonus in 313.-2. A general of to the people living about the equator, between
Pharnaces II., king of Bosporus. He put Phar- the tropics, who have, at certain times of the
naces to death in 47, after the defeat of the year, the sun in their zenith at noon, when, conlatter by Julius Caesar, in hopes of obtaining the sequently, erect objects can, cast no shadow.
kingdom. But Caesar conferred the kingdom   ASCLEPIAXDE, the reputed descendants of Asupon Mithradates of Pergamus, with whom   clepius (zEsculapius). Vid. 2ESCULAPIUS.
Asander carried on war. Augustus afterward  ASCLEPIADES ('AaKr7rt(dnr). 1. A lyric poet,
confirmed Asander in the sovereignty.  [He who is said to have invented the metre called
died of voluntary starvation in his ninety-third after him (Metrum Asclepiadeum), but of whose
year.]                                    life no particulars are recorded.-2. Of Tragilus
[ASB6LUS ("Aa6o;of), a centaur, famed for his in Thrace, a contemporary and disciple of Isocskill in prophesying from the flight of birds;rates, about B.C. 360, wrote a work called
fought against the Lapithse at the nuptials of Tpayld ovieva in six books, being an explanaPirithous. He was crucified by Hercules.]  tion of the subjects of the Greek tragedies.
ASBYSTYS ('Aa6va7rat), a Libyan people, in the [The fragments of this work are published in
north of Cyrenaica. Their country was called Muller's Fragm. Hist. Grac., vol. iii., p. 301-6.'Ac6variC.                                — 3. Of Samos, a bucolic poet, who flourished
ASCA ("A/ca), a city of Arabia Felix.   just before the time of Theocritus, as he is
ASCALXBUS, son of Misrne, respecting whom  mentioned as his teacher: several epigrams in
the same story is told which we also find, relat- the Anthology are ascribed to him.] —4. Of
ed of ABAs, son of Metanira. Vid. ABAS, No. 1. Myrlea in Bithynia, in the middle of the first
ASCALAPHUS ('Aoxcdaaof). 1. Son of Mars centuryB.C., wrote several grammatical works;
(Ares) and Astyoche, led, with his brother Ial- [and a history of Bithynia, in ten books: a few
menus, the Minyans of Orchomenos against fragments of this last work are collected in
Troy, and was slain by De'phobus.-2. Son of Miiller's Fragm. Hist. Grac., vol. iii., p. 300-1.]
Acheron and Gorgyra or Orphne. When Pro- — 5. There were a great,many physicians of this
serpina (Persephone) was in the lower world, name, the most celebrated of whom was a naand Pluto gave her permission to return to the tive of Bithynia, who came to Rome in the
upper, providing she had not eaten any thing, middle of the first century B.C., where he acAscalaphus declared that she had eaten part of quired a great reputation by his successful cures.
a pomegranate. Ceres (Demeter) punished him  Nothing remains of his writings but a few fragby burying him under a huge stone, and when ments published by Gumpert, Asclepiadis Bithyni
this stone was subsequently removed by Her- Fragmenta, Vinar., 1794.
cules, Proserpina (Persephone) changed him  ASCLEPIODORUS ('AarcKrrL6dwpop). 1. A geninto an owl (adcKdaaofg), by sprinkling him with eral of Alexander the Great, afterward made
water from the River Phlegethon.          satrap of Persia by Antigonus, B.C. 317.-2.' A
ASCALON ('Afcatr6:'AaKacaover-Tg': now  celebrated Athenian painter, a contemporary of
Askaln), one of the chief cities of the Philis- Apelles.
tines, on the coast of Palestine, between Azotus  AscLEPIYUS. Vid. iESCULAPIUS.
and Gaza.                                   AscONIUS PEDIANUs, Q., a Roman grammaASCANIA ('AcKavea;iftvj). 1. (Now Lake rian, born at Patavium (now Padua), about B.C.
of Iznik), in Bithynia, a great fresh-water lake, 2, losthis sight in his seventy-third year, in the
at the eastern end of-which stood the city of Ni- reign of Vespasian, and died in his eighty-fifth
caea (now Iznik). The surrounding district was year, in the reign of Domitian. His most importalso called Ascania.-2. (Now Lake of BtTrdur), ant work was a Commentary on the speeches
8                                                              113




ASCORDUS.                                    ASIA.
of Cicero, and we still possess fragments of intercourse with the people of Asia Minor,
his Commentaries on the Divinatio, the first Syria, and Egypt, on the other hand, indicate a
two speeches against Verres, and a portion of certain degree of knowledge of the coast from
the third, the speeches for Cornelius (i., ii.), the mouth of the Phasis, at the eastern extremthe speech In toga candida, for Scaurus, against ity of the Black Sea, to the mouth of the Nile.
Piso, and for Milo. They are written in very This knowledge was improved and increased
pure language, and refer chiefly to points of by the colonization -of the western, northern,
history and antiquities, great pains being be- and southern coasts of Asia Minor, and by the
stowed on the illustration of those constitutional relations-into which these Greek colonies were
forms of the senate, the popular assemblies, and brought, first with the Lydian, and then with
the courts of justice, which were fast falling the Persian empires, so that; in the middle of
into oblivion under the empire. This character, the fifth century B.C., Herodotus was able to
however, does not apply to the notes on the give a pretty complete description of the PerVerrine orations, which were probably written sian empire, and some imperfect accounts of the
by a later grammarian. Edited in the fifth vol- parts beyond it; while some knowledge of
ume of Cicero's works by Orelli and Baiter. southern Asia was obtained by way of Egypt;
There is a valuable essay on Asconius by Mad- and its northern regions, with their wandering
vig, Hafniue, 1828.                       tribes, formed the subject of marvellous stories
AsCORDUS, a river in Macedonia, which rises which the traveller heard from the Greek coloin Mount Olympus, and flows between Agassa nists on the northern shores of the Black Sea.
and Dium into the Thermaic Gulf.          The conquests of Alexander, besides the perASCRA ('AaKpa:'AacpaioC), a town in Bceo- sonal acquaintance which they enabled the
tia, on Mount Helicon, where Hesiod resided, Greeks to form with those provinces of the Perwho had removed thither with his father from  sian,empire hitherto only known to them by
Cyme in zEolis, and who is therefore called report, extended their knowledge over the reAscrzces.                                 gions watered by the Indus and its four great
ASCULUM. 1. PICENUM (Asculanus: now As- tributaries (the Punjab and Scinde); the lower
coli), the chief town of Picenum and a Roman course of the Indus and the shores between its
municipium, was destroyed by the Romans in mouth and the head of the Persian Gulf were
the Social War (B.C. 89), but was afterward explored by Nearchus; and some further knowlrebuilt.-2. APULUM (AsculInus: now Ascoli di edge was gained of the nomad tribes which
Satriano), a town of Apulia, in Daunia, on the roamed (as they still do) over the vast steppes
confines of Samnium, near which the Romans of Central Asia by the attempt of Alexander to
were defeated by Pyrrhus, B.C. 279.       penetrate, on the northeast, beyond the Jaxartes
ASCURIS (now Ezero), a lake in Mount Olym- (now Sihoun); while, on all points, the Greeks
pus in Perrhaebia in Thessaly, near Lapathus.  were placed in advanced positions fromwhich to
ASDRIBAL. Vid. HkSDRUBAL.               acquire further -information, especially at AlexAsEA ('AEea), a town in Arcadia, not far andrea, whither voyagers constantly brought acfrom Megalopolis.                         counts of the shores of Arabia and India, as far
ASELLIO, P. SEMPRONIUS, tribune of the sol- as the island of Taprobane, and even beyond
diers under P. Scipio Africanus at Numantia, this, to the Malay peninsula and the coasts of
-B.C. 133, wrote a Roman history from the Pu- Cochin China. On the east and north the wars
nic wars inclusive to the times of the Gracchi. and commerce of the Greek kingdom of Syria
ASELLUS, TIB. CLAUDIUS, a Roman eques, was carried Greek knowledge of Asia no further,
deprived of his horseby Scipio Africanus Minor, except in the direction of India to a small exwhen censor, B.C. 142, and in his tribuneship tent, but of course more acquaintance was gainof the plebs in 139 accused Scipio Africanus be- ed with the countries already subdued, until the
fore the people.                          conquests of the Parthians shut out the Greeks
A siA('Aaia), daughterofOceanus and Tethys, from the country east of the Tigris valley; a
wife of Iapetus, and mother'of Atlas, Prome- limit which the Romans, in their turn, were
theus, and Epimetheus. According to some -never able to pass. They pushed their arms,
traditions, the continent of Asia derived its however, further north than the Greeks had
name from her.                            done, into the mountains of Armenia, and they
ASIA ('Aaia:'Aatevf, -  tarvo, -ga7r, -arTcOf: gained information of a great caravan route benow Asia), also in the poets Asis ('aaif), oneof tween India- and the shores of the Caspian,
the three great divisions which the ancients through Bactria, and of another commercial
made of the known world. It is doubtful wheth- track leading over Central Asia to the distant
er the name is of Greek or Eastern origin; but, regions of the Seres. This brief sketch will
in either case, it seems to have been first used show that all the. accurate knowledge of the
by-the Greeks for the western part of-Asia Mi- Greeks and Romans respecting Asia was connor, especially the plains watered by the river fined to the countries which slope down southCayster, where the Ionian colonists first settled; ward from the great mountain chain formed by
and thence, as their geographical knowledge the Caucasus and its prolongation beyond the
advanced, they extended it to the whole coun- Caspian to the Himalayas: of the vast elevated
try east, northeast, and southeast. The first steppes between these mountains and the cenknowledge which the Greeks possessed of the tral range of the Altai (from which the northern
opposite shores of the AEgean Sea dates before regions of Siberia again slope down to the Arc-the earliest historical records.  The legends tic Ocean) they only knew that they were inrespecting the Argonautic and the Trojan ex- habited by nomad tribes, except the' country
peditions, and other mythical stories, on the one directly north of Ariana, where the Persian emhand, and the allusions to commercial and other pire had extended beyond the mountain chain,
114




ASIA.                                    ASOPIS.
and where the Greek kingdom of Bactria had ly, Mysia, Lydia, and Caria on the west; Lycia,
been subsequently established. The notions of Pamphyiia, and Cilicia on the south; Bithynia,
the ancients respecting, the size and form of Paphlagonia, and' Pontus on the north; and
Asia were such as might be inferred from what Phrygia, Pisidia, Galatia, and Cappadocia in the
has been stated. Distanfces computed from the centre: see, also, the articles TROAS, JLOLIA,
accounts of travellers are always exaggerated; IONIA, DORIA, LYCAONIA, IsAUIA, PERGAMUS,
and hence the southern part of the cpntinent HALYS, SANGARIUS, TAURUS, &c.-3. ASIA PROwas supposed to extend much further to'the PRIA ('A. / lWirtC tcaaov/evy), or simply ASIA, the
east than it really does (about 60~ of longitude Roman province, formed out of the kingdom of
too much, according to Ptolemy), while to the Pergamus, which was bequeathed to the Ronorth and northeastern parts, which were' quite mans by ATTALUS III. (B.C. 130), and the Greek
unknown, much too small an extent was assign- cities on the west coast, and' the adjacent isled. However, all the ancient geographers, ex-ands, with Rhodes. It included'the districts of
cept Pliny, agreed in considering it the largest Mysia, Lydia, Caria, and Phrygia, and was govof the three divisions of the world, and- all be- erned at first by proprietors, afterward by prolieved i to be surrounded by the ocean, with consuls. Under Constantine the Great a new
the curious exception of Ptolemy, who recurred division was made, and Asia only extended
to the early notion, which we find in the poets, along the coast from the Promontorium Lectum
that the eastern parts of Asia and the south- to the mouth of the Maeander.
eastern parts of Africa were united by'land  [ASIATIcus, a surname of the Scipios and Vawhich inclosed the Indian Ocean on the east lerii.]
and south. The different opinions about the  [ASIDATES ('AuaidrTg), a Persian nobleman,
boundaries of Asia on the side of Africa are whose castle was unsuccessfully attacked by
mentioned under AFRICA: on the side of Europe'Xenophon, but who was afterward captured
the boundary was formed'by the River Tanais with all his property.]
(now Don), the Palus Mleotis (now Sea of Azof),  [ASINA, a surname of the Scipios.]
P.ontus Euxinus (now Black Sea), Propontis  [ASIN US SINUS, another name'of the Messe(now Sea of Marmara), and the LEgean (now  niacus Sinus.  Vid. ASINE, NO. 3.]
Archipelago).  The most general division of  ASINARUS ('Acivapoc: now'Fiume di Noto or
Asia was.into two parts, which were different Fireddo?), a river on the east side of Sicily, on
at different times, and known by different; names. which the Athehians were defeated by the SyrTo the earliest Greek colonists the River Halys, acusans, B.C. 413' the Syracusans'celebrated
the eastern boundary of the Lydian kingdom, here an annual festival called Asinaria.
formed a natural division between Upper and  ASINE ('aivr:'AtavaEoS). 1. (Now PassaLower Asia (a avo'A., or ra avw'Aailg, and 7 wa), a town in Laconica, on the coast between
Kdro'A., or r7- KTrw) TrC'Aa7c, or'A. v evT6r  Taenarum and Gythium.-2. (Now- Phurnos), a
"AavoS rrorao/ov);' and afterward the Euphrates town in Argolis, west of Hermione, was built
was adopted as a more natural boundary. An- by the Dryopes,'who were driven out of the
other division was made by the Taurus into A. town by the Argives after the'first Messenian
intra Taurum, i. e., the part of Asia north and war, and built No. 3.-3. (Now Saratza?), an
northwest of the Taurus, and A. extra Tarum, impdrtant town in Messenia, near the Promonall'the rest of the continent ('A. EVTOorcO  TaV- tory Acritas, on the Messenian Gulf, which was
pov, and'A. e/rT-h roo Taepov).  The division hence also called the Asinaean Gulf.
ultimately adopted, but apparently not till the  ASINIA GEN', plebeian,came from Teate, the
fourth century of'our era, was that of Asia Ma- chief town of the Marrucini; and the first perjor and' Asia Minor.  1. ASIA MAJOR ('A. v son of the name mentioned is Herius Asinius,
isey7i27) was the part of the continent east of the leader of the Marrucini in the Marsic war,
the Tanais, the Euxine, an imaginary line drawn B.C. 90. The Asinii are given under their surfrom the Euxine at Trapezus (now Trebizond) to names, GALLUS and- POLLIO.
the Gulf of Issus, and the Mediterranean: thus  AsIYs (CActoc). 1. Son of Hyrtacus of Arisit included the countries of Sarmatica Asiatica, be, and father of Acamas and Phaenops, an ally
with all the Scythian tribes to the east, Colchis, of theTrojans, slain by Idomeneus.-2. Son of
Iberia, Albania,Armenia, Syria, Arabia, Babylo- Dymnas and brother of Hecuba, whose form
nia, Mesopotamia, Assyria, Media, Susiana, Per- Apollo assumed when he roused Hector to fight
sis, Ariana, Hyrcania, Margiana,'Bactriana, Sog- agai.nst Patroclus.-[3. Son of Imbrasus, acdiana, India, the land of the Sinae and Serica; companied LEneas to Italy.]-4. Of Samos, one
respecting which, see the several articles.-  of the earliest Greek poets, lived probably about
2. ASIA MINOR ('Aaia v p/Kp d: now Anatolia), B.C. 700.'He wrote epic and elegiac poems,
was the peninsula on the extreme west of Asia, which have perished with the exception of a
bounded by the Euxine, zEgean, and Mediter- few fragments; [and these have been published
raneanron the north, west, and south; and on the with the fragments of Callinus and Tyrteus, by
east by the mountains on the west of the upper Bach; in the Minor Epic Poets, in Didot's Bibl.
course of the Euphrates. It was, for the most Grac.; and by Bergk, in his Poet. Lyrici Gerc.]
part, a fertile country, intersected with mount-  ASMRlA,  a district and cityof Serica, in the
ains and rivers, abounding in minerals, possess- north of Asia, near mountains" called ASMIRE
ing excellent harbors, and peopled, from the MONTES, which are supposed to be the Altai
earliest, known period, by a variety of tribes range, and the city to be Khamil, in the centre
from Asia and from Europe.' For particulars ofChinese Tartary.
respecting. the country, the reader is referred  [AsPIs ('AarriT)..1. Daughter of the riverto the separate articles upon the parts intogod Asopus.-2..Daughter of Thespius, mother
which it was divided by the later Greeks, name- of Mentor.]
115




ASOPUS.                            ASPHALTITES LACUS.
AsaPUS ('Aruwr6O). 1. (Now Basilikos), a riv- his father to surrender Aspasia to him. Tne
er in Peloponnesus, rises near Phlius, and flows request could not be refused as coming from the
through the Sicyonian territory into the Corinth- king elect; Artaxerxes, therefore, gave her ugY;
ian Gulf. Asopus, the ~god. of this river, was but he soon after took her away again, and
son of Oceanus and Tethys, husband of Metope, made her a priestess of a temple at Ecbatana
and father of Evadne, Eubcea, and EEgina, each where strict celibacy was requisite,
of whom was therefore called Asopis ('AoCn7ri).  ASPASI. Vid. ASPII,
When Jupiter (Zeus) carried off.Egina, Aso-  ASPASIUS ('Aa6crioCr). 1. A peripatetic phipus attempted to fight with him, but he was losopher, lived about A.D. 80, and wrote consmitten by the thunderbolt of Jupiter (Zeus), and mentaries on most of the works of Aistotle.
from that time the bed of the river contained A portion of his commentaries on the Nico
pieces of charcoal. By LEgina Asopus became machean Ethics is still preserved.-2. Of Bybthe grandfather of AEacus, who is therefore lus, a Greek sophist, lived about A.D. 180, and
called' Asopiades.-2. (Now Asopo), a river in wrote commentaries on Demosthenes and AEsBceotia, forms the northern boundary of the ter- chines, of which a few extracts are preserved;
ritory of Plateaee, flows through the south of [the extracts relating to him are collected by
Boeotia, and falls into the Eubcean Sea near Miller, in the third volume ofDidot's Fragmenta
Delphinium in Attica. [On the banks of this Historicorum Gracorum, p. 576.-3. Of Tyre, a
river was fought the famous battle of Plataae.] rhetorician and historian, who, according to Su-3. A river in Phthiotis in Thessaly, rises in das, wrote a history of Epirus and of things in
Mount CEta, and flows into the Maliac Gulf near it in'twenty books; but Muller (Frigmeinta HisThermopylae.-4. A river in Phrygia, flows past toricorum Gracorum, p. 576), with much probaLaodicea into the Lycus.-5. (Now Esapo), a bility, suggests Tvpov for'Hireipov, and so the
town in Laconica, on the east side of the Laco- account would be of Tyre.-4. Of Ravenna, a
nian Gulf.                                distinguished sophist and rhetorician, who lived
ASPADiNA ('Aafrasdva: now Ispahan?), a town about 225 A.D., in the reign of Alexander Seof the district Paretacene in Persis.     verus. His works are now lost.]
[ASPALIS ('AaoraG2r),. daughter of Argeus,  ASPENDUS (^Aorevdof:'Aariv6itogb, Aspendiconcerning whom an interesting legend is pre- us: now Dashashkehr or Manaugat), a strong
served in Antoninus Liberalis.]           and flourishing city of Pamphylia, on the small
[ASPAR, a Numidian, sent by Jugurtha to Boc- navigable river Eurymedon, sixty stadia (six
chus in order to learn his designs, when the lat- geographical miles) from its mouth: said to
ter had sent for Sulla. He was, however, de- have been a colony of the Argives.
ceived by Bocchus.]                         ASPER, AEMILIUS, a Roman grammarian, who
ASPARAGIUM (now Iscarpar), a town in the wrote commentaries on Terence and Virgil,
territory of Dyrrhachium, in Illyria.     must be distinguished from another grammaASPASIA ('ACAFraaa). 1. The elder, of Miletus, rian, usually called Asper Junior, the author of
daughter of Axiochus, the most celebrated of a small work entitled Ars Grammatica, printed
the Greek Heteerse (vid. Diet. of Antiq., s. v.), in the Grammat. Lat. Auctores, by Putschius,
came to reside at Athens, and there gained and Hanov., 1605.
fixed the affections of Pericles, not more by her  ASPHALTITES LACUS or MARE MORTUUM ('ACbeauty than by her high mental accomplish- Oa;T-lrtr or Zod6osrc t  ivy, or ij 9dauaaa 7j VeKrents. Having parted with his-wife, Pericles pa), the great salt and bituminous lake in the
attached himself to Aspasia during the rest of southeast of Palestine, which receives the
his life as closely as was allowed by the law,'water of the Jordan, [is ofan irregular oblong
which forbade marriage with a foreign woman figure, about forty miles long and eight miles
under severe penalties. The enemies of Peri- broad.] It has no visible outlet, and its surface
cles accused Aspasia of impiety (aEi6eta), and is [a little more than thirteen hundred feet] beit required all the personal influence of Pericles, low the level of the Mediterranean. [It is called
who defended her, and his most earnest en- the Dead Sea from the desolation prevailing
treaties and tears, to procure her acquittal. The along its shores, as well as from the belief that
house of Aspasia was the centre of the best no living creature can exist in its waters.] AIliterary and philosophical-society of Athens, and though the tales about birds dropping down dead
was frequented even by Socrates. On the death as they fly over it are now proved to be fabuof Pericles (B.C. 429), Aspasia is said to have lous, [yet the waters ana the surrounding soil
attached herself to one Lysicles, a dealer in cat- are so intensely impregnated with salt and sultle, and to have made him, by her instructions, phur that no tree or plants grow on its banks 
a first-rate orator. The son of Pericles'by As- and it is doubted, with great probability, whether
pasia was legitimated by a special decree of the any fish live in its waters, for these, when expeople, and took his father's name.-2. The amined by a powerful microscope, have been
Younger, a Phocaean, daughter of Hermotimus, found to contain no animalculae or animal matter
was the favorite concubine of Cyrus the Young- whatever. This sea has been very recently exer, who called her Aspasia after the mistress plored for the first time with accuracy by Lienof Pericles, her previous name having been Mil- tenant Lynch of the United States navy, who
to, [from pti-rof, vermilion, being so called on has proved that the bottom of the sea consists
account of the brilliancy of her complexion.] of two submerged plains, an elevated and a de.
After the death of Cyrus at the battle of Cu.. pressed one, the former averaging thirteen, the
naxa (B.C. 401), she fell into the hands of Ar- latter thirteen hundred, feet below the surface.
taxerxes, who likewise became deeply enamor- The shallow portion is to the south; the deeper,
ed of-her. When Darius, son of Artaxerxes, which is also the larger, to the north. This
was appointed successor to the throne, he asked southern and shallow portion would appear to
116




ASPII.                                   ASTAPA.
have been originally the fertile plain of Siddim, gris, between the mountains of Armenia on the
L which the guilty cities stood.]         north, those of Kurdistan on the east, and the
ASPII or AsPASII ('Aavreot,'Aa7rdcot), an In- Arabian Desert on the west, so as to include,
dian tribe, in the district of the Paropamisadae, besides Assyria Proper, Mesopotamia and Babbetween the rivers Choes (now Kama) and In- ylonia; nay, there is sometimes an apparent
dous, in the northeast of Afghanistan and the confusion between Assyria and Syria, which
northwest of the Punjab.                  gives ground for the supposition that the terms
AsPis ('Aair). 1. CLYPEA (now Klibiah), a were originally identical.-3. By a further excity on a promontory of the same name, near tension the word is used to designate the Asthe northeastern point of the Carthaginian ter7 syrian Empire in its widest sense. The early
t'itory, founded by Agathocles, and taken in the history of this great monarchy is too obscure to
first Punic war by the Romans, who called it be given here in any detail; and, indeed, it is
Clypea, the translation of'Aa-ri. —2. (Now  only just now that new means of investigating
iiarsa-Zaffran? ruins), in the African Tripoli- it are being acquired. The germ of this empire
tana, the best harbor on the coast ot the Great was one of. the first great states of which we
Syrtis.-3. Vid. AaCONNESUS.               have any record, and was probably a powerful
ASPLEDON ('AT7rA65dv:'AaTr2O(76vto0), or and civilized kingdom as early as Egypt. Its
SPLEDON, a town of the Minye, in Boeotia, on reputed founder was Ninus, the builder of the
the River Melas, near Orchomenus; built by capital city; and in its widest extent it included
the mythical Aspledon, son of Neptune (Posei- the countries just mentioned, with Media, Perdon) and Midea.                           sis, and portions of the countries to the east
AssS ({"Aaca:'Aaoaio), a town in Chalcid- and northeast, Armenia, Syria, Phoenicia, and
ice, in Macedonia, on the Singitic Gulf.  Palestine, except the kingdom of Judah; and,
AssACENi (CAccaKavoi), an Indian tribe, in the beyond these limits, some of the Assyrian kings
district of the Paropamisade, between the rivers made incursions into Arabia and Egypt. The
Cophen (now Cabool) and Indus, in the north- fruitless expedition of Sennacherib against the
west of the Punjab.                      flatter country and the miraculous destruction
AssSRacus ('AoaipaxKo), king of Troy,. son of of his army before Jerusalem (B.C. 714), so
Tros, father of Capys, grandfather of Anchises, weakened the empire, that-the Medes revolted
and great-grandfather of En.neas. Hence the and formed a separate kingdom, and at last, in
Romans, as descendants of AEneas, are called B.C. 606, the governor of Babylonia united with
domus Assaraci (Virg., /En., i., 284).    Cyaxares, the king of Media, to conquer AssyrAssEsup ('Aaoyj6), a town of Ionia, near Mi- ia, which was divided between them, Assyria
letus, with a temple of Minerva (Athena), sur- Proper falling to the share of Media, and the
named'Aauyaia.                           rest of the empire to Babylon. The Assyrian
ASsoRus ('A.aoopdc or'Aaaup,,ov:'Aauoplvoc: king and all his family perished, and the city of
now Asaro), a small town in Sicily, between Ninus was razed to the ground.  Compare
Enna and Agyrium.                         BABYLON and MEDIA. It must be noticed as a
Assus ('AamoS:'Aaator,'AaaeVC: now Asso, caution, that some writers confound the Assyrruins near Beiram). 1. A flourishing city in the ian and Babylonian empires under the former
Tread, on the Adramyttian Gulf, opposite to name.
Lesbos: afterward called Apollonia: the birth-  ASTA (Astensis). 1. (Now Asti in Piedmont),
place of Cleanthes the Stoic. —[2. A tributary an inland town of Liguria on the Tanarus, a
of the Cephisus, in Phocis and Boeotia.]  Roman colony.-2. (Now Mesa de Asta), a town
AssYRA.('Aaavpia:'AaavploS, Assyrius: now  in Hispania Baetica, near Gades, a Roman colKurdistan). 1. The country properly so called, ony with the surname Regia.
in the narrowest sense,was a district of West-  ASTABORAS ('Aara66pa: now Atbarah or Taera Asia, extending along the eastern side'of cazza) and ASTIPUS ('Aararove, now Bahr-elthe Tigris, which divided it on the west and Azrek or Blue River), two rivers of.Ethiopia,
northwest from Mesopotamia and Babylonia, having their sources in the highlands of Abysand bounded on the north and east by Mount sinia, and uniting in about 17~ north latitude
Niphates and Mount Zagrus, which separated to form the Nile. The land inclosed by them
it from Armenia and Media, and on the south- was the so-called island of MEROE.
east by Susiana. It was watered by several  ASTcus ('"AoTaKoc). 1. A Theban, father of
streams, flowing into the Tigris from the east; Ismarus, Leades, Asphodicus, and Melanippus.
two of which, the Lycus or Zabatus (now Great -[2. Son of Neptune (Poseidon) and the nymph
Zab), and the Caprus, or Zabas,or Anzabas (now  Olbia, reputed founder of the city AsTAcus, q. v.
Litsle Zab), divided the country into three parts: 2.]
that between the Upper Tigris and the Lycus  ASTAcus ('AoraKor:'AaraKtcv6C). 1. (Now
was called Aturia (a mere dialectic variety of Dragomestre), a city of Acarnania, on the AcheAssyria), was probably the most ancient seat loiis.-2. A celebrated city of Bithynia, at the
of the monarchy, and contained the capital, southeast corner of;the Sinus Astacenus ('AaNineveh or NINus; that between the Lycus ralKvb Ko6Tro), a bay of the Propontis, was a
and the Caprus was called Adiabene; and the colony from Megara, but afterward received
part southeast of the Caprus contained the dis- fresh colonists from Athens, who called the
triers of Apolloniatis and Sittacene. Another place Olbia ('OX6ia). It was destroyed by Lydivision into districts, given by Ptolemy, is the simachus, but rebuilt on a neighboring site, at
following:. Arrhapachitis, Calacine, Adiabene, the northeast corner of the gulf, by Nicomedes
Arbelitis- Apolloniatis, and Sittacene.-2. In a I., who named his new city NIcoMEDIA.
wider sense the name was applied to the whole  ASTAPA (now Estepa), a town in Hispania
country watered by the Euphrates and the Ti- Beetica.
117




ASTAPUS.                                ASTYDAMIA.
ASTXPUS. Vid. ASTABORAS                 father of the winds Zephyrus, Boreas, and NoASTARTE. Vid. APHRODITE and SYRIA DEA. tus, Eosphorus (the morning star), and all the
ASTELEPHUS ('AcTOe,0oC), a river of Colchis, stars of heaven. Ovid (Met., xiv., 545) calls
one hundred and twenty stadia (twelve geo- the winds Astral (adj.) fratres, the "Astrsan'
graphical miles) south of Sebastopolis.   brothers."
[ASTER ('AarTp), a skillful archer, one of the  ASTUfRA. 1. (Now La Stura), a river in Lagarrison of Methone in Macedonia, who, when tium, rises in the Alban Mountains, and flows
Philip was besieging that city, aimed an arrow at between Antium and Circeii into the Tyrrhenian
him, with this inscription on it,'AnTirp bLaiTTro Sea. At its mouth it formed a small island with
~avldaLuov l reareet teoeS, and deprived him of an a town upon it, also called Astura (now Torre
eye.' Philip sent back an arrow into the town d'Astura): here Cicero had an estate.-2. (Now
with the inscription on it,'Aaorpa iEtzrlroc, rlvEzla), a river in Hispania Tarraconensis, flow1A6,, KpEtrjoCeat. When the place was taken ing into the Durius.
Philip crucified Aster.]                    ASTURES, a people in the northwest of Spain,
ASTERIA ('Aarepia), daughter of the Titan bounded on the east by the Cantabri and VacCoeus and Phoebe, sister of Leto (Latona), wife cei, on the west by the Galleci, on the north
of Perses, and mother of Hecate. In order to by the Ocean, and on the south by the Vettones,
escape the embraces of Jupiter (Zeus), she is thus inhabiting the modern Asturias and the
said to have taken the form of a quail (ortyx, northern part of Leon and Valladolid. They conopTrv), and to have thrown herself down from  tained twenty-two tribes and two hundred and
heaven into the sea, where she was metamorph- forty thousand freemen, and were divided into
osed into the island Asteria (the island which the Augustani and Transmontani, the former
had fallen from heaven like a star), or Ortygia, of whom dwelt south of the mountains as far
afterward called Delos.                   as the Durius, and the latter north of the mount[ASTERIA. Vid. ASTERIS.]                ains down to the sea-coast. The country of
ASTERION or ASTERIUS ('Aarepiov or'AcrE- the Astures was mountainous, rich in minerals,
piot). 1. Son of Teutamus, and king of the and celebrated for its horses: the people themCretans, married Europa after she had been selves were rude and warlike. Their chief town
carried to Crete by Jupiter (Zeus), and brought was Asturica Augusta (now Astorga).
up the three sons, Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhad-  ASTYAGES ('Aarvdyyc), son of Cyaxares, last
amanthys, whom she had by the fatir of the king of Media, reigned B.C. 594-559. Alarmed
gods.-2. Son of Cometes, Pyremus, or Priscus, by a dream, he gave his daughter Mandane m
by Antigone, daughter of Pheres, was one of marriage to Cambyses, a Persian of good family.
the Argonauts.-[8, Son of Minos, slain by The- Another dream induced him to send Harpagus
seus.-4. A small river of Argolis, the god of to destroy the offspring of this marriage. The
which was father of Astraea..             child, the fiture conqueror of the Medes, was
ASTERIS or ASTERIA ('AArepic,'Aorepia), a given to a herdsman to expose, but he brought
small island between Ithaca and Cephallenia.  it up as his own. Years afterward, circumASTERIUM ('Aarepeor), a town in Magnesia, in stances occurred which brought the young Cyrus
Thessaly.                                 under the notice of Astyages, who, on inquiry,
[ASTERIUS ('AarEptog). 1. Son of Hyperasius, discovered his parentage. He inflicted a cruel
an Argonaut.-2. Son of Neleus, brother of Nes- punishment on Harpagus, who waited his time
tor. Vid. also ASTERION.                  for revenge. When Cyrus had grown up to
ASTEROPEUS ('Aarepo.raZor), son of Pelegon, man's estate, Harpagus induced him to instileader of the Paeonians, and an ally of the Tro- gate the Persians to revolt, and, having been
jans, was slain by Achilles.              appointed general of the Median forces, he de[ASTEROPE ('ATrepo6ry), daughter of the river- serted with the greater part of them to Cyrus.
god Cebren, wife of XEsacus.]             Astyages was taken prisoner, and Cyrus mount[ASTEROPFA ('AurepOTrEta). 1. Daughter of ed the throne. He treated the captive monarch
Pelias.-2, Daughter of Deius in Phocis, sister with mildness, but kept him in confinement till
of Cephalus.]                             his death. This is the account of Herodotus,
AsTIGI (now Ecigaa), a town in Hispania and is to be preferred to that of Xenophon who
Beetica, on the River Singulis, a Roman colony makes Cyrus the grandson of Astyages, but
with the surname Augusta Firma.           says that Astyages was succeeded by his son
[ASTRABACUS ('Aarpd66aKof), a son of Irbus, Cyaxares II., on whose death Cyrus succeemded
brother of Alopecus, of the family of the Eurys- peaceably to the vacant throne.
thenidae, an ancient Laconian hero, who had a he-  ASTiXNAX ('A erv(iaf), son of Hetor and Anroum in Sparta, and was worshipped as a god.] dromacbe: his proper name was Seamarna.dri-us,
AsTRaEA ('Aarpana), daughter ofJupiter-(Zeus) but he was called Astyanax orlord of t aE
and Themis, or, according to others, of Astraeus city" by the Trojans, on account of the services
and Eos. During the Golden Age, this star- of his father. After the taking of Trmy the
bright maiden lived on earth and among men, Greeks hurled him down from the walls, tbah
whom she blessed; but when that age had pass-'he might not restore the kingdom of Troy.
ed away, Astreea, who tarried longest among  ASTYDAMAS ('Arvdiar)  a tragicr poety som
men, withdrew, and was placed among the stars, of Morsimus and of a sister of the poet sEchwhere she was called lHapOevoc or Virgo. Her lus, and a pupil of Isocrates, wrote tS vo hudred
sister ACl6c, or Pudicitia, left the earth along and forty tragedies, and gained the prize fiteea
with her (ad superos Astreea recessit, hac (Pudi- times. His first tragedy was acted B.C. 399.
citia) comite, Juv., vi., 19.)              ASTYDAMIA ('Acrv6d6eia). I. Daughter of
ASTRmuS ('Aacrpao), a Titan, son of Crius Amyntor, and mother of Tlepolemus by -di
and Eurybia, husband of Eos (Aurora), and cules.-2. Wife of AcASTUS.
118




ASTYLUS.                                   ATEIUS.
[ASTYLUS ('AGrvTXo), of Crotona, a distin- she could not abstain from gathering them, and
guished athlete, gained several prizes at the Milanion thus gained the goal before her. She
Olympic games.]                           accordingly became his wife. - They were subASTYN6ME ('ACoTvvo6r), daughter of Chryses, sequently both metamorphosed into lions, bebetter known under her patronymic CHRYSEIS. cause they had profaned by their embraces the.
[ASTYNOUS ('AaTrvOOC). 1. Son of Phaethon, sacred grove of Jupiter (Zeus).-2. The Boeotian
father of Sandacus.-2.,Son of Protiaon, a Tro- Atalanta. The same stories are related of her
jan, slain by Neoptolemus.-3. A Trojan, slain as of the Arcadian Atalanta, except that her
by Diomedes.]                             parentage and the localities are described difAST'YCHE or ASTYOCHIA ('AaTv67 or'ACrT6- ferently. Thus she is said to have been a daughxea). 1. Daughter of Actor, by whom Mars ter of Schcenus, and to have been married to
(Ares) begot Ascalaphus and Ialmenus.-2. Hippomenes. Her foot-race is. transferred to
Daughter of Phylas, king of Ephyra in Thes- the Boeotian Onchestus, and the sanctuary which
protia, became by Hercules the'mother of Tie- the newly-married couple profaned by their love
polemus.                                  was a temple of Cybele, who metamorphosed
ASTrOCHUS ('Ao-rio~o,), the Lacedemonian them into lions, and yoked them to her chariot.
admiral in B.C. 412, commanded on the coast  ATALANTE ('AraidTn?:'Araavra7toj). 1. A
of Asia Minor, where he was bribed by the small island in the Euripus, on the coast of the
Persians to remain inactive.              Opuntian Locri, with a small town of the same
ASTYPAL A ('ATrvwdrat2a:'Aarvwraaltevi, name.-[2. A small island on the coast of At-'AarvTraZa&adrC: now Stampalia). 1. One of the tica, near the Piraus.]-3. A town of MacedoSporades, in the southern part of the Grecian' nia, on the Axius, in the neighborhood of Gor-archipelago, with a town of the same name, tynia and domene.
founded by the Megarians, which was under the  ATARANTES ('ATdpavregS), a people in the east
Romans alibera civitas. (Astypaleia regna, i. e, of Libya, described by Herodotus (iv., 184).
Astypalcea, Ov., iMlet., vii., 461.) The inhabit-  ATARBECHIS. Vid. APHRODITOPOLIS.
ants worshipped Achilles. —[2. A point of land  ATARNEUS ('Arapve8v: now Dikeli), a city on
in Attica, near Sunium.-3. A point of land in Mount Cane, on the coast of Mysia, opposite to
Caria, near Myndus.-4. An ancient city in the Lesbos: a colony of the Chians: the residence
island Cos, which the inhabitants abandoned, of the tyrant Hermias, with whom Aristotle reand built the city Cos instead.]          sided some time: destroyed before the time of'ASTYRA (rT "AArvpa), a town of Mysia, north- Pliny.
west of Adramyttium, on a marsh connected   ATAULPHUS, ATHAULPHUS, ADAULPHUS (i. e.,
with the sea, with a grove sacred to Diana (Ar- Athaulf, " sworn helper," the same name as that
temis), surnamed'AarVpivr or -jvv.       which appears in later history under the form
ASYCHIs ("Aavxyt), an ancient king of Egypt, of Adolf or Adolphus), brother of Alaric's wife.
succeeded Mycerinus.                      He assisted Alaric in his invasion of Italy, and
ATABULUS, the name in Apulia of the parching on the death of that monarch in A.D. 410, he
southeast wind, the Sirocco, which is at present was elected king of the Visigoths.  He then
called Altino in Apulia.                  made a peace with the Romans, married PlaATABYRIS or ATABYRIUM ('A1ra6VPlov), the cidia, sister of Honorius, retired with his nation
highest mountain in Rhodes on the southwest into the south of Gaul, and finally withdrew into
of that island, on which was a celebrated temple Spain, where he was murdered at Barcelona.
of Jupiter (Zeus) Atabyrius, said to have been  ATAX (now Aude), originally called Narbo, a
founded by Althamenes, the grandson of Minos. river in Gallia Narbonensis, rises in the Pyre[ATAciNus. TVid. ATAX.]                 nees, and flows by Narbo Martius into the Lacus
ATXGIS. Vid. ATHESIS.                   Rubresus or Rubrensis, which is connected with
ATALANTA ('Arau2ivry). 1..The Arcadian Ata- the sea. From this river the poet P. Terenla.nta, was a daughter of lasus (Iasion or lasius) tius Varro obtained the surname Atacinus. Vid.
and Clymene. Her father, who had wished for VARRO.
a son, was disappointed at her birth, arid ex-  ATEf ("Ar^), daughter ofEris or Jupiter (Zeus),
posed her on the Parthenian (virgin) hill, where was an ancient Greek divinity, who led both
she was suckled by a she-bear, the symbol of gods and men into rash and-inconsiderate acDiana (Artemis). After she ha'd grown up she tions. She once even induced Jupiter (Zeus),
lived ia pure maidenhood, slew the centaurs at the birth of Hercules, to take an oath by
w'ho pursued her, and took part in the Caly- which Juno (Hera) was afterward enabled to
donian hunt. Her father.subsequently recog- give to Eurystheus the power which had been
nized her as his daughter; and when he desired destined for Hercules. When Jupiter (Zeus)
h er to marry, she required.every suitor who discovered his'rashless, he hurled Ate fiom
wanted to win her to contend- with her first in Olympus, and banished her forever from the
the foot-race. If he conquered her, he was to abodes of the gods. In the tragic writers Ate
be rewarded with-her hand; if not, he was to appears in a different light: she avenges evil
be put to death. This she did because she was deeds and inflicts just punishments upon the
the most swift-footed of mortals, and because offenders and- their posterity, so that her charthe Delphic oracle had cautioned her against acter is almost the same as that of Nemesis and
-marriage. She conquered many suitors, but Erinnys. She appears most prominent in the
was at length overcome by Milanion with the dramas of 2Eschylus, and least in those of Euassistance of Venus (Aphrodite). rThe goddess ripides, with whom the idea of Dike (justice) is
had given him three golden apples, and during more fully developed.
the race he dropped them one after the other:  ATEIUS, surnamed Pratextatus and Philolotheir beauty charmed Atalanta so much. that gus, a celebrated grammarian at Rome, about.119




ATEIUS CAPITO.                                ATHENA.
B.C. 40, and a friend of Sallust, for whom he of fortune. He was the great champion of the
drew up an Epitome (Breviarium) of Roman orthodox faith, as it has been expounded at the
History. After the death of Sallust Ateius lived Council at Nice in 325, and was therefore exon intimate terms with Asinius Pollio, whom  posed to persecution whenever the Arians got
he assisted in his literary pursuits.    the upper hand in the state. He was thrice
ATEIUS- CPITO. Vid. CAPITO.             driven from his see into exile through their
ATELL. (Atellanus; now Aversa), a town in machinations, and thrice recalled. He died in
Campania, between Capua and Neapolis, orig- 373. The Athanasian creed was not composed
inally inhabited by the Oscans, afterward a Ro- by Athanasius: its real author is unknown.
man municipium and a colony. It revolted to The best edition of his works is by Montfaucon,
Hannibal (B.C. 216) after the battle of Canna, Paris, 1698, reprinted at Padua, 1,777.
and the Romans, in consequence, transplanted  ATHENA ('AO~vn or'A0vva), (Roman Mfinerva),
its inhabitants to Calatia, and peopled the town one of the great divinities of the Greeks. Hoby new citizens from Nuceria.  Atella owes mer calls her a daughter of Zeus (Jupiter), withits celebrity to the Atellanc Fabulce or Oscan out any allusion to the manner of her birth; but
farces, which took their name from this town. later traditions related that she was born from
(Vid. Diet. of Antiq., p. 347, second edition.)  the head of Zeus (Jupiter), and some added that
ATERNUM (now Pescara), a town in Central she sprang forth with a mighty war-shout and
Italy, on the Adriatic, at the mouth of the River in complete armor. The most ancient tradiAternus (now Pescara), was the common harbor tion, as preserved by Hesiod, stated that Metis,
of the Vestini, Marrucini, and Peligni.   the first wife of Zeus (Jupiter), was the mother
ATERNUS. Vid. ATERNUT.                  of Athena (Minerva), but that Metis, when pregATESTE (Atestinus: now Este), a Roman col- nant with her, was, on the advice of Geaa and
ony in the country of the Veneti, in Upper Italy. Uranus, swallowed up by Zeus (Jupiter), and
ATHACUS, a town in Lyncestis, in Macedonia. that Zeus (Jupiter) afterward gave birth himATHAMiNIA ('AOauava:'Aa/Eciv, aivo), a self to Athena (Minerva), who sprang from his
mountainous country in the south of Epirus, on head. Another set of traditions regarded her
the west side of Pindus, of which Argithea was as the daughter of Pallas, the winged giant,
the chief town. The Athamanes were a Thes- whom she afterward killed on account of his atsalian people, who had been driven out of Thes- tempting to violate her chastity; and a third set
saly by the Lapithe. They were governed by carried her to Libya, and called her a daughter
independent princes, the last of whom was AMY- of Poseidon (Neptune) and Tritonis. These vaNANDER.                                   rious traditions about Athena (Minerva) arose,
ATHAMAS ('ABhufya), son of oEolus and Ena- as in most other cases, from local legends and
rete, and king of Orchomenus in Boeotia.' At identifications of the Greek Athena with other
the command of Juno (Hera), Athamas married divinities. But, according to the general belief
Nephele, by whom he became the father of of the Greeks, she was the daughter of Zeus
PHRIXUS and Helle.  But he was secretly in (Jupiter); and if we take Metis to have been
love with the mortal Ino, the daughter of Cad- her mother, we have at once the clew to the
mus, by whom he begot Learchus and Meli- character which she bears in the religion of
certes; and Nephele, on discovering that Ino Greece; for, as herfather was the most powerhad a greater hold on his affections than her- ful and her mother the wisest among the gods,
self, disappeared in anger. Having thus incur- so Athena was a combination of the two, a godred the anger both of Juno (Hera) and of Neph- dess in whom power and wisdom were harmoele, Athamas was seized with madness, and in niously blended. From this fundamental idea
this state killed his own son, Learchus: Tno may be derived the various aspects under which
threw herself with Melicertes into the sea, and she appears in the ancient writers. She seems
both were changed into marine deities, Ino be- to have been a divinity of a purely ethical charcoming Leucothea, and Melicertes Palnemon. acter; her power and wisdom appear in her
Athamas, as the murderer of his son, was oblig- being the preserver of the state and of every
ed to flee from Bceotia, and settled in Thessaly. thing which gives to the state strength and
Hence we have Athamantiddes, son of Athamas, prosperity. As the protectress of agriculture,
i. e., Palaemon; and Athamantis, daughter of Athena (Minerva) is represented as inventing
Athamas, i. e., Helle.                    the plough and rake; she created the olive-tree
ATHANAGIA (now Agramunt?), the chief town (vid. below), taught the people to yoke oxen to
of the Ilergetes, in Hispania Tarraconensis.  the plough, took care of the breeding of horses,
ATHANAAICUS, king of the Visigoths during and instructed men how to tame them by the
their stay in Dacia. In A.D. 367-369 he carried bridle, her own invention. Allusions to this
on war with the Emperor Valens, with whom  feature of her character are contained in the
he finally concluded a peace. In 374 Athanaric epithets povieta,,oapplia, aypipa, rrirma, or X2awas defeated by the Huns, and, after defending IVt7rg. She is also represented as the patron
himself for some time in a stronghold in the of various kinds of science, industry, and art,
mountains of Dacia, was compelled to fly in and as inventing numbers, the trumpet, the
380, and take refuge in the Roman territory. chariot, and navigation. She was further beHe died in 381.                           lieved to have invented nearly every kind of
ATHANASIUS ('AWavdOiog), ST., one of the most work in which women were employed, and she
celebrated of the Christian fathers, was born at herself was skilled in such work. Hence we
Alexandrea about A.D. 296, and was elected have the tale of the Lydian maiden Arachne,
archbishop of the city on the death of Alexan- who ventured to compete with Athena (Mider in 326. The history of his episcopate is nerva) in the art of weaving.  Vid. ARACHNs-.
full of stirring incidents and strange transitions Athena (Minerva) is, in fact, the patroness of
120




ATHENA.                                   ATHENLE.
both the useful and elegant arts. Hence she Lake Copais at a very early period into Attica,
is called' pyivy, and later writers make her the where she became the great national divinity of
goddess of all wisdom, knowledge, and art, and the city and the country. Here she was rerepresent her as sitting on the right hand of her garded as the &e- ar'retpa, iyieta, and'ratcvia.
father Zeus (Jupiter), and supporting him with The tale ran that in the reign of Cecrops both
her counsel. She is therefore characterized by Poseidon (Neptune) and Athena (Minerva) convarious epithets and surnames, expressing the tended for the possession of Athens. The gods
keenness of her sight or the vigor of her in- resolved that whichever of them produced a
tellect, such as b7'TLe;rt-, qOa/TIEtc, OfvdEpK/c5, gift most useful to mortals should have posy7XtaKw,Xrq, Trob;sovX3oc, 7ropTLtf', and/ lxavirtC. session of the land. Poseidon (Neptune) struck
As the patron divinity of the state, she was the ground with his trident, and straightway a
at Athens the protectress of the phratries and horse appeared. Athena (Minerva) then planthouses which formed the basis of the state.- ed the olive. The gods thereupon decreed that
The festival of the Apaturia had a direct ref- the olive was more usefill to man than the horse,
erence to this particular point in the character of and gave the city to the goddess, from whom it
the goddess. (Vid. Dict. of Ant., art. APATURIA.) was called Athenae. At Athens the magnificent
She also maintained the authority of the'law, festival of the Panathenaa was celebrated in
justice, and order in the courts and the assem- honor of the goddess. At this festival took
bly of the people. - This notion was as ancient place the grand procession, which was repreas the Homeric poems, in which she isdescribed sented on the frieze of the Parthenon. (Vid.
as assisting Ulysses against the lawless con- Diet. of Ant., art. PANATHEN EA.) At Lindus, in
duct of the suitors. (Od., xiii., 394.) She was Rhodes, her worship was likewise very ancient.
believed to have instituted the ancient coutt of Respecting its introduction into Italy, and the
the Areopagus, and in cases where the votes modifications which her character underwent
of the judges were equally divided, she gave there, rid. MINERVA. Among the things sacred
the casting one in favor of the accused. The to her we may mention the owl, serpent, cock,'
epithets which have reference to this part of the and olive-tree, which she was' said to have cregoddess's character are iZt6zronvog, the avenger, ated in her' contest with Poseidon (Neptune)
[lovala, and acyvpala. As Athena (Minerva) about the possession of Attica. The sacrifices
promoted the internal prosperity of the state, offered to her consisted of bulls, rams, and cows.
so she also protected the state from outward Athena (Minerva) was frequently represented
enemies, and thus assumes the character of.a in works of art, in which we generally find
warlike divinity, though in a very different sense some of the following characteristics: 1. The
from Ares (Mars), Eris, or Enyo. According helmet, which she usually wears on her head,
to Homer, she does not even keep arms, but but in a few instances carries in her hand. It
borrows them fiom Zeus (Jupiter); she pre- is generally ornamented in the most beautiful
serves men from slaughter when prudence de- manner with griffins, heads of rams, horses, and
mands it, and repels Ares's (Mars) savage love sphinxes. 2. The aegis, which is represented
of war, and conquers him. The epithets which on works of art, not as a shield, but as a goatshe derives from, her warlike character are skin, covered with scales, set with the appalling
6iye2eia,;2aqopia, a;lxtpct6Xn, aaoa6or, and others. Gorgon's head, and surrounded with tassels.
In times of war, towns, fortresses, and harbors (Vid. Diet. of Ant., art. A/EGIS.). 3. The round
are under her especial care, whence she is des- Argolic shield, in the centre of which the head
ignated as ipvarTro7tC,;      anKomev#g, rroltdcI,. of Medusalikewise appears. 4. Objects sacred
-rotoixo,  pa, ampta, aKpl o9aZto,   ov;CTagf, to her, such as an olive-branch, a serpent, an.rpo/1aX6p[a, and the like. In the war of Zeus owl, a cock, and a lance.  Her garment is
(Jupiter) against the giants, she assisted her usually the Spartan tunic without sleeves, and
father and Hercules with her counsel, and.also over it she wears a cloak, the peplus, or, though
took an active part in it, for she buried Encela- rarely, the chlamys.
d.s under the island of Sicily, and'slew Pallas.  ATHENE ('A0?vat, also'AOhv71 in Homer:'A*qIn the Trojan war she sided with the Greeks, vaGlo, 77'A 0Ovala, Atheniensis: now Athens), the
though on their return home she visited them  capital of Attica, about thirty -stadia from, the
with storms, on account of the manner in which sea, on the southwest slope of Mount Lycabetthe Locrian Ajax had treated Cassandra in her tus, between the small rivers Cephisus on the
temple. As a goddess of.war and the protec- west and Ilissus on the east; the latter of which
tress of heroes, Athena (Minerva) usually ap- flowed close by the walls of the town. The
pears in armor, with the aegis and a golden staff. most ancient part of it, the Acropolis, is said to
The character of Athena (Minerva), as we have have been built by the mythical Cecrops, but
traced it, holds a,, miiddle place between the the city itself is said to have owed its origin to
male and female, whence she is a virgin divin- Theseus, who united the twelve independent
ity, whose heart is inaccessible to the passion states or townships of Attica into one state, and
of love.  Tiresias was deprived of sight for made Athens their capital. The city wasburnhaving seen her in the bath; and Hephaestus ed by Xerxes in B.C. 480, but was soon rebuilt
(Vulcan), who made an attempt upon her chas- under the administration ofThemistocles, and
tity, was obligedu -to take to flight.  For this was adorned with public buildings by Cimon and
reason, the ancient traditions always describe especially by Pericles, in whose time (B.C. 460the goddess as dressed; and when Ovid makes 429) it reached its greatest splendor. Its beauty
her appear naked before Paris, he abandons the was chiefly owing to its public buildings, for the
genuine story. Athena (Minerva) was worn private houses were mostly insignificant, and
shipped in all parts of Greece. Her worship its streets badly laid out. Toward the end of
was introduced from the ancient towns on the the Peloponnesian war, it contained ten thou121




ATHENA:E.                                 ATHEN2E.
sand houses (Xen., Mem., iii.; 6, Q 14), which, at was the small temple of NiK'Arirepof. The
the rate of twelve inhabitants to a house, would summit of the Acropolis was covered with temgive a population of one hundred and twenty plesj statues of bronze and marble, and various
thousand, though some writers make the in- other works of art. Of the temples, the grandest
habitants as many as one hundred and eighty was the PARTHENON, sacred to the "'Virgin"
thousand. Under the Romans Athens con- goddess Athena (Minerva); and north of the
tinued to be a great and flourishing city, and Parthenon was the magnificent ERECHTHEUM,
retained many privileges and immunities when containing three separate temples, one of AtheSouthern Greece was formed into the Roman na Polias (HIoXtac), or the "Protectress of the
province of Achaia. It suffered greatly on its State," the Erechthjum proper, or sanctuary of
capture by Sulla, B.C. 86, and was deprived of Erechtheus, and the Pandrosium, or sanctuary
many of its privileges. It was at that time, of Pandrosos, the daughter of Cecrops. Beand also during the early centuries of the Chris- tween the Parthenon and Erechtheum was the
tian era, -one of the chief seats of learning, and colossal statue of Athena Promachos (Hpoupaxor),
the Romans were accustomed to send their sons or the " Fighter in the Front," whose helmet
to Athens, as to a University, for the comple- and spear was the first object on the Acropolis
tion of their education. Hadrian, who was very visible from the sea.-2.' TOPOGRAPHY OF THE
partial to Athens, and frequently resided in the LOWER CITY. The lower city was built in the
city (A.D. 122, 128), adorned it with many new  plain round the Acropolis, but this' plain also
buildings, and his example was followed by contained several hills, especially in the southHerodes Atticus, who spent large sums of mon- western part.-WALLS'. The ancient walls emey upon beautifying the city in the reign of M. braced a much greater circuit than the modern
Aurelius. Athens consisted of two distinct ones. On the west they included the hill of
parts: I. The City (Tr &larv), properly so called, the Nymphs and the Pnyx, on the south they
divided into, 1. The Upper City or'Acropolis (X? extended a little beyond the Ilissus, and on the
ave 7-r6LGC, aKp6reo2otc), and, 2. The Lower City east they crossed the Ilissus, near the Lyceum,
(7 K7ci r  re62Xt), surrounded with walls by The- which was outside the walls.-GATES. Their
mistocles. II. The three harbor-towns of Pi- number is unknown, and the position of many of
raeus, Munychia, and Phalerum, also surround- them is uncertain; but the following list coned with walls by Themistocles, and connected tains the most important.- On the west side
with the city by means of the long walls (TaI were, 1. Dipylum (Ai7rv2ov, more anciently Oplayafcpi reiXni), built under the administration of aiai or Kepaycltai), the most frequented gate of
Pericles. The long walls consisted of the wall' the city, leading from the inner Ceramicus to
to Phaldrum on the east; thirty-five stadia long the outer Ceramicus, and to the Academy.-2.
(about four miles), and of the wall to Piraeus on The Sacred Gate (at'Iepai IIU;aA), where the sathe west, forty stadia long (about four and a cred road to Eleusis began.-3. The fnight's
half miles); between these two, at a short dis- Gate (ai'Ireredler 7r.), probably between the hill
tance';from thealatter and parallel to it, another of the Nymphs and the Pnyx.-4. The Pircean
wall was erected, thus making two walls leading  Gate (I] IIepatKi' 7r.), between the Pnyx and the
to the Piraeus (sometimes called ra aickia), with Museum, lea'cling to the carriage road (d/afciroc)
a narrow passage between them. There were, between the Long Walls to the Piraeus. —5. The
therefore, three long walls in all; but the name Melitian Gate (at Me2.tridSe rr.), so called because
of Long Walls seems to have been confined to it led to the demus Melite, within the city. On
the two leading to the Piraeus, while the one the south side, going from-west to east,-6.- The
leading to Phalerum was distinguished by the Gate of the Dead (al'Hpiact r.), in the neighborname of the Phalerian Wall (ri 4ca2.ptcKv ireiXofg). hood of the Museum, placed by many authoriThe entire circuit of the walls was one hundred ties on the north side.-7. The Itonian Gate (al
and seventy-four and a half stadia (nearly twen-'Iroviat Tr.), near the Ilissus, where the road to
ty-two miles), of which forty-three stadia (near- PhalFrum began. On the east side, going from
ly five and a half miles) belonged to the city, south to north,-8. The Gate of Diochares (ai
seventy-five stadia (nine and a half miles) to AtoXdpovS rr.), leading to the Lyceum.-9. The
the long walls, and fifty-six and a half stadia Diomran Gate (;7' At6Ceta ir.), leading to Cyno(seven miles) to Piraeus, Munychia, and Pha- sarges and the demus Diomlea. On the north
lerum.-l. TOPOGRAPHY OF THE AcROPOLIS OR side,-10. The Acharnian Gate (at'AXapV1Kai
UPPER CITY. The Acropolis, also called Cecro- ir.), leading to the demus Acharna. —CHIEp
pia, from its reputed founder, was a steep rock DIsTRICTS. The inner Ceramicus (KepCaLeti6c),
in. the middle of the city, about one hundred or " Potter's Quarter," in the west of the city,
and fifty feet high, eleven hundred and fifty feet extending north as far as the gate Dipylum, by
long, and five hundred broad: its sides were which it was separated from the outer'Ceraminaturally scarped on all sides except the west- cus; the southern part of the inner Ceramicus
ern end. It was originally surrounded by an contained the Agora (ayopd), or' market-place,"
ancient Cyclopian wall, said to have been built the only one in the city (for there were not two
by the Pelasgians; at the time of the Pelopon- market-places, as some suppose), lying southnesian war only the northern part of this wall west of the Acropolis, and between the Acropremained, and this portion was still called the olis, the Areopagus, the Pnyx, and the MusePelasgic Wall; while the southern part, which um. The demuns Melite, south of the inner
had been rebuilt by Cimon, was called the Ci- Ceramicus,' and perhaps embracing the hill of
monian Wall. On the western endof the Acrop- the Museum. The demus Scambonidce, west
olis, where access is alone practicable, were of the inner Ceramicus, between the Pnyx and
the magnificent PROPYLEA, " the Entrances," the Hill of the Nymphs. The Collytus, south
built by Pericles, before the right wing of which of Melite. Caele, a district south of Collytus
122




ATHENzE.                                  ATHEN2EUS.
and the Museum, along the Ilissus, in which strumental music (vid. Diet. of Ant., s. v.), an
were the graves of Cimon and Thucydides. ancient one near the fountain Callirrhoe, a secLimnea, a district east of Melite and Collytus, ond built by Pericles, close to the theatre of Dibetween the Acropolis and the Ilissus. Diomea, onysus (Bacchus), on the southeastern slope of
a district in the east of the city, near the gate the Acropolis, and a third built by Herodes Atof the same name and the Cynosarges. Agree, ticus, in honor of his wife Regilla, on the southa district south ofDiomea.-HILLS. The Areop- western slope of the Acropolis, of which there
agus ('Apeiov' 7rryo or'Apetoc rdyoc), the "Hill are still considerable remains. -7. Stadium (TO
of Ares" (Mars), west of the Acropolis, which Xrddtov), south of the Ilissus, in the district
gave its name to the celebrated council that Agree.-8. Monuments. The Monument of Anheld its sittings there (vid. Diet. of Ant., s. v.), dronicus Cyrrhestes, formerly called the Tower
was accessible on the south side by a flight of of the Winds, an octagonal building north of the
steps cut out of the rock.  The Hill of the Acropolis, still extant, was an horologium. (Vid.
Nymphs, northwest of the Areopagus. The Diet. of Ant., p. 616, 2d ed.)   The Choragic
Pnyx (Ilvvd), a semicircular hill, southwest of Monument of Lysicrates, frequently but erronethe Areopagus, where the assemblies of the ously called the Lantern of Demosthenes, still
people were held in earlier times, for afterward extant, in the Street of the Tripods. The Monthe people usually met in the Theatre of Dio- ument of Harmodius and Aristogiton in the Agora,
-nysus (Bacchus). (Vid. Diet. of Ant., p. 440, just before the ascent to the Acropolis.-SUBb, 2d ed.) The Museum, south of the Pnyx URBS. The Outer Ceramicus (o6 E(e Ka2ovu evoy),.
anrid the Areopagus, on which was the monu- northwest of the city, was the finest suburb of
ment of Philopappus, and where the Macedoni- Athens: here were buried the Athenians who
ans built a, fortress.-STREETS. Of these we had fallen in war, and at the further end of it
have little information. We read' of the Pircean was the ACADEMIA, six stadia from the city.
Street, which led from the Pireean gate to the  Cynosarges (rb Kvvoaapyec), east of the city, beAgora; of the Street of the Hermea, which ran fore the gate Diomea, a gymnasium sacred to
along the Agora between the Stoa Basileos and Hercules, where Antisthenes, the founder of
Stoa Pceecild; of the Street of the Tripods, on the the Cynic school, taught. Lyceum (rb AvKceov),
east of the Acropolis, &c.-PUBLIC BUILDINGS. southeast of the Cynosarges, a gymnasium sa1. Temples. Of these the most important was cred to Apollo Lyceus, where Aristotle and the
the Olympieum ('0?2tvitielov), or Temple of the Peripatetics taught.
Olympian Zeus (Jupiter), southeast of the Acrop-'ATHENE ('AOKvat: now Atenah), a sea-port
olis, near the Ilissus and the fountain Callirrhoe, town of Pontus, named from its temple of; which was long unfinished, and was first com- Athena (Minerva).
plated by Hadrian. Theseum (OQovaov); or Tem-  ATHENEUM ('AOdvatov), in general a temple
ple of Theseus, on a hill north of the Areopagus, of Athena, or any place consecrated to this godnow converted into the Museum   of Athens. dess. The name was specially given to a school
The Temple of Ares (Mars), south of the Are- founded by the Emperor Hadrian at Rome about
opagus and west of the Acropolis.  Metroum  A.D. 133, for the promotion of literary and sci(MnrTp)ov), or temple of the mother of the gods, entific studies. It was in the neighborhood of
east of the Agora, and south of the Acropolis, the Forum, and at the foot of the Aventine Hill:
near the Senate House, and the Odeum of He- it had a staff of professors paid by the governrodes Atticus. Besides these, there was a vast ment, and continued in repute till the fifth cennumber of other temples in all parts of the city. tury of our era. (Vid. Diet. of Ant., s. v.)-2. The Senate House (fovevrpelov), at the ATHEN2eUM was also the name of a town in Arsouth end of the Agora.-'3. The Tholus (6oTiog), cadia, not far from Megalopolis, and of a place
a round building close to the Senate House, in Athamania in Epirus.
which served as the new Prytaneum, in which  ATHENEUS ('AOivatoc). 1. A contemporary'the Prytanes took their meals and offered their of, Archimedes, the author of an extant work
sacrifices. (Vid. Diet. of Ant., s. v.)-4. The Rlepi MnXavnTpUr(v (on warlike engines), ad-'Prytaniem (IIpvraveiov), at the northeastern foot dressed to Marcellus (probably the conqueror
of the Acropolis, where the Prytanes used more of Syracuse); printed in Thevenot's Mathematici
anciently to take their meals, and where the  Veteres, Paris, 1693.-2. A learned Greek gramlaws of Solon were preserved.-5. Stoce (croai), marian, of Naucratis in Egypt, lived about A.D.
or Halls, supported by pillars, and used as places 230, first at Alexandrea and afterward at Rome.
of resort in the heat of the day, of which there His extant work is entitled the Deipnosophiste2
were several in Athens. (Vid. Diet. of Ant., p. ( Aet'rvoao0eacrai), i. e., the Banquet of the Learned,
944, 2d ed.) In the Agora there were three: in fifteen books, of which the first two bpoks,
the Stoa Basileos (0roa 3aieueetog), the court of and parts of the third, eleventh, and fifteenth,
the King-Archon, on the west side of the Agora; exist only in an Epitome. The work may be
the Stoea Pecile (oe 7roeuttAv), so called because considered one of the earliest collections of
it was adorned with fresco paintings of the bat- what are called Ana, being an immense mass
tie of Marathon and other achievements by Pol- of anecdotes, extracts from the writings of
ygnotus, Lycon, and others; and the Stoa Eleu- poets, historians, dramatists, philosophers, oratherins (aro' e'evOepeto), or Hall of Zeus Eleu- tors, and physicians, of facts in natural history,
thermUs, both on the south side of the Agora.-  criticisms, and discussions on almost every
6. Theatres. The Theatre of Dionysus (Bac- conceivable subject, especially on gastronomy.
chis)e on the southeastern slope of the Acropolis, Athenaus represents himself as describing to
was the great theatre of the state (vid. Diet. of  his friend Timocrates a full account of the conAnt., p. 1120, 2d ed.); besides this there were versation at a banquet at Rome, at which Galen,
thres Odea (6sesa), for contests in vocal and in- the physician, andUlpian, the jurist, were among
123




ATHENAGORAS.                                   ATLAS.
the guests.-Editions: By Casaubon, Genev., -ACANTHUS. The isthmus is about one and a
1597; by Schweighauser, Argentorati, 1801- half miles across; and there are most distinct
1807; and by W. Dindorf, Lips., 1827.-3. A  traces of the canal to be seen in the present
celebrated physician, founder of the medical day; so that we must not imitate the skepticism
sect of the Pneumatici, was born at Attalia in of Juvenal (x., 174), and of many modern writCilicia, and practiced at Rome about A.D. 50.  ers, who refused to believe that the canal was,
ATHENAGORAS ('AOyvayopat), an Athenian phi- ever cut.  The peninsula contained several
losopher, converted to the Christian religion in flourishing cities in antiquity, and is now studthe second century of our era, is the author of ded with numerous monasteries, cloisters, and
two extant works, An Apology for Christians, chapels, whence it derives its modern name.
addressed to the emperors M. Aurelius and his In these monasteries some valuable MSS. of
son Commodus, and a treatise in defence of the ancient authors have been discovered.
tenet of the resurrection.-Editions: By Fell,  ATHRIBIS (WAOpt6tC), a city in the Delta of
Oxon., 1682; Rechenberg, Lips., 1684-85; De- Egypt; capital of the Nomos Athribites.
chair, Oxon., 1706.                         [ATHRULLA (YAOpovXZa: now Jathrib or MeATHENA-IS ('AOrvanl). 1. Surnamed Philos- dina), a city of Arabia Felix, conquered by AElius
torgus, wife of Ariobarzanes II., king of Cap- Gallus.]
padocia, and mother of Ariobarzanes III.-2.  ATIA, mother of AucusTUs.
Daughter of Leontius, afterward named Eu-   ATILIA or ATILLIA GENS, the principal memDocIA.                                    bers of which are given under their surnames
ATHENION ('AOrlvtiv). 1. A Cilician, one of the CALATINUS, REGULUS, and SERRANUS.
commanders of the slaves in the second servile  ATILICINUS, a Roman jurist, who probably
war in Sicily, maintained his ground for some lived about A.D. 50, is referred to in the Digest.
time successfully, and defeated L. Licinius Lu-  ATILUS. 1.- L., one of the earliest of the
cullus, but was at length conquered and killed Roman jurists who gave public instruction in
in B.C. 101 by the consul M'. Aquillius.-[2. A  law, probably lived about B.C. 100. He wrote
comic poet of Athens, of whose plays only one commentaries on the laws of the Twelve Tables.
fragment has been preserved; it is printed in -2. M., one of the early Roman poets, wrote
Meineke's Fragmenta Comic. Grcec., vol. ii., p. both tragedies and comedies, but apparently a
1165-6, edit. minor.-3. A painter, born at Mar- greater number of the latter than of the former.
onea in Thrace. He was a pupil of Glaucion  ATINA (Atinas, O-tis: now Atina), a town of
of Corinth, and gave promise of high excellence, the Volsci in Latium, afterward a Roman colony.
but died young.]                            ATINTANES ('ATevrTve), an Epirot people in
ATHENODORUS ('AvOv66opot). 1. Of Tarsus, Illyria, on the borders of Macedonia: their couna Stoic philosopher surnamed Cordylio, was the try, Atintania, was reckoned part of Macedonia.
keeper of the library at Pergamus, and after-  ATIUS VARUS. Vid. VARUS.
ward removed to Rome, where he lived with   ATIANTICUM MARE. Vid. OCEANUS.
M. Cato, at whose house he died.-2. Of Tarsus,  ATLANTIS ('Araa2Vri, SC. vfaoc), according to
a Stoic philosopher, surnamed Cananites, from  an ancient tradition, a great island west of the
Cana in Cilicia, the birth-place of his father, Pillars'of Hercules in the Ocean, opposite Mount
whose name was Sandon. He was a pupil of Atlas: it possessed a numerous population, and
Posidonius at Rhodes, and afterward taught at was adorned with every beauty; its powerful
Apollonia in Epirus, where the young Octavius princes invaded Africa and Europe, but were
(subsequently the Emperor Augustus) was one defeated by the Athenians and their allies: its
of his disciples. He accompanied the latter to inhabitants afterward became wicked and imRome, and became one of his intimate friends pious, and the island was in consequence swaland advisers. In his old age he returned to lowed up in the ocean in a day.and a night.
Tarsus, where he died at the age of eighty-two. This legend is given by Plato in the Timceus,
He was the author of several works, which are and is said to have been related to Solon by the
not extant.-3. A sculptor, the son and pupil of Egyptian priests. The Canary Islands, or the
Agesander of Rhodes, whom he assisted in ex- Azores, which perhaps were visited by the Phceecuting the group ofLaocoon. Vid. AGESANDER. nicians, may have given rise to the legend; but
I ATHESIS (now Adige or Etsch), rises in the some modern writers regard it as indicative of
Raetian Alps, receives the ATGIS (now Eisach), a vague belief in antiquity in the existence of
flows through Upper Italy past Verona, and falls the western hemisphere.
into the Adriatic by many mouths.           ATLAS ("AraC), son of lapetus and Clymene,
ATHMONE ('Ayovi?, also'A0,yovia and'AOyovov: and brother of Prometheus and Epimetheus.'A6OoveVc, fem.'AOpoviC), an Attic demus belong- He. made war with the other Titans upon Jupiing to the tribe Cecropis, afterward to the tribe ter (Zeus), and being conquered, was condemnAttalis.                                  ed to bear heaven on his head and hands: aeATHSs ('A&,C, also "A0(v:'A0wdrtc: now  cording to Homer, Atlas bears the long columns
Haghion Oros, Monte Santo, i.e., Holy Mountain), which keep asunder heaven and earth. The
the mountainous peninsula, also called Acte, myth seems to have arisen from the idea that
which projects from Chalcidice in Macedonia lofty mountains supported the heavens. Later
At the extremity of the peninsula the mountain traditions distort the original idea still more, by
rises abruptly from the sea to a height of 6349 making Atlas a man who was metamorphosed
feet: there is no anchorage for ships at its base, into a mountain.  Thus Ovid (Met., iv., 626,
and the voyage round it was so dreaded by mar- seq.) relates that Perseus came to Atlas and
iners that Xerxes had a canal cut through the asked for shelter, which was refused, whereisthmus, which connects the peninsula with the upon Perseus, by means of the head of Medusa,
main land, to afford a passage to his fleet. Vid. changed him into Mount Atlas, on which rested
124




ATLAS MONS.                               ATROPATES.
heaven with all its stars. Others go still fur- TOCENNA. Part of them crossed over to Britain,
ther, and represent Atlas as a powerful king, where they dwelt in the upper valley of the
who possessed great knowledge of the courses Thames, Oxfordshire and Berkshire.
of the stars, and who was the first who taught  ATREUS ('A7rpEV), son of Pelops and Hippomen that. heaven had the form of a globe. damia, grandson of Tantalus, and brother of
Hence the expression that heaven rested on his Thyestes and Nicippe. Vid. PELOPS. He was
shoulders was regarded as a merely figurative first married to Cleola, by whom he became the
mode of speaking. At first, the story of Atlas father of Plisthenes; then to Aerope, the widow
referred to one mountain only, which was be- of his son Plisthenes, who was the mother of
lieved to exist on the extreme boundary of the Agamemnon, Menelaus, and Anaxibia, either by
earth; but, as geographical knowledge extend- Plisthenes or by Atreus (vid. AGAMEMNON); and
ed, the name of Atlas was transferred to other lastly to Pelopia, the daughter of his brother
places, and thus we read of a Mauretanian, Ital- Thyestes. The tragic fate of the house of Tanian, Arcadian, and even of a Caucasian Atlas. talus afforded ample materials to the tragic
The common opinion, however, was, that the poets of Greece, who relate the details in variheaven-bearing Atlas was in the northwest of ous ways. In consequence of the murder of
Africa. See below. Atlas was the father of their half-brother Chrysippus, Atreus and Thythe Pleiades by Pleione or by Hesperis; of the estes were obliged to take to flight; they were
Hyades and Hesperides byzEthra; and of CEno- hospitably received at Mycenae; and, after the
maus and Maia by Sterope. Dione and Calyp- death of Eurystheus, Atreus became king of
so, Hyas and Hesperus, are likewise called his Mycenae. Thyestes seduced Aerope, the wife
children. Atlanitides, a descendant of Atlas, es- of Atreus, and was, in consequence, banished by
pecially Mercury, his grandson by Maia (comp. his brother: from his place of exile he sent
Mlercurifacutnde nepos Atlantis, Hor., Carm., i., Plisthenes, the son of Atreus, whom he had
10), and Hermaphroditus, son of Mercury. At- brought up as his own child, in order to slay
lantias and Atlantis, a female descendant of At- Atreus; but Plisthenes fell by the hands of
las, especially the Pleiads and Hyads.    Atreus, who did not know that he was his own
ATLAS MONS ('Ar'a: now Atlas), was the son. In order to take revenge, Atreus, pretendgeneral name of the great mountain range ing to be reconciled to Thyestes, recalled him
which covers the surface of northern Africa, to Mycenae, killed his two sons, and placed their
between the Mediterranean and Great Desert flesh before their father at a banquet, who un(now Sahara), on the north and south, and the wittingly partook of the horrid meal. Thyestes
Atlantic and the Lesser Syrtis on the west and fled with horror, and the gods cursed Atreus
east; the mountain chains southeast of the and his house.  The kingdom of Atreus was
Lesser Syrtis, though connected with the Atlas, now visited by famine, and the oracle advised
do not properly belong to it, and were' called Atreus to call back Thyestes.  Atreus, who
oy other names. The northern and southern went out in search of him, came to King Thesranges of this system were distinguished by the protus, and as he did not find him there, he marnames of ATLAS, MINOR and ATLAS MAJOR, and ried his third wife, Pelopia, the daughter of Thya distinction was made between the three re- estes, whom Atreus believed to be a daughter
gions into which they divided the country. Vid. of Thesprotus. Pelopia was at the time with
AFRICA, p. 28, a.                         child byher own father. This child, _Egisthus,
ATOSSA ('Arocra), daughter of Cyrus, and wife afterward slew Atreus, because the latter had
successively of her brother Cambyses, of Smer- commanded him to slay his own father Thydis the Magian, and of Darius Hystaspis, over estes. Vid. 2EGISTHUS. The treasury of Atreus
whom she possessed great influence. She bore and his sons at Mycenae, which is mentioned by
Darius four sons, Xerxes, Masistes, Achaemenes, Pausanias, is believed by some to exist still;
and Hystaspes.                            but the ruins which remain are above ground,
ATR.E or HATRA (Ar-pat, r'tArpa:'Arprvo6, whereas Pausanias speaks of the building as
Atrenus: now Hadr, southwest of Mosul), a under ground.
strongly-fortified city on a high mountain in Mes-  ATRIA. Vid. ADRIA.
opotamia, inhabited by people of the Arab race.  ATRIDES ('ArpEidgS), a descendant of Atreus,
SEMPRONIUS, ATRATiNUS. 1. A., consul B.C. especially Agamemnon and Menelaus.
497 and 491.-2. L., consul 444 and censor   ATR6PATENE ('Arporraravv), or Media Atropa443.-3. C., consul 423, fought unsuccessfully tia,('Arpo7raria or -of Ms/dia), the northwestern
against the Volscians, and was in consequence part of Media, adjacent to Armenia, named after
condemned to pay a heavy fine.-4. L., accused Atropates, a native of the country, who, having
Marcus Calius Rufus, whom Cicero defended, been made its governor by Alexander, founded
57 B.C.                                   there a kingdom, which long remained indeATRAX ("ArpaE:'Arpaicto). 1. A town in pendent alike of the Seleucide, the Parthians,
Pelasgiotis in Thessaly, inhabited by the Per- and the Romans, but was at last subdued by the
rhambi, so called from the mythical Atrax, son of Parthians.
Peneus and Bura, and father of Hippodamia and  ATROPATES ('Arpo7racd-f), a Persian satrap,
Caenis. [It was famed for its green marble, fought at the battle of Gaugamela, B.C. 331, and
known by the name of Atracium Marmor.-    after the death of Darius was made satrap of
2. A small river of Pelasgiotis in Thessaly, a Media by Alexander. His daughter was martributary of the Peneus.]                 ried to'Perdiccas in 324; and he received from
ATREBATES, a people in Gallia Belgica, in the his father-in-law, after Alexander's death, the
modern Artois, which is a corruption of their province of the Greater Media. In the northname. In Caesar's time (B.C. 57) they num- west of the country, called after him, Media
bered 15,000 warriors: their capital was'NEME- Atropatene, he established an independent king125




ATROPOS.                             ATTICUS HERODES.
dom, which continued to exist down to the time  ATTiCA (/'ATrTCi, sc. Y/), a division of Greece,
of the Emperor Augustus.                  has the form of a triangle, two sides of which
ATR6POS. Vid. MOImRE.                   are washed by the _Egean Sea, while the third
ATTA, T. QUINTYUS, a Roman comic poet, died is separated from Boeotia on the north by the
-B.C. 78.  His surname Atta was given him  mountains Cithaeron and Parnes.  Megaris,
from a defect in his feet, to which cirCumstance which bounds it on the northwest, was formerly,
Horace probably alludes (Ep., ii., 1, 79). His a part of Attica. In ancient times it was called
plays were very popular, and were acted even Acte, and Actice ('ASTcr  and'ArCToK), or the
in the time of Augustus. [The fragme,;ts of'coastland" (vid. ACTE), from which the later
Atta are collected by Bothe,.Poet. SceniC. Lat., form Attica is said to have been derived; but,
vol. v., P. ii., p. 97-102; cf. Weichert, Poet. according to traditions, it derived its name from
Lat. Reliquiqe, p. 345.]                  Atthis, the daughter of the mythical king CraATTAGINUS ('Ar-ayzvor), son of Phrynon, a naus; and it is not impossible that Att-ica fnay
Theban, betrayed Thebes to Xerxes, B.C. 480. contain the root Att or Ath, which we find in
After the battle of Plataeae (479) the other Atthis and Athence. Attica is divided by many
Greeks required Attaginus to be delivered up ancient writers into three districts.  1. The
to them, but he made his escape.          Highlands (i dtatcpia, also bpetvi'ArrMat), the
ATT*LIA ('Arrd(zsta,'Arra.Xe8rf or -ar;'). —  northeast of the country, containing the range
A. A city of Lydia, formerly called Agroira of Parnes and extending south to the Promon('Ayp6etpa). — 2. (Now Laara), a city on the tory Cynosura; the only level part of this discoast of Pamphylia, near the mouth of the Riv- trict was the small plain of Marathon opening
er Catarrhactes, founded by Attalus II. Phila- to the sea. 2. The Plain (7 7re&dlc.,'roi 7rediov),
delphus, and subdued by the Romans under P. the northwest of the country, included both the
Servilius Isauricus.                      plain round Athens and the plain round Eleusis,
ATTXALUS ('Arratog). 1. A Macedonian, uncle and extended south to the Promontory Zoster.
of Cleopatra, whom Philip married in-B.C. 337. 3. The Seacoast District (a7 rrapaaia), the southAt the nuptials of his niece, Attalus offered an ern part of the country, terminating in the Prominsult to Alexander, and, on the accession of the ontory Sunium. Besides these three divisions
latter, mwas put to death by his order in Asia we also read of a fourth, The Midland District
Minor, whither Philip had previously sent him  (6ue 6yala), still called Mesogia, an undulating
to secure the Greek cities to his cause.-2. Son plain in the middle of the country, bounded by
of Andromenes the Stymphaean, and one of Mount Pentelicus on the north, Mount HymetAlexander's officers. After the death of Alex- tus on the west, and the sea on the east. The
ander (B.C. 323), he served under Perdiccas, soil of Attica is not very fertile: the greater
whose sister, Atalante, he had married; and part of it is not adapted for growing corn; but it
after the death-of Perdiccas (321), he joined Al- produces olives, figs, and grapes, especially the
cetas, the brother of Perdiccas; but their united two former, in great perfection. The country
forces were defeated in Pisidia by Antigonus is dry; the chief river is the Cephisus, which
in 320. —3. Kings of Pergamus. —(I.) Son of rises in Parnes and flows through the Athenian
Attalus, a brother of Philetmerus, succeeded his plain. The abundance of wild flowers in the
cousin, Eumenes I., and reigned B.C. 241-197. country made the honey of Mount Hymettus
He took part with the Romans against Philip very celebrated in antiquity. Excellent marble
and the Achaeans. He was a wise and just was obtained from the quarries of Pentelicus,
prince, and was distinguished by his patronage northeast of Athens, and a considerable supply
of literature.-(II.) Surnamed Philadelphus, sec- of silver from the mines of Laurium, near Suond son of'Attalus I., succeeded his brother Eu- nium. The area of Attica, including the island
menes II., and reigned 159-138. Like hisfather, of Salamis, which belonged to it, contained behe was an ally of the Romans, and he also en- tween seven hundred and eight hundred square
couraged the arts and sciences.-(III,) Sur- miles; and its population in its flourishing penamed Philometor, son of'Eumenes II., and riod was probably about five hundred thousand,
Stratonice, succeeded his uncle Attalus II., and of which nearly four fifths were slaves. Attica
reigned 138-133. He is known to us chiefly for is said to have been originally inhabited by Pethe extravagance of his conduct and'the murder lasgians.  Its most ancient political division
dsf his relations and friends.  In'his will he was into twelve independent states, attributed
made the Romans his heirs; but his kingdom  to CECROPS, who, according to some. legends,
was claimed by Aristonicus.  Vid. AmrsToNI- came from Egypt. Subsequently Ion, the grandcos.-4. Roman emperor of the West, was son of Hellen, divided the people into four tribes,
raised to the throne by Alaric, but was deposed  Geleontes, Hopletes, Argades, and zEgicores; and
by the latter, after a reign of one year (A.D. Theseus, who united the twelve independent
409, 410),on account of his acting without Ala- states of Attica into one political body, and
ric's advice.-5. A Stoic philosopher in the reign made Athens the capital, again divided the naof Tiberius, was one of the teachers of the phi- tion into three classes, the. Eupatridce, Geomori,
losopher Seneca, who speaks of him in the and Demiurgi. Clisthenes (B.C. 510)abolished
highest terms.                            the old tribes and. created ten new ones, accordATTEGUA, a town in HiSpania Beatica, of un- ing to a geographical division: these tribes
certain site.                   -         were subdivided into one hundred and seventyATTHIS or ATTIS ("Arf-0 or'A.rr'g), daughter four demi or townships. (For details, rid. Dict.
of Cranaus, from whom Attica was believed to of Ant., art. TRIBUS..)
have derived its name. The two birds into   ATTICUS HERODES, TIBnRIUS CLAUDIUS, a celwhich Philomele and her sister Procne were ebrated Greek rhetorician, born about A.D. 104,
metamorphosed were likewise called Attis..  at Marathon in Attica. He taught rhetoric both
126




ATTICUS.                                 AUCHET.E.
at Athens and at Rome, and his school was awe and fear of the whole ancient world, which
frequented by the most distinguished men of ultimately expressed itself by affixing to his
the age. The future emperors M. Aurelius and name the well-known epithet of" the Scourge
L. Verus were among his pupils, and Antoni- of God."  His career divides itself into two
nus Pius raised him to the consulship in 143. parts. The first (A;D. 445-450) consists of the
He possessed immense wealth, a great part of ravage of the Eastern empire between the Euxwhich he spent in embellishing Athens.  He ine and the Adriatic and the negotiations with
died at the age of seventy-six, in 180. He Theodosius II., which followed upon it. They
wrote numerous works, none of which have were ended by a treaty, which ceded to Attila a
come down to us, with the exception of an ora- large territory south of the Danube and an antion, entitled IIepi 7roatrteioa, the genuineness of nual tribute. The second part of his career was
which, however, is very doubtful. It is printed the invasion of the Western empire (450-452).
in the collections of the Greek orators, and by He crossed the Rhine at Strassburg, but was
Fiorillo, in Herodis Attici que supersunt, Lips., defeated at Chalons by Aetius, and Theodoric,
1801.                                     king of the Visigoths, in 451. He then crossATTICUS, T. POMSPONIUS, a Roman eques, born ed the Alps, and took Aquileia in 452, after a
at Rome B.C. 109. His proper name, after his siege of three months, but he did not attack
adoption by Q. Caecilius, the brother of his moth- Rome, in consequence, it is said, of his interer, was Q. Caecilius Pomponianus Atticus. His view with Pope Leo the Great. He recrossed
surname, Atticus, was given him on account the Alps toward the end of the year, and died
of his long residence in Athens and his intimate in 453, on the night of his marriage witha beauacquaintance with the Greek language and lit- tiful girl, variously named Hilda, Ildico, Mycolth,
erature. He was educated along with L. Tor- by the bursting of a blood-vessel. In person
quatus, the younger C. Marius, and M. Cicero. Attila was, like the Mongolian race in general, a
Soon after the breaking out of the civil war be- short, thick-set man, of stately gait, with a large
tween Marius and Sulla, he resolved to take no head, dark complexion, flat nose, thin beard, and
part in the contest, and accordingly removed to bald with the exception of a few white hairs, his
Athens. During the remainder of his life he eyes small, but of great brilliancy and quickness.
kept aloof from all political affairs, and thus  ATTILIUS. Vid. ATILIUS.
lived on the most intimate terms with the most  ATTIUS. Vid. ACCous.
distinguished men of all parties. He was equal-  ATTIUS or ATTUS NAVIUS. Vid. NAVIUS.
ly the friend of Caesar and Pompey, of Brutus  ATTIUS TULLIUS. Vid. TULLIUS.
and Cassius, of Antony and Augustus; but his  [ATTUS CLAUSUS. Vid. APPIUS CLAUDIUS.]
most intimate friend was Cicero, whose cor-  ATURIA ('Arovpia).  Vid. ASSYRIA.
respondence with him, beginning in 68 and con-  ATURUS (now Adour), a river in Aquitania,
tinued down to Cicero's death, is one of the rises in the Pyrenees, and flows through the termost valuable remains of antiquity. He pur- ritory of the Tarbelli into the ocean.
chased an estate at Buthrotum in Epirus, in  ATYMNIUS ('Ar/Uzvtoc or'A-rvlvo)). 1. Son of
which place, as well as at Athens and Rome, Jupiter (Zeus) and Cassiopea, a beautiful boy,
he spent the greater part of his time, engaged beloved by Sarpedon. Others call him son of
in literary pursuits and commercial undertak- Phenix.-[2. Son of the Lycian king Amisoings. He died in 32, at the age of 77, of volun- darus, came as an ally of the Trojans to the
tary starvation, when he found that he was at- war, was slain by Nestor.]
tacked by an incurable illness. His wife Pilia,  ATYS, ATTYS, ATTES, ATTIS, or ATTIN ( ArVF,
to whom he was married in 56,when he was fifty-'ATTvC, "Arryn, AArrtg, or "Arrtv). 1. Son of
three years of age, bore him only one child, a Nana, and a beautiful shepherd of the Phrygian
daughter, Pomponia or Cecilia, whom Cicero town Celaenae. He was beloved by Cybele, but
sometimes calls Attica and Atticula. She was as he proved unfaithful to her, he was thrown
married in the life-time of her father to M.Vip- by her into a state of madness, in which he unsanius Agrippa. The sister of Atticus, Pom- manned himself. Cybelethereupon changed him
ponia, was married to Q. Cicero, the brother of into a fir-tree, which henceforth became sacred
the orator. The life of Atticus by Cornelius to her, and she commanded that, in future, her
Nepos is to be regarded rather as a panegyric priests should be eunuchs. Such is the account
upon an intimate friend, than, strictly speaking, in Ovid (Fast., iv., 221), but his story is relatedi
a biography' In philosophy Atticus belonged differently byother writers. Atyswasworshipto the Epicurean sect. He was thoroughly ac- ped in the temples of Cybele in common with
quainted with the whole circle of Greek and this goddess. His worship appears tohave been
Roman literature. So high an opinion was en- introduced into Greece at a comparatively late
tertained of his taste and critical acumen, that period. It is probable that the mythus of Atys
many of his friends, especially Cicero, were ac- represents the twofold character of nature, the
customed to send him their works for revision male and female concentrated in one.-2. Son
and correction. None of his own writings have of Manes, king of the Maeonians, from whose
come down to us.                          son Lydus, his son and successor, the MweoniIATTILA ('ATTr7 aC or'ArTiac', German Etzel, ans were afterward called Lydians.-3. A Latin
Hungarian -Ethele), king of the Huns, attained chief, son of Alba, and father of Capys, from
in A.D. 434, with his brother Bleda (in German whom the Atia Gens derived its origin, and
Blodel), to the sovereignty of all the northern from whom Augustus was believed to be detribes between the frontier of Gaul and the fron- scended on his mother's side.-4. Son of Crcetier of China, and to the command of an army sus, slain by ADRASTUS.
of at least five hundred thousand barbarians.  [AUCHETE (AVXdraT), a Scythian people at
He gradually concentrated upon himself the the sources of the Hypanis (now Bog).]
127




AUFIDENA.                                AUGUSTINUS.
AUFTDENA (Aufidenas, -itis: now Afidena), a of Sp. Maelius in this year was appeased by Antown in Samnium, on the River Sagrus.     gurinus, who is said to have gone over to the
AUFIDIUS. 1. CN., a learned historian, cele- plebs from the patricians, and to have been
brated by Cicero for the equanimity with which chosen by the tribunes one of their body. Auhe bore blindness, was quaestor B.C. 119, tribu- gurinus lowered the price of corn in.three marknus plebis 114, and finally praetor 108.-2. T., a et days, fixing as the maximum an as for a mojurist, quaestor B.C. 86, and afterward propraetor dius. The people, in their gratitude, presented
in Asia.-3. BASSUS. Vid. BAssus.-4. LRCco- him with an ox having its horns gilt, and erectVid. LURco.-5. ORESTES. Vid. ORESTES.     ed a statue to his honor outside the Porta TriAuFIDUS (now Ofanto), the principal river of gemrina, for which every body subscribed an
Apulia, rises in the Apennines, in the territory ounce of brass.
of the Hirpini in Sarmnium, flows at first with  AUGUSTA, the name of several towns founded
a rapid current (hence violens and acer, Hor., or colonized by Augustus.  1. A. ASTURICA.
Carm., iii., 30, 10; Sat., i., 1, 58), and then more  Vid. ASTURES.. —2. A. EMERITA (now Mlerida), in
slowly (stagna Anfida, Sil. Ital., x., 171) into the Lusitania, on the Anas (now Guadiana), coloAdriatic. Venusia,-.the birth-place of Horace, nized by Augustus with the veterans (emeriti)
was on the Aufidus.                       of the fifth and tenth legions, was a place of
AUGARUs. Vid. ACBARUS.                  considerable importance.-3. A. FIRMA. Vid.
AUGE or AUGIA (Avyr7 or Avyeia), daughter of ASTIGI.-4. A. PRAETORIA (now Aosta [contractAleus and Neaera, was a priestess of Athena ed from Augusta]), a town of the Salassi in Up(Minerva), and mother by Hercules of TELEPHUS. per Italy, at the foot of the Graian and Pennine
She afterward married Teuthras, king of the Alps, colonized by Augustus with soldiers of
Mysians.                                  the praetorian cohorts. The modern town still
AUGEAS or AUGIAS (Avyeac or Avyeiag), son contains many Roman remains, the most imof Phorbas or Helios (the Sun), and king of the portant of which are the town gates and a triEpeans in Elis. He had a herd of three thou- umphal arch.-5. A. RAURAcORUM (now Augst),
sand oxen, whose stalls had not been cleansed the capital of the Rauraci, colonized byMunatius
for thirty years. It was one of the labors im- Plancus under Augustus, was on the left of the
posed upon Hercules by Eurystheus to cleanse Rhine near the modern Basle: the ruins of a Rothese stalls in one day. As a reward the hero man amphitheatre are still to be seen.-6. A. Suwas to receive the tenth part of the oxen; but ESSONUM (now Soissons), the capital of the Sueswhen he had accomplished his task by leading sones in Gallia Belgica, probably the Noviodzthe rivers Alpheus and Peneus through the sta- num of Caesar.-7. A. TAURINORUM (now Turin),
bles, Augeas refused to keep his promise. Her- more anciently called Taurasia, the capital of
cules thereupon killed him and his sons, with the Taurini on the Po, was an important town
the exception of Phyleus, who was placed on in the time of Hannibal, and was colonized by
the throne of his father. Another tradition rep- Augustus.-8. A. TREVIRORUM. Vid. TREVIRI.
resents Augeas as dying a natural death at an -9. TRICASTINORUM (now Aouste), the capital
advanced age, and as receiving heroic honors of the Tricastini in Gallia Narbonensis.-10. A.
from Oxylus.                              VINDLICORUM (now Augsburg), capital of Vin[AUGEi.Ss (Aiyeac), a Grecian comic poet of delicia or Raetia Secunda on the Licus (now
the middle comedy at Athens: of his plays Lech), colonized by Drusus under Augustus,
only a few titles remain. For the Cyclic poet after the conquest of Raetia, about B.C. 14.
whose name is sometimes thus given, vid. AGI-  AUGSTINUS, AURELIUS, usually called ST.
AS.]                                      AUGUSTINE, the most illustrious of the Latin
[AuTGIz (Avyeial), name of two cities men- fathers, was born A.D. 354, at Tagaste, an intioned in the Iliad; one was in Laconia, the land town in Numidia. His mother was a sinother in Locris.]                         cere Christian, who exerted herself in training
AUGILA (mr Avyt;a: now Aujilah), an oasis up her son in the practice of piety, but for a long
in the Great Desert of Africa, about three and time without effect. He studied rhetoric at
a half degrees south of Cyrene, and ten days' Carthage, where he embraced the Manichaean
journey west of the Oasis of Ammon, abound- heresy, to which he adhered for nine years.
ing in date palms, to gather the fruit of which He afterward became a teacher of rhetoric at
a tribe of the Nasamones, called Augile (A- Carthage, but in 383 he went to Italy, and in
yi4at), resorted to the Oasis, which at other Milan was led by the preaching and conversatimes was uninhabited.                    tion ofAmbrose to abandon his Manichaean erAUGURINUS, GENUCIUS. 1. T., consul B.C. rors and embrace Christianity. He was bap451, and a member of the first decemvirate in tized by Ambrose in 387, and then returned to
the same year.-2. M., brother of the preceding, Africa, where he passed the next three years
consul 445.                               in seclusion, devoting himself to religious exAUGURINUS, MINUCiUs. 1. M., consul B.C. ercises. In 391 he was ordained a priest by
497 and 491. He took an active part in the de- Valerius, then bishop of Hippo, and in 395 he
fence of Coriolanus, who was brought to trial was consecrated bishop of Hippo. His history,,in 491, but was unable to obtain his acquittal. from the time of his elevation to the see of Hip-2. L., consul 458, carried on war against the po, is so closely implicated with the Donatistic
XEquians, and was surrounded by the enemy on and Pelagian controversy, that it would be imMount Algidus, but was delivered by the dicta- practicable to pursue its details within our limtor Cincinnatus.-3. L., was appointed praefect its. He died at Hippo in 430, when the city
of the corn-market (prtefectus annonc) 439, as was besiegedby the Vandals. Of his numerous
the people were suffering from grievous famine. works the two most interesting are, 1. His ConThe ferment occasioned by the assassination fessions, in thirteen books, written in 397, con128




AUGUSTOBONA.                                 AUGUSTUS.
taining an account of his early life. 2. De Civi- inheritance which his uncle had left him. Autate Dei, in twenty-two books, commenced about gustus, therefore, resolved to crush Antony first,
413, and not finished before 426. The first ten as the more dangerous of his two enemies, and
books contain a refutation of the various sys- accordingly made overtures to the republican
terns of false religion, the last twelve present a party. These were so well received, especially
systematic view of the true religion. The best when two legions went over to him, that the
edition of the collected works of Augustine is senate conferred upon him the title of praetor,
the Benedictine, 11 vols. fol., Paris, 1679-1700: and.sent him, with the two consuls of the year,
[this valuable edition was reprinted at Paris, in C. Vibius Pansa and A. Hirtius, to attack Anil vols., imperial 8vo, 1836-39.]        tony, who was besieging D. Brutus in Mutina.
AUGUSTOBONNA (now Troyes), afterward called Antony was defeated and obliged to fly across
Tricassc,z the capital of the Tricasii or Tricas- the Alps; and the death of the two consuls
ses in Gallia Lugdunensis.                gave Augustus the command of all their troops.
AUGUSTODUNUM. Vid. BIBRACTE.            The senate now became alarmed, and determAUGUSTONEMETUM. Vid. ARVERNI.           ined to prevent Augustus from acquiring furAUGUSTORITUM. Vid. LEMOVICES.           ther power. But he soon showed that he did
AUGUSTULUS, ROMULUS, last Roman emperor not intend to become the senate's servant. Supof the West, was placed upon the throne by his ported by his troops, he marched uponRome and
father Orestes (A.D. 475), after the latter had demanded the consulship, which the terrified
deposed the Emperor Julius Nepos. In 476 Ores- senate was obliged to give him. He was electtes was-defeated by Odoacer and put to death: ed to the office along with Q. Pedius, and the
Romulus Augustulus was allowed to live, but murderers of the dictator were outlawed. He
was deprived of the sovereignty.          now marched into the north of Italy, professAuGUsTus, the first Roman emperor, was born edly against Antony, who had been joined by
on the 23d of September, B.C. 63, and was the Lepidus, and who was descending from the Alps
son of C. Octavius by Atia, a daughter of Ju- along with the latter at the head of seventeen
lia, the sister of C. Julius Caesar. His original legions. Augustus and Antony now became
name was C. Octavius, and, after his adoption reconciled; and it was agreed that the empire
by his great-uncle, C. Julius Ccesar Octavianus, Should be divided between Augustus, Antony,
but for the sake of brevity we shall call him  and Lepidus, under the title of triumviri rei
Augustus, though this was only a title given publicce constituendae, and that this arrangement
him by the senate and the people in B.C. 27, to should last for the next five years. They pubexpress their veneration for him. Augustus lished a proscriptio, or list of all their enemies,
lost his father at four years of age, but his edu- whose lives were to be sacrificed and their
cation was conducted with great care by his property confiscated: upward of two thousand
grandmother Julia, and by his mother and step- equites and three hundred senators were put to
father, L. Marcius Philippus, whom his mother death, among whom was Cicero. Soon aftermarried soon after his father's death. C. Julius ward Augustus and,-Antony crossed over to
Caesar, who had no male issue, also watched Greece, and defeated Brutus and Cassius at the
over his education with solicitude. He joined decisive' battle of Philippi in 42, by which the
his uncle in Spain in 45, in the campaign against hopes of the republican party were ruined. The
the sons of Pompey, and in the course of the triumvirs thereupon made a new division of the
same year was sent by Caesar to Apollonia in provinces. Lepidus obtained Africa, and AuIllyricum, where some legions were stationed, gustus returned to Italy to reward his veterans
that he might acquire a more thorough practical with the lands he had promised them. Here a
training in military affairs, and, at the-same time, new war awaited him (41), excited by Fulvia,
prosecute his studies.  He was at Apollonia the wife of Antony. She was supported by L.
when the news reached him of his uncle's mur- Antonius, the consul and brother of the triumder at Rome in March, 44, and he forthwith set vir, who threw himself into the fortified town
out for Italy, accompanied by Agrippa and a few  of Perusia, which Augustus succeeded in taking
other friends. On landing near Brundisium at in 40. Antony now made preparations for war,
the beginning of April, he heard that Caesar had but the opportune death of Fulvia led to a recadopted him in his testament and made him his onciliation between the triumvirs, who conheir. He now assumed the name of Caesar, eluded a peace at Brundisium. A new division
and was so saluted by the troops. On reaching of the provinces was again made: Augustus
Rome about the beginning of May, he demanded obtained all the parts of the empire west of the
nothing but the private property which Caesar town of Scodra in Illyricum, and Antony the
had left him, but declared that he was resolved eastern provinces, while Italy was to belong to
to avenge the murder of his benefactor. The them in common. Antony married Octavia, the
state of parties at Rome was most perplexing; sister of Augustus, in order to cement their aland one can not but admire the extraordinary liance. In 39 Augustus concluded a peace with
tact and prudence which Augustus displayed, Sextus Pompey, whose fleet gave him the comand the skill with which a youth of scarcely mand of the sea, and enabled him to prevent
twenty contrived to blind the most experienced corn from reaching Rome. But this peace was
statesmen in Rome, and eventually to carry all only transitory. As long as Ponlpey wae indehis designs into effect. Augustus had to con- pendent, Augustus could not hope to obtain the
tend against the republican party as well as dominion of the West, and he therefore eagerly
against Antony; for the latter foresaw that Au- availed himself of the pretext that Pompey algustus would stand in the way of his views, and lowed piracy to go on in the Mediterranean for
had therefore attempted, though without sue- the purpose of declaring war against him. In
cess, to prevent Augustus from accepting the 36 the contest came to a final issue. The fleet
9                                                           129




AUGUSTUS.                                  AULON.
of Augustus, under the command of Marcus ducted some of them in person. Thus, in 27,
Agrippa, gained a decisive victory over that of he attacked the warlike Cantabri and Astures
Pompey, who abandoned Sicily and fled to Asia. in Spain, whose subjugation, however, was not
Lepidus, who had landed in Sicily to support Au- completed till 19, by Agrippa. In 21 Augustus
gustus, was impatient of the subordinate part travelled through Sicily and Greece, and spent
which he had hitherto played, and claimed the the winter following at Samos. Next year
island for himself;-but he was easily subdued (20) he went to Syria, where he received from
by Augustus, stripped of his power, and sent to Phraates, the Parthian monarch, the standards
Rome, where he resided for the remainder of and prisoners which had been taken from Crashis life, being allowed to retain the dignity of sus and Antony. In 16 the Romans suffered a
pontifex maximus. In 35 and 34 Augustus was defeat on the Lower Rhine by some German
engaged in war with the Illyrians and Dalma- tribes; whereupon Augustus went himself to
tians. Meantime, Antony had repudiated Oc- Gaul, and spent four years there, to regulate
tavia, and had alienated the minds of the Ro- the government of that province, and to make
man people by his arbitrary and arrogant pro- the necessary preparations for defending it
ceedings in the East. Augustus found that the against the Germans. In 9 he again went to
Romans were quite prepared to desert his rival, Gaul, where he received German ambassadors,
and accordingly, in 32, the senate declared war who sued for peace; and from this time foragainst Cleopatra, for Antony was looked upon ward, he does not appear to have again taken
only as her infatuated slave. The remainder any active part in the wars that were carried
of the year was occupied by preparations for on. Those in Germany were the most formidwar on both sides. In the spring of 31, Au- able, and lastedlonger than the reign ofAugusgustus passed over to Epirus, and in Septem- tus. He died at Nola, on the 29th of August,
ber in the same year his fleet gained a bril- A.D. 14, at the age of seventy-six. Augustus
liant victory over Antony's near the promontory was first married, though only nominally, to
of Actium in Acarnania. In the following year Clodia, a daughter of Clodius and Fulvia. His
(30) Augustus sailed to Egypt.  Antony and second wife, Scribonia, bore him his only daughCleopatra, who had escaped in safety from Ac- ter, Julia. His third wife was Livia Drusilla,
tium, put an end to their lives to avoid falling the wife of Tiberius Nero. Augustus had at
into the hands of the conqueror; and Augustus first fixed on M. Marcellus as his successor, the
now became the undisputed master of the Ro-' son of his sister Octavia, who was married to
man world. He returned to Rome in 29, andhis daughter Julia. After his death Julia was
after restoring order in all parts of the govern- married to Agrippa, and her two sons, Caius
ment, he proposed in the senate to lay down his and Lucius Ceesar, were now destined by Aupowers, but pretended to be prevailed upon to gustus as his successors. On the death of these
remain at the head of affairs for ten years long- two youths, Augustus was persuaded to adopt
er. This plan was afterward repeated several Tiberius, the son of Livia, and to make him his
times, and he apparently allowed himself to be colleague and successor. Vid. TIBERIUS.
always persuaded to retain his power either for  AULERCI, a powerful Gallic people dwelling
ten or five years more. He declined all honors between the Sequana (now Seine) and the Liger
and distinctions which were calculated to re- (now Loire), were divided into three great tribes.
mind the Romans of kingly power; but he ac- 1. A. EBUROVICES, near the coast, on the left
cepted in 33 the imperium proconsulare and the bank of the Seine, in the modern Normandy:
tribunitia potestas for life, by which his inviola- their capital was Mediolanum, afterward called
bility was legally established, while by the impe- Eburovices (now Evreux).-2. A. CENOMANI,
rium proconsulare he became the highest au- southwest of the preceding, near the Liger;
thority in all the Roman provinces. On the their capital was Subdinnum (now le Mans). At
death of Lepidus in 12 he became pontifex max- an early period some of the Cenomani crossed
imus; but, though he had thus united in his own the Alps and settled in Upper Italy.-3. A. BRANperson all the great offices of state, yet he was NOVICES, east of the Cenomani, near the 2.Edui,
too prudent to show to the Romans by any dis- whose clients they were. The Diablintes menplay of authority that he was the sole master. tioned by Caesar are said by Ptolemy to have
He had no ministers, in our sense of the word; been likewise a branch of the Aulerci.
but on state matters, which he did not choose  [AULESTES, a Tyrrhenian, an ally of AEneas,
to be discussed in public, he consulted his per- slain by Messapus.]
sonal friends, C. Cilnius Maecenas, M. Vipsanius  AULIs (Av2Ic), a harbor in Boeotia, on the EuAgrippa, M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus, and ripus, where the Greek fleet assembled before
Asinius Pollio. The people retained their re- sailing against Troy  it had a temple of Artepublican privileges, though they were mere mis (Diana).
forms: they still met in their assemblies, and  AULON (Abv^6v: AVzlourvc). 1. A district
elected consuls and other magistrates, but only and town on the borders of Elis and Messenia,
such persons were elected as had been propos- with a temple of iEsculapius, who hence had
ed or recommended by the emperor. The al- the surname Aulonius.-2. A town in Chalcidmost uninterrupted festivities, games, distribu- ice in Macedonia, on the Strymonic Gulf.-3.
tions of corn, and the like, made the people for- (Now Melone), a fertile valley near Tarentum,
get the substance of their republican fieedom, celebrated for its wine (amicus Aulon fertili
and obey contentedly their new ruler.  The Baccho; Hor., Carm., ii., 6, 18.)-[4. REGIUS
wars of Augustus were not aggressive, but were (A6Zvov 6' paaclec6c), a valley of Syria, not far
chiefly undertaken to protect the frontiers of from Damascus.-5. The valley of the Jordan,
the Roman dominions. Most of them were car- extending from the Sea of Galilee, and includried on by his relations and friends, but he con- ing the Dead Sea: the southern part of it
130




AULUS GELLIUS.                       M. AURELIUS ANTONINUS.
is the fertile plain of Jericho.-6. Cilicius, the completed until the reign of Probus. After a
strait between Cyprus and the coast of Cilcia.] short residence in the city, Aurelian visited the
[AULUs GEL.LIUS. Vid. GELLIUS.]         provinces on the Danube. He now entirely.
AURANITIS (A.'pavlrtg: now Hauran), a dis- abandoned Dacia, which had been first contrict south of Damascus and east of Ituraea and quered by Trajan, and made the southern bank
Batansea, on the eastern side of the Jordan, be- of the Danube, as in the time of Augustus, the
longing either to Palestine or to Arabia.  boundary of the empire. A large force was now
AUREA CHERSONESUS (e? Xpvaf Xepco6vyo~), collected in Thrace in preparation for an expethe name given by the late geographers to the dition against the Persians; but while the emMalny Peninsula, [or, as others maintain, to the peror was on the march between Heraclea and
southern part of Pegu.] They also mention an Byzantium, he was killed by some of his officers.
Aurea Regio beyond the Ganges, which is sup- They had been induced to conspire against him
posed to be the country round Ava.        by a certain Mnestheus, the freedman of the
AURELIA, the wife of C. Julius Caesar, by whom  emperor and his private secretary, who had beshe became the mother of C. Julius Caesar, the, trayed his trust, and, fearful of punishment, had,
dictator, and of two daughters.. She carefully by means of forged documents, organized the
watched over the education of her children, and conspiracy.
always took a lively interest in the success of  AURELIUNUS, CLIYUS or CCELIUS, a very celher son. She died in B.C. 54, while Caesar was ebrated Latin physician, was a native of Nuin Gaul.                                  midia, and probably lived in the fourth century
AUREILIA GENS, plebeian, of which the most after Christ. Of his writings we possess three
important members are given under their family books On Acute Diseases, "Celerum Passionum."
names, COTTA, ORESTES, and ScARus.        (or " De Morbis Acutis"), and five books On
AURELIA ORESTILLA, a beautiful but profligate Chronic Diseases, " Tardarum Passionum" (or
woman, whom Catiline married. As Aurelia at " De Morbis Chronicis"). Edited by Amman,
first objected to marry him because he had a Amstel., 1709.
grown-up son by a former marriage, Catiline is  AURELIUS ANTONINUS, M., Roman emperor,
said to have killed his own offspring in order to A.D. 161-180, commonly called "the philosoremove this impediment to their union.    pher," was born at Rome on the 20th of April,
AUREIIA VIA, the great coast road from Rome A.D. 121. He was adopted by Antoninus Pius
to Transalpine Gaul, at first extended no further immediately after the latter had been himself
than Pise, but was afterward continued along adopted by Hadrian, received the title of Caesar,
the coast to Genua and Forum Julii in Gaul.  and married Faustina, the daughter of Pius
AURELIANI. Vid. GENABUM.                (138). On the death of the latter in 161, he
AURELIANUS, Roman'emperor, A.D. 270-275, succeeded to the throne, but he admitted to an
was born about A.D. 212, at Sirmium, in Pan- equal share- of the sovereign power L. Ceionius
nonia. He entered the army as a common sol- Commodus, who had been adopted by Pius at
dier, and by his extraordinary bravery was rais- the same time as Marcus himself. SThe two
ed to offices of trust and honor byValerian and emperors henceforward bore respectively the
Claudius II. On the death of the latter,,he was names of M. Aurelius Antoninus and L. Aureelected emperor by the legions at Sirmium. His lius Verus. Soon after their accession Verus
reign presents a succession of brilliant exploits, was dispatched to the East, and for four years
which restored for a while their ancient lustre (A.D. 162-165) carried on war with great sucto the arms of Rome. He first defeated the cess against Vologeses III., king of Parthia,
Goths and Vandals, who had crossed the Dan- over whom his lieutenants, especially Avidius
ube, and were ravaging Pannonia. He next Cassius, gained many victories. At the congained a great victory over the Alemanni and elusion of the war both emperors triumphed,
other German tribes; but they succeeded, not- and assumed the titles ofArmeniacus, Parthicus
withstanding, in crossing the Alps. Near PIa- Maximus, and Mledicus.  Meantime Italy was
centia they defeated the Romans, but were threatened by the numerous tribes dwelling
eventually overcome by Aurelian in two deci- along the northern limits of the empire, from
sive engagements in Umbria. After crushing the sources of the Danube to the Illyrian border.
a formidable conspiracy at Rome, Aurelian next Both emperors set out to encounter the foe;
turned his arms against Zenobia, queen of Pal- and the contest with the northern nations was
myra, whom he defeated, took prisoner, and continued with varying success during the
carried with him to Rome. Vid. ZENOBIA. On whole life of M. Aurelius, whose head-quarters
his return he marched to Alexandrea and put were generally fixed in Pannonia. After the
Firmus to death, who had assumed the title of death of Verus in 169, Aurelius prosecuted the
emperor.  He then proceeded to the West, war against the Marcomanni with great suewhere Gaul, Britain, and Spain were still in the cess, and in consequence of his victories over
hands of Tetricus, who had been declared em- them, he assumed in 172 the title of Germaniperor a short time before the death of Gallienus. cus, which he also conferred upon his son ComTetricus surrendered to Aurelian in a battle modus. In 174 he gained a decisive victory
fought near Chalons. Vid. TETRIUcs. The em- over the Quadi, mainly through a violent storm,
peror now devoted his attention to domestic im- which threw the barbarians into confusion.
provemrents and reforms. Many works of public This storm is said to have been owing to the
utility were commenced: the most important prayers of a legion chiefly composed of Chrisof all was the erection of a new line of strongly tians. It has given rise to a famous controfortified walls, embracing a much more ample versy among the historians of Christianity upon
circuit than the old ones, which had long since what is commonly termed the Miracle of the
fallen into ruin; but this vast plan was not Thundering Legion. The Marcomanni and the
131




AURELIUS VICTOR.                               AUTOLYCUS.
other northern barbarians concluded a peace  AUsoN (AVaCov), son of Ulysses and Calypso
with Aurelius in 175, who forthwith set out for or Circe, from whom the country of the Aarunthe East, where Avidius Cassius, urged on by cans was believed to have been called Ausonia.
Faustina, the unworthy wife of Aurelius, had  AusoNEs, AUSONSA. Vid. ITALIA.
risen in rebellion and proclaimed himself em-  AusONIUs, DECIMUS MAGNus, a Roman poet,
peror. But before Aurelius reached the East, born at Burdigala (now Bourdeaux), about A.D.
Cassius had been slain by his own officers. On 310, taught grammar and rhetoric with s.uch
his arrival in the East, Aurelius acted with the reputation at his native town that he was apgreatest clemency; none of the accomplices of pointed tutor of Gratian, son of the Emperor
Cassius were put to death; and to establish Valentinian, and was afterward raised to the
perfect confidence in all, he ordered the papers highest honors of the state. He was appointed
of Cassius to be destroyed without suffering by Gratian praefectus of Latium, of Libya, and
them to be read. During this expedition, Faus- of Gaul, and in 379 was elevated to the consultina, who had accompanied her husband, died, ship.  After the death of Gratian in.83, he
according to some, by her own hands. Aure- retired from public life, and ended his days in a
lius returned to Rome toward the end of 176;, country retreat near Bourdeaux, perhaps about
but in 178 he set out again for Germany, where 390. It is most probable that he was a Christhe Marcomanni and their confederates had tian and not a heathen. His extant worlk are,
again renewed the war. He gained several 1. Epigrammatum Liber, a collection of one
victories over them, but died, in the middle of hundred and fifty epigrams.-2. Ephemeris, conthe war, on March 17th, 180, in Pannonia, either taining an account of the business and proceedat Vindobona (now Vienna) or at Sirmium, in ings of a day.-3. Parentalia, a series of short
the fifty-ninth year of his age and twentieth of poems, dedicated to the memory of deceased
his reign. The leading feature in the charac- friends and relations, and commemorating their
ter of M. Aurelius was his devotion to philoso- virtues.-4. Professores, notices of the Profesphy and literature. When only twelve years sors of Bourdeaux.-5. Epitaphia H eroum, epiold, he adopted the dress and practiced the aus- taphs on the heroes who fell in the Trojan war
terities of the Stoics, and he continued through- and a few others.-6. A metrical catalogue of
out his life a warm adherent and a bright orna- the first twelve Caesars.-7. Tetrasticha, on the
ment of the Stoic philosophy. We still possess Cesars from Julius to Elagabalus.-8. Clara
a work by M. Aurelius, written in the Greek  Urbes, the praises of fourteen illustrious cities.
language, and entitled Ta el' eaVr6v, or Medita- -9. Ludus Septem Sapientum, the doctrines of
tions, in twelve books. It is a sort of common- the seven sages expounded by each in his own
place book, in which were registered from time person.-10. Idyllia, a collection of twenty poto time the thoughts and feelings of the author ems.-11. Eclogarium, short poems connected
upon moral and religious topics, without an at- with the Calendar, &c.-12. Epistolae, twentytempt at order or arrangement. No remains five letters, some in verse and some in prose.of antiquity present a nobler view of philosoph- 13. Gratiarum Actio pro Consulatu, in prose, adical heathenism. The best edition of the Med- dressed to Gratian.-14. Periochce, short arguitations is by Gataker, Cantab., 1652, and Lond., ments to each book of the Iliad and Odyssey.1697. The chief, and perhaps the only stain  15. Tres Pracfatiunculce. Of these works the
upon the memory of Aurelius is his two perse- Idyls have attracted most notice, and of them
cutions of the Christians; in the former of the most pleasing is the Mosella, or a descripwhich, 166, the martyrdom of Polycarp occur- tion of the River Moselle. Ausonius possesses
red, and in the latter, 177, that of Irenaeus. skill in versification, but is destitute of all the
Aurelius was succeeded by his son Commodus. higher attributes of a poet. The best edition of
AURELIUS VICTOR. Vid. VICTOR.            his complete works is by Tollius, Amstel., 1671.
AURO6LUS, one of the Thirty Tyrants (A.D.  AUSTER, called Notus (N6roC) by, the Greeks,
260-267), who assumed the title of Augustus du- the south wind, or strictly the southwest wind,
ring the feeble rule of Gallienus. Aureolus was is personified as the god of the south wind, son
proclaimed emperor by the legions of Illyria in of Astreeus and Eos (Aurora). It frequently
267, and made himself master of Northern Ita- brought with it fogs and rain; but at certain
ly, but he was defeated and slain in battle in seasons of the year it was a dry, sultry wind
268, by Claudius II.,. the successor of Gallienus. (hence called plumbeus Auster, Hor., Sat., ii., 6,
[AuRINIA, a prophetess, held in great venera- 18), injurious both to man and to vegetation, the
tion by the Germans, spoken of in connection  Sirocco of the modern Italians.
with Veleda by Tacitus.]                     AUTARIXATZ (Aviraptdrat), an Illyrian people
AURORA. Vid. Eos.                        in the Dalmatian mountains, extinct in Strabo's
AURUNCI. Vid. ITALIA.                    time.
AURUNCULEIUS COTTA. Vid. COTTA.            AUTESIODORUM, -URUM (now Auxerre), a town
AUSA. Vid. AUSETANI.                     of the Senones in Gallia Lugdunensis.
[AusAR (Aivaap, now Serchio), a river of Etru-  AUTESiON (AvTreaio), son of Tisamenus, faria, which anciently joined the Arnus; but at ther of Theras and Argia, left Thebes at the
present they both flow into the sea by different command of an oracle, and joined the Dorians
channels.]                                 in Peloponnesus.
Ausci or AuscII, a powerful people in Aqui-  AUTOCHTHONES (avro6XOovee).  Vid. ABORGtania, who possessed the Latin: franchise; their INES.
capital was called Climberrum or Elimberrum,  AUT6OLLES, or -.m (AvroX6/oat), a Gaetulian
also Augusta and Ausci (now Auch).         tribe on the western coast of Africa, south of
AuSETANI, a Spanish people in the modern the Atlas Mountains.
Catalonia: their capital was Ausa (now Vique).  AUTLYcOUs (Avr6woavo). 1, Son of Mercury
132




AUTOMALA.                              AVIENUS, RUFUS.
(Heames) and Chione, father of Anticlea, and I AUZEA, or -IA, or AUDIA (now Sur-Guzlan or
thus.maternal grandfather of Ulysses. He lived Hamza, ruins), a city in the interior of Maureon Mount Parnassus, and was renowned for his tania Coesariensis; a Roman colony under Marcunning and robberies. Ulysses, when staying cus Aurelius Antoninus.
with him on one occasion, was wounded by a  AVILiTES (AVaMr7C: now Zeilah), an empoboar on Parnassus, and it was by the sear of rium in Southern.Ethiopia, on a bay of the
this wound that he was recognized by his aged Erythrean Sea, called Avalites Sinus ('A. K6canurse when he returned from Troy. — 2. A Thes- tro), probably the Gulf of Bab-el-Mandeb, or its
salian, sen of Deimachus, one of the Argonauts, innermost part, south of the Straits. A people,
and the founder of Sinope.-3. A mathematician Avalitae, are also mentioned in these parts.
of Pitane in Aolis, lived about B.C. 340, and  AVARicux. Vid. BITURIGES.
wrote two astronomical treatises, which are the  AVELLA. Vid. ABELLA.
most ancient existing specimens of the Greek  AvENiO (nowAvignon), a town of the Cavares,
mathematis: 1. On the Motion of the Sphere in Gallia Narbonensis, on the left bank of the
({rept stvov/ ivyc ar0aipa). —2. On the risings and Rhone.
settings of the fixed stars (irepti iirrro2v iai  AVENTICUM (now Avenches), the chief town of
d6ceov). Edited by Dasypodius in his Sphari- the Helvetii, and subsequently a Roman colony
~e Doctrine Propositiones, Argent., 1572.  with the name Pia Flavia Constans Emerita, of
AUT6M1LA (ri Aro76,aXa), a fortified place on which ruins are still to be seen in the modern
the Great Syrtis in-Northern Africa.      town.
AUT6OMEDON (AdVroid&(v). 1. Son of Diores,  AVENTINENSIS, GENUCIUS. 1. L., consul B.C.
the charioteer and companion of Achilles, and, 365, and again 362, was killed in battle against
after the death of the latter, the'companion of the Hernicans in the latter of these years, and
his son Pyrrhus.  Hence Automedon is the his army routed.-2. CN., consul 363.
name of any skillful charioteer. (Cic., pro Rosc.  AVENTINUS, son of Hercules and the priestess
Am., 35; Juv., i., 61.)-2. Of Cyzicus, a Greek Rhea.
poet, twelve of whose epigrams are in the Greek  AVENTINUS MONS. Vid. ROMAx.
Anthology, lived in the reign of Nerva, A.D.  AVERNUS LACUS (' ~Aopvor?izv?': now Lago
96-98.                                    Averno), a lake close to the promontory which
AUT.OMLI (AvrTOoaot), as a proper name, was runs out into the sea between Cume and Puapplied to the Egyptian soldiers, who were said teoli. This lake fills the crater of an extinct
to have deserted from Psammetichus into -Ethi- volcano: it is circular, about one and a half
opia, where they founded the kingdom of MERoE. miles in circumference, is very deep, and is surAUTONOE (AVTov67r). 1. Daughter of Cadmus rounded by high banks, which in antiquity'were
and Harmonia, wife of Aristaeus, and mother covered by a gloomy forest sacred to Hecate.
of Actahon. With her sister Agave, she tore From its waters mephitic vapors arose, which
Pentheus to pieces in their Bacchic fury: her are said to have killed the birds that attempted
tomb was shown in the territory of Megara.-  to fly over it, from which circumstance its
[2. A handmaid of Penelope, mentioned in the Greek name was supposed to be derived (from
Odyssey.]                                 a, priv., and Opvtf). The lake was celebrated
AUTRIGONEs, a people in Hispania Tarraco- in mythology on account of its connection with
nensis, between the ocean (Bay of Biscay) and the lower world-. On its banks dwelt the Cimthe upper course of the Iberus: their chief town merians in constant darkness, and near it was
was FLAVIOBRIGA.                          the cave of the Cummaan Sibyl, through which
AuTRONrUS PETUS. Vid. PArTUS.           JEneas descended to the lowerworld. Agrippa,
AuxESIA (Adfo~a), the goddess who grants in the time of Augustus, cut down the forest
grow'th and prosperity to the fields, honored at which surrounded the lake, and connected the
Trcezen and Epidaurus, was another name for latter with the Lucrine Lake; he also caused
Proserpina (Persephone).  Damia, who was a tunnel to be made from the lake to Cumse, of
honored along with Auxesia at Epidaurus and which a considerable part remains, and is known
Trezen, was only another name for Ceres (De- under the name of Grotta di Sibylla. The Lumeter).                                   crine Lake was filled up by an eruption in 1530,
AuxImum (Auximas, -atis: now Osimo), an so that Avernus is again a separate lake.
important town of Picenum in Italy, and a Ro-  AvIANUs, FLAVIUS, the author of forty-two
maw colony.                               AEsopic fables in Latin elegiac verse, which are
AUXiME or Ax- (Avfot/ZV or'Aeyt^, and other of very little merit both as respects the matter
forms: Avsovifdra or'AAjTdrat, &e.: now Ax- and the style. The date of Avianus is uncersa,m ruins southwest of Adowa), the capital of a tain; he probably lived in the third or fourth
powerful kingdom in /Ethiopia, to the southeast' century of the Christian era. -Editions: By
of Mero, in Habesh or Abyssinia, which either Cannegieter, Amstel., 1731; byNodell,Amstel.,
first arose or first became known to the Greeks 1787; and by Lachmann, Berol., 1845.
and R'mans in the early part of the second cen-  [AVIDIUS CASSIUs. Vid. CAssIus.]
tury of our era. It grew upon the decline of  AVIsENUS, RUFUS FESTUS, a Latin poet toward
the kingdom of Meroe, and extended beyond the the end of the fourth century of the Christian
Straits of Bab-el-lMandeb into Arabia. Being a era. His poems are chiefly descriptive, and are
mountainous region, watered by the numerous some of the best specimens of the poetry of
upper streams of the Astaboras and Astapus, that age. His works are, 1. Descriptio Orbis
and intersected by the caravan routes from the Ttrre, -also called Metaphrasis Periegeseos Diointerior of Africa to the Red Sea and the Gulf nysii, in 1394 hexameter lines, derived directly
of Bab-el-Mandeb, the country possessed great from the 7repotyVat of Dionysius, and containing
itaternal resources and a flourishing commerce. a succinct account of the most remarkable ob133




AVIONES.                                  BABYLON.
jects in the physical and political geography of are also the remains of a splendid temple and
the known world.-2. Ora Maritima, a fragment of a theatre. This ancient site was discovered
in 703 iambic trimeters, describing the shores by Mr. Keppel.
of the Mediterranean from Marseilles to Cadiz.  AZANIA or BARBARIA ('ACavia, Bap6apta: now
-3. Aratea Phenomena and Aratea Prognostica, Ajan), the region on tile eastern coast of Afriboth in hexameter verse, the first containing ca, south of Aromata Promontorium (now Cape
1325, the second 552 lines, being a paraphrase Guardafui), as far as Rhaptum Promontorium
of the two works of Aratus. The poems are (now Cape Formosa?).
edited by Wernsdorf, in his Poetce Latini Mino-  AZENIA ('A0Yvia:'Awv tevC), a demus in the
res, vol. v., pt. ii., which, however, does not in- southwest of Attica, near Sunium, belonging to
elude the Aratea: [reprinted, with the addition the tribe Hippothoontis.
of the Aratea, by Lemaire, in the fifth volume of  AzEus ('A(eC), son of Clymenus of Orchomehis Pocte Latini ilinores, Paris, 1824-26.]  nos, brother of Erginus, Stratius, Arrhon, and
AVIONES, a people in the north of Germany, Pyleus, father of Actor and grandfather of Aswhose position is uncertain.              tyoche.
AVITUS, ALPHIUS, a Latin poet underAugustus  [AZIRIS ('Atptly in Hdt., or'At;htA in Call.:
and Tiberius, the fragments of some of whose now Temmiinch), a city of Marmarica in Afiica,
poems are preserved in the Anthologia Latina.  opposite to the island Platea, and founded by the
AVITUS, CLUENTIUS. Vid. CLUENTIUS.      Theraeans.]
AviTUS, M. M EcILius, Emperor of the West,  AZORUS or AzoRiu M ("Awpof,'ASJptov:'A>wwas raised to the throne by the assistance of piiriW,'Awptd7iWA,'AMwPEdC), a town in the north
Theodoric II., king of the Visigoths, in A.D. of Thessaly, on the western slope of Olympus,
455; but, after a year's reign, was deposed by formed, with Dolicle and Pythium, the PerrhaeRicimer.                                  bian Tripolis.
[AXANTOS, another name of Uxantis (now   AzoTUS ("ATroc: A6T7roc: now Ashdod or
Ouessant), on the northwestern coast of Gallia.] Ashfdoud), a city of Palestine, near the sea-coast,
[AXELL6ODNUM (now Brgh?), a castle of the nine miles northeast of Ascalon. It was one
Brigantes in Britannia.]                  of the free cities of the Philistines, which were
AXENUS. Vid. EUXINUS PONTUS.            included within the portion of the tribe of Judah.
AXIA (now Castell d'Asso), a fortress in the
territory of Tarquinii in Etruria.
AXION ('A5ov), son of Phegeus, brother of
Temenus, along with whom he killed Alcmaeon.  BABRIUS (Bd6piof), a Greek poet, probably in
[AXIONICUS ('At6OVIKO), an Athenian poet of the time of Augustus, turned the fables of Esop
the middle comedy, of whose plays only a few  into verse, of Which only a few fragments were
fragments have been preserved in Atheneus: known till within the last few years, when a
these are published collectively in Meineke's manuscript containingone hundred and twenty -
Fragmenta Comic. Grcc., vol. ii., p. 769-72, edit. three fables was discovered on Mount Athos.
minor.]                                   Edited by Lachmann, Berol., 1845; by Orelli
AXIOTHEA ('Ato6~ea), a maiden of Phlius, who and Baiter, Turic., 1845; by Lewis, Lond., 1847.
came to Athens, and, putting on male attire, was  BABYLON (Ba6v~uv: Ba6v2uvtof, fem. Ba6vfor some timea hearer of Plato, and afterward; tavit: Babel in Old Testament: ruins at and
of Speusippus.                            around Hillah), one of the oldest and greatest
Axius, Q., an intimate friend of Cicero and cities of the ancient world, the capital of a great
Varro, one of the speakers in the third book of empire, was built on both banks of the River
Varro's De Re Rustica.     "              Euphrates, in about 32~ 28' north latitude. Its
Axius ("AStoc: now Wardar or Vardhari), the foundation, and the establishment of a kingdom
chief river in Macedonia, rises in Mount Scar- by Nimrod, with the city' for a capital, are
dus, receives many affluents, of which the most among the first recorded facts subsequent to
important is the Erigon, and flows southeast the Deluge (Gen., x., 9, 10; xi., 1-10). Secathrough Macedonia into the Thermaic Gulf. As lar history ascribes its origin to Belus (i.e.,
a river-god, Axius begot by Peribcea a son, Pel- the god Baal), and its enlargement and decoraagon, the fattier of ASTEROPEUS.          tion to Ninus, or his wife Semiramis pr, accordAXONA (now Aisne), a river in Gallia Belgica, ing to another tradition, the country was subwhich falls into the Isara (now Oise).    dued by Ninus, and the city was subsequently
AXUME. Vid. AUXUME.                     built by Semiramis, who made it the capital of
[Axus ('A56r), capital of a small kingdom in the Assyrian empire. At all events, it is pretty
Crete.]                                   clear that Babylon was subject to the Assyr[AxYLUS ('Afvroc), a Thracian prince, men- ian kings of Nineveh from a very early period;
tioned in the Iliad, son of Teuthranus, slain by and the time at which the governors of Babylo'
Diomedes.]                               first succeeded in making themselves virtAally
AZAN ('A~(v), son of Areas and the nymph independent, can not be determined with amy
Erato, brother of Aphidas and Elatus. The part certainty until we know more of the history
of Arcadia which he received from his father of the early Assyrian dynasties. Compare NAwas called Azania: it was on the borders of BONASSAR. The Babylonian empire beginswith
Elis.                                     the reign of Nabopolassar, the father of NebuAZANI (Aavo'AaVl'Avir), a townofPhrygia, chadnezzar, who, with the aid of the Median
onthe River Rhyndacus, and twentymiles south- king Cyaxares, overthrew the Assyrian monwestofCotyaeium (now Kiutayah). The ruins of archy, and destroyed Nineveh (B.C. 606), and
columns, capitals, and other architectural frag- soon afterward defended his kingdom against
ments are scattered over the ground. There the aggressions (at first successful) of Nech%
134




BABYLON.                                BACCHIAD2E.
kicng of Egypt, in the battle of Circesium, B.C. heavenly bodies, not purely so, but symbolized
604. Under his son and successor, Nebuchad- In the forms of idols, besides whom they had
nezzar (B.C. 604-562), the Babylonian empire other divinities, representing the powers of nareached its height, and extended from the Eu- ture. The priests formed a caste, and cultiphrates to Egypt, and from the mountains of vated. science, especially astronomy; in which
Armenia to the deserts of Arabia. After his they knew the apparent motions of'the sun,
death it again declined-, until it was overthrown moon, and five of the planets, the calculation
by the capture of Babylon by the Medes and of eclipses of the moon, the division of the zoPersians under Cyrus (B.C. 538), who made the diac into twelve constellations, and of the year
city one of the capitals of the Persian empire, into twelve months, and the measurement of
the others being Susa and Ecbatana. Under time by the sun-dial. They must~also have had
his successors the city rapidly sank. Darius I. other instruments for measuring time, such as
dismantled its fortifications, in consequence of the water-clock, for instance; and it is highly
a revolt of its inhabitants; Xerxes carried off probable that the definite methods of determinthe golden statue of Belus, and the temple, in ing, such quantities, which'the Chaldaean aswhich it stood became a ruin.. After the death tronomers invented, were the origin of the sysof Alexander, Babylon became a part of the tems of weights and measures used by the
Syrian kingdom of Seleucus Nicator, who con- Greeks and Romans. Their buildings prove
tributed to its decline by the foundation of SE- their knowledge of mechanics; and their re-,EUCIA on the'Tigris, which soon eclipsed it. mains, slight as they are, show considerable.At the commencement of our era, the greater progress in the fine arts. The Babylonian govpart of the city was in ruins; and at the pres- ernment was an unlimited monarchy; the king
ent day, all its visible remains consist of mounds appears to have lived in almost total seclusion
of earth, ruined masses of brick walls, and a from his people, surrounded by.his court; and
few scattered fragments.  Its very site has the pr'ovinces were administered by governors,
been turned into a dreary marsh by repeated like the Persian satraps, responsible only to the
inundations from the river. The city of Bab- monarch, whose commands they obeyed or deylon had reached the summit of its magnificence fled according to his strength or weakness.
in the reign of Nebuchadnezzar. It formed a The position of the city on the lower course of
square, each side of which was ofie hundred the Euphrates, by which it was connected with
and twenty stadia (twelve geographical miles) the Persian Gulf, and at the meeting of natural
in length.  The walls, of burned brick, were routes between Eastern Asia and India on the
two hundred cubits high and, fifty thick; in one side, and Europe, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt,
them were two hundred and fifty towers and and Arabia on the other, made it the seat of a
sixty bronze gates; and they were surrounded flourishing commerce, and of immense wealth
by a deep ditch. The Euphrates, which divided and luxury.  The district around the city,
the city into two equal parts, was.embanked bounded by the Tigris on the east, Mesopotawith walls of brick, the openings of which, at mia on the north, the Arabian Desert on the
the ends of the transverse streets,were closed west, and extending to the head of the Persian
by gates of bronze. A bridge, built on piers of Gulf on the south, was known in later times by
hewn stone, united the two quarters of the city; the name of BABYLONIA (nowIrak Arabi), someand at each end of it stood a royal palace: these times also called Chaldaea. But compare CHALerections were ascribed to Semiramis. Of two D.EA. This district was a plain, subject to conother public buildings of the'greatest celebrity, tinual inundations from the Tigris and Euthe one was the temple of Belus, rising to a phrates, which were regulated by canals, the
great height, and consisting of eight stories, chief of which was the Naarmalcha, i. e., Royal
gradually diminishing in width,:and ascended  River or Canal (rora/ibS faoiaeloto, dlupv~ Oeaby a flight of steps, which wound round the a6tXtKO, flumen regium), which extended from
whole building on the outside; in the upper- the Tigris at Seleucia due west to the Eumost story was the golden statueof Belus, with phrates, and was navigable. The country was
a golden altar and other treasures: this build- fertile, but deficient in trees.
ing also was ascribed to Semiramis. The other  BABYLON (BadvlXt6v: near Fostat or Old Caedifice referred to was the "hanging gardens" iro), a fortress in Lower Egypt, on the right
of Nebuchadnezzar, laid out upon terraces which bank of the Nile, exactly opposite to the pyrawere raised above'one another on arches. The mids, and at the beginning of the canal which
houses of the city were three or four stories in connected the Nile with the Red Sea. Its oriheight, and the streets were straight, -intersect- gin was ascribed by tradition to a body of Babing one. another at right angles. The buildings ylonian deserters. It first became an important
were almost universally constructed of bricks, place under the Romans. Augustus made it the
some burned and some only sun-dried, cemented station of one of the three Egyptian legions.
together with hot bitumen, and in some cases  BABYvLSNIA. Vid. BABYLON.
with mortar. The Babylonians were certainly  BACCHME (B(Xciat), also called Mcenades and
a Semitic race; but the ruling class, to which  Thyiades. 1. The female companions of Diothe Itings, and priests, and the men -of learning nysus or Bacchus in his wanderings through
belonged, were the Chaldaeans, whose origin the East, are represented as crowned with vine
and affinities are somewhat doubtful; the most leaves, clothed with fawn skins, and carrying
probable opinion, however, is that they were a in their hands the thyrsus (vid. Diet. of Ant., s. v.).
tribe of invaders,- who descended from  the — 2. Priestesses of Bacchus (Dionysus), who,
mountains on the borders of Armenia, and con- bywine and other exciting causes, worlked themquered the Babylonians. -The religion of the selves up to phrensy at the Dionysiac festivals.
Chald.lans was Sabaism, or tile worship of the  BccaGCHiDXo (Bai;U;cdidal), an Heraclid clan, de135




BACCHIUM.                                  BAGOAS.
rived their name from Bacchis, king of Corinth, governor, revolted from Antiochus II, and
and retained the supreme rule in that state, first founded the Greek kingdom of Bactria, which
under a monarchical form of government, and lasted till B.C. 134 or 125, when it was overnext as a close oligarchy, till their deposition thrown by the Parthians, with whom, during its
by Cypselus, about B.C. 657. They were, for whole duration, its, kings were sometimes at
the most part, driven into banishment, and are war, and sometimes in alliance against Syria.
said to have taken refuge in different parts of This Greek kingdom extended beyond the limGreece and even Italy,                    its of the province of Bactria, and included at
[BACCHiUM (BaKXc ov), an island in the AEgean least a part of Sogdiana. Bactria was waterSea, lying before the harbor of the city Pho- ed by the Oxus and its tributaries, and containcaea, beautifully adorned with temples and ed much fertile land; and much of the cornworks of art, which were destroyed by'the Ro- merce between Western Asia and India passed
mans under.Emilius, B.C. 190.]           through it.
BACCHiUS (BacXEToO).  1. The author of a  [BACTRUS (B(KirpO), a river of Bactria. Vid.
short musical treatise called eitayyoyr rfeyvr  BACTRIA.]
povCaeiKr, printed by Meibomius, in the Antiquce  [BACUNTIUS (now Bossuth), a river of Lower
Musicce Auctores Septem, Amst., 1652.-2. Of Pannonia, which empties into the Savus near
Tanagra in Bootia, one of the earliest com- Sirmium.]
mentators on the writings of Hippocrates: his  BADUHENNm LuCUs, a wood in Western Frieswritings have perished.-3. Of Miletus, the au- land.
thor of a work on agriculture.              BEBIA GENS, plebeian, the most important
BACCHUS. Vid. DIONYSUS.                 members of which are given-under their surBACCHYLIDES (BacXvui6drI/), one of the great names, DIVES, SULCA, TAMPHILUS.
lyric poets of Greece, born at Iulis in Ceos, and  BmcuLA, a town in Hispania Tarraconensis,
nephew as well as fellow-townsman of Simon- west of Castulo, in the neighborhood of silver
ides. He flourished about B.C. 470, and lived mines.
a long time at the court of Hiero in Syracuse,  [BELON. Vid. BELON.]
together with Simonides and Pindar. He wrote  [BESIPPO (now Porto Barhato), a harbor on
in the Doric dialect Hymns, Paans, Dithyrambs, Junonis Promontorium, not far from Gades, in
&c.; but all his poems have perished, with the Hispania Baetica.]
exception of a few fragments, and two epigrams  B^TERRR (now Beziers), also called BITERin the Greek Anthology. The fragments have RENSIS URBs, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, on
been published by Neue, Bacchylidis Cei Frag- the Obris, not far from Narbo, and a Roman
menta, Berol., 1823, and by Bergk, Poetie Lyrici colony: its neighborhood produced good wine.
Grceci, p. 820.                             BETICA. Vid. HISPANIA.
BACENIS SILVA, a forest which separated the  BTETIS (now Guadalquiver), a river in SouthSuevi from the Cherusci, probably the western ern Spain, formerly called TARTESSUS, and by
part of the-Thuringian Forest.            the inhabitants CERTIS, rises in Hispania TarBACIS (Bdaec), the name of several prophets, raconensis, in the territory of the Oretani, flows
of whom the most celebrated was the Bceotian southwest through Baetica, to which it gives its
seer, who delivered his oracles in hexameter name, past the cities of Corbuda and Hispalis,
verse at Heleon in Boeotia. In later times there and falls into the Atlantic Ocean by two mouths,
existed a collection of his oracles, similar to the north of Gades.
Sibylline books at Rome.                    [B2ETURIA (Batrovpit), the northwestern part
BACTRA or ZARIASPA (ra Ba/crpa, ra Zapiaaira of B1etica, between the Anas and Mount Maand i Zaptdaory: now Balkh), the capital of rianus.]
BACTRIA, appears to have been founded by the  BAGACUM (now Bavai), the chief town of the
early Persian kings, but not to have been a con- Nervii in Gallia Belgica: there are many Rosiderable city till the time of Alexander, who man remains in the modern town.
settled in it his Greek mercenaries and his dis-  BAGAUDE, a Gallic people, who revolted unabled Macedonian soldiers.  It stood at the der Diocletian, and were with difficulty subnorthern foot of the Mount Paropamisus (the dued by Maximian, A.D. 286.
Hindoo Koosh), on the River Bactrus (now Adir-  [BAGISTANUS MONS (70T Bayiaravov pof), a
siah or Dehas), about twenty-five miles south mountain range in Media, southeast of Ecbatof its junction with the Oxus. It was the cen- ana, and made by the Greeks sacred to Jupitre of a considerable traffic. The existing ruins, ter: the region around was called Bagistana.
twenty miles in circuit, are all of the Moham- This mountain is now more correctly termed
medan period.                             the s" sacred rock of Behistun." According to
BACTRIA or -IXNA (BaiTptavj: Bdirpot, -tot, the ancients, it had the figure of Semiramis cut
-lavoi: now Bokhara), a province of the Persian upon it, with a Syrian inscription; but Major
empire, bounded on the south by Mount Paro- Rawlinson has shown that the inscription on
pamisus, which separated it from Ariana, on the rock was executed by order of Darius Hysthe east by the northern branch of the same taspis.]
range, which divided it from the Sace, on the  BAG6AS (Baydag), a eunuch, highly trusted
northeast by the Oxus, which separated it from  and favored by Artaxerxes III. (Ochus), whom
Sogdiana, and on the west by Margiana. It he poisoned, B.C. 338. He was put to death
was inhabited by a rude and warlike people, by Darius III. Codomannus, whom he had atwho were subdued by Cyrus or his,next success- tempted likewise to poison, 336.  The name
ors. It was included in the conquests of Alex- Bagoas frequently occurs in Persian history,
ander, and formed a part of the kingdom of the and is sometimes used by Latin writers as sySeleucidae until B.C. 255, when Theodotus, its nonymous with a eunuch.
136




BAGRADAS.                                  BARBARI.
BAGRAXDAS (Baypddar: now Mejerdah), a river years afterward he was proconsul of Africa, and
of Northern Africa, falling into the Gulf of Car- triumphed over the Garamantes in 19. He
thage near Utica.                         built a magnificent theatre at Rome, which was
BAITE (Baianus), a town in Campania, on a dedicated in 13.
small bay west of Naples, and opposite Puteoli,  BALBUS, LUCILIUS. 1. L., a jurist, and brothwas situated in a beautiful country, which er of the following.-2. Q., a Stoic philosopher,
abounded in warm mineral springs. The baths and a pupil of Panaetius, is introduced by Cicero
of Baiee were the most celebrated in Italy, and as one of the speakers in his De Natura Deorum.
the town itself was the favorite watering-place  BALBUS, OCTAVIUS, a contemporary of Cicero,
of the Romans, who flocked thither in-crowds bore a high character as a judex; he was put
for health and pleasure; it was distinguished to death by the triumvirs, B.C. 43.
by licentiousness and immorality. The whole  BALBUS, SP. TIORIUS, tribune of the plebs
country was studded with the palaces of the about B.C. 111, proposed an agrarian law. Vid.
Roman nobles and emperors, which covered Diet. of Ant., art. LEX THORIA.
the coast from Baiae to Puteoli: many of these  BALEARES (Ba2eapidE&, Ba;taptSes), also callpalaces were built out into the sea. (Hor., ed GYMNESSLE (rvuvrvciat) by the Greeks, two
Carm., ii., 18, 20.) The site of ancient Baiae islands in the Mediterranean, off the coast of
is now, for the most part, covered by the sea.  Spain, distinguished by the epithets Major and
[BALANMEA (BaXavaia: now Banias), a city of Minor, whence their modern names Majorca and
Syria, on the coast, north of Aradus, by Ste- Minorca. They were early known to the Carphanus Byzantinus assigned to Phcenicia.]  thaginians, who established settlements there
[BALBILLUS, made governor of Egypt by Nero, for the purposes of trade; they afterward reand wrote an account of that province.]   ceived colonies from Rhodes; and their popuBALBINUS, D. CmELUS, was elected emperor lation was at a later time of a very mixed kind.
by the senate along with M. Clodius Pupienus Their inhabitants, also called Baleares, were
Maximus, after the murder of the two Gordians celebrated as slingers, and were employed as
in Africa at the beginning of A.D. 238; but the such in the armies of the Carthaginians and
new emperors were slain by the soldiers at Romans. In consequence of their piracies they
Rome in June in the same year.            provoked the hostility of the Romans, and were
BALBUS, M'. ACILIUS, the name of two con- finally subdued, B.C. 123, by Q. Metellus, who
suls, one in B.C. 150, and the other in 114.  assumed, accordingly, the surname Balearicus.
BABUs, T. AMPIUS, tribune of the plebs B.C.  BALISTA, prefect of the preetorians under Va63, was a supporter of Pompey, whom he join- lerian, whom he accompanied to the East. Afted in the civil war B.C. 49. He was pardoned er the defeat and capture of that emperor (A.
by Caesar through the intercession of Cicero, D. 260), he rallied a body of Roman troops and
who wrote to him on the occasion (ad Fam., defeated the Persians in Cilicia. His subsevi., 12).                                 quent career is obscure; he is mentioned as
BALBUS, M. ATYUS, of Aricia, married Julia, one of the thirty tyrants, and was probably put
the sister of Julius Caesar, who bore him a to death, about 264, by Odenathus.
daughter, Atia, the mother of Augustus Caesar.  [BALIUS (Batioc), one of the horses of AchilBALBUS, L. CORNELIUS. 1. Of Gades, served les, offspring of Zephyrus and the harpy Pounder Q. Metellus and Pompey against Serto- darge.]
rius in Spain, and received from Pompey the  [BALSA and BALSA FELIX (now Tavira), a city
Roman citizenship. He accompanied Pompey of Lusitania.]
on his return to Rome, B.C. 71, and was for a  BAMBALIO, M. FULVIUS, father of Fulvia, the
long time one of his most intimate friends. At wife of M. Antonius, the triumvir, received the
the'same time he gained the friendship of Caesar, nickname of Bambalio on account of a hesitancy
who placed great confidence in him. As the in his speech.
friend of Caesar and Pompey, he had numerous  BAMBYCE. Vid. HIERAPOLIS.
enemies, who accused him in 56 of having ille-  BX NSA (now Mamora? ruins), a city of Maugally assumed the Roman citizenship; he was retania Tingitana, on the River Subur (now
defended by Cicero, whose speech has come Sebou), near the western coast: a colony undown to us, and was acquitted. In the civil der Augustus, Valentia Banasa.
war, 49, Balbus did not take any open part  BANDUSLE FONS (now Sambuco), a fountain in
against Pompey; but he attached himself to Apulia, six miles from Venusia. (Hor., Carm.,
Caesar, and, in conjunction with Oppius, had iii., 13.)
the entire management of Caesar's affairs at  BANTIA (Bantinus: now Banzi or Vanzi), a
Rome. After the death of Caesar (44) he was town in Apulia, near Venusia, in a woody disequally successful in gaining the favor of Octa- trict (saltus Bantini, Hor., Carm., iii., 4, 15):
vianus, who raised him to the consulship in 40. [near this place Marcellus fell a victim to the
Balbus wrote a diary (Ephemeris), which has well-laid plans of Hannibal.]
not come down to us, of the most remarkable  [BAPHYRAS (BaOvpac), a river of Pieria, in
occurrences in Caesar's life. He took care that Macedonia, empties into the Thermaic Gulf.]
Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic war should  BARBANA (now Bojana), a river in Illyria,
be continued; and we accordingly find the eighth flows through the Palus Labeatis.
book dedicated to him.-2. Nephew of the pre-  BARBXRI (Bdp6apoL), the name given by the
ceding, received the Roman franchise along Greeks to all foreigners whose'language was
with his uncle. He served under Caesar in the not Greek, and who were therefore regarded by
civil war; he was quaestor to Asinius Pollio in the Greeks as an inferior race. The Romans
Further Spain in B.C. 43, and while there add- applied the name to all people who spoke neither
ed to his native town, Gades, a suburb; many Greek nor Latin.
137




BARBEARIA.                                 BASSUS.
BARBARYA. Vid. AZANIA.                    BARIUM (Barinus: now'Bari), a town in Apu.
[BARBARIUM PROMONTORIUM (now Cabo de Es- lia, on the Adriatic, a municipium, and celebrapichel), a promontory of Lusitania, just below  ted for its fisheries (Barium piscosum, Hor.,
the mouth of the Tagus.]                  Sat., i., 5, 97).
BARsBTIO, commander of the household troops  BARSAENTES (Bapaaevrn^) or BARZAENTUS
under Gallus, whom he arrested by command of (Bap(dEvroc), satrap of the Arachoti and Drangae,
Constantius, A.D. 354. In 355 he was made took part in the murder of Darius III., and aftergeneral of the infantry, and sent into Gaul to ward fled toIndia, where he was seized by the
assist Julian against the Alemanni. He was inhabitants and delivered up to Alexander, who
put to death by Constantius in 359.       put him to death.
BARBITUS, M. HORATIUS, consul B.C. 449 with  BARSINE (Bdpaivy). 1. Daughter' of ArtabaValerius Publicola after the overthrow of the zus, and wife of Memnon the Rhodian, subsedecemvirs. Vid. PuBLICOLA.                quently married Alexander the Great, to whom
[BARLESULA, a city and river (now Guadiaro) she bore a son, Hercules. She and her son
in Hispania Baetica, on the coast, north of Calpe.] were put to death by Polysperchon in 309.BARBOSTHENES, a mountain east of Sparta.  2. Also called STATIRA, elder daughter of DariBARBULA, EMILIUS. 1. Q., consul B.C. 317, us III., whom Alexander married at Susa, B.C.
when he subdued Apulia, and consul again in 324. Shortly after Alexander's death she was
311, when he fought against the Etruscans.-2. murdered by Roxana.
L., consul in 281, carried on war against the Ta-  [BARYGAZA (BapvyaXa, now Baroatsch), a city
rentines, Samnites, andSallentines.-3. M.,con- of India, on the eastern side of the River
sul in 230, carried on war against the Ligurians. Nomadus, possessing an active and extensive
BARCA, the surname of HAMILCAR, the father land and sea: trade with Bactria, Arabia, and
of Hannibal, is probably the same as the Hebrew  Africa.]
Barak, which signifies lightning. His family  [BARZAEN'ES (Bappa7vrCyg). Vid. BARSAENTES.
was distinguished subsequently as the " Barcine  BASANITIs. Vid. BATAN EA.
family," and the democratical party, which sup-  BASILIA (now Basel or Bale), a town on the
ported this family, as the " Barcine party."  Rhine, in the neighborhood of whichValentinian
BARCA or -E (Bapke.: Bapictry a, Bapcalog, Bar- built a fortress.-[2. An island. Vid. ABALUS.]
aeaus). 1. (Now lMerjeh, ruins), the second city  BASILINA, the mother of Julian the apostate,
of Cyrenaica, in Northern Africa, one hundred being the second wife of Julius Constantius,
stadia (ten geographical miles) from the sea, brother of Constantine the Great.
appears to have been at first a settlement of a  BASILIUS (Baliletio), commonly called Basil
Libyan tribe, the Barceei, but about B.C. 560 the Great, was born A.D. 329, at Cesarea. He
was colonized by the Greek seceders from Cy- studied at Antioch or Constantinople under Lirene, and became so powerful as to make the banius, and subsequently continued his studies
western part of Cyrenaica virtually independent for four years (351-355) at Athens, chiefly under
of the mother city. In B.C. 510 it was taken the sophists Himerius and Proteresius. Among
by the Persians, who removed most of its in- his fellow students were the Emperor Julian
habitants to Bactria, and under the Ptolemies and Gregory Nazianzen, the latter of whom beits ruin was completed by the erection of its carme his most intimate friend. After acquiring
port into a new city, which was named PTOLE- the greatest reputation as a student for his
MAIS, and which took the place of Barca as one knowledge of rhetoric, philosophy, and science,
of the cities of the Cyrenaic Pentapolis.-2. A  he returned to Caesarea, where he began to
town in Bactria, peopled by the removed inhab- plead causes, but soon abandoned his profesitants of the Cyrenaic Barca.             sion and devoted himself to a religious life. He
BARCINo (now Barcelona), a town of the Lale- now led an ascetic life for many years; he
tani, in Hispania Tarraconensis, afterward a was elected Bishop of Caesarea in 370 in place
Roman colony: the town was not large, but it of Eusebius; he died in 379. The best edition
possessed an excellent harbor.            of his works is by Garnier, Paris, 1721-1730,
BARDANES. Vid. ARSACES XXI.             3 vols. folio.
BA~DYLIS orBARDYLIIS(B-p6dvu,; BWpWvO2b ),  BASILUS, L. MINUCIUS, served under Caesar
an Illyrian chieftain, carried on frequent wars in Gaul, and commanded part of Caesar's fleet
with the Macedonians, but was at length de- in the civil war. He was one of Caesar's assasfeated and slain in battle by Philip, the father sins (B.C. 44), and in the following year was
of Alexander the Great, B.C. 359.         murdered by his own slaves.
BARiA SORANUS, consul suffectus in A.D. 52  [BASSANIA, a city of Illyria, not far from Lisunder Claudius, and afterward proconsul of sus.]
Asia, was a man of justice and integrity. He  BAssAREUS (Baaoapevr), a surname of Bacwas accused of treason in the reign of Nero, chus (Dionysus), probably derived from paacapig,
and was condemned to death, together with his a fox skin, worn by the god himself and the
daughter Servilia. The chief witness against Maenads in Thrace.
him was P. Egnatius Celer, a Stoic philosopher,  BAssUS, AUFIDiUS, an orator and historian unand the teacher ofSoranus. (Vid. Juv., iii., 116.) der Augustus and Tiberius, wrote an account
BARGUSII, a people in the northeast of Spain, of the Roman wars in Germany, and a work
between the Pyrenees and the Iberus.'    upon Roman history of a more general charac[BARGYLIA or BARGYLIE (Bapyvita, rd; Bap- ter, which was continued in thirty-one books by
yvO2rr,71 Bapyvitnyrulc6), a city of Caria, lying the elder Pliny.
on the gulf, named from it, Bargylieticus Sinus,  BAssUS, Q. CEcILIUs, a Roman eques, and an
and named by the Carians Andanus ("Av6avo); adherent of Pompey, fled to Tyre after the batfamed for a statue of Diana.]            tle of Pharsalia, B.C. 48. Shortly afterward he
138




BASSUS, C2ESIUS.                             BATTIADE.
obtained possession of Tyre, and was joined by  BATHYCLES (BaOvcK7)), a celebrated artist of
most of the troops of Sextus Caesar, the govern- Magnesia on the Mseander, constructed for the
-or of Syria, who had been killed by his own sol- Lacedaemonians the colossal throne of the Amydiers at the instigation of Bassus. He subse- clean Apollo. He probably flourished about the
quently settled down inApamea, where he main- time of Solon, or a little later.
tained himself for three years (46-43) against  BATHYLLUS. 1. Of Samos, a beautiful youth
C. Antistius Vetus, and afterward against Sta- beloved by Anacreon.-2. Of Alexandrea, the
tius Murcus and Marcius Crispus. On the ar- freedman and favorite of Maecenas, brought to
rival of Cassius in Syria in 43, the troops of perfection, together'with Pylades of Cilicia, the
Bassus went over-to Cassius.              imitative dance or ballet called Pantominus.
BAssus, CmAsius, a Roman lyric poet, and a Bathyllus excelled in comic, and Pylades in
friend of Persius, who addresses his sixth satire tragic personifications.
to him, was destroyed, along with his villa, in  [BATHYS PORTUS (BaOcdf Zv}), the large deep
A.D. 79, by the eruption of Vesuvius which harbor of Aulis, in which the Grecian fleet asoverwhelmed Herculaneum and Pompeii.      sembled before sailing to Troy.]
BAssUS, SALEIUS, a Roman epic poet of con-  BATN.E (BdrvaL: Barvaelo). 1. (Now Saruj),
siderable merit, contemporary with Vespasian. a city of Osroene in Mesopotamia, east of the
BASTARNE or BASTERNE, a warlike German Euphrates, and southwest of Edessa, at about
people, who migrated to the country near the equal distances; founded by the Macedonians,
mouth of the Danube. They are first mentioned and taken by Trajan; celebrated for its anin'the wars of Philip and Perseus against the nual fair of Indian and Syrian merchandise.Romans, and at a later period they fiequently 2. (Now Dahab), a city of Cyrrhestice, in Syria,
defvastated Thrace, and were engaged in wars between Bercea and Hierapolis.
with the Roman governors of the province of  BATO (Bdrwv). 1. The charioteer of AmphiMacedonia. In B.C. 30 they were defeated by araus, was swallowed up by the earth along
Marcus Crassus, and driven across the Danube; with AMPHIARAUS.-2. The name of two leaders
and we find them, at a later time, partly settled of the Pannonians and Dalmatians in their inbetween the Tyras (now Dniester) and Borys- surrection in' the reign of Augustus, A.D. 6.
thenes (now Dnieper), and partly at the mouth Tiberius and Germanicuswere-both sent against
of the Danube, under the name of Pe.ucini, from  them, and obtained some advantages over them,
their inhabiting the island, of Peuce, at the in consequence of which the Pannonians and
mouth of this'river.                     Dalmatians concluded a peace with the Romans
[BAsTI (now Baza), a city of the BASTITANI.] in A.D. 8. But the peace was of short duraBASTITANI (also BASTETANI, BASTULI), a peo- tion. The Dalmatian Bato put his namesake
pie in Hispania Baetica, on the coast.    to death, and renewed the war; Tiberius now
[BATA (Bard, ra), a city and port of Sarmatia finally subdued Dalmatia; Bato surrendered to
Asiatica, on the Euxine, opposite Sinope.]  him in A.D. 9, upon promise of pardon; he acBATAN-  A or BASANITIS (Baravaia, BacaverlS: companied Tiberius to Italy, and his life was
in the Old Testament, Bashan, Basan), a district spared.
of Palestine, east of the Jordan, extending from  BATTADXE  (Barriadat), kings of Cyrene durthe River Jabbok on the south to Mount Her- ing eight generations. 1. BATTUS I., of Thera,
mon, in the Antilibanus chain, on the north. led a colony to Africa at the command of the
The s and T are mere dialectic varieties.  Delphic oracle, and founded Cyrene about B.C.
BATAVI or BATAVI (Lucan., i., 431), a Celtic 631. He was the first king of Cyrene; his govpeople who abandoned their homes in conse- ernment was gentle and just, and after his death
quence of civil dissensions before the time -of in 599 he was worshipped as a hero.-2. ARCEsJulius Caesar, and settled in the island formed ILAUS I., son of No. 1, reigned B.C. 599-583.
by the Rhine, the Waal, and the Maas, which -3. BATTUS II., surnamed "the Happy," son
island was called after them, Insula Batavorum. of No. 2, reigned B.C. 583-560.? In his reign
They were, for a long time allies of the Romans Cyrene received a great number of colonists
in their wars against the Germans, and were of from various parts of Greece; and in consegreat service to the former by their excellent quence of the increased strength of his kingcavalry; but at length, exasperated by the op- dom, Battus was able to subdue the neighboring
pressions of the Roman officers, they rose in Libyan tribes, and to defeat Apries, king of
revolt under Claudius Civilis in A.D. 69, and Egypt (570), who had espoused the cause of the
werewith great difficulty subdued. On their Libyans.-4. ARCESILAUS II., son of No. 3, sursubjugation they were treated by the Romans named "the Oppressive," reigned about B.C.
with mildness, and were exempt from taxation. 560-550. In consequence of dissensions beTheir country, which also extended beyond the tween himself and his brothers, the latter withisland south of the Maas and the Waal, was drew from Cyrene and founded Barca. He
called, at a later time, BATAVIA. ~ Their chief was strangled by his brother or friend Learchus.
towns were Lugdunum (now Leyden) and Ba- -5. BATTUS III., or "the Lame," son of No.
tavodurum (now Wyk-Durstad?), between the 4, reigned about B.C. 550-530. In his time,
Maas and the Waal. The Caninefates or Can- Demonax, a Mahtinean, gave a new constitusinefates were a branch of the Batavi, and tion to the city, whereby the royal power was
dwelt in the west of the island.         reduced, within very narrow limits.-6. ARCESBATAVODORUAT. Vid. BATAVI.              ILAUS III., son of No. 5, reigned about B.C.
[BATEA (BJreta). 1. A Naiad, mother by CEba- 530-514, was driven from Cyrene in an attempt
lus of Tyndareus, Hippocoon,'and Icarion.-2. to recover the ancient royal privileges, but reDaughter of Teucer, wife of Dardanus, mother covered his kingdom with the aid of Samiaa
of Ilns and Erichthonius,]                auxiliaries. He endeavored to strengthen him139




BATTIADES.                              BELLEROPHON.
self by making submission to Cambyses in 525. SIONES, MORINI, MENAPII, ADUATICI, and others;
He was, however, again obliged to leave Cy- and the collective forces of the whole nation
rene; he fled to Alazir, king of Barca, whose were more than a million.
daughter he had married, and was there slain  BELGICA. Vid. GALLIA.
by the Barcueans and some Cyrenaean exiles.  BELGIUM, the name generally applied to the
-7. BATTUS IV., probably son of No. 6, of territory of the BELLOVACI, and of the tribes
whose life we have no accounts.-8. ARCESI- dependent upon the latter, namely, the AtreLAUS IV., probably son of No. 7, whose victory bates, Ambiani, Velliocasses, Aulerci, and Calein the chariot-race at the Pythian games, B.C. ti. Belgium did not include the whole country
466, is celebrated by Pindar in his fourth and inhabited by the Belgae, for we find the Nervii,
fifth Pythian odes. At his death, about 450, a Remi, &c., expressly excluded from it. (Caes.,
popular government was established.       B. G., v., 24.)
[BATTIXDES, a patronymic of Callimachus,  [BELGIUS or BOLGIUS (B6tyto), a leader of
from his father Battus.]                  the Gauls, who'invaded Macedonia and Illyria
BATTUS (Bdrro-), a shepherd whom Mercury in B.C. 280. He defeated the Macedonians in
(Hermes) turned into a stone because he broke a great battle, in which their king, Ptolemy Cea promise which he made to the god.       raunus, was slain.]
BATULUM, a town in Campania of uncertain  [BELIDES, patronymic of Palamedes, as desite.                                     scended from Belus.]
BAUCIS. Vid. PHILEMON.                    BELISARIUS, the greatest general of Justinian,
BAULI (now Bacolo), a collection of villas rath- was a native of Illyria, and of mean extraction.
er than a town, between Misenum and Baiae, in In A.D. 534 he, overthrew the Vandal kingdom
Campania.                                in Africa, which had been established by Gen[BAUTIS, BAUTES, or BAUTISUS, (now Hoang- seric about one hundred years previously, and
ho), a river of Serica.]                 took prisoner the Vandal king Gelimer, whom
BAVIUs and M^EVIUS, two malevolent poe- he led in triumph to Constantinople. In 535tasters, who attacked the poetry of Virgil and 540, Belisarius carried on war against the Goths
Horace.                                  in Italy, and conquered Sicily, but he was reBAZIRA or BEZIRA (Bditpa: BcBdpo: now Ba- called by the jealousy of Justinian. In 541-544
jour, northwest of Peshawur), a city in the Pa- he again carried on war against the Goths in
ropamisus, taken by Alexander on his march Italy, but was again recalled by Justinian, leavinto India.                              ing his victories to be completed by his rival
BEBRYCES (BE6pvcKE). 1. Amythical people in Narses in the complete overthrow of the Gothic
Bithynia, said to be of Thracian origin, whose kingdom, and the establishment of the exarchate
king, Amycus, was slain by Pollux (p. 90, b.).- of Ravenna. The last victory of Beiisarius was
2. An ancient Iberian people on the coast of the gained in repelling an inroad of the Bulgarians,
Mediterranean, north and south of the Pyre- 559. In 563 he was accused of a conspiracy
nees: they possessed numerous herds of cattle. against the life of Justinian; according to a
BEDRIXCUM, a small place in Cisalpine Gaul, popular tradition, he was deprived of his propbetween Cremona and Verona, celebrated for erty, his eyes were put out, and he wandered
the defeat both of Otho and of the Vitellian as a beggar through Constantinople; but actroops, A.D. 69.                          cording to the more authentic account, he was
BELBINA (BEl6tva: Be6mvTrs). 1. (Now St. merely imprisoned for a year in his own palace,
George d'Arbori), an island in the 2Egaean Sea, and then restored to his honors. He died in
off the south coast of Attica.-2. Vid. BELE- 565.
MINA.                                       BELLEROPHON or BELLEROPHONTES (BE2ErpoBELEMINA (Beieziva, now Belemia), also call- OC)v or BeaUepo6ovryr), son of the Corinthian
ed Belhmina and Belbina, a town in the northwest king Glaucus and Eurymede, and grandson of
of Laconia, on the borders of Arcadia. The Sisyphus, was originally called Hipponous, and
surrounding district was called Belminatis and received the name Bellerophon from slaying the
Belbinatis.                               Corinthian Bellerus. To be purified from the
BELESIS or BELESYS (Bielsog, Bi2cav), a murder he fled to Prcetus, whose wife Antea fell
Chaldean priest at Babylon, who is said, in con- in love with the young hero; but as her offers
junction with Arbaces the Mede, to have over- were rejected by him, she accused him to her
thrown the old Assyrian empire. Vid. ARA- husband of having made improper proposals to
CES. Belesis afterward received the satrapy of her. Proetus, unwilling to kill him with his
Babylon from Arbaces.                     own hands, sent him to his father-in-law, loBELGIE, one of the three great people into bates, king of Lycia, with a letter, in which the
which Caesar divides the population of Gaul. latter was requested to put the young man to
Theywere bounded on the north by the Rhine, on death. lobates accordingly sent him to kill the
the west by the ocean; on the south by the Sequa- monster Chimeera, thinking that he was sure
na (now Seine) and Matrona (now Marne), and on to perish in the contest. After obtaining posthe east by the territory of the Treviri. They session of the winged horse, PEGASUs, Bellerwere of German origin, and had settled in the ophon rose with him in the air, and killed the
country, expelling or reducing to subjection the Chimaera with his arrows. Iobates, thus disformer inhabitants. They were the bravest of appointed, sent Bellerophon against the Solythe inhabitants of Gaul, were subdued by Caesar mi, and next against the Amazons. In these
after a courageous resistance, and were the first contests he was also victorious; and on his reGallie people who threw off the Roman domin- turn to Lycia, being attacked by the bravest
ion. The Belgee were subdivided into the Lycians, whom Iobates had placed in ambush
tribes of the NERvII, BELLOVACI, REnI, SUES- for the purpose, Bellerophon slew them all. Io140




BELLERUS.                                 BERENICE.
bates, now seeing that it was hopeless to kill In the Samnite wars it was subdued by the Rothe hero, gave him his daughter (Philono, An- mans, who sent a colony thither in B.C. 268,
ticlea, or Cassandra) in marriage, and made him  and changed its name Maleventum into Benehis successor on the throne. Bellerophon be- ventum. It was colonized asecond time by Aucame the father of Isander, Hippolochus, and gustus, and was hence called Colonia Julia ConLaodamla. At last Bellerophon drewupon him- cordia Augusta Felix. The modern town has
self the hatred of the gods, and, consumed by several Roman remains, among others a trigrief, wandered lonely through the AleYan field, umphal arch of Trajan.
avoiding the paths of men. This is all that  BERECYNTIA (BepeKvvtria), a surname of CybHomer says respecting Bellerophon's later fate: ele, which she derived from Mount Berecynsome traditions related that he attempted to fly tus where she was worshipped.
to heaven upon Pegasus, but that Jupiter (Zeus)  [BERECYNTUS MONS (BepEKVvTro), a mountsent a gad-fly to sting the horse, which threw  ain in Phrygia, sacred to Cybele. Vid. the
off the rider upon the earth, who became lame foregoing.]
or blind in consequence. (Horace, Carm., iv.,  BERENICE (Bepevfter), a Macedonic form of
11, 26.)                                  Pherenice (4epEVihs), i. e., " Bringing Victory."
[BELLERUS, a Corinthian. Vid. BELLERO- 1. First the wife of [Philip, son of Amyntas, a
PHON.]                                   Macedonian officer], and afterward of Ptolemy
BELLI, a Celtiberian people inHispania Tar- I. Soter, who fell in love with her when she
raconensis.                               came to Egypt in attendance on his- bride Eu[BELLIENUS, L. 1. Uncle of Catiline, propre- rydice, Antipater's daughter. She was celetor in Africa B.C. 104.-2. Originally a slave of brated for her beauty and virtue, and was the
Demetrius, was the occasion of an insurrection  mother of Ptolemy II. Philadelphus. —2. Daughin Intemelium during the civil war between ter of Ptolemy II. Philadelphus, and wife of AnCaesar and Pompey.]                      tiochus Theos, king of Syria, who divorced LaBELLONA, the Roman goddess of war, was odice in order to marry her, B.C. 249. On the
probably a Sabine divinity. She is frequently death of Ptolemy, B.C. 247, Antiochus recalled
mentioned by the Roman poets as the compan- Laodice, who, notwithstanding, caused him to
ion of Mars, or even as his sister or his wife, be poisoned, and murdered Berenice and her
and is described as armed with a bloody scourge. son.-3. Daughter of Magas, king of Cyrene,
(Virg., En., viii., 703.) During the Samnite and wife of Ptolemy III. Euergetes. She was
wars in B.C. 296, Appius Claudius Ceecus vowed put to death by her son Ptolemy IV. Philopator
a temple to her, which was erected in the Cam- on his accession to the throne, 221. The fapus Martius. Her priests, called Bellonarii, mous hair of Berenice, which she dedicated for
wounded their own arms or legs when they her husband's safe return from his Syrian exoffered sacrifices to her.                pedition in the temple of Arsinoe at Zephyrium,
BELLOVACI, the most powerful of the Belgae, was said to have become a constellation. It
dwelt in the modern Beauvais, between the was celebrated by Callimachus in a poem, of
Seine, Oise, Somme, and Bresle. In Caesar's which we have a translation by Catullus.-4.
time they could bring one hundred thousand Otherwise called Cleopatra, daughter of Ptolemen into the field, but they were subdued by my VIII. Lathyrus, succeeded her father on the
Caesar with the other Belgae.            throne B.C. 81, and married Ptolemy X. (AlexBELON or BWELON (Bes6v, BaLcuv, near Bolo- ander II.), but was murdered by her husband
nia, ruins), a sea-port town in Hispania-Baetica, nineteen days after her marriage.-5. Daughter
on a river of the same name (now Barbate), the of Ptolemy XI. Auletes, and eldest sister of the
usual place for crossing over to Tingis in Mau- famous Cleopatra, was placed on the throne by
retania.                                  the Alexandrines when they drove out her faBE3LUS (BiboC), son of Neptune (Poseidon) ther, B.C.58. She afterward married Archelaus,
and Libya or Eurynome, twin brother of Age- but was put to death, with her husband,,when
nor, and father of zEgyptus and Danaus.' He GabiniusrestoredAuletes, 55.-6. Sisterof Herwas believed to be the ancestral hero and na- od the Great, married Aristobulus, who was put
tional divinity of several Eastern nations, fiom  to death B.C. 6. She afterward went to Rome,
whom the legends about him were transplanted where she spent the remainder of her life. She
to Greece, and there became mixed up with was the mother of Agrippa I.-7. Daughter of
Greek myths.                              Agrippa I., married her uncle Herod, king of
BEfUS (BitOc: now Nahr Naman), a river of Chalcis, by whom she had two sons. After the
Phoenicia, rising at the foot of Mount Carmel, death of Herod, A.D. 48, Berenice, then twenty
and falling into the sea close to the south of years old, lived with her brother Agrippa II., not
Ptolemais (now Acre), celebrated for the tradi- without suspicion of an incestuous commerce
tion that its fine sand first led the Phoenicians -with him. She gained the love of Titus, who
to the invention of glass.                was only withheld from making her his wife by
BENACUS LACUS (now Lago di Garda), a lake fear of offending the Romans by such a step.in the north of Italy (Gallia Transpadana), out [8. Wife of Mithradates the Great, put to death
of which the Mincius flows.               by him with his other wives, to prevent their
BENEVENTUM (now Benevento), a town in Sam- falling alive into the hands of the Romans.]
nium, on the Appia Via, at the junction of the  BERENICE (BEpev~iK: BepevtKe6c), the name
two valleys through which the Sabatus and of several cities of the period of the Ptolemies.
Calor flow, formerly called Maleventum on ac- 1. Formerly Eziongeber (ruins near Akabah), in
count, it is said, of its bad air. It was one of Arabia, at the head of the Sinus.Elanites, or
the most ancient towns in Italy, having been eastern branch of'the Red Sea.-2. In Upper
founded, according to tradition, by Diomede. Egypt (for so it was considered, though it lay
141




BERGISTANI.                                 BIBACULUS.
a little south of the parallel of Syene), on the his work from the archives in the temple of
coast of the Red Sea, on a gulf called Sinus Belus. The work itself is lost, but consideraImmundus (d adaprog td6ArTof, now Foul Bay), ble. fragments of it are preserved in Josephus,
where its ruins are still visible. It was named Eusebius, Syncellus, and the Christian fathers:
after the mother of Ptolemy II. Philadelphus, the best editions of the fragments are by Richwho built it, and made a road hence to Coptos, ter, Lips., 1825, and in Didot's Fragmerta Hisso that it became a chief emporium for the com- toricorumn Grcecorum, vol. ii., Paris, 1848.
merce of Egypt with Arabia and India. Under  BERYTUS (Bpvr6jS: BnpVTiog: now Beirut,
the Romans it was the residence of a preefectus. ruins), one of the oldest sea-ports of Phoenicia,
-3. B. PANCHRY-SOS (B. irdyzpvaoc or  KaraT stood on-a promontory near the mouth of the
Sd6an), on the Red Sea coast in.Ethiopia, con- River Magoras (now Nahr Beirut), half way besiderably south of the above.-4. B. EPIDIRES tween Byblus and Sidon. It was destroyed by
(B. imni Aetpfr), on the Promontory Dira, on the the Syrian king Tryphon (B.C. 140), and rewestern side of the entrance to the Red Sea stored by Agrippa under Augustus, who made
(now Straits of Bab-el-.Mandeb).-5. (Now Ben it a colony. It afterward became a celebrated
Ghazi, ruins), in Cyrenaica, formerly HESPERIS seat of learning.
('Eaorepic), the fabled site of the Gardens of the  BESA. Vid. ANTINOOPOLIS.
Hesperides. It took its later name from the  BESSI, a fierce and powerful Thracian people,
wife of Ptolemy III. Euergetes, and was the who dwelt along the whole of Mount Haemus as
westernmost of the five cities of the Libyan far as the Euxine. After the conquest of MacePentapolis.  There were other cities, of the donia by the Romans (B.C. 168), the Bessi were
name.                                      attacked by the latter, and subdued after a seBERGISTANI, a people in the northeast of Spain, vere struggle.
between the Iberus and the Pyrenees, whose   BEssUS (B/aoC), satrap of Bactria under
capital was Bergium.                       Darius III., seized Darius soon after the battle
[BERGIUM (now Bamberg?). 1. A place in of Arbela, B.C. 331. Pursued by Alexander in
the country of the Hermunduri, in Germania the following year, Bessus put Darius to death,
Magna.-2. Vid. BERGISTANI.]                and fled to Bactria, where he assumed the title'BERGOMUn  (Bergomas, -atis: now Bergamo), of king. He was betrayed by two of his followa town of the Orobii in Gallia Cisalpina, be- ers to Alexander, who put him to death.
tween Comum and Brixia, afterward a muni-    BESTIA, CALPURNIUS.   1. L., tribune of the
cipiurn.                                   plebs B.C. 121, and consul 111, when he car[BERMIUS MONS (Bepuov opoc: now Xero Li- ried on war against Jugurtha, but, having revadho), a mountain of Macedonia, a continua- ceived large bribes, he concluded a peace with
tion of the great range of Olympus.]       the Numidian. On his return to Rome, he was,
BE ROE (Bep6o). 1. A Trojan woman, wife of in consequence, accused and condemned.-2. L.,
Doryclus, one of the companions of /Eneas, one of the Catilinarian conspirators, B.C. 63,
whose form Iris assumed when she persuaded was at the time tribune of the plebs designatus,
the women to set fire to the ships of LEn'eas in and not actually tribune, as Sallust says. In
Sicily.-[2. The nurse of Semele, whose form  59 he was edile, and in 57 was an unsuccessJuno (Hera) assumed for the purpose of per- ful candidate for the prretorship, notwithstandsuading Semele to request Jupiter to visit her ing his bribery, for which offence he was brought
in all his divine majesty.-3. One of the ocean to trial in the following year and condemned,
nymphs.]     -                             although he was defended by Cicero.
BERIAC (Bipoia, also Bp6ota, Bep6o': BepoiiS,  BETASII, a people in Gallia Belgica, between
BepotLaTo). 1. (Now Verria), one of the most the Tungri and Nervii, in the neighborhood of
ancient towns of Macedonia, on one of the low- Beetz in Brabant.
er ranges of Mount Bermius, and on the As-   [BEvus (BeVor), a river of Macedonia, an aftraus, a tributary of the Haliacmon, southwest fluent of the Erigon.]
of Pella, and about twenty miles from the sea.  BEZIRA. Vid. BAZIRA.
-2. (Now. Beria), a town in the interior of  BIANOR. 1. Also called Ocnus or Aucnus,
Thrace, was under the later Roman empire, son of Tiberis and Manto, is said to have built
together with Philippopolis, one of the most the town of Mantua, and to have called it after
important military posts.-3. (Now Aleppo or his mother. -2. A Bithynian, the author of
Haleb), a town in Syria near Antioch, enlarged twenty-one epigrams in the Greek Anthology,
by Seleucus Nicator, who gave it the Macedo- lived under Augustus and Tiberius.
nian name of Bercea. It is called IHelbon or  BIAS (Biac). 1. Son of Amythaon, and brothChelbon in Ezekiel (xxvii., 18), and Chalep in er of the seer Melampus. He married Pero,
the Byzantine writers, a name still retained in daughter of Neleus, whom her father had rethe modern Haleb, for which Europeans have fused to give to any one unless he brought him
substituted Aleppo.                        the oxen of Iphiclus. These Melampus obtainBEROsus (BQ1pwoa6 or Brvpoaao6), a priest of ed by his courage and skill, and so won the
Belus at Babylon, lived in the reign of Antio- princess for his brother. Melampus also gainchus II. (B.C. 261-246), and wrote in Greek a ed for Bias a third of the kingdom of Argos, in
history of Babylonia, in nine books (called Ba- consequence of his curing the daughters of Prm6vAuovtKc, and sometimes XaldatKcd or aiTopiae tus and the other-Argive women of their madXa2S.ai'Ka). It embraced'the earliest traditions ness.-2. Of Priene in lonia, one of the seven
about the human race, a description of Baby- sages of Greece, flourished about B.C. 550.
lonia and its population, and a chronological list  BIBACULUS, M. FURIUs, a Roman poet, born
of its kings down to the time dfthe great Cyrus. at Cremona B.C. 103, wrote iambics, epigrams,
Berosus says that he derived the materials for and a poem on Caesar's Gaulish wars; the open142




BIBRACTE.                                 BITHYNIA.
ing line in the latter poem is parodied by Horace and depth of feeling.-Editions, including Mos(Furius hibernas cana nive conspuet Alpes, Sat., chus, by Jacobs; Gotha, 1795; Wakefield, Lonii., 5, 41). It is probable that Bibaculus also don, 1795; and Manso, Leipzig, 1807.-2. Of
wrote a poem entitled zEthiopis, containing an Borysthenes, near the mouth of the Dnieper,
account of the death of Memnon by Achilles, flourished about B.C. 250. He was sold as a
and that the turgidus.Apinus of Horace (Sat., slave, when young, and received his liberty from
i., 10,' 36) is no other than Bibaculus. The at- his master, a rhetorician. He studied at Athens,
tacks of Horace against Bibaculus may proba- and embraced the later Cyrenaic philosophy,
bly be owing to the fact that the poems of Bi- as expounded by THEODORUs, the Atheist. He
baculus contained insults against the Caesars. lived a considerable time at the court of Antig(Tac., Ann., iv., 34.)                    onus Gonatas, king of Macedonia. Bion was
BIBRACTE (now Autun), the chief town of the noted for his sharp sayings, whence Horace
XEdui in Gallia Lugdunensis, afterward Angus- speaks of persons delighting Bioneis sermonibus
todmunm.                                  et sale nigro. (Epist., ii., 2, 60.)-[3. Of Soli in
BIBRAX (now Bievre), a town of the Remi in Cilicia, author of a work on yEthiopia (AiOoGallia Belgica, not far from the Aisne.   TrT/v), of.which a few fragments remain; he
BIBUI,us CALPURNIUS. 1. L., curule aedile B. wrote also a treatise on agriculture.-4. A mathCG 65, praetor 62, and consul 59, in each of which ematician of Abdera, the first who maintained
years he had C. Julius Caesar as his colleague. that there were certain regions where the night
ie was a stanch adherent of the aristocratical lasted six months, and the day the other six
party, but was unable in his consulship to re- months of the year.]
sist the powerful combination of Caesar, Pom-  [BIRTHA (ruins at Biradsjik), a city of Osrhopey, and Crassus. After an ineffectual attempt ene, on the Euphrates.]
to oppose Caesar's agrarian law, he withdrew  [BISALT/E (Btad^rat)i. Vid. BISALTIA.]
from the popular assemblies altogether; whence  BISALTIA (BtaaQ2rTa: BtaUItrvf), a district in
it was said in joke that it-was the consulship Macedonia, on the western bank of the Stryof Julius and Caesar. In 51 Bibulus was pro- mon. The Bisaltae were Thracians, and at the
consul of Syria; and in the civil war he com- invasion of Greece by Xerxes (B.C. 480) they
manded Pompey's fleet in the Adriatic, and were ruled by a Thracian prince, who was indied (48) while holding this command off Cor- dependent of Macedonia; but at the time of
cyra. He married Porcia, the daughter of Cato the Peloponnesian war we find them subject to
Uticensis, by whom he had three sons, two of Macedonia.
whom were murdered by the soldiers of Gabin-  [BISALTIS, female patronymic from Bisaltes,
ius, in Egypt, 50.-2. L., son of No. 1, was a i. e., THEOPHANE.]
youth at his father's death, and was brought up  BISANTHE (Bta(ivOr: BtnavOqvo: now Roby M. Brutus, who married his mother Porcia. dosto), subsequently Rhcedestum or Rhcedestus, a
He fought with Brutus at the battle of Philippi town in Thrace on the Propontis, with a good
in 42, but he was afterward pardoned by Anto- harbor, was founded by the Samians, and was
ny, and was intrusted by the latter with im- in later times one of the great bulwarks of the
portant commands. He died shortly before the neighboring Byzantium.
battle of Actium.                           BISTONES (Bicroveg), a Thracian people be[BICURDIUM (now Erfurt?), a city of the Che- tween Mo unt Rhodope and the AEgean Sea, on
rusci in Germany.]                        the Lake BISTONIS, in the neighborhood of AbBIDIS (Bidinus, Bidensis), a small town in Si- dera, through whose land Xerxes marched on
cily, west of Syracuse.                   his invasion of Greece (B.C. 480). From the
BrGERRA (now Becerra?), a town of the Ore- worship of Bacchus (Dionysus) in Thrace the
tani in Hispania Tarraconensis.           Bacchic women are called BistonZdes. (Hor.,
BIGERRIONES or BIGERRI, a people in Aquita- Carm., ii., 19, 20.).
nia, near the Pyrenees.                     BITH-NIA (BtOvrva: BtOvvo6), a district of Asia
BILBILIS (now Baubola), a town of the Celti- Minor, bounded on the west by Mysia, on the
beri in Hispania Tarraconensis, and a munici- north by the Pontus Euxinus, on the east by
pium with the surname Augusta, on the River Paphlagonia, and on the south by Phrygia EpiSalo, also called Bilbilis (now Xalon), was the ctetus, was possessed at an early period byThrabirth-place of the poet Martial, and was cele- cian tribes from the neighborhood of the Strybrated for its manufactories in iron and gold.  mon, called Thyni (Ovvoi) and Bithyni (Btvvoi),
BILLEUS (BAUaioo: now Filbas), a river of of whom the former dwelt on the coast, the
Bithynia, rising in the Hypii Montes, and falling latter in the interior. The earlier inhabitants
into the Pontus Euxinus twenty.stadia (two were the BEBRYCES,-CAUCONES, and MYGDONES,
geographical miles) east of Tium. Some made and the northeastern part of the district was
it the boundary between Bithynia and Paphla- possessed by the MARIANDYNI. The country
gonia.                                    was subdued by the Lydians, and afterward beBINGIUM (now Bingen), a town on the Rhine, came a part of the Persian empire under Cyrus,
in Gallia Belgica.                        and was governed by the satraps of Phrygia.
BION (Biov). 1. Of Smyrna, a bucolic poet, During the decline of the Persian empire, the
flourished about B.C. 280, and spent the last northern part of the country became independyears of his life in Sicily, where he was poison- ent, under native princes called iErapXot, who
ed. He was older than Moschus, who laments resisted Alexander and.his successors, and eshis untimely death, and calls himself the pupil tablished a kingdom, which is usually considerof Bion. (Mosch., Id., iii.) The style of Bion ed to begin with Zipcetes (about B.C. 287) or his
is refined, and his versification fluent and ele- son Nicomedes I. (B.C. 278), and which lasted
gant, but he is inferior to Theocritus in strength till the death of Nicomedes III. (B.C. 74), who
143




BITHYNIUM.                               BODIOCASSES.
bequeathed his kingdom to the Romans. By    BLASIO, M. HELVIUS, praetor B.C. 197, dethem it was first attached to the province of feated the Celtiberi in Spain, and took Illiturgi.
Asia, afterward to that of Pontus, and, under  [BLAUDUS (BiavSdog). Vid. BLADUS.]
Augustus, it was made a proconsular province.  BLAVIA (now Blaye), a town of the Santones
Several changes were made in its boundaries in Gallia Aquitanica, on the Garumna.
under the later emperors.  It was a fertile  BLEMYES (BA'ievec, Ba/JuvefE), an.Ethiopian
country, intersected with wooded mountains, people on the borders of Upper Egypt, to.which
the highest of which was the Mysian Olympus, their predatory incursions were very troubleon its southern border. Its chief rivers were some in the times of the Roman emperors.
the SANGARIUS and the BILLEUS.              [BLENDIUM (now Santander?), a port of the
BITHYNiUM (BL0Ovvov), afterward CLAUDIOPO- Cantabri in Hispania Tarraconensis.]
LIs, an inland city of Bithynia, the birth-place  BLERA (Bleranus: now Bieda), a town in
of Hadrian's favorite Antinoiis.          Etruria, on the Via Clodia, between Forum
BITON (Birov). 1. A mathematician, the au- Clodii and Tuscania: there are many remains
thor of an extant work on Military Machines (ca- of the ancient town at Bieda.
raaKcevat irotfetEuKcv bpyavo v  K CL carrreTrKuv),  BLosIus or BLossIUs, the name of a noble
whose history is unknown. The work is printed family in Campania. One of this family, C.
in Vet. Mathem. Op., Paris, 1693, p. 105, seq.- Blosius of Cumae, was a philosopher, a disciple
[2. A friend of Xenophon, who, with Euclides, of Antipater of Tarsus, and a friend of Tiberius
showed him kindness, and relieved his wants Gracchus. After the death of Gracchus (B.C.
at Ophrynium, on his return from Babylonia.]  133) he fled to Aristonicus, king of Pergamus,
BITON and CLE6BIS (KAoe6tC), sons of Cydippe, and on the conquest of Aristonicus by the Roa priestess of Juno (Hera) at Argos. They were mans, Blosius put an end to his own life for fear
celebrated for their affection to their mother, of falling into the hands of the Romans.
whose chariot they once dragged during a fes-  BOADICEA, queen of the Iceni in Britain, havtival to the temple of Juno (Hera), a distance ing been shamefully treated by the Romans,
of forty-five stadia.  The priestess prayed to who even ravished her two daughters, excited
the goddess to grant them what was best for an insurrection of the Britons against their opmortals; and during the night they both died pressors during the absence of Suetonius Pauwhile asleep in the temple.               linus, the Roman governor, on an expedition to
BITUITUS, in inscriptions BETULTUS, king of the island of Mona. She took the Roman colothe Arverni in Gaul, joined the Allobroges in nies of Camalodunum, Londinium, and other
their war against the Romans. Both the Ar- places, and slew nearly seventy thousand Roverni and Allohroges were defeated B.C. 121, at mans and their allies. She was at length dethe confluence of the Rhone and the Isara, by feated with great loss by Suetonius Paulinus,
Q. Fabius Maximus. Bituitus was subsequently and put an end to her own life, A.D. 61.
taken prisoner and sent-to Rome.            [BoE or BAVO (now Biua), an island on the
BITURIGES, a numerous and powerful Celtic coast of Dalmatia, used by the later Roman
people in Gallia Aquitanica, had in early times emperors as a place of exile for state criminals.]
the supremacy over the other Celts in Gaul.  BOAGRIUS (Bodyptoe, now Terremotto), a river
(Liv., v., 34.) They were divided into, 1. BIT. in Locris, also called MANES, flows past ThroCUBI, separated from the Carnutes aid IEdui nium into the Sinus Maliacus.
by the Liger, and bounded on the south by the  [BOBIUM (now Bobbio), a castrum of the LiLemovices, in the country of the modern Bour- gurians, on the Trebia.]
ges: their capital was AVARICUM.. BIT. VI-  [BOCCHAR. 1. A brave king of the Mauri in
visci or UBISCI on the Garumna: their capital Africa, a contemporary of Masinissa. —2. An
was BURDIGALA.                            officer of King Syphax, who fought against
BLADUS, BLANDUS, or BLAUDUS (BEAC-, B;atV-, Masinissa.]
BMavSoc: B.avSvo6: Blaudesius), a city of  BoccHUS (B6KXoC). 1. King of Mauretania,
Phrygia, near the borders of Mysia'and Lydia.  and father-in-law of Jugurtha, with whom at
BLESUS, C. SEMPRONIUS, consul with.Cn. Ser- first he made war against the Romans, but
vilius Capio, B.C. 253, in the first Punic war. whom he afterward delivered up to Sulla, the
The two consuls sailed to the coast of Africa, queestor of Marius, B.C. 106.-2. Son of the
and on their return were overtaken off Cape preceding, reigned along with his brother BoPalinurus by a tremendous storm, in which one gud over Mauretania. Bocchus and Bogud ashundred and fifty ships perished.         sisted Caesar in his war against the Pompeians
BL^sus, JuNIUS, governor of Pannonia at the in Africa, B.C. 4.6; and in 45 Bogud joined
death of Augustus, A.D. 14, when the formid- Cesar in his war in Spain. After the murder
able insurrection of the legions.broke out in of Caesar, Bocchus sided with Octavianus, and
that province. He obtained the government of Bogud with Antony. When Bogud was in
Africa in 21, where he gained a victory over Spain in 38, Bocchus usurped the sole governTacfarinas. On the fall, of his uncle Sejanus in ment of Mauretania, in which he was confirmed
31, he was deprived of the priestly offices which by Octavianus. He died about 33, whereupon
he held, and in 36 put an end to his own life, to his kingdom became a Roman province. Boavoid falling by the hand of the executioner.  gud had previously betaken himself to Antony,
BLANDA.   1. (Now Blanos), a town of the and was killed on the capture of Methone by
Lacetani in Hispania Tarraconensis.-2. (Now  Agrippa in 31.
St. Biasio), a town in Lucania.             [BoDERIA (Bodepia egfXvalr, Ptol.). Vid. Bo[BLANDUSIA FONS. Vid. BANDUSIA.]        DOTRIA.]
BLASCON (now Brescou), a small island in the  BODENCUS or BODINCUS. Vid. PADUS.
Gallicus Sinus, off the town of Agatha.     BODIOCASSES, a people in Gallia Lugdunen144




BODOTRIA.                                    BOII.
sis; their capital was AUGUSTODURUM (now Ithe confederacy were the Bceotarchs, elected
Bayeux).                                  annually, two by Thebes and one by each of
BODOTRIA or BODERIA 2EsTUAiRuM (now Firth the other states; but as the number of states
of Forth), an aestuary on the eastern coast of was different at different times, that of the
Scotland.                                 Bceotarchs also varied.  The government in
[BoDuoGNATUS, leader of the Nervii in Gallia most states was an aristocracy. Vid. Diet. of
in the time of Julius Caesar.]            Ant., art. BCEOTARCHES.
B(EE (Botal: BotTdrC: now Vatka), a town  BOETHIUS, whose full name was ANICIUS MANin the south of Laconica, near Cape Malea.  LIUS SEVERINUS BOiTHIUS, a Roman statesman
-[BCEATICUS SINUs, to the east, or, rather, the and author, was born between A.D. 470 and 475.
eastern part, of the Laconicus. Sinus, so called He was famous for his general learning, and esfrom the town of Bcee, and now Gulf of Vatka.] pecially for his knowledge of Greek philosophy,
BCEBE (Boi67y: Bo6eifg), a town in Pelasgio- which, according to a common account (though
tis in Thessaly, on the, western shore of the of doubtful authority), he studied under Proclus
Lake B(EBEIS (Bo&6ifg, now Bio), into which at Athens. IHe was consul in 510, and was
several rivers of Thessaly flow.          treated with great distinction by Theodoric the
BoDSROMIUS (Bor7p6oyo), " the helper in dis- Great; but having incurred the suspicions of
tress," a surname of Apollo at Athens, because the latter by advocating the cause of the Italhe had assisted the Athenians. Vid. Dict. of ians against the oppressions of the Goths, he
Ant, art. BOEDROMIA.                      was put to death by Theodoric about 524. Du[BCEo (Bots), a Grecian poetess of Delphi, ring his imprisonment he wrote his celebrated
composed a hymn, of which Pausanias has pre- work De Consolatione Philosophics, in five books,
served a few lines.]                      which is composed alternately in prose and
BCEOTIA (Botoria: BotlrorC: part of Livadia), verse. The diction is pure and elegant, and
a district of Greece, bounded north by Opun- the sentiments are noble and exalted, showing
tian Locris, east by the Euboean Sea, south by that the author had a real belief in prayer and
Attica, Megaris, and the Corinthian Gulf, and Providence, though he makes no reference to
west by Phocis.  It is nearly surrounded by Christianity. Boethius was the last Roman of
mountains, namely, Helicon and Parnassus on any note who understood the language and
the west, Cithaeron and Parnes on the south, studied the literature of Greece. He translated
the Opuntian mountains on the north, and a many of the works of the Greek philosophers,
range, of mountains along the whole sea-coast especially of Aristotle, and wrote commentaon the east.  The country contains several ries upon them, several of which have come
fertile plains, of which the two most important down to us. He also wrote a commentary, in
were the valley of the Asopus in the south, the six books, upon the Topica of Cicero, which is
inhabitants of which were called Parasopii, and also extant. In the ignorance of Greek writers
the valley of the Cephisus in the north (the which prevailed from the sixth'to the fourupper part of which, however, belonged to Pho- teenth century, Boethius was looked upon as
cis), the inhabitants of which were called Epi-, the head and type of all philosophers, as Aucephisii. In the former valley the chief towns gustin was of all theology, and Virgil of all litwere THEBME TANAGRA, THESPIrE, and PLA- erature; but after the introduction of the works
T~ErM; in the latter the chief towns were OR- of Aristotle into Europe in the thirteenth cenCHOMENUS, CHERONEA, CORONEA, LEBADEA, and tury, Boethius's fame gradually died away.
HALIARTUS; the latter valley included the Lake The best edition of his collective works was
CoPAIs. The surface of Bceotia is said to be printed at Basel, 1570; the last edition of his
one thousand and eighty square miles. The at- De Consolatione is by Obbarius, Jenae, 184a.
mosphere was' damp and thick, to which cir-  1 O'THUS (Bo0yO(f). 1. A Stoic philosopher of
cumstance some of the ancients attributed the uncertain date, wrote several works, from one
dullness of the Bceotian intellect, with which of which Cicero quotes.-2. A Peripatetic'phithe Athenians frequently made merry; but the losopher, was a native of Sidon in Pheenicia, a
deficiency of the Boeotians in this respect was disciple of Andronicus of Rhodes, and an inmore probably owing, as has been well re- structor of the philosopher Strabo. He theremarked, to the extraordinary fertility of their fore flourished about B.C. 30. He wrote sevcountry, which probably depressed their intel- eral works, all of which are now lost.-[3. A
lectual and moral energies. In the earliest native of Tarsus, who gained the favor of Antimes Bceotia was inhabited by various tribes, tony by celebrating in verse the defeat of Bruthe Aones (whence the country was called tus and Cassius at Philippi.]
Aonia), Temmices, Hyantes, Thracians, Lele-  BEUM (Bo6ov, Bo6ov, Bolop: Botdrqg), an anges, &c. Orchomenus was inhabited by the cient town of the Dorian Tetrapolis.
powerful tribe of the Minyans, and Thebes by  BOGUD. Vid. BOCCHUs, No. 2.
the Cadmeans, the reputed descendants of CAD-  BoII, one of the most powerful of the Celtio
MUS. The Boeotians were an FEolian people, tribes, said to have dwelt originally in Gaul
who originally occupied Arne in Thessaly, from  (Transalpina), but in what part of the country
which they were expelled by the Thessalians is uncertain. At an early time they migrated
sixty years after the Trojan war, and migrated in two great swarms, one of which crossed' the
into the country called after them Bceotia, partly Alps and settled in the country between the Po
expelling and partly incorporating with them- and the Apennines; the other crossed the Rhine
selves the ancient inhabitants of the land. and settled in'the part of Germany'called BoiBceotia was then divided into fourteen inde- hemum (now Bohemia) after them, and between
pendent states, which formed a league,, with the Danube and the Tyrol. The Boii in Italy
Thebes at its head. The chief magistrates of long carried on a fierce struggle with the Ro10                                                           145




BOIODURUM.                               BOREUS MONS.
mans, but they were at length subdued by the ] lemnities were conducted by the Vestals, and
consul P. Scipio in B.C. 191, and were subse- no male person was allowed to be in the house
quently incorporated in the province of Gallia at one of the festivals. P.,Clodius profaned the
Cisalpina. The Boii in Germany maintained sacred ceremonies by entering the house of
their power longer, but were at length subdued Casar in the disguise of a woman, B.C. 62.
by the Marcomanni, and expelled from the coun-  BONIFACIUS, a Roman general, governor of
try. We find 32,000 Boii taking part in the Africa under Valentinian III.  Believing that
Helvetian migration; and after the defeat of the Empress Placidia meditated his destruction,
the Helvetians (B.C. 58), Caesar allowed these he revolted against the emperor, and invited
Boii to dwell among the iEdui.            Genseric, king of the Vandals, to settle in Afri[BOIODIURUM, (now Innstadt), a town of Vir- ca. In 430 he was reconciled to Placidia, and
delicia, at the junction of the _Enus (now Inn) attempted to drive the Vandals out of Africa,
and the Danube.]                          but without success. He quitted Africa in 431,
BOIORIX. 1. A chieftain of the Boii, fought and in 432 he died of a wound received in comagainst the Romans in Cisalpine Gaul, B.C. bat with his rival Aetius.
194.-[2. King of the Cimbri, fought against the  BONNA (now Bonn), a town on the left bank
Romans under Marius, and fell in battle near of the Rhine, in Lower Germany, and in the terVerona, B.C. 101.]                        ritory of'the Ubii, was a strong fortress of the
BOLA, BOLIE, or VOLtE (Bolanus), an ancient Romans and the regular quarters of a Roman
town of the ZEqui, belonging to the Latin'league, legion.  Here Drusus constructed a bridge
not mentioned in later times.             across the Rhine.
BOLANUS, VETTIUS, governor of Britain in  BONONIA (Bononiensis). 1. (Now Bologna),
A.D. 69, is praised by Statius in the poem'(Silv., a town in Gallia Cispadana, originally called
v., 2) addressed to Crispinus, the son of Bo- FELSINA, was in ancient times an Etruscan city,
lanus.                                    and the capital of northern Etruria. It afterBOLBE (B6?68r: now Beshek), a lake in Mace- ward fell into the hands of the Boii, but it was
donia, empties itself by a short river into the colonized by the Romans on the conquest of the
Strymonic Gulf near Bromiscus and Aulon: the Boii, B.C. 191, and its name of Felsina was then
lake is now about twelve miles in length, and changed into Bononia. It fell into'decay in the
six or eight in breadth. There was a town of civil wars, but it was enlarged and adorned by
the same name upon the lake.              Augustus, 32.-2. (Now Boulogne), a town in the
BOLBITINE (Bo6trtivY: Bo;a6ertvrn: now  north of Gaul. Vid. GESORiACUS.-3. (Now BaRosetta), a city of Lower Egypt, near the mouth nostor?), a town of Pannonia, on the Danube.
of a branch of the Nile (the westernmost but  BoNOSUs, a Spaniard by birth, served with disone), which was called the Bolbitine mouth (rO tinction under Aurelian, and usurped the imperiBo?6iTLvov Traoa).                        al title in Gaul in the reign of Probus. He was
[BOLERIUM PROMONTORIUM, the southwest defeated and slain by Probus, A.D. 280 or 281.
point of Britannia, now Land's End, in Corn-  BOOTES. Vzd. ARCTURUS.
wall.]                                      BORBETOMAGUS (now Worms), also called VArNBOLINE (Bo2iv': Bo2ivaciot), atown inAchaia, GIONES, at a later time WORMATIA, a town of the
the inhabitants of which Augustus transplanted Vangiones, on the left bank of the Rhine, in Upto Patrae.                                per Germany.
BoLIssUS (Bo2toao6: Bo2iaacof, now Volisso),  BOREAS (Bopeac or Bopdc-), the north wind, or,
a town on the western coast of Chios.     more strictly, the wind from the north-northBOMILCAR (BoiLXKaC, BoajLaxac). 1. Corn- east, was, in mythology, a son of Astreus and
mander, with Hanno, of the Carthaginians Eos, and brother of Hesperus, Zephyrus, and
against Agathocles, when the latter invaded Notus. He dwelt in a cave of Mount Hemus,
Africa, B.C. 310. In 308 he attempted to seize in Thrace. He carried offOrithyia, daughter
the government of Carthage, but failed, and was of Erechtheus, king of Attica, by whom he begot
crucified.-2. Commander of the Carthagini'an  Zetes, Calais, and Cleopatra, wife of Phineus,
supplies sent to Hannibal after the battle of who are therefore called Boreada. In the PerCannae, 216. He afterward attempted to re- sian war, Boreas showed his friendly dispositi6n
lieve Syracuse when besieged by Marcellus, toward the Athenians by destroying the ships
but was unable to accomplish any thing.-3. A  of the barbarians. According to an Homeric
Numidian, deep in the confidence of Jugurtha. tradition (II., xx., 223), Boreas begot twelve
When Jugurtha was at'Rome, 109, Bomilcar horses by the mares of Erichthonius, which is
effected for him the assassination of Massiva. commonly explained as a figurative mode of
In 107 he plotted against Jugurtha.       expressing the extraordinary swiftness of those
BOMIUS MONS (Bu/Lr and o0 B1u.oi), the west- horses.  Boreas was worshipped at Athens,
ern part of Mount CEta in JEtolia, inhabited by where a festival, Boreasmi, was celebrated in
the Bomienses (Bopieet).                  his honor.
BONA DEA, a Roman divinity, is described as  BOREUiM (B6petov). 1. (Now Malin Head), the
the sister, wife, or daughter of Faunus, and was northern promontory of Hibernia (now-Ireland).
herself called Fauna, Fatua, or Oma. She was -2. (Now Ras Teyonas), a promontory on the
worshipped at Rome as a chaste and prophetic western'coast of Cyrenaica, forming the eastern,divinity; she revealed her oracles only to fe- headland of the Great Syrtis.-3. The northern
males, as Faunus did only to males. Her festi- extremity of the island of Taprobane (now
val was celebrated every year on the first of Ceylon).
May, in the house of the consul or praetor, as  BoREUS MONS (Bopeeov 6poc), a mountain in'the sacrifices on that occasion were offered on Arcadia, on the borders of Laconia, containing
behalf of the whole Roman people.  The so- the sources of the rivers Alpheus and Eurotas.
146




BOREUS PORTUS.                              BRANCHID.E.
BOREUIS PORTUS (B6peto-iXLjov), a harbor in general, under Hasdrubal, in Spain, set at libthe island of Tenedos, at the mouth of a river of erty the Spanish hostages kept at Saguntum,
the same name.                            hoping thereby to secure the affections of the
BoRSIPPA (Tr B6patr7ra: BopTzTr7TYvo6' now  Spaniards.
Boursa), a city of Babylonia, on the western  BOSTRA (-ra B6orpa, Old Testament Bozrah:
bank of the Euphrates, a little south of Babylon, Booarvov6 and -alog: now Busrah,ruins), a city
celebrated for its manufactures of linen, and as of Arabia, in an Oasis of the Syrian Desert, a
the chief residence of the Chaldaean astrologers. little more than ten degrees south of Damascus.
The'Greeks, held it sacred to Apollo and Diana It was enlarged and beautified by Trajan, who
(Artemis).                                made it a colony. Under the later emperors it
BORYSTHENES (Bopva6Oevf: now Dnieper), af- was the seat of an archbishopric.
terward DANAPRIS, a river of European Sarma-  BOTTIA, BOTTI^A, BOTTIEIS (Bornia, BornTtia, flows into tle Euxine, but its sources were ata, BoTnalit: Bornortao),'a district in Macedounknown to the ancients. Near its mouth, and nia, on the right bank of the River Axius, exat its junction with the Hypanis, lay the town tended in the time of Thucydides to Pieria on
BORYSTHENES or BORYSTrENIS (now Kudak), the west. It contained the towns of Pella and
also called OLBIA, OLBIOPOLIS, and MILETOPOLIS, Ichnae near the sea. The Bottiaei were a Thraa,colony of Miletus, and the most important cian people, who, being driven out of the counGreek city on the north of the Euxine. (Eth-. try by the Macedonians, settled in that part of
nic, BopvcOevilr-T,'OAt6&oroiTiry.)      the Macedonian Chalcidice, north of Olynthus,
BosPORUS (B6aropog), i. e., Ox-ford, the name which was called Bottice (Bort-rOi).
of any straits among the Greeks, but especially  BOTTICE. Vid. BOTTIA.
applied to the two following: 1. THE THRACI-  [BOVENNA (now Cabrera), a small island at
AN BosPORUS (now Channel of Constantinople), the northern extremity of Sardinia.]
unites the Propontis, or Sea of Marmara, with  BOVIANUM (Bovianius: now Bojyno), the chief
the Euxine, or Black Sea. According to the town of the Pentri in Samnium, was taken by
legend, it was called Bosporus from Io, who the Romans in the Samnite wars, and was colcrossed it in the form of a heifer. At the en- onized by Augustus with veterans.
trance of the Bosporus were the celebrated  BOVILLM (Bovillensis), an ancient town in
SYMPLOGADES. Darius constructed a' bridge Latium, at the foot of the Alban Mountain, on
across the Bosporus when he invaded-Scythia. the Appian Way, about ten miles from Rome.
-2. THE CIMMERIAN BOSPORUS (now Straits of Near it Clodius was killed by Milo (B.C. 52);
Kaffa) unites the Palus Maotis, or Sea of Azof, and here was the sacrarium of the Julia gens.
with the Euxine or Black Sea. It formed, with  BRACXRA AUGUSTA (now Braga),'the chief
the Tanais (now Don), the boundary between town of the Callaici Bracarii, in Hispania TarAsia and Europe, and it derived its name from  raconensis: at Braga there are the ruins of an
the CIaIMRII, who were supposed to have dwelt amphitheatre, aqueduct, &c.
in the neighborhood. On the European side of  BRACHMANIEN or -i (Bpaxadvec), is a name used
the Bosporus, the modern Crimea, the Milesians by the ancient geographers, sometimes for a
founded the town of Panticapaeum, also called caste of priests in India (the Brahmins), someBosporus, and the inhabitants of Panticapaeum  times, apparently, for all the people whose resubsequently founded the town of Phanagoria'ligion was Brahminism, and sometimes for a
on the Asiatic side of the Straits. These cities, particular tribe.
being favorably situated for commerce, soon be-  BRACHODES or CAPUT VADA (BpaxrdyS a&pa:
came places of considerable importance; and a now Ras Kapoudiah), a promontory on the coast
kingdom gradually arose, of which Panticapa- of Byzacena, in Northern Africa, forming the
urn was the capital, and which eventually in- northern headland of the Lesser Syrtis.
eluded the whole of the'Crimea.  The first  BRACRYLLES or BRACHYLLAS (BpaXv'J;yr, Bpakings we read of were the Archaenactidae, who XYtlacr), a Boeotian, supported the Macedonian
reigned forty-two years, from B.C. 480 to 438. interests in the reigns of Antigonus Doson and
They were succeeded by Spartacus I. and his Philip V. At the battle of Cyhoscephale, B.C.
descendants. Several of these kings were in 197, he commanded the Boeotian troops in Philclose alliance with the Athenians, who obtained ip's army, and was murdered in 196 at Thebes
annually a large supply of corn from the Bos- by the Roman party in'that city.
porus. The last of these kings was Paerisades,  [BRADANUS (now Brandano), a river of Luwho, being hard pressed by the Scythians, vol- cania, which falls into the Sinus Tarentinus: it
untarily ceded his dominions to Mithradates the forms the'boundary between Lucania and ApuGreat. On the death of Mithradates', his son lia.]
Pharnaces was allowed by Pompey to succeed  BRANCHIDAE (ai BpayXtda: now Jeronda,
to the dominion of Bosporus; and we subse- ruins), afterward DIDYMA or -I (ra Aldvya, ol
quently find a series of kings, who reigned in ALdv,uo), a. place on the sea-coast of Ionia, a
the country till a late period, under the protec- little south of Miletus, celebrated for its temple
tion of the' Roman emperors.              and oracle of Apollo; surnamed Didymeus (AtBOSTAR (B6ocrop, B6orapof).  1. A Cartha- dvyeveC).  This oracle, which the Ionians held
ginian general, who, with Hamilcar and Has- in the highest esteem, was said to have been
drubal, the son of -Hanno, fought against M. founded by Branchus, son of Apollo or Smicrus
Atilius Regulus, in Africa, B.C. 256, but was of Delphi, and a Milesian woman. The reputed
defeated, taken prisoner, and sent to Rome, descendants of this Branchus, the Branchidae
where he.is said to have perished in consequence (ol Bpayxidat), weie the hereditary ministers of
of the barbarous treatment which he received this oracle. They delivered up the treashres
from the sons of Regulus.-2. A Carthaginian of the temple to Darius or Xerxes; and, when
147




BRANCHUS.,'BRITANNIA.
Xerxes returned from Greece, the Branchidee, Pannonians and Dalmatians against the Re.
fearing the revenge of the Greeks, begged him  mans, A.1D. 6.
to remove them to a distant part of his empire.  BREUNI, a Reti'an people, dwelt in the Tyrol
They were accordingly settled in Bactria or near the Brenner.- (Hqr., Carm., iv:, 14, 11.)
Sogdiana, where their desceadapts. are said to. BRIAREU. Vid., 2EG1oso.
have been punished'by the army of Alexander  BRICINNIm (Bpotivyiat), a place in SiJely not
for the treason of their forefathers. The ter- far from Leontini.
ple, called Didymreum, which was destroyed by  BRIGANTES, the most powerful ofthe British
Xerxes, was rebuilt, and its ruins contain some tribes, inhabited the whole of the north of the
beautiful specimens of the Ionic order of archi- island from the Abus (now Humber) to the Rotecture.                                  man wall, with the. exception of the southeast
BRANCHUS (BpadyXo). Vid. BRANrCHIDM.    corner of Yorkshire, which was inhabited by the
BRANNOVICES. Vid. AULERCI.              Parisii. The Brigantes consequently inhabited
[BRANODfINUM (now Brancaster), a city of the the greater part of Yorkshire, and the whole of
Iceni or Simeni in Britannia Romana.]     Lancashire, Durham; Westmorelandd and Cum-. [BRANOGENIUM (now Worcester) or BRAN5ONI- berland., Their capital was EIBORA CM. They
UM, a town of the Boduni in Britannia lkomana.] were conquered by Petilins Cerea'is in the reign
BRASYDAS (Bpaaidac), son of Tellis, the most of Vespasian. There was also a tribe of Bridistinguished Spartan in the first part of the,Pel- gantes in the south -of Ireland, between the rivoponnesian war., In B.C. 424, at the head of ers Birgus (now Barrow) and Da rona (now
a small force, he effected. a dexterous march Blackwater), in the counties of' Wateford and
through the hostile, country of Thessaly, and Tipperary.
joined Perdiccas of Macedonia, who had prom-.BRIGANTII, a tribe in Vindelicia, on the Lake
ised co-operation against the Athenians. By BRIGANTIfqUS, noted for their robberies.
his military skill, and the confidence which his-.BRIGANTINUS LAcus (now Bodensee or Lake
character inspired, he gained possession of of Constance),. also called V E.ETUS and AcEomany of the cities in, Macedonia subject to- Nus, through which the Rhine flows, was inAthens; his greatest acquisition was Amphip- habited by the Helvetii on the south, by the
olis. In 422 he gained a brilliant victory over Raetii on the southeast, and by the Vindelici on
Cleon, who had been sent, with an Athenian the north. Near an island on it, probably Reiforce, to recover Amphipolis, but he was slain chenau, Tiberius defeated the'Vindelici in a
in the battle. He was buried within the city, naval engagement.
and the inhabitants honored him as a hero by  BRIGANTIiUM. 1. (Now Brianron), a town of
yearly sacrifices and by games. Vid. Diet. of the Segusiani in Gaul, at the foot of the Cottian
Ant., art. BRASIDEIA.                     Alps.-2. (Now Corunna), a sea-port town of
BRATUSPANTIUM (now Bratuspante, near Bre- the Lucenses, in Gallkecia in Spain, with a lightteuil), the chief town of the B3ellovaci in Gallia house, which is still used for the same purpose,
Belgica.                                  having been repaired in 1791, and which. is now
BRAURON (Bpavp6v: Bpdvpcvtof: now Vrao. called La Torre de Hercules.-3. (Now Breg-enz)
7a or Vrana), a demus in Attica, on the eastern a town of the Brigantini Vindelici, on the Lake
coast, on the River Erasinus, with a celebrated of Constance.
temple of Diana (Artemis), who was hence    BRILESSUS (Bpctracr6f), a mountain in Attica,
called Brauronia, and in whose' honor the fes- northeast of Athens.
tival Brauronia was celebrated in this place.  BRIM (Bptu6), "the angry or the terrifying,"
Vid. Diet. of Ant., s. v.                 a surname of Hecate and Proserpina (PersephBREGETIO (near Szony, ruins, east of Co- one).
morn), a Roman municipium in Lower Panno-   BRINIATES, a people in Liguria, south of the
nia on the Danube, where Valentinian I. died.  Po, near the modern Brignolo.
BRENNUS. 1. The leader of the Senonian    BRISIS (Bpcw7if), daughter of Brises of LyrGauls, who, in B.C. 390, crossed the Apennines, nessus, fell into the hands of Achilles, but was
defeated the Romans at the Allia, and took seized by Agamemnon. Hence arose the dire
Rome. After besieging the Capitol for six feud between the two heroes. Vid. ACHILLES
months, he quitted the city upon receiving one Her proper name was Hippodamra.
thousa'nd pounds of gold as a, ransom for the  BRITANNIA (/ BperTavtUO or BperaVmur, se.
Capitol, and returned home safe with his booty. vqoor, b Bperravia or Bptravia: Bperravoi, BpeBut it was subsequently related in the popular ravol, Britanni, Brittonies), the island of England
legends that.Camillus and a Roman army ap- and Scotland, which was also called ALBION
peared, at the moment the gold was being ('A.l6tov,'AXoviuv, Insula Albionum). HIBERKIA
weighed, that Brennus' was defeated by Camil- or Ireland is usually spoken of as a separate
lus, and that he himself and his whole army island, but is sometimes included under the genwere slain to a man.-2. The chief leader of eral name of the INSUL]E BRITANNIOc (Bpe7athe Gauls who invaded Macedonia and Greece, vtiKat vraot), Which also comprehended thb smallB.C. 280, 279. In 280 Ptolemy Ceraunus was er islands around the coast of Great Britain. The
defeated by the Gauls under Belgius, and slain etymology of the word Britannia is uncertain,
in battle; and Brennus in the following.year but it is derived by most writers from the Celtic
penetrated into the south of,Greece, but he was word brith or brit, " painted,"'with reference to
defeated near Delphi, most of his men were the custom of the inhabitants of staining their
slain, and he himself put an end to his own life. bodies with a blue color: whatever may be the
BREUOI, a powerful people of Pannonia, near etymology of the word, it is certain that it was
the confluence of the Savus and the Danube, used by the inhabitants themselves, since in the
took an active part in the insurrection of the Gaelic the inhabitants are called Brython, and
148




BRITANNIA.                                BRITANNIA.
their language Brythoneg. The name Albion is island as far north as the Frith of'Forth and the
probably derived from the wkite cliffs of the Clyde, between which he erected a series of
-islan'd [for the more correct derivation, vid. AL- forts to protect the Roman dominions from the
moa]; but writers, who derived the names of incursions of the barbarians in the north of
all lands and people froina mythical ancestor, Scotland. The Roman part of Britain was now
eorineeted the name with one Albion, the son called Britannia Romana, and the northern part,
o f Neptutne. The Britons were Celts, belong- inhabited by the Caledonians, Britannia Barbara
hig to that' branch of the race called Cymry, or CaledOnia. The Romans, however, gave up
a1d were appairenty the aboriginal inhabitants the northern conquests of Agricola in the reign
of the country. Their manners and customs, of Hadrian, and made a rampart of turf from
were in general the same as the Gauls'; but, the 2Estuarium ItiUna (now Solway Frith) to the
separated more than the Gauls from intercourse German Ocean, which formed the northern
with civlized'nationsj they preserved the Celtic boundaryoftheirdominions. InthereignofAnreligion in a purer state than in Gaul, and hence toninus Pius the Romans again extended their:Druidism, acording to Caesar, was transplanted boundary as far as the conquests of Agricola,
fron Gaul to Britain. The Britons also retained and erected a rampart connecting the Forth and
many of'he barbarous Celtic customs, which the Clyde, the remains of which are now called
the more civilized Gauls had laid aside. They Grimes Dike, Grime in the Celtic language sigpainted their bodies with a blue color extracted nifying great or powerful.  The Caledonians
frun woad, in order to appear more terrible in afterward broke through this wall; and in conbattle, and' they had wives in common. At a sequence of their repeated devastations of the
later time the Belga crossed over from Gaul, and Roman dominions, the Emperor Severus went
settled on the southern and eastern coasts, driv- to Britain in 208, in order to conduct the war
ing the Britons into the interior of the island. against them in person. He died in the island
It was not till a late period that theGreeks and at Eboracum (now York) in 211, after erecting
Romans obtained any knowledge of Britain. In a solid stone wall from the Solway to the mouth
early times the Phmenicians visited the Seilly of the Tyne, a little north of the rampart of
Islands and the coast of Cornwall for the pur- Hadrian. After the death of Severus, the Ropose of obtaining tin; but whatever knowledge mans relinquished forever all their conquests
they acquired of the country they jealously kept north of this wall. In 287 Carausius assumed
secret, and it only transpired that there were the purple in Britain, and reigned as emperor,
C.ASSITEIDEs, or -Tin Islands, in the northern independent of' Diocletian and Maximian, till
parts of the ocean. The first certain knowl- his assassination by Allectus in 293. Allectus
edge which the Greeks obtained of Britain was reigned three years, and Britain was recovered'
from the merchants of Massilia, about'the time for the emperors in 296. Upon the resignation
of Alexander the Great, and especially from the of the empire by Diocletian and Maximian (305),
voyages' of PYTREAS, who sailed round a great Britain fell to the share of Constantius, who
part of Britain. From this time it was gener- died at Eboracum in 306, and his son Constanally believed that the island'was in the form of tine assumed in the island the title of Caesar.
a triangle, an error which continued to prevail Shortly afterward, the Caledonians, who now
even at a later period. Another important mis- appear finder the names of Picts and Scots,
take, which likewise prevailed for a long time, broke through the wall of Severus, and the
was the position of Britain in relation to Gaul Saxons ravaged the coasts of Britain; and the
and Spain. As the northwestern coast of Spain declining power of the Roman empire was unwas supposed to extend too far to the north, and able to afford the province any effectual assistthe western coast of Gaul to run northeast, the ance. In the reign of Valentinian I., Theodolower part of Britain was believed to lie between sius, the father of the emperor of that name,
Spain and Gaul. The Romans first became per- defeated the Picts and Scots (367); but in the
sonally acquainted with the island by Caesar's reign of Honorius, Constantine, who had been
invasioa. He twice landed -in Britain'(B.C. proclaimed emperor in Britain (407), withdrew
55, 54), and though on tthe second occasion he all the Roman troops from the island, in order
conquered the greater part of the southeast to make himself master of Gaul. The Britons
of the island, yet he did not take permanent were thus left exposed to the ravages of the
possession of any portion of the country, and Picts and Scots, and at length, in 447, they
after his departure the Britons continued as in- called in the assistance of the Saxons, who bedependent as iefore.  The Romans made no came the masters of Britain. The Roman dof'rther attempts'to conquer the island for nearly minions of Britain formed a single province till
one hundred years- In the reign of Claudius the time of Severus, and were governed by a
(A.D. 43) they again landed in Britain, and per- legatus of the emperor. Severus divided the
nmaiently subdued the country south of the country into two provinces, Britannia Superior
Thames. They now began to extend their con- and Izferior, of which'the latter contained the'
quests over the other parts of the island; and the earliest conquests of the Romans in the south
great Victory (61) of Suetonius Paulinus over of the island,and the former the later conquests
the Britons who had revolted under BOADICEA, in the north, the territories'of the Silures, Bristi ifurither consolidated the Roman dominions. gantes, &c. Upon the new division of the provIn the reign of Vespasian, Petilius Cerealis and inces in the reign of Diocletian, Britain was
Julius PFrontinus made several successful expe- governed by a vicarius, subject to the prtefectus
ditions against the SinuREs and the BaRIGANTES; prcetorio of Gaul, and was divided into four provand the econquest of South Britain was at length inees: (1.) Britannia Prima, the country south
anally completed by Agricola, who in seven of the Thames; (2.) Britannia Secunda, Wales;
campaigas (78-84) subdued the whole of the (3.) Maxima Caesariensis, the country between
149




BRITANNICUS.                                 BRUTUS.
the Thames and the Humber; (4.) Flavia Ccesar- its importance. The Appia Via terminated at
iensis, the country between the Humber and the Brundisium, and it was the usual place of eniRoman wall. Besides these, there was also a barkation for Greece and the East. It was an
fifth province, Valentia, which existed for a short ancient town, and probably not of Greek origin,
time, including the conquests of Theodosius be- although its foundation is ascribed by some
yond the Roman wall.                      writers to the Cretans, and by others.to DioBRITANNICUS, son of the Emperor Claudius medes. It was at first governed by kings of its
and Messalina, was born A.D. 42. Agrippina, own, but was conquered and colonized by the
the second wife of Claudius, induced the em- Romans, B.C. 245. The poet Pacuvius was
peror to adopt her own son, and give him pre- born at this town, and Virgil died here on his
cedence overBritannicus. This son, theEmper- return from Greece, B.C. 19.
or Nero, ascended the throne in 54, and caused  [BRUTIDIUS NIGER. Vid. NIGER.]
Britannicus to be poisoned in the following year.  [BRUTTIXNUS LUSTRICUS. Vid. LUSTRICUS.]
[BRITOMARIS, a leader of the Galli Senones,  [BRUTTIUS. 1. A Roman knight, for whom
who caused the Roman ambassadors to be put Cicero wrote a letter of introduction to M'.
to death, and their bodies to be mangled with Acilius Glabrio, proconsul in Sicily in B.C. 46.
every possible indignity: this act brought upon -2. A philosopher, with whom M. Cicero the
him and his people the vengeance of the Ro- younger studied at Athens in B.C. 44.]
mans.]                                      [BRUTTIUS SURA. Vid. SURA.]
BRITOMARTIS (BptOr6apr7G, usually derived  BRUTTIUM, BRUTTIUS and BRUTTIORUM AGER
from PpiTvf, sweet or blessing, and.-prwt, a (Bperria: Bruttius), more usually called BRUTmaiden), was a Cretan nymph, daughter of Ju- TII, after the inhabitants, the southern extremipiter (Zeus) andCarme, and beloved by Minos, ty of Italy, separated from Lucania by a line
who pursued her nine months, till at length she drawn from the mouth of the Laus to Thurii,
leaped into the sea and was changed by Diana and surrounded on the other three sides by the
(Artemis) into a goddess. She seems to have sea. It was the country called in ancient times
been originally a Cretan divinity who presided CEnotria and Italia. The country is mountainover the sports of the chase; on the introduc- ous, as the Apennines run through it down to
tion of the worship of Diana (Artemis) into the Sicilian Straits; it contained excellent pasCrete she was naturally placed in some relation turage for cattle, and the valley produced good
with the latter goddess; and at length the two corn, olives, and fruit. The earliest inhabitants
divinities became identified, and Britomartis is of the country were.(Enotrians; Subsequently
called in one legend the daughter of Latona some Lucanians, who had revolted Trom their
(Leto). At iEgina Britomartis was worshipped countrymen in Lucania, took possession of the
under the name of Aphaea.                 country, and were hence called B7uttii or Bret[BRITONES. Vid. BRITANNIA.]            tii, which word is said to mean " rebels" in the'[BRIViTES PORTUS (now Bay de Pinnebe; ac- language of the Lucanians. This-people, howcording to D'Anville, Brest), a harbor of the ever, inhabited only the interior of the land;
Namnetes in Gallia Lugdunensis.]         the coast was almost entirely in the possession
BRIXELLUM (Brixellanus: now Bregella or of the Greek colonies. At the.close of the secBrescella), a town on the right bank of the Po, ond Punic war, in which the Bruttii had been
in Gallia Cisalpina, where the Emperor Otho the allies of Hannibal, they lost their independput himself to death, A.D. 69.            ence, and were treated by ttie Romans with
BRIXIA. (Brixianus: now Brescia), a town in great severity. They were declared to be pubGallia Cisalpina, on the road from Comum to lie slaves, and were employed as Iictors and
Aquileia, through which the River Mella flowed servants of the magistrates.
(flavus quam molli percurrit flumine Mella, Ca-  BRUTUS, JUNIUS. 1. L., son of M. Junius and
tull., lxvii., 33). It was probably founded by qf Tarquinia, the sister of Tarquinius Superbus,
the Etruscans, was afterward a town of the His elder brother was murdered by Tarquinius,
Libui and then of the Cenomani, and finally and Lucius escaped his brother's fate only by
became a Roman municipium with the rights feigning idiocy, whence he received the surof a colony.                              name of Brutus. After Lucretia had stabbed
BRaOMUS (Bp6/ztoG), a surname of Bacchus herself, Brutus roused the Romans to expel the
(Dionysus), i. e., the noisy god, from the noise Tarquins; and upon the banishment of the latof the Bacchic revelries (from 3ped/w).  -ter, he was elected first consul with Tarquinius
BRONTES. Vid. CYCLOPES.                 Collatinus. He loved his country better than
BRUCHIUM. Vid. ALEXANDREA.              his children, and put to death' his two sons, who
BRUCTERI, a people of Germany, dwelt on had attempted to restore the Tarquins. He fel
each side of the Amisia (now Ems), and extend- in' battle the'same year, fighting against Aruns,
ed south as far as the Luppia (now Lippe). The, the son of Tarquinius. Brutus was the g-reat
Bructeri joined the Batavi in their revolt against hero in the legends about the expulsion of the
the Romans in A.D. 69, and the prophetic vir- Tarquins, but we have no-:means of determingin, VELEDA, who had so much influence among ing what part of the account is historiccal.-2.
the German tribes, was a native of their coun- D., surnamed ScHmA, magister equitum to the
try. A. few years afterward the Bructeri were dictator Q. Publilius Philo, B.C. 339, and consul
almost annihilated by the Chamavi and Angri- in 325, when he fought against the Vestini.varii.,(Tac., Germ., 33.)                3. D., surnamed SC-aVA, consul 292, conquered
BRUNDUSIUM or BRUNDISIUM(BpevrTjatov, BpEv- the Faliscans.-4. M., tribune of the plebs 195,
reLov: Brundusinus: now Brindisi), a town in praetor 191, when he dedicated the temple of
Calabria, on a small bay of the Adriatic, form- the Great Idaean Mother, one of the ambassaing an excellent harbor, to which the place owed dors sent into Asia 189, and consul 178, when
150




BRUTUS.                                 BUCEPHALA.
he subdued the Istri. He was again one of the of Philippi (42), in the former of which Brutus
ambassadors sent into Asia in 171.-5. P., trib- was victorious,'though Cassius was defeated,'une of the plebs 195, curule aedile 192, preetor but in the latter Brutus also was defeated and
190, propraetor in Further Spain, 189.-6. D.,, put an end to his own life. Brutus's wife was
surnamed GALLtCUS (CALL'Ecus) or CALLAICUS, PORCIA, the daughter of Cato. Brutus was an
consul 138, commanded in Further Spain, and ardent student of literature and philosophy, but
conquered:a great part of Lusitania. From his he appears to have been deficient in judgment
victory over the Gallaeci he obtained his sur- and original power. He wrote several works,
name. He was a patron of the poet L. Accius, all of which have perished. He was a literary
and well versed in Greek and Roman literature. friend of Cicero, who dedicated to him his Tus-7. D., son of No. 6, consul 77, and husband culance D,isputationes, De Finibus, and Orator,
of Sempronia, who carried on an intrigue with and who has given the name of Brutus to his
Catiline.-8. D., adopted by A. Postumius Al- dialogue on illustrious orators.
binus, consul 99, and hence called Brutus Albi-  BRYAXIS (BpsVaf)t), an Athenian statuary in
nus. He served under Caesar in Gaul and in stone and metal, lived B.C. 372-312, [one of
the civil war. He commanded Caesar's fleet at the artists engaged in adorning the tomb of
the siege of Massilia, 49, and was afterward Mausolus with bas reliefs].
placed over Further Gaul. On his return to' BRYvI or BRYGES (Bpayot, Bpiyef), a barbarRore Brutus was promised the pretorship and ous people in the north of Macedonia, probably
the government of Cisalpine Gaul for44. Nev- of Illyrian or Thracian origin, who were stillin
ertheless, he joined the conspiracy against Ca- Macedonia at the time of the Persian war. The
sar. After the death of the latter (44) he went Phrygians were believed by the ancients to have
into Cisalpine Gaul, which he refused to sur- been a portion of this people, who emigrated to
render to Antony, who had obtained this prov- Asia in early times. Vid. PHRYGIA.
ince from the people. Antony made war against  [BRvYShzE (Bpva7ae),'a city of Laconia, southhim, and kept him besieged in Mutina, till the west from Amyclae, on the Eurotas, contained
siege was raised in April, 43, by the consuls a temple of Bacchus (Dionysus). It had been
Hirtius and Pansa, and Octavianus. But Bru- destroyed before the time of Pausanias.]
tus only obtained a short respite. Antony was  [BUBARES (Bov6dp7/), son of Megabazus, sent
preparing to march against him from the north as a special messenger to Macedonia, but alwith a large army, and Octavianus, who had lowed himself to be bribed to neglect his duty.
deserted the senate, was marching against him  In conjunction with Artachaees, Bubares superfrom the south. His only resource was flight, intended the construction of the canal which
but he was betrayed by Camillus, a Gaulish Xerxes made acrosstheisthmus ofAthos. Vid.
chief, and was put to death by Antony, 43.-9. ATHOS.]
M., pretor 88, belonged to the party of Marius,  BUBAssus (Bv6a7ao), an ancient city of Caria,
andput an end to his own life in 82, that he east of Cnidus, which gave name to the bay
might not fall into the hands of Pompey, who (Bubassius Sinus) and the peninsula (/ Xep6ocommanded Sulla's fleet.-10. L., also called vyao0'1 Bv6acaai) on which it stood. Ovid
DAMASIPPUS, prictor 82, when the younger Ma- speaks of Bubaszdes nurus (Met., ix., 643).
rius was blockaded at Praeneste, put to death' BUBASTIS (Bovd6aar), daughter of Osiris and
at Rome by order of Marius several of the most Isis, an Egyptian divinity, whom the Greeks
eminent senators of the opposite party.-11. M., identified with Diana (Artemis), since she was
married Servilia, the half-sister of Cato of the goddess of the moon. The cat was sacred
Utica. He was tribune of the plebs 83, and in to her, and she was represented in the form of
77 he espoused the cause of Lepidus, and was a cat, or of a female with the head of a cat.
placed in command of the forces in Cisalpine  BUBASTIS or -us- (Bov6aarlt or -o; Bov6acriGaul,'where he was slain by command of Pom- r?: ruins at Tel Basta), the capital of the Nopey.-12. M., the so-called tyrannicide, son of mos Bubastites in Lower Egypt,'stood on the
No. 11 and Servilia. He lost his father when he eastern bank of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile,
was only eight years old, and was trained by his and was the chief seat of the worship of Bubasuncle Cato in the principles of the aristocratical tis, whose annual festival was kept here. Unparty. Accordingly, on the breaking out of the der the Persians the city was dismantled, and
civil war, 49, he joined Pompey, although he lost much of its importance.
was the murderer of his father. After the bat-  BUBULCUS, C. JUNIUs, consul B.C. 317, a sectle of Pharsalia, 48, he was not only pardoned ond time in 313, and a third time in 311; in the
by Caesar, but received from him the greatest last'of these years he carried on the war against
marks of confidence and favor. Caesar made the Samnites with great success. He was cenhim governor of Cisalpine Gaul in 46, and pre- sor in 309, and dictator in 302, when he defeat-.tor in 44, and also promised him the govern- ed the zEquians; in his dictatorship he dediment of Macedonia. But, notwithstanding all cated the temple of Safety which he had vowed
the obligations he was under to Caesar, he was in his third consulship. The walls of this tempersuaded by Cassius to murder his benefactor pie were adorned with paintings by C. Fabius
under the delusive idea of again establishing the Pictor.
republic. Vid. COESAR. After the murder of- -'BTCEPHALA or -IA (BovKeQ0aPa or -62eta: [now
Caesar Brutus spent a short time in Italy, and probably Mung, near] Jhelum), a city on the Hythen took possession of the province of Mace- daspes (now Jhelum), in Northern India (the
donia. He was joined by Cassius, who com- Punjab), built by Alexander, after his battle with
maaded in Syria, and their united forces were Porus, in memory of his favorite charger Buopposed to those of Octavianus and Antony. cephalus, whom he buried here.  It stood at
Two battles were fought in'the neighborhood the place where Alexander crossed the river,
151




BUCEPHALUS.                                   BUTES.
and where General Gilbert crossed it (February, erature and learning. It was the birth-place of
1849) after the battle of Goojerat.      the poet Ausonius.
BUCEPHXLUS (BovKCea2os,), the celebrated horse  BURGUNDIONES or BURGUNDII, a powerful naof Alexander the Great, which Philip purchased tion of Germany, dwelt originally between the
for thirteen talents, and which no one was able'Viadus (now Oder) and'the Vistula, and were of
to break in except the youthful Alexander. the same race as the Vandals or Goths. They
This horse carried Alexander through' his Asi- pretended, however, to be descendants of the
atic campaigns, and died in India B.C. 327. Romans, whom Drusus and Tiberius had left in
Vid. BUCEPHALA.                           Germany as garrisons, but this descent was evi[BUCILIANUS, called BUCOLIANUS by Appian, dently invented by them to obtain more easione of the friends of Caesar who afterward con- ly from the Romans a settlement west of the
spired against him: he was one of Caesar's mur- Rhine. They were driven out of their original
derers.]                                  abodes between the Oder and the Vistula by
[BucOLICUM OSTIUM, one of the mouths of the the Gepide, and the greater part of them miNile, the same as the Phatneticum Ostium. grated west and settled in the country on the
Vid. NILUS.]                              Main, where they carried on frequent wars with
[BUCOLION (BoviKo02 co). 1. A son of Laome- their neighbors the Alemanni. In the fifh cendon and the nymph Calybe.-2. A prince of Ar- tury they settled west of the Alps in Gaul,
cadia, son of Lycaon, grandson of Cypselus.]  where they founded the powerful kingdom of
[BUCOLION (BOVKOaOV, i), a small city of Ar- Burgundy. Their chief towns were Geneva
cadia.]                                   and Lyons.
BUDALIA, a town in Lower Pannonia, near Sir-  BURhI, a people of Germany, dwelt near the
mium, the birth-place of the Emperor Decius.  sources of the Viadus (now Oder) and Vistula,
BUDINI (Bov6dvoc), a Scythian people, who and joined the Marcomanni in their war against
dwelt north of the Sauromatee, in the steppes-of the Romans in the reign of Marcus: Aurelius.
Southern Russia.. Herodotus (iv., 108) calls the  BURRUS, AFRANIUS, was appointed by Claunation y2avcov re icai 7rvpflv, which some inter- dius praefectus prsetorio A.D. 52, and, in conpret "( with blue eyes and red hair," and others junction with Seneca, conducted the education
"painted blue and red." [In their territory was of Nero. He opposed Nero's tyrannical acts,
a mountain called BUDINUS, near the sources of and was at length poisoned by command of the
the Borysthenes.]                         emperor, 63.
BUDORON (Bov5opov), a fortress in Salamis, on  BURSA. Vid. PLANCUS.
a promontory of the same name, opposite Me-  BURSAO (Bursaoensis, Bursavolensis), a town
gara.                                     of the Autrigonae in Hispania Tarraconensis.
BULIs (Bov-Xt) and SPERTHIAS (Z7repOic), two  BUSRIS (BovaIptC), king of Egypt, son of NepSpartans, voluntarily went to Xerxes and offer- tune (Poseidon) and Lysianassa, is said to have
ed themselves for punishment to atone for the sacrificed all foreigners that visited Egypt,
murder of the heralds whom Darius had sent to Hercules, on his arrival in Egypt, was likewise
Sparta; but they were dismissed uninjured by seized and led to the altar, but he broke his
the king.                                 chains and slew Busiris. This myth' seems to
BULIS (Bof)Xtr: Bo0jmtog), a town in Phocis, on point out a time when the Egyptians were acthe Corinthian Gulf, and on the borders of customed to offer human sacrifices to their
Bceotia.                                  deities.
BULLIS (Bullinus, Bullio, -onis, Bulliensis), a  BUSIRIS (Bova'tpL: Bovcimpirf).  1. (Now
town of Illyria, on the coast, south of Apollonia, Abousir, ruins), the capital of the Nomos Busicapital of the Bulliones.                 rites in Lower Egypt, stood just in the middle
BUPALUS and his brother ATHENIS, sculptors ofthe Delta, on the western bank of the Nile,
of Chios, lived about B.C. 500, and are said to and had a great temple of Isis, the remains of
have made caricatures of the poet Hipponax, which are still standing.-2. (Now Abousir, near
which the poet requited by the bitterest satires. Jizeh), a small town a little northwest of
[BUPHAGIUM (Bovaiytov), a small town of Ar- Memphis.
cadia, on the Buphagus, which flows between  [BUTAS (BovraT), a Greek poet of uncertain
the territories of Megalopolis and Hereea.]  age, who wrote in elegiac verse an account.of
BUPHRAS (BovopaF), a mountain in Messenia, early Roman history. Some lines on the fabunear Pylos.                               lous origin of the Lupercalia are preserved in
[BUPORTHMUS (Bov7ropOptog), a mountain in Ar- Plutarch's Life of Romulus.]
golis, between Hermione and Trcezene: on it  BUTEo, FABIUS. 1. N., consul B.C. 247, in
was a temple of Ceres and Proserpina, and one the first Punic war, was employed in the siege
of Bacchus.]                              of Drepanum.-2. M., consul 245, also in the
BUPRAsiUM (Bov7rpadtov: -alevc, -a'ov, -i1dyC), first Punic war. In 216 he was appointed diean ancient town in Elis, mentioned in the Iliad, tator to fill up the vacancies in the senate ocwhich had disappeared in the time of Strabo.  casioned by the battle-of Cannma.-3. Q., proetol
BuRA (BoSpa: Bovpaloc, Bovptoc: ruins near 181, with the province of Cisalpine Gaul. In
Kalavrytra), one of the twelve cities of Achaia, 179 he was one of the triumvirs for founding a
destroyed by an earthquake, together with He- Latin colony in the territory of the Pisani.
lice, but subsequently rebuilt.             BUTES (BormNC). 1. Son of either Teleon, or
BURDIGALA (Bovpaiyaaa: now Bordeaux), the Pandion, or Amycus, and Zeuxippe. He was
capital of the Bituriges Vivisci in Aquitania, on one of the Argonauts, and priest of Minerva
the left bank of the Garumna (now Garonne), (Athena) and of the Erechthean Neptune (Powas a place of great commercial importance, seidon). The Attic family of the Butadwe or
and at a later time one of the chief seats of lit- Eteobutade derived their origin from him; and
152




BUTHROTUM.                                CABILLONUM.
in the Erechtheum on the Acropolis there was 1188. (2.) NICEPHORUS ACOMINATUS, whose hisaq altar dedicated to Butes.-[2. An Argive, tory extends from 1188 to 1206. (3.) NICEPHowho went with Tlepolemus, son of Hercules, RUs,GREGORAS, whose history extends from
to Rhodes: when the latter sailed for Troy, 1204 to 1331. (4.) LAONICUS CHALCONDYLES,
he gave over the island to Butes.-3. Armor- whose history extends from 1297 to 1462: his
bearer of Anchises, afterward.given as a corn- work is continued by an anonymous writer to
panion to Iulus by his father REneas. Apollo 1565.-2. The chronographers, who give a brief
assumed his form to dissuade Iulus from con- chronological summary of universal history from
tinuing the fight.-4. A Trojan, companion of the creation of the world to their own times.
Enraeas, slain by Camilla.]               These writers are very numerous: the most
BUTHRoTUM(BQVOP(o6orV: BovOp6rTC: nowBu- important of them are GEORGIUS SYNCELLUS,
trinto), a town of Epirus, on a small peninsula THEOPHANES, NICEPHORUS, CEDRENUS, SIMEON
opposite Coreyra, was a flourishing sea-port, and METAPHRASTES, MICHAEL GLYCAS, the authors
was colonized by the Romans.              of the Chronicon Paschale, &c.-3. The writers
BUTTO (Bovrdo),.an Egyptian divinity, worship- Wvho have treated of separate portions of Byzanped principally in the town of BUTO. She was tine history, such as ZosIMUS, PRocoPIUS, AGAthe nurse of Horus and Bubastis, the children THIAS, ANNA COMNENA, &C.-4. The writers who
of Osiris and Isis, and she saved them from the have treated of the constitution, antiquities,
persecutions of Typhon by concealing them in &c., of the empire, such-as LAURENTIUS LYDUS,
the floating island of Chemmis. The Greeks CONSTANTINUS VI. PORPHYROGENNETUS. A colidentified her with Leto, and represented her lection of the Byzantine writers was published
as the goddess of night. The shrew-mouse at'Paris bycommand of Louis XIV., in 36 vols..(vyaYt),and the hawk were sacred to her.  fol., 1645-1711.'A reprint of this edition,,with
BUJTO (BOVTr, Bodry, or BoViroC: BoroTr77: additions, was published at Venice; in 23 vols.
now B(ltim? ruins), the chief city of the Nomos fol., 1727-1733. A-new edition of the ByzanChemmites in Lower Egypt, stood near the Se- tine writers was commenced by Niebuhr, Bonn,
bennytic branch of the Nile, on the Lake of 1828, 8vo, and is still in course of publication.
Buto:(Bov0e.ei 2i~v7i, also Zre6evvvtc7K), and was  BYZANTIUM (BvXdv7Tov: Bv(r-Vnoc, Byzantius:
celebrated for its oracle of the goddess Buto, in now Constantinople), a town on the Thracian
honor of whom a festival was held at the city Bosporus, founded by the Megarians, B.C. 658,
every year.                               is said to have derived its name from Byzas,
BUXENTUM (Buxentinus, Buxentius: now Po- the leader of the colony and the son of Neptune
licastro), originally PYxus (IIvuo'i), a town on (Poseidon). It was situated on two hills, was
the west coast of Lucania and on the River forty stadia in circumference, and its acropolis
BUXENTIUS,' was founded by Micythus, tyrant stood on the site of the present seraglio. Its
of Messana, B.C. 471, and was afterward a Ro- favorable position, commanding as it did the
man colony.                               entrance to the Euxine, soon rendered it a place
BYBv[INI MONTES (ra Biv62uva.pry), the mount- of great commercial importance. It was taken
ains Whence the Nile is said to flow in the myth- by Pausanias after the battle of Plataeae, B.C.
ical geography of zEschylus (Prom., 811).  479; and it was alternately in the possession
BYBLIS (Bv62ai), daughter of Miletus and Ido- of the Athenians and Lacedaemonians during
thea, was in love with her brother Caunus, the Peloponnesian war. The Lacedaemonians
whom she pursued through various lands, till at were expelled from Byzantium by Thrasybulus
length, worn out with sorrow, she was changed in 390, and the city remained independent for
into a fountain.                          some years. Afterward it became subject in
BYBLus (Bdv62o: Biv6%Xo: now Jebeil), a very succession to the Macedonians and the Romans.
ancient city on the coast of Phoenicia, between In the civil war between Pescennius Niger and
Berytus and Tripolis, a little north of the River Severus, it espoused the cause of the former:
Adonis. It was the chief seat of the worship it was taken by Severus A.D. 196, after a siege
of Adonis. It was governed by a succession of three years, and a considerable part of it deof petty princes, the last of whom was deposed stroyed. A new city was built by its side (330)
by Pompey.                                by Constantine, who made it the capital of the
BYLAZORA (Bv1cvawpa: now Bilias), a town in empire, and changed its name into CONSTANTIPaeonia, in Macedonia, on the River Astycus.  NOPOLIS.
BvRSA (Bipraa), the citadel of CARTHAGO.  [BYZAs (Bear), mythic founder of ByzantiBYzAciUM or BYZACENA REGIO (BvUiKcov, Bv- um, q. v.]
aatKc xjpa: southern part of Tunis), the southern portion of the Roman province of Africa.
Vid. AFRICA, p. 28, b.
BYZANTINI SCRIPTOREs, the general name of  CXBALIA or -is (Ka6abia, Ka6aic: Ka6a;rerZ,
the historians who -have given an account of Ka6d2ato), a small district of Asia Minor, bethe Eastern or Byzantine empire from the time tween Lycia and Pamphylia, with a town of the
of Constantine the Great, A.D. 325, to the de- same name.
struction of the empire, 1453. They all wrote  CXBASA or-us (Kid6naao: Ka6aariT7), the chief
in Greek, and may be divided into different city of the Nomos Cabasites, in Lower Egypt.
classes.  1. The historians whose collected  CABILLONUM [or CABALLINUM (Ka6aXTvov:
works form an uninterrupted history of the By- now] Chalons-sur-Saone), a town of the AEdui,
zantine empire, and whose writings are there- on the Arar (now Saone), in Gallia Lugdunenfore called Corpus Historiac Byzantina. They sis, was a place of some commercial activity
are, (1.) ZONARAS, who begins with the creation when Caesar was in Gaul (B.C. 53). At a later
of the world, and brings his history down to time the Romans kept a small fleet here.
153




CABIRA.                                  CADYTIS.
CABIRA (ra Kd6etpa: now Szvas), a place in This well was guarded by a dragon, a son of
Pontus, on the borders of Armenia, near Mount Mars (Ares),-who killed the men sent by CadParyadres: a frequent residence of Mithradates, mus. Thereupon Cadmus slew the dragon,
who was defeated here by Lucullus, B.C. 71. and, on the advice ofMinerva (Athena), sowed
Pompey made it a city, and named it Diospolis. the teeth of the monster, out of which armed
Under Augustus it was called Sebaste.     men grew up,'called Sparti or the Sown, who
CABIRI (Ka6eipot), mystic divinities who oc- killed each other, with the exception of five,
cur in various parts of the ancient world. The who were the ancestors of the Thebans. Mimeaning of their name, their character and na- nerva (Athena) assigned to Cadmus the governture, are quite uncertain. They were chiefly ment of Thebes, and Jupiter (Zeus) gave him
worshipped at Samothrace, Lemnos, and Im- Harmonia for his wife. The marriage solembros, and their mysteries at Samothrace were nity was honored by the presence of all the
solemnized with great splendor. Vid. Dict. of Olympian gods in the Cadmea. Cadmus gave
Ant., art. ^CABEIRIA. They were also worship- to Harmonia- the famous peplus and necklace
ped at Thebes, Anthedon, Pergamus, and else- which he had received' from Vulcan (Hephaeswhere. Most of the early writers appear to tus) or from Europa, and he became by her the
have regarded them as the children of Vulcan father of Autonoe, Ino, Semele, Agave, and
(Hephaestus), and as inferior divinities dwelling Polydorus.  Subsequently Cadmus and Harin Samothrace, Lemnos, and Imbros. Later monia quitted Thebes, and went to the Enchewriters identify them with Ceres (Demeter), lians: this people chose Cadmus as their king,
Proserpina (Persephone), and Rhea, and regard and with his assistance they conquered the I1their mysteries as solemnized in honor of one lyrians.:After this Cadmus had another son,
of these goddesses.'Other writers identify the whom he called Illyrius. In the end, Cadmus
Cabiri with the Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux), and Harmonia were changed into serpents, and
and others, again, with the Roman penates; but were removed by Jupiter (Zeus) to Elysium,
the latter notion seems to have arisen with Cadmus is said to have introduced into Greece,
those writers who traced every ancient Roman from Phenicia or Egypt, an alphabet of sixteen
institution to Troy, and thence to Samothrace. letters, and to have been the first who worked
CABYLE (Ka6dv7: Ka6v2irv6: now Golowitza), the mines of Mount Pangaeon in Thrace. The
a town in the interior of Thrace, conquered by story of Cadmus seems to suggest the immigraM. Lucullus, probably the Goloe of the Byzan- tion of a Phcenician or Egyptian colony into
tine writers.                             Greece, by means of which the alphabet, the
CAcus, son of Vulcan, was a huge giant, who art of mining, and civilization, came into the
inhabited a cave on Mount Aventine, and plun- country. But many modern writers deny the
dered the surrounding country. When Her- existence of any such Phenician or Egyptian
cules came to Italy with the oxen which he had colony, and regard Cadmus as a Pelasgian ditaken from Geryon in Spain, Cacus stole part vinity.-2. Of Miletus, a son of Pandion, the
of the cattle while the hero slept; and, as he earliest Greek historian or logographer, lived
dragged the animals into his cave by their tails, about B.C. 540. He wrote a work on the founit was impossible to discover their traces. But dation of Miletus and the earliest history of
when the remaining oxen passed by the cave, Ionia generally, in four books, but the work exthose within began to bellow, and were thus tant in antiquity under the latter name was condiscovered, whereupon Cacus was slain by Her- sidered a forgery.
cules. In honor of his victory, Hercules dedi-  CADMUS (KdUuor). 1. (Now Mount Baba), a
cated the ara maxima, which continued to exist mountain- in Caria, on the borders of Phrygia,
ages afterward in Rome.                   containing the sources of the rivers Cadmus
CACYPARIS (KaKviraptp or KaKcoraptc,: now  and Lycus.-2. A small river of Phrygia, flowCassibili), a river in Sicily, south of Syracuse.  ing north into the Lycus.
CADENA (ra Kddava), a strong city of Cappa-  CAnURcI, a people in Gallia Aquitanica, in the
docia, the residence of the last king, Archelaiis. country now called Querci (a corruption of CaCADI (Kdsdo:' Kad7v6: now Kodus), a city durci),werecelebratedfortheirmanufactoriesof
of Phrygia Epictetus, on the borders of Lydia.  linen, coverlets, &c. Their capital was DIvoNA,
CADMEA. Vid. THEBE.                     afterward CIVITAS CADURCORUM, now Cahors,
CADMUS (Kd[ioc). 1. Son of Agenor, king of where'are the remains of a Roman amphitheaPhoenicia, and of Telephassa, and brother of tre and of an aqueduct. A part of the town still
Europa. Another legend makes him a native bears the name les Cadurcas.
of Thebes in Egypt. When Europa was car-    CADUSII (Kadovactot) or GELIE (rF7at), a powried off by Jupiter (Zeus) to Crete, Agenor sent erful Scythian tribe in the mountains southwest
Cadmus in search of his sister, enjoining him  of the Caspian, on the borders of Media Atronot to return without her. Unable to find her, patene. Under the Medo-Persian empire they
Cadmus settled in Thrace, but, having consult- were troublesome neighbors, but the Syrian
ed the oracle at Delphi, he was commanded by kings appear to have reduced them to tributary
the god to follow a cow of a certain kind, and auxiliaries.
to build a town on the spot where the, cow  CADYTIS (Kddvrtf), according to Herodotus, a
should sink down with fatigue. Cadmus found great city of the Syrians of Palestine, not much
the cow in Phocis, and followed her into Bceotia, smaller than Sardis, was -taken by Necho, king
where she sank down on the spot on which Cad- of Egypt, after his defeat of the " Syrians" at.mus built Cadmea, afterward the'citadel of Magdolus. It is now pretty well established'Thebes. Intending to sacrifice the cow to Mi- that by Cadytis is meant Jerusalem, and that
nerva (Athena), he sent some persons to the the battle mentioned by, Herodotus is that in
neighboring well of Mars (Ares) to fetch water. which Necho defeated and slew King Josiah at
154




CLECILIA.                                 CLEDICUS.
Megiddo, B.C. 608. (Compare Herod., ii., 159; published a libellous work against Caesar, and
iii., 5, with 2 Kings, xxiii., and 2 Chron., xxxv., was, in consequence, sent into exile after the
Xxxvi.).                                  battle of Pharsalia, B.C. 48. He afterward
CAEciLYA. 1. CAIA, the Roman name of TAN- joined the Pompeians in Africa, and upon the
AQUIL, wife of Tarquinius Priscus.-[2. ME- defeat of the latter in 46, he surrendered to
TELLA, daughter of Q. Caecilius Metellus Mace- Caesar, who spared his life. Cicero wrote sevdonicus, consul B.C. 143, married C. Servilius eral letters to Caecina, and speaks of him as a
Vatia, and was by him mother of P. Servili- man of ability., Cecina was the author of a
us Vatia Isauricus, consul B.C. 79; a second work on the Etrusca Disciplina.-3. A. CGECINA
daughter married P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica, SEVERUS, a distinguished general in the reigns
consul B'C. 11-3. Daughter of L. Cecilius of Augustus and Tiberius. He was governor
Metellus Calvus, married to L. Licinius Lucul- of Mcesia in A.D. 6, when he fought against the
lus, and by him mother of the celebrated Lucul- two Batos in the neighboring provinces of Dallus, the conqueror of Mithradates.-4. Daugh- matia and Pannonia. Vid. BATO. In 15 he
ter of Q. Cecilius Metellus Balearicus, consul fought as the legate of Germanicus against
B.C. 123, was wife of Ap. Claudius Pulcher.]-  Arminius, and, in consequence of his success,
5. METELLA, daughter of L. Metellus Dalmati- received the insignia of a triumph.-4. CMCINA
cus, consul B.C. 119, was first married to AEmil- Tuscus, son of Nero's nurse, appointed governins Scaurus, consul, in 115, and afterward to'or of Egypt by Nero, but banished for making
the dictator Sulla. She fell ill in 81,'during the use of the baths which had been erected in ancelebration- of Sulla's, triumphal feast; and, as ticipation of the emperor's arrival in Egypt. He
her recovery was hopeless, Sulla, for some re- returned from banishment on the death of Nero,
ligious reasons, sent her a bill of divorce, and A.D. 68.-5. A. C^CINA ALIENUS,was queeshad her removed from his house, but honored tor in Baetica in Spain at Nero's death, and was
her memory with a splendid funeral.-6. Daugh- one of the foremost in joining the party of Galter of T. Pomponius Atticus, called Caecilia, ba. He was rewarded by Galba with the combecause her father took the name of his uncle, mand of a legion in Upper Germany; but, being
Q. Caecilius, by whom he was adopted.  She detected in embezzling some of the public monwas married to M. Vipsanius Agrippa.  Vid. ey, the emperor ordered him to be prosecuted.
ATTICUS.                                  Caecina, in revenge, joined'Vitellius, and was
CECILIA GENS, plebeian, claimed descent sent by the latter into Italy with an army of
from  CcEULUS, the founder of Praeneste, or thirty thousand men toward -the end of 68.
Caecas, the companion of.Eneas. Most of the After ravaging the country of the Helvetii, he
Ceeilii are mentioned under their cognomens, crossed the Alps by the pass of the Great St.
BASSUS, METELLUS, RUFUS: for others, see be- Bernard, and laid siege to Placentia, from which
low.                                      he was repulsed by the troops of Otho, who had
CECYILr-us. 1. Q., a wealthy Roman eques, succeeded Galba. Subsequently he was joined
who adopted his nephew Atticus in his will, and by Fabius Valens, another general of Vitellius,
left.the latter a fortune often millions of ses- and their united forces gained a victory over
terces.-2. C CILIUS CALACTINus, aGreekrhet- Otho's army at Bedriacum. Vitellius having
orician at Rome in the time of Augustus, was thus gained the throne, Caecina was made cona native of Cale Acte in Sicily (whence his sul on the first of September, 69, and was shortname Calactinus). He wrote a great number ly afterward sent against Antoninus Primus, the
of works on rhetoric, grammar, and historical general of Vespasian. But he again proved a
subjects. All these works are now lost; but traitor, and espoused the' cause of Vespasian.
they were in great repute with the. rhetori- Some years afterward (79) he conspired against
cians and critics of the imperial period.-3. CM- Vespasian, and was slain by order of Titus.CILIUS STATIUS, a Roman comic poet, the im- 6. DECIUS ALBINUS CGCINA, a Roman satirist
mediate predecessor of Terence, was by birth an in the time of Arcadius and Honorius.
Insubrian Gaul, and a native of Milan. Being a  CmEciNUS (KalKlv6O or KatcLvo), a river in
slave, he bore the servile appellation of Statius, Bruttium, flowing into the Sinus Scylacius by
which was afterward, probably when he receiv- the town CxSCINUM.
ed his freedom, converted into a sort of cogno-  ClECUBUS AGER, a marshy district in Latium,
men, and. he became known as Cecilius Sta- bordering on the Gulfof Amyclae, close to Fundi,
tins. He died B.C. 168. We have the titles celebrated for its wine (Cecubumr) in the age of
of forty of his dramas, but only a few fragments Horace. In the time of Pliny the reputation
of them are preserved. They appear to have of this wine was entirely gone. Vid. Diet. of
belonged to the class of Palliatee, that is, were Ant., p. 1207, a, second edition.
free translations or adaptations of the works of  CI^CLuS, an ancient Italian hero, son of VulGreek writers of the new comedy. The Ro- can, is said to have founded Prseneste.
mans placed Caicilius in the first rank of comic  [CEDIcIUS, M. 1. A Roman centurion, was
poets, classing him with Plautus and Terence. elected commander by the Romans that had fled
[The best edition of the fragments is by Spen- to Veil after the destruction of the city by the
gel, IMJonachii, 1829, 4to; they are given also Gauls, B.C. 390: he is said to have carried to
in Bothe's Poets Scenici Latini, vol. v., p. 128, Camillus the decree of the senate appointing
aeqq.]                                    him to the command.-2. C., one of the legates
C:ci NA, the name of a family of the Etrus- of the consul L. Papirius Cursor, commanded
can city of Volaterrae, probably derived from the the cavalry in the great battle with the SamRiver Caeina, which flows by the town.  1. A. nites, B.C. 293.]
CMCINA, whom. Cicero' defended in a law-suit,  [CzEDICUS, two mythical p.o.Uo...o I.iiulB.O. 69. —. A C OzINA, son of the preceding, tioned in the Eneid of Virgil.]
155




C/LES.                                    CAESAR.
CES or CAtEIUS VIBENNA, the leader of an ward (95) he was brought to trial by the tribune
Etruscan army, is said to have come to Rome C. Norbanus on account of his misconduct in
in the reign either of Romulus or of Tarquinius this war. He was condemned and cast into
Priscus, and to have settled with his troops on prison, where, according to one account, he
the hill called after him the Cuelian.    died, but it was more generally stated that he
CMeLIUS or CoGLIUS. 1. ANTIPATER. Vid. escaped from prison, and lived in exile at SmyrANTIPATER.-2. ACRELIANUS.   Vid. AURELIA- na.-8. Q., quaestor urbanus 100, opposed the
vus.-3. CALDUS. Vid. CALDUS.-4. RUFUS. lex frumentaria of Saturninus. In 91 he opVid. RUFUS.                               posed the measures of Drusus, and accused two
C2LYUS or CoCLIUS MONS. Vid. ROMA.     of the most distinguished senators, M. Scaurns
C^ENE (Kavai: now Senn), a city of Meso- and L. Philippus. He fell in battle in the Sopotamia, on the west bank of the Tigris, oppo- cial War, 90.
site the mouth of the Lycus.                Cf:PIO, FANNYUS, conspired with Murena
CAcNE, C ENEPOLIS, or NEAP6LIS (Kawr7 TirOtC, against Augustus B.C. 22, and was put to death.
Ne7 7r6totC: now Kench), a city of Upper Egypt,  CA RE (Caerites, Caeretes, Caeretani: now Ceron the right bank of the Nile, a little below Cop- vetri), called by the Greeks AGYLLA ('AyvXAa:
tos, and opposite to Tentyra.             poet. Agyllina urbs, Virg., Aen., vii., 652), a city
C  NEUS (Katvev), one of the Lapithae, son in Etruria, situated on a small river (Cueritis
of Elatus or Coronus, was originally a maiden amnis), west of Veii, and fifty stadia from the
named C^NIS, who was beloved by Neptune coast. It was an ancient Pelasgic city, the
(Poseidon), and was by this god changed into capital of the cruel Mezentius, and was aftera man, and rendered invulnerable. As a man, ward one of the twelve Etruscan cities, with a
he took part in the Argonautic expedition and territory extending apparently as far as the
the Calydonian hunt. In the battle between. Tiber. In early times Care was closely allied
the Lapithae and the Centaurs at the marriage with Rome; and when the latter city was taken
of Pirithous, he was buried by the Centaurs by the Gauls, B.C. 390, Caere gave refuge to the
under a mass of trees, as they were unable to Ves al virgins. It was from this event that the
kill him, but he was changed into a bird. In Romans traced the origin of their word caerimothe lower world Caeneus recovered his female nia. The Romans, out of gratitude;, are said to
form. (Virg., En., vi., 448.)             have conferred upon the Caerites the Roman
C2ENI or CrENICI, a Thracian people between franchise without the suffragium,* though it is
the.Black Sea and the Panysus.           not improbable that the Cuerites enjoyed this
C.NINA (Ceeninensis), a town of the Sabines honor previously. In 353, however, Caere joinin Latium, whose king, Acron, is said to have ed Tarquinii in making war against Rome, but
carried on the first war against Rome. -After was obliged to purchase a truce with Rome for
their defeat, most of the inhabitants removed one hundred years by the forfeiture of half of
to Rome.                                  its territory. From this time Caere gradually
C^NIS. Vid. C2ENEUS.                    sunk in importance, and was probably destroyCAENYS (KalvvC: now Capo di Cavallo or Coda ed in the wars of Marius and Sulla. It was redi Volpe), a promontory of Bruttium opposite stored by Drusus, who made it a municipitum;
Sicily.                                   and it continued to exist till the thirteenth cenCrEPARIus,-M., of Tarracina, one of Catiline's tury, when part of the inhabitants removed to
conspirators, was to induce the shepherds in a site about three miles off, on which they beApulia to rise: he escaped from the city, but stowed the same name (now Ccri), while the
was overtaken in his flight, and was executed old town was distinguished by the title of Vetus
with the other conspirators B.C. 63.      or Care Vetere, corrupted into Cervetri, which is
C  PIO, SERVILIUS. 1. CN., consul B.C. 253, a small village with one hundred or two hundin the first Punic war, sailed with his colleague, red inhabitants. Here have been discovered,
C. Setmpronius Blaesus, to the coast of Africa.-  within the last few years, the tombs of the an2. CN., curule aedile 207, praetor 205, and con- cient Caere, many of them in a state of complete
sul 203, when he fought against Hannibal near preservation. The country round Caere proCroton, in the south of Italy. He died in the duced wine and a great quantity of corn, and in
pestilence in 174.-3. CN., son of No. 2, curule its neighborhood were warm baths which were
aedile 179, praetor 174, with Spain as his prov- much frequented. Care used as its sea-port
ince, and consul in 169. -4. Q., son of No. 3, the town of PYRGr.
consul 142, was adopted by Q. Fabius Maxinmus.  C  RELLIA, a Roman lady frequently mentionVid. MAXIMUS.-5. CN., son of No. 3, consul 141, ed in the correspondence of Cicero as distinand censor 125.-6. CN., son of No. 3, consul guished for her acquirements and her love of
140, carried on war against Viriathus in Lusi- philosophy.  ~
tania, and induced two of the friends of Viria-  [CAERITES. Vid. CRE.]
tIus to murder the latter.-7. Q., son of No. 6,  CAESAR, the name of a patrician family of the
was consul 106, when he proposed a law for Julia gens, which traced its origin to Iulus, the
restoring the judicia to the senators, of which son of ZEneas. Vid. JULIA GENS. Various etythey had been deprived'by the Sempronia lex mologies of the name are given by the ancient
of C. Gracchus. He was afterward sent into writers; but it is probably connected with the
Gallia Narbonensis to oppose the Cimbri,.and,-                               -
aia Narboneis t oppose the Cim *   The Cearites appear to have been the first body of
was in 105 defeated by the Cimbri, along with Roman citizens who did not enjoy the:suffrage. Thus,
the consul Cn. Mallius or Manlius, on which oc- when a Roman citizen was struck out of his tribe by the
easion eighty thousand soldiers and forty thou- censors and made an rerarian, he was said to become one
sand? camp-followers are said to have perished, of the Caerites, since he had lost the suffrage: hence we
sand camp-followers are said to have perished. find the expressions in tabulas Ct ritum referre and reariCopio survived the battle, but ten'years after- |uMfacere used as synonymous.156




C2ESAR, JULIUS.                           CESAR, JULIUS.
Latin word c~s-ar-ies, and the Sanscrit kesa, Marius (VI.) and L. Valerius Flaccus, and was
( hair," for it is in accordance with the Roman consequently six years younger than Pompey
custom for a surname to be given to an indi- and Cicero. He had nearly completed his fiftyvidual from some peculiarity in his personal ap- sixth year-at the time of his murder, on the 15th
pearance. The name was assumed by Augus- of March, 44. Caesar was closely connected
tus as the adopted son of the dictator C. Julius with the popular party by the marriage of his
Casar, and was by Augustus handed down to aunt Julia with the great Marius-; and in 83,
his adopted son Tiberius. It continued to be though only seventeen years of age, he married
used by Caligula, Claudius, and Nero, as mem- Cornelia, the daughter of L. Cinna, the chief
bers either by adoption or female descent of leader of the Marian party. Sulla commanded
Cesar's family; but, though the family became him to put away his wife, but he refused to
extinct with Nero, succeeding emperors still obey him, and was consequently - proscribed.
retained the name as part of their titles, and it He concealed himself for some time in the
was the practice to prefix it to their own name, country of the Sabines, till his friends obtained
as, for instance, imperator Cresar Domitianus Au- his pardon from Sulla, who is said to have obgustus. When Hadrian adopted JElius Verus, served, when they pleaded his youth, "that that
he allowed the latter to take the title of Caesar; boy would some day or other be the ruin of the
and from this time, though the title of Augustus aristocracy, for that there were many Mariuses
continued to be confined to the reigning prince, in him."  Seeing that he was not safe at Rome,
that of Ccesar was also granted to the second he went to Asia, where he served his first camperson in the state and the heir presumptive to paign under M. Minucius Thermus, and, at the
the throne.                               capture of Mytilene (80), was rewarded with a
CuESAR, JfULUS.  1. SEX., praetor B.C. 208, civic crown for saving the life of a fellow-solwith Sicily as his province.-2. SEx.1 curule dier. On the death of Sulla in 78, he returned
edile 165, when the Hecyra of Terence was to Rome, and in the following year gained great
exhibited at the Megalesian games, and consul renown as an orator, though he was only twen157.-3. L., consul 90, fought against the Socii, ty-two years of age, by his prosecution of Cn.
and in the course of the same year proposed the Dolabella on account of extortion in his provLex Julia de Civitate, which'granted the citizen- ince of Macedonia. To perfect himself in oraship to the Latins and the Socii who had re- tory, he resolved to study in Rhodes under
mained faithful to Rome. Caesar was censor Apollonius Molo, but on his voyage thither he
in 89; he belonged to the aristocratical party, was captured by pirates, and only obtained his
and was put to death by Marius in 87.-4. C., liberty by a ransom of fifty talents. At Milesurnamed STRABO VOPISCUS, brother of No. 3, tus he manned some vessels, overpowered the
was curule atdile 90, was a candidate for the pirates, and conducted them  as prisoners to
consulship in 88, and was slain along with his Pergamus, where he crucified them, a punishbrother by Marius in 87. He was one' of the ment with which he had frequently threatened
chief orators and poets of his age, and is one of them in sport when he was their prisoner. He
the speakers in Cicero's dialogue De Oratore. then repaired to Rhodes, where he studied unWit was the chief characteristic of his oratory; der Apollonius, and shortly afterward returnbut he was deficient in power and energy. The ed to Rome. He now devoted all his enernames of two of his tragedies are preserved, the gies to acquire the favor of the people. His
Adrastus and Tecmessa.-5. L., son of No. 3, liberality was unbounded, and as his private forand uncle by his sister Julia of M. Antony the' tune was not large, he soon contracted enortriumvir. He was consul 64, and belonged, like mous debts. But he gained his object, and,his father, to the aristocratical party. He ap- became the favorite of the people, and was
pears to have deserted this party afterward: raised by them in succession to the high offices
we find him in Gaul in 52 as one of the legates of the state. He was quastor in 68, and edile
of C. Caesar, and he continued in Italy during in 65, when he spent enormous sums upon the
the civil war. After Caesar's death (44) he public games and buildings. He was said by
sidedwith the senate in opposition to his nephew  many to have been privy to Catiline's conAntony, and was, in consequence, proscribed by spiracy in 63, but there is no satisfactory evithe latter in 43, but obtained his pardon through dence of his guilt, and it is improbable that he
the influence of his sister Julia.-6. L., son of would have embarked in such-a rash scheme. In
No. 5, usually distinguished from his father by the debate in the senate on the punishment of
the addition to his name of filius or adolescens. the conspirators, he opposed their execution in a
He joined Pompey on the breaking out of the very able speech, which made such an imprescivil war in 49, and was sent by Pompey to sion, that their lives would have been spared
Caesar with proposals of peace. In the course but for the speech of Cato in reply. In the
of the same year he crossed over to Africa, course of this year (63), Csesar was elected
where. the command of Clupea was intrusted Pontifex Maximus, defeating the other candito him.. In 46 he served as proqutastor to Cato dates, Q. Catulus and Servilius Isauricus, who
in Utica, and after the death of Cato he surren- had both been consuls, and were two of the
dered to the dictator Caesar, and was shortly most illustrious men in the state. In 62 Caesar
afterward put to death, but probably not by the was preetor, and took an active part in supportdictator's orders.-7. C., the father of the dic- ing the tribune Metellus in opposition to his coltator, was praetor, but in what year is uncertain, league Cato; in consequence of the tumults
and died suddenly at Pisae in 84.-8. SEX., that ensued, the senate suspended both Caesar
brother of No. 7, was consul 91.9. C., the Dic- and Metellus from their offices, but were obliged
TATOR, son of No. 7 and of Aurelia, was born to reinstate him in his dignity after a few days.
on the 12th of July, 100, in the consulship of C. In the following year (61) Csesar went as pro157




CESAR, JULIUS.                           CAESAR, JULIUS.
praetor into Further Spain, where he gained pine Gaul to attend to the civil duties of his
great victories over, the Lusitanians. On his province, and to keep up his communication
return to Rome he became a candidate for the with the various parties at Rome. During the
consulship, and was elected, notwithstanding whole of his campaigns in Gaul, he spent the
the strenuous opposition of the'aristocracy, who greater part of the winter in Cisalpine Gaul.
succeeded, however, in carrying the election of In his second- campaign (57) Caesar carried on
Bibulus as his colleague, who was, one of the war with the Belgae, who dwelt in the northeast
warmest supporters of the aristocracy., After of Gaul, between the Sequana (now Seine) and
his election, but before he entered upon the the Rhine, and after a severe struggle completeconsulship, he- formed that coalition with Pom- ly subdued them. Caesar's third campaign in
pey and M. Crassus, usually known by the name Gaul (5'6) did not commence till late in the year.
of the first triumvirate. Pompey had become He was detained some months in the north of
estranged from the aristocracy since the senate Italy by the state of affairs at Rome. At Luca
had opposed the ratification of his acts in Asia (now Lucca) he had interviews with most of
and an assignment of lands which he had prom- the leading men at Rome, among others with
ised to his veterans. Crassus, in consequence Pompey and Crassus, who visited him in April.
of. his'immense wealth, was one of the ~most He made arrangements with, them for the conpowerful men at Rome, but was a personal ene- tinuance of their power: it was agreed between
my of Pompey.    They were reconciled by them that Crassus andPompey should be the conmeans of Caesar, and the three entered into an suls for the following year; that Crassus should
agreement to support one another, and to divide have the. province of Syria, Pompey the two
the power in the state. between them. In 59 Spains; and that Caesar's government, which
Caesar was consul, and being supported by Pom- would expire at the end of 54, shouldbe prolonged
pey and Crassus, he was able to carry all his for five years after that date. After makingthese
measures. Bibulus, from whom the senate had arrangements he crossed the Alps, and carried
expected so much, could offer no effectual op- on war with the Veneti and the other states
position, and, after making a vain attempt to in the northwest of Gaul, who had submitted to
resist Caesar, shut himself up in his own house, Crassus, Caesar's legate, in the preceding year,
and did not appear again in public till the ex- but who had now risen in arms against the Ropiration of his consulship. Caesar's first imeas- rmans. They were defeated and obliged to subure was an agrarian law, by which the rich mit to Caesar, and during the same time CrasCampanian plain was divided among the poor- sus conquered Aquitania. Thus, in three camer citizens. He next gained the favor of the paigns, Caesar subdued the whole of Gaul: but
equites by relieving them from one third of the the people made several attempts to recover
sum which they had agreed to pay for the farm- their independence; and it was not till their reing of the taxes in Asia. He then obtained' the volts had been again and again put down by Caeconfirmation of Pompey's acts. Having thus sar, and the flower of the nation. had perished
gratified the people, the equites, and Pompey, in battle, that they learned to submit to the Rohe was easily able to obtain for himself the prov- man yoke. In his'fourth campaign (55) Caesar
inces which he wished. By a vote of the peo- crossed the Rhine in order to strike terror into
ple, proposed by the tribune Vatinius, the prov- the Germans, but he only remained eighteen
inces of. Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum  were days on the further side of the river. Late in
granted to Caesar, with three legions, for five the summer he invaded Britain, but more with
years; and the senate added to his government the view of obtaining some knowledge of the
the province of Transalpine Gaul, with another island from personal observatioin than with the
legion, for five years also, as they saw that a intention of permanent conquest at present.
bill would be proposed to the people for that He sailed from the port Itius (probably Witsand,
purpose if they did not grant the province them- between Calais and Boulogne), and effected a
selves. Caesar'foresaw that the struggle be- landing somewhere near the South Foreland,
tween the different parties at Rome must event- after a severe struggle with thie natives. The
ually be terminated by the sword, and he had late period of the year compelled hinm to return
therefore resolved to obtain an army, which he to Gaul after remaining only a short time in the
might attach to himself by victories and re- island. In this year,. according to his arrangewards. In the course of the same year Caesar ment with Pompey and Crassus, who were now
united himself more closely to Pompey by giving consuls, his government of the Gauls and I1him his daughter Julia in marriage. During the lyricum was prolonged for five years, namely,
next nine years Caesar was occupied with the from the first of January, 53, to the end of Desubjugation of Gaul. He conquered the whole cember,'49. Caesar's fifth campaign (54) was
of Transalpine Gaul, which had hitherto been chiefly occupied with his second invasion of
independent of the Romans, with the exception Britain. He landed in Britain at the same place
of the southeastern part called Provincia; he as in the former year, defeated the Britons in a
twice crossed the Rhine, and twice landed in - series of engagements, and crossed the Tamesis
Britain, which had been previously unknown to (now Thames).  The Britons submitted, and
the Romans. In his first campaign (58) Caesar promised to pay an annual tribute; but their
conquered the Helvetii, who had emigrated subjection was only nominal, for Caesar left no
from Switzerland with the intention of settling garrisons.or military establishments behind him,
in Gaul. He next defeated Ariovistus, a Ger- and Britain remained nearly one hundred years
man king, who had taken possession of part of longer independent of the Romans. During the
the territories of the zEdui and Sequani, and winter, one of'the Roman legions, which had
pursued him as far as the Rhine. At the con- been stationed, under the command of T. Titurielusion of the campaign Caesar went into Cisal- us Sabinus and L. Aurunculeius Cotta, in the
158




CESAR, JULIUS.                           CLESAR, JULIUS.
country of the Eburones, was cut to pieces by Capua, and now, despairing of opposing COesar
Ambiorix and the Eburones. Ambiorix then in Italy, he marched from Capua to Brundisium,
proceeded to attack the camp of Q. Cicero, the and on the 17th of March embarked for Greece.
brother of the orator, who was stationed with Caesar pursued Pompey to Brundisium, but he
a legion amrong the Nervii; but Cicero defend- was unable to follow him to Greece for want of
ed himself with bravery, and was at length re- ships. He therefore marched back from Brunlieved by Caesar in person. In September of disium, and repaired to Rome, having thus in
this year, Julia, Caesar's only daughter-and Pom-' three months become master of the whole of
pey's wife, died in childbirth. In Caesar's sixth Italy. After remaining a short time in Rome,
campaign (53) several of the Gallic nations re- he set out for Spain, where Pompey's legates,
volted, but Caesar soon compelled them to re- Afranius, Petreius, and Varro, commanded powturn to obedience. The Treviri, who had re- erful armies. After defeating Afranius and Pevolted, had been supported by the Germans, and treius,- and receiving the submission of Varro,
Caesar accordingly again crossed the Rhine, but Caesar returned to Rome, where he had meanmade no permanent conquests on the further time been appointed dictator by the prator M.
side of the river. Caesar's seventh campaign Lepidus. He resigned the dictatorship at the
(52) was' the most arduous of all. Almost all end of eleven days, after holding the consular
the nations of Gaul rose simultaneously in re- comitia, in which he himself and P. Servilius
volt, and the supreme command was given to Vatia Isauricus were elected consuls for the
Vercingetorix, by far the ablest general that next year.'At the. beginning of January, 48,
Caesar had yet encountered. After a most se- Caesar crossed over to Greece,' where Pompey
vere struggle, in which Caesar's military genius had collected a formidable army. At first the
triumphed over every. obstacle, the war was campaign was in Pompey's favor; Caesar was
brought to a conclusion by the defeat of the repulsed' before Dyrrhachium with considerable
Gauls before Alesia and the surrender of this loss, and was obliged to retreat toward Thescity. The eighth and ninth' campaigns (51, 50) saly. In this country, on the plains of Pharsalus
were employed in the final subjugation of Gaul, or Pharsalia, a, decisive battle was fought bewhich had entirelyrsubmitted to Caesar by the tween the two armies on the, 9th of August,
nmiddle of 50. Meanwhile, an-estrangement had 48, in which Pompey was completely defeated.
taken place between Caesar and Pompey. Cae- Pompey fled to Egypt, pursued by Caesar, but
sar's brilliant victories had gained him fresh he was murdered before Caesar arrived in the
popularity and influence, and Pompey saw with country. Vid. PoMP'EIUS. His head was brought
ill-disguised mortification that he was becoming to Caesar, who turned away from the sight, shed
the second person in the state. He was thus tears at the untimely death of his rival, and put
led to join again the aristocratical party, by the his murderers to death. When the news of the
assistanrice of which he could alone hope to re- battle of Pharsalia reached Rome, various hontain his position as the chief man in the Roman ors were conferred upon Caesar. He was apstate: The great object of this party was to de- pointed dictator for a whole year and consul for
prive Caesar of'his command, and to compel him five years, and the tribunician power was conto come to Rome as a private man to sue for ferred upon him for life. He declined the-conthe consulship. They would then have formal- sulship, but entered upon, the dictatorship in
ly accused him, and as Pompey was in the neigh- September in this year (48), and appointed M.
borhood of the city at the head of an army, the Antony his master of the horse. On his arrival
trial would have been a mockery, and his con- in Egypt, Caesar -became involved in a war,
demnation would have been certain. Caesar of- which gave the remains of the Pompeian party
fered to resign his command if Pompey would do time to rally. This war, usually called the Alexthe same; but the senate would not listen to any andrine war, arose from. the determination of
compromise. Accordingly, on the 1st of Janua- Caesar that Cleopatra, whose fascinations had
ry, 49, the senate passed a resolution that Caesar won his heart, should reign in common with her
should disband his army at a certain day, and br6ther Ptolemy; but this decision was opposed
that if he did not do so, he should be. regarded by the guardians of the young king, and the war
as an enemy of the state. Two of the tribunes, which thus broke out was not brought to a close
M. Antonius and Q. Cassius, put -their veto till thelatter endof March, 47. Itwas soon afupon this resolution, but their opposition was set ter this that Cleopatra had a son by Caesar.. Vid.
at naught, and they fled for refuge to Caesar's CSARION.  Caesar returned to Rome through
camp. Under the plea of protecting the tribunes, Syria and Asia Minor, and on his march through
Caesar crossed the Rubicon, which separated Pontus attacked Pharnaces, the son of Mithrahis province from Italy. and marched toward dates the Great, who had assisted Pompey. He
Rome. Pompey, who had been intrusted by defeated Pharnaces near Zela with such ease,
the senate with the conduct.of the war, soon that he informed the senate of his victory by
discovered how greatly he had overrated his the words Veni, vidi, vici. He reached Rome
own popularity, and influence. His own troops in September (47), was appointed consul for the
deserted. to his rival in crowds; town after town following year, and before the end of September
in Italy opened'its gates to Caesar, whose march set'sail for Africa, where Scipio and Cato had
was like a triumphal progress. The only town collected a large army. The war was terminawhich offered Caesar any resistance was Cor- ted by the defeat of the Pompeian army at the
finium, into'which L. Domitius Ahenobarbus had battle of Thapsus, on the 6th qf April, 46. Cato,
thrown himself with a strong force; but even unable to defend Utica, put an end to his own
this place was obliged to surrender at the end life. Caesar returned to Rome in the latter end
of a few days. Meantime, Pompey, with the of July. He was now the undisputed master
magistrates and senators, had fled from Rome-to of the Roman world, but he used his victory
159




C(ESMAR, JULIUS.                         CAESAR, C. AND L.
with the greatest moderation.  Unlike other them, such as M. Brutus, lived with him on
conquerors in civil wars, he freely forgave all terms of the most intimate friendship. It haswho had borne arms against him, and declared been the practice of rhetoricians to speak of the'
that he would make no difference between Pom- murder of Caesar as a glorious deed, and to reppeians and Casarians. His clemency was one'resent Brutus and Cassius as patriots; but the
of the brightest features of his character. At mask ought to be stripped off these false paRome all parties seemed to vie in paying him  triots; they cared not for the republic, but only
honor: the dictatorship was bestowed on him  for themselves; and their object in murdering
for ten years, and the censorship, under the new  Caesar was to gain power for themselves and
title of Prcfectus Morum, for three years. He their party. Caesar had many warnings of his
celebrated his victories in Gaul, Egypt, Pontus, approaching fate, but' he disregarded them all,
andAfricaby four magnificent triumphs. CaOsar and'fell by the daggers of his assassins on the
now proceeded to correct the various evils-which  Ides or 15th of March, 44. At an appointed
had crept into the state, and to obtain the en- signal the conspirators surrounded him; Casca
actment of several laws suitable to the altered dealt the first blow, and the others quickly drew
condition of the commonwealth. The most im- their swords and attacked'him; Caesar at first
portant of his measures this year (46) was the defended himself, but when he saw that Brutus,
reformation of the calendar, As- the Roman- hisfriend and favorite,had-also drawn hissword,
year was now three months in advance of the he exclaimed Tu quoque Brute! pulled his toga
real time, Caesar added'ninety days to this year, over his face, and sunk pierced with wounds at
and' thus made the whole year consist'of four the foot of Pompey's statue. Julius Caesar was
hundred! and forty-five days; and he guarded the greatest man of antiquity. He was gifted
against a repetition of similar errors for the by nature with the most various talents, and
future by adapting the year to the sun's course. was distinguished by the most extraor'dinary atVid. Diet. of Ant., art. CALENDARIUM. Mean- tainments in the most diversified pursuits. He
time the two sons of Pompey, Sextus and Cneius, was at one and the same time a general, a stateshad collected a new army in Spain. Caesar set man, a lawgiver, a jurist, an orator, a poet, a
out for Spain toward the end of the year, and historian, a philologer, a mathematician, and an
brought the war to a close by the battle of architect. He was equally fitted to excel in all,
Munda, on the 17th of March, 45, in which the and has given proofs that he would have surenemy were only defeated after a most obsti- passed almost all other men in any subject to
nate resistance. Cn. Pompey was killed shortly which he devoted the energies of his extraordiafterward, but Sextus made good his escape. narymind. During the whole of his busy life
Caesar reached Rome in September, and entered he found time for literary pursuits, and was the
the cityin triumph. Fresh honors awaited him. author,of many works, the majority of which
His portrait was to be, struck on coins; the has been lost. The purity of his Latin and the
month of Quintilis was to receive the name of clearness of his style were celebrated by the
Julius in his honor; he received the title of im- ancients themselves, and are conspicuous in his
perator for life; and the whole senate took an  Co'mmentarii, which are his only works that have
oath to watch over his safety. To reward his come down.to us. They relate the history of
followers, Caesar increased the number of sen- the first seven years of the Gallic war in seven
ators and of the public magistrates, so that there books, and the history of the Civil war down to
were to be sixteen praetors, forty quaestors, and the commencement of the Alexandrine in three
six aediles. He began to revolve vast schemes books. Neither of these works completed'the'
for the benefit of the Roman world. Among history of the-Gallic and Civil wars. The hishis plans of internal improvement, he proposed tory of the former was completed in'an eighth
to frame a digest of all the Roman laws, to es-, book, which is usually ascribed to Hirtius, and
tablish public libraries, to drain the Pomptine the history of the Alexandrine, African, and
marshes, to enlarge the harbor of Ostia, and to Spanish wars were written in three'separate
dig a canal through the isthmus of Corinth. To books, which are also'ascribed' to' Hirtius, but
protect the boundaries of the Roman empire, he their authorship is uncertain. The lost works
meditated expeditions against the Parthians and of Caesar are, 1. Anticato, in reply to Cicero's
the barbarous tribes on the Danube, and had Cato, which Cicero wrote in praise of Cato after
already begun to make preparations for his de- the death of the latter in 46. 2. De Analogia,
partur'e to the East. Possessing royal power, or, as Cicero explains it, De Ratione Latine lohe now wished to obtain the title'of king, and quendi, dedicated to Cicero, contained'investiAntony accordingly offered him the diadem in gations on the Latin language, and were writpublic on the festival of the Lupercalia (the 15th ten by Caesar while he was crossing the Alps.
of February); but, seeing that the proposition 3. LibriAuspiciorum, orAzLguralia. 4. De Astris.
was not favorably received by the people, he 5. Apophthegmata, or Dicta collectanea, a collecdeclined it for the present. But Cesar's power tion of good sayings. 6. Poemata. Two of
was not witnessed without envy. The Roman these, written' in his youth, Laudes Herculis and'
aristocracy, who had been so long accustomed (Edipus, were suppressed by Augustus. Of the
to rule the Roman world and to pillage it at numerous editions ofCaesar's Commentaries, the
their pleasure, could ill brook a master, anrid re- best are by Oudendorp, Lugd. Bat., 1737, Stuttsolved to remove him byt assassination. The gard, 1822; by'Morus, Lips., 1780; by Oberlin,
conspiracy against Caesar's life had been set Lips., 1805, 1819; [and by Herzog, Lips.. 1'831afoot by Cassius, a personal enemy of Caesar's, 34, 2 vols.; and of the Gallic War separately
and there were more than sixty persons privy. by Nipperdey, Lips., 1849.]
to it. Many of these persons had been raised  C. C(3SAR and L. C.ESAR, the sons of M. Vipsaby Caesar to wealth and honor; and some of nius Agrippa and Julia, and the grandsons ofAu160




C2ES ARAUGUSTA.                               CALAM US.
gustus. L. Caesar died at Massilia, on his way in Gallia Cispadana, on the Via 2Emilia, not fa!
to Spain, A.D. 2, and C. Caesar in Lycia, A.D. 4, from the Rubicon.
of a wound which he had received in Armenia.  CESENNIUS LENTO. Vid. LENTO.
C2ESARAUGUSTA (now Zaragoza or Saragossa),  CESENNIUS PaTUS. Vid. PETUS.
more anciently SALDUBA, a town of the Edetani,  C ESETIUS FLAVUS. Vid. FLAVUS.
on the Iberus, in Hispania Tarraconensis, was  CESIA, a surname of Minerva, a translation
colonized by Augustus B.C. 27, and was the of the Greek y2avIcCrrxt.
scat of a Conventus Juridicus. It was the birth-M  C.SIA SILVA (now Hcisernwald), a forest in
place of the poet Prudentius.             Germany, between the Lippe and the Yssel.
C.EsliREA (KatCipeta: Kataapedv: Cesarien-  CESONiA, first the mistress and afterward
sis), a name given to several cities of the Ro- the wife of the Emperor Caligula, was a woman
man empire in honor of one or other of the Cae- of the greatest licentiousness, and was put to
sars. 1. CESAREA AD ARGEUM, formerly MA- death with Caligula, together with her daughter,
zICA,'also Eus BIA (K. / prpdg rTX'Apyaip, ra- A.D. 41.
M(Kiaca, E'aireta: now Kesarieh, ruins), one of  C dS6NYlus, M., a judex at the trial of Oppithe oldest cities of Asia Minor, stood upon anicus for the murder of Cluentius, B.C. 74, and
Mount Argaeus, about the centre of Cappadocia, aedile with Cicero in 69.
in the district (praefectura) called Cilicia. It  CXicus (KcaZ'c6g: now Aksou or Bakir), a river
was the capital of Cappadocia, and when that of Mysia, rising in Mount Temnus, and flowing
country was made a Roman province by Tibe- past Pergamus into the CumEean Gulf.
rius (A.D. 18), it received the name of Caesarea.  [CAicus. 1. Son of Oceanus and Tethys,
It was ultimately destroyed by an earthquake.- god of the Mysian river. —2. A companion of
2. C. PHILIPPI or PANIAS (K. 7 FtXTr7irov, New.iEneas in his voyage from Troy to Italy.]
Testament; K. IIavetd: now Banias), a city of  CAIETA (Caietanus: now Gaeta), a town in
Palestine at the southern foot of Mount Hermon, Latium, on the borders of Campania, forty stadia
on the Jordan, just below its source (vid. PA- south of Formike, situated on a promontory of
NIUM), built by Philip the tetrarch, B.C. 3: King the same name, and on a bay of the sea called
Agrippa called it Neronias, but it soon lost this after it SINUS CAIETANUS. It possessed an exname.-3. C. PAL.ESTINME, formerly STRATONIS cellent harbor (Cic., pro Leg. Man., 12), and was
TURRIS (TirpdrTvoc 7rvpyof: now Kaisariyeh, said to have derived its name from Caieta, the
ruins), an important city of Palestine, on the nurse of 2Eneas, who, according to some tradisea-coast, just above the boundary line between tions, was buried at this place.
Samaria and Galilee. It was surrounded with  CAIUs, the jurist. Vid. GAIUs.
a wall and decorated with splendid buildings by  CAIUS CIESAR. Vid. CALIGULA.
Herod the Great (B.C. 13), who called it Caes-  CALABER.' Vid. QUINTUS SMYRNEUS.
area, in honor of Augustus. He also made a  CALABRIA (Calabri), the peninsula in the
splendid harbor for the city. Under the Ro- southeast of Italy, extending from Tarentum
mrans it was the capital of Palestine and the to the Promontorium  lapygium, formed part
residence of the procurator. Vespasian made of APULIA, q. v.
it a colony, and Titus conferred additional fa-  CALACTA (Ka2]'AKArr7: Ka;aicravoC: ruins
vors upon it; hence it was called Colonia Fla- near Caronia), a town on the northern coast of
via. —4. C. MAURETANIAE, formerly IOL ('IoX. Sicily, founded by Ducetius, a chief of the Siceli,
Katcapeta: now Zershell, ruins), a Phoenician about B.C. 447. Calacta was, as its name imcity on the north coast of Africa, with a harbor, ports, originally the name of the coast. (Hethe residence of King Juba, who named it Cms- rod., vi., 22.)
area, in honor of Augustus. When Claudius   CALACTiNUS. Vid. CmECILIUS CALACTINUS.
erected Mauretania into a Roman province, he  [CXLXGORRIS (now Cazeres), a small town of
made Caesarea a colony, and the capital of the the Convenae in Aquitania, southwest ofTolosa.]
middle division of the province, which was  CALAGURRIS (Calagurritanus: now Calahorthence called Mauretania Coesariensis. -5. C. ra), a town of the Vascones and a Roman muAD ANAZARBUM. Vid. ANAZARBUS. There are nicipium in Hispania Tarraconensis, near the
several others, which are better known by other Iberus, memorable for its adherence to Sertonames, and several which are not important rius and for its siege by Pompey and his genenough to be mentioned here.              erals, in the course of which mothers killed and
CAzSARiON, son of C. Julius Caesar and Cleo- salted their children, B.C. 71. (Juv., xv., 93.)
patra, originally called Ptolemmeus as an Egyp- It was the birth-place of Quintilian.
tian prince, was born B.C. 47. In 42 the tri-  CALAIS, brother of Zetes.  Vid. ZETES.
umvirs allowed him to receive the title of King  CXLXMX. 1. (Now Kalma, ruins), an importof Egypt, and in 34 Antony conferred upon him  ant town in Nurmidia, between Cirta and Hippo
the title of king of kings. After the death of Regius, on the eastern bank of the Rubricatus
his mother in 30, he was executed by order of (now Seibous). —2. (Now Kalat-al- Wad), a town
Augustus.                                 in the west of Mauretania Caesariensis, on the
C.MSARODiNUM  (now Tours), chief town of eastern bank of the Malva, near its mouth.
the Turines or Turdni, subsequently called Tu-  CXLXMiNE, in Lydia, a lake with floating
RONI, on the Liger (now Loire), in Gallia Lugdu- islands, sacred to the nymphs.
nenses.                                     CArLIMIS (K6Lacutf), a statuary and embosser
CXSAROMaGUvs.  1. (Now  Beauvais), chief at Athens, of great celebrity, was a contempotown of the Bellovaci in Gallia Belgica.-2. rary of Phidias, and flourished B.C. 467-429.
(Now Chelmsford), a town of the Trinobantes  CXLXrMUS (K(iaayoc: now El-ulmon), a town
in Britain.                               on the coast of Phcenicia, a little south of TripCSgSENA (Caesenas, -dtis: now Cesena), a town olis.
11                                                           161




CALANUS.                                  CALIGULA.
CAiLNUS (Kdavoc), an Indian gymnosophist, Emanici in Hispania Bestica, celebrated for its
followed Alexander the Great from India, and, manufacture of bricks so light as to swim upon
having been taken ill, burned himself alive in water.
the presence of the Macedonians, three months  CALfNUS, Q. FUFYUS, tribune of the plebs B.C.
before the death of Alexander (B.C. 323), to 61, when he succeeded in saving P. Clodius
whom he had predicted his approaching end.  from condemnation for his violation of the mysCALASIRIES (KaeaaipifS), one of the two di- teries of the Bona Dea. In 59 he was praetor,
visions (the other being the Hermotybii) of the and from this time appears as an active partisan
warrior-caste of Egypt. Their greatest strength of Caesar. In 51 he was legate of Caesar in
was two hundred and fifty thousand men, and Gaul, and served under Caesar in the civil war.
their chief abode in the western part of the In 49 he joined Caesar at Brundisium and acDelta. They formed the king's.body guard.  companied him to Spain, and in 48 he was sent
CALATIA (Calatinus: now Cajazzo), a town by Caesar from Epirus to bring over the rein Samnium, on the Appia Via, between Capua mainder of the troops from Italy, but most of
and Beneventum, was conquered by the Romans his ships were taken by Bibulus. After the
B.C. 313, and was colonized.by Julius Caesar battle of Pharsalia (48) Calenus took many cities
with his veterans.                       in Greece. In 47 he was made consul by CeCALATINUS, A. ATILIUS, consul B.C. 258, in sar. After Casar's death (44) Calenus joined
the first Punic war, carried on the war with M. Antony, and subsequently had the command
success in Sicily.  He was consul a second of Antony's legions in the north of Italy. At
time, 254, when he took Panormus; and was the termination of the Perusinian war (41) Cadictator, 249, when he again carried on the war lenus died, and Octavianus was thus enabled to
in Sicily, which was the first instance of a dic- obtain possession of his army.
tator commanding an army out of Italy.      CALES or -EX (Kd2oc or -7: now 1Halabl), a
CALAUREA, -IA (Kaeavpeia, Kaaavpia: Kaeav- river of Bithynia, southwest of Heracla Ponpeirv': now Poro), a small island in theSaronic tica. (Thuc., iv., 75.)
Gulf, off the coast of Argolis, and opposite Troe-  CALES (-is, usually P1. Cales, -ium: Calenus:
zen, possessed a celebrated temple of Nep- now Calvi), chief town of the Caleni, an Ausotune (Poseidon), which was regarded as an in- nian people in Campania, on the Via Latina, said
violable asylum. Hither Demosthenes fled to to have been founded by Calais, son of Boreas,
escape Antipater, and here he took poison, B.C. and therefore called Threicia by the poets. Ca322. This temple was the place of meeting of les was taken and colonized by -the Romans,
an ancient Amphictyonia.  Vid. Dict. of Ant., B.C. 335. It was celebrated for its excellent
p. 79, b, second edition.                 wine.
CALiVIUS, the name of a distinguished family  CALETES or -i, a people in Belgic Gaul, near
at Capua, the most celebrated member of which the mouth of the Seine: their capital was Juwas Pacuvius Calavius, who induced his fellow- LIOBONA.
citizens to espouse the cause of Hannibal after  CALETOR (Ka2Ojrp), son of Clytius, slain at
the battle of Cannae, B.C. 216.           Troy by the Telamonian Ajax.
CALBIS (6 Kuc2lt), also Indus (now Quingi  CALIDIUS. 1. Q., tribune of the plebs B.C.
or Tanas), a considerable river of Caria, which 99, carried a law for the recall of Q. Metellus
rises in Mount Cadmus, above Cibyra, and after Numidicus from banishment. He was praetor
receiving (according to Pliny) sixty small rivers 79, and had the government of one of the Spains,
and one hundred mountain torrents, falls into and on his return was accused by Q. Lollius,
the sea west of Caunus and opposite to Rhodes. and condemned.-2. M., son of the preceding,
CALCHAS (KuiOxa), son of Thestor of Mycenae distinguished as an orator. In 57 he was praeor Megara, the wisest soothsayer among the tor, and supported the recall of Cicero from banGreeks at Troy, foretold the length of the Tro- ishment. In 51 he was an unsuccessful canjan war, explained the cause of the pestilence didate for the consulship, and on the breaking
which raged in the Greek army, and advised out of the civil war, 49, he joined Caesar, who
the Greeks to build the wooden horse. An or- placed him over Gallia Togata, where he died
acle had declared that Calchas should die if he in 48.
met with a soothsayer superior to himself; and  CALIGULA, Roman emperor, A.D. 37-41, son
this came to pass at Claros, near Colophon, for of Germanicus and Agrippina, was born A.D.
here Calchas met the soothsayer MoPsus, who 12, and was brought up among the legions in
predicted things which Calchas could not. Germany. His real name was Caius Ccesar,
Thereupon Calchas died of grief. After his and he was always called Caius by his contemdeath he had an oracle in Daunia.         poraries: Caligula was a surname given him
CALDUS, C. C.ELIUS. 1. Rose from obscurity by the soldiers from his wearing in his boyhood
by his oratory, was tribune of the'plebs B.C. small caligae, or soldiers' boots. Having es107, when he proposed a lex tabellaria, and con- caped the fate of his mother and brother, he
sul 94. In the civil war between Sulla and the gained the favor of Tiberius, who raised him to
party of Marius, he fought on the side of the offices of honor, and held out to him hopes of
latter, 83.-2. Grandson of the preceding, was the succession. On the death of Tiberius (37),
Cicero's quastor in Cilicia, 50.          which was either ceaused or accelerated by Ca.
CALE (now Oporto), a port-town of the Cal- ligula, the latter succeeded to the throne. He
laeci in Hispania Tarraconensis, at the mouth was saluted by the peopl-, with the greatest enof the Durius. From Porto Cale the name of thusiasm as the son of Germanicus. His first
the country Portugal is supposed to have come. acts gave promise of a just and beneficent reign.
CALEDONIA. Vid. BRITANNIA.              He pardoned all the persons who had appeared
CALENTUM, a town probably of the Calenses as witnesses or accusers against his family; he
162




CALING.E.                                 CALLIAS.
released all-the state-prisoners of Tiberius; he  CALLATIS (KaEUa7Lrn, Kd2arTt: Ka;aTitav6f:
restored to the magistrates full power of juris- now Kollat, Kollati), a town of Mcesia, on the
diction, without appeal to his person, and prom- Black Sea, originally a colony of Miletus, and
ised the senate to govern according to the laws. afterward of Heraclea.
Toward foreign princes he behaved with great  [CALLIADES (KaXlut6df), archon eponymus
generosity.  He restored Agrippa, the grand- at Athens at the time of the second Persian inson of Herod, to his kingdom of Judeea, and vasion, B.C. 480.]
Antiochus IV. to his kingdom of Commagene.  [CALLIANASSA (Ka;XZtdvaaaa), one of the
But at the end of eight months the conduct of daughters of Nereus, mentioned in the Iliad.]
Caligula became suddenly changed. After a   CALLIARUS (Ka/;ciapoS), a town in Locris,
serious illness, which probably weakened his mentioned by Homer.
mental powers, he appears as a sanguinary and  CALLIAS and HIPPONICUS (Kacuaa,'IrTr6vtlicentious madman. He put to death Tiberius. cot), a noble Athenian family, celebrated for
the grandson of his predecessor, compelled his their wealth. They enjoyed the hereditary diggrandmother Antonia and other members of nity of torch-bearer at the Eleusinian mystehis family to make away with themselves, often ries, and claimed descent from Triptolemus.
caused persons of both sexes and of all ages to 1. HIPPONICUS I., acquired a large fortune by
be tortured to death for lis amusement while fiaudulently making use of the information he
taking his meals, and on one occasion, during had received from Solon respecting the introthe exhibition of the games in the circus, he duction of his aetadcOeia, B.C. 594. (Plut.,
ordered a great number of the spectators to be Sol., 15.)-2. CALLIAS I., son of Phmenippus, an
seized and to be thrown before the wild beasts. opponent of Pisistratus, and a conqueror at the
Such was his love of blood that he wished the Olympic and Pythian games.-3. HIPPONICUS II.,
Roman people had only one head, that he might surnamed Ammon, son of No. 2.-4. CALLIAS
cut it off with a blow. His licentiousness was II., son of No. 3, fought at the battle of Maraas great as his cruelty. His marriages were thon, 490. He was afterward ambassador from
disgracefully contracted and speedily dissolved; Athens to Artaxerxes, and, according to some
and the only woman who exercised a permanent accounts, negotiated a peace with Persia, 449,
influence over him was his last wife Cwasonia. on terms most humiliating to the latter. On
In his madness he considered himself a god; his return to Athens he was accused of having
he even built a temple to himself as Jupiter La- taken bribes, and was condemned to a fine of
tiaris, and appointed priests to attend to his fifty talents.-5. HIPPONICUS III., son of No. 4,
worship. He sometimes officiated as his own one of the Athenian generals in their incursion
priest, making his horse Incitatus, which he into the territory of Tanagra, 426, also comafterward raised to the consulship, his col- manded at the battle of Delium, 424, where he
league.  His monstrous extravagances soon was killed. It was his divorced wife, and not
exhausted the coffers of the state. One in- his widow, whom Pericles married. Hisdaughstance may show the senseless way in which ter Hipparete was married to Alcibiades, with
he spent his money. He constructed a bridge a dowry of ten talents: another daughter was
of boats between Baise and Puteoli, a distance married to Theodorus, and became the mother
of about three miles, and after covering it with of Isocrates the orator.-6. CALLIAS III., son of
earth, he built houses upon it. When it was No. 5, by the lady who married Pericles, dissifinished, he gave a splendid banquet in the mid- pated all his ancestral wealth on sophists, flatdie of the bridge, and concluded the entertain- terers, and women. The scene of Xenophon's
ment by throwing numbers of the guests into Banquet, and also that of Plato's Protagoras, is
the sea. To replenish the treasury, he exhaust- laid at his house. He is said to have ultimately
ed Italy and Rome by his extortions, and then reduced himself to absolute beggary. In 400 he
marched into Gaul in 40, which he plundered was engaged in the attempt to crush Andocides.
in all directions. With his troops he advanced In 392 he commanded the Athenian heavy-armto the ocean, as if intending to cross over into ed troops, when Iphicrates defeated the SparBritain; he drew them up in battle array, and tans; and in 371 he was one of the envoys emthen gave them the signal-to collect shells, powered to negotiate peace with Sparta.
which he called the spoils of conquered Ocean.  CALLIAS.  1. A wealthy Athenian, who, on
The Roman world at length grew tired of such condition of marrying Cimon's sister, Elpinice,
a mad tyrant. Four months after his return to paid for, him the fine of fifty talents which had
the city, on the 24th of January, 41, he was been imposed on Miltiades. He appearsto have
murdered by Cassius Cherea, tribune of a pre- been unconnected with the nobler family of
torian cohort, Cornelius Sabinus, and others. Callias and Hipponicus,-2. Tyrant of Chalcis
His wife Ceasonia and his daughter were like- in Eubcea, and the rival of Plutarchus, tyrant of
wise put to death.                        Eretria. He was defeated by the Athenians
CALING^, a numerous people of India intra under Phocion, B.C. 350, and thereupon betook
Gangem, on the eastern coast, belowthe mouths himself to the Macedonian court; but as he
of the Ganges.                            could not obtain aid from Philip, he formed an
CALINIPAXA (now Canone? a little above 27~ alliance with the Athenians, and by their means
north latitude), a city on the Ganges, north of obtained the supremacy in the island. —3. A
its confluence with the Jomanes (now Jumna), poet of the old comedy, flourished B.C. 412; the
said to have been the furthest point in India names of six of his comedies are preserved.
reached by Seleucus Nicator.             [The fragments of his plays are given in MeiCALLAICI, CALL-ECI. Vid. GALLaCI.       neke's Fragm. Comic. Graec., vol. i., p. 417[CALLAS (KdIiUaC), a river of Euboea, flowing 421, edit. minor.]-4. Of Syracuse, a Greek hisfrom Mount Telethrius into the sea near Oreus.] torian, was a contemporary of Agathocles, and
163




CALLIBUIS.                               CALLIOPIUS.
wrote a history of Sicily in twenty-two books, i APOLLONIUS, No. 6. He is said to have written
embracing the reign of Agathocles, B.C. 317- eight hundred works, in prose and in verse, oa
289. [A few fragments remain, which have an infinite variety of subjects, but of these we
been collected by Miller in his Fragm. Hist. possess only some of his poems, which are charGrec., vol. ii., p. 382-3.]              acterized rather by labor and learning than by
[CALLIBIUS (Kat2i6toc). 1. The commander real poetical genius. Hence Ovid (Am., i., 15,
of the Spartan garrison at Athens in the time of 14) says of Callimachus, Quamvis ingenio non
the thirty tyrants, B.C. 404. He allowed the valet, arte valet. The extant works of Callimatyrants to make free use of his soldiers in car- chus are six Hymns in hexameter verse, five in
rying out their arbitrary measures in return for the Ionic dialect, and one, on the bath of Palthe deference paid him by those tyrants.-2. One las, in the Doric dialect, and seventy-wo Epiof the leaders of the democratic party at Tegea, grams, which belong to the best specimens of
B.C. 370, failing, in a peaceable attempt, to this kind of poetry, and were incorporated in
unite the Arcadian towns into one body, had re- the Greek Anthology at an early time. VWe
course to arms; though at first defeated by the have only a few fragments of his elegies, which
oligarchical party, he afterward triumphed over enjoyed great celebrity, and were imitated by
them, and put the most obnoxious to death.]  the Roman poets, the most celebrated of whose
CALLICRATES (KaX2uLpdarTc). 1. An Achaean, imitations is the De Coma Bereenzes of Catullus.
exerted all his influence in favor of the Romans. Of the lost poems of Callimaehus the most imOn the conquest of Macedonia by the Romans, portant were, Alia, Cau.ses, an epic poem in
B.C. 168, Callicrates pointed out one thousand four books, on the causes of the various mythAchaeans as having favored the cause of Per- ical stories, &c., and an epic poem entitled Heseus, who were taken to Rome, and among cale, the name of an aged woman who received
them was the historian Polybius. Callicrates Theseus hospitably when he went out to fight
died at Rhodes, 149.-[2. Name given by Nepos against the Marathonian bull,-Editions: By
to the murderer of Dion, called Callippus by Spanheim, Ultraj., 1697, re-edited by Ernesti,
Diodorus and Plutarch. Vid. CALLIPPUS.]-3. Lugd. Batav., 1761, 2 vols. 8vo; by Blomfield,
One of the architects of the Parthenon on Lond., 1815; byVolger, Lips.,1817.-3. An arthe Acropolis of Athens.-4. A Lacedaemonian chitect and statuary, of uncertain country, who
sculptor, made ants and other animals out of is said to have invented the Corinthian column,
ivory, so small that one could not distinguish and who must have lived before B.C. 396. He
the different limbs.-[5. A Greek historian in was so anxious to give his works the last touch
the time of the Emperor Aurelian, a native of of perfection that he lost the grand and sublime,
Tyre. He wrote the history of Aurelian, and whence Dionysius compares him to the orator
is called by Vopiscus the most learned Greek Lysias. Callimachus was never satisfied with
writer of his time.]                      himself, and therefore received the epithet KaCALLICRXTIDAS (Ka2auKparidac), a Spartan, tK^O6revor, which Pliny interprets as calumniator
succeeded Lysander as admiral of the Lacedae- sui, [where Sillig conjectures, after some MSS.,
monian fleet, B.C. 406, took Methymna, and shut that KaraTrtirEXvor must be read instead of Kaup Conon in Mytilene; but the Athenians sent ItK6reXvOS, but the latter seems to be supported
out a fleet of one hundred and fifty sail, and de- by the translation in Pliny.-4. One of the genr
feated Callicratidas off the Arginusae. Calli- erals of Mithradates, who, by his skill in engicratidas fell in the battle. Callicratidas was a neering, defended the town of Amisus, in Ponplain, blunt Spartan of the old school. Witness tus, for a considerable time against the Romans
his answer, when asked what sort of men the in B.C. 71, and when unable to defend it longer,
Ionians were: " Bad freemen, but excellent set it on fire: he afterward. fell into the hands
slaves."                                  of Lucullus at the capture of Nisibis, and was
CALLIDR6MUS or -UM (Kat1idpouyo), part of the put to death by him in revenge for the burning
range of Mount CEta, near Thermopylae.    of Amisus.]
CALLIFE (Callifanus: now Calvisi), a town  CALLIMEDON (Kaaquep6dv), one of the orators
in Samnium, perhaps in the territory of Allifae. at Athens in the Macedonian interest, and a
CALLIMXCIIUS (Ka2UiaaXoc). 1. The Athenian friend of Phocion, was condemned to death by
polemarch, commanded the right wing at Mara- the Athenians in his absence, B.C. 317..thon, where he was slain, after behaving with  CALLINICUS SELEUCUS. Vid. SELEUCUS.
much gallantry, B.C. 490. This is the last re-  CALLINUS (Kalltvog), of Ephesus, the earliest
corded instance of the polemarch performing Greek elegiac poet, probably flourished about
the military duties which his name implies.-  B.C. 700. Only one of his elegies is extant,
2. A celebrated Alexandrine grammarian and consisting of twenty-one lines, in which he expoet, was a native of Cyrene in Africa, and a horts his countrymen to courage and perseverdescendant of the Battiadae, whence he is some- ance against their enemies. Printed in Bergk's
times called Battiades. He lived at Alexandrea Poetre Lyrici Grceci, p. 303.
in the reigns of Ptolemy Philadelphus and Eu-  CALLSOPE. Vid. Muss.
ergetes, and was chief librarian of the famous  CALL6PE (KaLttrrny), a considerable city in
library of Alexandrea from about B.C. 260 until the west of Parthia, founded, or else enlarged,
his death about 240. He founded a celebrated by Seleucus Nicator.
grammatical school at Alexandrea, and among.  [CALLIOPIUS, a grammarian, probably of the
his pupils were Eratosthenes, Aristophanes of ninth century, who is thought to have revised
Byzantium, and Apollonius Rhodius. We have and corrected the text of the plays of Terence:
no other particulars of the life of Callimachus it has been maintained by some writers that
except his enmity with his former pupil Apollo- the name is a mere epithet, and does not denote
nius Rhodius, which is related elsewhere. Vid. any individual.]
164




CALLIPHON.                                 CALLIUM.
LCALCIPHON (KaeSiC)P), a Greek philosopher, hence called Nonacrina virgo (Ov., Met., ii., 409)
and probably a disciple of Epicurus, is condemn- from Nonacris, a mountain in Arcadia, was
ed by Cicero as making the chief good of man daughter either of Lycaon, or of Nycteus, or of
to consist in a union of virtue (honestas) and Ceteus, and a companion of Diana (Artemis) in
bodily pleasure (id6ove, voluptas).       the chase. She was beloved by Jupiter (Zeus),
CALLIPrLIS (KaAt2i70oif: Ka?2t-roitrif). 1who metamorphosed her into a she-bear that
(Now Gallipoli), a Greek town on the Tarentine Juno (Hera) might not become acquainted with
Gulf in Calabria.-2. A town on the eastern the amour. But Juno (Hera) learned the truth,
coast of Sicily, not far from /Etna.-,3. (Now  and caused Diana (Artemis) to slay Callisto durGallipoli), a town in the Thracian Chersonese, ing the chase. Jupiter (Zeus) placed Callisto
opposite Lampsacus.-4. A town in ZEtolia. among the stars under the name of Arctos, or
Vid. CALLIUM                             the Bear. AReAs was her son by Jupiter (Zeus).
[CALLIPPIDEu (KaaUtrTTrdat), a nation sprung According to Ovid, Jupiter (Zeus) overcame the
frem a union of Greeks and Scythians, dwelling virtue of Callisto by assuming the form of Diana
on the Hypanis, in the vicinity of Olbia.]  (Artemis); Juno (Hera) then metamorphosed
CALLIPPIDES (Ka2UtirridVt), of Athens, a cele- Callisto into a bear; and when Areas, during the
brated tragic actor, a contemporary ofAlcibiades chase, was on the point of killing his mother,
and Agesilaus.                            Jupiter placed both among the stars. Vid. ARCCALLIPPUS (K02uAtrr0ro). 1. An Athenian, ac- TOS. According to K. O. Muiller, Callisto is
companied Dion to Syracuse, where he mur- merely another form of Calliste, a surname of
dered the latter, B.C. 353. Callippus now usurp- Diana (Artemis), and she is therefore the same
ed the government of Syracuse, but was ex- as this goddess. The she-bear was the symbol
pelted the city at the end of thirteen months, of the Arcadian Diana (Artemis).
and, after wandering about Sicily with his mer-  CALLISTRATIA (KaataLoparia), a town in Paphcenaries, was at length put to death by his own lagonia, on the coast of the Euxine, near the
friends.-2. An astronomer of Cyzicus, came to Promontorium Carambis.
Athens, where he assisted Aristotle in rectify-  CALLISTRATUS (Ka2;iarparoc). 1. An Atheing and completing the discoveries of Eudoxus. nian orator, son of Callicrates of Aphidna. His
Callippus invented the period or cycle of sev- oratory was greatly admired by Demosthenes,
enty-six years, called after him the Callippic, and his speech on the affair of Oropus, B.C. 366,
which commenced B.C. 330.                 is said to have excited the emulation of DeCALLIRRHOE (Ka2tippo6ry). 1. Daughter of mosthenes, and to have caused the latter to deOceanus, wife of Chrysaor, and mother of Ge- vote himself to oratory. After taking an active
ryones and Echidna. —2. Daughter of Achelous part in public affairs, generally in favor of Sparand wife of Alcmraon, induced her husband to ta, Callistratus was condemned to death by the
procure her the peplus and necklace of Harmo- Athenians in 361, and went into banishment to
nia, by which she caused his death. Vid. ALC- Methone in Macedonia. He ultimately returned
MN ON. -3. Daughter of Scamander; wife of to Athens, and was put to death. During his
Tros, and mother of Ilus and Ganymedes.   exile he is said to have founded the city of
CALLIRRHOE (KaX2Lqpl6?r). 1. Afterward call- Datum, afterward Philippi.-[2. Son of Empeed ENNxmEACR -NU ('EvvEaKpovvoC), or the " Nine dus, commander of a body of Athenian cavalry
Springs," because its water was distributed by in Sicily during the expedition of Nicias. After
nine pipes, was the most celebrated well in cutting his way through the enemy's forces, he
Athens, and still retains its ancient name Cal- was finally slain in an attack on those who were
zirthoe. It was situated in the southeastern ex- plundering the Athenian camp.-3. One of the
tremity of the city, between the Olympieum and body of knights under the command of Lysimathe Ilissus.-[2. A fountain and bathing-place in chus, who were employed by the government of
Peraa, on the east side of the Dead Sea, with the ten to keep in check the exiles under Thrawarr springs, which were accounted healthy.] sybulus in the Piraus; but he was taken by the
[CALLISTE (Ka?~2iarT7), one of the Sporades latter and put to death in revenge for the outIslands, the later Thera.]                rages committed by Lysimachus.]-4. A Greek
CAL[.I5THIIRES (Kaaalcevfc), of Olynthus, a grammarian, and a disciple of Aristophanes of
a relation and a pupil of Aristotle, accompanied Byzantium, [who lived about the middle of the
Alexander the Great to Asia. In his intercourse second century before Christ. He appears to
wfith Alexander he was arrogant and bold, and have devoted himself principally to the study
took every opportunity of exhibiting his inde- of the great poets of Greece, such as Homer,
pexadece.  He expressed his indignation at Pindar, the tragedians, Aristophanes, and some
Alexander's adoption of Oriental customs, and others; and the results of his studies were emespecially at the requirerent of the ceremony bodied in commentaries upon those poets, which
of adoration. He thus rendered himself so ob- are now lost.]-5. A Roman jurist, frequently
gioxious to the king, that he was accused of cited in the Digest, wrote at least as late as the
being privy to the plot of Hermolaus to assassin- reign (A.D. 198-211) of Severus and Antoninus
ate Alexander; and, after being kept in chains (i. e., Septimius Severus and Caracalla).
for severn months, was either put to death or  CALLISTUS, C. JULIUS, a freedman of Caligula,
died of disease. Callisthenes wrote an account possessed great influence in the reigns of Caligof Alexander's expedition; a history of Greece, ula and Claudius, and is the person to whom
In ten books, from the peace of Antalcidas to the physician Scribonius Largus dedicates his
the seizure of the Delphic temple by Philome- work.
lus (B.C. 387-357); and other works, all of  CALLIUM (KdLC2tv: KaAeisvec), calledCALLIPowhich have perished.                      IS by Livy (xxxvi., 30), a town in JEtolia, in the
CALLISTO (KXZtaLcrUc), an Arcadian nymph, valley of the Spercheus, southwest of Hypata.
165




CALLIXENUS.                                CAMARINA.
CALLIXENUS (Ka0di^evoc), the leader in the Pompeian party. After Caesar's death (44) he
prosecution of the Athenian generals who had fought under Octavianus and Antony against the
conquered at the Arginusa, B.C. 406. Not long republicans. In 40 he was consul a second
after the execution of the generals, the Athe- time, and in 39 went as proconsul to Spain,
nians repented of their unjust sentence, and where he defeated the revolted Cerretani.
decreed the institution of criminal accusations  CALVINUS, L. SEXTIUS, consul B.C. 124, deagainst Callixenus, but he escaped from Athenr. feated the Salluvii and other people in TransalOn the restoration ofdemocracy, 403, Callixenus pine Gaul, and in 123 founded the colony of
took advantage of the general amnesty, and re- Aque Sextiae (now Aix).
turned to Athens, but no man would give him  CALVINUS, T. VETURIUS, twice consul, B.C.
either water or light for his fire, and he perished 334 and 321. In his second consulship he and
miserably of hunger.                      his colleague Sp. Postumius Albinus were deCALLON (KaXiv). 1. An artist of iEgina, feated by the Sabines at Caudium. For details,
flourished B.C. 516.-2. An artist of Elis, lived vid. ALBINUS, No. 3.
before B.C. 436.                            CALVISIUS SABINUS. Vid. SABINUS.
CALOR. 1. A river in Samnium, flows past  CALVUS, LICINIUS.  Vid. LICINIUS.
Beneventum, and falls into the Vulturnus.-2.  [CALYBE, a priestess, of Juno, whose form
(Now Calore), a river in Lucania, falls into the Allecto assumed when she excited Turnus to
Silarus.                                  war against iEneas.]
CALPE (Kad'r?7: now Gibraltar), a mountain  CXLYCADNUS (Ka/lacfdvoCo). 1. (Now Ghiuk
in the south of Spain, on the Straits, between the Sooyoo), a considerable river of Cilicia Tracheia,
Atlantic and Mediterranean. This and Mount navigable as far up as Seleucia.-2. The promAbyla, opposite to it, on the African coast, were ontory of this name, mentioned by Polybius
called the Columns of Hercules. Vid. ABYLA.  (xxii., 26) and Livy (xxxviii., 38), appears to
CALPE (Kd7r?1: now Kirpeh), a river, prom-~ be the same as ANEMIURIUM.
ontory, and town on the coast of Bithynia, be-  CALYDNJE (Kaa^X2vat vi)oot). 1. Two small
tween the rivers Psilis and Sangarius.    islands off the coast of Troas, between Tenedos
CALPURNIA, daughter of L. Calpurnius Piso, and the Promontorium Lecturm.-2. A group of
consul B.C. 58, and last wife of the dictator islands off the coast of Caria, northwest of
Caesar, to whom she was married in 59. The Cos, belonging to the Sporades. The largest
reports respecting the conspiracy against Cae- of them was called Calydna, and afterward Casar's life filled Calpurnia with the liveliest ap- lymna (now Kcalimno).
prehensions; she in vain entreated her husband  CALYDON (KaZ2vdvv:' Kav.'356vior), an ancient
not to leave home on the Ides of March, 44.. town of /Etolia, on the Evenus, in the land of
CALPURNIA GENS, plebeian, pretended to be the Curetes, said to have been founded by XEtodescended from Calpus, a son of Numa. It was lus or his son Calydon. The surrounding coundivided into the families of BESTIA, BIBULUS, try produced wine, oil, and corn; and in the
FLAMMA, and Piso.                         mountains in the neighborhood the celebrated
CALPURNIUS, T. SICULUS, the author of eleven hunt of the Calydonian boar took place. The
Eclogues in Latin verse, which are close imita- inhabitants were removed by Augustus to Nitions of Virgil, perhaps lived about A.D. 290.- coPoLIS.
Editions: In the Poetae Latini Mlinores ofWerns-  CALYMNA. Vid. CALYDN', No. 2.
dorff; and by Glaeser, Gotting., 1842.      CALYNDA (K(2wvvca: Ka2.vvEvrds), a city of
[CALUS, more correctly Caus (Kaorc), a city Caria, east of Caunus, and sixty stadia (six
of Arcadia, on the River Ladon, containing a geographical miles) from the sea. The Calyntemple of Esculapius.]                    dians formed a part of the fleet of Xerxes, unCALVA, a surname of Venus at Rome, prob- der their king Damasithymus: afterward they
ably in honor of the Roman women, who are were subject to the Gaunians; and both cities
said, during the war with the Gauls, to have were added by the Romans to the territory of
cut off their hair for the purpose ofmaking Rhodes.
bow-strings.                                CALYPSO (Ka2?)V6), daughter of Oceanus and
CALVENTIUS, an Insubrian Gaul, of the town Tethys, or of Nereus, or, according to Homer,
of Placentia, whose daughter married L. Piso, of Atlas, was a nymph inhabiting the island of
the father of L. Piso Caesoninus, consul B.C. Ogygia, on which Ulysses was shipwrecked.
58. In his speech against the latter, Cicero up- Calypso loved the unfortunate hero, and prombraids him with the low origin of his mother, and ised him immortality if lie would'remain with
calls him Caesoninus Semiplacentinzts Calventius. her. Ulysses refused, and after she had detainCALViNUS, DOMITIUS.  1. CN., curule eedile ed him seven years, the gods compelled her to
B.C. 299, consul 283, and dictator and censor allow him to continue his journey homeward.
280. In his consulship he, together with his  CAMALODUNUM (now Colchester), the capital
colleague Dolabella, defeated the Gauls and of the Trinobantes in Britain, and the first R.oEtruscans, and hence received the surname man colony in the island, founded by the Ern3Maximus.-2. CN., tribune of the plebs, 59, peror Claudius, A.D. 43.
when he supported Bibulus against Caesar,   CAMARINA (Kaeiptva: KayaptvaLofo: now Capraetor 56, and consul 53, through the influence merina), a town on the southern coast of Sicily,
of Pompey. In the civil war le joined Caesar. at the mouth of the Hipparis, founded by SyraIn 49 he fought under Curio in Africa; and in cuse, B.C. 599. It was several times destroy48 he fought under Caesar in Greece, and corn- ed by Syracuse; and in the first Punie war it
manded the centre of Caesar's army at the bat- was taken by the Romans, and most of the intie of Pharsalia. In 47 he had the command of habitants sold as slaves. Scarcely any vestiges
Asia, and in 46 he fought in Africa against the of the ancient town remain. In the neighbor166




CAMBUNI MONTES.                                CAMISA.
hood was a marsh, which the inhabitants drain- of the Sicani, on the southern coast of Sicily, on
ed contrary to the command of an oracle, and a river of the same name, occupied the site of
thus opened away to their enemies to take the the citadel of AGRIGENTUM.
town: hence arose the proverb pu Icivet Ka/api-  CAMILLA, daughter of King Metabus, of the
vav, ne moveas Camarinam.                 Volscian town of Privernum, was one of the
CAMBUiNI MONTES (now Bolutza), the mount- swift-footed servants of Diana, accustomed to
ains which separate Macedonia and Thessaly.  the chase and to war. She assisted Turnus
CAMBsYsENE (Kay6vayv?), a district of Armenia against _-Eneas, and, after slaying numbers of
Major, on the borders of Iberia and Colchis.  the Trojans, was at length killed by Aruns.
CAMB~-SES (Ka/6vygSc). 1. Father of CYRUS  CAMILLUS, FURIUS. 1. M., one of the great
the Great.-2. Second king of Persia, succeed- heroes of the Roman republic. He was censor
ed his father Cyrus, and reigned B.C. 529-522. B.C. 403, in which year Livy erroneously places
In 525 he conquered Egypt; but an army which his first consular tribunate. He was consular
he sent against the Ammonians perished in the tribune for the first time in 401, and for the secsands, and the forces, which he led in person ond time in 398. In 396 he was dictator, when
against the zEthiopians south of Egypt, were he gained a glorious victory over the Faliscans
compelled by failure of provisions to return. On and Fidenates, took Veil, and entered Rome in
his return to Memphis he treated the Egyptians triumph, riding in a chariot drawn by white
with great cruelty; he insulted their religion, horses. In 394 he was consular tribune for the
and slew their god Apis with his own hands. third time, and reduced the Faliscans. The
He also acted tyrannically toward his own fam- story of the schoolmaster who attempted to beily and the Persians in general. He caused his tray the town of Falerii to Camillus belongs to
own brother Smerdis to be murdered; but a this campaign. In 391 Camillus was accused
Magian personated the deceased prince, and set of having made an unfair distribution of the
up a claim to the throne. Vid. SMERDIS. Cam- booty of Veil, and went voluntarily into exile
byses forthwith set out from Egypt against this to Ardea.  Next- year (390) the Gauls took
pretender, but died in Syria, at a place named Rome, and laid siege to Ardea. The Romans
Ecbatana, of an accidental wound in the thigh, in the Capitol recalled Camillus, and appointed
522.                                      hin dictator in his absence. Camillus hastily
CAMBYiSES (Kay6v'eUC). 1. (Now lora), a river collected an army, attacked the Gauls, and deof Iberia and Albania, which, after uniting with feated them completely. Vid. BRENNUS. His
the Alazon (now Alasan), falls into the Cyrus. fellow-citizens saluted him as the second Rom-2. A small river of Media, falling into the ulus..'In 389 Camillus was dictator a third
Caspian between the Araxes and the Amardus. time, and defeated the Volscians, 2Equians,
CAMENE (not Camonmc), also called Casmence, and other nations. In 386 he was consular
Carmence. The name is connected with carmen, tribune for the fourth, in 384 for the fifth, and
a "prophecy." The Camenae accordingly were in 381 for the sixth time. In 368 he was approphetic nymphs, and they belonged to the re- pointed dictator a fourth time to resist the rogaligion of ancient Italy, although later traditions tions of C. Licinius Stolo. Next year, 367, he
represent their worship as introduced into Italy was dictator a fifth time, and, though eighty
fiom Arcadia, and some accounts identify them  years of age, he completely defeated the Gauls.
with the Muses. The most important of these He died of the pestilence, 365. Camillus was
goddesses was CARMENTA or CARMENTIS, who the great general of his age, and the resolute
had a temple at the foot of the Capitoline Hill, champion of the patrician order. His history
and altars near the porta Carmentalis. Re- has received much legendary and traditional
specting her festival, vid. Diet. of Ant., art. CAR- fable, and requires a careful critical sifting.MENTALIA. The traditions which assigned a 2. SP., son of No. 1., first prator 367.-3. L.,
Greek origin to her worship state that her orig- also son of No. 1, was dictator 350, in order to
inal name was Nicostrate, and that she was by hold the comitia, and consul 349, when he deMercury (Hermes) the mother of EVANDER, with feated the Gauls.-4. L., son of No. 2, consul
whorn she fled to Italy.                  338, when he took Tibur, and, in conjunction
CAMERYA (Camerinus), an ancient town of with his colleague Maenius, completed the subLatium, conquered by Tarquinius Priscus.  jugation of Latium. In 325 he was consul a
CAMERI.NUMr or CAMARINUM, more anciently second time.-5. M., proconsul of Africa in the
CAMERs (Camertes: now Camerino), a town in reign of Tiberius, defeated the Numidian TacUimbria, on the borders of Picenum, an ally of farinas, A.D. 17.-6. M., surnamed ScRIBONIthe Romans against the Etruscans, B.C. 308, ANUS, consul A.D. 32, under Tiberius. At the
aad also an ally of the Romans in the second beginning of the reign of Claudius he was lePunic war, subsequently a Roman colony.   gate of Dalmatia, where he revolted, but was
CAMERiNUS, the name of a patrician family conquered, 42, sent into exile, and died 53.
of the Sulpicia gens, the members of which fre-  CAMIRUS (KdIuipoc: Kal/etpEvi), a Dorian
quelntly held the consulship in the early times town on the western coast of the island of
of the republic (B.C. 500, 490, 461, 393, 345). Rhodes, said to have been founded by Camirus,
After B.C. 345 the Camerini disappear from his- son of Cercaphus and Cydippe, and the princitory for 400 years, but they are mentioned again pal town in the island before the foundation of
as one of the noblest Roman families in the Rhodes. It was the birth-place of the poet Piearly times of the empire.                sander.
CAMEIc.TUS, a Roman poet, contemporary with  CAMISA (Kd ica), a fortress in Cappadocia,
Cvid, wrote a poem on the capture of Troy by twenty-three Roman miles east of Sebaste, [deH-ercules.                                stroyed in the time of Strabo, but rebuilt at a
CAMIxcs (KauLc6f: Ka/zilof), an ancient town later period.]
167




CAMISSARES.                                  CANAE.
[CAMISSARES, a Carian, father of the cele- road from Aries to Marseilles. These stones
brated Datames, was made satrap of part of were probably deposited by the Rhone and the
Cilicia bordering on Cappadocia by Artaxerxes Druentia (now Durance) when their course was
Mnemon: he fell in the war of Artaxerxes different from what it is at present. This sinagainst the Cadusii, B.C. 385.]           gular plain was known even to iEschylus, who
CAMCENJE. Vid. CAMENE.                  says that Jupiter (Zeus) rained down these
CAMPANIA (Campanus: now Terra di Lavoro), stones from heaven to assist Hercules in his
a district of Italy, the name of which is proba- fight with the Ligurians, after'the hero had shot
bly derived from campus, " a plain," was bound- away all his arrows. A sweet herbage grows
ed on the northwest by Latium, north and east by underneath and between the stones, and conSamnium, southeast by Lucania, and south and sequently, in ancient as well as in modern times,
southwest by the Tyrrhenian Sea. It was sep- flocks of sheep were pastured on this plain.
arated from Latium by the River Liris, and from  CAMPI MACRI (MaKpoZ KluTro*), the "Long
Lucania at a later time by the River Silarus, Plains," a tract of country between Parma and
though in the time of Augustus it did not ex- Modena, celebrated for the wool of its sheep.
tend further south than the promontory of Mi- There appears to have been a place of the same
nerva. In still earlier times the Ager Campa- name, where annual meetings of the neighbornus included only the country round iCapua. ing people were held even in the time of Strabo.
The country along the coast from the Liris to  [CAMPI PHLEGRAI, a volcanic district of Camthe Promontory of Minerva is a plain inclosed pania, extending from Puteoli to Cumse, and
by the Apennines, which sweep round it in the containing Mount Vesuvius.]
form of a semicircle. Campania is a volcanic  CAMPI RAuDII, a plain in the north of Italy,
country, to which circumstance it was mainly near Verdna, where Marius and Catulus defeatindebted for its extraordinary fertility, for which ed the Cimbri, B.C. 101.
it was celebrated in antiquity above all other  [CAMP6DUNUM (KayTroidovvov: now Kempten),
lands. It produced corn, wine, oil, and every a city of ancient Raetia.]
kind of fruit in the greatest abundance, and in  CAMPUS MARTIUS, the " Plain of Mars," fremany parts crops could be gathered three times quently called the CAMPUS simply, was, in its
in the year. The fertility of the soil, the beauty widest signification, the open plain at Rome
of the scenery, and the softness of the climate, outside the city walls, lying between the Tiber
the heat of which was tempered by the delicious and the hills Capitolinus, Quirinal, and Pincius;
breezes of the sea, procured for Campania the but it was more usually used to signify the
epithet Felix, a name which it justly deserved. northwest portion of the plain lying in the bend
It was the favorite retreat in summer of the Ro- of the Tiber, which nearly surrounded it on
man nobles, whose villas studded a considerable three sides. J The southern portion of the plain,
part of its coast, especially in the neighborhood in the neighborhood of the Circus Flaminius,
of BAIwE. The principal river was the VULTUR- was called CIRCUS FLAMINIUS, or CAMPUS FLANUS: the minor rivers were the LIRIS, SAVO, MINIUS, or PRATA FLAMINIA. The Campus MarCLANIUS, SEBETHUS, SARNUS, and SILARUS. The tius is said to have belonged originally to the
chief lakes were LUCRINUS, ACHERUSIA, AVER- Tarquins, and to have become the property of
NUs, and LITERNA, most of them craters of ex- the state, and to have been consecrated to Mars
tinct volcanoes. The earliest inhabitants of the upon the expulsion of the kings. Here the Rocountry were the AusoNEs and Osci or OPICI. man youths were accustomed to perform their
They were subsequently conquered by the Etrus- gymnastic and warlike exercises, and here the
cans, who became the masters of almost all the comitia of the centuries were held. At a later
country. In the time of the Romans we find time itwas surroundedbyporticoes, temples, and
three distinct people, besides the Greek popula- other public buildings. It was included within
tion ofCUME: 1. The Campani, properly so call- the city walls by Aurelian. Some modern writed, a mixed race, consisting of Etruscans and ers make three divisions of the Campus Marthe original inhabitants of the country, dwell- tius, and suppose that there was a portion of
ing along the coast from Sinuessa to Paestum. the plain lying between the Campus Martius
They were the ruling race: their history is proper and the Circus Flaminius, called CAMgiven under CAPUA, their chief city. 2. SIDI- PUs TIBERINUS or CAMPUS MINOR, but this supCINI, an Ausonian people, in the northwest of position does not rest on sufficient evidence.
the country, on the borders of Samnium. 3. PI- The Campus Minor mentioned by Catullus (lv.,
CENTINI, in the southeast of the country.  3) probably refers to another Campus altogether.
[CAMPANUS, one of the leaders of the Tungri Respecting the other Campi, rid. ROMA.
in the war of Civilis against the Romans in A.  CANACE (KavdeK?), daughter of _Eolus and
D. 71.]                                   Enarete, bore several children to Neptune (PoCAMPE (K/zs7r), a monster which guarded the seidon).
Cyclopes in Tartarus, was killed by Jupiter  CANACHUS (KdvaoXo). 1. A Sicyonian artist,
(Zeus) when he wanted the assistance of the flourished B.C. 540-508, and executed, among
Cyclopes against the Titans.              other works, a colossal statue of Apollo Phile[CAMPI CANINI, a tract of country in the land sius at Miletus, which was carried to Ecbatana
of the Raeti, corresponding to the modern Tessin by Xerxes, 479.-2. A Sicyonian artist, probavalley.]                                  bly grandson of the former, from whom he is
[CAMPI DIOMEDEI or DIOMEDIs, a district of not distinguished by the ancients. He and PaApulia. Vid. DIOfMEDES and CANUSIUM.]    trocles cast the statues of two Spartans, who
CAMPI LAPrIDE (irediov 27tO6As: now la Crau), had fought in the battle of AEgospotamos, B.C.
" Plain of Stones" in the south of Gaul, east of 405.
the Rhone, near the Mediterranean, and on the  CANxE (Kdvat: now Kanot-K6i), a sea-pot
168




CANASTRUM.                                 CAPANEUS.
of.Eolis, in Asia Minor, opposite to Lesbos. geographical miles) east of Alexandrea, and
[Near this was the Promontory Cane, the term- was (at least at one time) the capital of the
ination of a range of mountains called by this Nomos Menelaites. It had a great temple of
samne name; also named in Herod. iga.]    Serapis, and a considerable commerce; and its
CANASTRUM or CANASTR.AUM (KdvaTrpov, Ka- inhabitants were proverbial for their luxury
vaarpaiov, sc. xKpUorTipOV, I KavaCrpai  i UEKpr: (Kavw6Uotf6). After the establishment of Chrisnow Cape Paillari), the southeastern extremity tianity the city rapidly declined.
of the peninsula Pallene in Macedonia.      CANTrBRI, a people in the north of Spain.
CAxDACE (Kav6(lCn), a queen of the _Ethio- The Romans originally gave this name to all
pians of Meroe, invaded Egypt B.C. 22, but was the people on the northern coast of Spain; but
driven back and defeated by Petronius, the Ro- when they became better acquainted with the
man governor of Egypt. Her name seems to country, the name was restricted to the people
have been common to all the queens of Ethio- bounded on the east by the Astures and on the
pia.                                      west by the Autrigones. The Cantabri were a
CANDAULES (Kavdavlozir), also called Myrsilus, fierce and warlike people, and were only sublast Heraclid king of Lydia. His wife compel- dued by Augustus after a struggle of several
led Gyges to put her husband to death, in con- years (B.C. 25-19).
sequence of personal exposure. Gyges then   CANTHARUS (KdvOapoc). 1. A statuary and
married the queen and mounted the throne, B. embosser of Sicyon, flourished about B.C. 268.C. 716.                                   [2. CANTHARUS, a comic poet of Athens, probaCANDAVIA, CANDAVII MONTES (now Crasta), bly of the old comedy, of whom a few fragthe mountains separating Illyricum from Mace- ments are extant, collected in Meineke's Fragnm.
donia, across which the Via Egnatia ran.  Comic. Grac., vol. i., p. 462-3.]
CANDIDUnI PROMONTORIUM (now Ras-el-Abiad,  [CANTHARUS (KdvOapoc), one of the three subCap Bianco), northwest of Hippo Zaritus, on the divisions of the Piraeus, the harbor of Athens,
northern coast of Zeugitana, in Africa, forms so called from its resemblance to a KidvOapoc.]
the western headland of the Sinus Hipponensis.  CANTHUS (KdvOoc), an Argonaut, son of Cane[CANENS, daughter of Janus, married Picus, thus or of Abas of Euboea, was slain in Libya
king of Latium in Italy. Vid. Picus.]     by Cephalion or Caphaurus.
CANiCULA. Vid. CANIS.                     CANTiUM (Cantii: now Kent), a district of
CANIDIA, whose real name was Gratidia, was Britain nearly the same as the modern Kent,
a Neapolitan female, held up by Horace to con- but included LONDINIUM: [the eastern extremity
tempt as an old sorceress. (Epod., 5,17; Sat., of this district formed the Cantium Promontorii., 8.)                                   um, now North Foreland.]
CANINIUs GALLUS. Vid. GALLUS.             CANULEIUS, C., tribune of the plebs B.C. 445,
CANINiUS REBILUS. Vid. REBILUS.         proposed the law establishing connubium, or the
CANIS (KIuv), the constellation of the Great right of intermarriage, between the patricians
Dog. The most important star in this constel- and plebs. He also proposed that the people
lation was specially named Canis or Canicula, should have the right of choosing the consuls
and also Szrius. About B.C. 400 the heliacal from either the patricians or the plebs; but this
rising of Sirius at Athens, corresponding with proposal was not carried, and it was resolved
the entrance of the sun into the sign Leo, mark- instead, that military tribunes, with consular
ed the hottest season of the year, and this ob- power, should be elected from either order in
servation being taken on trust by the Romans, place of the consuls.
without considering whether it suited their age  CANUSIUM (Canusinus: now Canosa), a town
and country, the Canes Caniculares became pro- in Apulia, on the Aufidus, and on the high road
verbial amoig them, as the Dog Days are among from Rome to Brundisium, founded, according
ourselves. The constellation of the Little Dog to tradition, by Diomede, whence the surroundwas- called Procyon (lpol&ov), literally trans- ing country was called Campus Diomedis. It
]ated Ante canem, Antecanis, because in Greece was, at all events, a Greek colony, and both
this constellation rises heliacally before the Greek and Oscan were spoken there in the time
Great Dog. When Bootes was regarded as of Horace. (Canusini more bilinguis, Hor., Sat.,
Icarius (vid. ARCTos), Procyon became Mamra, i., 10, 30.) Canusium was a town of considthe dog of earius.                        erable importance, but suffered greatly, like
CANTNM (Cannensis: now Canne), a village in most of the other towns in the south of Italy,
Apulia, northeast of Canusium, situated in an during the second Punic war. Here the reextensive plain east of the Aufidus and north of mains of the Roman army took refuge after
the small river Vergellus, memorable for the their defeat at Cannae, B.C. 216. It was celedefeat of the Romans by Hannibal, B.C. 216.  brated for its mules and its woollen manufacCANxmINEFATES. Vid. BATAI.             tures, but it had a deficient supply of water.
CANxrBUS or CANOPUS (Kdv)6oc or KdvUiroc), (Hor., Sat., i., 5, 91.) There are still ruins of
according to Grecian story, the helmsman of the ancient town near Canosa.
Menelaus, who, on his return from Troy, died  CANUTIUS or CANNUTIUS.  1. P., a distinin Egypt, and was buried on the site of the town guished orator, frequently mentioned in Ciceof Canobus, which derived its name from him. ro's oration for Cluentius. —2. Ti., tribune of
CINdBUS or CANOPUS (Kdvw6oc, Kdvuroc: Ka- the plebs B.C. 44, a violent opponent of Antony,
vuo6iTr: ruins west of Aboukir), an important and, after the establishment of the triumvirate,
city on the coast of Lower Egypt, near the west- of Octavianus also. He was taken prisoner at
ernmost mouth of' the Nile, which was hence the capture of Perusia, and was put to death by
called the Canopic Mouth (ro Kavo6t6iKv 6ro6a). Octavianus, 40.
It was one hundred and twenty stadia (twelve  CAPAXN.us (Kaurave), son of Hipponous and
169




CAPARA.                                 CAPITOLIUM.
Astynome or Laodice, and father of Sthenelus, legal schools, to which most of the great jurists
was one of the seven heroes who marched from  belonged. The schools took their respective
Argos against Thebes. He was struck by Ju- names from distinguished disciples of those jupiter (Zeus) with lightning, as he was scaling rists.  The followers of Capito were called
the walls of Thebes, because he had dared to from Masurius Sabinus, Sabiniani; and afterdefy the god. While his body was burning, his ward from Cassius Longinus- Cassiani. The
wife, Evadne, leaped into the flames and de- followers of Labeo took from Proculus the name
stroyed herself.                          Proculeiani.
[CAPXRA (now las Ventas da Caparra), a city  CAPTO, C. FONTEIUS. 1. A friend of M. Antoof Lusitania, in the territory of the Vettones.]  ny, accompanied Maecenas to Brundisium, B.C.
CAPELLA, the star. Vid. CAPRA.          37, when the latter was sent to effect a reconcilCAPELLA, MARTIANUS MINEUS FELIX, a native iation between Octavianus and.Antony. (Hor.,
of Carthage, probably flourished toward the Sat., i., 5, 32.) Capito remained with Antony,
close of the fifth century of our era. He is the and went with him to the East.-[2. C. Fonauthor of a work in nine books, composed in a teius, son of No. 1, was consul in A.D. 12, tomedley of prose and various kinds of verse, after gether with Germanicus, and afterward had, as
the fashion of the Satyra Menippea of Varro. proconsul, the administration of the province
It is a sort of encyclopedia, and was much es- of Asia; he was accused subsequently on acteemed in the Middle Ages. The first two count of his conduct in Asia, but was acquitted.]
books, which are an introduction to the rest,  CAPITOLINUS, JfULUS, one of the Scriptores
consist of an allegory, entitled the Nuptials of Historice Auguste, lived in the reign of DioclePhilology and Mercury, while in the remaining tian (A.D. 284-305), and wrote the lives of nine
seven are expounded the principles of the seven emperors: 1. Antoninus Pius; 2. M. Aurelius;
liberal arts, Grammar, Dialectics, Rhetoric, Ge- 3. L. Verus; 4. Pertinax; 5. Clodius Albinus;
ometry, Arithmetic, Astronomy, and Music, in- 6. Opilius Macrinus; 7. The two Maximini; 8.
eluding Poetry.-Editions: By Hugo Grotius, The three Gordiani; 9. Maximus and Balbinus.
Lugd. Bat., 1599; and by Kopp, Francf, 1836. The best editions of the Scriptores Historiae AuCAPENA (Capenas, -atis: now Civitucola, an gustce are by Salmasius, Par., 1620; Schreveuninhabited hill),' an ancient Etruscan town lius, Lugd. Bat., 1671.
founded by and dependent on Veil, submitted  CAPITOLINUS, MANLIUS. Vid. MANLIUS.
to the Romans B.C. 395, the year after the con-  CAPITOLINUS MONS. Vid. CAPITOLIUM; ROMA.
quest of Veil, and subsequently became a Ro-  CAPITOLINUS, PETILLIUS, was, according to
man municipium. In its territory was the cel- the Scholiast on Horace (Sat., i., 4, 94), intrustebrated grove and temple of Feronia, on the ed with the care of the temple of Jupiter on the
small river Capenas.  Vid. FERONIA.       Capitol (whence he was called Capitolinus), and
CAPENA PORTA. Vid. ROMA.                was accused of having stolen the crown of Ju[CAPENAS (now Taglia Fosso), a small river piter, but was acquitted by the judges in conseof Etruria. Vid. CAPENA.]                 quence of his being a friend of Augustus. The
CAPER, FLAVIUS, a Roman grammarian ofun- surname Capitolinus appears, however, to have
certain date, whose works are quoted repeat- been a regular family-name of the gens.
edly by Priscian, and of whom we have two   CAPITOLINUS, QUINTIUS. Vid. QUINTIUS.
short treatises extant: printed by Putschius,  CAPITOLYUM, the temple of Jupiter Optimus
Grammnat. Latin. Auct. Antiqu., p. 2239-2248, Maximus at Rome, was situated on the Mons
Hanov., 1605.                             Capitolinus, which derived its name from the
[CAPERNAUI (Kanrepvaovj, now Tell-Hum), a temple. This hill is in figure an irregular obplace in Galilee, on the northern shore of Lake long, with two more elevated summits at the
Tiberias.]                                northern and southern ends.  The northern
CAPETUS SILVIUS. Vid. SILVIUS.          summit, which is somewhat higher and steeper,
CAPHXREUS (iKaqrlpedv: now Capo d'Oro), a was the ARx or citadel of Rome, and is now
rocky and dangerous promontory on the south- occupied by the church of Ara Celi; while the
east of Eubeea, where the Greek fleet is said to southern summit, which is now covered in part
have been wrecked on its return from Troy.  by the Palazzo Caffarelli, was the site of the
[CAPHAURUS (Kdcavpor), son of Amphithemis CAPITOLIUM. The temple is said to have been
and the nymph Tritonis, slew the Argonaut called the Capitolium, because a human head
Canthus.]                                 (caput) was discovered in digging the founda[CAPRIRA (Kdae<pa), daughter of Oceanus, is tions. The building of it was commenced by
said to have reared Neptune (Poseidon) in Tarquinius Priscus, and it was finished by TarRhodes.]                                  quinius Superbus, but was not dedicated till the
CAPHYvE (Kaovat: Kaovedv, Kavbvdrvf), a third year of the republic, B.C. 507, by the contown in Arcadia, northwest of Orchomenus.  sul M. Horatius. It was burned down in the
CAPITO, C. ATEIUS. 1. Tribune of the plebs civil wars, 83, but was rebuilt by Sulla, and was
B.C. 55, when he opposed the triumvirs.-2. dedicated by Q. Catulus, 69. It was burned
Son of No. 1, an eminent Roman jurist, was ap- down a second time by the soldiers of Vitellius,
pointed Curator aquarum publicarum in A.D. 13, A.D. 69, and was rebuilt by Vespasian; but it
and held this office till his death, 22. He gained was burned down a third time in the reign of
the favor of both Augustus and Tiberius by Titus, 80, and was again rebuilt by Domitian
flattery and obsequiousness. He wrote numer- with greater splendor than before. The Capious legal works, which are cited in the Digest tol contained three cells under the same roof:
and elsewhere. Capito and his contemporary the middle cell was the temple of Jupiter, hence
Labeo were reckoned the highest legal author- described as " media qui sedet ede Deus" (Ov.
ities of their day, and were the founders of two ex Pont., iv., 9, 32), and on either side were
170




CAPPADOCIA.                                  CAPSA.
the cells of his attendant deities, Juno and Mi- There were other divisions under the later emnerva. The Capitol was one of the most im- perors. Cappadocia was a rough and generally
posing buildings at Rome, and was adorned as sterile mountain region, bordered by the chains
befitted the majesty of the king of the gods. It of the PARYADRES on the north, the SCYDIssES
was in the form of a square, namely, two hund- on the east, and the TAURUS on the south, and
red feet on each side, and was approached by intersected by that of the ANTI-TAURUS, on the
a flight of one hundred steps. The gates were side of whose central mountain, ARGEUS, stood
of bronze, and the ceilings and tiles gilt. The the capital Mazaca, afterward CESAREA AD ARgilding alone cost Domitian twelve thousand G UM. Its chief rivers were the HALYs and the
talents. In the Capitol were kept the Sibylline MELAS. Its fine pastures supported abundance
books. Here the consuls, upon entering on their of good horses and mules.
office, offered sacrifices and took their vows;  CAPPIDOX (KarirdboS: now Konax), a tribuand hither the victorious general, who entered tary of the Halys, rising in Mount Lithrus, in
the city in triumph, was carried in his triumphal the chain of Paryadres, and forming the northcar, to return thanks to the father of the gods. western boundary of Cappadocia, on the side of
Although the words Arx Capitoliumque are prop- Galatia.
erly used to signify the whole hill, yet we some-  CAPRA or CAPELLA (AiF), the brightest star
times find the term Arx applied alone to the in the constellation of the Auriga or Charioteer,
whole hill, since-the hill itself constituted a nat- is sometimes called Olenia Capella, because it
ural citadel to the city, and sometimes the term  rested on the shoulder (en rfc 2 S;EVVC) of the
Capitolium to the whole hill, on account of the Auriga. This star was said to have been origimportance and reverence attaching to the tern- inally the nymph or goat who nursed the infant
pie. Moreover, as the Capitol was nearly as Jupiter (Zeus) in Crete. Vid. 2EGA, AMALTHEIA.
defensible as the Arx, it is sometimes called Its heliacal rising took place soon before the
Arx Tarpeia or Capilolina, but the epithet Tar- winter solstice, and thus it was termed signumn
peia or Capitolina is applied to distinguish it pluviale.
from the Arx properly so called.            CAPRJRIA or CAPRXSIA. 1. (Now Capraja), a
CAPPXADOCA (KavTra6olcia: Kaw7rrdido, Capp- small island off the coast of Etruria, between
dox), a district of Asia Minor, to which different Populonia and the northern extremity of Corboundaries were assigned at different times. sica, inhabited only by wild goats, whence its
Under the Persian empire it included the whole name: called by the Greeks A'iytoov.-2. (Now
country inhabited by a people of Syrian origin, Cabrera), a small island off the south of the Bawho were called (from their complexion) White learis Major (now Majorca), dangerous to ships.
Syrians (Aevco6avpot), and also Cappadoces, -3. Vid..EGATES.-4. Vid. FORTUNATE INSULZ.
which appears to have been a word of Persian  CAPREiA  (now Capri), a small island, nine
origin. Their country seems to have embraced miles in circumference, off Campania, at the
the whole northeastern part of Asia Minor east southern entrance of the Gulf of Puteoli, and
of the Halys and north of the Taurus. After- two and a half miles from the Promontory of
ward (but whether under the Persians or after Minerva, from which the island had been sepathe Macedonian conquest, is a disputed point) rated by an earthquake. It is composed of calthe country was divided into two parts, which careous rocks, which rise to two summits, the
were named respectively from their proximity highest of which is between one thousand six
to the Euxine and to the Taurus, the northern hundred and one thousand seven hundred feet
part being called Cappadocia ad Pontum, and above the sea. The scenery is beautiful, and
then simply PONTUS, the southern part Cappa- the climate soft and genial. According to tradocia ad Taurum, and then simply Cappadocia: dition, it was originally inhabited by the Telethe former was also called Cappadocia Minor, boa, but afterward belonged to the inhabitants
and the latter Cappadocia Major. Under the of Neapolis, from whom Augustus either purPersian Empire, the whole country was govern- chased it or obtained it in exchange for the
ed by a line of hereditary satraps, who traced island Pithecusa. Here Tiberius lived the last
their descent from Anaphas, an Achaemenid, one ten years of his reign, indulging in secret deof the seven chieftains that slew the pseudo- bauchery, and accessible only to his creatures.
Smerdis, and who soon raised themselves to the He erected many magnificent buildings on the
position of tributary kings. After a temporary island, the chief of which was the villa Jovis,
suspension of their power during the wars be- and the ruins of which are still to be seen.
tween the successors of Alexander, when Aria-  CAPRA (Kawrpia), a large salt lake in Pamrathes I. was defeated and slain by Perdiccas phylia, near the coast, between Perge and As(B.C. 322), the kings of southern Cappadocia (re- pendus.
specting the other part, vid. PONTUs) recovered  CAPRICORNUS (Alyoicepc), the Goat, a sign of
their independence under Ariarathes II., whose the zodiac, between the Archer and the Waterhistory and that of his successors will be found man, is said to have fought with Jupiter against
under AgILRATHES and ARIOBARZANES. InA.D. the Titans.
17, Archelaiis, the last king, died at Rome, and  CAPRUS (KamrpoS). 1. (Now Little Zab), a
Tiberius made Cappadocia a Roman province. river of Assyria, rising in Mount Zagros (now
Vid. ARCHELAUS, No. 6. Soon afterward the Mountains of-Kurdistan), and flowing southwest
districts of Cataonia and Melitene, which had into the Tigris, opposite to Cmene.-2. A little
before belonged to Cilicia, were added to Cap- river of Phrygia, rising at the foot of Mount
padoeia, and the province then comprised the Cadmus, and flowing north into the Lycus.
ten prisfectura of Melitene, Cataonia, Cilicia,  CAPSA (Capsetanus: now Ghafsah), a strong
Tyanitis, Garsauritis, Laviniasene, Sargarau- and ancient city in the southwest of Byzacena, in
sene, Sarauravene, Chamanene, and Morimene. Northern Africa, in a fertile oasis, surrounded by
171




CAPUA.                                  CARAUSIUS.
a sandy desert abounding in serpents. Its foun- was to obtain the sole government by the murdation was ascribed by tradition to the Libyan der of his brother; and after making several
Hercules. In the war with Jugurtha, who used unsuccessful attempts upon the life of Geta, he
it as a treasure-city, it was destroyed by Marius; at length pretended to be reconciled with him,
but it was afterward rebuilt and erected into a and having thus thrown him off his guard, he
colony.                                   caused him to be murdered in the arms of his
CAPUA (Capuanus, Capuensis, but more corn- mother, 212. The assassination of Geta was
monly Campanus: now Capua), originally call- followed by the execution of many of the most
ed VULTURNUM, the chief city of Campania after distinguished men of the state, whom Caracalla
the fall of CUME, is said to have derived its suspected of favoring his brother's cause: the
name from Capys. Vid. CAPYS, No. 2. Capua celebrated jurist Papinian was one of his vicwas either founded or colonized by the Etrus- tims. His cruelties and extravagances knew
cans, according to some, fifty years before the no bounds; and after exhausting Italy by his
foundation of Rome, and it became at an early extortions, he resolved to visit the different
period the most prosperous, wealthy, and luxu- provinces of the empire, which became the
rious city in the south of Italy. In B.C. 420 it scenes of fresh atrocities. In 214 he visited
was conquered by the warlike Samnites; and Gaul, Germany, Dacia, and Thrace; and, in conthe population, which had always been of a sequence of a campaign against the Alemanni,
mixed nature, now consisted of Ausonians, Os- he assumed the surname Alenannicus. In 215
cans, Etruscans, and Samnites. At a later time, he went to Syria and Egypt; his sojourn at
Capua, again attacked by the Samnites, placed Alexandrea was marked by a general slaughter
itself under the protection of Rome, 343. It of the inhabitants, in order to avenge certain
revolted to Hannibal after the battle of Canne, sarcastic pleasantries in which they had indul216, but was taken by the Romans in 211, was ged against himself and his mother. In 216 he
fearfully punished, and never recovered its for- crossed the Euphrates, laid waste Mesopotamia,
mer prosperity. It was now governed by a and returned to Edessa, where he wintered.
prefectus, who was sent annually to the city Next year he again took the field, intending to
from Rome. It received a Roman colony by cross the Tigris, but was murdered near Edessa
the lex agraria of Julius Caesar, 59, and under by Macrinus, the praetorian praefect. Caracalla
Nero a colony of veterans was settled there. gave to all free inhabitants of the empire the
It was subsequently destroyed by the barbarians name and privileges of Roman citizens.
who invaded Italy. The modern town of Capua  CARACTACUS, king of the Silures in Britain,
is built about three miles from the ancient one, bravely defended his country against the Rothe site of which is indicated by the ruins of an mans, in the reign of Claudius. He was at
amphitheatre.                             length defeated by the Romans, and fled for proCAPUT VADA PROMONTORIUM. Vid. BRACHO- tection to Cartismandua, queen of the BriganDES.                                      tes; but she betrayed him to the Romans, who
CAPYS (KaTrvc). 1. Son of Assaracus and carried him to Rome, A.D. 51. When brought
Hieromnemone, and father of Anchises.-2. A  before Claudius, he addressed the emperor in so
companion of LEneas, from whom Capua was noble a manner that the latter pardoned him
said to have derived its name.            and his friends.
CAPYS SILVIUS. Vid. SILVIUS.              CARXLIS or CARXLES (Caralitanus: now CagCAPYTIUM or CAPITIUM (now Capizzi), called liari), the chief town of Sardinia, with an excelby Cicero Capitina Civitas, a town in Sicily lent harbor, situated on the SINUS CARALITAnear Mount zEtna.                         NUS and on a promontory of the same name
CAR (Kdp), son of Phoroneus, and king of (now Capo S. Elia).  It was founded by the
Megara, from whom the acropolis of this town Carthaginians; under the Romans it was the
was called Caria.                         residence of the praetor, and at a later period
[CARA (now Cares, near Puente la Reyna), a enjoyed the Roman franchise.
city of the Vascones in Hispania Tarraconen-  CXRAMBIS (KdpalcG  a cKpa: now Kerempe), a
sis.]                                     promontory, with a city of the same name, on
CARACALLA, emperor of Rome A.D. 211-217, the coast of Paphlagonia, almost exactly oppowas son of Septimius Severus and his second site the Kriu Metopon, or southern promontory
wife Julia Domna, and was born at Lyons A.D. of the Chersonesus Taurica (now Crimea). An
188. He was originally called Bassianus after imaginary line joining these two headlands
his maternal grandfather, but afterward Marcus would make an almost equal division of the
Aurelius Antoninus, which became his legal Euxine, which was hence called dzd6itv &diaaca.
name, and appears on medals and inscriptions. (Soph., Antig., 978.)
Caracalla was a nickname derived from a long  CARANUS (Kdpavog). 1. Of Argos, a descendtunic worn by the Gauls, which he adopted as ant of Hercules, and a brother of Phidon, is said
his favorite dress after he became emperor. In to have settled at Edessa in Macedonia with an
198, Caracalla, when ten years old, was declar- Argive colony about B.C. 750, and to have beed Augustus, and in the same year accompanied come the founder of the dynasty of Macedonian
his father Severus in the expedition against the kings.-2. Son of Philip and half-brother of AlParthians. He returned with Severus to Rome exander the Great.-3. A general of Alexander
in 202, and married Plautilla, daughter of Plau- the Great.
tianus, the praltorian praefect. In 208 he went  CARAUSIUS, born among the Menapii in Gaul,
with Severus to Britain; and on the death of was intrusted by Maximian with the command
the latter at York, 211, Caracalla and his brother of the fleet which was to protect the coasts of
Geta succeeded to the throne, according to their Gaul against the ravages of the Franks. But
father's arrangements. Caracalla's first object Maximian, having become dissatisfied with the
172




CARBO, PAPIRIUS.                                CARIA.
conduct of Carausius in this command, gave entering houses. Ovid (Fast., vi., 101, seq.)
orders for the execution of the latter. Carau- confounds this goddess with CARNA.
sius forthwith crossed over to Britain, where  CARDIA (Kapdia: Kapdtavro), a town on the
he assumed the title of Augustus, A.D. 287. western side of the Thracian Chersonese, on the
After several ineffectual attempts to subdue Gulf of Melas, founded by Miletus and Clazomhim, Diocletian and Maximian acknowledged ens, and subsequently colonized by the Athehim as their colleague in the empire, and he con- nians under Miltiades. It was destroyed by Lytinued to reign in Britain till 293, when he was simachus, who built the town of LYSIMACHA in
murdered by his chief officer, Allectus.  its immediate neighborhood. Cardia was the
CARBO, PAPIRIUS. 1. C., a distinguished ora- birth-place of Eumenes and of the historian
tor, and a man of great talents, but of no prin- Hieronymus.
ciple. He commenced public life as one of the  CARDvCHI (KapsovXot), a powerful and warlike
three commissioners or triumvirs for carrying people in the southeast of Greater Armenia, on
into effect the agrarian law of Tiberius Grac- the northeastern margin of the Tigris valley,
chus. His tribuneship of the plebs, B.C. 131, probably the same as the ropdvaotL and ropdvvvo
was characterized by the most vehement oppo- of the late geographers and the KIurds of modsition to the aristocracy; and he was thought ern times. They dwelt in the mountains which
even to have murdered Scipio Africanus, the divided Assyria on the northeast from Armenia
champion of the aristocratical party, 129. But (1Mountains of Kurdistan), and were never thorafter the death of C. Gracchus (121), he sud- oughly subdued by the Persians, Greeks, or Rodenly deserted the popular party, and in his con- mans.
sulship (120) actually undertook the defence  CARESUS (KapTyaog), a town of the Troad, on
of Opimius, who had murdered C. Gracchus. a river of the same name flowing into the.EseIn 119 Carbo was accused by L. Licinius Cras- pus: destroyed before the time of Strabo: [the
sus, who brought a charge against him, and as surrounding district was called CARESENE.]
he foresaw his condemnation, he put an end to  [CARFULENUS, D., called CARSULEIUS by Aphis life.-2. CN., consul 113, was defeated by pian, served under Julius Caesar in the Alexanthe Cimbri near Noreia, and being afterward ac- drine war, B.C. 47, in which he is spoken of as
cused by Marcus Antonius, he put an end to his a man of great military skill. He subsequently
own life.-3. C., with the surname ARVINA, son took an active part in the war against Antony,
of No. 1, was a supporter of the aristocracy. and fell in the battle of Mutina.]
In his tribuneship (90), Carbo and his colleague,  CARIA (Kapfa: Kap, pl. ol Kdpec), a district of
Marcus Plautius Silvanus, carried a law (Lex- Asia Minor, in its southwestern corner, boundPapiria Plautia), giving the Roman franchise to ed on the north and northeast by the mountains
the citizens of the federate towns. Carbo was Messogis and Cadmus, which divided it from
murdered in 82, by the praetor Brutus Damasip- Lydia and Phrygia, and adjacent to Phrygia and
pus, at the command of the younger Marius. Lycia on the east and southeast. It is interVid. BRUTUS, No. 10.-4. CN., son of No. 2, was sected by low mountain chains running out far
one of the leaders of the Marian party. He into the sea in long promontories, the northernwas thrice consul, namely, in 85, 84, and 82. most of which was called Mycale or Trogilium
In 82 he carried on war against Sulla and his (opposite to Samos); the next Posidium (on
generals, but was at length obliged to abandon which stood Miletus and Branchidse); the next
Italy: he fled to Sicily, where he was taken is the long tongue of land terminated by the two
prisoner, and put to death by Pompey at Lily- headlands of Zephyrium and Termerium (with
baeum in the course of the same year.     Halicarnassus on its southern side); next the
CARcXso (now Carcassone), a town of the Tec- Cnidian Chersonesus, terminated by the Cape
tosages in Gallia Narbonensis, [possessing the Triopium and the city of Cnidus; then the RhoJus Latii, used by Ca3sar in his Gallic wars as dian Chersonesus, the southern point of which
a place of arms.]                         was called Cynossema, opposite to Rhodes; and,
CARCXTHIOCERTA (KapKaOet6epra: now Kart- lastly, Pedalium or Artemisium, forming the
purt or Diarbekr), the capital of the district of western headland of the Bay of Glaucus. The
Sophene in Armenia Major.                 chief gulfs formed by these promontories were
CARCINus (KapKivot). 1. A tragic poet and a the Maeandrian, between Trogilium and Posidicontemporary of Aristophanes (Nub., 1263; Pax, um; the lassian, between Posidium and Zephy794).-2. A younger tragic poet, lived about rium; and the Ceraunian or Dorian, between
B.C. 380; [Suidas attributed to him one hund- Termerium and Triopium. The valleys between
red and sixty tragedies, but we possess the titles these mountain chains were well watered and
and fragments of nine only, and some fragments fertile. The chief river was the Maeander, beof uncertain dramas: all that remains of this tween the chains of Messogis and Latmus, to the
poet has been collected and published in Wag- south of which the country was.watered by its
ner's Tragic. Grac. Fragm. (Didot's Bibliotheca), tributaries, the Marsyas, Harpasus, and Mosyp. 84-88.]                                nus, besides some streams flowing west and
CARDAMYLE (KapdapivOar: Kapdacv.ir7n). 1. south into the sea, the most considerable of
A town in Messenia, one of the seven towns which was the Calbis. Vid. the articles. The
promised by Agamemnon to Achilles.-2. An chief products of the country were corn, wine,
island near, or perhaps a town in, Chios.  oil, and figs; for the last of which, Caunus, on
CARDEA, a Roman divinity protecting the the southern coast, was very famous. An exhinges of doors (cardo), was a nymph beloved tensive commerce was carried on by the Greek
by Janus, who rewarded her for her favors by colonies on the coast. Even before the great
giving her the protection of the hinges of doors, colonization of the coasts of Asia Minor, Dorian
and the power of preventing evil demons from  settlements existed on the Triopian and Cnidian
173




CARIN1E.                                CARNUTES.
promontories, and this part of Caria, with the Elyas), a range of mountains in Palestine,
adjacent islands, received at that time other branching off, on the northern border of SamaDorian colonies, and obtained the name of Do- ria, from the central chain (which extends south
RiS; while to the north of the Iassian Gulf the and north between the Jordan and the Medicoast was occupied by Ionian colonies, and thus terranean), and running north and northwest
formed the southern part of IONIA. The inhab- through the southwest part of Galilee, till it
itants of the rest of the country were Carians terminates in the promontory of the same name
(Kdpe), a wide-spread race of the Indo-Ger- (now Cape Carmel), the height of which is twelve
manic stock, nearly allied to the Lydians and hundred feet above the Mediterranean.
Mysians, which appears, in the earliest times  CARMENTA, CARMENTIS. Vid. CAMENME.
of which we know any thing, to have occupied  CARMO (now Carmona), a fortified town in
the greater part of the western coast of Asia Hispania Baetica, northeast of Hispalis.
Minor and several islands of the Egean, in con-  CARNA, a Roman divinity, whose name is
junction with the LELEGES, from whom the Ca- probably connected with caro, flesh, for she was
rians are not easily distinguishable. The con- regarded as the protector of the physical wellnection between the Carians, Lydians, and My- being of man. Her festival was celebrated on the
sians is attested by their common worship of first of June, and was believed to have been instiZeus Carios at Mylasa: the Carians had also a tuted by Brutus in the first year of the republic.
common sanctuary of Zeus Chrysaoreus. Their Ovid confounds this goddess with CARDEA.
language was reckoned by the Greeks as a bar-  CARNEiDES (Kapvemd6v), a celebrated philosobarian tongue (i. e., unintelligible), though it pher, born at Cyrene about B.C. 213, was the
early received an intermixture of Greek. The founder of theThird or New Academy at Athens.
people were considered mean and stupid, even In 155 he was sent to Rome, with Diogenes and
for slaves.  The country was governed by a Critolaus, by the Athenians, to deprecate the
race of native princes, who fixed their abode at fine of five hundred talents which had been imHalicarnassus after its exclusion from the Do- posed on the Athenians for the destruction of
rian confederacy. Vid. HALICARNASSUS. These Oropus. At Rome he attracted great notice
princes were subject allies of Lydia and Persia, from his eloquent declamations on philosophical
and some of them rose to great distinction in subjects, and it was here that he first delivered
war and peace.  Vid. ARTEMISIA, MAUSOLUS, his famous orations on Justice. The first oraand ADA. After the Macedonian conquest, the tion was in commendation of the virtue, and the
southern portion of the country became subject next day the second answered all the arguments
to Rhodes (vid. RHODUS), and the northern part of the first, and showed that justice was not a
to the kings of PERGAMUS. Under the Romans, virtue, but a matter of compact for the mainteCaria-formed a part of the province of ASIA.  nance of civil society. Thereupon Cato moved
CARIN.. Vid. ROMA.                      the senate to send the philosopher home to his
CARINUS, M. AURELIUS, the elder of the two school, and save the Roman youth from his desons of Carus, was associated with his father moralizing doctrines. Carneades died in 129,
in the government, A.D. 283, and remained in at the age of eighty-five. He was a strenuous
the west, while his father and brother Numeri- opponent of the Stoics, and maintained that
anus proceeded to the east to carry on war neither our senses nor our understanding supagainst the Persians. On the death of his father, ply us with a sure criterion of truth.
in the course of the same year, Carinus and  CARNEUS (Kapvefo), a surname of Apollo, unNumerianus succeeded to the empire. In 284 der which he was worshipped by the Dorians,
Numerianus was slain, and Carinus marched is derived by some from Carnus, a son of Jupiinto Mcesia to oppose Diocletian, who had been ter (Zeus) and Latona (Leto), and by others from
proclaimed emperor.  A decisive battle was Carnus, an Acarnanian soothsayer. The latter
fought near Margum, in which Carinus gained was,murdered by HIPPOTES, and it was to prothe victory, but, in the moment of triumph, he pitiate Apollo that the Dorians introduced his
was slain by some of his own officers, whose worship under the surname of Carneus. The
wives he had'seduced, 285. Carinus was one festival of the Carnia, in honor of Apollo, was
of the most profligate and cruel of the Roman one of the great national festivals of the Sparemperors.                                 tans. Vid. Diet. of Ant., s. v.
CARMANA (K(dpyava: now Kerman, ruins), the  CARNI, a Celtic people, dwelling north of the
capital of Carmania Propria, 3~ longitude east Veneti in the Alpes Carnicae. Vid. p. 48, b.
of Persepolis.                              CARNUNTUM (Kapvofr, -oovroc: ruins between
CARMAiNiA (KI   apyavia: K appvLo~, KapFavirr7g: Deutsch-Altenburg and Petronell), an ancient
now Kirman), a province of the ancient Persian Celtic town in Upper Pannonia on the Danube,
empire, bounded on the west by Persis, on the east of Vindobona (now Vienna), and subsenorth by Parthia, on the east by Gedrosia, and quently a Roman municipium or a colony. It
on the south by the Indian Ocean. It was di- was one of the chief fortresses of the Romans
vided into two parts, C. Propria and C. Deserta, on the Danube, and was the residence of the
the former of which was well watered by sev- Emperor Marcus Aurelius during his wars with
eral small streams, and abounded in corn, wine, the Marcomanni and Quadi. It was the station
and cattle. The country also yielded gold, sil- of the Roman fleet on the Danube and the regver,- copper, salt, and cinnabar. The people ular quarters of the fourteenth legion. It was
were akin to the Persians.                destroyed by the Germans in the fourth centuCARMANOR (Kapudvop), a Cretan, said to have ry, but was rebuilt, and was finally destroyed by
purified Apollo and Diana (Artemis) after slay- the Hungarians in the Middle Ages.
ing the monster Python.                     CARNUS. Vid. CARNEUS.
CARnMELUS and -UM (KidpU~or: now Jcbel-  CA.N;ETES or -I, a powerful people in Gallia
174




CARPASIA                                  CARTHAGO.
Lugdunensis, between the Liger and Sequana: stood in the recess of a large bay (Sinus Cartheir capital was GENABUM.                thaginiensis), inclosed by the headlands ApolliCARPASIA (Kap-raaEa: now Karpass), a town nis and Mercurii (now Cape Farina and Cape
in the southeast of Cyprus.               Bon), in the middle and northernmost part of
CARPXTES, also called ALPES BASTARNICM the north coast of Africa, in latitude about.J3~
(now Carpathian Mountains), the mountains sep- 55' north, and longitude about 10~ 20' east.
arating Dacia from Sarmatia.              The coast of this part of Africa has been much
CARPATHUTS (KpTraOo: now Scarpanto), an altered by the deposits of the River Bagradas
island between Crete and Rhodes, in the sea and the sand which is driven seaward by the
named after it Mare Carpathium: its chief northwest winds. In ancient times Carthage
towns were Posidium and Nisyrus.          stood upon a peninsula surrounded by the sea
[CARPENTORACTE (now Carpentras, with many on all sides except the west; but now the whole
Roman remains), a city of the Memini in Gallia space between the northern side of this peninNarbonensis, at a late period also called Colonia sula and the southern side of the Apollinis PromJulia IMeminorun.]                        ontorium (now Cape Farina) is filled up and
CARPETANI, a powerful people in Hispania converted into a marsh; Utica, which was on
Tarraconensis, with. a fertile territory on the the sea-shore, being left some miles inland; and
rivers Anas and Tagus, in the modern Castille the course of the Bagradas itself being turned
and Estremadura: their capital was TOLETUM.  considerably north of its original channel, so
CARPI or CARPIANI, a German people between that, instead of flowing about half way between
the Carpathian Mountains and the Danube.  Utica and Carthage, it now runs close to the
[CARPIs (Kdprirc), a tributary of the Ister, on ruins of Utica, and falls into the sea just under
the southern side.]                       Cape Farina. The northeastern and southeastCARR~: or CARRHIE (K6ppal: Haran or Char- ern sides of the peninsula are still open to the
ran of Scripture: now Harran), a city of Os- sea, which has, indeed, rather encroached here,
roene in Mesopotaria, not far from Edessa. It for ruins are found under water. The southern
was here that Crassus met his death after his side of the peninsula was formed by an inclosed
defeat by the Parthians, B.C. 53.         bay, connected with the sea only by a narrow
CARRINAs or CARINAS. 1. C., one of the com- opening (now called the Goletta, or, in Arabic,
manders of the Marian party, fought B.C. 83 Haket-el-Wad, i. e., Throat of the River), which
against Pompey, and in 82 against Sulla and his still forms the port of Tunis (ancient Tunes),
generals. After the battle at the Colline gate which stands at its furthest end; but it is nearly
at Rome, in which the Marian army was defeat- choked up with the deposit of the sewers of the
ed, Carrinas took to flight, but was seized and city. The circuit of the old peninsula may be
put to death.-2. C., son of No. 1, was sent by estimated at about thirty miles: the width of
Cesar, in 4-5, into Spain against Sextus Pom- the isthmus is three miles. The greatest cirpeius, but he did not accomplish any thing. In cumference of the city itself was probably about
43 he was consul, and afterward served as one fifteen miles. The original city appears to have
of the generals of Octavianus against Sextus stood on the northeastern part of the peninsula,
Pompeius in Sicily in 36, and as proconsul in between Ras Ghammart and Ras Bousaid (now
Gaul in 31.-3. SECUNDUS, a rhetorician, expel- Cape Carthage), where the remains of cisterns
led by Caligula from Rome because he had, by are seen under water: these, and the aqueduct,
way of exercise, declaimed against tyrants in whose ruins may be traced for fifty-two miles
his school.                               to Zaghwan, are the only remains of the old
[CARRUCA, a town of Hispania Baetica, north- city. Its port, called Cothon, was on the northward from Munda.]                         west side of the peninsula, where a little village
CARSEOLI (Carseolanus: now Carsoli), a town (now inland) still retains the name of El-Marsa,
of the LEqui in Latium, colonized by the Ro- i. e., the Port. The Roman city, which was
mans at an early period.                  built after the destruction of the original CarCARSULAE (Carsulanus: now Monte Castrilli), thage, lay to the south of it. The Tyrian cola town in Umbria, originally of considerable im- ony of Carthage was founded, according to traportance, but afterward declined.         dition, about one hundred years before the build[CARTALO. Vid. CARTHALO.]              ing of Rome, that is, about B.C. 853. There
CARTEIA (also called Carthaa, Carpia, Car- were several more ancient Phoenician colonies
pessus, Kapr7yia: now Crantia), more anciently along the same coast, between two of which,
TARTEssUs, a celebrated town and harbor in Utica and Tunes, the new settlement was fixed,
the south of Spain, at the head of the gulf of about twenty-seven miles (Roman) from the
which Mount Calpe forms one side, founded by former, and ten from the latter. The mythical
the Phoenicians, and colonized B.C. 170 by four account of its foundation is given under DIDO.
thousand Roman soldiers, whose mothers were The part of the city first built was called, in the
Spanish women.                            Phoenician language, Betzura or Bosra, i. e.,
CARTENNA or CARTINNA (now Tennez), a col- a castle, which was corrupted by the Greeks into
ony on the coast of Mauretania Caesariensis in Byrsa (BVpaa), i. e., a hide, and hence probably
northern Africa, founded by Augustus.     arose the story of the way in which the natives
CARTHEA (KapOata: now Poles, ruins), a town were cheated out of the ground. As the city
on the south side of the island of Ceos, where grew, the Byrsa formed the citadel: it stood on
considerable ruins are found at the present day. a low hill; but its site can no longer be identiCARTHAGO, MAGNA CARTHAGO (KapX^76Ov: fled, as there are several such hills within the
Kap,6Svtooa, Carthaginiensis, Pcenus: ruins circuit of the ancient city. The Cothon, or Port,
near El-Marsa, northeast of Tunis), one of the is said to have been excavated, and the quarter
most celebrated cities of the ancient world, of the city adjoining to it built, forty years later,
175




CARTHIAGO.                                CARTHAGO.
B.C. 813. This Cothon was the inner harbor, ion. The religion of Carthage was that of the
and was used for ships of war: the outer har- mother country: especial mention is made of
bor, divided from it by a tongue of land three the cruel rites of their tutelar deity Melcarth
hundred feet wide, was the station for the mer- (i. e., king of the city, no doubt the same as Mochant ships. The fortifications of the city con- loch), which were abolished by the treaty with
sisted of a single wall on the side toward the Gelon of Syracuse, B.C. 480; and also of the
sea, where the steep shore formed a fiatural de  worship of Ashtaroth and Astarte, and A scufence, and a triple wall of great height, with bat- lapius.  The chief occupations of the people
tlements and towers, on the land side; on this were commerce and agriculture: in the former
side were barracks for forty thousand soldiers, they rivalled the mother city, Tyre; and the
and stables for three hundred elephants and latter they pursued with such success that the
four thousand horses. Beyond the fortifica- country around the city was one of the best
tions was a large suburb, called Magara or Ma- cultivated districts in the ancient world, and a
galia, containing many beautiful gardens and great' work on agriculture, in twenty-eight
villas.  The aqueduct already mentioned is books, was composed by Mago, a suffete. The
supposed, on good grounds, to have been built revenues of the state were derived from the
at an early period of the existence of the city. subject provinces; and its army was composed
The most remarkable buildings mentioned with- of mercenaries from the neighboring country,
in the city were the temple of the god whom  among whom the Numidian cavalry were espethe Greeks and Romans identified with Escu- ciall5 distinguished. Of the History of Carthage
lapius, and that of Apollo (Baal or the Sun) in a brief sketch will suffice, as the most importthe market-place. The population of Carthage, ant portions of it are related in the ordinary hisat the time of the third Punic war, is stated at tories of Rome. The first colonists preserved
seven hundred thousand. The constitution of the characters of peaceful traders, and mainCarthage was a municipal oligarchy, somewhat tained friendly relations with the natives of the
resembling that of Venice. The two chief mag: country, to whom they long continued to pay a
istrates, called Suffetes (probably the same word rent or tribute for the ground on which the city
as the Hebrew Shophetim, i. e., Judges) appear was built. Gradually, however, as their comto have been elected for life; the Greek and merce brought them power and wealth, they
Roman writers call them kings. The generals were enabled to reduce the natives of the disand foreign governors were usually quite dis- trict round the city, first to the condition of altinct from the suffetes, but the two offices were lies, and then to that of tributaries.  Meansometimnes united in the same person. The while, they undertook military expeditions at
governing body was a senate, partly hereditary sea, and possessedthemselves, first of the small
and partly elective, within which there was a islands near their own coast, and afterward of
select body of one hundred or one hundred and Malta, and the Lipari and Balearic Islands: they
four, called Gerusia, whose chief office was also sent aid to Tyre, when it was besieged by
to control the magistrates, and especially the Nebuchadnezzar (B.C. 600), and took part in
generals returning from foreign service, who wars between the Etruscans and the Phocean
might be suspected of attempts to establish a colonies. On the coast of Africa they founded
tyranny. The Gerusia was first formed about numerous colonies, from the Pillars of Hercules
B.C. 400, when the power of the house of Mago to the bottom of the Great Syrtis, where they
excited suspicion; and its efficacy was shown met the Greek colonists of Cyrenaica: the
in the defeat of the attempts made by Hanno people of these colonies became intermixed
(B.C. 340) and Hamilcar (B.C. 306) to seize with the Libyans around them, forming a popthe supreme power. Its members are said by ulation who are called Libyo-Phcenicians. - In
Aristotle to have been elected by the pentar- connection with their commercial enterprises,
chies, bodies otwhich we have very little infor- they no doubt sent forth various expeditions.
mation, but which appear to have been commit- of maritime discovery, among which we have
tees of five, chosen from the most eminent mention of two, which were undertaken during
members of the senate, and intrusted with the the long peace which followed the war with
control of the various departments of the gov- Gelon in B.C. 480, to explore the western coasts
ernment. Important questions, especially those of Europe and Africa respectively. The record
on which the senate and the suffetes disagreed, of the latter expedition, under Hanno, is still
were referred to a general assembly of the cit- preserved to us in a Greek translation (vid.
izens; but concerning the mode of proceeding HANNO), from which we learn that it reached
in this assembly, and the extent of its powers, probably as far south as 100 north latitude, if
we know very little. It seems to have elected not further. The relations of the Carthaginians
the magistrates, the senate having either the with the interior of Northern Africa appear to
power of previous nomination or of a veto, it is have been very extensive, but the country actunot clear which. The generals were chosen by ally subject to them, and which formed the true
the gerusia, and approved by the assembly of Carthaginian territory, was limited to the disthe citizens. The general tone of social mo- trict contained between the River Tusca (now
rality at Carthage appears to have been high, Zain) on the west, and the lake and river Triat least during its earlier history: there was a ton, at the bottom of the Lesser Syrtis, on the
censorship of public morals, uu'der the care of south, corresponding very nearly to the modern
the gerusia; and all the magistrates were re- regency of Tunis; and even within this terquired, during their term of office, to abstain ritory there were some ancient Phoenician colfrom wine: the magistrates were also unpaid. onies, which, though in alliance with Carthage,
Their punishments were very severe, and the preserved their independent municipal governusual mode of inflicting death was by crucifix- ment, such as Hippo Zaritus, Utica, Hadrume17r6




CARTHAGO.                            CARUS, M. AURELIUS.
turn, and Leptis. The first great development chi, which remained in a feeble condition till the
of the power of Carthage for foreign conquest times of Julius and Augustus, under whom a
was made by Mago (about B.C. 550-500), who new city-was built south of the former, on the
is said to have first established a sound disci- southeastern side of the peninsula, with the
pline in the armies of the republic, and-to have name of COLONIA CARTHAGO. It soon grew so
freed the city from the tribute which it still muchas to cover a great part (if not the whole)
paid to the Libyans. His sons, Hasdrubal and of the site of the ancient Tyrian city: it became
Hamilcar, reduced a part of the island of Sar- the first city of Africa, and occupied an importdinia, where the Carthaginians founded the ant place in ecclesiastical as well as in civil
colonies of Caralis and Sulci; and by this time history. It was taken by the Vandals in A.D.
the fame of Carthage had spread so far, that 439, retaken by Belisarius in A.D. 533, and.deDarius is said to have sent to ask her aid stroyed by the Arab conquerors in A.D. 698.
against the Greeks, which, however, was re- Respecting the territory of Carthage under the
fused. The Carthaginiais, however, took ad- Romans, vid. AFRICA, NO. 2.
vantage-of the Persian war to attempt the con-  CARTHAGO NoVA (KapXdov v' viea: now'Carquest of Sicily, whither Hamilcar was sent with thagena), a town on the eastern coast of Hisa great forse, in B.C. 480, but his army was de- pania Tarraconensis, founded by the Carthastroyed. and himself killed in a great battle un- ginians under Hasdrubal, B.C. 243, and subseder the walls of Himera, in which the Sicilian quently conquered and'colonized bythe Romans,
Greeks were commanded by Gelon, the tyrant from which time its full name was Colonia Vicof Syracuse, and which was said to have been trix Julia Nova Carthago. It is situated on a
fought on the same day as the battle of Salamis. promontory running out into the sea, and posTheir next attempt upon Sicily, in B.C. 410, led sesses one of the finest harbors in the world:
to a protracted war, which resulted in a treaty at the entrance of the harbor was a small island
between the Syracusans, under Timoleon, and called SCOMBRARIA, from the great number of
the Carthaginians, by which the latter were scombri or mackerel caught here, from which
confirmed in the possession of the western part suchfamous pickle was made. In ancient times
of the island, as far as the River Halicus. From  Carthago Nova was one of the most important
B.C. 310-307 there was another-war between cities in all Spain; its population was numerSyracuse and the Carthaginians, which was ous, its.trade flourishing, and its temples and
chiefly remarkable for the bold step taken by pther public buildings handsome and imposing.
Agathocles, who invaded the Carthaginian ter- It was, together with Tarraco, the residence of
ritory din Africa, and thus, though unable to the Roman governor of the province. In the
maintain himself there, set an example which neighborhood were valuable silver mines; and
was followed a century later by Scipio, with the country produced an immense quantity of
fatal results to Carthage. Passing over the Spartum or,broom, whence the town bore the
wars with PYRRHUS and HIERO, we come to the surname Spartaria, and the country was called
long struggle between Rome and Carthage, Campus Spartarius.'
known as the Punic Wars, which\are fully re-  [CARTHILO. 1. Commander of the Carthalated in the histories of Rome. Vid. also HA- ginian fleet in the first Punic war.-2. The CarMILCAR.'The first lasted from B.C. 265-242, thaginian commander of the cavalryin the army
and resulted in the loss to Carthage of Sicily of Hannibal. He was slain by a Roman soldier
and the Lipari'Islands., It was followed by a after laying down his arms at the capture of
fierce contest of some years between Carthage Tarentum by the Romans.]
and her disbanded mercenaries, which is called  [CARTISMANDUA or CARTIMANDUA, queen of the
the Libyan War, and which was terminated by Brigantes in Britannia, betrayed to the Romans
H-amilcar Barcas. After a hollow peace, during Caractacus, who had fled to her for protection
which the Romans. openly violated the last when defeated by the propraetor Ostorius, A.D.
treaty, and the Carthaginians conquered Spain 50.  She afterward repudiated her husband
as far as the Iberus (now Ebro), the Second Pu- Venutius, and gave her hand and kingdom to
nic War, the decisive contest between the two his armor'bearer, Vellocatus.  Venutius, suprival states, which were tpo powerful to co- ported by a great portion of the Brigantes, took
exist, began with the siege of Saguntum (B.C. up arms, and finally succeeded in regaining the
218), and terminated (B.C. 201) with a peace by sovereignty, though Cartismandua was rescued
which Carthage was stripped of all her power. and protected by the Romans.]
Vid. HANNIBAL,'ScIPIO.  Her destruction was  CARURA (ra Kapovp': now Sarikivi), a Phrynow, only a question of time, and, though she gian city, in the territory of Caria, on the left
scrupulously observed the terms of the last bank of the Maeander, celebrated'for its hot
peace for fifty years, in spite of every provoca- springs and its templeof Men Carus.
tion from the Romans and their ally Masinissa,'CARUS, M. AURELIUS, Roman emperor A.D.
the king of Numidia, a pretext was at length 282-283, probably born at Narbo in Gaul, was
found for a new war (B.C. 149), which lasted prefectus praetorio under Probus, and on the
only three ye'ars, during which the Carthagini- murder of the latter was elected emperor.
ans, driven to despair by the terms proposed to After defeating the Sarmatians, Carus invaded
them, sustained a siege so destructive, that out /the Persian-dominions, took Seleucia and Ctesof seven hundred thousand persons who were iphon, and was preparing to push his conquests
living in the cityat its commencement, only fifty beyond the Tigris, when he was struck dead by
thousand surrendered.to the Romans. Thecity lightning, toward the close of 283. He was
was razed to the ground, and remained in ruins succeeded by his sons CARINUS and NUMERIAfor thirty years. At the end of that time a col- NUS. Carus was a victorious general and able
ony was established on the old site by the Grac- ruler.
12                                                           177




CARUSA.                               CASPII MONTES.
CARISA'(7 Kapovaa: now Kerzeh), a city on site as the celebrated convent Monte Cassino:
the coast of Paphlagonia, south of Sinope.  the ruins of an amphitheatre are found at;'St,
CARVENTUM,'a town of the Volsci, to which  Germano.
the CARVENTANA ARX, mentioned by Livy, be-  [CASINUS, a small river on the borders of Lalonged, a town of the Volsci, between Signia tium and Campania, emptying into the Liris.]
and the sources of the Trerus.              CASIOTIS, Vid. CASIUS.
CARVILIUS MAXIMUS. 1. SP., twice consul,  CASIUS.' 1. (Now Ras Kasaroun), a mountain
B.C. 293 and 273, both times with L. Papirius on the coast of Egypt, east of Pelusium, with a
Cursor. In their first consulship they gained temple of Jupiter on its summit. Here also was
brilliant victories over the Samnites, and in the grave of Pompey. Atthe foot of the mounttheir second they brought the Samnite war to a ain, on the land side, on the high road from Egypt
close.-2. SP., son of the preceding, twice con- to Syria, stood the town of Casium (now Kasul, 234 and 228, was alive at the battle of Can- tieh). The surrounding district was called Canae, 216, after which he proposed to fill up the siotis.-2. (Now Jebel Okrah), a mountain on the
va cancies in the senate from the Latins. - This coast of Syria, south of Antioch and the Orontes,
Carvilius is said to have been the first person five thousand three hundred and eighteen feet
at Rome who divorced his wife.            above the level of the sea. The name of CasioCARY3 (EKappae: Kapvdrgs, fern. Kapvdira), a tis was applied to the district on the coast south
town in Laconia, near the borders of Arcadia, of Casius, as far -as the northern border of
originally belonged to the territory of Tegea in Phoenicia.
Arcadia. It possessed a temple of Artemis   CASMENA, -A2 (Kacauv7, Herod.: Kaayevaz,
(Diana) Caryatis, and an annual festival in hon- Thuc.: Kaatvevaloo), a town in Sicily,'founded
ore of this goddess was celebrated here by the by Syracuse about B.C. 643.
Lacedaemonian maidens with national dances.  CASPhRIA or CASPfERULA, a town of the SaRespecting the female figures in architecture bines, northwest of Cures, on the River Himella
called Caryatides, vid. Diet. of Ant., s. v.  (now Aspra).: CARYANDA (ra Kapiavda: Kapvavaevd: now  CASPIY PORTE or PYLE (Kdecirta 7rviat, 1. e.,
Karakoyan), a city of Caria, on a little island, the Caspian Gates), the principal pass from Meonce probably united with the main land, at the dia into Parthia and Hyrcania, through the CASnorthwestern extremity of the peninsula on PI MONTES, was a deep ravine, made practicawhich Halicarnassus stood. It once belonged ble by art, but still so narrow that there was
to the Ionian league; and it was the birth-place only room for a single wagon to pass between
of the geographer Scylax.                 the lofty overhanging walls of rock, from the
CARYATIS. Vid. CARYE.                   sides of which a constant drip of salt water fell
CARYSTIUS (Kapvatnog),.a Greek grammarian upon the road. The Persians erected iron gates
of Pergamus, lived about B.C. 120, and wrote across the narrowest part of the pass, and mainnumerous works, all of which are lost.    tained a guard for its defence. This pass was
CARYSTUS (KdpvaTo0: Kapvartog: now Karysto near the ancient Rhagae or Arsacia; but there
or Castel Rosso), a town on the southern coast were other passes through tihe mountains round
of Euboea, at the foot of Mount' Oche, founded the Caspian, which are called by the'same name,
by Dryopes; called, according to tradition, after especially that on the western shore of the CasCarystus, son of Chiron. In the neighborhood plan, through the Caucasus, near Derbent, which
was excellent marble, which was exported in was usually called Albaniae or Caucasia Portae.
large quantities, and the mineral called Asbes- The Caspian Gates, being the most important
tos was also found here.                  pass, from Western to Central Asia, were reCAscA, P. SERVILIUs, tribune of the plebs, B. garded by many of the ancients as a sort of cenC. 44, was one of the conspirators'against Ca- tral point, common to the boundaries between
sar, and aimed the first stroke at his assassina- Western and Eastern Asia, and Northern and
tion. He fought in the battle of Philippi (42), Southern Asia; and distances were reckoned
and died shortly afterward. C. Casca, the broth- from them.
er of the preceding, was also one of the con-  CASPII (Kdartot), the name of certain Scythispirators against Caesar.                 an tribes near the Caspian Sea, is used rather
[CASCANTUM (now Cascante), a municipium  loosely by the ancient geographers. The Casof the Vascones in Hispania Tarraconensis.]-  pii of Strabo are on the west side of the sea,
CASCELLIUS, A., an eminent Roman jurist and their country, Caspiane, forms a part of
(Hor, Ar. Poet., 371), contemporary with Ca- Albania. Those of Heiodotus and Ptolemy are
sar and Augustus, was a man of stern repub- in the east of Media, on the borders of Parthia,
lican principles, and spoke freely against the in the neighborhood of the CASPIi PYLE.
proscriptions of the triumvirs.           Probably it would not be far wrong to apply the
CASILINUM (Casilinas, -dtis), a town in Cam- name generally to the people round the southpania, onthe Vulturnus, and on the same site as western and southern shores of the Caspian in
the modern Capua, celebrated for its heroic de- and about the CASPII MONTES.
fence against Hannibal B.C. 216. It received  CASPII MONTES (7ra Kdaritra opy/: now Elburz
Roman colonists by the Lex Julia, but had Mountains) or CASPIUS MONS, is a name applied
greatly declined in the time of Pliny.    generally to the whole range of mountains
CASINUM (Casinas, -atis: now St. Germano), which surround tle Caspian Sea, on the south
a town in Latium, on the River CASINUS, and and southwest, at the, distance of from fifteen
on the Via Latina, near the bordersof Cam- to thirty miles from its shore, on the borders of
pania; colonized by the Romans in the Samnite Armenia, Media, Hyrcania, and Parthia; and
wars; subsequently a municipium; its citadel, more specifically to that part of this range south
containing a temple of Apollo, occupied the same of the Caspian, in which was the pass called
178




CASPIRI.                               CASSANDREA.
CASPIAE PYL2E. The term was also loosely ap- alliance with Ptolemy and Antigonus, and enplied to other mountains near the Caspian, espe- tered into war with Polysperchon. In 318 Casciaily, by Strabo, to the eastern part of the Cau- sander obtained possession of Athens and most
casus, between Colchis and the Caspian.   of the cities in the south of Greece. In 317 he
CASPIRI or CASPIR.EI (Kd(7retpot, Kaarirpalot), was recalled to, Macedonia to oppose Olympias.
a people of India,'whose exact position is doubt- He kept her besieged in Pydna throughout the
ful: they are generally placed in Cashmeer and winter of 317, and on her surrender in the spring
Nepaul.                                   of the ensuing year he'put her to death. The
CASPIUM MARE (7 Kaa7rfa Otaraoaa, the Cas- way now seemed open to him to the throne of
pian Sea), also called HYRCANUM, ALBANUM, and Macedon. He placed Roxana and her young
ScYTrICUUM, all names derived from the people son, Alexander 2Egus, in custody at Amphipowho lived on its shores, is a great salt-water lis, not thinking it safe as yet to murder them;
lake in Asia, according to the ancient division and he connected himself with the regal family
of the continents, but now on the boundary be- by a marriage with Thessalonica, half-sister to
tween Europe and Asia.  Its average width Alexander the Great. In 315 Cassander joinfrom east to west is about two hundred and ten ed Seleucus, Ptolemy, and Lysimachus in their
miles, and its length' from north to south, in a war against Antigonus, of whose power they
straight line, is about seven hundred and forty had all become jealous. This war was, upon-the
miles; but as its northern part makes a great whole, unfavorable to Cassander, who lost most
bend to the east, its true length, measured along of the cities in Greece. By the general peace
acurve drawn through its middle, is about nine of 311, it was provided that Cassander was to
hundred miles; its area is about one hundred retain his authority in Europe till Alexander
and eighty thousand square miles. The notions lEgus should be grown to manhood. Cassanof the ancients about the Caspian varied very der thereupon put to death the young king and
much; and it is curious that two of the erro- his mother Roxana. In 310 the war was reneous opinions of the later Greek and Roman newed, and Hercules, the son of Alexander
geographers, namely, that it was united both by Barsine, was brought forward by Polysper- 
with the Sea of Aral and With the Arctic Ocean, chon as a claimant to the Macedonian throne;
expressed what, at some remote period, were but Cassander bribed Polysperchon to murder
probably real facts. Their other error, that its the young prince and his mother, 309. In 306
greatest length lay west and east, very likely Cassander took the title of king, when it was
arose from its supposed union with the Sea of assumed by Antigonus, Lysimachus, and PtoleAral. Another consequence of this error was my. In the following years, Demetrius Poliorthe supposition that the rivers Oxus and Jax- cetes, the son of Antigonus, carried on the war
artes flowed into the Caspian. That the former in'Greece with great success against Cassanreally did so at some time subsequent to the der; but in 302 Demetrius was obliged to pass
separation of the two lakes (supposing that they into Asia, to support his father; and next year,
were once united) is pretty well established; 301, the decisive battle of Ipsus was fought, in
but whether this has been the' case within the which Antigonus and'Demetrius were defeated,
historical period can not be determined'(vid. and the former slain, and which gave to CasOxus). The country between the two lakes sander Macedonia and Greece. Cassander died
has evidently been greatly changed, and the of dropsy in 297, and was succeeded by his son
sand-hills which cover it have doubtless been Philip.
accumulated by the force of the east winds  CASSANDRA (Kaaadvdpa), daughter of Priam
bringing down sand from the steppes of Tar- and -Hecuba, and twin-sister of Helenus. She'
tary. Both lakes have their surface considera- and her brother, when young, were left asleep
bly below that of the Black Sea,'the Caspian in the sanctuary of Apollo, when their ears were
being nearly three hundred and fifty feet, and purified by serpents, so that they could underthe Aral about two hundred feet, lower than the stand the divine sounds of nature and the voices
level' of the Black Sea,. and both are still sink- of birds. Cassandra sometimes used to sleep
ing by evaporation. Moreover, the whole coun- afterward in the same temple; and when she
try between and around them for a considera- grew up,/her beauty won the love of Apollo.
ble distance is a depression, surrounded by lofty The god conferred upon her the gift of prophecy,
mountains on every side, except where the val- upon her promising to comply with his desires;
ley of the Irtish and Obi stretches away to the but when she had become possessed of the proArctic Ocean. Besides a number of smaller phetic art, she refused to' fulfill her promise.
streams, two great, rivers flow into the Cas- Thereupon the god, in anger, ordained that no
plan; the Rha (now Volga) on the north, and one should believe her prophecies. She prethe. united Cyrus and Araxes (now Koul) on dieted to the Trojans the ruin that threatened
the west; but it loses more by evaporation than them, but no one believed her; she was looked
it receives from these rivers.            upon as a mad woman, and, according to a late
[CASPIUS MONS (7r KdaTreov 0 por). Vid. CAS- account, Was shut up and guarded. On the
PII MONTES.]                              capture of Troy she fled into the sanctuary of
CASSANDANE (KaaaavddVy), wife of Cyrus the Minerva (Athena), but was torn away from the
Great and mother of Cambyses.            statue of the goddess by Ajax, son of Oileus,
CASSANDER (KacraavCpoc), son of Antipater. and, according to some accounts, was even
His father, on his death-bed (B.C. 319), appoint- ravished by him in the sanctuary. On. the died Polysperchon; regent, and conferred upon vision of the booty, Cassandra fell'to the lot of
Cassander only the secondary dignity of'chili- Agamemnon, who took her with him to Myarch. Being — dissatisfied with this arrange- cene. Here she was'killed by Clyteemnestra.
ment, Cassander strengthened himself by an  CASSANDREA. Vid. POTIDYEA.
179




CASSIA GENS.                                CASSIUS.
CASSIA GENS. Vid. CASSIUS.              to the patricians by his agrarian law, and it is
CASSIEPEA, CASSIOPEA_, or CASSIOPE (Kaaaci- most likely that the accusation was invented for,reLa, Kaaa5lO7rea, KaaaLo6rri), wife of Cepheus in the purpose of getting rid of a dangerous op-./Ethiopia, and mother of Andromeda, whose ponent. He left three sons; but, as all the subbeauty she extolled above that of the Nereids. sequent Cassii are plebeians, his sons were perVid. ANDROMEDA. She was afterward placed haps expelled from the patrician' order, or may
among the stars.                          have voluntarily passed over to the plebeians,
CASSIODORUS, MAGNUS AURELIUS, a distin- onaccount of the murder of their father.-2.
guished statesman, and one of the few men of C. CASS. LONGINUS, consul 171,-obtained as his
learning at the downfall of the Western Em- province Italy and Cisalpine Gaul, and without
pire, was born about A.D. 468, at Scylacium in the authority of the senate attempted to march
Bruttium, of an ancient and wealthy Roman into Macedonia through Illyricum, but was
family.: He enjoyed the full confidence of The- obliged to return to Italy. In 154 he was cenodoric the Great and his successors, and under sor with M. Messala; and a theatre, which these
a variety of different'titles he conducted for a censors had built, was pulled down by order of
long series of years the government of the Os- the senate, at the suggestion of P. Scipio Na-,
trogothic kingdom. At the age of seventy he sica, as injurious to public morals.-3. Q. CAss.
retired to the monastery of Viviers, which he LONGINUS, praetor urbanus B.C. 167, and consul
had founded in his native province, and there 164, died in his consulship.-4. L. CASS. LoNpassed the last thirty years of his life.  His GINUS RAVILLA, tribune of the plebs, 137, when
time was devoted to study and to the composi- he proposed a law for voting by ballot (tabellation of elementary treatises on history, meta- ria lex); consul 127, and censor 125. He was
physics, the seven liberal arts, and divinity, very severe and just as a judex.-5. L. CAS.
while his leisure hours were employed in the LONGINUS, praetor 111, when he brought Jugurconstruction of philosophical toys, such as sun- tha to Rome; consul 107, with C. Marius, and
dials, water-clocks, &c. Of his numerous writ- received as his province Gallia Narbonensis, in
ings the most important is his Variarum (Epis- order to oppose the Cimbri, but was defeated
tolarum) Libri XII., an assemblage of state and killed by the Tigurini.-6. L. CAsS.. LoNpapers drawn up by Cassiodorus in accordance GINUS, tribune of the plebs 104, brought forward
with the instructions of Theodoric and his sue- many laws to diminish the power of the ariscessors. The other works of Cassiodorus are tocracy.-7. C. CAss. LONGINUS VARUS, consul
of less value to us. The principal are, 1. Chro- 73, brought forward, with his colleague M. Ten.icon, a summary of Universal History; 2. De rentius, a law (lex Terentia Cassia), by which
Or7thographia Liber; 3. De Arte Grammatica ad corn was to be purchased and then sold in Rome
Donati Mentem; 4. De Artibus ac Disciplinis at a small price. In 72 he was defeated by
Liberalium Literarummuch read in the Middle Spartacus near Mutina,; in 66 he supported the
Ages; 5. De Anima; 6. Libri XII De'Rebus Manilian law for giving the.command of the
Gestis Gothorum, known to us only through the Mithradatic war to Pompey; and in his old age
abridgment of Jornandes; 7. De Institutione was proscribed by the triumvirs and killed, 43.
Divinarum Literarum, an introduction to the -8. C. CASS. LoNGINUS, the murderer of Julius
profitable study of the Scriptures. There are Caesar. In 53 he was quaestor of Crassus in his
also several other ecclesiastical works of Cas- campaign against the Parthians, in which he
siodorus extant. The best edition of his col- greatly distinguished himself by his prudence
lected works is by D. Garet, Rouen, 1679, 2 vols. and military skill. After the death of Crassus,
fol., reprinted at Venice, 1729.          he collected the remains of the Roman army,
CASSIOPE (Kaua06rT)), a town in Corcyra, on and made preparations to defend Syria against
a promontory of the same name, with a good the Parthians. In 52 he defeated the Parthians,
harbor and a temple of Jupiter (Zeus).    who had crossed the Euphrates, and in 51 he
CASSIOPEA. Vid. CASSIEPEA.              again gained a still more important victory over
CASSITERIDES. Vid. BRITANNIA, p. 149, a.  them. Soon afterward he returned to Rome.
CASSIUS, the name of one of the most dis- In 49 he was tribune of the plebs, joined the
tinguished of the Roman gentes, originally pa- aristocratical party in the civil war, and fled
trician, afterward plebeian. 1. SP. CASSIUS VIs- with Pompey from Rome. In 48 he commanded
CELLINUS, thrice consul: first,.B.C. 502, when the Pompeian fleet; after the battle of Pharsalia'he conquered the Sabines; again, 493, when he he went to the Hellespont, where he accidentally
made a league with the Latins; and, lastly, fell in with Caesar, and surrendered to him. He
486, when he made a league with the Herni- was not only pardoned by Caesar, but in 44 was
cans, and carried his celebrated agrarian law, made praetor, and the province of Syria was
the first which was proposed at Rome. It prob- promised him for the next year. But Cassius
ably enacted that the portion of the patricians had never ceased to be Caesar's enemy; it was
in the public land should be strictly defined, and he who formed the conspiracy against the dictathat the remainder should be divided among the tor's life, and gained over M. Brutus to the plot.
plebeians. In the following year he was ac- After the death of Caesar, on the 15th of March,
cused of aiming at regal power, and was put' to 44 (vid. CaESAR), Cassius remained in Italy for a
death. The manner of his death is related dif- few months, but in July he went to Syria, which
ferently, but it is most probable that he was ac- he claimed as his province, although the senate
cused before the comitia curiata by the quaes- had given it to Dolabella, and had conferred
tores parricidii, and was sentenced to death by upon Cassius Cyrene in its stead. He defeated
his fellow patricians. His house was razed to Dolabella, who put an end to his own life; and,
the ground, and his property confiscated. His after plundering Syria and Asia most unmerciguilt is doubtful; he had made himself hateful fully, he crossed over to Greece with Brutus in
180




CASSIUS.                                 CASTELLUM.
42, in order to oppose Octavianus and Antony. a history of Rome from the earliest'times to the
At the battle of Philippi, Cassius was defeated end of the third Punic war.-15. CASS. PARMENby Antony, while Brutus, who commanded the sis, so called from Parma, his birth-place, was
other wing of the army, drove Octavianus off one of the murderers of Caesar, B.C. 43; took
thefield; but Cassius, ignorant of the success an active part in the war against the triumvirs;
of Brutus, commanded his freedman to put an and, after the death of Brutus and Cassius, carend to his life. Brutus mourned over his corn-  ied over the fleet which he commanded to
panion, calling him the last of the Romans. Sicily, and joined Sextus Pompey; upon the deCassius was married to Junta Tertia or Ter- feat of Pompey he surrendered himself to Antullea, half-sister of M. Brutus.  Cassius was tony, whose fortunes he followed untilafter the
well acquainted with Greek and Roman litera- battle of Actium, when he went to Athens, and
ture, he was a follower of the Epicurean phi- was there put to death by the command of Oclosophy; his abilities were considerable, but he tavianus, B.C. 30. Cassius was a poet, and his
was vain, proud, and revengeful.-9. L. CASs. productions were prized by Horace (Ep., i., 4,
LoNGINUS, brother of No. 8, assisted M. Late- 3). He wrote two tragedies, entitled Thyestes
rensis in accusing Cn. Plancius, who was de- and Brutus, epigrams, and other works.-16.
fended by Cicero in 54. He joined Caesar at CAss. ETRUSCUs, a poet censured by Horace
the commencement of the civil war, and was (Sat., i., 10, 61), must not be confounded with
one of Cesar's legates in Greece in 48. In 44 No. 15.-17. CASS. AvIDIUs, an able general of
he was tribune of the plebs, but was not one of M. Aurelius, was a native of Syria. In the Parthe conspirators against Caesar's life. He sub- thian war (A.D. 162-165) he commanded the
sequently espoused the side of Octavianus, in Roman army as the general of Verus, and after
opposition to Antony; and on their reconcilia- defeating the Parthians he took Seleucia and
tion in 43, he fled to Asia: he was pardoned by Ctesiphon. He was afterward appointed govAntony in 41.-10. Q. C.ASS. LONGINUS, the fra- ernor of all the Eastern provinces, and dischargter (as Cicero calls' him, by which he probably ed his trust for several years with fidelity; but
means first-cousin) of No. 8. In 54 he went as in A.D. 175 he proclaimed himself emperor.
the quaestor of Pompey into Spain, where he He reigned only a few months, and was slain
was universally hated on account of his rapaci- by' his own officers before Marcus Aurelius arty and cruelty. In 49 he was tribune of the rived in the East. Vid. p. 132, a.-18. DIONYSIUS
plebs, and a warm supporter of Caesar, but was CAssIUS,, of Utica, a Greek writer, lived about
obliged to leave'the city and take refuge in B.C. 40, and translated into Greek the work of
Caesar's camp. In the same year he accom- the Carthaginian Mago on agriculture.-19.
panied Caesar to Spain, and after the defeat of CASS. FELIX, a Greek physician, probably lived
Afranius and Petreius, the legates of Pompey, under Augustus and Tiberius; Wrote a small
Caesar left him governor of Further Spain. His work entitled'IaTrpKai'Ar-oplat cat Hlpo62pao, ra
cruelty and oppressions excited an insurrection (vKcad, Questiones Medicse et Problemata Natuagainst him at Corduba, but this was quelled by ralia: printed in Ideler's Physici et Medici Greeci
Cassius.  Subsequently two legions declared Minores, Berol., 1841. 20. CASS. CHiREA. Vid.
against him, and M. Marcellus, the quaestor, put CHMREA.-21. CASs. DION. Vid. DION CASSIhimself at their head. He was saved from this us.-22. CAss. SEVERUS. Vid. SEVERUs.
danger by Lepidus, and left the province in 47,  CASSIVELAUNUS, a British chief, ruled over the
but his ship sank, and he was lost, at the mouth country north of the Tamesis (now Thames),
of the Iberus.-11. L. CAss. LONGINUS, a corm- and was intrusted by the Britons with the supetitor with Cicero for the consulship for 63; preme command on Caesar's second invasion of
was one of Catiline's conspirators, and under- Britain, B.C. 54. He was defeated by Caesar,
took to set the city on fire; he escaped the fate and was obliged to sue for peace.
of his comrades by quitting Rome before their  CASSOPE (Kaau-567r: Kaa-coraZlo: now Casapprehension.-12. L. CASs. LONGINUS, consul sopo or Agioi Saranta), a town in Thesprotia,
A.D. 30, married to Drusilla, the daughter of near the coast.
Germanicus, with whom her brother Caligula   CASTXBXLA (ra KaarTafaa). 1. [Now Dsjakel
afterward lived. Cassius was proconsul in Asia or Chokel;. according to Leake, 7Nigde], a city
A.D. 40, and was commanded by Caligula to be of Cappadocia, near Tyana, celebrated for its
brought to Rome, because an oracle had warned temple of Artemis (Diana) Perasia.-2. A town
the emperor to beware of a Cassius: the oracle in Cilicia Campestris, near Issus.
was fulfilled in the murder of the emperor by  CASTILIA (Kaaraaia), a celebrated fountain
Cassius Chberea.-13. C. CASS. LONGINos, the, On Mount Parnassus, in which the Pythia used
celebrated jurist, governor of Syria A.D. 50, in to bathe,; sacred to Apollo and the Muses, who
tihe reign of Claudius. He was banished by were hence called CASTALIDES, said to have
Nero in A.D. 66, because he had, among his an- derived its name from Castalia, daughter of
cestral images, a statue of Cassius, the mrur- Achelous, who threw herself into the fountain
derer of Caesar. He was recalled from banish- when pursued by Apollo.
meit by Vespasian. Cassius wrote ten books   [CASTELLUM often occurs as the designation of
on the civil law (Libri Juris Civilis), and Corn- a place: 1. CASTELLUM CATTORUM (now Cassel),
meataries on Vitellius and Urseius Ferox, which a place in the territory pf the Catti in Germaare quoted in the Digest. He was a follower ny.-2. CASTELLUM DRUSI ET GERMANICI (now
of the school of Ateins Capito; and as he re- Altkoznigstein), a fortress built by Drusus and
duced the principles of Capito to a more scien- Germanicus in the territory of the Mattiaci.tide form, the adherents of this school received 3. CASTELLUM MENAPIORUM (now Kessel), a forthe name of Cassiani.-14. L. CASS. HEMINA, a tress of the Menapii in Gallia Belgica, on the
noman annalist, lived about B.C. 140, and wrote Meuse.-4. CASTELLUM MORINORUM (now Mourn
181




CASTHANAEA.                               CATELAUNI..
Cassel), a fortress of the Morini in Gallia Bel- rades Insulke, south of Carpathos, containing a
gica.]                                    city with the same name as the island.]
[CASTHANREA (KaOavala), a city of Magnesia  CASYSTES (Kaavarj7f: now Chismeh), a fine
in Thessaly, at the foot of Mount Pelion (Hdt.); sea-port on the coast of Ionia; the harbor of
elsewhere it is written Castancea. From this ERYTHRA.
place chestnuts, Castanece nuces, were said to  - CATABATHMUS MAGNUS (KIran6aOu6S, i. e.,. dehave derived their name.]                 scent: now Marsa Sollern, i. e., Port of the Lad[CASTIANIRA (Kaaridvetpa), wife of Priam, der), a mountain and sea-port, at the bottom of
and mother of Gorgythion, famed for her beau- a deep bay on the northern coast of Africa
ty.]                                      (about 25~ 5' east longitude), was generally con[CASTICUS, mentioned in Caesar as having sidered the boundary between Egypt and Cyseized the government of the Sequani, at the renaica.  Ptolemy distinguishes fiom this a
instigation of Orgetorix, about B.C. 50.]  place called Catabathmus Parvus, in the interior
CASTOR, brother of Pollux. Vid. DIOscrRI.  of Africa, near the borders of Egypt, above PaCASTOR (Kcdarp). 1. A Greek grammarian, reetonium.
surnamed Philoromceus, probably lived about  CXTXDUPA or -I (ra Karadovrra, ol KarddovTrot),
B.C. 150, and wrote several books; aportion a name given to the'cataracts ofthe Nile, and
of his TeUXv pnTropIjr is still extant, and printed also to the parts of iEthiopia in their neighborin Walz's Rhetores Greeci, vol. iii., p. 712, seq.-  hood. Vid. NILUS.
2. Grandson of Deiotarus. Vid. DEIOTAUS..   CATALAUNI or CATELAUNI, a people in Gaul in'CASTRA, a "camp," the name of several the modern Champagne, mentioned only by later
towns, which were originally the stationary writers: their capital was DUROAJrTELAtUNI or
quarters of the Roman legions. 1. CONSTANTIA, CATELAUNI (now Chalons sur rarne), in the
in Gaul, near the mouth of the Sequana (now  neighborhood of which Attila was defeated by
Seine).-2. HANNIBALIS, in Bruttium, on the Aetius and Theodoric, A.D. 451.
southeastern coast, north of Scylacium, arose  CATAMITUS, the Roman name for Ganymedes,
out of the fortified camp which Hannibal main- of which it is only a- corrupt form.
tained there during the latter years of the sec-  CATXNA or CATINA (Karavr: KaravaZot: now
ond Punic war.-3. HERCULIS, in Batavia, per- Catavia), an important town in Sicily,'on the
haps near Heussen.-4. MINERaVE (now Castro), eastern coast, at the foot of Mount 2Etna, foundin Calabria, with a temple of Minerva, south of ed B.C. 730 by Naxos, which was itself founded
Hydruntum; the most ancient town of the Sa- by the Chalcidians of Eubcea. InB.C. 476 it
lentini, subsequently colonized by the Romans; was taken by Hiero I., who removed its inhabitits harbor was called Portus Veneris (now Porto ants to Leontini, and settled five thousand SyrBadisco). — 5. VETERA (now Xanten), in Gallia acusanp and five thousand Peloponnesians in
Belgica, on the Rhine: many Roman remains the town, the name of which he changed into
have been found at Xanten.-6. CORNELIA (now.Etna. Soon after the death of Hiero (467), the
Ghellah), a place in the Carthaginian territory former inhabitants of Catana again obtained
(Zeugitana) in northern Africa, where Scipio possession of the town, and called it by its origAfricanus the elder established his camp when inal name, Catana. Subsequently Catana was
he invaded Africa in the second Punic war.. conquered by Dionysius, was then governed by
It was between Utica and Carthage, on the native tyrants, next became subject to Agathnorthern side of the River Bagradas, but its site ocles, and finally, in the first Punic war, fell
is now south of the river, in consequence of the under the dominion of Rome. It was colonized
alterations described-under CARTHAGO.     by Augustus with some veterans. Catana freCASTRUM. 1. INUI, a town of the Rutuli, on quently suffered from'earthquakes and erupthecoast ofLatium, confounded bysome writers tions of Mount /Etna. It is now one of the
with No. 2.-2. NovUM (now Torre di Chiaruc- most flourishing cities in Sicily.
cia), a town in Etruria, and a Roman colony on  CiATANIA (K.Taaovia), a district in the souththe coast.-3, NovUM (now Giulia Nova), a town eastern part of Cappadocia, to which it was fi:sl
in Picenum, probably at the mouth of the small added under the Romans, with Melitene, which
river Batinum'(now Salinello), colonized by the lies east of it. These two districts form a large
Romans B.C. 264, at the commencement of the and fertile plain, lying between the A ti-Taurus
first Punic war.-[4. CASTRUM TIBERII, a land- and the Taurus and Amanus, and watered by
ing-place on an island in the Lacus Brigantinus, the River Pyramus. Cataonia had no Iar-ge
used by Tiberius as a place of arms during his towns, but several strong mountain fortresses.
war with the Vindelici.]                    CATARRHACTES (KaraTQ6Eppdr). 1. (Now D3-.
CASTULO (Kaarat6vv: now Cazlona), a town- den-Soo), a river of Pamphylia, which descends
of the Oretani, on the Baetis, and near the fron- from the mountains of Taurus in a great broken
tiers of BEetica, at the foot of a mountain which waterfall (whence its name, from acrai-bjzyvPi)
bore a great resemblance to, Parnassus, was and which, after flowing beneath the earth i7
under the Romans an important place, a mu- two parts of its course, falls into the sea east
nicipium with the Jus Latii, and included in the of Attalia.-2. The term is also applied, first by
jurisdiction of Carthago Nova: its inhabitants Strabo, to the cataracts of the Nile, which are
were called CTcsari venales.. In the mountains distinguished as C. Major and C. Mimor (vid
(Saltus Castulonensis) in the neighborhood were NILUS), in which use it must, of course, be resilver and lead mines. The wife of Hannibal garded as a common noun, equivalent to the
was a native of Castulo.            -     Latin cataracta, but whether derived from Ihe
CASUENTUS (now Basiento), a river in Luca- name of the Pamphylian river, or at once froi
nia, flows.into the sea near Metapontum.  the Greek verb, can not be determined.
[CASUS (KdaoW: now Caso), one of the Spo-  CATELAUNI. Vid. CATALAUNI.
182




CATHLEI.                                 CATILINA.
CATHMLI (KaOaloL), a great and warlike people in the senate, which he was now seeking to
of India intra Gangem, upon whom Alexander recover by standing a second time for the preemade war. Some of the best Orientalists sup- torship; C. Cornelius Cethegus, distinguished
pose the name to be that, not of a tribe, but of throughout by his headstrong impetuosity and
the warrior caste of the Hindoos, the Kshatriyas. sanguinary violence; P. Autronius, spoken of
CATILINA, L. SERGIUS, the descendant of an above; L. Cassius Longinus, at this time a
ancient patrician family which had sunk into competitor for the consulship; L. Vargunteius,
poverty. His youth and early manhood were who had been one of the colleagues of Cicero
stained by every vice and crime. He first ap- in the queestorship, and had subsequently been
pears in history as a zealous partisan of Sulla; condemned for bribery; L. Calpurnius Bestia,
and during the horrors of the proscription, he tribune elect; Publius and Servius Sulla, nephkilled, with his own hand, his brother-in-law, ews of the dictator; M. Porcius Laeca, &c.
Q. Caecilius, a quiet, inoffensive man, and put The first object of Catiline was to obtain the
to death by torture M. Marius Gratidianus, the consulship for himself and C. Antonius, whose
kinsman and fellow-townsman of Cicero. He co.operation he confidently anticipated. But in
was suspected of an intrigue with the vestal this object he was disappointed: Cicero and
Fabia, sister of Terentia, and was said and be- Antonius were elected consuls. This disaplieved to have made away'with his first wife, pointment rendered him only more vigorous in
and afterward with his son, in order that he the prosecution of his designs; more adherents
might marry Aurelia Orestilla, who objected to were gained, and troops were levied in various
the presence of a grown-up step-child; but, not- parts of Italy, especially in the neighborhood of
withstanding this infamy, he attained to the dig- Fasulae, under the superintendence of C. Mannity of praetor in B.C. 68, was governor of Af- lius, one of the veteran centurions of Sulla.
rica during the following year, and returned to Meantime Cicero, the consul, was unrelaxing
Rome in 66, in order to sue for the consulship. in his efforts to preserve the state from the
The election for 65 was carried by P. Autronius threatened danger. Through the agency of
Paetus and P. Cornelius Sulla, both of whom  Fulvia, the mistress of Curius, one of the conwere soon after convicted of bribery, and their spirators,'he became acquainted with every cirplaces supplied by their competitors and accu- cumstance as soon as it occurred, and was ensers, L. Aurelius Cotta and L.,Manlius Torqua- abled to counteract all the machinations of Cattus. Catiline had been disqualified for becom- iline. Cicero, at the same time, gained over
ing, a candidate, in consequence of an impeach- his colleague Antonius by promising him the
ment for oppression in his province, preferred province of Macedonia. At length Cicero openby P. Clodius Pulcher, afterward so celebrated ly accused Catiline, and the senate, now aware
as the enemy of Cicero.. Exasperated by their of the danger which threatened the state, passed
disappointment, Autronius and Catiline formed the.decree, "that the consuls should take care
a project, along with Cn. Piso, to murder the that the republic received no harm," in virtue
new consuls when they entered upon their of which the consuls were invested for the time
office upon the first of January. This design being with absolute power, both civil and miliis said to have been frustrated solely by the im- tary. In the consular elections which followed
patience of Catiline, who, upon the appointed soon afterward, Catiline was again rejected.
day, gave the signal prematurely, before the On the night of the 6th of November, B.C.
whole of the armed agents had assembled. En- 63, he met the ringleaders of the conspiracy at
couraged rather than disheartened by a failure the dwelling of M. Porcius Loeca, and informed
wlhich had so nearly proved a triumph, Catiline them that he had resolved to wait no longer,
now determined to organize a more extensive but at once to proceed to open action. Cicero,
conspiracy, in order to overthrow the existing informed as usual of these proceedings, sumgovernment, and to obtain for himself and his moned the senate on the 8th of November, and
followers all places of power and profit. Hav- there delivered the first of his celebrated oraing been acquitted in 65 upon his trial for ex- tions against Catiline, in which he displayed a
tortion, he was left unfettered to mature, his most intimate acquaintance with all the proplans. The time was propitious to his schemes. ceedings of the conspirators. Catiline, who
The younger nobility were thoroughly demoral- was present, attempted to justify himself, but
ized, with ruined fortunes, and eager for any scarcely had he commenced when hi's words
change which might relieve them from their were drowned by the shouts of "enemy" and
embarrassments; the Roman populace were "parricide" which burst from the whole asrestless and discontented, ready to follow at the sembly. Finding that h'e could at present efbidding of any demagogue; while many of the feet nothing at Rome, he quitted the city in the
veterans of Sulla, who had squandered their ill- night (8th-9th November), and proceeded to the
gotten wealth, were now anxious for a renewal camp of Manlius, after leaving the chief conof those scenes of blood which they had found trol of affairs at Rome in the hands of Lentulus
so profitable. Among such men Catiline soon and Cethegus. On the 9th, when the flight of
obtained numerous supporters; and his great Catiline was known, Cicero delivered his secmental and physical powers, which even, his ond speech, addressed to the people in the foenemies admitted, maintained his ascendency rum, in which he justified his recent conduct.
over his adherents. The most distinguished The senate declared Catiline and Manlius pubmer who joined him, and were present at a lie enemies, and soon afterward Cicero obtained
meeting of the conspirators which he called in legal evidence of the guilt of the conspirators
June, 64, were P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura, who within the city, through the ambassadors of the
had been consul in B.C. 71, but, having been i llobroges. These men had been solicited by
passed over by the censors, had lost his seat Lentulus to join the plot, and to induce their
183




CATILLUS.                              CATO, PORCIUS.
own countrymen to take part in the insurrec- ther's farm, situated in the Sabine territory,
tion. They revealed what they had heard to In 217 he served his first campaign, in his sevenQ. Fabius Sanga, the patron of their state, who teenth year, and during the remaining years of
in his turn acquainted Cicero. By the instruc- the second Punic war he greatly distinguished
tions of the latter, the ambassadors affected himself by his courage and military abilities.
great zeal in the undertaking, and having ob- In the intervals of war he returned to his Satained a written agreement, signed by Lentu- bine farm, which he had inherited from his falus, Cethegus, and Statilius, they quitted Rome ther, and there led the same frugal and simple
soon after midnight on the 3d of December, but life, which characterized him to his last days.
were arrested on the Milvian bridge by Cice- Encouraged by L. Valerius Flaccus, a young
ro's order.  Cicero instantly summoned the nobleman in the neighborhood, he went to
leaders of the conspiracy to his'presence, and Rome, and became a candidate for office. He
conducted them to the senate, which was as- obtained the quaestorship in 204, and served unsembled in the temple of Concord (4th of De- der the proconsul Scipio Africanus in Sicily and
cember). He proved the guilt of the conspira- Africa. From this time we may date the enmitors by the testimony of witnesses and their ty which Cato always displayed toward Scipio;
own signatures. They were thereupon con- their habits and views of life were entirely difsigned to the' charge of certain senators. Cic- ferent; and Cato, on his return to Rome, deero'then summoned the people, and delivered nounced in the strongest terms the luxury and
what is called his third oration against Catiline, extravagance of his commander. On his voyin which he informed them of all that had taken age home he is said to have touched at Sardinia,
place. On the following day, the nones (5th) and to have brought the poet Ennius from the
of'December, the day so frequently referred to island to Italy. In 199 he was aedile, and in
by Cicero in after times with pride, the senate 198 praetor; he obtained Sardinia as his provwas called together to deliberate respecting the ince, which he governed wxith justice and econpunishment of the conspirators. After an ani- omy. He had now establisheda reputation for
mated debate, of which the leading arguments pure morality and strict virtue. In 195 he was
are expressed in the two celebrated orations consulwith his old friend and patron L. Valerius
assigned by Sallust to Caesar and to Cato, a de- Flaccus. He carried on war in Spain with the
cree was passed that Lentulus and the con- greatest success, and received the honor of a
spirators should be put to death. The sentence triumph on his return to Rome in 194. In 191'
was executed the same night in the prison. he served, under the consul M'. Acilius Glabrio,
Cicero's speech in the debate in the senate is in the campaign against Antiochus in Greece,
preserved in his fourth oration against Catiline. and the decisive'victory at Thermopylke was
The consul Antonius was then sent against mainly owing to Cato. From this time Cato's
Catiline, and the decisive battle was fought military career, which had been a brilliant one,
early in 62. Antonius, however, unwilling to appears to have ceased. -He now took an actfight against his former associate, gave the corn- ive part in civil affairs, and distinguished himmand on the day of battle to his legate, M. Pe- self by his vehement opposition to the Roman
treius. Catiline fell in the engagement, after nobles, who introduced into Rome Greek luxufighting with the most daring valor. The his- ry and refinement. It was especially against
tory of Catiline's conspiracy has been written the Scipios that his most violent attacks were
by Sallust.                               directed, and whom he pursued with the bitterest
[CATILLus (Virg., en., vii., 670) and CATILUs animosity. He obtained the condemnation of
(Hor., Od., i., 18, 2), son of Amphiaraus, with his L. Scipio, the conqueror of Antiochus, and cornbrothers Coras and Tiburtus migrated to Italy, pelled hisbrother P: Scipio to quit.Rome in orand there founded the city Tibur (now Tivoli), der to avoid the same fate. Vid. ScIPIO. In
on the Anio.]                             184 he was elected censor with L. Valerius
CATIUS. [1. Q. CATIUS, plebeian aedile B.C. Flaccus, having been'rejected in his applica210 with L. Porcius Licinius;,served under C. tion for the office in 189. His censorship was
Claudius Nero against Hasdrubal, B.C. 207; and a great epoch in his life. He applied himself
was subsequently sent to Delphi to present to strenuously to the duties of his office, regardthe temple there some of the booty obtained in less of the enemies he was making; but all his
the victory over Hasdrubal.]-2. An Epicurean efforts to stem the tide of luxury which was
philosopher, a native of Gallia Transpadana now setting in proved unavailing. His strong
(Insuber), composed a treatise in four books national prejudices appear to have diminished
on the nature of things and on the chief good in force as he grew older and wiser. He ap(de Rerum Natura et de summo Bono); died B.C. plied himself in old age to the study of Greek
45.                                      literature, with which in youth he had no acCATO, DIONYSIUS, the author of a small work, quaintance, although he was not ignorant of the
entitled Disticha d& Moribus ad Filium, consist- Greek language. But his conduct continued to
ing of a series of sententious moral precepts. be guided by prejudices against classes and naNothing is known of the author or the time tions, whose influence he deemed to be hostile
when he lived, but many writers place him  to the simplicity of the old Roman character.
under the Antonines. The best edition is by He had an antipathy to physicians, because they
Arntzenius, Amsterdam, 1754.              were mostly Greeks, and therefore unfit to be
CATO, PORCIUS. 1. M., frequently surnamed trusted with Roman lives. When Athens sent
CENsORIUS or CENSOR, also CATO MAJOR, to dis- Carneades, Diogenes, and Critolaus as ambastinguish him from his great-grandson Cato Uti- sadors to Rome, he recommended the senate to
censis (vid. No. 8). Cato was born at Tusci- send them from the city an account of the dan.
lum, B.C. 234, and was brought up at his fa- gerous doctrines taught by Carneades. Vid.
184




CATO, PORCIUS.                                 CATTI.
CARNEADES. Cato retained his bodily and men- ed numerous abuses which had crept into the
tal vigor in his old age. In the year before his administration of the treasury. In 63 he was
death he was one of the chief instigators of'the tribune of the plebs, and supported Cicero in
tiird Punic war. He had been one of the Ro- proposing that the Catilinarian conspirators
man deputies sent to Africa to arbitrate between should suffer death. Vid. CATILINA. He now
Mlasinissa and the Carthaginians, and he. was became one of the chief leaders of the aristoso struck with the flourishing condition of Car- cratical party, and opposed with the' utmost vethage that on his return home he maintained hemence the measures of Casar, Pompey, and
that Rome would never be safe as long as Car- Crassus. In order to get rid of him, he was
thage was in existence. From this time forth, sent to Cyprus in 58 with the task of uniting
whenever he was called upon for his vote in the island to the Roman dominions. He returnthe senate, though the subject of debate bore no ed in 56, and continued to oppose the triumvirs;.
relation to Carthage, his words were Delenda but all his efforts were vain, and he was rejectest Carthago. Very shortly before his death, ed whenhe became a candidate for the praetorhe, made a powerful speech in accusing Galba ship. On the breaking out of the civil war (49),
on account of his cruelty and perfidy in Spain. he was intrusted, as' propraetor, with the deHe died in 149, at the age of eighty-five. Cato fence of Sicily; but, on the landing of Curio
wrote several works, of which only the De Re with an overwhelming force, he abandoned the
Rustica has come down to us, though even this island and joined Pompey in Greece. After
work is not exactly in the form in which it pro- Pompey's victory at Dyrrachium, Cato was left
ceeded from his pen: it is printed in the Scrip- in charge of the camp, and thus was not present
tores Rei Rusticc, edited by Gesner (Lips., at the battle of Pharsalia (48). After this bat1773-4), and Schneider (Lips., 1794-7). His tie he set sail for Corcyra, and thence crossed
most important work was entitled Origines, but over to Africa, where he joined Metellus Scipio,
only fragments of it have been preserved. The after a terrible march across the desert. The
first book contained the history of the Roman army wished to be led by Cato; but he yielded
kings; the second and third treated of the origin the command to the consular Scipio. In oppoof the Italian towns, and from these two books sition to the advice of Cato, Scipio fought with
the whole work derived its title. The fourth Caesar, and was utterly routed at Thapsus (April
book treated of the first Punic war, the fifth 6th, 46). All Africa, now, with the exception
book of the second Punic war, and the sixth of Utica, submitted, to Caesar. Cato wanted
and seventh continued the narrative to the, year the Rorrans in Utica to stand a siege; but when
of Cato's death.-2. M., son of No. 1, by his first he saw that they were inclined to submit, he
wife Licinia, and thence called Licinianus, was resolved to die rather than fall alive into the
distinguished as a jurist. In the war against hands of the conqueror. Accordingly, after
Perseus, 168, he fought with great bravery un- spending the greater part of the night in perusder the consul zEmilius Paulus, whose'daugh- ing Plato's Phaedo several times, he stabbed himter,.Emilia Tertia, he afterward married. He self below the breast. In falling, he overturned
died when' praetor designatus, about 152.-3. an abacus: his friends, hearing the noise, ran
M., son of No. 1, by his second wife Salonia, up, found him bathed in blood, and, while he was
and thence called Salonianus, was'born 154, fainting, dressed his wound. When, however,
when his father had, completed his eightieth he recovered feeling, he tore open the bandages,
year.-4. M., son of No. 2, consul 118; died in let out his entrails, and expired at the age of
Africa in the same year.-5. C., also son of No. 49. Cato soon became the subject of biography
2, consul 114, obtained Macedonia as his prov- and panegyric. Shortly after his death appearince, and fought unsuccessfully against the ed Cicero's Calo, which provoked Caesar's AntiScordisci. He was accused of extortion in cato. In Lucan the character of Cato is a perMacedonia, and was sentenced to pay a fine. sonification of godlike virtue. In modern times,
He afterward went to Tarraco in Spain, and be- the closing events of his life have been often
came a citizen of that town.-6. M.,'son of No. dramatized; and few dramas have gained more
3, tribunus plebis, died when a candidate for celebrity than the Cato of Addison.-9. M., a
the praetorship.-7. L., also son of No. 3, con- son of No. 8, fell at the battle of Philippi, 42.
sul 89, was killed in battle.against the Socii.-  CATO, VALERIUS, a distinguished grammarian
8. M., son of No. 6, by Livia, great-grandson of and poet, lost his property in his youth during
Cato the Censor, and surnamed UTICENSTS from  the usurpation of Sulla. He is usually considUtica, the place of his death, was born B.C. 95. ered the author of an extant poem in one hundIn early childhood he lost both his parents, and red and eighty-three hexameter verses, entitled
-was brought up in the house of his mother's Dirc; edited by Putsch, Jena, 1828.
brother, M. Livius Drusus, along with his sister  [CATREUS (Karpe'Uf) or CRETEUS, son of Minos
Porcia and the children of his mother by her and Creta.]
second husband, Q. Servilius Caepip. In early  CATTI or CHATTI, whose name is connected
years he discovered a stern and unyielding with the old German word cat or cad, "war,"
character; he applied himself with great zeal one of the most important nations of Germany,
to the study of oratory and philosophy, and be- bounded by the Visurgis (now Weser) on the
came a devoted adherent of the Stoic school; east, the Agri Decumates on the south, and the
and among the profligate nobles of the age he Rhine on the west, in the modern Hesse and
soon became conspicuous for his rigid morality. the adjacent countries. They were a branch
I-e served his first.campaign as a volunteer, of the Hermiones, and are first mentioned by
72, in the servile war of Spartacus, and after- Caesar under the erroneous name of Suevi.
ward, about 67, as tribunus militum in Mace- Although defeated by Drusus, GermanicUs, and
donia' In 65 he was quastor, when he correct- other Roman generals, they were never com185




CATUALDA.                                 CAUCASUS.
pletely subjugated by the Romans; and their following spring he defeated Lepidus in thebatpower was greatly augmented on the decline of tie of the Milvian bridge, and forced him to take
the Cherusci. Their capital was MATTIUM.  refuge in Sardinia. He opposed the Gabinian
[CATUALDA, a noble youth of the Gotones, in and Manilian laws which conferred extraordithe time of Tiberius, who drove Maroboduus nary, powers upon Pompey (67 and 66). He
from the throne of the Marcomanni, and was was censor with Crassus in 65, and died in 60.
himself driven out in turn by the Hermunduri  CATURIGES, a Ligurian people in Gallia Narunder the command of Vibilius.]           bonensis, near the Cottian Alps: their chief
CATULLtS, VALERIUS, a Roman poet, born at towns were EBURODUNUM, and CATURIG.m or
Verona or in its immediate vicinity, B.C. 87. CATORIMAGUS (now Charges).
Catullus inherited considerable property from  CATUS DECILNUS, procurator of Britain in the
his father, who was the friend of Julius Ce- reign of Nero, was by his extortion one of the
sar; but he squandered a great part of it by in- chief causes of the revolt of the people under
dulging freely in the pleasures of the metropo- Boadicea, A.D. 62. He fled to Gaul.
lis. In order to better his fortunes, he went to  CAUCA (now Coca), a town of the Vacceei in
Bithynia in the train of the praetor Memmius, Hispania Tarraconensis; birth-place of the Emr
but it appears that the speculation was attend- peror Theodosius I.
ed with little success. It was probably during  [CAUCALUS (KavcKaRor), of Chios, a rhetorithis expedition that his brother died in the cian, brother of the historian Theopompus,
Troad-a loss which he deplores in the affect- wrote a eulogium on Hercules, which no longer
ing elegy to Hortalus. On his return he con- exists.]
tinued to reside at Rome or at his country-seats  CAUCXASIE PYLE. Vid. CAUCASUS.
on the promontory of Sirmio and at Tibur. He  CAUCXSUS, CAUCASII MONTES (b KavcKaooc, rt
probably died about B.C. 47. The extant works KavKdacov opoc, ra KavKccaLa opy?: now Caucaof Catullus consist of one hundred and sixteen sus). 1. A great chain of mountains in Asia,
poems, on a variety of topics, and composed in extending west-northwest and east-southeast
different styles and metres. Some are lyrical, from the eastern shore of the Pontus Euxinus
others elegies, and others epigrams; while the (now Black Sea) to the western shore of the
Nuptials of Peleus and Thetis, in four hundred Caspian. Its length is -about seven hundred
and nine hexameter lines, is an heroic poem. miles; its greatest breadth one hundred and
S6me of his poems are translations or imitations twenty, its least sixty or seventy. Its greatest
from the Greek, as, for instance, his De Coma height exceeds that of the Alps, its loftiest
Berenices, which was taken from Callimachus. summit (now Mount Elbrooz, nearly in 43~ north
In consequence of the intimate acquaintance latitude and 43~ east longitude) being sixteen
which Catullus displays with Greek literature thousand eight hundred feet above the sea, and
and mythology, he was called doctus by ibul- to the east of this are several other summits
lus, Ovid, and others. Catullus adorned all he above the line of perpetual snow, which, in the
touched, and his shorter poems are character- Caucasus, is from ten to eleven thousand feet
ized by original invention and felicity of expres- above the sea. The western part of the chain
sion.-Editions: By Volpi, Patav., 1710; by is much lower, no summit west of Mount ElDoering, Altona, 1834, 2d ed.; and by Lach- brooz rising above the snow line. At both exmann, Berol., 1829.                       tremities the chain sinks down to low hills.
CXTULUS, LUTATIUS. 1. C., consul B.C. 242, There are two chief passes over the chain, both
defeated as proconsul in the following year the of which were known to the ancients: the one,
Carthaginian fleet off the AEgates Insule, and between its eastern extremity and the Caspian,
thus brought the first Punic war to a close, 241. near: Derbent, was called Albaniae and some-2. Q., consul 102 with C. Marius IV., and as times CASPIM PYLI.; the other, nearly in the
proconsul next year gained along with Marius centre of the range, was called CaucasiaS Pyle
a decisive victory over the Cimbri near Vercel- (now Pass of Dariel). In ancient times, as is
le (now Vercelli), in the north of Italy. Catu- still the case, the Caucasus was inhabited by a
lus claimed the entire honor of this victory, and great variety of tribes, speaking different lanasserted that Marius did not meet with the ene- guages (Strabo says, at least seventy), but all
my till the day was decided; but at Rome the belonging to that family of the human race
whole merit was given to Marius. Catulus be- which has peopled Europe and Western Asia,
longed to the aristocratical party; he espoused and wvhich has obtained the name of Caucasian
the cause of Sulla; was included by Marius in from the fact that in no other part of the world
the proscription of 87; and:as escape was im- are such perfect examples of it found as among
possible, put an end to his life by the vapors the mountaineers of the Caucasus. That the
of a charcoal fire. Catulus was well acquaint- Greeks had some vague knowledge of the Caued with Greek literature, and famed, for the casus in very early times, is proved by the
grace and purity with which he spoke and wrote myths respecting Prometheus and the Argohis own language. He was the author of sev- nauts, from which it seems that the Caucasus
eral orations, of an historical work on his own was regarded as at the extremity of the earth,
consulship and the Cimbric war, and of poems; on the border of the River Oceanus. The acbut all these have perished with the exception count which Herodotus gives is good as far as
of two epigrams.-3. Q., son of No. 2, a distin- it goes (i., 203); but it was not till the march
guished leader of the aristocracy, also won the of Pompey, in the Mithradatic War, extended
respect and confidence of the people by his up- to the banks of the Cyrus and Araxes, and tc
right character and conduct. Being consul with the foot of the great chain; that means were ob.
M. Lepidus in 78, he resisted the efforts of his tained for that accurate description of the Cau
colleague to abrogate the acts of Sulla, and the casus which Strabo gives in his eleventh book.
186




CAUCI.                                  CECROPS.
The country about the east part of the Cauca- Lydia and Ionia, rising in the Cilbiani Mountains
sus was called ALBANIA: the rest of the chain (the eastern part of Tmolus), and flowing bedivided IBERIAaand COLCHIS, on the south, from  tween the ranges of Tmolus and Messogis into
SARMATIA ASIATICA on the north.-2. When the the AEgean, a little northwest of Ephesus., To
soldiers of Alexander advanced to that great this day it abounds in swans, as it did in Horange of mountains which formed the northern mer's time. The valley of the Caystrus is callboundary of Ariana, the Paropamisus, they sup. ed by Homer ( the Asian meadow," and is probposed that they had reached the great Cauca- ably the district to which the name of Asia was
sian chain at the extremity of the world men- first applied. There was an inland town of the
tioned by the early poets, and they applied to same name on its southern bank.
it the name of Caucasus; afterward, for the  [CEA. Vid. CEos.]
sake of distinction, it was called Caucasus In-  CEBENNA MONS or GEBENNA (7r K/UEeyvov Opof'
dicus.  Vid. PAROPAMISUS.                 now Cevennes), mountains in' the south of Gaul,
CAUC. Vi. d. CHAUCI.                    two thousand stadia in length, extending north
CA'UC6NES (Kavfcover), the name of communi- as far as Lugdunum, and separating the Arvernm
ties both in Greece and Asia, but whether of from the Helvii: Caesar found them in thewinthe same or different tribes can not be determ- ter covered with snow six feet deep.
ined with certainty.  The Caucones in the   CEBES (Kt6gc), of Thebes, a disciple and friend
northwest of Greece, in Elis and Achaia, were of Socrates, was present at the death of his
supposed by the ancient geographers to be an teacher. He wrote three philosophical works,
Arcadian people. The Caucones in the north- one of which, entitled TIIvaf or Picture [conwest of Asia Minor are mentioned by Homer monly cited by its Latin title, Cebetis Tabula,
as allies of the Trojans, and are placed in Bi- i. e., Picta], is extant. This work is an allethynia and Paphlagonia by the geographers, gorical picture of human life, which is explained
who regarded them as Pelasgians, though some by an old man to a circle of youths. The drift
thought them Scythians.                   of the book is to show that only the developCAUDIUM (Caudinus), a town in Samnium, on ment of our mind and the possession of real
the road from Capua to Beneventum. In the virtue can make us happy. Few works have
neighborhood were the celebrated FURCULME enjoyed a greater popularity. Of the numerous.CAUDINE, or Caudine Forks, narrow passes in editions, the best are by Schweighaiiser, Argent.,
the mountains, where the Roman army surren- 1806, and by Coraes in his edition of Epictetus,
dered to the Samnites, and was sent under the Paris, 1826.
yoke, B.C. 321: it is now called the Valley of  [CEBREN (Keg6pjv), a river of the Troad, said
Arpaia.                                   to have been so called from Cebren, father of
CAULON or CAUL6NIA: (Cauloniata: now Cas- Asterope. Vid. CEBRENE.]
tel Vtere), a town in Bruttium, northeast of  CEBRENE (Ke6p7}vrl: Ke6pfivof and Ke6prvtev~),
Locri, originally called Aulon orAulonia; found- a city in the Troad, on Mount Ida, which fell
ed by the inhabitants of Croton or by the Ache- into decay when Antigonus transplanted its inans; destroyed by Dionysius the elder, who re- habitants to Alexandrea Troas. A little river,
moved its inhabitants to Syracuse, and gave its which flowed past it, was called Cebren (Keterritory to Locri; afterward rebuilt, but again 6p'v), and the surrounding district Cebrenia (Kedestroyed in the war with Pyrrhus; rebuilt a 6pyva).
third time, and destroyed a third time in the  [CEBRIONES (Ke-6pt6vng), a son of Priam by a
second Punic war. It was celebrated for its female slave; charioteer of Hector, and slain
worship of the Delphian Apollo. Its name is by Patroclus.]
preserved in the hill Caulone, in the neighbor-  CECR6PIA. Vid. ATHENE, P. 122,a.
hood of Castel Vetere.                      CECROPS (Kticpo4), a hero of the Pelasgic race,
CAUxUS. Vid. BYBLIS.                    said to have been the first king of Attica, He
CAUNUS ( Kavvog: Kavtof': now Kaigues), was married to Agraulos, daughter of Actisus,
one of the chief cities of Caria, on its southern by whom he had a son, Erysichthon, who succoast, a little east of the mouth of the Calbis, in ceeded him as king of Athens, and three daugha very fertile but unhealthy situation. It had ters, Agraulos, Herse, and Pandrosos. In his
a citadel called Imbros, an inclosed harbor for reign Neptune (Poseidon) and Minerva (Athena)
ships of war, and safe roads for merchant ves- contended for the possession of Attica, but Cesels. It was founded by the Cretans. Its dried crops decided in favor of the goddess. Vid.
figs (Cauneae ficus) were highly celebrated. The ATHENA.  Cecrops is said to have founded
painter Protogenes was born here.         Athens, the citadel of which was called Cecro[CgA  A (now Coria), a town of Hispania pia after him, to have divided Attica into twelve
Betica, between the Baetis and Anas.]     communities, and to have introduced the first
CAUEus, the Argestes ('Apygarng) of the elements of civilized life-; he instituted marGreeks, the northwestern wind, is in Italy a riage, abolished bloody sacrifices, and taught
stormy wind.                              his subjects how to worship the gods. He is
CAVLtES or -i, a people in Gallia Narbonen- sometimes called doZvrj or geminus, an epithet
sis, east of the Rhone, between the Druentia Which some explain by his having instituted
and the Isara.                            marriage, while others suppose it to have referCAVARYIUS, a Senonian, whom Caesar made ence to the legends, in which the upper part of
king of his people, was expelled by his subjects his body was represented as that of a man, and
and compelled to fly to Casar, B.C'. 54   the lower part as that of a serpent. The later'CAYsTRUS (Kdiiarpof, Ion. KavUarpUc: now  Greek writers describe Cecrops as a native of
Karm Su, i. e., the Black River, or Kuchuk-Mein- Sais in Egypt, who led a colony of Egyptians
der, L e., Little Mceander), a celebrated river of into Attica, and thus introduced from Egypt the
187




CECRYPHALIA.                                 CELT.E.
arts of civilized life; but this account is reject- priest and his daughters as the first priestesses
ed by some of the ancients themselves, and by of Ceres (Demeter) at Eleusis.
the ablest modern critics.                  CELSA (now Velilla, ruins near Xelsa), a town
CECRYPHALIA (KeKpv0idLeta), a small island in in Hispania Tarraconensis, on the Iberus, with
the Saronic Gulf, between LEgina and Epidau- a stone bridge over this river, and a Roman colrus.                                      ony with the name Victrix Julia Celsa.
CEDREE (KedpgaL or -elan, Ke6peadrn or-aioe),  CELSUS. 1. One of the thirty tyrants, usurped
a town of Caria, on the Ceramic Gulf.    the purple in Africa, and was slain on the se-v
CEDRENUS, GEOaGIUS, a Byzantine writer, of enth day of his reign, A.D. 265.-2. An Epicuwhose life nothing is known, the author of an rean philosopher, lived in the time of the Antohistorical work, which begins with the creation nines, and was a friend of Lucian. He is supof the world, and goes down to A.D. 1057. The posed to be the same as the Celsus who wrote
last edition is by Bekker, Bonn, 1838-39.  the work against Christianity called Aoyof ft[CEIADON (KEA'dduv), a tributary of the Al- 7]0j, which acquired so much notoriety from the
pheus in Elis.]                           answer written to it by Origen. Vid. ORIGENEs,.
[CELXDON. 1. An Egyptian, slain at the nup- -3. A. CORNELIUS CELSUS, probably lived under
tials of Peiseus. —2. One of the Lapithae, slain the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. He wrote
at the nuptials of Pirithous.]            several works, of which only one remains enCELM NM (KeOatval, Ke2aLviry), the greatest tire, his treatise De Medicina, " On Medicine,"
city of southern Phrygia, before the rise of its in eight books. The first two books are princineighbor, Apamea Cibotus, reduced it to insig- pally occupied by the consideration of diet, and
nificance. It lay at the sources of the rivers the general principles of therapeutics and patholMaeander and Marsyas. In the midst of it was ogy; the remaining books are devoted to the
a citadel built by Xerxes, on a precipitous rock, consideration of particular diseases and their,
at the foot of which, in the Agora of the city, treatment; the third and fourth to internal disthe Marsyas took its rise, and near the river's eases; the fifth and sixth to external diseases,
source was a grotto celebrated by tradition as and to pharmaceutical preparations; and the
the scene of the punishment of Marsyas by last two to those diseases which more particuApollo. Outside of the city was a royal palace, larly belong to surgery.  The work has been
with pleasure gardens and a great park (rapi- much valued from the earliest times to the presdetaoc) full of game, which was' generally the ent day.-Editions: By Milligan, Edinb., 1826;
residence of a satrap. The Meander took its by Ritter and Albers, Colon. ad Rhen., 1835.rise in the very palace, and flowed through the 4. JULIUS CELSUS, -a scholar at Constantinople
park and the city, below which it received the in the seventh century after Christ, made a reMarsyas.                                  cension of the text of Caesar's Commentaries.
CELMENO (Kectatvc)). 1. A Pleiad, daughter Many modern writers have attributed to him
of Atlas and Pleione, beloved byNeptune (Posei- the life of Caesar, which was, in reality, written
don).-2. One of the Harpies. Vid. HARPYIE. by Petrarch. —5. P. JUVENTIUS CELSUS, two RoCELEIA (now Cilly), an important town in the man jurists, father and son, both of whom are
southeastern part of Noricum, and a Roman cited in the Digest. Verylittle is known of the
colony with the surname Claudia, was in the elder Celsus. The younger Celsus, who was
Middle Ages the capital of a Slavonic state call- the more celebrated, lived under Nerva and
ed Zellia; hence the modern name of the town, Trajan, by whom he was highly favored. He
which possesses Roman remains.            wrote Digesta in thirty-nine books, Epistole,
CELENDoERIS (Ke2evdepcF: now Khelindreh), a Qucestiones, and Institutiones in seven books.sea-port town of Cilicia, said to have been found- 6. P. MARIUS CELSUS, an able general, first of
ed by Sandarus the Syrian, and afterward col- Galba and afterward of Otho. After the defeat
onized by the Samians.                    of Otho's army at the battle of Bedriacum, Cel[CELENNA, a town of Campania, mentioned sus was pardoned by Vitellius, and was allowed
by Virgil (_En., vii., 739), but nowhere else.]  by him to enter on the consulship in July (A.D.
CELER, together with Severus, the architect 69).
of Nero's immense palace, the golden house.  CELTI, a powerful race, which occupied a
He and Severus began digging a canal from the great part of Western Europe. The Greek and
Lake Avernus to the mouth of the Tiber.   Roman writers call them by three names, which
CELER, P. EGNATIUS. Vid. BAREA.         are probably only variations of one name, nameCELETRUM (now Kastoria), a town in Mace- ly, CELTE (Ke-trai, Kero0i), [IALATEI (raeiral),
donia, on a peninsula of the Lacus Castoris, and GALLI (rdat2tot).  Their name was origprobably the same town afterward called Dio- inally given to all the people of Northern and
CLETIANOPOLIS.                            Western Europe who were not Iberians, and it
CELEUS (KeOle6), king of Eleusis, husband of was not till the time of Caesar that the Romans
Metanira, and father of Demophon and Triptole- made any distinction between the Celts and the
mus. He received Ceres (Demeter) with hos- Germans: the name of Celts then began to be
pitality at Eleusis when she was wandering in confined to the people between the Pyrenees
search of her daughter. The goddess, in re- and theRhine.  The Celts belonged to the great
turn, wished to make his son Demophon im- Indo-Germanic race, as their language proves.
mortal, and placed him in the fire in order to Like the'other Indo-Germanic races, they came
destroy his mortal parts; but Metanira scream- from the East, and, at a period long antecedent
ed aloud at the sight, and Demophon was de- to all historical records, settled in the west of
stroyed by the,flames. Ceres (Demeter) then Europe. The most powerful part of the nation
bestowed great favors upon Triptolemus. Vid. appears to have taken up their abode in the cenTRIPTOLEMUS. Celeus is described as the first tre of the country called after them GALLIA, be
188




CELTIBERI.                                CENTAURI
tween the Garumna in the south and the Se- the Romans. They submitted to Scipio Africaquana and Matrona in the north.' From this nus in the second Punic war, but the opprescountry they spread over various parts of Eu- sions of the Roman governors led them to rebel,
rope, and they appearin early times as a migra- and for many years they successfully defied the
tory race, ready to abandon their homes, and power of Rome... They were reduced to subsettle in, any district which their swords could mission on the capture of Numantia by Scipio
win. Besides the Celts in Gallia, there were Africanus the younger (B.C. 134), but they
eight other different settlements of the nation, again took up arms under Sertorius, and it was
which may be distinguished by the following not till his death (72) that they began to adopt
names: 1. Iberian Celts, who crossed the Pyr- the Roman customs and language.
enees and settled in Spain. Vid. CELTIBERI.-  CELTICI. 1. A Celtic people in Lusitania, be2. British Celts, the most ancient inhabitants of tween the Tagus and Anas.-2. A Celtic people
Britain. Vid. BRITANNIA.-3. Belgic Celts;-the in Gallaeoia, near the promontory Nerium, which
earliest inhabitants of Gallia Belgica, at a later was called Celticum after them (now Cape Fintime much mingled with Germans.-4. Italian isterre).
Ceits, who crossed the Alps at different periods,  CENEUM (K7vaZov an:pov' now Kanaia or Liand eventually occupied the greater part of the tar), the northwestern promontory of Euboea,
North of Italy, which was called after them  opposite Thermopyle, with-a temple of Jupiter
GALLIA CISALPINA.-5. Celts in the Alps and on (Zeus) Ceneeus.
the Danube, namely, the Helvetii, Gothini, Osi,  CENCHREnE (KeyPEaL). 1. (NowKenkri), the
Vindelici, Reti, Norici, and Carni.-6. Illyrian eastern harbor of Corinth, on the Saronic Gulf,
Celts, who, under the name of Scordisci, settled important for the trade and commerce with the
on Mount Scordus.-7. Macedonian and Thra- East.-2. A town in Argolis, south of Argos, on
cian Celts, who had remained behind in Mace- the road to Tegea.
donia when the Celts invaded Greece, and who  [CENCHRIUS (K'yXptoC), a river of Ionia, floware rarely mentioned.-8. Asiatic Celts, the To- ing through the territory of Ephesus.]
listoboii, Trocmi, and Tectosages, who founded  CENOMANI, a powerful Gallic people, originalthe kingdom of GALATIA. Some ancient writ- ly a branch of the AULERCI, crossed the Alps at
ers divided the Celts into two great races, one an early period, and settled in the north of Italy
consisting of the Celts in the south and centre in the country of Brixia, Verona,. and Mantua,
of Gaul, in Spain, and in the north of Italy, who and extended north as far as the confines of
were the proper Celts, and the other consisting Raetia. They were at constant feud with the
of the Celtic tribes on the shores of the ocean neighboring tribes of the Insubres, Boil, &c., and
and in the east as far as Scythia, who were hence usually assisted the Romans in their wars
called Gauls: to the latter race the Cimbri be- with these people.
longed, and they are considered by some to be  CENSORINUS.  1. One of the thirty tyrants,
identical with the Cimmprii of the Greeks. assumed the purple at Bologna AID. 270, but
This two-fold division of the Celts appears to was shortly afterward put to death by his own
correspond to the two races into which the Celts soldiers.-2. Author of a treatise entitled de Die
are at present divided in Great Britain, namely, Natali, which treats of the generation of man,
the Gael and the Kymry, who differ in language of his natal hour, of the influence of the stars
and customs, the Gael being the inhabitants of and genii upon his career, and discusses the
Ireland and the north of Scotland, and the various methods employed for the division and
Kymry of Wales. The Celts are described by calculation of time. The book is dedicated to
the ancient writers as men of large stature, of Q. Cerellius, and was composed A.D. 238. A
fair complexion, and with flaxen or red hair. fragment de Metris and lost tracts de Accentibus
They were brave and warlike, impatient of con- and de Geometria are ascribed to this Censoritrol, and prone to change. They fought with nus. -Editions: By Havercamp, Lug.,Bat.,
long swords; their first charge in battle was 1743; by Gruber, Noremb., 1805.
the most formidable, but if firmly resisted they  CENSORINUS, MARCIUS. 1. C., son of C. Marusually gave way. They were long the terror cius Rutilus, first plebeian dictator (B.C. 356),
of the Romans: once they took Rome, and laid was originally called Rutilus, and was the first
it in ashes (B.C. 390). For details respecting member of the family who had the surname
their later history and political organization, Censorinus. He was consul in B.C. 310, and
rid. GALLIA.                              conducted the war in Samnium. He was censor
CELTIBERI (KeRx6pMpef), a powerful people in 294, and a second time 265, the only instance in
Spain, consisting of Celts, who crossed the Pyr- which a person held the office of censor twice.
enees at an early period, and became mingled -2. L., consul 149, the first' year of the third
with the Iberians, the original inhabitants of the Punic war, conducted the war against Carthage
country. They dwelt chiefly in the central part with his colleague M'. Manilius.-3. C., one of
of Spain, in the highlands which separate the the leaders of the Marian party, fought against
Iberus from the rivers which flow toward the Sulla in the, battle near the Colline gate, was
west, and in which the Tagus and the Durius taken prisoner, and put to death by Sulla's order.
rise. They were divided into various tribes, the Censorinus was one of the orators of his time,
AREVACIE, BERONES, and PELENDONES, which and versed in Greek literature.-4. L., a partiwere the three most important, the LusoNEs, san of M. Antony, praetor 43, and consul 39.BELLI, DITTANI, &c. Their chief towns were 5. C., consul B.C. 8, died in Asia A.I,) 2, while
SEGOBRIGA, NUMANTIA, BILBILIS, &c.  Their in attendance upon C. Caegar, the grandson of
country, called CELTIBERIA, was mountainous Augustus.
andunproductive. They were a brave and war-  CENTAURI (Kevravpot), that is, the Bull-killers,
like people, and proved formidable enemies to were an ancient'race, inhabiting Mount Pelion
189




CENTIMANI.                                CEPHALUS.
in Thessaly. They led a wild and savage life, KevropmrZvoe, in Thuc. ol Kevropirec, Centuripiand are'hence called 0ppec or diper in Homer. nus: now Centorbi), an ancient town of the SiIn later accounts they were represented as half culi in Sicily, at the foot of Mount,Etna, on the
horses and half men. Their origin is variously road from Catana to Panormus, and not far from
related. According to the most ancient account, the River Symnethus; in its neighborhood a
Centaurus, the offspring of Ixion and a cloud, great quantity of corn was grown, and it became
begot the Hippocentaurs by mixing with Mag- under the Romans one of the most flourishing
nesian mares. From most accounts it would cities in the island.
appear that the Centaurs and Hippocentaurs  CEos, also CEA or CIA (Kie(, Ion.-Keor: Kezo~,
were originally regarded as two distinct classes Ion. KZiof, Ceus: now Zea), an island in the
of beings, although the name of Centaurs is ap-  Egean Sea, one of the Cyclades, between the
plied to both by ancient as well as modern wri- Attic promontory Sunium and the island Cythters. The Centaurs are particularly celebrated nus, celebrated for its fertile soil and its genial
in ancient story for their fight with the Lapithe, climate. It Was inhabited by lonians, and origwhich arose at the marriage-feast of Pirithous. inally contained four towns, Iulis, Cartheea, CoThis fight is sometimes placed in connection ressus, and PeFeessa; but the two latter perishwith a combat of Hercules with the Centaurs. ed by an earthquake. Simonides was a native
It ended by the Centaurs being expelled from  of Iulis in Ceos, whence we read of the Cec
their country, and taking refuge on Mount Pin-. munera nenice. (Hor., Carm., ii., 1, 38.)
dus, on the frontiers of Epirus. Chiron is the  CEPHALE (Ke~abe), an Attic demus, on the
most celebrated among the Centaurs.  Vid. right bank of the Erasinus, belonging to the
CHIRON. We know that hunting the bull on tribe Acamantis.
horseback was a national custom in Thessaly,  CEPHALLENIA (Ke a;Xiayvia, Kefsa;2via: Keand that the Thessalians were celebrated riders. Oaarjv, pl. Ke2a2LAve S: now Cephalonia), called
Hence may have arisen the fable that the Cen- by Homer SAME (u/yl?) or SAMOS (1iOSg), the
taurs were half men and half horses, just as the largest island in the Ionian Sea, separated from
Americans, when they first saw a Spaniard on Ithaca on the east by a narrow channel, conhorseback, believed horse and man to be one tains 348 square miles. It is said to have been
being. The Centaurs were frequently repre- originally inhabited by Taphians, and to have
sented in ancient works of art, and generally as derived its name from the mythical CEPHALUS.
men from the head to the loins, while the re- Even in Homer its inhabitants are called Cemainder of the body is that of a horse with its phallenes, and are the subjects of Ulysses; but
four feet and tail.                       the name Cephallenia first occurs in Herodotus.
[CENTIMXNI ('Ear6yxetpec), "the hundred- The island is very mountainous ('ratraLouaor);
handed," the three giants Cottus, 2Egaeon or and the highest mountain, called ^Enos, on
Briareus, and Gyges, sons of Ccelus (Uranus) which stood a temple of Jupiter (Zeus), rises
and Terra (Ge). They had a hundred hands and more than four thousand feet above the sea.
fifty heads, and were of extraordinary strength Cephallenia was a tetrapolis, containing the four
and terrible size. They helped Jupiter'(Zeus) towns SAME, PALE, CRANII, and PRONI. It
conquer the Titans, and had to guard the latter never attained political importance. In the Perwhen cast, fettered, into Tartarus.]      sian wars the inhabitants of Pale are alone menCENTRITES (Kevrpir7t: now Bedlis), a small tioned. In- the Peloponnesian war Cephallenia
river of Armenia, which it divided from the land surrendered to the Athenians. Same ventured
of the Carduchi, north of Assyria. It rises in to oppose the Romans, but was taken by M. Fulthe mountains south of the Arsissa Palus (now  vius B.C. 189. In modern times the island was
Lake Van), and flows into the Tigris.     for a long while in,possession of the Venetians,
[CENTRONES (KEvTppwves), an Alpine nation in but is now one of the seven Ionian islands unGallia Narbonensis, through whose country ran der the protection of Great Britain.
the public route from rltaly to Lugdunum in  CEPHALCEDIUM  (K60aRois6ov: CephaleditaGallia.]                                  nus: now Cefali or Cephalu), a town on the northCENTUMILUS, FULVIUS. 1. CN., legate of the ern coast of Sicily'in the territory of Himera.
dictator M. Valerius Corvus B.C. 301; consul  CEPHALUS (K1eaeoc).  1. Son of Mercury
298, when he gained a victory over the Sam- (Hermes) and Herse, was carried off by Aurora
nites; and propraetor 295, when he defeated the (Eos), who became by him the mother of TithoEtruscans.-2. CN., consul 229, defeated the nus in Syria.-2. Son of Deion and Diomede,
Illyrians subject to the,queen Teuta.-3. CN., and husband of Procris or Procne, daughter of
curule aedile 214; praetor 213, with Suessula Erechtheus, whom he tenderly loved. He was
as his province; and consul 211; in the next beloved by Aurora (Eos), but as he rejected her
year he was defeated by Hannibal near Her- advances from love to his wife, she advised him
donia in Apulia, and was killed in the battle.- to try the fidelity of Procris. The goddess then
4. M., proetor urbanus 192, superintended the metamorphosed him into a stranger, and sent
preparations for the war against Antiochus the him with rich presents to his house. Procris
Great.'was tempted by the brilliant presents to yield
CENTUM CELLSE (now Civita Vecchia), a sea- to the stranger, who then discovered himself to
port town in Etruria, first became a place of im- be her husband, whereupon she fled in shame
portance under Trajan, who built a villa here to Crete. Diana (Artemis) made her a present
and constructed an excellent harbor. It was of a dog and a spear, which were never to miss
destroyed by the Saracens in'the ninth century, their object, and then sent her back to-Cephabut was rebuilt on its ancient site, and was lus in the disguise of a youth. In order to obhence called Civita Vecchia.             tain this dog and spear, Cephalus promised to
CENTURIPi E (ra Kevr6ptera, al KevTroVpera': love the youth, who then made herself known
190




CEPHEUS.                                  CERCIDAS.
to him as his wife Procris. This led to a rec- I Milesians; and probably called KiX7oe from its
onciliation between'them.  Procris, however, pleasant situation.]
still feared the love of Aurora (Eos), and there-  CER (Kip), the personified necessity of death
fore jealously watched Cephalus when he went (Kjp or K7pef iOavdiroto). The KfpEr are de.
out hunting, but on one occasion he killed her scribed by Homer as formidable, dark, and hateby accident with the never-erring spear.  A  ful, because they carry off men to the joyless
somewhat different'ersion of the same story house of Hades. According to Hesiod, they are
is given by Ovid. (Met., vii., 685, seq.) -Sub- the daughters of Nyx (Night) and sisters of the
sequently Cephalus- fought with Amphitryon Mcerae, and punish men for their crimes.
against the, Teleboans, upon the conquest of  CiRXMUS (2' Ksoajyo': how Kneramo), a Dorian
~whom he was rewaided with the island which sea-port town on the northern side of the Chnidhe called after his own name Cephallenia.-3. ian Chersonesus, on the coast of Caria, from
A Syracusan, and father of the orator Lysias, which the Ceramic Gulf (6 KepayeltcgS lc67rog 
came to' Athens at the invitation of Pericles. now Gulf of ICos, or Golfo di Stanco) took its
He is one of the speakers in Plato's Republic. name. Vid. CARIA.
-4. An eminent Athenian orator of the'Colly-  CiRXsvs (Kepaaovg: Kepaaovvrltoc [ruins neaT
tean demus, flourished B.C. 402.          Skefie; the modern Kheresoun is the ancient
CErPHEsu (K?1bErS). 1. King of Ethiopia, son Pharnacia, q. v.]: a flourishing colony of Sinope,
of Belus, husband of Cassiepta, and father of on the coast of Pontus, at the mouth of a river of
Andromeda, was placed among the stars after the same name; chiefly celebrated as the place
his death.-2. Son of Aleus and Neera or Cle- from which Europe obtained both the cherry
obule, one of the Argonauts. He was king of and its name. Lucullus is said to have brought
Tegea in Arcadia, and perished, with most of back plants of the cherry with him to Rome,
his sons,, in an expedition against Hercules.  but this refers probably only to solme particular
*CEPRI-SA or CEPHISSIA (KCotaia more correct sorts, as the Romans seem to have had the tree
than Ky70taoia: Kno~evf ~r: now Kivisia), one much earlier. Cerasus fell into decay after the
of the twelve Cecropian towns of Attica, and foundation of Pharnacia.
afterward a demus belonging to the tribe Erech-  CERiTA (rTa Kipata), the Horns, a mountain
theis,' northeast of Athens, on the western slope on the frontiers of Attica and Megaris.
of Mount Pentelicus.                        CERAUN~I MONTES (Kepavlea i5py: now fKhimCEPHsSODORUS (Kqrpa6dOpoC).  1. An -Athe- ara), a range of mountains extending from the
nian comic poet of the old comedy, flourished frontier of Illyricum along the coast of Epirus,
B.C. 402. [A few fragments of his comedies derived their name from the frequent thunderare given by Meineke, Fragm. Corn. Grcec., vol. storms which occurred among them (Iepavv6~).
i., p. 484-6.]-2. An Athenian orator, a disci- These mountains made the coast' of Epirus.ple of Isocrates, wrote an apology for Isocrates dangerous to ships. They were also called Acroagainst Aristotle, entitled ali rp6o'Apwtaor9Xyn ceraunia, though this name was properly apvWrtypaCai.                               plied, to the promontory separating the Adriatic
CEPHISnODTUS (K1ota6dooc). 1. An Atheni- and Ioniaq Seas. The inhabitants of these
an general and orator, is mentioned on various mountains were called Ceraunii.
occasions from B.C. 371 to 355.-2. An Athe-  CERBakRUS (Kip6epog), the dog that guarded
nian sculptor, whose sister was the first wife the entrance of Hades, is mentioned as early as
of Phocion, flourished 372. He belonged to that the Homeric poems, but simply as " the dog,"
younger school of Attic artists who had aban- and without the name of Cerberus. (II., viii.,
doned the stern and majestic beauty of Phidias, 368; Od., xi., 623..) Hesiod calls him a son of
and adopted a more animated and graceful Typhaon and Echidna, and represents him with
style.-3. An Athenian sculptor, usually called fifty heads. Later writers describe him as a
the Younger, a son of the great Praxiteles, monster with only three heads, with the tail.of
flourished 300.                           a serpent, and with serpents round his neck.
CEPHIS6PHON (Kotlao~o5v), a friend of Eurip- Some poets, again, call him many-headed or
ides, is said not only to have been the chief hundred-headed. The den of Cerberus is usuactor in his dramas, but also to have aided him  ally placed on the further side.of the Styx, at
with his advice in the composition of them.  the spot where Charon~landed the shades of the
CEPIIISUS or CEPHISSUS (KVLaSO6, Ko7taai).   departed.
1. (Now AMavronero), the chief river.in Phocis  CERCAS6RUM, or -us, or -ESURA (K EpiCdopoc
and Bmcotia, rises near Lilwea in Phocis, flows 7r6ltg, Herod.; KepKieovpa, Strab.: now El-Arthrough a fertile valley in Phocis and Bcotia, kas), a city of Lower Egypt, on the western bank
and falls into the Lake Copais, which is hence of the Nile, at the point where the river divided
called Cephisis in the Iliad (v., 709). Vid. Co- into its three principal branches, the eastern
PAIS.-2. The largest river in Attica, rises in or' Pelusiac, the western or Canopic, and the
the western slope of Mount Pentelicus, and northern between them.
flows past Athens on the west into the Saronic  CERCfT.E or -II (KEPmeTrat, probably the CirGulf near Phalerum. —[3. Another river of At- cassians), a people of Sarmatia Asiatica, beyond
tica, in the territory of Eleusis, called, for dis- the Cimmerian Bosporus, on the eastern coast
tinction' sake, C. Eleusinius.] —4. There was of the Palus Mmeotis (now Sea of Azov).
also a river of this name in Argolis, Salamis,  C&RCETIUS, a mountain in Thessaly, part of
Sicyonia, and Scyros.                     the range of Pindus.
[CEPI (Kiiirot, i. e., the Gardens), a city of  [CERCIDAs (Kepieedac), a poet, philosopher, and
Asiatic Sarmatia, on the island formed by an legislator for his native city, Megalopolis. He
arm of the River Anticites and the Mieotis (now  was a disciple of Diogenes, whose death he rethe island Taman): it was a settlement of the corded in some Meliambic lines. He appears to
191




CERCINA.                          CETHEGUS, CORNELIUS.
Ibf the same, person as Cercidas the Arcadian, on the coast, a little south of the mouth of the
who is mentioned by Demosthenes among those Laus.
Greeks who, by their cowardice and corruption,  CERINTHUS (KjptvOo), a town on the eastern
enslaved their states to Philip.]         coast of Euboea, on the River Budorus.
CERCINA and CERCINITIS (Keptiva, KepKcUVrtg:  CERNE (Kepvtj: Kepvalog: now probably Arnow Karkenak Is., Ramlah and Gherba), two low, gin), an island off the western coast of Africa,
islands off the northern coast of Africa, in the to which the Phoenicians appear to have traded.
mouth of the Lesser Syrtis, united, by a bridge, Its position is uncertain, and Strabo even denied
and possessing a fine harbor. Cercina was the its existence.
larger, and had on it a town of the same name.  CERON, a fountain in Histiaeotis in Thessaly,
CERCINE (KepKIV': now Kara-dagh), a mount- said to have made all the sheep black which
ain in Macedonia, between the Axius and Stry- drank of it.
mon, forming the boundary between Sintice and  CERRETANI, an Iberian peoplein Hispania
Poeonia.                                  Tarraconensis, inhabited the modern Cerdagne
CERCINITIS (KepKctvIrtz), a lake in Macedonia, in the Pyrenees, and were subsequently dividnear the mouth of the Strymon, through which ed into the two tribes of the Juliani and Augusthis river flows.                         tani: they were celebrated for their hams.
CERCINIUM, a town in Thessaly, on the Lake  CERSOBLEPTES (KepUo6elrrST7), son of Cotys,
Boebeis.                                  king of Thrace, on whose death, in B.C. 358, he
CERco, Q. LUTATIUS, consul with A. Manlius inherited the kingdom in conjunction with BeriTorquatus B.C. 241, in which year the Arst sades and Amadocus, who were probably his
Punic war was brought to a close by the victory brothers. As an ally of the Athenians, Cersoof C. Lutatius Catulus at the AEgates. Cerco, bleptes became involyed in war with Philip, by
in conjunction with his colleague, subdued the whom he was frequently defeated, and was at
Falisci or people of Falerii, who revolted from  length reduced to the condition of a tributary,
the Romans.                               343.
CERCOPES (Kpfcwreg), droll and thievish  CERSUS (Kepao: now Mlerkes), a river of Cignomes, robbed Hercules in his sleep, but were licia, flowing through the Pylae Syro-Ciliciae,
taken prisoners by him, and either-given to Om- into the eastern side of the Gulf of Issus
phale, or killed, or set free again. Some placed  [CERTIMA, a fortified town of the Celtiberi in
them at Thermopylae (Herod., vii., 216); but the Hispania Tarraconensis, captured by Tiberius
comic poem Cercopes, which bore the name of Gracchus.]
Homer, probably placed them at CEchalia in Eu-.  CERTNYUM (Kepr6vtov), a town in Mysia, menboea. Others transferred them to Lydia, or the tioned only by Xenophon (Anab., vii., 8, ~ 8).
islands called Pithecusae, which derived their  CERVIDIUS SCEVOLA. Vid. SC^VOLA.
name from the Cercopes who were changed into  [CERYNITES, a river of Achaia, flowing from
monkeys by Jupiter (Zeus) for having deceived the mountain Cerynea in Arcadia.]
him.                                        CERYX (Ktpvf), an Attic hero, son of Mercury
CERCOPS (KepKt)ol). 1. One of the oldest Or- (Hermes) and Aglauros, from whom the priestly
phic poets, also called a Pythagorean, was the family of the Ceryces at Athens derived their
author of an epic poem "on the descent of Or- origin.
pheus to Hades."-2. Of Miletus, the contem-  [CESTRINE (Kearpivn), a district of Epirus,
porary and rival of Hesiod, is said to have, been said to have derived its name from Cestrinus,
the author of an epic poem called _/gimius, q. v.]
which, is also ascribed to Hesiod.          [CESTRINUS (KEcrpvlOS), son of Helenus and
CERCiON (KePKVevv), son of Neptune (Posei- Andromache, succeeded his, father in the sovdon) or Vulcan (Hephaestus), a cruel tyrant at ereignty of Epirus.]
Eleusis, put to death his daughter ALOPE, and  CESTRUS (KIarpoc: now Ak-su), a considerkilled all strangers whom he overcame in wrest- able river of Pamphylia, flowing from the Tauling; he was, in the end, conquered and slain by rus southward into the Mediterranean. It was
Theseus.                                  navigable in its lower course at least as far as
CERDYLIUM (KepIvitaov), a small town in Mac- the city of Perge, which stood on its western
edonia, on the right' bank of the Strymon, op- bank, sixty stadia (ten geographical miles) above
posite Amphipolis.                        its mouth.
CEREALIS, PETILIUS. 1. Served underVettius  CETEI (K7rteot),a a people of Mysia, the old inBolanus, in Britain, AD. 61; was one of the habitants of the country about Pergamus, mengenerals who supported the claim of Vespasian tioned by Homer (Od., xi., 521). Their name
to the empire, 69; suppressed the revolt of Ci- is evidently connected with that ofthe River
vilis on the Rhine, 70; and' was governor of CETIUS.
Britain, 71, when he conquered a great part of  CETHEGUS, CORNELIUS, an ancient patrician
theBrigantes.-[2. C. ANIcIs,-consuldesignatus family.  They seem to have kept up an' old
A.D. 65, proposed in the senate, after the detec- fashion of wearing their arms bare, to which
tion of Piso's conspiracy, that a temple should Lucan (ii,, 543) alludes when he describes the
be built to Nero as quickly as possible at the associate of Catiline by the words exsertique mapublic expense. Next year he fell under Ne- nus. vesana Cethegi. [Horace, however, by his
ro's suspicions, was condemned, and put him- cinctuti Cethegi (Ars Poet., 50), refers to the
self to death.]                           earlier members of the family.] 1..M., curule
CEREAXTE, (now Cerretano), a town of the aedile and pontifex maximus B.C. 213; proetor
Hernici in Iatium, between Sora and Anagnia. 211, when he had the charge of Apulia; censor
CERES. Vid. DEMETER.                    209, and consul 204. In the next year he comCERILLI (Circlla Vecchia), a town in Bruttium, manded as proconsul in Cisalpine Gaul, where
192




CETIUS.                                CHALCEDON.
he defeated Mago, brother of Hannibal.  He rea was put to death by Claudius upon his acdied 19f3. His eloquence was rated very high, cession.
so that Ennius gave him the name of Suad e me-  [CHEARECRATES (Xatpetcpar7Tg), a disciple of
duEla, and Horace twice refers to him as an an- Socrates, who is well spoken of by Xenophon
cleat authority for the usage of Latin words in an enumeration of those whose livestesti(Epist., ii., 2, 116; Ars. Poet., 50).-2. C., cor- fled to the excellence of the instruction of Socnmanded in Spain as proconsul 200; was aedile rates (Mem., i., 2, Q 48).]
199; consul 197, when he defeated the Insu-  CHEREMON (Xatpjulov). 1. One of the most
brians and Cenomanians in Cisalpine Gaul; and celebrated of the later tragic poets at Athens,
censor 194.-3. P., curule aedile 187, prator 185, flourished B.C. 380. I-Ie is erroneously called
and consul 181. The grave of Numa was dis- a comic poet by some writers. There are three
covered ira his consulship.-4. M., cqnsul 160, epigrams ascribed to Chaeremon in the Greek
when he drained a part of the Pontine Miarshes. Anthology. [The fragments of his plays have
-5; P., a friend of Marius, proscribed by Sulla been collected and published by Bartsch, Mo88, but in 83 went over to Sulla and was par- gunt., 1843, 4to.]-2. Of Alexandrea, a Stoic
doned. —6. C., one of Catiline's crew, was a philosopher, chief librarian of the Alexandrean
profligate from his early youth. WhenCa'tiline library, was afterward called to Rome, and beleft Rome, 63, after Cicero's first speech, Cqthe- came the preceptor of Nero, in conjunction with
gus staye'd behind under the orders of Lentulus. Alexander of.Egae..He wrote a history of
His charge was to murder the leading senatos; Egypt, on Hieroglyphics, on Comets, and a
but the tardiness of Lentulus prevented any grammatical work. Martial (xi., 56) wrote an
thing being done. Cethegus was arrested and epigram upon him. [The fragments of Chaecondemned to death with the other conspira- remon are given by Miiller, Fragm. Hist. Graec.,
tors.                                     vol. iii., p. 495-99.]
CfETUS'(Ir1TEtoS), a small river of Mysia, flow-  CH EREPHON (XatpeOrCv), a well-known dising from the north through the district, of Ela- ciple of Socrates, was banished, by the thirty
itis, and falling into the Caicus close to Per- tyrants, and returned to Athens on the restoragamus.                                    tion of democracy, B.C. 403.  He was dead
[CETO (Knr6L), daughter of Pontus and Gaa when the trial of Socrates took place,'399.
(Terra), wife of PhOrcys; mother of the Grare  [CCHERIPPUS (Xatiptrroc), a Greek, a friend of
and of the Gorgons.]                      Cicero and his brother Quintus, whom he acCEUTRONES or CENTR6NES, a people in Gallia companied to his province of Asia.]
Belgica, dependents of the Nervii.          CHaZRONEA (Xatpdveta': Xatpwvevg: now CaCvYX (Kiii), king of Trachys, husband of purna), the Homeric ARNE according to PausaAlcyone. His death is differently related. Vid. nias, a town in Bceotia on the Cephisus, near
ALCYONE. He was the father of Hippasus, who the frontier of Phocis, memorable for the defeat
fell fighting as the ally of Hercules.    of the Athenians by the Bceotians, B.C. 447,
[CHXA (Xdia: now Chaiappa), a city of Tri- still more for Philip's victory over the Greeks,
phylian Elis, in the plain of zEpasium: it was 338, and for Sulla's victory over the army of
probably the (DetaE of Homer (II., vii., 135). Vid, Mithradates, 86. Chaeronea - as the birth-place
PHEIA.]                                   of Plutarch.  Several remains of the ancient
CHABSRAS. Vid. ABORRHAS.                city are to be seen at Capurna, more particu-en
CHABRIASi (Xa6piac), a celebrated Athenian larly a theatre excavated in the rock, an aquegeneral. In B.C. 392 he succeeded Iphicrates duct, and the marble lion (broken in pieces),
in the command of the Athenian forces at Cor- which adorned the sepulchre of the Baeotians
inth. In 388 he assisted Evagoras in Cyprus who fell at the battle of Chieronea.
against the Persians. In 378 he was one of the  CHALz.uM (Xdiatov: Xa2alor), a port-town
commanders of the forces sent to the aid of of the Locri Ozolae on the Crissiean Gulf, on
Thebes against Agesilaus, when he adopted for the frontiers of Phocis.
the first time that manceuvre for which he be-  CHALASTRA (Xaidarpa, in Herod. XaEiaTrpn:
came so celebrated, ordering his men to await XaaaraTpaofo: now Culacia), a town in Mygdothe attack with their spears pointed against the nia in Macedonia, at the mouth of the River
enemy and their shields resting on one knee. Axius.
A statue was afterward erected at Athens to  CHALCE, or -A, or-IA (XaXK,7, XdKcLaat,Xa2Kia:
Chabrias in this posture. In 376 he gained an Xaicalofg or -ir-f: now Charki), an island of
important victory off Naxos over the Ladedae- the Carpathian Sea, near Rhodes, with a town
monian fleet under the command of Pollis. In of the same nameand a temple of Apollo.
361 he took the command of the naval force of  CHATLCEDON (Xa2.tcudjv, more correctly KaJ2x/Tachos, king of Egypt, who was in rebellion drv: Xa2Ktod6vtOf: ruins, now Chalkedon, Greek;
against Persia.  In 358 he was sent as the Kadi-Klioi, Turk.), a Greek city of Bithynia, on
Athenian commander in Thrace, but was com- the coast of the Propontis at the entrance of the
pelled by Charidemus to make a peace unfavor- Bosporus, nearly opposite to Byzantium, was
able to Athens.  On the breaking out of the founded by a colony from Megara in B.C. 685.
Social war in 357, Chabrias commanded the After a long period of independence (only inAthenian fleet. At the siege of Chios he sailed terrupted by its capture by the Persians and its
into the harbor before the rest of the fleet, and, recovery by the Athenians), it became subject
when his ship-was disabled, he refused to save to the kings of Bithynia, and suffered by the
his life by abandoning it, and fell fighting.  transference of most of its inhabitants to the
CH   iREdA, C. CASSIUS, tribune of the praeto- city of Nicomedia (B.C. 140).  The Romans
rian cohorts, formed the conspiracy by which restored its fortifications, and made it the chief
the Emperor Caligula was slain, A.D. 41. Chae- city of the province of Bithynia, or Pontica
13                                                            193




CHALCIDICE.                                CHAONES.
Prima. After various fortunes under the em-  [CHALCON (Xcluicov), a Myrmidon, father of
pire, it was entirely destroyed by the Turks. Bathycles.]
The fourth cecumenical council of the Church  CHALD-MA (Xa/caia-: XaRdaloo), in the narmet here, A.D. 451.                       rower sense, was a province of Babylonia, about
CHALCIDiCE (XaA^Ktdlct). 1. A peninsula in the lower course of the Euphrates, the border
Macedonia, between the Thermaic and Stryrno- of the Arabian Desert, and'thb head of the Pernic gulfs, runs out into the sea like a three-prong- sian Gulf. It was intersected by numerous
ed fork, terminating in three smaller peninsulas, canals, and was extremely fertile. In a wider
PALLENE, SITHONIA, and ACTE or ATHOS. It de- sense, the term is applied to the whole of Babyrived its name from Chalcidian colonists. Vid. lonia, and even to the Babylonian empire, on acCHALCIS, NO. 1.-[2. A district of Syria. Vid. count of the supremacy which the Chaldeans
CHALCIS, No. 3.]                          acquired at Babylon. Vid. BABYLON. XenoCHALCIDIUS, a Platonic philosopher, who lived phon mentions Chaldaeans in the mountains
probably in the sixth century of the Christian north of Mesopotamia; and we have other
era, translated into Latin the Timseus of Plato, statements respecting this people, from which
on which he likewise wrote a voluminous corn- it is very difficult to deduce a clear view of their
mentary; edited by Meursius, Leyden, 1617, early history. The most probable opinion is,
and byFabricius, Hamburg, 1718, at the end of that their original seat was in the mountains
the second volume of the works of Hippolytus. of Armenia and Kurdistan, whence they deCHALCICECUS (XatIClotlog), "the goddess of scended into the plains of Mesopotamia and
the brazen house," a surname of Minerva (Athe- Babylonia. Respecting the Chaldaeans as the
na) at Sparta, from the brazen temple which she ruling class in the Babylonian monarchy, vid.
had in that city.                         BABYLON.
CHALCIS (Xa2Kic': XaetKievC, Chalcidensis).  [CHALONITIS (Xactovlrtc), a district in the
1. (Now Egripo or Negroponte), the principal southeast of Assyria, around Mount Zagros,
town of Eubea, situated on the narrowest part with a city called Chala.]
ofthe.Euripus, and united with the main land by  CHALUS (X2cuO: now Koweik), a river of
a bridge. It was a very ancient town, original- Northern Syria, flowing south past Beroea and
ly inhabited by Abantes or Curetes, and colo- Chalcis, and terminating in a marshy lake.
nized by Attic Ionians under Cothus. Its flour-  CHLYBtES (Xd2Lv6re), a remarkable Asiatic
ishing condition at an early period is attested people, about whom we find various statements
by the numerous colonies which it planted in in, the ancient writers. They.are generally
various parts of the Mediterranean. It found- represented, both in the early poetic legends
ed so many cities in the peninsula in Macedonia and in the historical period, as dwelling on the
between the Strymonic and Thermaic Gulfs, that southern shore of the Black Sea, about- Thethe whole peninsula was called Chalcidice. In miscyra and the Thermodon (and probably to a
Italy it founded Cumae, and in Sicily Naxos. wider extent, for Herodotus clearly mentions
Chalcis was usually subject to Athens during them among the nations west of the Halys),
the greatness of the latter city, and afterward and occupying themselves in the working of
passed into the hands of the Macedonians, An- iron.  Xenophon mentions Chalybes in the
tiochus, Mithradates, and the Romans. It was mountains on the borders of Armenia and Mea place of great military importance, as it corn- sopotamia, who seem to be the same people
inanded the navigation between the north and that he elsewhere calls Chaldesans; and sevsouth of Greece, and hence it was often taken eral of the ancient geographers regarded the
and retaken by the different parties contending Chalybes and Chaldeai as originally the same
for the supremacy in Greece. The orator Iseeus people.
and the poet Lycophron were born at Chalcis,  CHXALBON (XaZv6v: Old Testament Heland Aristotle died here.-2. (Now Galata),. a bon), a considerable city of Northern Syria,
town in.qEtolia, at the mouth of the Evenus, probably the same as BERCEA. The district
situated at the foot of the mountain Chalcis, about it was called Chalybonitis.
and hence also called Hypochalcis.-3. (Now  CHAMELEON (XaFaiesov), a Peripatetic phiKinnesrin, ruins), a city of Syria, in a fruitful losopher of Heraclea on the Pontus, one of the
plain, near the termination of the River Chalus; immediate disciples of Aristotle, wrote works
the chief city of the district of Chalcidice, which on several of the ancient Greek poets, and likelay to the east of the Orontes.-4. A city of wise on philosophical subjects.
Syria, on the Belus, in the plain of Marsyas.  CHAMAVI, a people in Germany, who were
CHALCOCONDYLES, or, by contraction, CHAL- compelled by the Roman conquests to change
CONDYLES, LAONICUS or NICOLAUS, a Byzantine their abodes several times. They first appear
historian, flourished A.D. 1446, and wrote a his- in the neighborhood of the Rhine, but afterward
tory of the Turks and of the later period of the migrated east, defeated the Bructeri, and setByzantine empire, from the year 1298 down to tled between the Weser and the Harz. At a
the conquest of Corinth and the invasion of the later time they dwelt on the Lower Rhine, and
Peloponnesus by the Turks in 1463, thus. in- are mentioned as auxiliaries of the Franks.
eluding the capture of Constantinople in 1453;  CHAONES (XdoveG), a Pelasgian people, one of
edited by Fabrot, Paris, 1650. [It is also in- the three communities which inhabited EPIRUs,
eluded in the new edition of the Byzantine his- were at an earlier period in possession of the
torians, and edited by Imm. Bekker, Bonn, whole of the country, but subsequently dwelt
1843.]                                    along the coast from the River Thyamis to the
[CHALCODON (XacXicduv), king of the Abantes Acroceraunian promontory, which district was
in Eubcea. father of Elpenor, and one of the therefore called CHAONIA. By the poets Chaosuitors of Helen.]                        nius is used as equivalent to Epirot.
194




CHAOS.                                   CHARIS.
CHAOS (Xdof), the vacant and infinite space was upward of one hundred and five English
which existed, according to the ancient cosmog- feet; it was twelve years in erecting, B.C. 292onies, previous to the creation of the world, and 280, and cost three hundred talents. It stood
out of which the gods, men, and all things arose. at the entrance of the harbor of Rhodes, but
Chaos was called the mother of Erebos and Nyx. there is no authority for the statement that its
CHARADRA (Xdpdpoa: Xapadpaloc). 1. A town legs extended over the mouth of the harbor. It
in Phocis, on the River Charadrus, situated on was overthrown and broken to pieces by an
an eminence not far from Lilea.-2. A town in earthquake fifty-six years after its erection, B.
Epirus, northwest of Ambracia.-3. A town in C. 224. The fragments remained on the ground
Messenia, built by Pelops.                eight hundred and ninety-six years, till they
CHARADRUS (Xapadpof). 1. A small river in were sold by the general of the Calif Othman
Phocis, a tributary of the Cephisus.-2. A small IV. to a Jew of Eresa, who carried them away
river in Argolis, a tributary of the Inachus.-3. on nine hundred camels, A.D. 672.
A small river in Messenia, rises near CEchalia.  CHARICLES (XaptKlcF). 1. An Athenian dem-[4. A small stream of Achaia, near Argyre, agogue, son of Apollodorus, was one of the
now Velvitsi.]                            commissioners appointed to investigate the afCHARAX (XdpaF), of Pergamus, an historian, fair of the mutilation of the Hermae, B.C. 415;
wrote a work in forty books, called'E2?1vLad, was one of the commanders of the Athenian
and another named XpovtcI. [The fragments fleet, 413; and one of the thirty tyrants on the
of his works have been collected by Miiller, capture of Athens by Lysander, 404.-2. An
Fragm. Hist. Grec., vol. iii., p. 636-45.]  eminent physician at Rome, attended the EmCHARAX (Xdpa:, i. e., a palisaded camp: Xapa- peror Tiberius.
fovor), the name of several cities, which took  CHARICLO (XaptKc6u). 1. A nymph, daughter
their origin from military stations. The most re- of Apollo, wife of the Centaur Chiron, and mothmarkable of them stood at the mouth of the Ti- of Carystus and Ocyroe.-2. A nymph, wife of
gris. Vid. ALEXANDREA, NO. 4. There were Eueres and mother of Tiresias.
others, which only need a bare mention, in the  CHARIDEMUS (Xapidrij/zo). 1. Of Oreus in EuChersonesus Taurica, in Northern Media, near boea, of mean origin, became the captain of a
Celaenee in Phrygia, in Corsica, and on the Great band of mercenaries, and served in this capaSyrtis in Africa, and a few more.         city under the Athenian generals Iphicrates and
CHARAXUS (XdpaSo) of Mytilene, son of Sea- Timotheus. He next entered the service of the
mandronymus and brother of Sappho, fell in satrap Artabazus, who had revolted against Arlove with RHODOPIS.                       taxerxes III., and subsequently of Cotys, king
CHARES (Xcdpr). 1. An Athenian general, of Thrace, whose daughter he married. On the
who for a long series of years contrived by pro- murder of Cotys, 358, Charidemus adhered to
fuse corruption to maintain his influence with the cause of his son Cersobleptes, and on bethe people, in spite of his very disreputable half of the latter carried on the struggle with
character. In B.C. 367 he was sent to the aid the Athenians for the possession of the Chersoof the Phliasians, who were hard pressed by the nesus. In 349 he was appointed by the AtheniArcadians and, Argives, and he succeeded in ans commander in the Olynthian war, but next
relieving them. In the Social war, after the year was superseded and replaced by Chares.
death of Chabrias, 356, he had the command of -2. An Athenian, one of the orators whose surthe Athenian fleet along with Iphicrates and render was required by Alexander in B.C. 335,
Timotheus. His colleagues having refused, in after the destruction of Thebes, fled to Asia,
consequence of a storm, to risk an engagement, and took refuge with Darius, by whose orders
Chares accused them to the people, and they he was put to death, 333, shortly before the batwere recalled. Being now left in the sole com- tie of Issus.
mand, and being in want of money, he entered  CHARILAUS or CHARILLUS (Xaptiaog, Xipt2,2into the service of Artabazus, the revolted sa- Zoc), king of Sparta, son of Polydectes, is said
trap of Western Asia, but was recalled by the to have received his name from the general joy
Athenians on the complaint of Artaxerxes III. excited by the justice of his uncle Lycurgus
In the Olynthian war, 349, he commanded the when he placed him, yet'a new-born infant, on
mercenaries sent from Athens to the aid of the royal seat, and bade the Spartans acknowlOlynthus.  In 340 he commanded the force edge him for their king. He carried on war
sent to aid Byzantium against Philip; but he against Argos and Tegea; he was taken priseffected nothing, and was accordingly super- oner by the Tegeans, but was dismissed withseded by Phocion. In 338 he was one of the out ransom on giving a promise (which he did
Athenian commanders at the battle of Charo- not keep) that the Spartans should abstain in
nea. When Alexander invaded Asia in 334, future from attacking Tegea.
Chares was living at Sigeum; and in 333 he  CHARIs (Xdptc), the personification of Grace
commanded for Darius at Mytilene.-2. Of Myt- and Beauty. In the Iliad (xviii., 382) Charis
ilene, an officer at the court of Alexander the is described as the wife of Vulcan (Hepheestus),
Great, wrote a history of Alexander in ten but in the Odyssey Venus (Aphrodite) appears
books. [His fragments are given by Geier in as the wife of Vulcan (Hephaestus), from which
his Scriptores Hist. Alexandri, Lips., 1844, p. we may infer, if not the identity of Aphrodite
293-308.]-3. Of Lindus in Rhodes, a statuary and Charis, at least a close connection in the
in bronze, the favorite pupil of Lysippus, flour- notions entertained about the two divinities.
ished B.C. 290. His chief work was the statue The idea of personified grace and beauty was
of the Sun, which, under the name of "The at an early period divided into a plurality of beColossus of Rhodes," was celebrated as one of ings, and even in the Homeric poems the plural
the seven wonders of the world. Its height Charites occurs several times. The Charites,
195




CHARISIUS.                                  CHAUCI.
called Gratis by the Romans, are usually de-  [CHARMINUS (XapyIvoc), a naval, commaander
scribed as the daughters of Jupiter (Zeus), and of the Athenians, who was defeated by the
as three in number, namely, Euphrosyne, Aglaia, Spartan admiral Astyochus near Syme, B.C,
and Thalia. The names of the Charites suffi- 411, with a loss of six ships.-2. A Lacedtemociently express their character. They were the nian, was sent by Thibron, the Spartan harmost
goddesses who enhanced the enjoyments.of life in Asia, to the Greeks who had served under
by refinement and gentleness. They are most- Cyrus, then at Selymbria and in the service of
ly described as in the service of other divini- Seuthes, to induce them to enter the Lacedaemoties, and they lend their grace and beauty to nian service against Persia, B.C. 399.3
every thing that delights and elevates gods and  CHARON (Xdpwov). 1. Son of Erebos, conmen. The gentleness and gracefulness which veyed in his boat the shades of the dead across
they impart to man's ordinary pleasures are ex- the rivers of the lower world. For this service
pressed by their moderating the exciting in- he was paid with an obolus or danace, which
fluence of wine (Hor., Carm., iii., 19, 15), and by coin was placed in the mouth of every corpse
their accompanying Venus (Aphrodite) and Cu- previous to its burial. He is represented as an
pid (Eros). Poetry, however, is the art which aged man with a dirty beard and a mean dress.
is especially favored by them, and hence they -2. A distinguished Theban, concealed Peare the friends of the Muses, with whom they lopidas and his fellow-conspirators in his house
live together in Olympus, In early times the when they returned to Thebes with the view of
Charites were represented dressed, but after- delivering it from the Spartans, B.C. 379.-3
ward their figures were always naked: speci- An historian of Lampsacus, flourished B.C. 46-,
mens of both representations of the Charites and wrote works on AEthiopia, Persia, Greece,
are still extant.  They appear unsuspicious &c., the fragments of which are collected by
maidens in the full bloom of life, and they usu- Miiller, Fragm. Histor. Grec., vol. i., p. 32-35,
ally embrace each other.                  Paris, 1841.
CHARISIUS.  1. AURELIUS ARCADIUS, a Ro-   CHARONDAS (Xaptavda),,a law-giverofCatana,
man jurist, lived in the reign of Constantine who legislated for his own and the other cities
the Great, and wrote three works, De Testibus, of Chalcidian origin in Sicily and Italy. His
De Muneribus civilibus, and De Officio Prefecti date is uncertain. He is said by some to have
prcetorio, all of which are cited in the Digest.- been a disciple of Pythagoras; and he must
2. FLAVIUS SOSIPiTER, a Latin grammarian, who have lived before the time of Anaxilaus, tyrant
flourished A.D. 400, author of a treatise in five of Rhegium, B.C. 494-476, for the Rhegians
books, drawn up for the use of his son, entitled used the laws of Charondas till they were abolInstitutiones Grammaticce, which has come down ished by Anaxilaus. The latter fact sufficiently
to us in a very imperfect state. Edited by refutes the common account that Charondas
Putschius in Grammatice. Latine Auctores An- drew up a code of laws for Thurii, since this
tiqui, Hanov., 1605, and by Lindemann, in Cor- city was not founded till 443. A tradition repus Grammat. Latin. Veterum, Lips., 1840.  lates that Charondas one day forgot to lay aside
CHARITES. Vid. CHARIS.                  his sword before he appeared in the assembly,
CHARITON (Xapirov), of Aphrodisias, a town thereby violating one of his own laws, and that,
of Caria, the author of a Greek romance, in on being reminded of this by a citizen, he exeight books, on the Loves of Chareas and Cal- claimed, " By Zeus, I will establish it," and imlirrhoe. The name is probably feigned (from  mediately stabbed himself. The laws of ChaX6dpL and'Abpodiry), as the time and position rondas were probably in verse.
of the author certainly are. He represents him-  CHAROPS (Xdpofl). 1. A chief among the
self as the secretary of the orator Athenagoras, Epirots, sided with the Romans in their war
evidently referring to the Syracusan orator with Philip ~., B.C. 198.-2. A grandson of the
mentioned by Thucydides (vi., 35, 36) as the above. He received his education at Rome,
political opponent of Hermocrates. Nothing is and after his return to his own country adhered
known respecting the real life or the time of to the Roman cause; but he is represented by
the author; but he probably did not live earlier Polybius as a monster of cruelty. He died at
than the fifth century after Christ. Edited by Brundisium, 157.-[3. Son of the Trojan HipD'Orville, 3 vols., Amst., 1750, with a valuable pasus, slain by Ulysses.-4. Son of an tEschycommentary; reprinted with additional notes lus, who was the first decennial archon in Atbby Beck, Lips., 1783.                     ens, B.C. 752.]
CHARMANDE (Xapaidvdi: near Haditha or Hit),  CHARYBDIS. Vid. SCYLLA.
a great city of Mesopotamia, on the Euphrates.  CHASUARI, or CHASUARiI, or CHATTARIR, a
[CHARMADAS, otherwise called Charmides. people of Germany, allies or dependents of the
Vid. CHARMIDES, No.'2.]                   Cherusci. Their position is uncertain. They
CHARMiDES (Xapplidc). 1. An Athenian, son dwelt north of the Chatti; and in later times
of Glaucon, cousin to Critias, and uncle by the they appear between the Rhine and the Maas
mother's side to Plato, who introduces him in as a part of the Franks.
the dialogue which bears his name as a very  CHATTI. Vid. CATTI.
young man at the commencement of the Pelo-  CHAUCI or CAUCI, a powerful people in the
ponnesian war. In B.C. 404 he was one of the northeast of Germany, between the Amisia (now
Ten, and was slain fighting against Thrasybu- Ems) and the Albis (now Elbe), divided by the
lus at the Pirasus.-2. Called, also CHARMADAS Visurgis (now Weser), which flowed through
by-Cicero, a friend of Philo of Larissa, in con- their territory, into Majores and Minores, the
junction with whom he is said by some to have former west and the latter east of that river.
been the founder of a-fourth academy. He They are described by Tacitus as the noblest
flourished B.C. 100.                      and the justest of the German tribes. They
196




CHELIDON.                                 CHIM1ERA.
formed an alliance with the Romans A.D. 5, and the Pontus Euxinus, the Cimmerian Bosporus,
assisted the latter in their wars against the Che- and the Palus Macotis, united to the main land
rusci; but this alliance did not last long. They by an isthmus forty stadia in width. The anwere at war with the Romans in the reigns of cients compared this peninsula with the PeloClaudius and Nero, but were never subdued. ponnesus both in form and size. It produced a
They are mentioned for the last time in the great quantity of corn, which was exported to
third century, when they devastated Gaul, but Athens and other parts of Greece. The easttheir name subsequently became merged in the ern part of the peninsula was called TpXE/v or
general name of Saxons.                   the Rugged (Herod., iv., 99). Respecting the
CHELIDON, the mistress of C. Verres, often Greek kingdom established in this country, see
mentioned by Cicero.                      BOSPORUS. There was a town on the southCHELIDONIS (Xe2tdovei), wife of Cleonymus, ern coast of this peninsula called Chersonesus,
to whom she proved unfaithful in consequence founded by the inhabitants of the Pontic Heraof a passion for Acrotatus, son of Areus I.  clea, and situated on a.small peninsula, called
C CHELIDONIS INSULE (XeXtd6votaL vaoe: now?. FtLKpa Xep., to distinguish it from the larger,
Khelidoni), a group of five (Strabo only mentions of which it formed a part.-3. CIMBRICA (now
three) small islands, surrounded by dangerous Jutland).  Vid. CIMBRI.-[4. CHERSONESUS Aushallows, off the promontory called Hiera or REA. -Vid. AUREA CHERSONESUS.]-5. (Now
Chelidonia (now Khelidoni), on the southern  Cape Chersonisi), a promontory in Argolis, becoast of Lycia.                           tween Epidaurus and Trcezen.-6. (Now CherCHELONATAS (Xe2ovdTra: now Cape Tornese), soneso), a town in Crete, on the Promontory
a promontory in Elis, opposite Zacynthus, the Zephyrium, the harbor of Lyctus in the interior.
most westerly point of the Peloponnesus.    CHERUSCI, the most celebrated of all, the
CHEMMIS, afterward PANSOPSIS (Xe/,Auf, Ha- tribes of ancient Germany. The limits of their
v6irolgt: Xe/zuir': ruins at Ekhmim).  1. A  territory can not be fixed with accuracy, since
great city of the Thebais, or Upper Egypt, on the -ancients did not distinguish between the
the eastern bank of the Nile, celebrated for its Cherusci proper and the nations belonging to
manufactures of linen, its stone-quarries, and its the league, of which the Cherusci were at the
temples of Pan and Perseus. It was the birth- head. The Cherusci proper dwelt on both sides
place of the poet Nonnus.-[2. An island in a of the Visurgis (now Weser), and their territodeep lake near the city Buto, in Lower Egypt, ries extended to the Harz and the Elbe. They
containing a spacious temple of Apollo. He- were originally in alliance with the Romans,
rodotus, in speaking of it, says that the Egyp- but they subsequently formed a powerful league
tians told him that it was a floating island, but of the German tribes for the purpose of expellthat he, for his part, never saw it float about ing the Romans from the country, and under
or even move.]                            the chief Arminius they destroyed the army of
CHENOBOSCIA (Xryvo6oaKia: ruins at Kasees- Varus and drove the Romans beyond the Rhine,
Said), a city of Upper Egypt, on the right bank A.D. 9. In consequence of internal dissensions
of the Nile, opposite Diospolis Parva.    among the German tribes the Cherusci soon lost
CHEOPS (Xeot), an early king of Egypt, god- their influence.  Their neighbors, the CATTI,
less and tyrannical, reigned fifty years, and succeeded to their power.
built the first and largest pyramid by the com-  CHESIUM (XUatov), a promontory of Samos,
pulsory labor of his subjects.            with a temple of Diana (Artemis), who was
CHEPHREN (Xe0p?7v), king of Egypt, brother worshipped here under the surname of XraidC.
and successor of Cheops, whose example of Near it was a little river Chesius, flowing past
tyranny he followed, reigned fifty-six years, and a'town of the same name.
built the second pyramid. The Egyptians so  CHILON (XEi2aov, Xi~ov). 1. Of Lacedaemon,
hated the memory of these brothers, that they son of Damagetus, and one of the Seven Sages,
called the pyramids, not by their name, but by flourished B.C. 590. It is said that he died of
that of Philition, a shepherd who at that time  joy when his son gained the prize for boxing
fed his flocks near the place.            at the Olympic games. The institution of the
CHERSIPHRON (Xep9i6pOv) or CTESIPHON, an Ephoralty is erroneously ascribed by some to
architect of Cnosus in Crete, in conjunction Chilon.-[2. A Spartan of the royal house of
with his son Metagenes, built, or commenced the Eurypontids, who, on the death of Cleomebuilding, the great temple of Diana (Artemis) nes III., being passed over in the selection of
at Ephesus. He flourished B.C. 560.       king, excited a revolution and slew-the ephori;
CHERSONEsus (Xepaov^raof, Att. XeppO6v1ao), but, the people not sustaining hii, he was com" a land-island," that is, "a peninsula" (from  pelled to take refuge in Achaia.]
Xepoof, "l6and," and viooc, "island"). 1. CH.  CHIBERA (Xiftatpa), a fire-breathing monster,
THRACIcA (now Peninsula of the Dardanelles or the fore part of whose body was that of a lion,
of  allipoli), usually called at Athens "The the hind part that of a dragon, and the middle
Chersonesus" without any distinguishing epi- that of a goat. According to Hesiod, she was a
thet, the narrow slip of land, four hundred and daughter of Typhaon and Echidna, and had three
twenty stadia in length, running between the heads, one of each of the three animals before
Hellespont and the Gulf of Melas, and connect- mentioned.  She made great havoc in Lycia
ed with the Thracian main land by an isthmus, and the surrounding countries, and was at
which was fortified by a wall, thirty-six stadia length killed by Bellerophon. Virgil places her,
across, near Cardia. The Chersonese was col- together with other monsters, at the entrance
onized by the Athenians under Miltiades, the of Orcus. The origin of the notion of this firecontemporary of Pisistratus.-2. TAURICA or breathing monster must probably be sought for
SCYTHICA (now Crimea), the peninsula between in the volcano of the name of Chimaera, near
197




CHIMERION.                                CHOARENE.
Phaselis, in Lycia. In the works of art recent- which aspired to the honor of being the birthly discovered in Lycia, we find several repre- place of Homer, Chios [alone, with any plausisentations of the Chinmera in the simple form  bility, contested the claim with Smyrna, though
of a species of lion still occurringin that country. the latter is generally considered by modern
CHIMERION, a promontory and harbor of Thes- critics to have the best claim: vid. HoMEaUS;]
protia in Epirus..                        and it numbered among its natives the trageCI-ON (Xlov), of Heraclea on the Pontus, a dian Ion, the historian Theopompus, the poet
disciple of Plato, put to death Clearchus, the Theocritus, and other eminent men. Its chief
tyrant of his native town, and was in conse- city, Chios (now Khio), stood on the eastern side
quence killed, B.C. 353. There are extant of the island, at the foot of its highest mountain,
thirteen letters which are ascribed to Chion, Pelinaus: the other principal places in it were
but which are undoubtedly of later origin. Ed- Posidium, Phanma, Notium, Elaeus, and Leucoited by Coberus, Lips. and Dresd., 1765, and by nium.
Orelli, in his edition of Memnon, Lips., 1816.  CHIRISOPHUS (XctLPaoio), a Lacedamonian,
CHIONE (Xt6vr),. 1. Daughter of Boreas and was sent by the Spartans to aid Cyrus in his
Orithyia, became by Neptune (Poseidon) the expedition against his brother Artaxerxes, B.C.
mother of Eumolpus.-2. Daughter of Deda- 401. After the battle of Cunaxa and the sublion, beloved by Apollo and Mercury (Hermes), sequent arrest of the Greek generals, Chirisogave birth to twins, Autolycus and Philammon, phus was appointed one of the new generals,
the former a son of Mercury (Hermes) and the and, in conjunction with Xenophon, had the
latter of Apollo. She was killed by Diana (Ar- chief conduct of the retreat.
temis) for having compared her beauty to that  CHIRON (XEiOPv), the wisest and justest of all
of the goddess.                           the Centaurs, son of Saturn (Cronos) and PhilyCHIONiDES (Xtcvin4g and Xtovidys), an Athe- ra, and husband of NaYs or Chariclo, lived on
nian poet of the old comedy, fourished B.C. Mount Pelion.  He was instructed by Apollo
460, and was the first poet who gave the Athe- and Diana (Artemis), and was renowned for his
nian comedy that form which it retained down skill in hunting, medicine, music, gymnastics,
to the time of Aristophanes. [His fragments and the art of prophecy. All the most distinare given by Meineke, Comic Grcec. Fragm., guished heroes of Grecian story, as Peleus,
vol. i., p. 3-5, edit. minor.]            Achilles, Diomedes, &c., are described as the
CHIOS (Xioc: Xioc, Chius: now Greek Khio, pupils of Chiron in these arts. His friendship
Italian Scio, Turkish Saki-Andassi, i. e., Mastic- with Peleus, who was his grandson, is particuisland), one of the largest and most famous larly celebrated.  Chiron saved him from the
islands of the ZEgean, lay opposite to the pen- other Centaurs, who were on the point of killing
insula of Clazomenae, on the coast of Ionia, him, and he also restored to him the sword
and was reckoned at nine hundred stadia (nine- which Acastus had concealed. Chiron further
ty geographical miles) in circuit. Its length informed him in what manner he might gain
from north to south is about thirty miles, its possession of-Thetis, who was destined to marry
greatest breadth about ten, and the width of a mortal. Hercules, too, was his friend; but
the strait, which divides it from the main land, one of the poisoned arrows of this hero was
about eight. It is said to have borne, in the nevertheless the cause of his death. While
earliest times, the various names of./Ethalia, fighting with the other Centaurs, one of the
Macris, and Pityusa, and to have been inhab- poisoned arrows of Hercules struck Chiron,
ited by Tyrrhenian Pelasgians and Leleges. It who, although immortal, would not live any
was colonized by the Ionians at the time of longer, and gave his immortality to Promneththeir great migration, and became an import- eus. According to others, Chiron, in lookingaat
ant member of the Ionian league; but its pop- one of the arrows, dropped it on his foot, and
ulation was mixed. It remained an independ- wounded himself. Jupiter (Zeus) placed Chiron
ent and powerful maritime state, under a demo- among the stars.
cratic form of government, till the great naval  CHITONE (XlTvn), a surname of Diana (Ariedefeat of the Ionian Greeks by the Persians, mis), derived either from the Attic demus of
B.C. 494, after which the Chians, who had Chitone, or because the goddess is represented
taken part in the fight with one hundred ships, with a short chiton.
were subjected to the Persians, and their island  CHL6OE (XAy1), the Blooming, a surname of
was laid waste and their young women carried Ceres (Demeter) as the protectress of tie green
off into slavery. The battle of Mycale, 479, fields: hence Sophocles (CEd. Col., 1600) calls
freed Chios from the Persian yoke, and it be- her A[LrTnp rE X;ooc.
came a member of the Athenian league, in    [CHLREus, a priest of Cybele, followed Zneas
which it was for a long time the closest and from Troy into Italy, and was slain by Turnus.]
most favored ally of Athens; but an unsuccess-  CHLORIS (XaLpif). 1. Daughter of the Theful attempt to revolt, in 412, led to its conquest ban Amphion and Niobe: she and her brother
and devastation. It recovered its independence, Amyclas were the only children of Niobe nrt
with Cos and Rhodes, in 358, and afterward killed by Apollo and Diana (Artemis). She is
shared the fortunes of the other states of IoIA. often confounded with No. 2.-2, Paughter of
Chios is covered with rocky mountains, clothed Amphion of Orchomenos, wife of Neleus, king
with the richest vegetation. It was celebrated of Pylos, and mother of Nestor.-3. Wife of
for its wine, which was among the best known Zephyrus, and goddess of flowers, identical with
to the ancients, its figs, gum-mastic, and other the Roman Flora.
natural products, also for its marble and pottery,  CH6AREINE (XoapnvvO), a fertile valley in the
and for the beauty of its women, and the lux- west of Parthia, on the borders of Media, b~urious life of its inhabitants. Of all the states tween two ranges of the Caspii Montes.
198




CHOASPES.                               CHRYSOGONUS.
CHOASPES (XoaodTrngC). 1(Now Kerah or Ka-  CHRYSANTAS (Xpvaavraa), described by Xeno.
ra- Su), a river of Susiana, falling into the Tigris. phon in the Cyropoedia as a brave and wise PerIts water was so pure that the Persian kings sian, high in the favor of Cyrus, who rewarded
used to carry it with them in silver vessels him with the satrapy of Lydia and Ionia.
when on foreign expeditions. It is wrongly  [CHRYSANTHIS (XpvCavO[i), an Argive female,,
identified by some geographers with the EULE- who informed Ceres, when she came to Argos,
us.-2. (Now Attock), a river in the Paropamisus, of the abduction of her daughter.]
falling into the Cophes (now Cabul), apparently  CHRYSAOR (Xpvadop).  1. Son of Neptune
identical with the Suastus of Ptolemy and the (Poseidon) and Medusa, husband of Callirrhoe,
Guraeus ofArrian; and if so, the Choes of Arri- and father of Geryones and Echidna.-2. The
an is probably the Kama; but the proper nam- god (or goddess) with the golden sword, a suring of these rivers is very difficult.    name of several divinities, as Apollo, Diana
CHElRADES (Xotpdd6e), two small rocky islands (Artemis), and Ceres (Demeter).
off the coast of Italy, near Tarentum.      CHRYSAS (Xpvaa: now Dittaino), a small
CHCaiRILus (XotpgioC or XoipLt2or).  1. Of river in Sicily, an affluent of the Symeathus, was
Athens, a tragic poet, contemporary with Thes- worshipped as a god in Assorus, in the neighpis, Phrynichus, and.Eschylus, exhibited trage- borhood of which there was a Fanum Chryse.
dies for forty years, B.C. 523-483, and gained  CHRYSEIS (XpvcafC), daughter of Chryses,
the prize thirteen times.-2. Of Samos, the au- priest of Apollo at Chrysa, was taken prisoner
thor of an epic poem on the Persian wars: the by Achilles at the capture of Lyrnessus or the
chief action of the poem appears to have been Hypoplacian Thebe. In the distribution of the
the battle of Salamis. He was born about 470, booty she was given to Agamemnon. Her faand died at the court of Archelaus, king of Ma — ther Chryses came to the camp of the Greeks
cedonia, consequently not later than 399, which to solicit her ransom, but was repulsed by Agawas the last year of Archelaus. [The frag- memnon with harsh words. Thereupon Apollo
ments of Chcerilus are given by Nake, Choerili sent a plague into the camp of the Greeks, and
Samii Fragmenta, Lips., 1817.]-3. Of Iasos, a Agamemnon was obliged to restore her to her
worthless epic poet in the train of Alexander father to appease the anger of the god. Her
the Great, is said to have received from Alex- proper name was Astynome.
ander a gold stater for every verse of his poem.  CHRYSES. Vid. CHRYSEIS.
(Hor., Ep., ii., 1, 232; Art. Poet., 357.)  CHRYSIPPUS (XpdatTrTrog). 1. Son of Pelops
CHOES. Vid. CHOASPES, No. 2.            and Axioche, was hated by his step-mother HipCHOLLID.E (XoA2eldat or Xo2ASdat: Xo;2reirdC, podamia, who induced her sons Atreus and Thy-i4c), a demus in Attica belonging either to the estes to kill him.-2. A Stoic philosopher, son
tribe Leontis or Acamantis.               of Apollonius of Tarsus, born at Soli in Cilicia,
CHONIA (Xavia), the name in early times of B.C. 280. When young, he lost his paternal
a district in the south of Italy, inhabited by the property and went to Athens, where he became
CHONES (XIyeC), an CEnotrian people, who de- the disciple of the Stoic Cleanthes. Disliking
rived their name from the town of CHONE the Academic skepticism, he became one of the
(Xdvy). Chonia appears to have included the most strenuous supporters of the principle that
southeast of Lucania and the whole of the knowledge is attainable and may be established
east of Bruttium as far as the promontory Ze- on certain foundations. Hence, though not the
phyrium.                                  founder of the Stoic school, he was the first perCHEORSM.I (Xwopa'toe), a people of Sogdiana, son who based its doctrines on a plausible syswho inhabited the banks and islands of the tem of reasoning, so that it was said, " if Chrylower course of the Oxus. They were a branch sippus had not existed, the Poich could not
of the Sacaw or Massagete.                have been." He died-207, aged seventy-three.
CHosiRoES. 1. King of Parthia. Vid. ARSA- He possessed great acuteness and sagacity, and
CEs, No. 25.-2. King of Persia. Vid. SASSANI- his industrywas so great that he is said to have
us. F                                    seldom written less than five hundred lines a
[CHKoMIS (Xpo6,t), son of Midon, was, with day, and to have left behind him seven hundred
Ennomus, leader of the Mysians in the Trojan and five works. [His fragments have been colwar. Three or four other persons of this name lected by Baguet, De Chrysippi vita et reliquiis,
are mentioned in the.Eneid of Virgil and in Lovanii, 1822, 4to.]-3. Of Cnidos, a physician,
Ovid.]                                    sometimes confounded with the Stoic philoso[CtROMIus (Xpoyfio). 1. Son of Neleus and pher, but he lived about a century earlier. He
Chloris; slain by Hercules.-2. Son of Priam, was son of Erineus, and pupil of Eudoxus of
slain, together with his brother Echemon, by Cnidos: his works, which are not now extant,
Diomedes.-3. Son of Agesidamus, a Syracu- are quoted by Galen.-[4. A learned freedman
saa, conqueror at the Nemean games. Two or of Cicero, who ordered him to attend upon his
three other persons of this name of no import- son in B.C. 52; but as he left young Marcus
ance are mentioned in the Iliad.]         without the knowledge of his patron, Cicero deCHEYSA or -E (Xpvca, -y), a city on the coast termined to declare his manumission void. He
of the Troad, near Thebes, with a temple of afterward appears, however, to have been in
Apollo Smintheus; celebrated by Homer, but favor again with his patron.-5. A freedman of
destroyed at an early period, and succeeded by, the architect Cyrus, and himself also an archianother city of the same name, on a height tect.]
firther from the -sea, near Hamadxitos. This  CHRvYOCERA, the " Golden Horn," the promsecond city fell into decay in consequence of ontory on which part of Constantinople was
the removal of its inhabitants to ALEXANDREA built.
TUOAS.                                      CHRYSOGOSNIs, L. CORNELIUS, a favorite freed199




CHRYSOPOLIS.                            CICERO, TULLIUS.
man of Sulla, and a man of profligate character,  CIXCA, a border fortress of the Romans in
was the false accuser of Sextus Roscius, whom  Lesser Armenia.
Cicero defended, B.C. 80.                   CIBAXLE or CIBALIS, a town in Pannonia, on
CHRniSOPOLIS (XpvO67rOAf: now Scutari), a the Lake Hiulcas, between the Dravus and Safortified place on the Bosporus, opposite to By- vus, near which Constantine gained a decisive
zantium, at the spot where the Bosporus was victbry over Licinius, A.D. 314: the birth-place
generally crossed. It was originally the port of Valentinian and Gratian.
of Chalcedon.                               CIBOTUS.  Vid. ALEXANDREA, No. 1; APACHRYSORRHOAS (Xpvoop(56aC: now Barrada), MEA, No. 3.
also called BARDINES, a river of Coele-Syria, flow-  CIBYRA (Ki6vpa: Kitvpdra.:'now Cibyrita).
ing from the eastern side of Anti-Libanus, past 1. MAGNA (I? tUeydat?: ruins at Buruz. or AronDamascus, into a lake now called Bahr-el-Merj. don?), a great city of Phrygia Magna, in the ferCHRYSOSTOMUS, JOANNES (XpvaoSarofioS, "gold- tile district of Milyas, on the borders of Caria,
en-mouthed," so surnamed from the power of said to have been founded by the Lydians, but
his eloquence), usually called ST. CHRYSOSTOM, afterward peopledby the Pisidians. In Strabo's
was born at Antioch, of a noble family, A.D. time four native dialects were spoken in it be347. He received instruction in eloquence from  sides Greek, namely, those of the Lydians, the
Libanius; and after being ordained deacon (381) Pisidians, the Milye, and the Solymi. Under
and presbyter (386) at.Antioch, he became so its native princes, the city ruled over a large
celebrated as a preacher that he was chosen'district called Cibyratis (K6vpCirtc), and could
archbishop of Constantinople on the death of send into the field an army of thirty thousand
Nectarius, 397. Chrysostom soon gave great men. In B.C. 83 it was added to the Roman
offence at Constantinople by the simplicity of empire, and was made the seat of a conventus
his mode of living, by the sternness with which juridicus. After being nearly destroyed by an
he rebuked the immorality of the higher classes, earthquake, it was restored by Tiberius; under
and by the severity which he showed to the the names Cesarea and Civitas Cibyratica.
worldly-minded monks and clergy. Among his The city was very celebrated for its manufacenemies was the Empress Eudoxia; and they tures, especially in iron.-2. PARVA (K. LUKpd:
availed themselves of a dispute which had now Ibura), a city of Pamphylia, on the borders
arisen between Chrysostom and Theophilus, of Cilicia.
patriarch of Alexandrea, to accuse Chrysostom  CICERfEIUS, C., secretary of the elder Scipio
of Origenism, and to obtain his deposition by a Africanus, was a candidate for the praetorship,
synod held at Chalcedor in 403. But the same' B.C. 174, along with Scipio's son, but resigned
causes which had brought on Chrysostom the in favor of the latter. - He was praetor in the
hatred of the higher orders had made him the following year, and conquered the Corsicans, but
idol of the people. A few days after he had left was refused a triumph. In 172 and 167 he was
the city an earthquake happened, which the one of the ambassadors sent to the Illyrian king
enraged people considered as a proof of the di- Gentius, and in 168 he dedicated on the Alban
vine anger at his banishment. Eudoxia, fear- Mount a-temple to Juno Moneta.
ing a popular insurrection, recalled him, but two  CICERO, TULLIUS. 1. M., grandfather of the
months after his return he again excited the orator, lived at his native town Arpinum, which
anger of the empress, and was banished a see- received the full Roman franchise in B.C. 188.
ond time to the desolate town of Cucusus, on -2. M., son of No. 1, also lived at Arpinum, and
the borders ofIsauria and Cilicia. He met with died 64.-3. L., brother of No. 2, was a friend
much sympathy from other churches, and his of Marcus Antonius the orator.-4. L., son of
cause was advocated by Innocent, bishop of No. 3, school-fellow of the orator, died 68, much
Rome; but all this excited jealousy at Constan- regretted by his cousin.-5. M., the orator, eldtinople, and he was ordered to be removed to est son of No. 2 and Helvia, was born on the
Pityus in Pontus. He died on the journey at third of January, B.C. 1Q6,- at the family resiComana in Pontus, 407, in the sixtieth year of dence in the vicinityibf'Arpinum. He was eduhis age. His bones were brought back to Con- cated along with his brother Quintus, and the
stantinople in 438, and he received the honor of two brothers displayed such aptitude for learncanonization. His works are most voluminous. ing that his father removedwith them to Rome,
They consist of, 1. Homilies, Sermons on dif- where they received instruction from the best
ferent parts of Scripture and points of doctrine teachers in the capital. One of their most celeand practice. 2. Commentaries on the Scrip- brated teachers was the poet Archiasof Antioch.
tures.  3. Epistles.  4. Treatises on various After receiving the manly gown (91) the young
subjects, e. g., the Priesthood, Providence, &c. Marcus was placed under the care of Q. Mu5. Liturgies. The best edition of his works is cius Scaevola, the augur, from whom he learnby Montfaucon, Paris, 1718-38, 13 vols. folio: ed the principles of jurisprudence. In 89 he
[reprinted Paris, 1835-40,, 13 vols. royal 8vo.]  served his first and only campaign under Ca.
[CHRYSOTHEMIS (Xpva66OeUc), a daughter of Pompeius Strabo in the Social war. During the
Agamemnon, offered by him in marriage to civil wars between Marius and Sulla, Cicero
Achilles to bring about a reconciliation.]  identified himself with neither party, but deCHTH6NIUS (X06ivoC) and CHTHONIA (XOovia), voted his time to the study of law, philosophy,
epithets of the gods and goddesses of the lower and rhetoric. He received instruction in phiworld (from 06uv, " the earth"), as Hades, He- losophy from Phoedrus the Epicurean, Philo, the
ate; Demeter, Persephone, &c.             chief of the New Academy, and Diodotus the
CHYTRI (Xdrpoi).  1. (Now Chytri), a town Stoic, and in rhetoric from Molo the Rhodian.
in Cyprus, on the road from Cerynia to Salamis. Having carefully cultivated his powers, Cicero
-2. Warm springs at Salamis.              came forward as a pleader in the forum as soon
200




CICERO.                                   CICERO.
as tranquillity was re.stored by the final over- whole body of the people assembled in the cothrow of the Marian party.  His first extant mitia. Cicero's enemies were not slow in availspeech was delivered in 81, when he was twen- ing themselves of this vulnerable point. The
ty-six yeats of age, on behalf of P. Quintius. people, whose cause he had deserted, soon beNext year (80) he defended Sextus Roscius of gan to show unequivocal signs of resentment
An.eria, charged with parricide by Chrysogonus, against him. Shortly afterward (62) he mora favorite freedman of Sulla. Shortly afterward tally offended Clodius by bearing witness against
(79) Cicero went to Greece, ostensibly for the him, when the latter was accused of a violation
mprovement of his health, which was very del- of the mysteries of the Bona Dea. Clodius
icate, but perhaps because he dreaded the re- vowed deadly vengeance against Cicero.. To
sentment of Sulla. He first went to Athens, accomplish his purpose more securely, Clodius
where he remained six months, studying phi- was adopted into a plebeian family, was then
losoplty under Antiochus of Ascalon, and rhet- elected tribune of the plebs, and as tribune (58)
oric under Demetrius Syrus; and here he made brought foi'ward a bill, interdicting from fire and
the acquaintance of Pomponius Atticus, who re- water (i. e., banishing) any one who should be
*rained his firm friend to the close of his life. found to have put a Roman citizen to death unFrom Athens he passed over to Asia Minor, re- tried. The triumvirs, Caesar, Pompey, and Crasmeiving instruction from the most celebrated sus, left Cicero to his fate; and despairinig of
rhetoricians in the Greek cities of Asia; and offering any successful opposition to the measfinally passed somne time at Rhodes (78), where ure of Clodius, Cicero voluntarily retired fronm
he once more placed himself under the-care of Rome before it was put to the vote, and crossed
Molo. After an absence of two years, Cicero over to Greece. He took up his residence at
returned to Rome (77), with his health firmly Thessalonica in Macedonia. Here he gave way
established, and his oratorical powers greatly to unmanly despair; and his letters during this
improved. He again came forward an an orator period are filled with groans, sobs, and tears.
in the forum, and soon obtained the greatest Meanwhile his friends at Rome had not deserted
distinction. His success in the forum paved for him; and, notwithstanding the vehement oppohim the way to the high offices of state. -In 75 sition of Clodius, they obtained his recall from
he was quaestor in Sicily under Sex. Peducaeus, banishment in the course of next year. In Aupraetor of Lilybaeum, and discharged the duties gust, 57, Cicero landed at Brundisium, and in
of his office with an integrity and impartiality September he was again at Rome, where he was
which secured for him the affections of the pro- received with distinguished honor. Taught by
vincials. He returned to Ronie in 74, and for experience, Cicero would no longer join the senthe next four years was engaged in pleading ate in opposition to the triumvirs, and retired to
causes. In 70 he distinguished himself by the a great extent from- public life. In 52 he was
impeachment of VERREs, and in 69 he was cu- compelled, much against his will, to go to the
rule aclile. In 66 he was paetor, and while East as governor of Cilicia. Here he distinholding this office he defended Cluentius in the guished himself by his integrity and impartial
speech still extant, and delivered his celebrated administration of justice, but, at the same time,
oration in favor of the Manilian law, which ap- made himself ridiculous by the absurd vanity
pointed Pompey to the command of the Mith- which led him to assume the title of imperator
radatic war. Two years afterward he gained and to aspire to the honors of a triumph on acthe great object of his ambition, and, although count of his subduing some robber tribes in his
a novus homo, was elected consul with C. Anto- province. He returned to Italy toward the end
aius as a colleague. He entered upon the office of 50, and arrived in the neighborhood of Rome
on the first of January, 63. Hitherto Cicero onthe fourth of January, 49, just as the civilwar
had taken little part in the political struggles of between Caesar and Pompey broke out. After
his time. As far as he had interfered in public long hesitating which side to join, he finally deaffairs, he had sided with the popular party, termined to throw in his lot with Pompey, and
which had raised him to power; but he appears crossed over to Greece in June. After the batnever to have had any real sympathy with that tie of Pharsalia (48), Cicero abandoned the
party; and as soon as he had gained the high- Pompeian party and returned to Brundisium,
est office in the state he deserted his former where he lived in the greatest anxiety for many
friends, arnd connected himself closely with the months, dreading the vengeance of Caesar. But
aristocracy. The consulship of Cicero was dis- his fears were groundless: he was not only
tinguished by the outbreak of the conspiracy pardoned by Caesar, but, when the latter landed
of Catilline, which was suppressed and finally at Brundisium in September, 47, he greeted
crushed by Cicero's prudence and energy. Vid. Cicero with the greatest kindness and respect,
CATILINA. For this service Cicero received the and allowed him to return to Rome. Cicero
highest honors; he was addressed as "father now retired into privacy, and during the next
of his country," and thanksgivings in his name three or four years composed the greater part
were voted to the gods. But as soon as he.had of his philosophical and rhetorical works. The
laid down the consulship, the friends of the con- murder of Caesar on the 15th of March, 44,
spirators, who had been condemned to death by again brought Cicero into public life. He put
the senate, and whose sentence had been car- himself at the head of the republican party, and
ried into execution by Cicero, accused him loud- in his Philippic orations attacked M. Antony
By of having put Roman citizens to death ille- with unmeasured vehemence. But this proved
gally. Cicero had clearly been guiltY of a vio- his ruin. On the formation of the triumvirate
lation of the fundamental principles of the Ro- between Octavianus, Antony, and Lepidus (27th
man constitution, which declared that no citizen of November, 43), Cicero's name was in the
could be put to death until sentenced by the list of the proscribed. Cicero was warned of
201




CICERO.                                   CICERO.
his danger while at his Tusculan villa, and em- rum ad C. Herennium Libri IV. The author of
barked at Antium, intending to escape by sea, this work is uncertain, but it was certainly not
but was driven by stress of weather to Circeii, written by Cicero.-II. PHILOSOPHICAL WORKS.
from whence he coasted along to Formiae, where I. POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY: 1. De Republica Libri
hIe landed at his villa. From Formia his at- VI. A work on the best form of government
tendants carried him in a litter toward the shore, and the duty of the citizen, in the form of a
but were overtaken by the soldiers before they  dialogue, founded on the Republic of Plato;
could reach the coast. They were ready to de- written in, 54. This work disappeared in the
fend their miaster with their lives, but Cicero tenth or eleventh century of our era with the
commanded them to desist, and, stretching for- exception of the episode of the Somnium Scipiward, called upon his executioners to strike. onis, which had been preserved by Macrobius;
They instantly cut off his head and hands, which but in 1822, Angelo Mai found among the Pawere conveyed to Rome, and, by the orders of limpsests in the Vatican a portion of the lost
Antony, nailed to the Rostra. Cicero perished treasure.  Thus the greater part of the first
on the 7th of December, 43, and, at the time of and'second books, and a few fragments of the
his death, had nearly completed his sixty-fourth  others, were discovered.  Editions by Mai,
year. By his first wife, Terentia, Cicero had Rome, 1822, and by Creuzer and Moser, Frankf.,
two children, a daughter TULLIA, whose death  1826.-2. De Legtibus Libri IIL  A dialogue,
in 45 caused him the greatest sorrow, and a founded on the Laws of Plato; probably writson Marcus. Vid. No. 7. His wife Terentia, ten 52. A portion of the three books is lost,
to whom he had been united for thirty years, and it originally consisted of a greater number.
he divorced in 46, in consequence, it would ap- Edited by Moser and Creuzer, Frankfort, 1824,
pear, of some disputes connected with pecuni- and by Bake, Lugd. Bat., 1842.-II. PHILOSOPHY
ary transactions; and soon afterward he mar- OF MORALS: 1. De Ojficiis Libri III. Written
ried a young and wealthy maiden, PUBLILIA, his in'44 for the use of his son Marcus, at that time
ward, but, as might have been anticipated, found residing at Athens. The first two books were
little comfort in this new alliance, which was chiefly taken from Panetius, and the third book
speedily dissolved. As a statesman and a citi- was founded upon the work of the Stoic Hecato 
zen Cicero can not command our respect. He blut the illustrations are taken almost excludid good service to his country by-the suppres- sively from Roman history and Roman literasion of the conspiracy of Catiline; but this was ture. Edited by Beier, Lips., 1820-1821, 2 vols.
almost the only occasion on which he showed -2. CatolMajor s. De Senectute, addressed to Atvigor and decision of character. His own let- ticus, and written at the beginning of 44: it
ters condemn him. In them his inordinate van- points out how the burden of old age may be
ity, pusillanimity, and political tergiversation most easily supported.-3. Lrelius s. De AHiciappear in the clearest colors. It is as an author tia, written after the preceding, to which it may
that Cicero deserves the highest praise. In his be considered as forming a companion: also
works the Latin language appears in the great- addressed to Atticus. [Edited by Beier, Lips.,
est perfection. They may be divided into the 1828, and by Seyffert, Brandenburg, 1844.]-4.
following subjects: I. RHETORICAL WORKS: 1. De Gloria Libri II., written 44, is now lost,
Rhetoricorumn s. De Inventione Rhetorica Libri II. though Petrarch possessed a MS. of the work.
This appears to have been the earliest of Cic- -5. De Consolatione s. De Luctu minuendo, writero's prose works. It was intended to exhibit ten 45, soon after the death of his daughter
in a systematic form all that was most valuable Tullia, is also lost.-III. SPECULATIVE PHILosin the works of the Greek rhetoricians, but it oPHY: 1. Academicorum Libri ll., a treatise upon
was never completed.-2. De Partitione Orato- the Academic philosophy, written 45. Edited
ria Dialogus. A catechism of Rhetoric, accord- by Goerenz, Lips., 1810, and Orelli, Turic., 1827.
ing to the method of the middle Academy, by -2. De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum Libri V.
way of question and answer, drawn up by Cic- Dedicated to M. Brutus, in which are discussed
ero for the instruction of his son Marcus, writ- the opinions of the Epicureans, Stoics, and Perten in 46.-3. De Oratore ad Quinturn Fratrem  ipatetics, on the Supreme Good, that is, thefinis,
Libri IlL. A systematic work on the art of or end, toward which all our thoughts and acOratory, written in 55 at the request of his tions are, or ought to be, directed. Written in
brother Quintus. This is the most perfect of 45. Edited by Otto, Lips., 1831, and by MadCicero's rhetorical works. Best edition by El- vig, Copenhagen, 1839.-3. Tusculanarum Dislendt, Regiomont., 1840.-4. Brutus s. De Claris putationum Libri V. This work, addressed to
Oratoribus. It contains a critical history of Ro- M. Brutus, is a series of discussions on various
man eloquence, from the earliest times down important points of practical philosophy, supto Hortensius inclusive. Editions by Meyer, posed to have been held in the Tusculanum of
Hale, 1838, and by Ellendt, Regiomont., 1844.-  Cicero. Written in 45.  Edited by Kiihner,
5. Ad o. Brutum Orator, in which Cicero gives Jenwe, 1846, third edition, and by Moser, Hannov.,
his views of a faultless orator: written 45. 3 vols., 1836-1837.-4. Paradoxa, six favorite
Edited by Meyer, Lips., 1827.-6. De Optimo Paradoxes of the Stoics explained in familiar
Genere Oratorum. AMl introduction to Cicero's language, written early in 46. [Edited by Motranslation of the orations of /Eschines and ser, Gottingen, 1846.] —5. Hortensius s. De PhiDemosthenes in the case of Ctesiphon: the losophia, a dialogue in praise of philosophy, of
translation itself has been lost.-7. Topica ad which fragments only are extant, written in 45.
C. Trebatium. An abstract of the Topics of Ar- -6. Timcrus s. De Universo, a translation of Plaistotle, illustrated by examples derived dhiefly to's Timbeus, of which we possess a fragment.
from Roran law instead of from Greek philos- -iv. THEOLOGY: 1. De Natura Deorum Libri
ophy: it was written in July, 44.-8..Rhetorico-  II.  An account of the speculations of the
202




CICERO.                            CICIRRHUS, MESSIUS.
Epicureans, the Stoics, and the Academicians, Brutum Liber, a series of eighteen epistles, all
on the existence, attributes, and providence of written after the death of Caesar. To these are
a Divine Being; dedicated to M. Brutus, and added eight more, first published by Cratander.
written early in 44; edited by Moser and Creu- The genuineness of these two books is doubtzer, Lips., 1818.-2. De Divinatione Libri II., a ful. The most useful edition of Cicero's letters
continuation of the preceding work. It presents is by Schutz, 6 vols. 8vo, 1809-1812, in which
the opinions of the different schools of philoso- theyarearrangedin chronological order. Cicero
phy upon the reality of the science of divina- also wrote a great number of other works on
tion. Written in 44, after the death of Caesar; historical and miscellaneous subjects, all of
edited by Creuzer, Kayser, and Moser, Frankf., which are lost. He composed several poems,
1828.-3. De Fato Liber Singzularis, onlydfrag- most of them in his earlier years, but two at a
ment.-III. ORATIONS. The following is a list later period, containing a history of his consulof Cicero's extant speeches, with the date at ship, and an account of his exile and recall. A
which each was delivered. Some account of line in one of these poems contained the unlucky
-each oration is given separately with the biog- jingle so well known to us from Juvenal (x.,
raphy of the person principally concerned. 1. 122), 0 fortunatam natam me consule Romam.
Pro P. Quintio, B.C. 81.-2. Pro Sex. Roscio The best edition of the collected works of Cicero
Amerino, 80.-3. Pro Q. Roscio Comcedo, 76. is by Orelli, Turic., 1826-1837, 9 vols. 8vo, in
-4. Pro M. Tullio, 71.-5. In Q. Caecilium, 70. thirteen parts.-6. Q., brother of the orator, was
-6. InVerrem Actio I., 5th of August, 70.-7. born about 102, and was educated along with
In Verrem Actio II. Not delivered.-8. Pro his brother. In 67 he was aedile, in 62 praetor,
M. Fonteio, 69.-9. Pro A. Caecina, 69, proba- and for the next three years governed Asia as
bly.-10. Pro Lege Manilia, 66.-11. Pro A. propraetor. He returned to Rome in 58, and
Cluentio Avito, 66.-12. Pro C. Cornelio, 55. warmly exerted himself to procure the recall
-13. Oratio in Toga Candida, 64.-14. De Lege of his brother from banishment. In 55 he went
Agraria, three orations, 63.-15. Pro C. Rabirio, to Gaul as legatus to Caesar, whose approbation
63.-16. In Catilinam, four orations, 63.-17. he gained by his military abilities and gallantry:
Pro Murena, 63.-18. Pro P. Cornelio Sulla, 62. he distinguished himself particularly by the re-19. Pro A. Licinio Archia, 61 —20. Pro L. sistance he offered to a vast host of Gauls, who
ValerioFlacco,59.-21. Post RedituminSenatu, had attacked his camp, when he was stationed
5th of September, 57.-22. Post Reditum ad for the winter with one legion in the country
Quirites, 6th or 7th of September, 57.-23. Pro of the Nervii. In 51 he accompanied his brothDomo sua ad Pontifices, 29th of September, 57. er as legate to Cilicia; and on the breaking out
— 24. De Haruspicum Responsis, 56.-25. Pro of the civil war in 49 he joined Pompey. After,P. Sextio, 55.-26. In Vatinium, 56.-27. Pro the battle of Pharsalia he was pardoned by CaeM. Cselio Rufo, 56.-28. Pro L. Cornelio Balbo, sar. He was proscribed by the triumvirs, and
56.-29. De Provinciis Consularibus, 56.-30. was put to death in 43. Quintus wrote several
In L. Pisonem, 55.-31. Pro Cn. Plancio, 55. works, which are all lost, with the exception
-32. Pro C. Rabirio Postumo, 54.-33. Pro M. of an address to his brother, entitled De Peti2Emilio Scauro, 54.-34. Pro T. Annio Milone, tione Consulates. Quintus was married to Pom52.-35. Pro M. Marcello, 47.-36. Pro Q. Li- ponia, sister of Atticus; but, from incompatigario, 46.-37. Pro Rege Deiotaro, 45.-38. bility of temper, their union was an unhappy
Orationes Philippicae, fourteen orations against one.-7. M., only son of the orator and his wife
M.Antonius,44and43.-IV. EPISTLES. Cicero, Terentia, was born 65. Ie accompanied his
during the most important period of his life, father to Cilicia, and served'in Pompey's army
maintained a close correspondence with Atticus, in Greece, although he was then only sixteen
and with a wide circle of literary and political years of age. In 45 he was sent to Athens to
friends and connections. We now have up- pursue his studies, but there fell into irregular
ward of eight hundred letters, undoubtedly gen- and extravagant habits. On the death of Cenine, extending over a space oftwenty-sixyears, sar (44) he joined the republican party, served
and commonly arranged in the following man- as military tribune under Brutus in Macedonia,
ner: 1. Epistolarium ad Familiares s. Epistola- and after the battle of Philippi (42) fled to Sex.
rune ad Diversos Libri XVI., a series of four Pompey in Sicily. When peace was concluded
hundred and twenty-six epistles, commencing between the triumvirs and'Pompey in 39, Cicero
with a letter to Pompey, written in 62, and returned to Rome, was favorably received by
terminating with a letter to Cassius, July, 43. Octavianus, who at length assumed him as his
They are not placed in chronological order, but colleague in the consulship (B.C. 30, from 13th
those addressed to the same individuals, with of September). By a singular coincidence, the
their replies, where these exist, are grouped- to- dispatch announcing the capture of the fleet of
gether, without reference to the date of the rest. Antony, which was immediately followed by
-2. Epistolarum ad 7'. Pomponium Atticum Libri his death, was addressed to the new consul in his
XVL, a series of three hundred and ninety-six official capacity, and thus, says Plutarch, "the
epistles addressed to Atticus, of which eleven divine justice reserved the completion of Anwere written in 68, 67, 65, and 62, the remain- tony's punishment for the house of Cicero. "-8.
der after the end of 62, and the last in Novem- Q., son of No. 6, and of Pomponia, sister of Atber, 44. They are, for the most part, in hro- ticus, was born 66 or 67, and perished with his
nological order, although dislocations occur here father.in the proscription, 43.
and there.-3. Epistolarum ad Q. Fratrem Libri  CICYRUS (KiXvpoC), called EPHYRA ('EOVTp?)
III., a series of twenty-nine epistles addressed in Homer, a town of Thesprotia in Epirus, beto his brother, the first written in 59, the last in tween the Acherusian Lake and the sea.
M -4. We find in most editions Epistolarum ad  [CICIaaHUS, MEssIus, a native of Campania,
203




CICONES.                                  CIMBRI
a character introduced by Horace (fifth satire sent out by their father in search of Europa,
of the first book) in a ridiculous controversy who had been carried off by Jupiter (Zeus).
with the slave Sarmentus.]                Cilix settled in the country called after him CiCtCONES (KiKover), a Thracian people on the licia.
Hebrus, and near the coast.                 CILLA (Koia), a small town in the Troad, on
[CIOYNETHUS (KKitKVvn0Og: now Pontiko), an the River Cilleus, at the foot of Mount Cillaeus,
island and city in the Pagaswus Sinus.]  in the range of Gargarus, celebrated for its temCICYNNA (KiKvvva: KtKvvvevC), a demus of ple of Apollo surnamed Cillseus. Its foundation
Attica, belonging to the tribe Cecropis, and aft- was ascribed to Pelops.
erward to the tribe Acamantis.              CILNII, a powerful family in the Etruscan
COLICIA (KiatLKia: KI(it, fer. KiaXoaa), a dis- town of Arretium, were driven out of their natrict in the southeast of Asia Minor, bordering tive town in B.C. 301, but were restored by the
to the east on Syria, to the north on Cappadocia Romans. The Cilnii were nobles or Lucumones
and Lycaonia, to the northwest and west on in their state, and some of them in ancient times
Pisidia and Pamphylia. On all sides, except may have held even the kingly dignity. (Comnthe west, it is inclosed by natural boundaries, pare Hor., Carm., i., 1.) The name has been
namely, the Mediterranean on the south, Mount rendered chiefly memorable by C. Cilnius MweAmanus on the east, and Mount Taurus on the cenas. Vid. MECENAS.
north. The western part of Cilicia is intersected  CILO or CHILO, P. MAGIUS. 1. A friend and
by the offshoots of the Taurus, while in its east- client of M. Claudius Marcellus, whom he murern part the mountain chains inclose much dered at the Piraeus, B.C. 45, at the instigalarger tracts of level country: and hence arose tion, as some asserted, of Caesar, but more probthe division of the country into C. Aspera (K. - ably from anger at being refused a sum of monTpaCeta, or rpaxeLurtC), and C. Campestris (K.- ey which Cilo wished to obtain from Marcellus
7) resd&s); the latter was also called Cilicia to relieve him from his embarrassments.-2.
Propria (7j 6itdi  K.). Numerous rivers, among JmusN, procurator of Pontus in the reign of
which are the PYRAMUS, SARUS, CYDNUs, CALY- Claudius, brought the Bosporan Mithradates to
CADNus, and smaller mountain streams, descend Rome in A.D. 50, and received afterward the
from the Taurus. The eastern division, through consular insignia.]
which most of the larger rivers flow, was ex-  CIMBER, C. ANNIUS, had obtained the praetortremely fertile, and the narrower valleys of ship from Caesar, and was one of Antony's supCilicia Aspera contained some rich tracts of porters,.B.C. 43, on which account he is atland; the latter district was famed for its fine tacked by Cicero. He was charged with havbreed of horses. The first inhabitants of the ing killed his brother, whence Cicero calls him
country are supposed to have been of the Syr- ironically Philadelphus.
ian race.  The mythical story derived their  CIMBER, L. TILLIUS (not Tullius), a friend of
name from Cilix, the son of Agenor, who start-' Caesar, who gave him the province of Bithynia,
ed, with his brothers Cadmus and Phoenix, for but subsequently one of Caesar's murderers, B.
Europe, but stopped short on the coast of Asia C. 44. On the fatal day, Cimber was foremost
Minor, and peopled with his followers the plain in the ranks, under pretence of presenting a
of Cilicia. The country remained independent petition to Caesar praying for his brother's retill the time of the Persian Empire, under which call from exile. After the assassination, Cimit formed a satrapy, but appears to have been ber went to his province and raised a fleet,
still governed by its native princes. Alexan- with which he rendered service to Cassius and
der subdued it on his march into Upper Asia; Brutus.
and, after the division of his empire, it formed  CIMBR, a Celtic people, probably of the same
a part of the kingdom of the Seleucidwe; its race as the Cymry.. Vid. CELTE. They are
plains were settled by Greeks, and the old in- generally, but incorrectly, supposed to have inhabitants were for the most part driven back habited the peninsula which was called after
into the mountains of C. Aspera, where they them CHERSONESUS CIMBRICA (now Jutland);
remained virtually independent, practicing rob- the greatest uncertainty, however, prevailed
bery by land and piracy by sea, till Pompey among the ancients respecting their original
drove them from the sea in his war against the abode. In conjunction with the Teutoni and
pirates, and, having rescued the level country Ambrones, they migrated south, with their
from the power'ofTigranes, who had overrun wives and children, toward the close of the
it, he erected it into a Roman province, B.C. second century B.C.; and the whole host is
67-66. The mountain country was not made a said to have contained three hundred thousand
province till the reign of Vespasian. The peo- fighting men. They defeated several Roman
pie bore a low character among the Greeks and armies, and caused the greatest alarm at Rome.
Romans. The Carians, Cappadocians, and Ci- In B.C. 113 they defeated the consul Papirius
licians were called the three bad K's.    Carbo near Noreia, and then crossed over into
CIICLA: PYL.E or PORTEa (ai IDljat rog Kt- Gaul, which they ravaged in all directions. In
alciac: now Kolinboghaz), the chief pass between 109 they defeated the consul Junius Silanus, in
Cappadocia and Cilicia, through the Taurus, on 107 the consul Cassius Longinus, who fell in
the road from Tyana to Tarsus. This was the the battle, and in 105 they gained their most
way by which Alexander entered Cilicia.   brilliant victory near the Rhone over the united
CILICiUM MARE (X? KtXtKia diaeaac), the north- armies of the consul Cn. Mallius and the proeastern portion of the Mediterranean, between consul Servilius Cepio. Instead of crossing
Cilicia and Cyprus, as far as the Gulf of Issus. the Alps, the Cimbri, fortunately: for Rome,
CILIX (Kigtl), son of Agenor and Telephassa, marched into Spain, where they remained two
was, with- his brothers, Cadmus and Phoenix, or three years. The Romans meantime had
204




CIMINUS.                                  CINEAS.
been making preparations to resist their for- Cimon marched at the head of some Athenian
midable foes, and had placed their troops under troops to the assistance of the Spartans, who
the command of Marius. The barbarians re- were hard pressed by their revolted subjects.
turned to Gaul in 102. In that year the Teutoni The Athenians were deeply mortified by the inwere defeated, and cut to pieces byMarius, near sulting manner in which their offers of assistAquae Sextiee (now Aix) in Gaul; and next year ance were declined, and were enraged with
(101) the Cimbri and their allies were likewise Cimon, who had exposed them. to this insult.
destroyed by Marius and Catulus, in the deci- His enemies, in consequence, succeeded in obsive battle of the Campi Raudii, near Vercellae, taining his ostracism this year.. He was subin the north of Italy. In the time of Augustus, sequently recalled, in what year is uncertain,
the Cimbri, who were then a people of no im- and through his intervention a five years' truce
portance, sent an embassy to the emperor..  was made between Athens and Sparta, 450.
CIMINus or CIMiNIUS MONS (now Monte Cimi- In 449 the war was,renewed with Persia; Cino, also Monte Fogliano), a range of mountains mon received the command, and with two hundin Etruria, thickly covered with wood (Saltus red ships sailed to Cyprus: here, while beCiminius, Silva 6iminia), near a lake of the sieging Citium, illness or the effects of a wound
same name, northwest of Tartuinii, between carried him off. Cimon was of a cheerful conthe Lacus Vulsiniensis and, Soracte.      vivial temper, frank and affable in his manners.
[CIMMERICUc, (Kqyteepo6v, Strab.; r Kl eppta Having obtained a great fortune by his share oi'
reiry, Herod.; and Key,ueptKI Kegsu, Strab.: now  the Persian spoils, he displayed unbounded libEski-Krimm), a village in the Tauric or Cim- erality. His orchards and gardens were thrown
merian Chersonesus, west of Kaffa: in its neigh- open; his fellow demusmen were free daily to
borhood was Mons Cimmerius (now Aghirmisch- his table, and his public bounty verged on osDagh).]                                   tentation. With the treasure he brought from
CIMMjRII (Ke/ptoet), the name of a mythical Asia the southern wall of the citadel was built,
and of an historical people. The mythical Cim- and at his own private charge the foundation of
merii, mentioned by Homer, dwelt in the fur- the long walls to the Piraeus was laid down.thest west on the ocean, enveloped in constant 3. Of Cleonae, a painter of great renown, flourmists and darkness. Later writers sought to ished about B.C. 460, and appears to have been
localize them, and accordingly placed them  the first painter of perspective.
either in Italy near the Lake Avernus, or in  CINXDON (Ktvd6oSv), the chief of a conspiracy
Spain, or in the Tauric Chersonesus. The his- against the Spartan peers (ijotot) in the first
torical Cimmerii dwelt on the Palus Maeotis year of Agesilaus II. (B.C. 398-397). The plot
(now'Sea of Azov), in the Tauric Chersonesus, was discovered, and Cinadon and the other conand in Asiatic Sarmatia. Driven from their spirators were put to death.
abodes by the Scythians, they passed into Asia  CINETHON (KtvaiOwv), of Lacedaemon, one of
Minor on the northeast, and penetrated west as the most fertile of the Cyclic poets, flourished
far as ZEolis and Ionia. They took Sardis B.C. B.C. 765.
635 in the reign of Ardys, king of Lydia, but  CINXRA or CINXRUS (now Zinara), a small
they were expelled from Asia by Alyattes, the island in the 2Egean Sea, east of Naxos, celegrandson of Ardys.                        brated for its artichokes (icivSpa).
CIMMaRIUS BosP6Rus. Vid. BosPoRus.        CINCINNATUS, L. QuINTiUS, a favorite hero of
CIMoLus (Klftw~of: Ktplw2eog: now Cimoli or the old Roman republic, and a model of old RoArgentiere), an island in the 2Eogean Sea, one man frugality and integrity. He lived- on his
of the Cyclades, between Siphnos and Melos, farm, cultivating the land with his own hand.
celebrated for its fine white earth, used by full- In B.C. 460 he was appointed consul suffectus
ers for cleaning cloths.                 in the room of P. Valerius.  In 458 he was
CIMoN (Kfipyv). 1. Son of Stesagoras, and called from the plough to the dictatorship, in
father of Miltiades, victor at Marathon, gained order to deliver the Roman consul and army
three Olympic victories with his four-horse from the perilous position in which they had
chariot, and after his third victory was secretly been placed by the zEquians. He saved the
murdered by order of the sops of Pisistratus.- Roman army, defeated the enemy, and, after
2. Grandson of the preceding, and son of the holding the dictatorship only sixteen days, regreat Miltiades. On the death of his father turnedto his farm. In 439, at the age ofeighty,
(B.C. 489), he was imprisoned because he was he was a second time appointed dictator to opunable to pay his fine of fifty talents, which pose the' alleged machinations of Sp. Maelius.
was eventually paid by Callias on his marriage Several of the descendants of Cincinnatus- held
with Elpinice, Cimon's sister. Cimon first dis- the consulship and consular tribunate, but none
tinguished himself on the invasion of Greece by of them is of sufficient importance to require a
Xerxes (480), and after the battle of Plateeae separate notice.
was brought forward by Aristides.  He fre-  CINcius ALIMENTUS. Vid. ALIMENTUS.
quently commanded the Athenian fleet in their  CINiAS (Ktvfao). [1. A Thessalian prince,:aggressive wars against the Persians.  His contemporary with and an ally of the Pisistramost brilliant success was in 466, when he de- tids, born at Conium in Phrygia.]-2. A Thesfeated a large Persian fleet, and on the same salian, the friend and minister of Pyrrhus, king
day landed and routed their land forces also on of Epirus. He was the most eloquent man of
the River Eurymedon in Pamphylia., The his day, and reminded his hearers of Demosdeath of Aristides and the banishment of The- thenes, whom he heard speak in his youth.
mistocles left Cimon without a rival at Athens Pyrrhus prized his persuasive powers so highly,
for some years. But his influence gradually that A" the words of Cineas (he was wont to say)
declined as that of Pericles increased. In 461 had won him more cities than his own arms."
205




CINESIAS.                                  CIRTA.
The most famous passage in his life is his em- nown, the friend of Catullus. In B.C. 44 he
bassy to Rome, with proposals of peace from  was tribune of the plebs, when he was murderPyrrhus, after the battle of Heraclea (B.C. 280). ed by the mob, who mistook him for his nameCineas spared no arts to gain favor. Thanks sake Cornelius Cinna, though he was at the
to his wonderful memory, on the day after his time walking in Caesar's funeral procession.
arrival he was able (we are told) to address all His principal work was an epic poem entitled
the senators and knights by name. The senate, Smyrna.
however, rejected his proposals mainly through  CINNXMUS, JOANNES ('IOdvvwiC Kivvauo), one
the dying eloquence of old App. Claudius Caecus. of the most distinguished Byzantine historians,
The ambassador returned and told the king that lived under the Emperor Manuel Comnenus
there was no people like that people-their city (who reigned A.D. 1143-1180), and wrote the
was a temple, their senate an assembly of kings. history of this emperor and of his father CaloTwo years after (278), when Pyrrhus was about Joannes, in six books, which have come down
to cross over into Sicily, Cineas was again sent to us. Edited by Du Cange, Paris, 1670, fol.,
to negotiate peace. He appears to have died and by Meineke, Bonn, 1836, 8vo.
in Sicily shortly afterward.                CINYPS or CINYPIIUS (Kivvob, Kivvqboo: now
CINPESIAS (Ktvrlqiag), a dithyrambic poet of  Wad-Khakan or Kinifo), a small river on the
Athens, of no merit, ridiculed by Aristophanes northern coast of Africa, between the Syrtes,
and other comic poets. But he had his re- forming the eastern boundary of the proper tervenge, for he succeeded in procuring the abo- ritory of the African Tripolis.  The district
lition of the Choragia, as far as regarded com- about it was called by the same name, and was
edy, about B.C. 390.                      famous for its fine-haired goats.
CINGA (now Cinca), a river in Hispania Tar-  CINYRAS (KLvvpag), son of Apollo, king of Cyraconensis, falls with the Sicoris into the Iberus. prus, and priest of the Paphian Venus (AphroCINGETORIx. 1. A Gaul, one of the first men dite), which latter office remained hereditary in
in the city of the Treviri (now Treves, Trier), at- his family, the Cinyradee. He was married to
tached himself to the Romans, though son-in- Metharne, the daughter of the Cyprian king
law to Indutiomarus, the head of the independ- Pygmalion, by whom he had several children,
ent party. When this leader had been put to and among them was Adonis. According to
death by Caesar, he became chief of his native some traditions, he unwittingly begot Adonis by
city.-[2. Caesar (B. G., v., 22) mentions anoth- his own daughter Smyrna, and killed himself on
er Cingetorix, a chief of the Kentish Britons.]  discovering the-crime he had committed. AcCINGULUM (Cingulanus: now Cingolo), a town cording to other traditions, he had promised to
in Picenum, on a rock, built by Labienus shortly assist Agamemnon; but as he did not keep his
before the breaking out of the civil war, B.C. word, he was cursed by Agamemnon, and per49.                                       ished in a contest with Apollo.
CINNA, CORNELIUS. 1. L., the famous leader  CIPUS or CIPPUS, GENUCIUS, a Roman praetor,
of the popular party during the absence of Sulla on whose head it is said that horns suddenly
in the East (B.C. 87-84). In 87 Sulla allowed grew, as he was going out of the gates of the
Cinna to be elected consul with Cn. Octavius, city, and, as the haruspices declared that if he
on condition of his taking an oath not to alter returned to the city he would be king, he imthe constitution as then existing. But as soon posed voluntary exile upon himself.
as Sulla had left Italy, he began his endeavor  CIRCE (KiplKc), a mythical sorceress, daughter
to overpower the senate, and to recall Marius of Helios (the Sun) by the Oceanid Perse, and
and his party. He was, however, defeated by sister of 2Eetes, lived in the island of laeea.
his colleague Octavius in the forum, was obliged Ulysses tarried a whole year with her, after she
to fly the city, and was deposed by the senate had changed several of his companions into pigs.
from the consulate.  But he soon returned; By Ulysses she became the mother of Agrius
with the assistance of Marius, who came back and Telegonus. The Latin poets relate that
to Italy, he collected a powerful army, and laid she metamorphosed Scylla, and Picus, king of
siege to Rome. The capture of the city, and the Ausonians.
the massacre of Sulla's friends which followed,  CIRCEII (Circeiensis: now Circello, and the
more properly belong to the lifeofMARIus. For ruins Citta Vecchia), an ancient town of Latium,
the next three years (86, 85, 84) Cinna was on the Promontory CIRCEIUM, founded by Tarconsul. In 84 Sulla prepared to return from  quinius Superbus, never became a place of imGreece; and Cinna was slain by his own troops, portance, in consequence of its proximity to
when he ordered them to cross over from Italy the unhealthy Pontine marshes. The oysters
to Greece, where he intended to encounter caught offCirceiiwere celebrated. (Hor., Sat.,
Sulla.-2. L., son of No. 1, joined M. Lepidus ii., 4, 33; Juv., iv., 140.)  Some writers supin his attempt to overthrow the constitution of pose Circe to have resided on this promontory,
Sulla, 78; and on the defeat and death of Lep- and that hence it derived its name.
idus in Sardinia, he went with M. Perperna to  CIRCESIUM (Kitplcraov: now Kerkesiah), a city
join Sertorius in Spain. Csesar procured his of Mesopotamia, on the eastern bank of the Eurecall from exile. He was made praetor by phrates, at the mouth of the Aborrhas: the exCaesar in 44, but was, notwithstanding, one of treme border fortress of the Roman empire.
the enemies of the dictator. Though he would  CIRCUS. Vid. ROMA.
not join the conspirators, he approved of their  CIRPHIS (Kiptfi), a town in Phocis, on a
act; and so great was the rage of the' mob mountain of the same name, which is separated
against him, that they nearly murdered him. by a valley from Parnassus.
Vid. below, CINNA, HELVIUS.                 CIRRHA. Vid. CRISSA.
CINNA, C. HELVIUS, a poet of considerable re-  CIRTA, afterward CONSTANTINA (ruins at Con.
206




CISPIUS.                                   CLAUDIA.
stantineh), a city of the Massylii in Numidia, it was called PRUSIAs.-[2. A river of Lower
fifty Roman miles from the sea; the capital of Mcesia, flowing into the Ister or Danube.]
Syphax, and of Masinissa and his successors.  [CIVICA CEREALIS, under the Emperor DomiIts position on a height, surrounded by the tian, proconsul of Asia: he was put to death by
River Ampsagas, made it almost impregnable, the emperor's orders just before A.D. 90.]
as the Romans found in the Jugurthine, and    CIVILIS, CLAUDIUS, sometimes called JULIUS,
the French in the Algerine wars. It was re- the leader of the Batavi in their revolt from
stored by Constantine the Great, in honor of Rome, A.D. 69-70. He was of the Batavian
whom it received its later name.            royal race, and, like Hannibal and Sertorius, had
[CISPIus, M. 1. Tribune of the plebs B.C. lost an eye. His brother, Julius Paulus, was
57, the year in which Cicero was recalled from  put to death on a false charge of treason by
banishment, took an active part in Cicero's fa- Fonteius Capito (A.D. 67 or 68), who sent Civor. He was afterward defended by Cicero vilis in chains to Nero at Rome, where he was
when accused of bribery (ambitus), but could  heard and acquitted by Galba. He was afternot obtain a verdict in his favor.-2. L., one of ward prefect of a cohort, but under Vitellius
Casar's officers in the African war, command- he'became an object of suspicion to the army,
ed part of the fleet B.C. 46.]              and with difficulty escaped with his life. He
[CIssA (Kiuaa), a city of the Jacetani in His- vowed vengeance. His countrymen, who were
pania Tarraconensis; called by Livy (xxi., 60) shamefully treated by the officers of Vitellius,
Scissum (where for Scissis Alschefski writes were easily induced to revolt, and they were
Cissis), and probably the Cinna of Ptolemy.]  joined by the Canninefates and Frisii.  He
CISSEUS (KtaE6r)  1. 1A icing in Thrace, and took up arms under pretence of supporting the
father of Theano, or, according to others, of cause of Vespasian, and defeated in succession
H'ecuba, who is hence called CIssEis (Kton1ig). the generals of Vitellius in Gaul and Germany,
-[2. Son of Melampus, fought on the-side of but he continued in open revolt even after the
Turnus, and was slain by AEneas.]           death of Vitellius. In 70 Civilis gained fresh
CISSIA (Kwaia), a very fertile district of Su- victories over the Romans, but was at length
siana, on the Choaspes. The inhabitants (Kia- defeated in the course of the year by Petilius
Coi) were a wild free people, resembling the Cerealis, who had been sent into Germany with
Persians in their manners.                  an immense army. Peace was concluded with
Cissus (KtcOa6), a town in Macedonia,. on a the Batavi on terms favorable to the latter, but
mountain of the same name, south of Thessa- we do not know what became of Civilis.
lonica, to which latter place its inhabitants were  CIZXRA (Kipapa), a mountain fortress in the
transplanted by Cassander.                  district of Phazemonitis in Pontus; once a royal
CISTHEINE (K.taOjvT). 1. A town on the coast residence, but destroyed before Strabo's time.
of Mysia, on the Promontory of Pyrrha, on the  CLADAUS (K2adaoC or KAZdeos), a river in
Gulf of Adramyttium.-2. (Now Castel-Rosso), Elis, flows into.the Alpheus at Olympia.
an island and town on the coast of Lycia.-3.  CLAMPETIA, called by, the Greeks LAMPETIA
In the mythical geography of /Eschylus (Prom., (Aaprrer/a, Aa1ur/reta), a town of Bruttium, on
799) the "plains of Cisthene" are made the the western coast: in ruins in Pliny's time.
abode of the Gorgons;                         CLANIS. 1. (Now'Chiano), a river of Etruria,
CITHrERON (KOelatpdv: now Cithceron, and its rises south of Arretium, forms two small lakes
highest summit Elatia), a lofty range of mount- near Clusium, west of Lake Trasimenus, and
ains, separated Boeotia from Megaris and At- flows into the Tiber east of Vulsinii.-2. The
tica. It was covered with wood, abounded in more ancient name of the Liris.-3. (Now Glan
game; and was the scene of several celebrated  in Steiermark), a river in the Noric Alps.
legends in mythology. It was said to have de-  CLANIUS. Vid. LITERNUS.
rived its name from Cithaeron, a mythical king  CLXRUS (7 KadpoC: ruins near Zille), a small
of Beotia. Its highest summit was sacred to town on the Ionian coast, near Colophon, with
the Cithasronian Jupiter (Zeus), and here was a celebrated temple and oracle of Apollo, surcelebrated the festival called Daedala.  Vid. named Clarius.
Diet. of Ant., s. v.                          [CLXRUS, one of the companions of Aneas.]
CITHARISTA, a sea-port town (now Ceireste),  CLARUS, SEX. ERUCYUS, a friend of the younand a promontory (now Cape d'Aigle) in Gallia ger Pliny, fought under Trajan in the East, and
Narbonensis, near Massilia.                took Seleucia, A.D. 115. His son Sextus was
CITIUM (KiTLOv: Kuteerc).  1. (Ruins near a patron of literature, and was consul under
Larneca), one of the nine chief towns of Cyprus, Antoninus Pius, A.D. 146.
with a harbor and salt-works, two hundred sta-  CLAssIcUS, JULIUS, a distinguished man of the
dia from Salamis, near the mouth of the Tetius: Treviri, was prefect of an ala of the Treviri in
here Cimon, the celebrated Athenian, died, and the Roman army under Vitellius, A.D. 69, but
Zeno, the founder of the Stoic school, was born. afterward joined Civilis in his rebellion against
-2. A town in Macedonia, on a mountain Ci- the Romans. Vid. CIVILIS.
tius, northwest of Berca.                    CLASTIDIUM (now Casteggio or Schiateggio), a
Cius (Kiox: Klo~ or Ketdo, Cianus: now Ghio, fortified town of the Ananes in Gallia Cispadana,
also Ghemlio and Kemlik). 1. An ancient city in not far from the Po, on the road from Dertona
Bithynia, on a bay of the Propontis called Cia- to Placentia.
nus Sinus, was colonized by the Milesians, and  CLATERNA, a fortified town in Gallia Cispabecame a place of much commercial importance. dana, not far from Bononia: its name is retainIt joined the.Etolian league, and was destroyed ed in the small river Quaderna.
by Philip III., king of Macedonia, but was re-  CLAUDIA. 1. QUINTA, a Roman matron, not
built by Prusias, king of Bithynia, from whom  a Vestal Virgin, as is frequently stated. When
207




CLAUDIA GENS.                                CLAUDIUS.
the vessel conveying the image of Cybele from  16. Eidyllia, a collection of sevenpoems, chiefly
Pessinus to Rome had stuck fast in a shallow  on subjects connected with natural history.
at the mouth of the Tiber, the soothsayers an  17. Epigrammata, a collection of short occasionnounced that only a chaste woman could move al pieces. The Christian hymns found among
it. Claudia, who had been accused of inconti- his poems in most editions are certainly spurinence, took hold of the rope, and the vessel ous. The poems of Claudian are distinguished
forthwith followed her, B.C. 204.-2. Or CLODIA, by purity of language and real poetical genius.
eldest of the three sisters of P. Clodius Pulcher, The best edition is by Burmann, Amst., 1760.
the enemy of Cicero, married Q. Marcius Rex.  CLAUDI6OPLIS (K;avdt6ro;tr), the name of
-3. Or CLODIA, second sister of P. Clodius, some cities called after the Emperor Claudius,
married Q. Metellus Celer, but became infamous the chief of which were, 1. In Bithynia (rid.
for her debaucheries, and was suspected of hav- BITHYNIUM). 2. A colony in the district of Caing poisoned her husband. Cicero in his letters taonia, in Cappadocia.
frequently calls her Bo(i7rLr.-4. Or CLODIA,  CLAUDIUS, patrician.  Vid. CLAUDIA GENS.
youngest sister of P. Clodius, married L. Lucul- 1. APP. CLAUDIUS SABINUS REGILLENSIS, a Salus, to whom she proved unfaithful.. All three bine of the town of Regillum or Regilli, who in
sisters are said to have had incestuous inter- his own country bore the name of Attus Claucourse with their brother Publius.        sus, being the advocate of peace with the RoCLAUDIA GENS, patrician and plebeian. The mans, when hostilities broke out between the
patrician Claudii were of Sabine origin, and two nations, withdrew with a large train of folcame to Rome in B.C. 504, when they were re- lowers to Rome, B.C. 504. He was received
ceived among the patricians. Vid. CLAUDIUS, into the ranks of the patricians, and lands beNo. 1. They were noted for their pride and yond the Anio were assigned to his followers,
haughtiness, their disdain for the laws, and their who were formed into a new tribe called the
hatred of the plebeians.  They bore various Claudian.  He exhibited the characteristics
surnames, which are given under CLAUDIUS, which marked his descendants, and showed the
with the exception of those with the cognomen most bitter hatred toward the plebeians. He
NERO, who are better known under the latter was consul. 495, and his conduct toward the
name. The plebeian Claudii were divided into plebeians led to their secession to the Mons
several families, of which the most celebrated Sacer. 494.-2. APP. CL. SAB. REGILL., son of
was that of MARCELLUS.                    No. 1,.consul 471, treated the soldiers whom he
CLAUDIINUS, CLAUDIUS, the last of the Latin commanded with such severity that his troops
classic poets, flourished under Theodosius and deserted him. Next year he was impeached
his sons Arcadius and Honorius.  He was a by two of the tribunes, but, according to the
native of Alexandrea, and removed to Rome, common story, he died or killed himself before
where we find him in A.D. 395. He enjoyed the trial.-3. C. CL. SAB. REGILL., brother of
the patronage of the all-powerful Stilicho, by No. 2, consul 460, when App. Herdonius seized
whom he was raised to offices of honor and the Capitol., Though a stanch supporter of
emolument. A statue was erected to his honor the patricians, he warned the decemvir Appius
in the Forum of Trajan by Arcadius and Hono- against an immoderate use of his power. His
rius, the inscription on which was discovered remonstrances being of no avail, he withdrew to
at Rome in the fifteenth century. He also en- Regillum, but returned to defend Appius when
joyed the patronage of the Empress Serena, impeached.-4. APP. CL. CRASSUS REGILL. SAB.,
through whose interposition he gained a wealthy the decemvir, commonly considered son of No.
wife. The last historical allusion in his wri- 2, but more probably the same person. He was
tings belongs to 404; whence it is supposed that consul 451, and on the appointment of the dehe may have been involved in the misfortunes cemvirs in that year, he became one of them,
of Stilicho, who was put to death 408. He was and was reappointed the following year. His
a heathen. His extant works are, 1. The three real character now betrayed itself in the most
panegyrics on the third, fourth, and sixth con- tyrannous conduct toward the plebeians, till his
sulships of Honorius. 2. A poem on the nup- attempt against Virginia led to the overthrow
tials of Honorius and Maria. 3. Four short Fes- of the decemvirate. Appius was impeached by
cennine lays on the same subject. 4. A pane- Virginius, but did not live to abide his trial.
gyric on the consulship of Probinus and Olybri- He either killed himself, or was put to death in
us. 5. The praises of Stilicho, in two books, prison by order of the tribunes. —. APP. CLAUand a panegyric on his consulship, in one book. DIUS CArcus, became blind before his old age.
6. The praises of Serena, the wife of Stilicho. In his censorship (312), to which he was elected
7. A panegyric on the consulship of Flavius Mal- without having been consul previously; he built
lius Theodorus. 8. The Epithalamium of Palla- the Appian aqueduct, and commenced the Appidius and Celerina. 9. An invective against Ru- an road, which was continued to Capua. He
finns, in two books. 10. An invective against retained the censorship four years in opposition
Eutropius, in two books. 11. De Bello Gildonico, to the law which limited the length of the office
the first book of an historical poem on the war to eighteen months. He was twice consul in
in Africa against Gildo.  12. De Bello Getico, 307 and 296; and in the latter year he fought
an historical poem on the successful campaign against the Samnites and Etruscans. In his
of Stilicho against Alaric and the Goths, con- old age, Appius, by his eloquent speech, induced
eluding with the battle of Pollentia. 13. Raptus the senate to reject the terms of peace which
Proserpinai, three books of an unfinished epic Cineas had proposed on behalf of Pyrrhus. Apon the rape of Proserpina. 14. Gigantomachia, pius was the earliest Roman writer in prose
a fragment extending to one hundred and twen- and verse whose name has come down to us.
ty-eight lines only.  15. Five short epistles. He was the author of a poem known to Cicero
208




CLAUDIUS.                                 CLAUDIUS.
through the Greek, and he also wrote a legal whose appointment Appius received with distreatise, De Usurpationibus. He left four sons pleasure. On his return to Rome he was imand five daughters.  [Some fragments of his peached by Dolabella, butwas acquitted. In 50
speeches are given by Meyer, Oratorurm Roma- he was censor with L. Piso, and expelled sevnorum Fragmenta, Zurich, 1842, p. 105-6.]-6. eral of Caesar's friends from the senate. On
APP. CT. CAUDEx, brother of No. 5, derived his the breaking out of the civil war, 49, he fled
surnanme from his attention to naval affairs. He with Pompey from Italy, and died in Greece
was consul 264, and conducted the war against before the battleof Pharsalia. He was an authe Carthaginians in Sicily.-7. P. CL. PULCHER, gur, and wrote a work on the augural discipline,
son of No. 5, consul 249, attacked the Cartha- Which he dedicated to Cicero. He was also
ginian fleet in the harbor of Drepanum, in deft- distinguished for his legal and antiquarian
ance of the auguries, and was defeated, with the knowledge.-20. C. CL. PULCHER, second son
Ioss of almost all his forces. He was recalled of No. 18, was a legatus of Caesar, 58, praetor
and commanded to appoint a dictator, and there- 56, and proprietor in Asia 55. On his return he
upon named M. Claudius Glycias or Glicia, the was accused of extortion by M. Servilius, who
son of a freedman, but the nomination was im- was bribed to drop the prosecution. He died
mnediately superseded. He was impeached and shortly afterward. -21. P. CL. PULCHER, USUcondemned.-8. C. CL. CENTHO or CENTO, son ally called CLODIUS and not Claudius, the younof No. 5, consul 240, and dictator 213.-9. TIB. gest son of No. 18, the.notorious enemy of CiCL. NERO, son of No. 5. An account of his de- cero, and one of the most profligate characters
scendants is given under NERo. —10. APP. CL. of a profligate age. In 70 he served under his
PULCHER, son of No. 7, adile 217, fought at Can- brother-in-law, L. Lucullus, in Asia;, but, disne 216, and was praetor 215, when he was sent pleased at not being treated by Lucullus with
into Sicily. He was consul 212, and died 211 the distinction he had expected, he encouraged
of a wound which he received in a battle with the soldiers to mutiny. He then betook himself
Hannibal before Capua. —11. App. CL. PULCHER, to his other brother-in-law, Q. Marcius Rex,
son of No. 10, served in Greece for some years proconsul in Cilicia, and was intrusted by him
under Flamininus, Baebius, and Glabrio (197- with the command of the fleet. He fell into
191). He was praetor 187 and consul 185, when the hands of the pirates, who, however, dismisshe gained some advantages over the Ingaunian ed him without ransom, through fear of PomLigurians.  He was sent as ambassador to pey. He next went to Antioch, and joined the
Greece 184 and 176.-12. P. CL. PULCHEI, Syrians in making war on the Arabians. On
brother of No. 11, curule aedile 189, praetor 188, his return to Rome in 66 he impeached Catiline
and consul 184. -13. C. CL. PULCHER, brother for extortion in his government of Africa, but
of Nos. 11 and 12, praetor 180 and consul 177, was bribed by Catiline to let him escape. In
when he defeated the Istrians and Ligurians. 64 he accompanied the propraetor L. Murena
He was censor 160 with Tiberius Sempronius to Gallia Transalpina, where he resorted to the
Gracchus. He died 167.-14. App. CL. CENTO, most nefarious methods of procuring money.
edile 178 and prector 175, when he fought with In 62 he profaned the mysteries of the Bona
success against the Celtiberi in Spain.  He Dea, which were celebrated by the Roman maafterward served in Thessaly (173), Macedonia trons in the house of Caesar, who was then pra3(172), and Illyricum (170).-15. App. CL. PUL- tor, by entering the house disguised as a female
CHER, ison of No. 11, consul 143, defeated the musician, in order to imeet Pompeia, Cecsar's
Salassi, an Alpine tribe. On his return a tri- wife, with whom he had an intrigue. He was
umph was refused him; and when one of the discovered, and next year, 61, when qutestor,
tribunes attempted to drag him from his car, was brought to trial, but obtained an acquittal
his daughter Claudia, one of theVestalVirgins, by bribing the judges. He had attempted to
walked by his side up'to the Capitol. He was prove an alibi, but Cicero's evidence showed
censor 136. He gave one of his daughters in that Clodius was with him in Rome only three
marriage to Tiberius Gracchus, and in 133, with hours before he pretended to have been at InTiberius and C. Gracchus, was appointed trium- teramnna. Cicero attacked Clodius in the senate
vir for the division of the lands.' He died with great vehemence. In order to revenge
shortly after Tiberius Gracchus.-16. C. CLAU- himself upon Cicero, Clodius was adopted into a
DIUvs PULCHER, curule madile 99, preetor in Sicily plebeian family that he might obtain the formid95, consul in 92.-17. App. CL. PULCHER, consul able power of a tribune of the plebs. He was
79, and,afterward governor of -Macedonia.-18. tribune 58, and, supported by the triumvirs CaeApp. CL. PULcHER, praetor 89, belonged to Sulla's sar, Pompey, and Crassus, drove Cicero into
party, and perished in the great battle before exile; but, notwithstanding all his efforts, he
Rome 82.-19. App. CL. PULCHER, eldest son was unable to prevent the recall of Cicero in
of No. 18. In 70 he served in Asia under his the following year. Vid. CICERO. In 56 Clobrother-in-law Lucullus; in 57 he was prector, dius was cedile, and attempted to bring his eneand though he did not openly oppose Cicero.'s my Milo -to trial. Each had a large gang of
recall from banishment, he tacitly abetted the gladiators in his pay, and frequent fights took
proceedings of his brother Publius. In 56 he place in the streets of Rome between the two
was propraetor in Sardinia; and in 54 was con- parties. In 53, when Clodius was a candidate
sul with L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, when a rec- for the prectorship, and Milo for the consulship,
onciliation was brought about between him and the contests between them became more vioCicero, through the intervention of Pompey. lent and desperate than ever. At length, on the
In 53 he went as proconsul to Cilicia, which he 20th of January, 52, Clodius and Milo met, apgoverned with tyranny and rapacity. In 51 he parently by accident, on the Appian Road near
was succeeded in the government by Cicero, Bovillae. An affray ensued between their fol14                                                           209




CLAUDIUS.                                CLEANTHES.
lowers, in which Clodius was murdered. The 270, was descended from an obscure family -n
mob was infuriated at the death of their favor- Dardania or Illyria, and by his military talents
ite; and such tumults followed at the burial of rose to distinction under Decius, Valerian, and
Clodius, that Pompey was appointed sole con- Gallienus. He succeeded to the empire on the
sul in order to restore order to the state. For death of Gallienus (268), and soon after his acthe proceedings which followed, aid. MILO. The cession defeated the Alemanni in the north
second wife of Clodiuswas the notorious FULIA. of Italy. Next year he gained a great victory
-22. APP. CL. PULCHER, the elder son of No. over an immense host of Goths near Naissus in
20, was one of-the accusers of Milo on the death Dardania, and received, in consequence, the
of P. Clodius, 52.-23. App. CL. PULCHER, broth- surpname Gothicus. He died at Sirmium in 270,
er of No. 22, joined his brother in prosecuting and was succeeded by Aurelian.
Milo. As the two brothers both bore the pre-  CLAZ6MEN. (at KaoyLuevai: K2LaooevloC: now
nomen Appius, it is probable, that one of them  Kelisman), an important city of Asia Minor, and
was adopted by their uncle Appius. Vid. No. a member of the Ionian Dodecapolis, lay on the
19.-24. SEX. CLODIUS, probably a descendant northern coast of the Ionian peninsula, upon the
of a freedman ofthe Claudia gens, was a man Gulf of Smyrna. The city was said to have
of low condition, and the chief instrument of P. been founded by the Colophonians under ParaClodius in all his acts of violence. On the death lus, on the site of the later town of Chytrium,
of the latter in 52, he urged on thel people to but to have been removed further east, as a derevenge the death of their leader. For his acts fence against the Persians, to a small island,
of violence on this occasion, he was brought to which Alexander afterward united to the main
trial, was condemned, and after remaining in land by a causeway. It was one of the weaker
exile eight years, was restored in 44 by M. An- members of the Ionian league, and was chiefly
tonius.                                   peopled, not by lonians, butkby Cleonaeans and
CLAUDIUS I., Roman emperor A.D. 41-54. Phliasians. Under the Romans it was a free
His full name was TIB. CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO  city. It had a considerable commerce, and was
GERaIANICUS. He was the younger son of Dru- celebrated for its temple of Apollo, Diana (Artesus, the brother of the Emperor Tiberius, and mis), -and Cybele, and still more as the birthof Antonia, and was born on August 1st, B.C. place of Anaxagoras.
10, at Lyons in Gaul. In youth he was weak  CLEANDER (KAUavdpoc). 1. Tyrant of Gela,
and sickly, and was neglected and despised by reigned seven years, and was murdered B.C.
his relatives. When he grew up he devoted'498. He was succeeded by his brother Hippothe greater part of his time to literary pursuits, crates, one of whose sons was also called Clebut was not allowed to take any part in public ander. The latter was deposed by Gelon when
affairs. He had reached the age of fifty, when he seized the government, 491.-2. A Lacedaehe was suddenly raised by the soldiers to the monian, harmost at Byzantium 400, when the
imperial throne after the murder of Caligula. Greek army of Cyrus under Xenophon returnClaudius was not cruel, but the weakness of his ed from Asia.-3. One of Alexander's officers,
character made-him the slave of his wives and was put to death by Alexander in Carmania,
freedmen, and thus led him to consent to acts 325, in consequence of his oppressive governof tyranny which he would never have cor- ment in Media.-4. A Phrygian slave, and submitted of his own accord. He was married sequently the profligate favorite and minister
four times. At the time of his accession he of Commodus. In a popular tumult,'occasionwas married to his third wife, the notorious ed by a scarcity of corn, he was torn to death
Valeria Messalina, who governed him for some by the mob.
years, together with the freedmen Narcissus,  [CLEANDRIDAS (Ksrav6pilaC), a Spartan genPallas, and others. After the execution ofMes- eral, who had to flee from his native land for
salina, A.D. 48, a fate which she richly merited, having acted treacherouslyinawarwithAthens.
Claudius was still more unfortunate in choosing He was condemned to death, but fled to THURII
for his wife his niece Agrippina. She prevailed in Italy.]
upon him to set aside his own son, Britannicus,  [CLEANOR (K72,ed'vp), an Arcadian of Orchomand to adopt her son, Nero, that she might secure enus, served in the Greek army of Cyrus the
the succession forthe latter. Claudius soon after younger; he took an active part in conducting
regretted this step, and was, in consequence, the' retreat along with Xenophon, after the aspoisoned by Agrippina,., 54.  Several public sassinationofClearchus and the other generals.]
works of great utility were executed by Claudi-  CLEAgNTHES. (K2edvOzjc). 1. A Stoic, born at
us. He built, forexample, the famous Claudian Assos in Troas'about B.C. 300. He entered
aqueduct (now Aqua Claudia), the port of Os- life as a boxer, and had only four drachmas of
tia, and the emissary by which the water of his own when he began to study philosophy.
Lake Fucinus was carried'into the River Liris. He first placed himself under Crates, and then
In his reign the southern part of Britain was under Zeno, whose disciple he continued for
made a Roman province, and Claudius himself nineteen years. In order to support himself,
went to Britain in 43, where he remained, how- he worked all night at drawing water from garever, only a short time, leaving the conduct of dens; but as he spent the whole day in philothe war to his generals. Claudius wrote sev- sophical pursuits, and had no visible means of
eral historical works, all of which have perish- support, he was summoned before the Areoped. Of these, one of the most important was a agus to account for his way of living.  The
history of Etruria, in the composition of which judges were so delighted by the evidence of inhe made use of genuine Etruscan sources.  dustry which he produced, that they voted him
CLAUDfUS II. (M., AURELIUS CLAUDIUS, sur- ten,minae, though Zeno would not permit him to
named GoTHICUS), Roman emperor A.D. 268- accept them. He was naturally slow, but his iron
210




CLEARCHUS.                                CLEOMEDES.
industry overcame all difficulties; and on the (Aoyo IUporpeTrrtocf, &c.) his design was to
death of Zeno in 263, Cleanthes succeeded him  convince the heathens and to convert them to
in his school. -He died about 220, at the age Christianity. ThePedagogue(Ilatdayoy6c)takes
of eighty, of voluntary starvation. A hymn of up the new convert at the point to which he is
his to Jupiter (Zeus) is still'extant, and con- supposed to have been brought by the hortatory
tains some striking sentiments: edited by Sturz, address, and furnishes him with rules for the
1785, and Mersdorf, Lips., 1835.-2! An ancient regulation of his conduct. The Stromata (Srpopainter of Corinth, [mentioned among the in- caretC) are in eight books: the title (Stromata,
ventors of that art by Pliny and Athenagoras.] i. e., patch-work) indicates its miscellaneous'CLEARcHUS (K;EapXo). 1. A Spartan, distin- character. It is rambling and discursive, but
guished himself in several important commands contains much valuable information on many
during the latter part of the Peloponnesian war, points of antiquity, particularly the history of
and at the close of it persuaded the Spartans to philosophy. The principal information respectsend him as general to Thrace, to protect the ing Egyptian hieroglyphics is contained in the
Greeks in that quarter against the Thracians. fifth book. The object of the work was to deBut having been recalled by'the ephors, and re- lineate the perfect Christian or Gnostic, after he
fusing to obey their orders, he was condemned to had been instructed by the Teacher, and thus
death. He thereupon crossed over to Cyrus, col- prepared by sublime speculations in philosophy
leeted for him alarge force.of Greek mercenaries, and theology. - Editions: By Potter, Oxon.,
and marched with him into Upper Asia, 401, in 1715, fol., 2 vols.; by Klotz, Lips., 1830-34,
order to dethrone his brother Artaxerxes, being 12mo, 4 vols.
the only Greek who was aware of the prince's  CLEOBIS. Vid' BITON.
real object. After the battle of Cunaxa and the- CLEOBULINE (Kaeo6ovAitvy) or CLEOBULE (Kiedeath of Cyrus, Clearchus and the other Greek o6o;vA^), daughter of Cleobulus of Lindus, celegenerals were made prisoners by the treachery brated for her skill in riddles, of which she comof Tissaphernes, and were put to death.-2. A  posed a number in hexameter verse; to her is
citizen of Heraclea on:the Euxihe, obtained the ascribed a well-known one on the subject of the
tyranny of his native town, B.C. 365, by putting year: " A father has twelve children, and each
himself at the head of the popular party. He of these thirty daughters, on one side white,
governed with cruelty, and was assassinated  and on the other side black, and though im353, after a reign of twelve years. He is said mortal they all die."
tohave been a pupil of Plato and of Isocrates.  CLEOBULUS (K2ue6ovuoc), one of the Seven
-3. Of Soli, one of Aristotle's pupils, author of Sages, of Lindus in Rhodes, son of Evagoras,
a number of works, none of which are extant, lived about B.C. 580. He wrote lyric poems,
on a great variety of subjects.-4. An Athenian as well as riddles, in verse; he was said by
poet of the new comedy, whose time is un- some to have been the author of the riddle on
known. [His fragments are given by Meineke, the year, generally attributed to his daughter
Comic. Grcq. Fragm:, vol. ii., p. 1168-9.]  Cleobuline. He was greatly distinguished for
[CLEARIDAS (K2seap[da), a brave young Spar- strength and beauty of person.
tan, made governor of Amphipolis by Brasidas;  CLEOCHXRES (K;aeoydpyC), a Greek orator of
he took part in the battle before Amphipolis be- Myrlea in Bithynia, contemporary with the oratween the Spartans and Athenians, in which tor Demochares and the philosopher Arcesilas,
both Brasidas and Cleon were killed. He aft- toward the close of the third century B.C.
erward had the charge of surrendering the city  [CLEODEUS (K2.eodaog), son of the Heraclid
to the Athenians, but gave it, in fact, to the Am- Hyllus, who, at the head of the Heraclids, made
phipolitans.]                             an unsuccessful attempt to conquer the PeloCLEMENS. 1. T. FLAVIUS, cousin of the Em- ponnesus.]
peror Domitian, by whom he was put to death.  CLEOMBROTUS (KXs6t6poroc). 1. Son of AnaxHe appears to havebeen a Christian. —2. Io- andrides, king of Sparta, became regent after,IANUS, bishop of Rome at the end of the first the battle of Thermopyla, B.C. 480, for Plistarcentury, probably the same as the Clement chus, infant son of Leonidas, but died in the
whom St. Paul mentions (Phil., iv., 3).  He same year, and was succeeded in the regency by
wrote two epistles in Greek to the Corinthian his son Pausanias.-2. I. King of Sparta, son of
Church, of which the first and part of the sec- Pausanias, succeeded his brother Agesipolis I.,
ond are extant. The second, however, is prob- and reigned B.C. 380-371. He commanded the
ably not genuine. The Recognitiones, which Spartan troops several times against the Thebear the name of Clement, were not written by bans, and fell at the battle of Leidctra (371), after
him. The epistles are printed in the Patres fighting most bravely.-3. II. King of Sparta,
Apostolici, of which the most convenient edi- son-in-law of Leonidas II., in whose place' he
tions are by Jacobson, Oxford, 1838, and by was made king by the party of AGIS IV. about
Hefele, Tiibingen, 1839.-3. ALEXANDRINUS, SO 243. On the return' of Leonidas, Cleombrotus
called from his long residence at Alexandrea, was deposed and banished to Tegea, about 240.
was ardently devoted in early life to the study -4. An Academic philosopher of Ambracia,
of philosophy, which had a great influence upon said to have killed himself after reading the
his views of Christianity. He embraced Chris- Phedon of Plato; not that he had any suffertianity through the teaching of Pantaenus at ings to escape from, but that he might exchange
Alexandrea, was ordained presbyter about A.D. this life for a better.
190, and died about 220. Hence he flourished  CLEOMEDES (K;eouijy'rc).. 1.f the island Asunder the reigns of Severus and Caracalla, 193- typalaea, an athlete of gigantic strength.-2. A
217. His three principalworksconstitute partsof Greek mathematician, probably lived in the seca whole. In the Hortatory Address to the Greeks ond and third centuries of the Christian era:
211




CLEOMENES.                                CLEOPATRA,
the author of a Greek treatise in two books on sented by Aristophanes as a demagogue of thi
the Circular Theory, of the Heavenly Bodies (KVK- lowest kind, mean, ignorant, cowardly, and yea/trIf Oesopiaf Mer6epuv Bi6Xta dvo), which is nal; and this view of his character is confirmed
still extant. It is rather an exposition of the by Thucydides. But much weight can not be
system of the universe than of the geometrical attached to the satire of the poet; and the usual
principles of astronomy: edited by Balfour, Bur- impartiality of the historian may have been
digal., 1605; by Bake, Lugd. Bat., 1820; and warped by the sentence of his banishbment, if it
by Schmidt, Lips., 1832.                  be true, as has been conjecture6d with great
CLEOMENES (K;Seo/.z'vT). 1. King of Sparta, probability, that it was through CIeon that'laI
son of Anaxandrides, reigned B.C. 520-491. cydides was sent into exile. Cleon may be
He was a man of an enterprising but wild char- considered as the representative of the middle
acter. His greatest exploit was his. defeat of classes ofAthens,/and by his ready, though somethe Argives, in which six thousand Argive citi- what coarse eloquence, gained great influence
zens fell; but the date of this event is doubt- over them. In 427 hlie strongly advocated in
ful. In 510 he commanded the forces by whose the assembly that the Mytilenaeanr should be
assistance Hippias was driven from Athens, and put to death. In 424 he obtained his greatest
not long after he assisted Isagoras and the aris- glory by taking prisoners the Spartans in the
tocratical party against Clisthenes. By bribing island of Sphacteria, and bringing them in safety
the priestess at Delphi, he effected the deposi- to Athens. Puffed up by this success, he olb
tion of his colleague DEMARATUS, 491. Soon tained the command of an Athenian army, to
afterward he was seized with madness and kill- oppose Brasidas in Thrace; but he was defeat —
ed himself.-2. King of Sparta, son of Cleom- ed by Brasidas, under the walls of Amihipolis,
brotus I., reigned 370-309; but during this long and fell in the battle, 422. The chief attack of
period we have no information about him of any Aristophanes upon Cleon was in the Knights
importance.-3. King of Sparta, son of Leonidas (424), in which Cleon figures as an actual draII., reigned 236-222. While still young, he matis persona, and, in default of'an artificer
married Agiatis, the widow of Agis IV.; and bold enough to make the mask, was representfollowing the example of the latter, he endeav- ed by the poet himself with his facec smeared
ored to restore the ancient Spartan constitu- with wine lees.
tion, and to regenerate the Spartan character.  CLEON.E (K1euvcai: K;tevaior). 1. An anHe was endowed with a noble mind, strength- cient town in Argolis, on the road from Corinth
ened and purified by philosophy, and possessed to Argos, on a river of the same name which
great energy of purpose. His first object was flows into the Corinthian Gulf, and at the foot
to gain for Sparta her old renown in war; and of Mount Apesas; said to have been built by
for that purpose he attacked the Achaeans, and Cleones, son of'Pelops.-2. A town in the pencarried on war with the league with great suc- insula Athos in Chalcidice:-3. Vid. HYAMPoLIS.
cess. Having thus gained military renown, he  CLEONYMUS (K;Re6vv/o0f).  1. An Athenian,
felt himself sufficiently strong in the winter of frequently attacked by Aristophanes as i pesti226-225 to put the ephors to death and restore lent demagogue.-2. A Spartan, son of Sphothe ancient constitution. The Achaeans now' drias, much beloved by Archidamus, the son of
called in-the aid of Antigonus Doson, king of Agesilaus: -he fell at Leuctra, B.C. 371-3.
Macedonia, and for the next three years Cle- Younger son of Cleomenes II., king of Sparta,
omenes carried on war against their united was excluded from the throne on his father's
forces. He was at length completely defeated death, 309, in consequence of his violent and
at the battle of Sellasia'(222), and fled to tyrannical temper. In 303 he crossed over to
Egypt, where he was kindly received by Ptole- Italy to assist the Tarentines against the Lumy Euergetes, but on the death of that king he canians. He afterward withdrew from Italy,
was imprisoned by his successor Philopator. and seized Corcyra; and in 272 he invited
He escaped from prison, and attempted to raise Pyrrhus to attempt the conquest of Sparta.
an insurrection, but finding no one join him, he Vid. ACROTATUS.-[4. A Theban, celebrated for
put himself to death, 220.                his victories at the Isthmian games.]
CLEOMENES.  1. A Greek of Naucratis in    CLEOPATRA (KAeo-rarpa). 1. (Myth.) Daughter
Egypt, appointed by Alexander the Great no- of Idas and Marpessa, and wife of Meleager, is
march of the Arabian district (voe6gr) of Egypt, said to have hanged herself after her husband's
and receiver of the tribute from the districts of death, or to have died of grief. Her real name
Egypt, B.C. 331. His rapacity knew no bounds, was Alcyone.-2. (Hist.) Niece of Attalus, marand he collected immense wealth by his extor- ried Philip, B.C. 337, on whose murder she was
tions. After Alexander's death he was put to put to death by Olympias.-3. Daughter of Philip
death by Ptolemy, who took possession of his and Olympias, and sister of Alexander the Great,
treasures.-2. A sculptor, son of Apollodorus of married,Alexander, king of Epirus, 336. It was
Athens, executed the celebrated statue of the at the celebration of her nuptials that Philip was
Venus de Medici, as appears from an inscrip- murdered. Her husband died 326. After the
tion on the pedestal. He lived between B.C. death of her brother she was sought in marriage
363 and 146.                              by several of his generals, and at length promCLEON (Kae6v), son of Clenenetus, was orig- ised to marry Ptolemy; but, having attempted
inally a tanner, and first came forward in public to escape from Sardis, where she had been kept
as an opponent of Pericles. On the death of for years in a sort of honorable captivity, she
this great man, B.C. 429, Cleon became the fa- was assassinated by Antigonus.-4. Daughter
vorite of the people, and for about six years of of Antiochus III. the Great, married Ptolemy
the Peloponnesian war (428-422) was the head V. Epiphanes, 193. —5. Daughter of Ptolemy V.
of the patty opposed to peace. He is repre- I Epiphanes and No. 4, married her brother Ptol212




CLEOPATRA.                                  CLINIAS.
emyVI. Philometor, and on-his death, 146, her turned to Cleopatra, upon whom he conferred
other brother Ptolemy VI. Physcon. She was the most extravagant titles and honors. In the
soon afterward divorced by Physcon, and fled war between Octavianus and Antony, Cleopatra
int Syria.-6. Daughter of Ptolemy VI. Phil- accompanied her lover, and was present at the
ometor and of No. 5, married first Alexander battle of Actium (31), in the midst of which she
Balas (1.50), the Syrian usurper, and on his death retreated with her fleet, and thus hastened the
Demetrius Nicator. During the captivity of the loss of the day. She fled to Alexandrea, where
latter in Parthia, jealous of the connection which she was joined by Antony. Seeing Antony'
he there formed with Rhodogune, the Parthian fortunes desperate, she entered into negotiaprincess, she married Antiochus VII. Sidetes, tions with Augustus, and promised to make
his brother, and also murdered Demetrius on away with Antony. She fled to a mausoleum
his return. She likewise murdered Seleucus, she had built, and then caused a report of her
her son by Nicator, who, on his father's death, death to be spread. Antony, resolving not to
assumed the government without her consent. survive her; stabbed himself, and was drawn up
Her other son by Nicator, Antiochus VIII. Gry- into the mausoleum, where he died in her arms.
pus, succeeded to the throne (125) through her She then tried to gain the love of Augustus, but
influence; and he compelled her to drink the her charms failed in softening his colder heart.
poison which she had prepared for him also. Seeing that he was determined to carry her capVid. ANTIOCHUS VIII. She had a son by Side- tive to Rome, she put an end to her own life,
tes, Antiochus IX., surnamed Cyzicenus.-7. either by the poison of an asp, or by a poisoned
Another daughter of Ptolemy VI. Philometor comb, the former supposition being adopted by
and No. 5, married her uncle Physcon when most writers. She died in the thirty-ninth year
the latter divorced her mother. On the death of her age (B.C. 30), and with her ended the
of Physeon she reigned in conjunction with her dynasty of the Ptolemies in Egypt, which was
elder son, Ptolemy VIII. Lathyrus, and then in now made a Roman province.-12. Daughter
conjunction with her younger son Alexander. ofAntony and No. 11, born with her twin brother
She was put to death by the latter in 89.-8. Alexander in 40, along with whom she was
Daughter of Ptolemy Physcon and No. 7, mar- carried to Rome after the death of her parents.
tied first her brother Ptolemy VIII. Lathyrus, Augustus married her to Juba, king of Numidia.
and next Antiochus IX. Cyzicenus. She was -13. A daughter of Mithradates, married Tiput'to death by Tryphaena, her own sister, wife granes, king of Armenia.
of Antiochus Grypus.-9. UsuallycalledSELENE,  CLEOPATRIS. Vid. ARSINOE, No. 6.
another daughter of Ptolemy Physcon, married  CLE6PHON (K~eo0v), an Athenian demagogue,
first her brother Lathyrus (on her sister No. 8 of obscure, and, according to Aristophanes, of
being divorced); secondly, Antiochus XI. Epiph- Thracian origin, vehemently opposed peace with
anes; and thirdly, Antiochus X. Eusebes.-10. Sparta in the latter end of the Peloponnesian
Daughter of Ptolemy VIII. Lathyrus, usually war. During the siege of Athens by Lysander,
called Berenice. Vid. BERENICE, No. 4.-11. B.C. 404, he was brought to trial by the arisEldest daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, celebrated tocratical party, and was condemned and put to
for her beauty and fascination, was seventeen  death.
at the death of her father (51), who appointed  [CLEOPOMPUS (Kte6orotoUror), son of Clinias, a
her heir of his kingdom in conjunction with her leader of the Athenians in the Peloponnesian
younger brother, Ptolemy, whom she was to war.]
marry. She was expelled from the throne by  [CLEOSTHENES (KReoaOevyg). 1. One of the
Pothinus and Achillas, his guardians. She re- Spartan ephors.-2. An Epidamnian, a celebrattreated into Syria, and there collected an army, ed Olympian victor in the chariot-race.]
with which she was preparing to enter Egypt,  CLEOSTRXTUS (KaeoT-parog), an astronomer
when Caesar arrived in Egypt in pursuit of of Tenedos, said to have introduced the diviPompey, 47. Her charms gained for her the sion of-the zodiac into signs, probably lived besupport of Caesar, who replaced her on the tween B.C. 548 and 432.
throne in conjunction with her brother. This  CLEVUM, also GLEVUM and GLEBON (now Glouled to the Alexandrine war, in the course of cester), a Roman colony in Britain.
which young Ptolemy perished. Cleopatra thus  CLIDES (at KteidS: now Cape S. Andre), " the
obtained the undivided rule. She was, how- Keys," a promontory on the northeast of Cyerer associated by Caesar with another brother prus, with two islands of the same name lying
of the same name, and still quite a child, to off it.
whom she was also nominally married. She    CLIMAX (KL~paF: now Ekder), the name aphad a son by Caesar, called CESARION, and she- plied to the western termination-of the Taurus
afterward followed him to Rome, where she ap- range, which extends along the western coast
pears to have been at the time of his death, 44. of the Pamphylian Gulf, north of Phaselis in
She then returned to Egypt, and in 41 she met Lycia. Alexander made a road between it and
Antony in Cilicia. She was now in her twenty- the sea. There were other mountains of the
eighth year, and in the perfection of matured same name in Asia and Africa.
beauty, which, in conjunction with her talents  CLIMBERRUM. Vid. Ausci.
andeloquenee, completely won the heart of An-  CLINIAS (Ke2Ltvar). 1. Father of the famous;ory, who henceforth appears as her devoted Alcibiades, fought at Artemisium B.C. 480, in
Sover and slave. He returned with her to Egypt, a ship built and manned at his own expense:
but was obliged to leave her for a short -time, he fell 447, at the battle of Coronea.-2. A
in order to marry Octavia, the sister of Octavi- younger brother of the famous Alcibiades.-3.
anus. But Octavia was never able to gain his Father of Aratus of Sicyon, was murdered by
affections; he soon deserted his wife and re- Abantidas, who seized the tyranny, 264.-4. A
213




CLIO.                            CLUENTIUS HABITUS.
Pythagorean philosopher of Tarentum, a con- god Clitumnus, and falls into the Tinia, a tribtemporary and friend of Plato.  [A fragment utary of the Tiber.
of his writings, preserved by Stobaus, is given in  CLITUS (Kaeirot0 or KUetrIC). [1. (MythologOrelli's Opusc. Grcec. Vett. Sent., ii., p. 324.]  ical)-A Trojan, son of Pisenor, slain by Teucer.
CLIO. Vid. MUSE.                        -2. Son of Mantius, carried off by Aurora on
CLISTHENES (K2tecaOevS). 1. Tyrant of Sic- account of his beauty.]-3. (Historical) Son of
yon. In B.C. 595, he aided the Amphictyons Bardylis, king of Illyria; defeated by Alexander
in the sacred war against Cirrha, which ended, the Great, B.C. 335.-4. A Macedonian, one of
after ten years, in the destruction of the guilty Alexander's generals and friends, surnamed the
city. He also engaged in war with Argos. His Black (MeXar). He saved Alexander's life at
death can not be placed earlier than 582, in the battle of Granicus, 334. In 328 he was
which year he won the victory in the chariot- slain by Alexander at a banquet, when both
race at the Pythian games. His daughter Aga- parties were heated with wine, and Clitus had
rista was given in marriage to Megacles the provoked the king's resentment by insolent lanAlcmaonid.-2. An Athenian, son of Megacles guage.  Alexander was inconsolable at his
and Agarista, and grandson of No. 1, appears friend's death.-5. Another of Alexander's offias the head of the Alcmaleonid clan on the ban- cers, surnamed the White (AswivK), to distinishment of the Pisistratidme. Finding, how- guish him fiom the above.-6. An officer who
ever, that he could not cope with his political commanded the Macedonian fleet for Antipater
rival Isagoras except through the aid of the in the Lamian war, 323, and defeated the Athecommons, he set himself to increase the power nian fleet. In 321 he obtained from Antipater
of the latter. The principal change which he the satrapy of Lydia, from which he was exintroduced was the abolition of the four ancient pelled by Antigonus, 319. He afterward crnmtribes and the establishment of ten new ones manded the fleet of Polysperchon, and was at
in their stead, B.C. 510. He is also said to have first successful, but his ships were subsequently
instituted ostracism.  Isagoras and his party destroyed by Antigonus, and he was killed on
called in the aid of the Spartans, but Clisthenes shore, 318.
and his friends eventually triumphed.-3. An  CLOACINA or CLUACINA, the "Purifier" (from
Athenian, whose foppery and effeminate profit- cloae or cluere, "to wash" or "purify"), a surgacybrought him underthe lashof Aristophanes. name of Venus at Rome.
[CLITAGORA (K etray6pa), a lyric poetess of  [CLOANTHES, one of the followers of Eneas,
Laconia or Thessaly, mentioned in the Vespe from whom the Roman Cluentii pretended to
of Aristophanes.]                         deduce the origin of their name and family.]
CLITARCHUS (K2eirapXoc). 1. Tyrant of Ere-  [CLODIA. Vid. CLAUDIA.]
tria in Eubea, was supported by Philip against  CLODIUS, another form of the name Claudius,
the Athenians, but was expelled from Eretria just as we find both caudex and codex, claustrum
by Phocion, B.C. 341.-2. Son of the historian and clostrum, cautda and coda. Vid. CLAUDIUS.
Dinon, accompanied Alexander the Great in his  CLODYIU ALBiNUS. Vid. ALBINUS.
Asiatic expedition, and wrote a history of it.  CLODiUS MACER. Vid. MACER.
This work was deficient in veracity and inflated  CLCELIA, a Roman virgin, one of the hostages
in style, but appears nevertheless to have been given to Porsena, is said to have escaped from
much read. [The fragments of his history are the Etruscan camp, and to have swum across
collected by Geier, Alex. Hist. Scrip., p. 160-90.] the Tiber to Rome. She was sent back by the
CLITERNUM or CLITERNik (Cliterninus), a town Romans to Porsena, who was so struck with her
of the Frentani, in the territory of Larinum.  gallant deed that he not only set her at liberty,
CLITSOMCHUS (KIler6opaxog). 1. A Cartha- but allowed her to take with her a part of the
ginian by birth, and called Hasdlrubal in his hostages. Porsena also rewarded her with a
own language, came to Athens in, the fortieth horse adorned with splendid trappings, and the
year of his age, and there studied under Car- Romans with the statue of a female On horseneades, on whose death he became the head of back, which was erected in the Sacred Way.
the New Academy, B.C. 129. Of his works,    CLELIA or CLUILIA GENS, of Alban origin,
which amounted to four hundred books, only a said to have been received among the patricians
few titles are preserved. His main object in on the destruction of Alba. A few of its memwriting them was to make known, the philoso- bers, with the surname Siculus, obtained the
phy of his master Carneades. When Carthage consulship in the early years of the republic.
was taken in 146, he wrote a work to console  CLONAS (KIUovi), a poet, and one of the earihis unfortunate countrymen. -[2. A Theban est musicians of Greece, either an Arcadian or
athlete, who gained several victories at the a Bceotian, probably lived about B.C. 620.
Olympian and Pythian games.-3. Of AEgina,   CLONIUS (KAoXYo). 1. A leadere of the Be&an athlete who conquered in wrestling at the tians in the war against Troy, slain by Ageso-r,
Isthmian games.]                          -[2. A companion of_ Eneas, slain by Tr nus.
CLITOR or CLITRYIUM (Kelirop:.KLOeer6peC: -3. Another companion of KEneas, slain by
ruins near Mazi), a town in the north of Area- Messapus.]
dia, on a river of the same name, a tributary  [CLONUS, an artist mentioned by Yirgid as the
of the Aroanius: there was,a fountain in the maker of a belt presented to Pallas, son of
neighborhood, the waters of which are said to Evander, on,which were represented;n gold
have given to persons who drank of them a dis- the fifty daughters of Danans.]
like for wine. (Ov., Met., xv., 322.)       CLOTA 2EsTUArIiUM (now Frith of Clyde on
CLITUMNUS (now Clitumno), a small river in the western coast of Scotland.
Umbria, springs from a beautiful rock in a grove  CLOTHO. Vid. MOIRE.
of cypress-trees, where was a sanctuary of the  CLUENTIUS HABITUS, A., of Larinum, acedSii
214




CLUNIA.                                   CNOSUS.
in B.C. 74 his own step-father, Statius Albius to Agamemnon. During her husband's absence
Oppianicus, of having attempted to procure his at Troy she lived in adultery with Egisthus,
death by poison. Oppianicus was condemned, and on his return to Mycenae she murdered
and it was generally believed that the judges him with the help of iLgisthus. Vid. AGAMEMIhad been bribed by Cluentius. In 66, Cluentius I NON. She was subsequently put to death by
was himself accused by young Oppianicus, son her son Orestes, who thus avenged the murder
of Statius Albius, who had died in the interval, of his father. For details, vid. ORESTES.
of three distinct acts of poisoning. He was de-  [CLYTIEs(KXvria, Ion. K2Zvrt?). 1. Daughter
fended by Cicero in the oration still extant.  of Oceanus and Tethys.-2. A female beloved
CLUNIA (ruins on a hill between Coruna del by Apollo, died from grief at the unfaithfulness
Conde and Pennalba de Castro), a town of the of that god, and was changed by him into a heArevace in Hispania Tarraconensis, and a Ro- liotrope.-3. Mother of King Chalcon in the
man colony.                               island of Cos.]
CLUPEA or CLYPEA. Vid. ASPIS.             [CLYTIUS (KLvrioC).  1. Son of Laomedon,
CLUSIUM (Clusinus: now Chiusi), one of the brother of Priam.-2. Son of Alcmeeon and
most powerful of the twelve Etruscan cities, father of Pirwaus.-3. Son of the CEchalian king
situated on an eminence above the River Clanis, Eurytus, slain by zEetes in the Argonautic exand southwest of the LACUS CLUSINUS (now  pedition.-4. A partisan of Phineus, slain by
Lago di Chiusi). It was more anciently called Theseus.-5. One of the companions of Ineas,
CAMERS or CAMARS, whence we may conclude son of Eolus, slain by Turnus. Two other hethat it was founded by the Umbrian race of the roes of this name are mentioned in the 2Eneid.]
Camertes. It was the royal residence of'Por-  [CLYTOM.IDES (KZvro/ZUjdC), son of Enops,
sena, and in its neighborhood was the celebrated conquered by Nestor in boxing.]
sepulchre of this king in the form of a labyrinth,  [CLYTioNEus (K2vrO6vo7), son of King Alciof which such marvellous accounts have come nous, surpassed all his contemporaries in rundown to us. (Vid. Diet. of Ant., art. LABYRIN- ning.]
THU'S.) Subsequently Clusium was in alliance  CNEMIS (KvulC), a range of mountains on the
with the Romans, by whom it was regarded as frontiers of Phocis and Locris, from which the
a bulwark against the Gauls. Its siege by the northern Locrians were called Epicnemidii. A
Gauls, B.C. 391, led, as is well known, to the branch of these mountains runs out into the sea,
capture of Rome itself by the Gauls. Clusium  forming the promontory CNdEMIDES (Kvnl[6de),
probably became a Roman colony, since Pliny with a town of the same name upon it, oppospeaks of Clusini Veteres et Novi. In its neigh- site the promontory Cenaeum in Eubeea.
borhood were warm baths. (Hor., Ep., i., 15,  CNEPH (Kv3~) or CNUPHIS (Kvo0irg), an Egyp9.)                                       tian divinity, worshipped in the form of a serCLeUSIUS (now Chiese), a river in Cisalpine pent, and regarded as the creator of the world.
Gaul, a tributary of the Ollius, forming the  CNiDUS or GNIDUS (Kvidoc: Kvisiot: ruins
boundary between the Cenomani and Insubres. at Cape Krio), a celebrated city of Asia Minor,
CLUvIus, a family of Campanian origin, of on the promontory of Triopium, on the coast of
which the most important person was M. CLU- Caria, was a Lacedaemonian colony, and the
vius RuFus, consul suffectus A.D. 45, and gov- chief city of the Dorian Hexapolis. It was
ernor of Spain under Galba, A.D. 69, on whose built partly on the main land and partly on an
death he espoused the cause of Vitellius. He island joined to the coast by a causeway, and
was an historian, and wrote an account of the had two harbors. It had a considerable corntimes of Nero, Galba, Otho, and Vitellius.  merce; and it was resorted to by travellers
CLYMIENE (KX2v/z1,v). 1. Daughter of Ocea- from all parts of the civilized world, that they
nus and Tethys, and wife of Iapetus, to whom  might see the statue of Venus (Aphrodite) by
she bore Atlas, Prometheus, and others.-2. Praxiteles, which stood in her temple here.
Daughter of Iphis or Minyas, wife of Phylacus The city possessed also temples of Apollo and
or Cephalus, to whom she bore Iphiclus and Neptune (Poseidon). The great naval defeat
Alcimede. According to Hesiod and others, she of Pisander by Conon (B.C. 394) took place off
was the mother of Phaethon by Helios.-3. A  Cnidus. Among the celebrated natives of the
relative of Menelaus and a companion of He- city were Ctesias, Eudoxus, Sostratus, and
lena, with whom she was carried off by Paris. Agatharchides. It is said to have been also
— [4. Daughter of Catreus, mother of Palame- called, at an early period, Triopia, from its
des.-5. One of the Nereids enumerated by Ho- founder Triopas, and, in later times, Stadia.
mer (II., xviii., 47.)]                     CNOSUS or GN6sus, subsequently CNOSSUS or
[CLY.ENUS.  1. King of the Minye, in Or- GNossus  (Kvooa6f, TVwGo6G, Kvr)aacC, rvwoa)6:
chomenos; he was slain by the Thebans at a KvYaoto, Kvoatoo': now Makro Teikho), an anfestival of Neptune (Poseidon) at Thebes.-2. cient town of Crete, and the capital of King MiSon of Caeneus, king of Arcadia, married Epi- nos, was situated in a fertile country on the
caste of Argos, by whom he had Harpalyce and River C2ERATUS (which was originally the name
several other children.-3. A companion of of the town), at.a short distance from the northPhineus at the nuptials of Perseus.]      ern coast. It was at an early time colonized by
[CLnySOdYsMus (K2Lva6vt,(aoc),( son ofAmphida- Dorians, and from it Dorian institutions spread
rmas of Opus, was unintentionally slain by Pa- over the island. Its power was weakened by
troclus who had to seek refuge on this account the growing importance of Gortyn and Cydoat the court of Peleus.]                  nia; and these towns, when united, were more
CLYTEMSNESTRA (KI2tratifavOrpa), daughter of than a match for Cnosus. Cnosus is frequentTyindareus and Leda, sister of Castor, and half- ly mentioned by the poets in consequence of
ister of Pollux and Helena. She was married | its connection with Minos, Ariadne, the Mi215




COBUS.                                  COLANICA.
notaur, and the Labyrinth; and the adjective poets to those poetasters who annoyed otber
Cnosius is frequently used as an equivalent to people by reading their productions to them.
Cretan.                                     CCELA (Ta KolAa -rc Eg6oZia), "the Hollows
COBUS or COHYBUS (K5loc), a river of Asia, of Euboea," the western coast ofEuboma, beflowing from the Caucasus into the eastern side tween the promontories Caphareus and Cherof the Euxine.                            sonesus, very dangerous to. ships: here a part
COCALUS (K6cKa;o), a mythical king of Sicily, of the Persian fleet was wrecked, B.C. 480.
who kindly received Dedalus on his flight from  CCELE (Koi2-), an Attic demus belonging to
Crete; and, [when Minos subsequently came the tribe Hippothoontis, a little' way beyond the
thither in pursuit of him, put that monarch to Melitian gate at Athens: here Cimon and Thudeath.] Accordingto others, [Minos] was killed cydides were buried.
by tie daughters of Cocalus.                CCELESYRIA (j Koi2tn zvpia, i. e., Hollow SyrCOCCEIUs NERVA. Vid. NERVA.             ia), was the name given after the Macedonian
COCHE (KoX7), a city on the Tigris, near Cte- conquest to the great valley (El-Bukaa) between
siphon.                                   the two ranges of Mount Lebanon (Libanus
COCINTHUM or COCINTUM (now Punta di Stilo), and Anti-Libanus), in the south of Syria, bora promontory on the southeast of Brottium, in dering upon Phenicia on the west, and PalesItaly, with a town of the same name upon it.  tine on the south. In the wars between the
COCLES, HoRATIUS, that is, Horatius the " one- Ptolemies and the Seleucidae, the name was apeyed," a hero of the old Roman lays, is said to plied to the whole of the southern portion of
have defended the Sublician bridge along.with Syria, which became subject for some time to
Sp. Lartius and T. Herminius against the whole the kings of Egypt; but,,under the Romans,
Etruscan army under Porsena, while the Ro- when Phoenicia and Judaea were made distinct
mans broke down the bridge behind them. provinces, the name of CAelesyria was confined
When the work was nearly finished, Horatius to Ccelesyria proper, together with the district
sent back his two companions. As soon as the east of' Anti-Libanus, about Damascus, and a
bridge was quite destroyed, he plunged into the portion of Palestine east of the Jordan; and
stream and swam across to the city in safety this is the most usual meaning of'the term.
amid the arrows of the enemy. The state rais- Under the later emperors it was considered as
ed a statue to his honor, which was placed in a part of Phoenicia, and was called. Phcenice
the comitium, and allowed him as much land as Libanesia. The-country was for the most part
he could plough round in one day. Polybius fertile, especially the eastern district about the
relates that Horatius defended the bridge alone, River Chrysorrhoas:. the valley of Ccelesyria
and perished in.the river.                proper was watered by the Leontes. The in.
COCOSSATES, a people in Aquitania in Gaul, habitants were a mixed people of Syrians, Phcementioned along with the Tarbelli.        nicians, and Greeks, called Syrophcenicians (XvCOCYLIUM (KOKVcltov), an _Eolian city in My- pooiviKcec).
sia, whose inhabitants (Koicvliraet) are mention-  CCELETE or CCELALETIE, a people of Thrace,
ed by Xenophon, but which was abandoned be- divided into Majores and Minores, in the district
fore Pliny's time.                        CCmLETICA, between the Hebrus and the Gulf of
COCYTUS (K6cevror), a river in Epirus, a tribu- Melas.
tary of the Acheron.  Like the Acheron, the  CCELUS. Vid. CJ'LIUS.
Cocytus was supposed to be connected with the  C(ELOSSA (Koi2waaa), a mountain in the Sicylower world, and hence came to be described as onian territory, near Phlius, an offshoot of the
a river in the lower world. Homer (Od., x,, Arcadian mountain Cyllene.
513) makes the Cocytus a tributary of the Styx;  CGELUS (KoiLor Altqv) or CCELA (Kof;a), a seabut Virgil (,En., vi., 295) represents the Ache- port town in the Thracian Chersonese, near
ron as flowing into the Cocytus.          which was the Kviv-g aOlua, or the grave of HecCoDANUs SINUS, the southwestern part of the uba. Vid. CYNOSSEMA.
Baltic, whence the Danish islands are called  CCENUS (Kotvo'), son-in-law of Parmenion,
CODANONIA.                                one of the ablest generals of Alexander the
CODOMANNUS. Vid. DARIUS.                Great, died on the Hyphasis, B.C. 327.
CODRUS (K6opof). 1. Son of Melanthus, and  CCENYRA (Koivvpa), a place in the island Thalast king of Athens. When the Dorians invad- sos, opposite Samothrace.
ed Attica from Peloponnesus (about B.C. 1068  [CCERXNUS (Koipavo). 1. A Lycian, slain by
according to mythical chronology), an oracle Ulysses in the Trojan war.-2. Charioteer of
declared that they should be victorious if the Meriones, slain by Hector.-3. A Stoic philosolife of the Attic king was spared. Codrus there- pher, flourished in the reign of the Emperor
upon resolved to sacrifice himself for his coun- Nero.]
try.'He entered the camp of the enemy in dis-  [CCus (Kb'oe), son of Uranus (Cmlhis) and
guise, commenced quarrelling with the soldiers, GTaa (Terra), one of the most powerful of the
and was slain in the dispute. WVhen the Dori- Titans.]
ans discovered the death of the Attic king, they  COE (K-CP), of Mytilene, dissuaded Darius
returned home. Tradition adds, that as no one Hystaspis, in his Scythian expedition, from
was thought worthy to succeed such a patriotic breaking up his bridge of boats over the Danube.
king, the kingly dignity was abolished, and Me- For this good counsel he was rewarded by Dadon, son of Codrus, was appointed archon for life rins with the tyranny of Mytilene.  On the
instead.-2. A Roman poet, ridiculed by Virgil. breaking out of the Ionian revolt, B.C. 501, he
Juvenal also speaks of a wretched poet of the was stoned to death by the Mytilenueans.
same name. The name is probably fictitious,  [COLANICA (now Lanark), a.city of the Damand appears to have been applied by the Roman nii in Britannia Barbara.]
216




COLAPIS.                           COLUMELLA, L. JUNIUS.
COLAPIS (K62orb in Dion Cass.: now Kulpa), 51, when a Roman colony was planted in the
a river in Pannonia, flows into the Savus: on town by the Emperor Claudius, at the instigait dwelt the COLAPIANI.                  tion of his wife Agrippina, who was born here,
CoiLCIS (Ko2Xe: K6a1Xo), a country of Asia, and from whom it derived its new name. Its
[comprising the modern Mingrelia and part of inhabitants received the jus Italicum. It soon
Rmireti], bounded on the west by the Euxine, on became a large and flourishing city, and was
the north by the Caucasus, on the east by Ibe- the capital of Lower Germany., At Cologne
ria; on the south and southwest the bounda- there are still several Roman remains, an anries were somewhat indefinite, and were often cient gate, with the inscription C. C. A. A., i. e.,
considered to extend as far as Trapezus (now  Colonia ClaudiaAugustaAgrippinensis, the founTrebizond). The land of Colchis (or zEa) and dations of the Roman walls, &c.
its river Phasis are famous in the Greek my-  COLONIA EQUESTRIS. Vid. NOVIODUNUM.
thology. Vid. ARGONAUT.' The name of Col-  COLONUS (Ko2uov6C: Ko2aCve6V, -viTrt, -Vtdr~y),
chis is first mentioned by Eschylus and Pindar. a demus of Attica, belonging to the tribe AEgeis,
The historical acquaintance of the Greeks with afterward to the tribe Antiochis, ten stadia, or
the country may be ascribed to the commerce a little more than a mile, northwest of Athens;
of the Milesians. It was a very fertile country, near the Academy, lying on and round a hill;
and yielded timber, pitch, hemp, flax, and wax, celebrated for a temple of Neptune (Poseidon)
as articles of commerce; but it was. most fa- (hence called Ko2ovo6 "I7Lrrelto), a grove of the
mous for its manufactures of linen, on account Eumenides, and the tomb of CEdipus.' Sophoof which, and of certain physical resemblances, cles, who was a native of this demus, has deHerodotus supposed the Colchians to have been scribed the scenery and religious associations
a colony from Egypt. The land was governed of the spot in his CEdipus Coloneus. There
by its native princes until Mithradates Eupator was a hill at Athens called Colonus Agoraeus
made it subject to the kingdom of Pontus. (Ko;uotc o (ayopalot).
After the Mithradatic war it was overrun by  C6LOPHON (Ko)o~t6v: ruins at Zille), one of
the Romans, but they did not subdue it till the the twelve Ionian cities of Asia Minor, was said
time of Trajan. Under the later emperors the to have been founded by Mopsus, a grandson of
country was called Lazica, from the name of Tiresias. It stood about two miles from the
one of its principal tribes, the Lazi.    coast, on the River Halesus, which was famous
COLIAS (KC(Odci), a promontory on the west- for the coldness of its water, between Lebedus
ern coast of Attica, twenty stadia south of Pha- and Ephesus, one hundred and twenty stadia
lerum, with a temple of Aphrodite, where some (twelve geographical miles) from the former, and
of the Persian ships were cast after the battle seventy stadia (seven geographical miles) from
of Salamis. Colias is usually identified -with the latter: its harbor was called Notium. It
the cape called the Three Towers (Tpesi IHIp- was one of the most powerful members of the
yot), but it ought to be placed southeast, near Ionian confederacy, possessing a considerable
"AyLoC Koopdar.                          fleet and excellent cavalry; but it suffered greatCOLLITIA (Collatinus). 1. (Now Castellac- ly in war, being taken at different times by the
cio), a Sabine town in Latium, near the right Lydian's, the Persians, Lysimachus, and the Cibank of the Anio, taken by Tarquinius Priscus. lician pirates. It was made a free city by the
-2. A town in Apulia, only mentioned, under Romans after their war with Antiochus the
the empire.                               Great. Besides.claiming to be the birth-place
COLLATINUS, L. TARQUINIUS, son of Egerius, of Homer, Colophon was the native city of Mimand nephew of Tarquinius Priscus, derived the nermus, Hermesianax, and Nicander. It was
surname Collatinus from the town Collatia, of also celebrated for the oracle of Apollo Clarius
which his father had been appointed governor. in its neighborhood.  Vid. CLARUS.
He was married to Lucretia, and it was the rape  COLOSSm (Ko0ocacai, afterward Ko;uacoai: Koof the latter by Sextus Tarquinius that led to;Loaajv6g, Strab., KooaacaedC, New Testament;
the dethronement of Tarquinius Superbus. Col- ruins at Khonas), a city of Great Phrygia, on
latinus and L. Junius Brutus were the first con- the River Lycus, once of great importance, but
suls; but, as the people could not endure the so reduced by the rise of the neighboring cities
rule of any of the hated race of the Tarquins, of Laodicea and Hierapolis that the later geogCollatinus resigned his office, and retired from  raphers do not'even mention it, and it might
Rtome to Lavinium.                        have been forgotten but for its place in the early
COLLINA PORTA. Vid. RovA.               history of the Christian Church. In the Middle
COLLYTUS (Ko;2uvr6c, also KOVTTr6O: Ko2Lv- Ages it was called Xtvat, and hence the modrevc), a demus in Attica, belonging to the tribe ern name of the village on its site.
lEJgeis, was included within the walls of Athens,  COLOTES (Ko;l6rTC). 1. OfLampsaeus, a heaand formed one of the districts intowhich the er of Epicurus, against whom Plutarch wrote
city was divided: it was the demus of Plato, two of his works. - 2. A sculptor of Paros,
and the residence of Timon the misanthrope.  flourished B.C. 444, and assisted Phidias in ex[CoLOi (Ko2i6O/), a lake in Lydia, generally ecuting the colossus of Jupiter (Zeus) at Olymcalled Gyg-cea. Vid. GYGAe PALUS.]        pia.-[3. A painter of Teos, a contemporary and
CO6LObNZ (KolXtai), a small town in the Troad, rival of Timanthes, B.C. 396.]
mentioned in Greek history, but destroyed be-  COLUMELLA, L. JUNIUS MODERATUS, a native
fore the time of Pliny.                   of Gades in. Spain, and a contemporary of SenCOLfNIA AGRIPPINA or AGRIPPINENSIS (now  eca. VVe have no particulars of his life; it ap-'
Cologne on the Rhine), originally the chief town pears, from his own account, that at some peof the Ubii, and called Oppidum or Civilas Ubio- riod of his life he visited Syria and Cilicia; but
rum, was a place of small importance till A.D. Rome appears to have been his ordinary real217




COLUMNA      HERCULIS.                           COMUM.
dence. He wrote awork upon-agriculture (De dence in him. He was sent by Caesar to BritRe Rustica), in twelve books, which is still ex- ain to accompany the ambassadors of the Brittant. It treats not only of agriculture proper, ish states on their return to their native counbut of the cultivation of the vine and the olive, try, but he was cast into chains by the Britons,
of gardening, of rearing cattle, of bees, &c. and was not released till the Britons had been
The tenth book, which treats of gardening, is defeated by Caesar, and found it expedient to sue
composed in dactylic hexameters, and forms a for peace. In B.C. 52 he joined the other Gauls
sort of supplement to the Georgics. There is in their great revolt against the Romans, and
also extant a work De Arboribus, in one book. continued in arms even after the capture of
The style of Columella is easy and ornate. The Alesia.
best edition of his works is by Schneider, in the  COMMODUS, L. CEIONIUS, was adopted by HaScriptores Rei Rustidc, 4 vols. 8vo, Lips., 1794. drian, A.D. 136, when he took the name of L.
COLUMNS HERCULIS. Vid. ABYLA, CALPE.     ELIUS VERUS CESAR. His health was weak;
COLUTHUS'(K62QovOo), a Greek epic poet of he died on the first of January, 138, and was inLycopolis in Egypt, lived at the beginning of terred in the mausoleum. of Hadrian. His son,
the sixth, century of our era. He is the author L. Aurelius Verus, was the colleague of Antoof an extant poem on "The Rape of Helen" ninus, Pius in the empire. Vid. VERUS.
('fE  vr? dp7rayj), consisting of three hundred  CoMMODUS, L. AURELIUS, Roman emperor
and ninety-two hexameter lines.  Edited by A.D. 180-192, son of M. Aurelius and the youngBekker, Berl., 1816, and Schaefer, Lips., 1825. er Faustina, was born at Lanuvium 161, and
[COLYMBAS (Kovv,ui6d), one of the daughters was thus scarcely twenty when he succeeded
of Pierus. Vid. PIERIDES.]                to the empire. He was an unworthy son of a
COLYTTUS. Vid. COLLYTUS.                noble father. Notwithstanding the great care
COMIANA (Kdtoava).  1. C. Pontica (ruins at which his father had bestowed upon his educaGuminik), a flourishing city of Pontus, upon the tion, he turned out one of the most sanguinary
River Iris, celebrated for its temple of Diana and licentious tyrants that ever disgraced a
(Artemis) Taurica, the foundation of which tra- throne. It was after the suppression of the plot
dition ascribed to Orestes.  The high-priests against his life, which had been organized by
of this temple took rank next after the king, his sister Lucilla, 183, that he first gave unconand their domain was increased by Pompey trolled sway to his ferocious temper. He reafter the Mithradatic war.-2. CAPPADOCIE, or signed the government to various favorites, who
C. CHRYSE (now Bostan),lay in a narrow valley followed each otler in rapid succession (Perenof the Anti-Taurus, in Cataonia, and was also nis, Cleander, Laetus, and Eclectus), and abancelebrated for a temple of Diana (Artemis) Tau- doned himself without interruption to the most
rica, the foundation of which was likewise as- shameless debauchery. But he was at the same
cribed by tradition to Orestes.           time the slave of the most childish vanity, and
[COMARus (Kd6apog), a harbor of Epirus, on sought to gain popular applause by fighting as
the Ambracius Sinus, in the district of Molossis.] a gladiator, and slew many thousands of wild
CoMnBR E  (K(Ui6peLa), a town in the Macedo- beasts in the amphitheatre with bow and spear.
nian district of Crossaa.                 In consequence of these exploits he assumed
[COMETES (KO 1ryrC), 1. Father of the Argo- the name of Hercules, and demanded that he
>naut Asterion.-2. One of the Lapitha, slain at should be worshipped as that god, 191. In the
the marriage festival of Pirithous.]      following year his concubine Marcia found on
COMINIUM, a town in Samnium, destroyed by his tablets, while he was asleep, that she was
the Romans in the Samnite wars.           doomed to perish, along with Letus and Eclec[C OINIUS, P. 1. A Romanknight,who, with tus, and other leading men in the state. She
his brother L. or C., accused C. Cornelius of forthwith administered poison to him; but, as
majestas, B.C. 66: the matter did not come to its operation was slow, Narcissus, a celebrated
trial, but next year they renewed the accusa- athlete, was introduced, and by him Commodus
tion, and Cornelius, who was defended by Cic- was strangled on the 31st of December, 192.
ero, was acquitted. The speech delivered by  COMNIiNA. Vid. ANNA COMNENA.
Cominius was extant in the time of Asconius,  COMPLUTUM (now Alcala de Ilenares), a town
who praises it: Cominius is also well spoken of the Carpetani in Hispania Tarraconensis, beof by Cicero as a lively and clear speaker.-2. tween Segovia and Bilbilis.
One of Cesar's officers, taken prisoner near  COMPSA (Compsanus: now Conza), a town of
Thapsus, in crossing over to Africa, B.C. 47.]  the Hirpini in Samnium, near the sources of the
COMMIGENE (Koyuayvyr), the northeastern- Aufidus.
most district of Syria, was bounded on the east  COMUM (Comensis: now Como), a town in
and southeast by the Euphrates, on the north Gallia Cisalpina, at the southern extremity of
and northwest by the Taurus, and on the south the western branch of the Lacus Larius (now
by Cyrrhestice. It formed a part of the Greek Lago di Como). It was originally a town of the
kingdom of Syria, after the fall of whichit main- Insubrian Gauls, and was colonized by Pontained its independence under a race of kings peius Strabo, by Cornelius Scipio, and by Julius
who appear to have been a branch of the family Cesar' Caesar settled there six thousand colof the Seleucidae, and was not united to the onists, among whom were five hundred distinRoman Empire till the reign of Vespasian. Un- guished Greek families; and this new populader Constantine, if not earlier, it was made a tion so greatly exceeded the number of the old
part of Cyrrhestice. The district was remark- inhabitants, that the town was called No0urn
able for its fertility.                   Comum, a name, however, which it did not reCOnMYus, king of the Atrebates, was advanced tain. Comum was a place of importance, and
to that dignity by Casar, who had great confi- carried on oonsiderable commerce with the
218




COMUS.                                 CONSTANTIA.
noYth. It was celebrated for its iron manufac- matician and astronomer, lived in the time of
tories: it was the birth-place of the younger the Ptolemies Philadelphus and Euergetes (B.
Pliny.:                                    C. 283-222), and was the friend of Archimedes,
[COMUS (KCy/zo), in later antiquity god of fes- who praises him in the highest terms. None
tive mirth and.joy, was represented as a winged of his works are preserved.-4. A' grammarian
youth.]                                   of the age of Augustus, author of a work enti[CoNCANI, a people of Hispania among the tied Atnyicral, a collection of fifty narratives reCantabri; said by Horace to delight in the blood lating to the mythical and heroic period. An
of horses (Od., 3, 4, 34): their chief city was epitome of the work is preserved by Photius.
Concana (now Santillana or Onis).]        -[Editions: By Teucher, Lips., 1802; and by
CONCORDIA, a Roman goddess, the personifi- Westermann in Scriptores Poeticc  Historia
cation of concord, had several temples at Rome. Grceci, Brunsvigae, 1843.]
The earliest was built by Camillus in commem-  CONOPA (KOvSw ra: Ko)Ve7we8g, -rirTTc, -7raio'),
oration of the reconciliation between the patri- a village in /Etolia, on the Achelous, enlarged
cians and plebeians, after the enactment of the by Arsinoe, wife of Ptolemy II., and called after
Licinian rogations, B.C. 367. In this temple her name.
the senate frequently met. Concordia is rep-  CONSENTES DII, the twelve Etruscan gods
resented on coins as a matron, holding in her who formed the council of Jupiter. They conleft hand a cornucopia,'and in her right either sisted of six male and six female divinities: we
an olive branch or a patera.              do not know the names of all of them, but it is
CONDXTE, the name of many Celtic towns, certain that Juno, Minerva, Summanus, Vulcan,
said to be equivalent in meaning to Confluentes, Saturn, and Mars were among them.
i. e., the union of two rivers.             CONSENTIA(Consentinus: now Cosenza), chief
[CONDIVICNUM. Vid. NAMNETES.]           town of the Bruttii on the River Crathis: here
[COND6CHsTES, a navigable tributary of the Alaric died.
Ganges in India intra Gangem.]              CONSENTIUS, P., a Roman grammarian, probCoNDRUSI, a German people in Gallia Belgica, ably flourished in the fifth century of the Christhe dependents of the Treviri, dwelt between tian era, and is the author of two extant gramthe Eburones and the Treviri in the district of matical works, one published in the Collection
Condros, on the Maas and Ourthe.          of grammarians by Putschius, Hanov., 1605 (De
CONFLUENTES (now Coblenz), a town in Ger- Duabus Partibus Orationis, Noomine et Verbo),
many, at the confluence of the Moselle and the and the other (De Barbarismis et' Metaplasmis)
Rhine.                                    by Buttmann, Berol., 1817.
[CONII, a people of Hispania, west of the Co-  CONSIDIUs LONGUS, C. 1. Proprietor in Africa,
lumnae Herculis.]                         left his province shortly before the breaking out
[CONIMBRIGA (now Coimbra), a town of Lusi- of the civil war B.C. 49, intrusting the governtania.]                                   ment to Q. Ligarius. He returned to Africa
CoNISALUs (Koviaacot), a deity worshipped soon afterward, and held Adrumetum for the
at Athens along with Priapus.             Pompeian party. After the defeat of the Pom[CONISTORGIS (KOVaruTpyig), the:ancient capi- peians at Thapsus, he attempted to fly into
tal of the Conii in Lusitania.]           Mauretania, but was murdered by the Gaetuli[CONNA, CONNI, or CONIUM (Koviov rro6tc, ans.-[2. Q. C. GALLUS, a contemporary of
Hierocl., not far from the modern Altun-Tash), Cicero, one of the judges in the case of Verres,
a city of Phrygia Palatiana.]             praised by Cicero for his' integrity and knowlCONON (K6v~0v). 1. A distinguished Athenian edge of law.-3. P., served under Caesar in his
general, held several important commands in first campaign in Gaul, B.C. 58, and is spoken
the latter part of the Peloponnesian war. After of as an experienced soldier.]
the defeat of the Athenians by Lysander at lEgos:  [CONSILINU (now Consignano), a city of the
Potarni (B.C. 405), Cnono, who was one of the Bruttii, north of Locri.]
generals, escaped with eight ships, and took ref-  CONSTANS, youngest of the three sons of Conuge with Evagoras in Cyprus, where he remain- stantine the Great and' Fausta, received after
ed for some years. He was subsequently ap- his father's death (A.D. 337) Illyricum, Italy,
pointed to the command of the Persian fleet and Africa as his share of the empire. After
along with Pharnabazus, and in this capacity successfully resisting his brother Constantine,
was able to render the most effectual service who was slain in invading his territory (340),
to his native country. In 394 he gained a de- Constans became master of the whole West.
cisive victory over Pisander, the Spartan ad- His weak and profligate character rendered him
miral, off Cnidus. After clearing the LEgean an object of contempt, and he was slain in 350
of the Spartans, he returned to Athens in 393, by the soldiers of the usurper MAGNENTIUS.
and commenced restoring the long walls and the  CONSTANTIA.  1. Daughter of Constantius
fortifications of Piraeus. When the Spartans Chlorus and half-sister, of Constantine the
opened their negotiations with Tiribazus, the Great, married to Licinius, the colleague of
Persian satrap, Conon was sent by the Atheni- Constantine in the empire.-2. Daughter of
ans to counteract the intrigues of Antalcidas, Constantius II. and grand-daughter of Constanbut was thrown into prison by Tiribazus. Ac- tine the Great, married the Emperor Gratian.
cording to some accounts, he was sent into the  CONSTANTIA, the name of several cities, all of
interior of Asia, and there put to death; but, which are either of little consequence, or better
according to the most probable account, he known by other names. 1. In Cyprus, named
escaped to Cyprus, where he died.-2. Son of after Constantius (vid. SALAMIS). 2. In PhoeTimothens,' grandson of the preceding, lived nicia, after the same (rid. ANTARADUS). 3. In
bout 318.-3. Of Samos, a distinguished mathe. Palestine, the port of GAZA, named after the
219




CONSTANTINA.                              CONSTANTINUS.
sister of Constantine the Great, and also called Verona, he is said to have seen in the sky a
Majima. 4. In Mesopotamia. Vid. ANTONI- luminous cross with the inscription Ev ror-(V
OPOLIS.                                   vilKa, BY THIS, CONQUER; and on the night beCONSTANTTINA, daughter of Constantine the fore the last and decisive battle with MaxenGreat and Fausta, married to Hannibalianus, tius, a vision is said to have appeared to Conand after the death of the latter to Gallus Cesar. staritine in his sleep, bidding him inscribe the
CONSTANTINA, the city. Vid. CIRTA.      shields of his soldiers with the sacred monogram
CONSTANTINo6PLIs (K&ovrTavrivov 7r62Lc: now  of the name of Christ. The tale of the cross
Constantinople), built on the site of the ancient seems to have grown out of that of the vision,
BYZANTIUM by Constantine the Great, who call- and even the latter is not entitled to credit. It
ed it after his own name,:and made it the capi- was Constantine's interest to gain the affections
tal of the Roman empire. It was solemnly con- of his numerous Christian subjects in his strugsecrated A.D. 330. It was builtin imitation of gle with his rivals; and it was probably only
Rome. Thus it covered seven hills, was di- self-interest which led him at first to adopt
vided into fourteen regiones, and was adorned Christianity. But, whether sincere or not in his
with various buildings in imitation of the capi- conversion, his conduct did little credit to the
tal of the Western world. Its extreme length religion which he professed. The miracle of
was about three Roman miles; and its walls his conversion was commemorated by the imincluded eventually a circumference of thirteen perial standard of the Labarum, at the summit
or fourteen Roman miles.  It continued the of which was the monogram of the name of
capital of the Roman empire in the East till its Christ. Constantine, by his victory over Maxcapture by the Turks in 1453. An account of entius, became the sole master of the West.
its topography and history does not fall within Meantime important events took place in the
the scope of the present work.            East. On the death of Galerius in 311, LiciniCONSTANTINUS. 1. I. Surnamed "the Great," us and Maximinus had divided the East beRoman emperor A.D. 306-337, eldest son of tween them; but in 313 a war broke out bethe Emperor Constantius Chlorus and Helena, tween them, Maximinus was defeated, and died
was born A.D. 272, at Naissus (now Nissa),.a at Tarsus. Thus there were only two empertown in Upper Mcesia. He was early trained to ors left, Licinius in the East and Constantine in
arms, and served with great distinction under the West; and between them also war broke
Galerius in the Persian war. Galerius became out in 314, although Licinius had married, in the
jealous of him and detained him for some time preceding year Constantia, the half-sister of
in the East; but Constantine at last contrived Constantine. Licinius was defeated at Cibalis
to join his father in Gaul just in time to accom- inPannoniaand afterward atAdrianople. Peace
pany him to Britain on his expedition against was then concluded on condition that Licinius
the Picts, 306. His father died at York in the should resign to Constantine Illyricum, Macesame year, and Constantine laid claim to a donia, and Achaia, 314. This peace continued
share of the empire. Galerius, who dreaded a undisturbed for nine years, during which time
struggle with the brave legions of the West, Constantine was frequently engaged in war
acknowledged Constantine as master of the with the barbarians on the Danube and the
countries beyond the Alps, but with the title Rhine. In these wars his son Crispus greatly
of Caesar only. The commencement of Con- distinguished himself. In 323 the war between
stantine's reign, however, is placed in this year, Constantine and Licinius was renewed. Licinthough he did not receive the title of Augustus ius was again defeated in two great battles,
till 308. Constantine took up his residence at first near Adrianople, and again at Chalcedon.
Treviri (now Treves), where the remains of his He surrendered himself to Constantine on conpalace are still extant. He governed with jus- dition of having his life spared, but he was shorttice and firmness, beloved by his subjects, and -ly afterward put to death at Thessalonica by orfeared by the neighboring barbarians. It was der of Constantine. Constantine was now sole
not long, however, before he became involved master of the empire. He resolved to remove
in war with his rivals in the empire. In the the seat of empire to Byzantium, which he callsame year that he had been acknowledged Cae- ed after his own name Constantinople, or the
sar (306), Maxentius, the son of Maximian, had city of Constantine. The new city was solemnseized the imperial power at Rome. Constan- ly dedicated in 330. Constantine reigned in
tine entered into a close alliance with Maxen- peace for the remainder of his life. In 325 he
tius by marrying his sister Fausta. But in 310 supported the orthodox bishops at the great
Maximian formed a plot against Constantine, Christian council of Niceea (Nice), which conand was put to death by his son-in-law at Mas- demned the Arian doctrine by adopting the
silia. Maxentius resented the death of his fa- word oioovatov. In 324 he put to death his
ther, and began to make preparations to attack eldest son Crispus on a charge of treason, the
Constantine in Gaul.. Constantine anticipated truth of which, however, seems very doubtful.
his movements, and invaded Italy at the head He died in May, 337, and was baptized shortly
of a large army. The struggle was brought to before his death by Eusebius. - His three sons
a close by the defeat of Maxentius at the village Constantine, Constantius, and Constans sucof Saxa Rubra, near Rome, on the 27th of Octo- ceeded him in the empire. —2. II. Roman ember, 312. Maxentius tried to escape over the peror 337-340, eldest of the three sons of ConMilvian bridge into Rome, but perished in the stantine-the Great by Fausta, received Gaul,
river. It was in this campaign that Constan- Britain, Spain, and part of Africa at his father's
tine is said to have been converted'to Christian- death. Dissatisfied with his share of the emity. On his march to Rome, either at Autun in pire, he made war upon his younger brother
Gaul, or near Andernach on the Rhine, or at Constans, who governed Italy, but was defeat,
220




CONSTANTIUS.                                 COPTOS.
ed and slain near Aquileia.-3. A usurper, who l Constantine in 411, and also fought successfulI
assumed the purple in Britain in the reign of ly against the barbarians. He was rewarded
Arcadius and Honorius, 407. He also obtained for these services with the hand of Placidia,
possession of Gaul and Spain, and took up his the sister of Honorius. In 421 he was declared
residence in the former country. He reign- Augustus by Honorius, but died in the seventh
ed four years, but was defeated in 411 by Con- month of his reign.
stantius, the general of Honorius, was taken  CoNsus, an ancient Roman divinity, who was
prisoner and carried to Ravenna, where he was identified by some in later times with Neptune.
put to death.-4. Constantine is likewise the Hence Livy (i., 9) calls him Neptanus Equesname of many of the later emperors of Constan- tris. He was regarded by some as the god of
tinople. Of these Constantine VII. Porphyro- secret deliberations, but he was most probably
genitus, who reigned 911-959, was celebrated a god of the lower world. Respecting his festifor his literary works, many of which have come val of the Consualia, vid. Diet. of Ant., s. v.
down to us.                                 [CONTEST-NI, a people of Hispania TarracoCONSTANTIUS. 1. 1. Surnamed CHLORUS, "the nensis, in the eastern part of modern Marci
pale," Roman emperor A.D. 305-306, was the and western part of Valencia: in their territory
son of Eutropius,- a noble Dardanian, and of lay Carthago Nova.]
Claudia, daughter of Crispus, brother of Clau-  CONTREBIA, one of the chief towns of the Celdins II. He was one of the two Caesars ap- tiberi in Hispania Tarraconensis, southeast of
pointed by Maximian and Diocletian in 292, Saragossa.
and received the government of Britain, Gaul,  CONVENE, a people in Aquitania near the Pyrand Spain, with Treviri (now Treves) as his resi- enees and on both sides of the Garumna, a mixdence. At the same time he married Theodora, ed race which had served under Sertorius, and
the daughter of the wife of Maximian, divorcing were settled in Aquitania by Pompey. They
for that purpose his wife Helena. As Caesar he possessed the Jus Latii. Their chief town was
rendered the empire important services.. His LUGDUNUM (now St. Bertrand de Comminges), sitfirst effort was to reunite Britain to the empire, uated on a solitary rock: in its neighborhood
which, after the murder of Carausius, was gov- were celebrated waim baths, AQUm CONVENAerned by Allectus. After a struggle of three RUM (now Bagneres).
years (293-296) with Allectus, Constantius  CO6P (KotraI: Kenartedr: near Topoglia), an
established his authority in Britain. He was ancient town in Boeotia, on the northern side of
equally successful against the Alemanni, whom  the Lake Copais, which derived its name from
he defeated with great loss. Upon the abdica- this place. It was originally situated on an
tion of Diocletian and Maximian in 305, Con- island in the lake, which island was subsequentstantius and Galerius became the Augusti. ly connected with the main land by a mole.
Constantius diedfifteen months afterward (July,  COPAIS (KuoraLr  tv/y), a lake in Bceotia, and
306) at Eboracum (now York), in Britain, on an the largest lake in Greece, formed chiefly by the
expedition against the Picts, in which he was River Cephisus, the waters of which are empaccompanied by his son Constantine, afterward tied into the Eubcean Sea by several subterrathe Great, who succeeded him in his share of neons canals, called Katabothra by the modern
the government.-2. II. Roman emperor,337- Greeks. The lake was originally called CEPHI361, third son of Constantine the' Great by his sis, under which name it occurs in Homer, and
second wife Fausta. On the death of his fa- subsequently different parts of it were called
ther in 337, he received the East as his share after the towns situated on it, Haliartus, Orchornof the empire. Upon his accession he became enus, Onchestus, Copae, &c.; but the name
involved in a serious war with the Persians, Copais eventually became the most common,
which was carried on with a few interruptions because near Cope the waters of the lake are
during the greater part of his reign. This war the deepest and are never dried up. In the
prevented him from taking any part in the strug- summer the greater part of the lake is dry, and
gle between his brothers Constantine and Con- becomes a green meadow, in which cattle are
stans, which ended in the defeat and death of pastured. The eels of this lake were much
the former, and the accession of the latter to prized in antiquity, and they retain their celebthe sole empire of the West; 340. After the rity in modern times.
death of Constans in 350, Constantius marched  COPHEN or COPHES (Kcojv, Arrian., KMS(jr,
into the West in order to oppose Magnentius Strab.: now Cabul), the only grand tributary
and Vetranio, both of whom had assumed the river which flows into the Indus from the west.
purple. Vetranio submitted to Constantius, and It was the boundary between India and Ariana.
Magnentius was finally crushed in 353. Thus  COPONIUS, C., praetor B.C. 49, fought on the
the whole empire again became subject to one side of Pompey; he was proscribed by the triruler. In 354 Constantius put to death his cous- umvirs in 43, but his wife obtained his pardon
in Gallus, whom he had left in command of the from Antony by the sacrifice of her honor.
East, while he marched against the usurpers in  COPRATES (KowrptdrT: now Abzal), a river of
the West. In 355 Constantius made Julian, Susiana, flowing from the north into the Pathe brother of Gallus, Caesar, and sent him into sitigris on its western side.
Gaul to oppose the barbarians. In 360 Julian  COPREUS (KoTrpeav), son of Pelops, who, after
was proclaimed Augustus by the soldiers at murdering Iphitus, fled from Elis to Mycenae,
Paris. Constantius prepared for war and set where he was purified by Eurystheus.
out for Europe, but died on his march in Cilicia,  COrTOS (Ko7rr6g: ruins at Koft), a city of the
362. He was succeeded by Julian.-3. III. A  Thebais or Upper Egypt, lay a little to the east
distinguished general of Honorius, emperor of of the Nile, some distance below Thebes. Unthe West A.D. 421. He defeated the usurper der the Ptolemies it was the central point of.
221




CORA.                                   CORINNA.
the commerce with Arabia and India, by way king Alcinous. The island is said to have also
cf Berenice and Myos-Hormos. It was destroy- borne the name of DREPANE (Aperidov), or the
ed by Diocletian, but again became a considera- "Sickle," in ancient times. About B.C. 700 it
ble place. The neighborhood was celebrated -was colonized by the Corinthians under Cherfor its emeralds and other precious stones, and sicrates, one of the. Bacchiadae, who drove out
produced also a light wine.               the Liburnians, who were then inhabiting the
C6RA (Coranus: now Cori), an ancient town island. It soon became rich and powerful by
in Latium, in the Volscian Mountains, southeast its extensive commerce; it founded many coloof Velitrae, said to have been founded by the nies on the, opposite coast, Epidamnus, ApolloArgive Corax. At Cori there are remains of nia, Leucas, Anactorium; and it exercised such
Cyclopian walls and of an ancient temple.' influence in the Ionian and Adriatic Seas as to
C6RXcEsiUM (Kopajatiov: now Alaya), a very become a formidable rival to Corinth. Thus
strong city of Cilicia Aspera, on the borders of the two states early became involved in war,
Pamphylia, standing upon a steep rock, and and about B.C. 664 a battle was fought between
possessing a good harbor. It was the only their fleets, which is memorable as the most
place in Cilicia which opposed a successful re- ancient sea-fight on record. At a later period,
sistance to Alexander, and, after its strength  Corcyra, by invoking the aid of Athens against
had been tried more than once in the wars of the Corinthians, became one of the proximate
the Seleucidae, it became at last the head-quar- causes of the Peloponnesian war, 431. Shortly
ters of the Cilician pirates, and was taken by afterward her power declined in consequence
Pompey.                                   of civil dissensions, in which both the aristo[CORALIUS (Kwopadocf, also Kovaptog).  1. A  cratical and popular parties, were guilty of the
river of Thessaly, flowing into the Peneus.- most horrible atrocities against each other. At
2. A river of Bceotia, near Coronea, flowing into last it became subject to the Romans with the
the Copais Lacus.]                        rest of Greece. Corfu is at present one of the
CoRAssIfE (Kopaaaiat), a group of small isl- seven Ionian islands under the protection of
ands in the Icarian Sea, southwest of Icaria. Great Britain, and the seat of government.
They must not be confounded, as they often are,  CORC-iRA NIGRA (now Curzola, in Slavonic
with the islands CORS~E. or CoRsYi (KOpaeat Karkar), an island off the coast of Illyricum,
or K6pataL), off the Ionian coast, and opposite surnamed the "6 Black" on account of its nuthe promontory Ampelos in Samos.          merous forests, to distinguish it from the more
CORAX (K6pa),, a Sicilian rhetorician, who celebrated Corcyra. It contained a Greek town
acquired so much influence over the citizens by of the same name, founded by Cnidos.
his oratorical powers that he became the lead-  CORDUBA (now Cordova), one- of the largest
ing man in Syracuse after the expulsion of cities in Spain, and the capital of Baetica, on the
Thrasybulus, B.C. 467. He wrote the earliest right bank of the Beetis; made a Roman colony
work on the art of rhetoric, and his treatise B.C. 152, and received the surname Patricia,
(entitled TedXv) was celebrated in antiquity.  because some Roman patricians settled there;
[C6RAX (K6paF). 1. (Now Coraca or Var- taken by Caesar in 45 because it sided with the
dhusi according to Leake), a mountain in.Eto- Pompeians; birthplace of the two Senecas and
lia, near Naupactus.-2. (Now Cape Aynda?), of Lucan. In the Middle Ages it was the capa promontory of Chersonesus Taurica.]     ital of the kingdom of the Moors, but is now a
[CORBIO. 1. (Now Berga), a city of Hispania decaying place with 55,000 inhabitants.
Tarraconensis.-2. A city in the territory of the  CORDUnNE. Vid. GORDYENE..Equi in Latium, captured by Coriolanus; at a  CORDUS, CREMiTIUS, a Roman historian under
later period by the Volsci.]              Augustus and Tiberius, was accused in A.D.
CoRnBULO, CN.-DOMITIUS, a distinguished gen- 25 of having praised Brutus and denominated
eral under Claudius and Nero. In A.D. 47 he Cassius "the last of the Romans." As the emncarried on war in Germany with success, but peror had determined upon his death, he put an
his fame rests chiefly upon his glorious cam- end to his own life by starvation. His works
paigns against the Parthians in the reign of were condemned to be burned, but some copies
Nero. Though beloved by the army, he con- were preserved by his daughter Marcia and by
tinued faithful to Nero, but his only reward was his friends.
death. Nero, who had become jealous of his  CORE (K6pn), the Maiden, a name by which
fame and influence, invited him to Corinth. As Persephone is often called. Vid. PERSEPHONE.
soon as he landed at Cenchrese, he was inform-  CORESSUS (K6peaaof). 1. Alofty mountain in
ed that orders had been issued for his death, Ionia, forty stadia (four geographical miles) from
whereupon he plunged his sword into his breast, Ephesus, with a place of the same name at its
exclaiming, "Well deserved!"             foot.-2. A town in the island of Ceos. Vid.
CORCY-RA (KIpcvpa, later K6Pcvpa: KEPKvp- CEOS.
atoc: now Corfu, from theiByzantineKopvq6), an  CORFYNYUM (Corfiniensis), chief town of the
island in the Ionian Sea, off the coast of Epirus, Peligni in Samnium, not far from the Aternus,
about thirty-eight miles in length, but of very strongly fortified, and memorable as the place
unequal breadth. It is generally mountainous, which the Italians in the-Social war destined to
but possesses many fertile valleys. Its two be the new capital of Italy in place of Rome, on
chief towns were Corcyra, the modern town of which account it was called Italica.
Corfu, in the middle of the eastern coast, and  CORINNA (Kptvva), a Greek poetess, of TanaCassiope, north of the former.  The ancients gra in Boeotia, sometimes called the Theban on
universally regarded this island as the Homeric account of her long residence in Thebes. She
ScHERIA (ZXep[7 ), where the enterprising and flourished about B.C. 490, and was a contemposea-loving Phaeacians dwelt, governed by their rary of Pindar, whom she'is said to have ins
222




CORINTHIACUS ISTHMUS.                           CORIOLANUS.
structed, and over whom she gained a victory vailed in this city, and in her temples a vast
at the public games at Thebes. Her poems numberofcourtesans was maintained. Corinth
were written, in the rEolic dialect. They were was originally inhabited by the ZEolic race.
collected in five books, and were chiefly lyrical. Here ruled the.Eolic Sisyphus and his descendOnly a few fragments have been preserved'; ants. On the conquest of Peloponnesus by the
[published in the collections of Schneidewin, Dorians, the royal power passed into the hands
Poete Elegiaci, Gutting., 1839, and of Bergk, Poe- of the Heraclid Aletes. The conquering Dorite Lyrici Greci, Lips., 1843.]            ars became the ruling class, and the AEolian inCORINTHIACUS ISTHMUS ('ItaOy8 KopivOov), habitants subject to them. After Aletes and
often called simply the ISTHMUS, lay between the his descendants had reigned for five generations,
Corinthian and Saronic Gulfs, and connected the royalty was abolished, and in its stead was esPeloponnesus with the main land or Hellas prop- tablished an oligarchical form of government,
er. In its narrowest part it was forty stadia or confined to the powerful family of the Bacehiafive Roman miles across: here was the temple dae. This family was expelled B.C 655 by CYP,
of Nebtune (Poseidon), and here the Isthmian  SELUS, who became tyrant, and reigned thirty
games were celebrated; and here, also, was the years. He was succeeded, 625, by his son PEDiolcos (Aio?,uco), or road by which ships were RIANDER, who reigned forty years.  On the
dragged across from the Bay of Schcenus to the death of the latter, 585, his nephew Psammetiharbor of Lechaeum.  Four unsuccessful at- chus reigned for three years, and on his fall in
tempts were made to dig a canal across the 581, the government again became an aristocraIsthmus, namely, by Demetrius Poliorcetes, Ju- cy. In the Peloponnesian war Corinth was one
lius Caesar, Caligula, and Nero.          of the bitterest enemies of Athens. In 346 TiCORINTHIACUS SINUS (KopCvOZaCcoC or KopvOtoeg mophanes attempted to make himself master of
KI7rTOr: now Gulf of Lepanto), the gulf between the city, but he was slain by his brother Timothe north of Greece and Peloponnesus,'begins, leon. It maintained its independence till the
according to some, at the mouth of the Ache- time of the Macedonian supremacy, when its
lous in LEtolia and the promontory Araxus in citadel was garrisoned by Macedonian troops.
Achaia, according to others at the straits be- This garrison was expelled by Aratus in 243,
tween Rhium and Antirrhium. In early times whereupon Corinth joined the Achaean league,
it was called the Crisscean Gulf (Kpoaalof KO2- to which it continued to belong till it was taken
froc), and its eastern part the Alcyonian Sea (  and destroyed in 146 by L. Mummius, the Ro-'A2cKvovif d0-Zaaaa).                     man consul, who treated it in the most barCORINTHUS (K6ptvoc': KopIZvOOc), called in barous manner. Its inhabitants were sold as
Homer EPHYRA ('Epopy), a city on the above- slaves; its works of art, which were not dementioned isthmus.  Its territory, called Co- stroyed by the Roman soldiery, were conveyed
RINTHIA (KoptvOia), embraced the greater part to Rome; its buildings were razed to the
of the Isthmus, with the adjacent part of the ground; and thus was destroyed the lumen toPeloponnesus: it was bounded north by Mega- tius Grcecies, as Cicero calls the city. For a
ris and the Corinthian Gulf, south by Argolis, century it lay in ruins; only the buildings on
west by Sicyonia and Phliasia, and east by the the Acropolis and afew temples remained standSaronic Gulf. In the north and south the coun- ing. In 46 it was rebuilt by Caesar, who peopled
try is mountainous, but in the centre it is a plain it with a colony of veterans and descendants
with a solitary and steep mountain rising from  of freedmen. It was now called Colonin Julia
it, the ACROCORINTHUS ('AICpoIOcptvOo), nineteen  Corinthus; it became the capital of the Roman
hundred feet in height, which served as the cit- province of Achaia, and soon recovered much
adel of Corinth. The city itself was built on of its ancient prosperity, but, at the same time,
the northern side of this mountain; and the it became noted for its former licentiousness, as
walls, which included the Acrocorinthus, were we see from St. Paul's epistles to the inhabiteighty-six stadia in circumference. It had two ants. The site of Corinth is indicated by seven
harbors, CENCHREE and SCHcNUS. on the east, Doric columns, which are the only remains of
or Saronic Gulf, and one, LECHEUM, on the west the ancient city.
or Corinthian Gulf. Its favorable position be-  CORi6LANUS, the hero of one of the most beautween two seas, the difficulty of carrying goods tiful of the early Roman legends. His original
round Peloponnesus, and the facility with which name was C. or Cn. lMarcius, and he received
they could be transported across the Isthmus, the surname Coriolanus from the heroism he
raised Corinth in very early times to great com- displayed at the capture of the Volscian town
mercial prosperity, and made it the emporium  of Corioli.  His haughty bearing toward the
of the trade between Europe and Asia.  Its commons excited their fear and dislike, and
navy was numerous and powerful. At Corinth when he was a candidate for the consulship
the first triremes were built, and the first sea- they refused to elect him. After this, when
fight on record was between the Corinthians there was a famine in the city, and a Greek
and their colonists the Corcyraeans. Its great- prince sent corn from Sicily, Coriolanus adness at an early period is attested by numerous vised that it should not be distributed to the
colonies, Ambracia, Corcyra, Apollonia, Poti- commons, unless they gave up their tribunes.
daea, &c.  It was adorned with magnificent For this he was impeached and condemned to
buildings, and in no other city of Greece, except exile, B.C. 491. He now took refuge among
Athens, were the fine arts prosecuted with so the Volscians, and promised to assist them in
much vigor and success. Its commerce brought war against the Romans. Attius Tullius, the
great wealth to its inhabitants; but with their king of the Volscians, appointed Coriolanus
wealth, they became luxurious and licentious. general of the Volscian army. Coriolanus took
Thus the worship of Venus (Aphrodite) pre- many towns, and advanced unresisted till he
223




CORIOLI.                                 CORONUS.
came to tle fossa Cluilia, or Cluilian dike close When the Catilinarian conspirators were arto Rome, 489. Here he encamped, and the Ro- rested, Cethegus was committed to his care.nans, in alarm, sent to him embassy after em- 2. Q., son of No. 1. In the civil war (48) he
bassy, consisting of the most distinguished men was quaestor of Caesar, who sent him into Illyrof the state. But he would listen to none of icum with the title of proprietor: he reduced
them. At length the noblest matrons of Rome,. this province to obedience. In 45 he was apheaded by Veturia, the mother of Coriolanus, pointed by Caesar governor of Syria, and in 44
and Volumnia, his wife, with his two little chil- governor of the province of Old Africa, where
dren, came to his tent. His mother's reproach- he was-at the time of Caesar's death. He maines, and the tears of his wife and the other ma- tained this province for the senate, but on the
trons, bent his purpose. He led back his army, establishment of the triumvirate was defeated
and lived in exile among the Volscians till his and slain in battle by T. Sextius. Cornificius
death, though other traditions relate that he was was well versed in literature. Many have atkilled by the Volscians on his return to their tributed to him the authorship of the " Rhetorcountry.                                  ica ad Herennium," usually printed with CicCORiOLI (Coriolanus), a town in Latium, cap- ero's works; but this is only a conjecture. The
ital of the Volsci, from the capture of which, in Cornificius who is mentioned by Quintilian as
B.C. 493, C. Marcius obtained the surname of the author of a work on rhetoric was probably
Coriolanus.                               a different person from the one we are speaking
CoRMASA (K6pyaoa), an inland town of Pam- of.-3. L., one of the generals of Octavianus in
phylia or of Pisidia, taken by the consul Man- the war against Sex. Pompey, and consul 35.
lus.                                        CoRNUs, a town on the west of Sardinia.
CORNLIA.. 1. One of the noble women at    CORNUTUS, L. ANNEUS, a distinguished Stoic
Rome, guilty of poisoning the leading men of the philosopher, was born at Leptis in Libya. He
state, B.C. 331.-2. Elder daughter of P. Scipio came to Rome, probably as a slave, and was
Africanus the elder, married to P. Scipio Nasica. emancipated by the Annaei. He was the teach-3. Younger sister of No. 2, married to Ti. er and fiiend of the poet Persius, who has dedSempronius Gracchus, censor 169, was by him  icated his fifth satire to him, and who left him
the mother of the two tribunes Tiberius and his library and money. He was banished by
Caius. She was virtuous and accomplished, Nero, A.D. 68, for having too freely criticised
and united in her person the severe virtues of the literary attempts of the emperor. He Wrote
the old Roman matron, with the superior knowl- a large number of works, all of which are lost:
edge and refinement which then began to pre- the most important of them was on Aristotle's
vail in the higher classes at Rome. She super- Categories. -[Editions: By Osann, Cornutus
intended with the greatest care the education (Phurnutus) de Natura Deorum,'-Gbtting., 1844.]
of her sons, whom she survived. She was al-  CORCEBUS (K6pot6og). 1. A Phrygian, son of
most idolized by the people, who erected a Mygdon, loved Cassandra, and for that reason
statue to her, with the inscription CORNELIA, fought on the side of the Trojans: he was slain
MOTHER OF THE GRACCHI.-4. Daughter of L. by Neoptoleinus or Diomedes.-2. An Elean,
Cinna, married to C. Caesar, afterward dictator. who gained the victory in thee stadium at the
She bore him his daughter Julia, and died in Olympic games, B.C. 776: from this time the
his quaestorship, 68.-5. Daughter of Metellus Olympiads begin to be reckoned.
Scipio, married first to P. Crassus, the son of  CORONE (Kopov?):' Kopove&c, -vatev'r: now Cothe triumvir, who perished in the expedition ron), a town in Messenia on the western side
against the Parthians, 53. Next year she mar- of the Messenian Gulf, founded B.C. 371 by the
ried Pompey the Great, by whom she was Messenians after their return to their native
tenderly loved. She accompanied Pompey to country, with the assistance of the Thebans:
Egypt after the battle of Pharsalia, and saw him it possessed several public buildings, and in its
murdered. She afterward returned to Rome, neighborhood was a celebrated temple of Apollo.
and received from Caesar the ashes of her hus-  CORONEA (Kop(oveta: Kopgwvazoc, Kopvetof,
band, which she preserved on his Alban estate. -vioc). 1. (Near modern Camnari), a town in
CORNYLIA ORESTILLA. Vid. ORESTILLA.     Bceotia, southwest of the Lake Copais, situate
CORNELi.& GENS, the most distinguished of all on a height between the rivers Phalarus and
the Roman gentes. All its great families be- Coralius; a member of the Boeotian league; in
longed to the patrician order. The names of its neighborhood was the temple of Athena Itonthe patrician families are, ARvINA, CETHEGUS, ia, where the festival of the Pamboeotia was
CINNA, Cossus, DOLABELLA, LENTULUS, MALU- celebrated. Near Coronea the Boeotians gained
GINENSIS, MAMMULA, MERULA, RUFINUS, SCIPIO, a memorable victory over the Athenians under
SISENNA, and SULLA. The names of the pie- Tolmides, B.C. 447; and here Agesilaus debeian families are BALBus and GALLUS, and we feated the allied Greeks, 394.-2. A town in
also find various cognomens, as CHRYSOGONUS, Phthiotis in Thessaly.
&c., given to freedmen of this gens.        CORONIS (Kopvit)-. 1. The mother of.EscuCORNELIUS NEPOS. Vid. NPOS.             LAPIUS.-2. Daughter of Phoroneus, king of PhoCORNICULUM (Corniculanus), a town in La- cis, metamorphosed by Minerva (Athena) into a
tium, in the mountains north of Tibur, taken and crow when pursued by Neptune (Poseidon).
destroyed by Tarquinius Priscus, and celebrated  [CORONTA (K6povra), a city of Acarnania, at
as the residence of the parents of Servius Tul- the mouth of the Achelous.]
lius.                                       [CORONUS (K6opuoc). 1. Son of Cneus, and
CORNIFICIUS. 1. Q., a friend of Cicero, was one of the princes of the Lapithe; slain by Hertribune of the plebs B.C. 69, and one of Cic- cules.-2. Son of Thersander, grandson of Sisero'y competitors for the consulship in 64. yphus, reputed founder of CORONEA.]
224




CORSEiE.                                    COS
CORSpEm. Vid. CORASSII.                  CORVUS, M. VALERIUS, one of the most illus.
CORSIA (Kopaeia, also Kopaiai), a town in trious men in the early history of Rome. He
Beeotia, on the borders of Phocis.        obtained the surname of Corvus, or Raven,"
CoRsic., called CYRNUS by the Greeks (Kvp- because, when serving as military tribune under
vop: Kvpvtof, Kvpvalof, Corsus: now Corsica), Camillus, B.C. 349, he accepted the challenge
an island north of Sardinia, spoken of by the of a gigantic Gaul to single combat, and was
ancients as one of the seven large islands in assisted in the conflict by a raven which settled
the Mediterranean.  The ancients, however, upon his helmet, and flew in the face of the barexaggerate for the most part the size of the barian. Hewas sixtimes consul, B.C. 348,346,
island;.its greatest length is one hundred and 343, 335, 300, 299, and twice dictator, 342, 301,
sixteen miles, and its greatest breadth about and by his military abilities rendered the most
fifty-one. It is mountainous, and was not much memorable services to his country. His most
cultivated in antiquity. A range of mountains brilliant victories were gained in his third conrunning from south to north separates it into sulship, 343, when he defeated the Samnites at
two parts, of which the eastern half was more Mount Gaurus and at Suessula; and in his other
cultivated, while the western half was covered consulships he repeatedly defeated the Etrusalmost entirely with wood. Honey and wax cans and other enemies of Rome. He reached
were the principal productions of the island; the age of one hundred years, and is frequently
but the honey had a bitter taste, from the yew- referred to by the later Roman writers as a
trees with which the island abounded (Cyrne- memorable example of the favors of fortune.
as taxos, Virg., Edl., ix., 30). The inhabitants  CORYBANTES, priests of Cybele or Rhea in
were a rude mountain race, addicted to robbery, Phrygia, who celebrated her worship with enand paying little attention to agriculture. Even thusiastic dances, to the sound of the drum and
in the time of the Roman empire their charac- the cymbal. They are often identified with the
ter had not much improved, as we see from the Curetes and the Idaean Dactyli, and thus are
description of Seneca, who was banished to this said to have been the nurses of Jupiter (Zeus)
island. The most ancient inhabitants appear to in Crete. They were called Galli at Rome.
have been Iberians; but in early times Ligu-  CoRYcIA (Kwpvicia or KwpvKic), a nymph, who
rians, Tyrrhenians, Carthaginians, and even became by Apollo the mother of Lycorus or LyGreeks (vid. ALERIA), settled in the island. It coreus, and fiom whom the Corycian cave in
was subject to the Carthaginians at the com- Mount Parnassus was believed to have derived
mencement of the first Punic war, but soon its name. The Muses are sometimes called by
afterward passed into the hands of the Romans, the poets Corycides Nymphcs.
and subsequently formed a part of the, Roman  CoRYcus (KdpvIcoc: KopV/Coc, Corycius). 1.
province of Sardinia. The Romans founded (Now Koraka), a high rocky hill on the coast of
several colonies in the island, of which the most Ionia, forming the southwestern promontory of
important were MARIANA and ALERIA.        the Erythraean peninsula.-2. A city of PamCoRSOTE (Kopao(r7: ruins at Ersey), a city of phylia, near Phaselis and Mount Olympus; coloMesopotamia, on the Euphrates, near the mouth nized afresh by Attalus II. Philadelphus; taken,
of the Mascas or Saocoras (now Wady-el-Seba), and probably destroyed, by P. Servilius Isaunwhich Xenophon found already deserted.    cus.-3. (Ruins opposite the island of Khorgos),
CORTONA (Cortonensis: now Cortona), one a city in Cilicia Aspera, with a good harbor,
of the twelve cities of Etruria, lay northwest of between the mouths of the Lamus and the Cathe Trasimene Lake, and was one of the most an- lycadnus.  Twenty stadia (two geographical
cient cities in Italy. It is said to have been orig- miles) from the city was a grotto or glen in the
inally called Corythus from its reputed found- mountains, called the Corycialn Cave (KupVKitav
er Corythus, who is represented as the father,vrpov), celebrated by the poets, and also famous
of Dardanus. It is also called Croton, Cothor- for its saffron. At the distance of one hundred
nia, Cyrtonium, &c. The Creston mentioned stadia (ten geographical miles) from Corycus
by Herodotus (i., 57) was probably Creston in was a promontory of the same name.
Thrace and not Cortona, as many modern writ-  CORYDALLUS (Kopvda26S: KopvdaoAevU), a
ers have supposed. Cortona is said to have demus in Attica belonging to the tribe Hippobeen originally founded by the Umbrians, then thoontis, situate on the mountain of the same
to have been conquered by the Pelasgians, and name, which divides the plain of Athens from
subsequently to have passed into the hands of that of Eleusis.
the Etruscans. It was afterward colonized by  CORYPHASIUM (Kopv0)dCaov), a promontory in
the Romans, but under their dominion sunk into Messenia, inclosing the harbor of Pylos on the
insignificance. The remains of the Pelasgic north, with a town of the same name upon it
walls of this city are some of the most remark- (now Old Navarino).
able in all Italy: there is one fragment one  CORYTHUS (K6pv0oS). 1. An Italian hero, son
hundred and twenty feet in length, composed of Jupiter, husband of Electra, and father of
of blocks of enormous magnitude.          Iasius and Dardanus, is said to have founded
CORUNCXNIUS, TI., consul B.C. 280, with P. Corythus (now Cortona).-[2. Son ofMarmarus,
Valerius Laevinus, fought with success against wounded Pelates with a javelin at the marriage
the Etruscans and Pyrrhus. He was the first festival of Perseus.]
plebeian who was created pontifex maximus.  Cos, Coos, Cdus(K6;, K6wO: Kdof, Codis: now
He was one of the most remarkable men of his Kos, Stance), one of the islands called Sporades,
age, possessed a profound knowledge of pon- lay off the coast of Caria, at the mouth of the Cetifical and civil law, and was the first person at ramic Gulf, opposite to Halicarnassus. In early
Rome who gave regular instruction in law.  times it was called Merdpis and Nymphea. It
CRVNUS MESSALA. Vi. id MESSALA.         was colonized by /Eolians, but became a merm15                                                              225




COSA.                                   COTYLUS.
ber of the Dorian confederacy. Its chief city, temple of Jupiter Feretrius —the second of the
Cos, stood on the northeast side of the island, three instances in which the spolia opima were
in a beautiful situation, and had a good harbor. won.
Near it stood the Asclepieum, or temple of As-  COSSUTIUS, a Roman architect, who, rebuilt,
clepius (.Esculapius), to whom the island was at the expense of Antiochus Epiphanes, the tenm
sacred, and from whom its chief family, the As- ple of the Olympian Jupiter (Zeus) at Athens,
clepiadae, claimed their descent.  The island about B.C. 168, in the most magnificent Corinthwas very fertile; its chief productions were ian style.
wine, ointments, and the light transparent dress-  COSV-RA (now Pantelaria), also written Coses called " Coae vestes." It was the birthplace syra, Cosyrus, Cosura. Cossura, a small island
of the physician Hippocrates, who was an As- in the Mediterranean near Malta.
clepiad, of the poet Philetas, and of the painter  COTHON. Vid. CARTHAGO.
Apelles, whose pictures of Antigonus and of  COTISO, a king of the Dacians, conquered in
Venus Anadyomene adorned the Asclepieum. the reign of Augustus by Lentulus.
Under the Romans, Cos was favored by Clau-  COTTA, AURELIUS. 1. C., consul B.C. 252 and
dius, who made it a free state, and by Antoni- 248, in both of which years he fought in Sicily
nus Pius, who rebuilt the city of Cos after its against the Carthaginians with success.-2. C.,
destruction by an earthquake.             consul 200, fought against the Boii and the other
COSA or COSSA (Cossanus). 1. (Now Anse- Gauls in the north of Italy.-3. L., tribune of
donia, about five miles southeast of Orbetello), a the plebs 154, and consul 144.-4. L., consul
city of Etruria, near the sea, with a good har- 119, opposed C. Marius, who was then tribune
bor, called Herculis Portus, was a very ancient of the plebs.-5. C., was accused under the lex
place, and after the fall of Falerii one of the Varia, 91, of supporting the claims of the -Italian
twelve Etruscan cities. It was colonized by allies, and went into voluntary exile. He rethe Romans B.C. 273, and received in 197 an turned to Rome when Sulla was dictator, 82;
addition of one thousand colonists. There are and in 75 he was consul with L. Octavius. He
still- extensive ruins of its walls and towers, obtained the government of Gaul, and died imbuilt of polygonal masonry.-2. A town in Lu- mediately after his return to Rome. He was
cania, near Thurii.-[3. (Now Cosa), or CosAS, one of the most distinguished orators of his
a river of Latium, near Frusino.]         time, and is introduced by Cicero as one of the
COScONIUS. 1. C., praetor in the Social war, speakers in the De Oraltore, and the De Natura
B.C. 89, defeated the Samnites.-2. C., praetor Deor0irn, in the latter of which works he mainin the consulship of Cicero, 63; governed in the tains the cause of the Academics.-6. M., brothfollowing year the province of Further Spain; er of No. 5, consul 74, with L. Licinius Luculwas one of the twenty commissioners, in 59, to lus, obtained Bithynia for his province, and was
carry into execution the agrarian law of Julius defeated by Mithradates near Chalcedon.-7.
Caesar, but died in this year.-3. C., tribune of L., brother of Nos. 5 and 6, praetor 70, when he
the plebs 59, aedile 57, and one of the judices at carried the celebrated law (lex Aurelia judiciathe trial of P. Sextius, 56.              ria) which intrusted the judicia to the senators,
COSMAS (KoaySd), commonly called INDICO- equites, and tribuni aerarii. He was consul 65
PLEUSTES (Indian navigator), an Egyptian monk, with L. Manlius Torquatus, after the consuls
flourished in the reign of Justinian, about A.D. elect, P. Sulla and P. Autronius Patus, had
535. In early life he followed the employment been condemned of ambitus.  He supported
of a merchant, and visited many foreign coun- Cicero during his consulship, and proposed his
tries, of which he gave an account in his To- recall from exile. In the civil war he joined
rroypabia XplaTlaviKri, Topographia Christiana, Caesar, whom he survived.
in twelve books, of which the greater part is  COTTA, L. AURUNCULEIUS, one of Caesar's leextant.                                   gates in Gaul, perished along with Sabinus in
COSROES. 1. King of Parthia. Vid. ARsA- the attack made upon them by Ambiorix, B.C.
CES, No. 25.-2. King of Persia. Vid. SASSA- 54. Vid. AMBIORIX.
NID2E.                                      COTTIUS, son of Donnus, king of several LiCOSSAEA (Koaaaia), a district in and about gurian tribes in the Cottian Alps, which derived
Mount Zagros, on the northeast side of Susiana, their name from him. Vid. ALPES. He suband on the confines of Media and Persia, in- mnitted to Augustus, who granted him the soverhabited by a rude, warlike, predatory people, eignty over twelve of the tribes, with the title of
the Cossaei (KoGcalot), whom the Persian kings Praefectus. Cottius thereupon made roads over
never subdued, but, on the contrary, purchased the Alps, and erected (B.C. 8) at Segusio (now
their quiet by paying them tribute. Alexander Suza) a triumphal arch in honor of Augustus,
conquered them (B.C. 325-324), and with dif- extant at the present day. His authority was
ficulty kept them in subjection; after his death transmitted to his son, upon whom Claudius
they soon regained their independence. Their conferred the title of king. On his death his
name is supposed to have been the origin of the kingdom was made a Roman province by Nero.
modern name of Susiana, Khuzistan, and is pos-  COTTUS, a giant with one hundred hands, son
sibly connected with the Cush of the Old Testa- of Uranus (Ccelus) and Gaea (Terra).
ment.                                       [COTYAEUM or COTIAEUM (KoTV(iteov or KoCossus, CORNELIUS, the name of several il- Tdetlov: now Kiautayah), a city of Phrygia Epilustrious Romans in the early history of the ctetus on the Thymbris.]
republic. Of these the most celebrated was  COTYLA, L. VARIUS, one of Antony's most inSer. Cornelius Cossus, consul B.C. 428, who timate friends, fought on his side at Mutina, B.
killed Lar Tolumnius, the king of the Veil, in C. 43.
single combat, and dedicated his spoils in the  CoTYLUS (K6rorofS), the highest peak of Mount
226




COTYORA.                             CRASSUS, LICINIUS.
Ida in the Troad, containing the sources of the  CRANTOR (Kpdvrop), of Soli in Cilicia, an
rivers Scamander, Granicus, and zEsepus.  Academic philosopher, studied at Athens under
COTYOR4 (KorTUpa), a colony of Sinope, in Xenocrates and Polemo, and flourished B.C.
the territory of the Tibareni, on the coast of 300. He was the author of several works, all
Pontus Polemoniacus, at the west end of a bay of which are lost, and was the first who wrote
of the same name, celebrated as the place where commentaries on Plato's works. Most of his
the ten thousand Greeks embarked for Sinope. writings related to moral subjects (Hor., Ep.,
The foundation of Pharnacia reduced it to in- i., 2, 4). One of his most celebrated works was
significance.                             On Grief, of which Cicero made great use in
CoTYS or COTYTTO (KOrvC or KorvrrT), a the third book of his Tusculan Disputations, and
Thracian divinity, whose festival, the Cotyttia in the Consolatio, which he composed on the
(vid. Diet. of Ant., s. v.), resembled that of the death of his daughter Tullia.
Phrygian Cybele, and was celebrated with licen-  CRASSIPES, FURIus, Cicero's son-in-law, the
tious revelry. In later times her worship was second husband of Tullia, whom he married B.
introduced at Athens and Corinth. Those who C. 56, but from whom he was shortly afterward
celebrated her festival were called Baptce, from  divorced.
the purifications which were originally connect-  CRASSUS, LICINIUS. 1. P., praetor B.C. 176,
ed with the solemnity.                    and consul 171, when he carried on the war
CoTYS (K6rvg). 1. King of Thrace B.C. 382- against Perseus.-2. C., brother of No. 1, prae358, was for a short time a friend of the Atheni- tor 172, and consul 168.-3. C., probably son of
ans, but carried on war with them toward the No. 2, tribune of the plebs 145, was distinguishclose of his reign. He was cruel and sanguin- ed as a popular leader.-4. P., surnamed Dives
ary, and was much addicted to gross luxury or Rich, elected pontifex maximus 212, curule
and drunkenness. He was murdered by two edile 211, praetor 208, and consul 205, with
brothers whose father he had injured.-2. King Scipio Africanus, when he, carried on war
of the Odrysae in Thrace, assisted Perseus against Hannibal in the south of Italy.  He
against Rome, B.C. 168. His son was taken died 183.-5. P., surnamed Dives Mucianus, son
prisoner and carried to Rome, whereupon he of P. Mucius Scaevola, was adopted by the son
sued for peace and was pardoned by the Ro- of No. 4. In 131 he was consul and pontifex
mans.-3. A king of Thrace, who took part maximus, and was the first priest of that rank
against Caesar with Pompey, 48.-4. King of who went beyond Italy. He carried on war
Thrace, son of Rhcemetalces, in the reigns of against Aristonicus in Asia, but was defeated
Augustus and Tiberius.  He carried on war and slain. He was a good orator and jurist.with his uncle Rhescuporis, by whom he was 6. M., surnamed Agelastus, because he is said
murdered, A.D. 19. Ovid, during his exile at never to have laughed, was grandfather of CrasTomi, addressed an epistle to him (Ex Pont., sus the triumvir.-7. P., surnamed Dives, son
ii., 9).                                  of No. 6, and father of the triumvir. He was
CRAGUS (Kpdyoc), a mountain consisting of the proposer of the lex Licinia, to prevent exeight summits, being a continuation of Taurus cessive expense in banquets, but in what year
to the west, and forming, at its extremity, the is uncertain. He was consul 97, and carried on
southwestern promontory of Lycia (now Yedy- war in Spain for some years. He was censor
Booroon, i. e., Seven Capes). Some of its sum- 89 with L. Julius Caesar. In the civil war he
mits show traces of volcanic action, and the an- took part with Sulla, and put an end to his own
cients had a tradition to the same effect. At life when Marius and Cinna returned to Rome at
its foot was a town of the same name, on the the end of87.-8. M., surnamed Dives, the triumsea-shore, between Pydna and Patara. Paral- vir, younger son of No. 7. His life was spared
lel to it, north of the River Glaucus, was the by Cinna after the death of his father; but,
chain of Anticragus. The greatest height of fearing Cinna, he afterward escaped to Spain,
Cragus exceeds three thousand feet.       where he concealed himself for eight months.
[CRAMBUSA (Kpjie6ovaa). 1. A city of Lycia, On the death of Cinna in 84, he collected some
at the foot of the Lycian Olympus, one hundred forces and crossed over into Africa, whence he
stadia (ten geographical miles) from Phaselis. passed into Italy in 83 and joined Sulla, on
-2. An island on the coast of Cilicia, not far whose side he fought against the Marian party.
from the promontory Corycus.].      On the defeat of the latter, he was rewarded
CRANAE (Kpavcd), the island to which Paris by donations of confiscated property, and thus
first carried Helen firom Peloponnesus (Hom., greatly increased his patrimony. His ruling pasII., iii., 445), is said by some to be an island sion was money, and he devoted all his energies
off Gythium in Laconia, by others to be the isl- to its accumulation. He was a keen and sagaand Helena off Attica, and by others, again, to cious speculator. He bought multitudes of
be Cythera.                               slaves, and, in order to increase their value, had
CRANXUS (Kpavaoc), king of Attica, the son- them instructed in lucrative arts. He worked'
in-law and successor of Cecrops. He was de- silver mines, cultivated farms, and built houses,
prived of his kingdom by his son-in-law Am- which he let at high rents. In 71 he was apphictyon.                                 pointed praetor in order to carry on the war
CRANII or CRANIUM (Kpavtot, Kpavlov: Kpd- against Spartacus and the gladiators; he detocr: now Krania, near Argostoli), a town of feated Spartacus, who was slain in the battle,
Cephallenia, on the southern coast.       and he was honored with an ovation. In 70
CRAN6N or CRANNON (Kpavdv, Kpavvdv: Crassus was consul with Pompey; he enterKpavv5vtos: now Sarliki or Tzeres), in ancient tained the populace at a banquet often thousand
times EPHYRA, a town in Pelasgiotis in Thessa- tables, and distributed corn enough to supply the
ly, not far from Larissa.                 family of every citizen for three months. He.227




CRASTINUS                                  CRATHIS.
did not, however, co-operate cordially with Pom-  CRATfIRUS (Kparep6c). 1. A distinguished genpey, of whose superior influence he was jealous. eral of Alexander the Great, on whose death
He was afterward reconciled to Pompey by Cm- (B.C. 323) he received, in common with Antipsar's mediation, and thus was formed between ater, the government of Macedonia and Greece.
them, in 60, the so-called triumvirate. (Vid. He arrived in Greece in time to render efectual
p. 158, a.). In 55 Crassus was again consul assistance to Antipater in the Lamian war. At
with Pompey, and received the province of the close of this war he married Phila, the
Syria, where he hoped both to increase his daughter of Antipater. Soon after, he accomwealth and to acquire military glory by attack- panied Antipater in the war against the Y.Etoc
ing the Parthians. He set out for his province lians, and in that against Perdiccas in Asia. He
before the expiration of his consulship, and con- fell in a battle against Eumenes in 321.-2.
tinued his march notwithstanding the unfavor- Brother of Antigonus Gonatas, compiled historable omens which occurred to him at almost, ical documents relative to the history of Attica.
every step. After crossing the Euphrates in -3. A Greek physician, who attended the fam54, he did not follow up the attack upon Parthia, ily of Atticus, mentioned also by Horace (Sat.,
but returned to Syria, where he passed the win- ii., 3, 161).
ter. In 53 he again crossed the Euphrates; he  CRATES (Kpary). 1. An Athenian poet of the
was misled by a crafty Arabian chieftain to old comedy, began to flourish B.C. 449, and was
march into the plains of Mesopotamia, where one of the most celebrated of the comic poets.
he was attacked by Surenas, the general of the He excelled chiefly in mirth and fun, and was
Parthian king, Orodes. In the battle which fol- the first Attic poet who brought drunken perlowed Crassus was defeated with immense sons on the stage. [His fragments are collectslaughter, and retreated with the remainder of ed and edited by Meineke, Comic. Grcec. Fragm.,
his troops to Carrhae (the Haran of Scripture). vol. i., p. 78-86, edit. minor.]-2. Of Tralles, an
The mutinous threats of his troops compelled orator or rhetorician of the school of Isocrates.
him to accept a perfidious invitation from Sure- -3. Of Thebes, a pupil of the Cynic Diogenes.
nas, who offered a pacific interview, at which and one of the most distinguished of the Cynic
he was slain, either by the enemy, or by some philosophers, flourished about 320. Though
friend who desired to save him from the dis- heir to a large fortune, he renounced it all, and
grace of becoming a prisoner. His head was lived and died as a true Cynic, disregarding all
cut off and sent to Orodes, who caused melted external pleasures, and restricting himself to
gold to be poured into the mouth of his fallen the most absolute necessaries.  He received
enemy, saying, " Sate thyself now with that the surname of the " Door-opener," because it
metal of which in life thou wast so greedy."-9. was his practice to visit every house at Athens
M., surnamed Dives, son of No. 8, served un- and rebuke its inmates.  He married Hipparder Caesar in Gaul, and, at the breaking out of chia, the daughter of a family of distinction,
the civil war in 49, was prmfect in Cisalpine who threatened to commit suicide when her
Gaul.-10. P., younger son of No. 8, was Cme- parents opposed her union with the philosopher.
sar's legate in Gaul from 58 to 55. In 54 he He wrote several works which are lost, for the
followed his father to Syria, and fell in the bat- epistles extant under his name are not genuine.
tie against the Parthians. —11. L., the celebrated -4. Of Athens, the pupil and friend of Polemo,
orator. At the age of twenty-one (B.C. 119), and his successor in the chair of the Academy,
he attracted great notice by his prosecution of about 270. He was the teacher of Arcesilaiis,
C. Carbo. He was consul in 95 with Q. Sce- Theodorus, and Bion Borysthenites. -5. Of
vola, when he proposed a law to compel all who Mallus in Cilicia, a celebrated grammarian. He
were not citizens to depart from Rome: the was brought up at Tarsus, whence he removed
rigor of this law was one of the causes of the to Pergamos, where he founded the Pergamene
Social war. He was afterward proconsul of school of grammar, in opposition to the AlexanGaul. In 92 he was censor, when he caused drean. He wrote a commentary on the Hothe schools of the Latin rhetoricians to be closed. meric poems, in opposition to Aristarchus, and
He died in 91, a few days after opposing in the supported the system  of anomaly (vu.)cPaxia)
senate the consul L. Philippus, an enemy of the against that of analogy (avatoyia).  He also
aristocracy. Crassus was fond of elegance and wrote commentaries on the other Greek poets,
luxury. His house upon the Palatium was one and works on other subjects, of which only fiagof the most beautiful at Rome, and was adorn- ments have come down to us. In 157 he was
ed with costly works of art. As an orator he sent by Attalus as an ambassador to Rome,
surpassed all his contemporaries. In the treat- where he introduced for the first time the study
ise De Oratore Cicero introduces him as one of of grammar. [His fragments have been pubthe speakers, and he is understood to express lished by C. F. Wegener, De Aula Attalica Litt.
Cicero's own statements. [The fragments of Artiumquefautrice, vol. i., Havniee, 1836.]
his orations are collected and published by  [CRATESIPPIDAS (KpaT7rmr7ridaC), a LacedeeMeyer, Oratorum Roman. Fragmenta, p. 291-317, monian admiral, seized the citadel of Chios, and
Zurich, 1842.]                            effected the restoration of the Chian exiles; he
CRASTiNUS, one of Cesar's veterans, com- was succeeded by Lysander.]
menced the battle of Pharsalia B.C. 48, and  CRATHIS (KpudcO). 1. (Now Crata), a river
died fighting bravely in the foremost line.  in Achaia, rises in a mountain of the same name
[CRATAMIS (Kparaeti), according to one legend, in Arcadia, receives the Styx flowing down from
the mother of Scylla; goddess of sorcerers and Nonacris, and falls into the Corinthian Gulf near
enchanters.]                             AEgme.-2. (Now Crati), a river in lower Italy,
[CRAT^EMENES (KparatCEv f), a native of Chal- forming the boundary on the east between Lucis, founded the city of Zancle in Sicily.]  cania and Bruttii, and falling into the sea near
228




CRATINUS.                                   CRETA.
Sybaris. At its mouth was a celebrated tern- Vespasian, A.D. 69. It was rebuilt by Vespapie of Minerva: its waters were fabled to dye sian, but never recovered its former greatness.
the hair blonde.                            CREMONIS JUGUM. Vid. ALPES.
CRATINUS (KparTvog).  1. One of the most  CREMUTIUS CORDUS. Vid. CORDUS.
celebrated of the Athenian poets of the old com-  [CRENAS (KpivaL, i. e., the springs: now Ar-'
edy, was born B.C. 519, but did not begin to myro), a place near Argos Amphilochicum in
exhibit till 454, when he was sixty-five years Acarnania.]
of age. He exhibited twenty-one plays, and  [CRENIDES (KpviCJfe), earlier name of the city
gained nine victories. He was the poet of the Philippi. Vid. PHILIPPI.]
old comiedy. He gave it its peculiar character,  CREON (KpEov). 1. King of Corinth, son of
and he did not, like Aristophanes, live to see its Lycaethus, whose daughter, Glauce or Creusa,
decline. Before his time the comic poets had married Jason.  Medea, thus forsaken, sent
aimed at little beyond exciting the laughter of Glauce a garment which burned her to death
their audience: he was the first who made corn- when she put it on; the palace tookfire, and Creedy a terrible weapon of personal attack, and on perished in the flames.-2. Son of Menecus,'
the comic poet a severe censor of public and and brother of Jocaste, the wife of Laius. After
private vice. He is frequently attacked by Ar- the death of Laius, Creon governed Thebes for a
istophanes, who charges him with habitual in- short time, and then surrendered the kingdom
temperance, an accusation which was admitted to (Edipus, who had delivered the country from
by Cratinus himself, who treated the subject in the Sphinx. Vid. CEDIpus. When Eteocles and
a very amusing way in his Ivrivy. This play Polynices, the sons of CEdipus, fell in battle
was acted in 423, when the poet was ninety-six by each other's hands, Creon became king of
years of age: it gained the prize over the Con- Thebes. His cruelty in forbidding burial to the
nus of Amipsias and the Clouds of Aristophanes. corpse of Polynices, and his sentencing AntigCratinus died in the following year at the age one to death for disobeying his orders, occaof ninety-seven. [His fiagments are given by sioned the death of his own son Haemon. For
Meineke, Comic. Grcec. Fragm., vol. i., p. 7-78, details, vid. ANTIGONE.-[3. Father of Lycomeedit. minor.]-2. The younger, an Athenian poet des, mentioned in the Iliad.-4. Father of Scoof the middle comedy, a contemporary of Plato pas, who ruled in Thessalian Cranon.]
the philosopher, flourished as late as 324. [His  [CREONTIADES, patronymic from Creon, as Lyfragments are given by Meineke, Comic. Grac. comedes, &c. Vid. CREON, No. 3.]
Fragm., vol. ii., p. 684-7, edit. minor.]   CREOPHILUS (KpeboU0v;o), of Chios, one of the
CRATIPPUS (IrpdT7r7rof). 1. A Greek historian earliest epic poets, said to have been the friend
and contemporary of Thucydides, whose work or son-in-law of Homer. The epic poem OlXahe completed.-2. A Peripatetic philosopher of \ia or OixaiaC a.Xoiat, ascribed to him, related
Mytilene, a contemporary of Pompey and Cic- the contest which Hercules, for the sake of Iole,
ero, the latter of whom praises him highly. He undertook with Eurytus, and the capture of
accompanied Pompey in his flight after the bat- CEchalia.
tie of Pharsalia, B.C. 48. He afterward settled  CRESPHONTES (Kpac60vrTSc), an Heraclid, son
at Athens, where young M. Cicero was his pupil of Aristomachus, and one of the conquerors of
in 44. Through the influence of Cicero, Cratip- Peloponnesus, obtained Messenia for his share.
pus obtained from Casar the Roman citizenship. During an insurrection of the Messenians, he
CRATOS (Kpiror), the personification of and two of his sons were slain. A third son,
strength, a son of [Pallas and the Oceanid jEpytus, avenged his death. Vid. EPYTUrS.
Styx, represented as placed near the throne of  CRESTONIA (Kpraruvia: ve Kpqarowvuc), a disJupiter (Zeus) for having aided him against the trict in Macedonia between the Axius and StryTitans.]                                  mon, near Mount Cercine, inhabited by the
CRATfbLUS (KparvXor), a Greek philosopher, a CRESTON.XI (Kpncartvanot), a Thracian people:
pupil of Heraclitus, and one of Plato's teachers. their chief town was CRESTON or CREST6NE
Plato introduces him as one of the speakers in (KpIa-rev, KpnuTUv7), founded by the Pelasthe dialogue which bears his name.        gians. This town is erroneously supposed by
CREMERA, a small river in Etruria, which falls some writers to be the same as CORTONA in Italy.
into the Tiber a little above Rome: memorable  CRETA (Kpjrr: Kp77raoc: Creticus: now
for the death of the three hundred Fabii.  Candia), one of the largest islands in the MediCREMNA (KpzCva: ruins at Ghcrme), a strong- terranean Sea, nearly equidistant from Europe,
ly fortified city of Pisidia, built on a precipitous Asia, and Africa, but always reckoned as part
rock in the Taurus range, and noted for repeated of Europe. Its length from east to west is
obstinate defences: a colony under Augustus.  about one hundred and sixty miles: its breadth
CREMIa (KpI/iYvo), an emporium of the free is very unequal, being in the widest part about
Scythians on the western side of the Palus thirty-five miles, and in the narrowest only six.
Meotis.                                   A range of mountains runs through the whole
CREOeNA (Cremonensis: now Cremona), a length of the island from east to west, sending
Btman colony in the north of Italy, north of the forth spurs north and south: in the centre of
Po, and at no great distance from the conflu- the island rises Mount Ida far above all the
ence of the Addua and the Po, was founded, to- others. Vid. IDA. The rivers of Crete are nugether with Placentia, B.C. 219, as a protection merous, but are little more than mountain-toragainst the Gauls and Hannibal's invading army. rents, and are for the most part dry in summer.
It soon became a place of great importance, and The country was celebrated in antiquity for its
one of the most flourishing cities in the north fertility and salubrity. Crete was inhabited at
of Italy; but, having espoused the cause of Vi- an early period by a numerous and civilized
tellius, it was totally destroyed by the troops of population. Homer speaks of its hundred cities
229




CRETEUS.                                    CRITIAS.
(Kp7r'7 bcar67'urolbc, II., ii., 649); and, before the name upon it, said to have been founded by PhiTrojan war, mythology told of a king MINbS loctetes, a little south of the River CRIMISUS.
who resided at Ctosus, and ruled over the    CRIMSUS or CRIMIssus (Kp tuo6C, Kprtoaa6C),
greater part of the island. He is said to have a river in the west of Sicily, falls into the
given laws to Crete, and to have been the first Hypsa: on its banks Timoleon defeated the
prince who had a navy, with which he sup- Carthaginians, B.C. 339.
pressed piracy in the AEgean. After his de-  CRINXiGRAS (Kpivay6paC), ofMytilene, the auscendants had governed the island for some thor of fifty epigrams in the Greek Anthology,
generations, royalty was abolished, and the lived in the reign of Augustus.
cities became independent republics, of which  [CRISPINA, wife of the Emperor Commodus;
Cnosus and Gortyna were the most important, having proved unfaithful, she was banished to
and exercised a kind of supremacy over the rest. Capreae, and there put to death.]
The ruling class were the Dorians, who settled  [CRISPINILLA, CALVIA, a Roman female of rank,
in Crete about sixty years after the Dorian con- notorious for her intrigues at the court of Nero;
quest of Peloponnesus, and reduced the former she is called by Tacitus Nero's instructor in
inhabitants, the Pelasgians and Achaeans, to sub- voluptuousness. Notwithstanding her intrigues
jection. The social and political institutions of and plots, she managed to escape with imputhe island thus became Dorian, and many of nity, and even to be in favor in the succeeding
the ancients supposed that the Spartan consti- reigns of Galba, Otho, and Vitellius.]
tution was borrowed from Crete. The chief    CRIsPINs, a person ridiculed by Horace (Sat.,
magistrates in the cities were the Cosmi, ten in i., 1. 120), is said to have written bad verses on
number, chosen from certain families: there the Stoic philosophy, and to have been surnamed
was also a Gerusia, or senate; and an Ecclesia, Aretalogus.
or popular assembly, which, however, had very  CRISPUS, FLAVIUS JULIUS, eldest son of Conlittle power. (For details, vid. Did. of Ant., art. stantine the Great, was appointed Caesar A.D.
Cosmi.) At a later time the power of the aris- 317, and gained great distinction in a campaign
tocracy was overthrown, and a democratical against the Franks and in the war with Licinform of government established. The ancient ius; but, having excited the jealousy of his
Doric customs likewise disappeared, and the step-mother Fausta, he was put to death by his
people became degenerate in their morals and father, 326.
character. The historian Polybius accuses them  CRISPUS PASSIENus;,husband of Agrippina, and
of numerous vices, and the Apostle Paul, quot- step-father of the Emperor Nero, was distining the Cretan poet Epimenides, describes them  guished as an orator.
as " alway liars, evil beasts, slow bellies" (Titus,  CRISPUS, VIIUs, of Vercelli, a contemporary
i., 12). The Cretans were celebrated as arch- of Quintilian, and a distinguished orator. [The
ers, and frequently served as mercenaries in the few fragments that remain of his speeches have
armies of other nations. The island was con- been collected by Meyer, Orat. Roman. Frag-m..,
quered by Q. Metellus, who received in conse- p. 585-588.]
quence the surname Creticus (B.C. 68-66), and  CRIssA or CRISA (Kpiara, Kplaa: Kpitaaaoc),
it became a Roman province. Crete and Cy- and CIRRHA (Kipia: KtibppaZo), towns in Phocis,
renaica subsequently formed one province.  regarded by some ancient, as well as by some
CRETEUS or CATREUS (KpT7rev), son of Minos modern writers, as the same; but it seems most
by Pasiphai or Crete, and father of Althemenes. probable that Crissa was a town inland southCRETHEUS (KpvOeci), son of 2Eolus and En- west of Delphi, and that Cirrha was its port on
arete, husband of Tyro, and father of Eson, the Crissaan Gulf. The inhabitants of these
Pheres, Amythaon, and Hippolyte: he was the towns levied contributions upon the pilgrims
founder of Iolcus.                         frequenting the Delphic oracle, in consequence
[CRETHON (KpjOwvY), son of Diodes of Phera, of which the Amphictyons declared war against
slain by Eneas before Troy.]               them, B.C. 595, and eventually destroyed them.,
CRET6OPLIS (Kpgro6roctf), a town in the dis- Their territory, the rich Crissaan plain, wVas
trict of Milyas in Asia Minor, assigned some- declared sacred to the Delphic god, and was fortimes to Pisidia, sometimes to Pamphylia.  bidden to be cultivated. The cultivation of this
CREUSA (KpIovaa). 1. A Naiad, daughter of plain by the inhabitants of Amphissa led to the
Oceanus, became by Penens the mother of Hyp- Sacred war, in which Philip was chosen generai
seus and Stilbe.-2. Daughter of Erechtheus of the Amphictyons, 338. Crissa remnaired in
and Praxithea, wife of Xuthus, and mother of ruins, but Cirrha was afterward rebnilt, avd beAchaus and Ion. She is said to have been be- came the harbor of Delphi.
loved by Apollo, whence Ion is sometimes call-  CRITIAs (Kplr-ia). 1. Son ofDropides, a'coned her son by this god.-3. Daughter of Priam  temporary and relation of Solon's.-2. Soert of
and Hecuba, wife of _Eneas, and mother of As- Callatsehrus, and grandson of the abo-e, was
canius  She perished on the night of the cap- one of the pupils of Socrates, by whose instracture of Troy, having been separated from her tions he profited but little in a norala point of
husband in the confusion.-4. (Or Glauce), a view. He was banished from Athiens, nad on
daughter of Creon, who fell a victim to the ven- his return he became leader of the oligarehical
geapce of Medea. Vid. CREON, No. 1.        party. He was one of the thirty tyrants estabCREUSIS or CREUSA (KpeV(Ti, Kpeovaa: Kpev- lished by the Spartans B C. 404, and wa& eonaIEnv), a town on the eastern coast of Bceotia, spicuous above all his colleagues for rapacity
the harbor of Thespite.                    and cruelty. He was slain at the battle of MaCRIMISA or CRIMISSA (Kpiulaa, Kpitcaon   nychia in the same year, fighting against Thranow Capo dell' Alice), a promontory on the east- sybulus and the exiles. He was a distingu.ish
ern coast of Bruttium, with a town of the same I ed orator, and some of his speeches were ex
230




CRITOLAUS.                                  CROTON.
tant in the time of Cicero. He also wrote po- tie was fought between the two armies; whereems, dramas, and other works.  Some frag- upon he returned to Sardis, and disbanded his
ments of his elegies are still extant, [and have forces, commanding them to reassemble in the
been collected by Bach, Critic carmina, etc., quce following spring. But Cyrus appeared unexsupersunt, Lips., 1827.]                  pectedly before Sardis; Croesus led out the
CRITOLAUS (KpLr6o2ao).  1. Of Phaselis in forces still remaining with him, but was defeatLycia, studied philosophy at Athens under Aris- ed, and the city was taken after a siege of fourton of Ceos, whom he succeeded as the head of teen days. Croesus, who was taken alive, was
the Peripatetic school. In B.C. 155 he was sent condemned to be burned to death. As he stood
by the Athenians as ambassador to Rome with before the pyre, the warning of Solon came to
Carneades and Diogenes.   Vid. CARNEADES. his mind, and he thrice uttered the name of SoHe lived upward of eighty-two years, but we lon. Cyrus inquired who it was that he called
have no further particulars of his life.-2. Gen- on; and, upon hearing the story, repented of his
eral of the Achaan League, 147, distinguished purpose, and not only spared the life of Crcesus,
by his bitter enmity to the Romans. He was but made him his friend. Croasus survived Cydefeated by Metellus, and was never heard of rus, and accompanied Cambyses in his expediafter the battle.                         tion against Egypt.
CRITON (Kpi7ouv). 1. Of Athens, a friend and  CROMMIYON or CROMYON (KpoaFivuv, Kpouvwv),
disciple of Socrates, whom he supported with a town in Megaris, on the Saronic Gulf, afterhis fortune. He had made every arrangement ward belonged to Corinth; celebrated in myfor the escape of Socrates from prison, and tried, thology on account of its wild sow, which was
in vain, to persuade him to fly, as we see from  slain by Theseus.
Plato's dialogue named after him. Criton wrote  [CROMNA (Kpcuva), a town and fortress on
seventeen dialogues on philosophical subjects, the coast of Paphlagonia, between Cytorus and
which are lost.-[2. A comic poet of the new  Amastris.]
comedy, of whose plays a few fragments remain,  [CROMNI or CROMI (Kpusvo, and in Pausanias
collected by Meineke, Comic. Grcec.. Fragm., KpSuot), a stronghold in Arcadia, on the borders
vol. ii., p. 1153-4, edit. minor.]-3. A physician of Messenia, in the district named from it CROat Rome in the first or second century after MITIS (Kpwo/rZ^g): its inhabitants were removed
Christ, perhaps the person mentioned by Mar- to Megalopolis.]
tial (Epigr., xi., 60, 6): he wrote several medi-  CRONIUS MONS (Kp6vtov Opog), a mountain in
cal works.                                Elis, near Olympia, with a temple of Cronus
CRIU-METOPON (Kptov i8rTweTov), i. e., "Ram's (Saturn.)
Front." 1. A promontory at the south of the  CRONUS (Kp6vog), the youngest of the Titans,
Tauric Chersonesus. —2. (Now Capo Krio), a son of Ccelus (Uranus) and Terra (Ge), father
promontory at the southwest of Crete.     by Rhea of Hestia, Ceres (Demeter), Juno
CRIUS (Kptor), one of the Titans, son of Ura- (Hera), Pluto (Hades), Neptune (Poseidon), and
nus (Cmelus) and Ge (Terra).              Jupiter (Zeus). At the instigation of his mothCiRcnlILopoLIs(Kpo/codEi(,)v7rd Ar). 1. (Now  er, Saturn (Cronus) unmanned his father for
Ewibeshunda?), a city of Upper Egypt, in the No- having thrown the Cyclopes, who were likewise
aos Aphroditopolites.-2. Vid. ARSINOE, No. 7. his children by Terra (Ge), into Tartarus. Out
CRocUS, the beloved friend of Smilax, was of the blood thus shed sprang up the Erinnyes.
changed by the gods into a saffron plant.  When the Cyclopes were delivered from TarCRoCYLEA(rT KpoK0aecta), according to Homer tarus, the government of the world was taken
(If., ii., 633), a place in Ithaca, but according to from Ccelus (Uranus) and given to Saturn (CroStrabo, in Leucas in Acarnania.           nus), who in his turn lost it through Jupiter
[CRocYLioN(Kpoel;ov), accordingto Thucyd- (Zeus), as was predicted to him by Terra (Ge)
ides (3, 96), a place in Etolia, otherwise un- and Ceelus (Uranus). Vid. ZEUS. The Romans
known.]                                   identified their Saturnus with Cronus.  Vid.
CRESUS (KpoTroc), last king of Lydia, son of SATURfUS.
Aiyattes, reigned B.C. 560-546, but was proba-  CROPIA (Kpwireia), an Attic demus belonging
bly associated in the kingdom during his fa- to the tribe Leontis.
ther's life. The early part of his reign was  [CRossEA (Kpooaaia), a district of Macedonia,
most glorious. He subdued all the nations be- on the eastern coast of the Thermaicus Sinus:
tween the.Egean and the River Halys, and it was also called Kpovuai.]
made the Greeks in Asia Minor tributary to him.  CROTON or CROTONA (Crotoniensis, Crotonen-'The faie of his power and wealth drew to his sis, Crotoniata: now Crptona), a Greek city on
court at Sardis all the wise men of Greece, and the eastern coast of Bruttium, on the River
among them Solon, whose interview with the 2Esarus, and in a very healthy locality, was
king was celebrated in antiquity. In reply to founded by the Acheans under Myscellus of
the question who was the happiest man he had  Egse, assisted by the Spartans, B.C. 710. Its
ever seen, the sage taught the king that no man extensive commerce, the virtue of its inhabitshould be deemed happy till he had finished his ants, and the excellence of its institutions, made
life i, a happy way. Alarmled at the growing it the most powerful and flourishing town in the
power of the Persians, Croesus sent to consult south of Italy. It owed much of its greatness
the oracle of Apollo at Delphi whether he to Pythagoras, who established his school here.
should march against the Persians. Upon the Gymnastics were cultivated here in greater perreply of the oracle, that, if he marched against fection than in any other Greek city; and one
the Persians, he would overthrow a great em- of its citizens, Milo, was the most celebrated
pire, he collected a vast army and marched athlete in Greece. It attained its greatest powagaimst Cyrus. Near Sinope an indecisive bat- er by the destruction of Sybaris in 510; but it
231




CRUSTUMERIA.                                  CUMlE.
subsequently declined in consequence of the to have contained at least one hundred thousand
severe defeat it sustained from the Locrians on inhabitants. In the wars of the Romans with
the River Sagras. It suffered greatly in the the Parthians and Persians, it was taken, first
wars with Dionysius, Agathocles, and Pyrrhus; by Trajan (A.D. 115), and by several of the later
and in the second Punic war a considerable part emperors, but Julian did not venture to attack
of it had ceased to be inhabited. It received a it, even after his victory over the Persians becolony from the Romans in 195.            fore the city.
CRUSTUMERIA, -RIUM, also CRUSTUMIUM (Crus-  CTESIPPUS (Krniyr0rof). 1. Two sons of Hertuminus), a town of the Sabines, situated in the cules, one by Deianira, and the other by Astymountains near the sources of the Allia, was damia.-2. Son of Polytherses of Same, one of
conquered both by Romulus and Tarquinius the suitors of Penelope, killed by Philotius, the
Priscus, and is not mentioned in later times.  cow-herd.-[3. A Greek historian, of uncertain
CTEATUS. Vid. MOLIONES.                 date; Plutarch quotes his history of the ScythCTfESIAS (Kr7oiae), of Cnidus in Caria, a con- ians, but nothing further is known of him.-4. A
temporary of Xenophon, was private physician pupil of Socrates, who is often mentioned.by
of Artaxerxes Mnemon, whom he accompanied Plato.]
in his war against his brother Cyrus, B.C. 401.  [CTESIUS (KrcrtOC), son of Ormenus, and
He lived seventeen years at the Persian court, father of Eumieus, whom the Phcenicians carand wrote in the Ionic dialect a great work on ried off from him, and sold to Laertes in Ithaca.]
the history of Persia (ITepaLoc), in twenty-three  [CTIMENE (KrtYevrV), sister of Ulysses, youngbooks. The first six contained the history of est child of Laertes.]
the Assyrian monarchy down to the foundation  [Cucusus (KovKova6g) or Cocusus (KoKKOvof the kingdom of Persia. The next seven con- o6.), a place in Cappadocia, to which St. Chrytained the history of Persia down to the end of sostom was banished. Vid. CHRYSOSTOMUS.]
the reign of Xerxes, and the remaining ten car-  [CUDA (now Coa), a tributary of the Durius,
ried the history down to the time when Ctesias in Hispania Tarraconensis.]
left Persia, i. e., to the year 398. All that is  CULARO, afterward  called  GRATIANOPOLIS
now extant is a meagre abridgment in Photius (now Grenoble) in honor of the Emperor Graand a number of fragments preserved in Diodo- tian, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, on the Isara
rus and other writers. The work of Ctesias (now Isere).
was compiled from Oriental sources, and its  CULLEO or CULEO, Q. TERENTYUS. 1. A senstatements are frequentlyat variance with those ator of distinction, was taken prisoner in the
of Herodotus. Ctesias also wrote a work on second Punic war, and obtained his liberty at
India ('Ihv&Ka) in one book, of which we possess the conclusion of the war, B.C. 201. To show
an abridgment in Photius.  This work con- his gratitude to P. Scipio, he followed his tritains numerous fables, but it probably gives a umphal car, wearing the pileus or cap of liberty,
faithful picture of India, as it was conceived by like an emancipated slave. In 187 he was prmethe Persians. The abridgment which Photius tor peregrinus, and in this year condemned L.
made of the Persica and Indica of Ctesias has Scipio Asiaticus, on the charge of having misbeen printed separately by Lion, G6ttingen, appropriated the money gained in the war with
1823, and by Bahr, Frankfort, 1824.       Antiochus.-2. Tribune of the plebs, 58, exerted
CTEisBIUS (KrTa!6TOC), celebrated for his me- himself to obtain Cicero's recall from banishchanical inventions, lived at Alexandrea in the ment. In the war which followed the death of
reigns of Ptolemy Philadelphus and Euergetes, Cesar (43), Culleo was one of the legates of
about B.C. 250. His father was a barber, but Lepidus.
his own taste led him to devote himself to me-  CUME (KVIrty: KvyalTo, Cumanus). 1. A town
chanics. He is said to have invented a clepsy- in Campania, and the most ancient of the Greek
dra or water-clock, a hydraulic organ (v6pavatC), colonies in Italy and Sicily, was founded by
and other machines, and to have been the first Cyme in 2Eolis, in conjunction with Chalcis and
to discover the elastic force of air and apply it Eretria in tuboea. Its foundation is placed in
as a moving power. He was the teacher, and B.C. 1050, but this date is evidently too early.
has been supposed to have been the father of It was situated on a steep hill of Mount Gaurus,
Hero Alexandrinus.-[2. A Greek historian, a little north of the promontory Misenum. It
who probably lived at the time of the first Ptole- became in early times a great and flourishing
mies; according to Apollodorus, he lived to the city; its commerce was extensive; its terriage of one hundred and four years, but accord- tory included a great part of the rich Campaing to Lucian, to the age of one hundred and nian plain; its population was at least sixty
twenty-four.]                             thousand; and its power is attested by its colCTESIPHON (Kr1oae~v), son of Leosthenes of onies in Italy and Sicily, Puteoli, Palaeopolis
Anaphlystus, was accused by.Eschines for hav- afterward Neapolis, Zancle afterward Messana.
ing proposed the decree that Demosthenes But it had powerful enemies to encounter in
should be honored with the crown. Vid. Es- the Etruscans and the Italian nations. It was
CHINES.                                   also weakened by internal dissensions, and one
CTESIPHON (KrVat0l'v: KrCFu0iLvrTo1: ruins of its citizens, Aristodemus, made himself tvat Takti Kesra), a city of Assyria, on the eastern rant of the place. Its power became so much
bank of the Tigris, three Roman miles from Se- reduced that it was only saved from the atleucia on the western bank, first became an im- tacks of the Etruscans by the assistance of
portant place under the Parthians, whose kings Iliero, who annihilated the Etruscan fleet, 474..
used it for some time as a winter residence, It maintained its independence till 417, when it
and afterward enlarged and fortified it, and was taken by the Campanians, and most of its,
made it the capital of their empire. It is said inhabitants sold as slaves.  From this time
232




CUNAXA.                                  CURTIUS.
CAPUA became the chief city of Campania; and where he carried on war against the barbarians
although Cumae was subsequently a Roman   as far north as the Danube. He was a personal
municipiumn and a colony, it continued to de- enemy of Caesar, and supported P. Clodius when
line in importance. At last the Acropolis was the latter was accused of violating the sacra of
the only part of the town that remained, and the Bona Dea. In 57 he was appointed pontithis was eventually destroyed by Narses in his fex maximus, and died 53. He had some repwars with the Goths. Cumae was celebrated utation as an orator, and was a friend of Cicero.
as the residence of the earliest Sibyl, and as -3. Son of No. 2, also a friend of Cicero, was
the place where Tarquinius Superbus died. Its a most profligate character. He was married
ruins are still to be seen between the Lago di to Fulvia, afterward the wife of Antony. He
Patria and Fusaro.-[2. A city of Eolis. Vid. at first belonged to the Pompeian party, by
CYME.]                                    whose influence he was made tribune of the
CUNAXA (Kovasca), a small town in Babylo- plebs, 50; but he was bought over by Caesar,
nia, on the Euphrates, famous for the battle and employed his power as tribune against his
fought here between the younger Cyrus and former friends. On the breaking out of the
his brother Artaxerxes Mnemon, in which the civil war (49), he was sent by Cesar to Sicily
former was killed (B.C. 401). Its position is with the title of proprector. He succeeded' in
uncertain. Plutarch (Artax., 8) places it five driving Cato out of the island, and then crossed
hundred stadia (fifty geographical miles) above over to Africa, where he was defeated and slain
Babylon; Xenophon, who does not mention it by Juba and P. Attius Varus.
by name, makes the battle field three hundred  CURIOSOLITIE, a Gallic people on the ocean
and sixty stadia (thirty-six geographical miles) in Armorica, near the Veneti, in the country of
from Babylon.                             the modern Corseult, near St. Malo.
[CUNEUS. 1. Ager (nowAlgrarve), the south-  CURIUM (Koptiov: KovpLeui: ruins near Pisern part of Lusitania, where the Conii dwelt, copia), a town on the southern coast of Cyprus,
from whom it was probably so called, and not near the promontory CURIAS, west of the mouth
from its wedge-like shape.-2. Promontorium  of the Lycus.
(now Cabo di S. Maria), the southern point of  CURIus DENTATUS. Vid. DENTATUS.
the Cuneus Ager.]                           CuRIus, M'. 1. An intimate friend of Cicero
[CUPENCUS, a Virgilian hero, one of the fol- and Atticus, lived for several years as a negolowers of Turnus, slain by JEneas.]       tiator at Patras in Peloponnesus. In his will he
[CUPIDO. Vid. ERos.]                   left his property to Atticus and Cicero. SevCUPIENNYUS, attacked by Horace (Sat., i., 2, eral of Cicero's letters are addressed to him.36), is said by the Scholiast to have been a friend  [2. Q., a Roman senator, who was candidate
of Augustus, but is probably a fictitious name. for the consulship B.C. 64, but lost his election,
CUPRA (Cuprensis). 1. MARITIMA (now la- and for has vices was ejected from the senate 
rano, at the mouth of the Monecchia), a town in he joined the conspiracy of Catiline, and it was
Picenum, with an ancient temple of Juno, found- through his mistress Fulvia, to whom he related
ed by the Pelasgians and restored by Hadrian. their designs, that Cicero obtained the informa-2. MONTANA, a town near No. 1, in the mount- tion which enabled him to crush the conspiracy.]
ains.                                       CURSOR, L. PAPIRIUS.  1. A distinguished
CRES (Gen. Curium), an ancient town of Roman general in the second Samnite war, was
the Sabines, celebrated as the birth-place of T. five times consul (B.C. 333, 320, 319, 315, 313),
Tatius and Numa Pompilius: from this town and twice dictator (325, 309). He frequently
the Romans are said to have derived the name defeated the Samnites, but his greatest victory
of Quirites.                              over them was gained in his second dictatorCURETES (Kovpireg), a mythical people, said ship.  Although a great general, he was not
to be the most ancient inhabitants of Acarnania popular with the soldiers on account of his seand Jtolia; the latter country was called Cu- verity.-2. Son of No. 1, was, like his father, a
retis from them. They also occur in Crete as distinguished general. In both his consulships
the priests of Jupiter (Zeus), and are spoken of (293, 272) he gained great victories over the
in connection with the Corybantes and Idaean Samnites, and in the second he brought the
Dactyli. The infant Jupiter (Zeus) was intrust- third Samnite war to a close.
ed to their care by Rhea; and by clashing their  CURTIUS, METTUS or METTIUS, a distinguishweapons in a warlike dance, they drowned the ed Sabine, fought with the rest of his nation
cries of the child, and prevented his father Sat- against Romulus. According to one tradition,
urn (Cronus) from ascertaining the place where the Lacus Curtius, which was part of the Roman
he was concealed.                         forum, was called after him; because in the
CURIAS. Vid. CURIUM.                    battle with the Ronans he escaped with diffiCURIATIs, a celebrated Alban family. Three culty from a swamp, into which his horse had
brothers of this family fought with three Roman plunged. But the more usual tradition respectbrothers, the Horatii, and were conquered by ing the name of the Lacus Curtius related that
the latter. In consequence of their defeat, Alba in B.C. 362 the earth in the forum gave way,
became subject to Rome.                   and a great chasm appeared, which the soothCuRIATIUS MATERNUS. Vid. MATERNUS.      sayers declared could only be filled up by throwCURIO, C. ScRIsONIUS. 1. Praetor B.C. 121, ing into it Rome's greatest treasure; that therewas one of the most distinguished orators of his upon M. Curtius, a noble youth, mounted his
time.-2. Son of No. 1, tribune of the plebs B.C. steed in full armor; and declaring that Rome
90; afterward served under Sulla in Greece; possessed no greater treasure than a brave and
was prator 82; consul 76; and after his con- gallant citizen, leaped into the abyss, upon
sulship obtained the province of Macedonia, which the earth closed over him.
233




CURTIUS MONTANUS.                               CYCNUS.
CURTIUS MONTANUS. V;id. MONTANUS.      twelve in number; but their number is increasCURTIUS RUFUS, Q., the Roman historian of ed by other writers. The most important of
Alexander the Great. Respecting his life, and them were DELOS, CEOS, CYTHNOS, SERIPHOS,
the time at which he lived, nothing is known RHENIA, SIPRNOS, CIMOLOS, NAXOS, PAROS, SYwith certainty. Some critics place him as early ROS, MYCONOS, TENOS, ANDROS.
as the time of Vespasian, and others as late as  CYCLOPES (KVKA'JoTre~), that is, creatures with
Constantine; but the earlier date is more prob- round or circular eyes, are described differently
able than the later. The work itself, entitled by different writers. Homer speaks of them as
De Rebus Gestis Alexandri Magni, consisted of a gigantic and lawless race of shepherds in Siten books, but the first two are lost, and the re- cily, who devoured human beings and cared
maining eight are not without considerable nought for Jupiter (Zeus): each of them had
gaps. It is written in a pleasing though some- only one eye in the centre of his forehead: the
what declamatory style. It is taken from good chief among them was POLYPHEMUS. Accordsources, but the author frequently shows his ing to Hesiod, the Cyclopes were Titans, sons
ignorance0of geography, chronology, and tactics. of Ccelus (Uranus) and Terra (Ge), were three
The best editions are by Zumpt, Berlin, 1826, in number, ARGES, S/rEROPES, and BRONTES, and
small edition; Mutzell, Berlin, 1843; [and by each of them had only one eye on his forehead.
Zumpt, Berlin, 1849, with copious comment- They were thrown into Tartarus by Saturn (Croary.]                                     nus), but were released by Jupiter (Zeus), and,
CUTILIE AQUAe. Vid. AQUtE, No. 3.       in consequence, they provided Jupiter (Zeus)
CYANEf (Kvadv?), a Sicilian nymph and play- with thunderbolts and lightning, Pluto with a
mate of Proserpina (Persephone), changed into a helmet, and Neptune (Poseidon) with a trident.
fountain through grief at.the loss of the goddess. They were afterward killed by Apollo for having
CYANEA INSULAn (Kvdveal vacot or 7r-rpat, furnished Jupiter (Zeus) with the thunderbolts
now Urek-Jaki), two small rocky islands at the to kill IEsculapius. A still later tradition reentrance of the Thracian Bosporus into the garded the Cyclopes as the assistants of Vulcan
Euxine, the PLANCTwE (ilaytcrai) and SYMPL- (Hephaestus). Volcanoes were the work-shops
GADES (2;?v7r)AVyddec) of mythology, so called of that god, and Mount lEtna in Sicily and the
because they are said to have been once mova- neighboring isles were accordingly considered
ble and to have rushed together, and thus de- as their abodes. As the assistants of Vulcan
stroyed every ship that attempted to pass (Hephaestus), they make the metal armor and
through them. After the ship Argo had passed ornaments for gods and heroes. Their number
through them in safety, they became stationary. is no longer confined to three; and besides the
Vid. p. 91, a.                            names mentioned by Hesiod, we also find those
CYAXARES (KvacidpVy), king of Media B.C. of PYRACMON and ACAMAS. The name of Cy634-594, son of Phraortes, and grandson of clopian walls was given to the walls built of
Deioces. He was the most warlike of the Me- great masses of unhewn stone, of which specidian kings, and introduced great military re- mens are still to be seen at Mycenae and other
forms.  He defeated the Assyrians, who had parts of Greece, and also in Italy. They were
slain his father in battle, and he laid siege to probably constructed by the Pelasgians; and
Ninus (Nineveh). But while he was before later generations, being struck by their granthe city, he was defeated by the Scythianswho deur, ascribed their building to a fabulous race
held the dominion of Upper Asia for twenty- of Cyclopes.
eight years (634-607), but were at length driven  CYCNUS (KKvoc). 1. Son of Apollo by Hyrie,
out of Asia by Cyaxares. After the expulsion lived in the district between Pleuron and Calyof the Scythians, Cyaxares again turned his don, and was beloved by Phyllius; but as Phylarms against Assyria, and with the aid of the lius refused him a bull, Cycnus leaped into a
King of Babylon (probably the father of Nebu- lake and was metamorphosed into a swan.-2.
chadnezzar), he took and destroyed Ninus in Son of Neptune (Poseidon), was king of Colonie
606. He subsequently carried on war for five in Troas, and father of Tenes and Hemithea.
years against Alyattes, king of Lydia.  Vid. His second wife, Philonome, fell in love with
ALYATTES. Cyaxares died in 594, and was sue- Tenes, her step-son, and as he refused her ofceeded by his son Astyages. Xenophon speaks fers, she accused him to his father, who threwi?
of a Cyaxares II., king of Media, son of Astya- Tenes with Hemithea in a chest into the sea.
ges, respecting whom, vid. CYRus.         Tenes escaped and became king of Tenedos.
CYBELE. Vid. RHEA.                      Vid. TENES. In the Trojan war both Cycnus
CYBISTRA (ra KV6terpa), an ancient city of and Tenes assisted the Trojans, but both were
Asia Minor, several times mentioned by Cicero slain by Achilles. As Cycnus could not he
(Ep. ad Fam., xv., 2, 4; ad Att., v., 18, 20), who wounded by iron, Achilles strangled him with
describes it as lying at the foot of Mount Tau- the thong of his helmet, or killed him with a
rus, in the part of Cappadocia bordering on Ci- stone. When Achilles was going to strip CycIicia. Strabo places it three hundred stadia nusof his armor, the body disappeared, and was
(thirty geographical miles) from Tyana. Men- changed into a swan.-3. Son of Mars (Ares)
tion is.made of a place of the same name (now  and Pelopia, slain by Hercules at Itone.-4. Son
Kara Hissar), between Tyana and Cassarea ad of Mars (Ares) and Pyrene, likewise killed by
Argaeum; but this latter can hardly be believed Hercules.-5. Son of Sthenelus, king of the
to be identical'with the former.          Ligurians, and a friend and relation of Phathon.
CYCLADES (KvA-^cdF), a group of islands in While he was lamenting the fate of Phaethon on
the iEgean Sea, so called because they lay in the banks of the Eridanus, he was metamorpha circle (Ev sdKIw) around Delos, the most im,  osed by Apollo into a swan, and placed among
portant of them. According to Strabo they were the stars,
234




CYDIAS.                                 CYNOSURA.
CYDYAS. 1. Acelebratedpainterfromtheisland from Mount Phricius, and hence it had the epiof Cythnus, B.C. 364, whose picture of the Ar- thet 4putwjvir. It was the native place of Ephogonauts was exhibited in a porticus by Agrippa rus, and the mother city of Side in Pamphylia
at Rome.-[2. An Athenian orator, a contempo- and of/Cuma e in Campania.
rary of Demosthenes; an oration of his, wepi  [CYMODOCE (Kv/iod6oK), one of the Nereids
rof Sa(ov icERpovxia~, is mentioned by Aristotle. (Hom. and Hes.); in Virgil, one of those nymphs
-3. An early Greek poet, classed by Plutarch into whom Cybele metamorphosed the ships of
with Mimnermus and Archilochus. His frag-.Eneas.]
ments are given in the collections of Schneide-  [CYMOTHSi (Kvyo06y7), one of the Nereids.]
win and Bergk.]                             CYNA. Vid. CYNANE.
CYDIPPE. Vid. ACONTIUS.                   CYNEGIRUS (Kvvaiyetpor), brother of the poet
CYDNUS (KvSdvor: now Tersoos-Chai), a river AEschylus, distinguished himself by his valor at
of Cilicia Campestris, rising in the Taurus, and the battle of Marathon, B.C. 490. According
flowing through the midst of the city of Tarsus, to Herodotus, when the Persians were endeavwhere it is one hundred and twenty feet wide oring to escape by sea, Cynaegirus seized one
(Kinneir: Xenophon says two plethra =two of their ships to keep it back, but fell with his
hundred and two feet). It was celebrated for right hand cut off. In the later versions of the
the clearness and coldness of its water, which story, Cynegirus is made to perform still more
was esteemed useful in gout and nervous dis- heroic deeds.
eases, but by bathing in which Alexander nearly  CYNAETHA (Kvvat0a: KvvatOevg, -Oatevr), a
lost his life. At its mouth the river spread into town in the north of Arcadia, whose inhabita lagune, which formed the harbor of Tarsus, ants, unlike the other Arcadians, had a dislike
but which is now choked with sand. In the to music, to which circumstance Polybius atMiddle Ages the river was called Hierax.  tributes their rough and demoralized character.
CYDONIA, more rarely CYDONIS (Kv6ovia, Kvdo-  CYNANE, CYNA, or CYNNA (KVVCzV7, Kvva, Kbvvig: Kvuwuvir(trC: nowKhania), one of the chief va), half-sister to Alexander the Great, daughcities of Crete, the rival and opponent of CNO- ter of Philip by Audata, an Illyrian woman.
sus and GORTYNA, was situated on the north- She was married to her cousin Amyntas; and
western coast, and derived its name from the after the death of Alexander she crossed over
CYDONES (Kvsover), a Cretan race, placed by to Asia, intending to marry her daughter EurydHomer in the western part of the island. At a ice to Arrhidaeus, who had been chosen king.
later time a colony of Zacynthians settled in Her-project alarmed Perdiccas, by whose order
Cydonia; they were driven out by the Samians she was put to death.
about B.C. 524; and the Samians were in their  CYNESII or CYNETES (Kvvraot, KvvlTreS), a
turn expelled by the JEginetans. Cydonia was people, according to Herodotus, dwelling in the
the place from which quinces (Cydonia mala) extreme west of Europe, beyond the Celts, ap-' 
were first brought to Italy, and its inhabitants parently in Spain.
were some of the best Cretan archers (Cydonio  [CYNICI. Vid. DIOGENES, ANTISTHENES.]
arcu, Hor., Carm., iv., 19, 17).            CYNISCA (KvvioKa), daughter of Archidamus
[CYDRARA (Kdpapa), a city on the borders of II., king of Sparta, was the first woman who
Phrygia and Lydia, where a monument was set kept horses for the games, and the first who
up by Crcesus to mark the boundaries.]    gained an Olympic victory.
CYLLXRUS (KJdUapoc), a beautiful centaur,  CYN6PSLIS (Kvvog Tr6Xdt: now Samallout), a
killed at the wedding feast of Pirithous. The city of the Heptanomis, or Middle Egypt, on an
horse of Castor was likewise called Cyllarus.  island in the Nile; the chief seat of the worship
CYLLENE (KvAra7v). 1. (Now Zyria), the ofAnubis. There was a city of the same name
highest mountain in Peloponnesus on the front- in the Delta.
iers of Arcadia and Achaia, sacred to Hermes  CYNos (KVvog: K11vtor, Kvvaloc), the chief
(Mercury), who had a temple on the summit, sea-port in the territory of the Locri Opuntii.
was said to have been born there, and was hence  CYNOSARGES (r- Kvvoaapyer), a gymnasium,
called Cyllenius.~2. (Now Chiarenza), a sea- sacred to Hercules, outside Athens, east of the
port town of Elis.                        city, and before the gate Diomea, for the use of
CYLON (Kl~Ov), an Athenian of noble family, those who were not of pure Athenian blood:
married the daughter of Theagenes, tyrant of here taught Antisthenes, the founder of the
Megara, and gained an Olympic victory B.C. Cynic school.
640.  Encouraged by the Delphic oracle, he   CYNOSCEPHALZE (Kvvcr f seaial),'" Dogs'
seized the Acropolis, intending to make him- Heads." 1. Two hills near Scotussa in Thesself tyrant of Athens. Pressed by famine, Cy- saly, where Flaminius gained his celebrated
Ion and his adherents were driven to take refuge victory over Philip of Macedonia, B.C. 197.at the altar of Minerva (Athena), whence they 2. A hill between Thebes and Thespiae, in Bcewere induced to withdraw by the archon Meg- otia.
acles, the Alemabonid, on a promise that their  CYNOSSEMA (KvbOc 7iua), "Dog's Tomb," a
lives should be Spared. But their enemies put promontory in the Thracian Chersonesus, near
them to death as soon as they had them in their Madytus, so called because it was supposed to
power.                                    be the tomb of Hecuba, who had been previousCa-xE (Kt/r/1: KvvaZoCo: now Sandakli), the ly changed into a dog.
largest of the zEolian cities of Asia Minor, stood  CYNOSURA (Kvv6oovpa), an Idaean nymph, and
upon the coast of HEolis, on a bay named after one of the nurses of Jupiter (Zeus), who placed
it Cumaeus (also Elaiticus) Sinus (o6 Kvuzaog her among the stars. Vid. ARcTos.
6ftVOC: now Gulf of Sandakli), and had a good  CYNos8RA (Kvv6covpa), "Dog's Tail," a promharbor. It was founded by a colony of Locrians ontory in Attica, south of Marathon.
235




CYNTHIA,                                CYRENAICA.
CYNTHIA and CYNTHIUS (Kvv0ia and Kv'v0oc), more than seven thousand feet in height. The
surnames respectively of Diana (Artemis) and plains are chiefly in the south of the island, and
Apollo, which they derived ffon Mount Cynthus were celebrated in ancient as well as in modern
in the island of Delos, their birth-place.  times for their fertility. The largest plain, callCYNURIYA (Kvvovpia: Kvvovptop), a district on ed the Salaminian plain, is in the eastern part
the frontiers of Argolis and Laconia, for the of the island, near Salamis. The rivers are litpossession of which the Argives and Spartans tle more than mountain torrents, mostly dry in
carried on frequent wars, and which the Spar- summer. Cyprus was colonized by the Phcenitans at length obtained about B.C. 550. Vid. cians at a very.early period; and Greek colop. 92, a. The inhabitants were Ionians.   nies were subsequently planted in the island,
CYvARISSiA (Kv7rapwaia). 1. A town in Mes- according to tradition soon after the Trojan
senia, on the western coast, south of the River war. We read at first of nine independent
Cyparissus, and on a promontory and bay of the states, each governed by its own king, SALAMIS,
same name. Homer (II., ii., 593) speaks -of a CITIUM, AMATHUS, CURIUM, PAPHOS, MARIUM,
town CYPARISSEiS (Kv7raputaaetc) subject to SoLI, LAPETHUS, CERYNIA. The island wassubNestor, which is probably the same as the pre- dued by Amasis, king of Egypt, about B.C. 540.
ceding, though Strabo places it in Triphylia.- Upon the downfall of the Egyptiah monarchy, it
2. A town in Laconia, on a peninsula near the became subject to the Persians; but EVAGORAS
Asopus.                                   of Salamis, after a severe struggle with the PerCYPARISSUS (KvI7riptarof), son of Telephus, sians, established its independence about 385,
beloved by Apollo br Silvanus. Having inad- and handed down the sovereignty to his son
vertently killed his favorite stag, he was seized NICOCLES. It eventually fell to the share of the
with immoderate grief, and metamorphosed into Ptolemies'in Egypt, and was governed by them,
a cypress.                                sometimes united to Egypt, and sometimes by
CYPARIsSUS (KvUradptaoc), a small town in separate princes of the royal family. In 58 the
Phocis, on Parnassus, near Delphi.        Romans made Cyprus one of their provinces,
CYPHANTA (7T Kivavra), a town on the east- and sent M. Cato to take possession of it. Cyern coast of Laconia, near Prasiae.       prus was qne of the chief seats of the worship
CYPRIA, CYPRIS, surnames of Venus (Aphro- of Aphrodite (Venus), who is hence called Cydite), from the island of CYPRUs.         pris or Cypria, and whose worship was introCYPRaiNUs, a celebrated father of the Church, duced into the island by the Phcenicians.
was a native of Africa. He was a heathen by  CYPSELA (ra KviierLa: Kv/eTJivoc, -2Ov6c5). 1.
birth, and before his conversion. to Christianity A town in Arcadia, on the frontiers of Laconia.
he taught rhetoric with distinguished success. -2. (Now Ipsalla), a town in Thrace, on the
He was converted about A.D. 246, was ordain- Hebrus and the Egnatia Via.
ed a presbyter 247, and was raised to the bish-  CYPSELus (KVp2e.oC). 1. Father of Merope
opric of Carthage 248. When the persecution and grandfather of XApytus. Vid. _EvPYTUS.of Decius burst forth (250), Cyprian fled from  2. Of Corinth, son of zEtion. The mother of
the storm, and remained two years in retire- Cypselus belonged to the house of the Bacchiament. Afew years afterward the Emperoryale- dae, that is, to the Doric nobility of Corinth.
rian renewed the persecution against th'eCi4ris- According to tradition, she married LEdtion, betians. Cyprian wtas banished by Paternus, the cause, being ugly, she met with no one among
proconsul to the maritime city of Curubis, where the Bacchiadoe who would have her as his wife.
he resided eleven months. He was then recall- As the oracle of Delphi had declared that her
ed by the new governor, Galerius Maximus, and son would prove formidable to the ruling party
was beheaded in a spacious plain without the at Corinth, the Bacchiadae attempted to murder
walls A.D. 258. He wrote several works which the child. But his mother concealed him in a
have come down to us. They are characterized chest ( VwEZt), from which he derived his name
by-lucid arrangement, and eloquent, though de- Cypselus. When he had grown up to manhood,
clamatory style. The best editions are by Fell, he expelled the Bacchiadae, with the help of the
Oxford, 1682, fol., to which are subjoined the people, and then established himself as tyrant.
Annaeles Cyprianici of Pearson; and that corn- He reigned thirty years, B.C. 655-625, and was
iuenced by Baluze, and completed by a monk succeeded by his son Periander. The oeleof the fraternity of St. Maur, Paris, 1726, fol. brated chest of Cypselus, consisting of cedar
[A convenient and useful edition is that pub- wood, ivory, and gold, and, richly adorned with
lished in the collection of Caillau and Guillon, figures in relief, is described at length by PauParis, 1829, 8vo.]                        sanias (v., 17, &c.).
CYPRUS (Kr6pot: Ktvrpto: now Cyprus, call-  CYRAUNIS (Kpa)vvtS), an island off the northed by the Turks Kebris), a large island in the ern coast of Africa, mentioned by Herodotus (iv.y
Mediterranean, south of Cilicia and west of 95); probably the same as CERCINE.
Syria. It is called by various names in the  CtRENiNICA (A( KEvp'yvaia, ~ KvpyVval  fpv, Hepoets, Cerastia or Cerastis, Macaria, Sphecia, rod.: now Dernah or Jebel-Akhdacr, i. e., the
Acamantis, Amathusia, and also Paphos. The Green liountain, the northeastern part of Trpisland is of a triangular form: its length from  oli), a district of Northern Africa, between Mareast to west is about one hundred and forty marica on the east and the Regio Syrtica on
miles; its greatest breadth, which is in the the west, was considered to extend in its widest
western part, is about fifty miles from north to limits from the Philsnorum Arm at the bottom
south, but it gradually narrows toward the east. of the Great Syrtis to the Chersonesus Magna
A range of mountains, called Olympus by the or northern headland of the Gulf of Platea (now
ancients, runs through the whole length of the Gulf of Bomba), or even to the Catabathmus
island from east to west, and rises in one part Magnus (now Mfarsa Sollum); but the part ac236




CYRENAICA.                                 CYRILLUS.
tually possessed and cultivated by the Greek dom, and afterward formed the district, under
colonists can only be considered as beginning the name of Cyrenaica, with the island of Crete,
at the northern limit of the sandy shores of the into a province. Under Constantine Cyrenaica
Great Syrtis, at Boreum Promontorium (now  was separated from Crete, and made a distinct
Ras Teyonas, south of Ben-Ghazi), between province, under the name of Libya Superior.
which and the Chersonesus Magna the country The first great blow to the prosperity of the
projects into the Mediterranean in the form of country was given by the murderous conflict
a segment of a circle, whose chord is above which ensued on an insurrection of the Jews
one hundred and fifty miles long and its arc (who had long settled here in great numbers) in
above two hundred. From its position, forma- the reign of Trajan. As the Roman empire detion, climate, and soil, this region is perhaps dined, the attacks of the native Libyan tribes
one of the most delightful on the surface of the became more frequent and formidable, and the
globe. Its centre is occupied by a moderately sufferings caused by their inroads and by loelevated table-land, whose edge runs parallel custs, plague, and earthquakes, are most pathetto the coast, to which it sinks down in a suc- ically described by Synesius, bishop of Ptolecession of terraces, clothed with verdure, inter- mai's, in the fifth century. In the seventh ceIsected by mountain streams running through tury the country was overrun by the Persians,
ravines filled with the richest vegetation, ex- and soon afterward it fell a final prey to the
posed to the cool sea-breezes from the north, great Arabian invasion.
and sheltered by the mass of the mountain from  CYRENE (Kvp^vv), daughter of Hypseus, moththe sands and hot winds of the Sahara. These er of Aristeus by Apollo, was carried by the
slopes produced the choicest fruits, vegetables, god from Mount Pelion to Libya, where the city
and flowers, and some very rare plants, such of Cyrene derived its name from her.
as the silphium, yielding the 0roc KvpTvalog.  CaRENE2 (Kvpiv'/: Kvpvvaeo': now Ghrennah,
The various harvests, at the different eleva- with very large ruins), the chief city of CYREtions, lasted for eight months of the year. With NAICA in Northern Africa, was founded by Batthese physical advantages, the people naturally tus (B.C. 631) over a fountain consecrated to
became prone to luxury. The country was, Apollo, and called Cyre (Kvpr:'Afr62twvoC
however, exposed to actual ravages by locusts. Kcpijvy), which supplied the city with water, and
The belt of mountainous land extends inward then ran down to the sea through a beautiful
from the coast about seventy or eighty miles. ravine.  The city stood eighty stadia (eight
The first occupation of this by the Greeks, of geographical miles) from the coast, on the edge
which we have any clear account, was effected of the upper of two terraces of table-land, at
by BATTUS, who led a colony from the island of the height of eighteen hundred feet above the
Thera, and first established himself on the isl- sea, in one of the finest situations in the world.
and of Platea at the eastern extremity of the The road which connected it with its harbor,
district, and afterward built CYRENE (B.C. 631), Apollonia, still exists, and the ruins of Cyrene,
where he founded a dynasty, which ruled over though terribly defaced, are very extensive,
the country during eight reigns, though with comprising streets, aqueducts, temples, theacomparatively little power over some of the tres, tombs, paintings, sculpture, and inscripother Greek cities. Of these the earliest found- tions. In the face of the terrace on which the
ed were TEUCHIRA and HESPERIS, then BARCA, city stands is a vast subterranean necropolis.
a colony from Cyrene; and these, with Cyrene For the history of the city and surrounding
itself and its port APOLLONIA, formed the orig- country, vid. CYRENAICA. Among its celebrated
inal Libyan Pentapolis, though this name seems natives were the philosopher Aristippus, the
not to have come into general use till under the poet Callimachus, and the Christian bishop and
Ptolemies. The comparative independence of orator Synesius.
Barca, and the temporary conquest of the coun-  [CYRENIUS. Vid. QUIRINIUS.]
try by the Persians under Cambyses, diminish-  CYRESCHATA or CYR6OPLIS (KvpCaxara, Kvpa,
ed the power of the later kings of Cyrene, and Kipov nr62ot), a city of Sogdiana, on the Jaxartes,
at last the dynasty was overthrown and a re- the furthest of the colonies founded by Cyrus,
public established in the latter part of the fifth and the extreme city of the Persian empire:
century B.C. When Alexander invaded Egypt, destroyed, after many revolts, by Alexander.
the Cyrenaans formed an alliance with him; Its position is doubtful, but it was probably not
but their country was made subject to Egypt by far from Alexandreschata (now Kokand).
Ptolemy, the son of Lagus. It appears to have  [CYRNUS (K'6pvo), Greek name of Corsica.
flourished under the Ptolemies, who pursued  Vid. CORSICA.]
their usual policy of raising new cities at the  [CYROPOLIS(KVpovir6tf). Vid. CYRESCHATA.]
expense of the ancient ones, or restoring the  CYRILLUTS (KvptXRoc). 1. Bishop of Jerusalatter under new names. Thus Hesperis be- lem, A.D. 351-386, was a firm opponent of the
came Berenice, Teuchira was called Arsinoe, Arians, by whose influence he was banished
Barca was entirely eclipsed by its port, which three times from Jerusalem. His works are
was raised into a city under the name of Ptole- not numerous. The most important are lecmais, and Cyrene suffered from the favors be- tures to catechumens, &c., and a letter to the
stowed upon its port Apollonia. The country Emperor Constantius, giving an account of the
was'now usually called Pentapolis, from the five luminous cross which appeared at Jerusalem,
cities of Cyrene, Apollonia, Ptolemais, Arsino6, 351. The best editions are by Miles, Oxford,
and Berenice. In B.C. 95 the last Egyptian 1703, fol., and by Touttee, Paris, 1720, fol.governor, Apion, an illegitimate son of Ptole- 2. Bishop ofAlexandrea A.D. 412-444, of which
my Physcon, made the country over to the Ro- city he was a native. He was fond of power,
maans, who at first gave the cities their free- and of a restless and turbulent spirit. He per237




CYRRHESTICE.                                  CYRUS.
secuted the Jews, whom he expelled from Alex- ed by Cyrus and taken prisoner, B.C. 559. The
andrea; and after a long-protracted struggle he Medes accepted Cyrus for their king, and thus
procured the deposition of Nestorius, bishop of the supremacy which they had held passed to
Constantinople. He was the author of a large the Persians. It was probably at this time that
number of works, many of which are extant; Cyrus received that name, which is a Persian
but in a literary view they are almost worthless. word (Kohr), signifying the Sun. Cyrus now
The best edition is by Aubert, Paris, 1638, 6 proceeded to conquer the other parts of Asia.
vols., fol.                               In 526 he overthrew the Lydian monarchy, and
CYRRHESTICE (Kupvt/SerT ), the name given took Croesus prisoner.  Vid. CRcasus.  The
under the Seleucidae to a province of Syria, ly- Greek cities in Asia Minor were subdued by his
ing between Commagene on the north and the general Harpagus. He next turned his arms
plain of Antioch on the south, between Mount against the Assyrian empire, of which Babylon
Amanus on the west and the Euphrates on the was then the capital. After defeating the Babyeast. After the time of Constantine, it was lonians in battle, he laid siege to the city, and
united with Commagene into one province, un- after a long time he took it by diverting the
der the name of Euphratesia.              course of the Euphrates, which flowed through
CYRRHUS or CYRUS (K.j5vpo, KvpoS: now   the midst of it, so that his soldiers entered BabKorus?), a city of Syria, founded under the Se- ylon by the bed of the river. This was in 538.
leucida, and called after the city of the same Subsequently he crossed the Araxes, with the
name in Macedonia; chiefly remarkable as the intention of subduing the Massagets, a Scythian
residence and see of Theodoret, who describes people, but he was defeated and slain in battle.
its poverty, which he did much to relieve. Tomyris, the queen of the Massagete, cut off his
Justinian rebuilt the walls, and erected an head, and threw it into a bag filled with human
aqueduct.                                 blood, that he might satiate himself (she said)
CYRRHUS, a town in Macedonia, near Pella.  with blood. He was killed in 529. He was
CYRus (KOpoC). 1. THE ELDER, the founder succeeded by his son CAMBYSES. Xenophon
of the Persian empire. The history of his life represents Cyrus as brought up at his grandwas overlaid in ancient times with fables and father's court, as serving in the Median army
romances, and is related differently by Herodo- under his uncle Cyaxares II., the son and suctus, Ctesias, and Xenophon. The account of cessor of Astyages, of whom Herodotus and
Herodotus best preserves the genuine Persian  Ctesias know nothing; as making war upon
legend, and is to be preferred to those of Ctesias Babylon simply as the general of Cyaxares; as
and Xenophon. It is as follows: Cyrus was marrying the daughter of Cyaxares; and at
the son of Cambyses, a noble Persian, and of length dying quietly in his bed, after a sage and
Mandane, daughter of the Median king Astyages. Socratic discourse to his children and friends.
In consequence of a dream, which seemed to Xenophon's account is preserved in the Cyroportend that his grandson should be master of padia, in which he draws a picture of what a
Asia, Astyages sent for his daughter when she wise and just prince ought to be. The work
was pregnant; and, upon her giving birth to a must not be regarded as a genuine history. In
son, he committed it to Harpagus, his confiden- the East Cyrus was long regarded as the greattial attendant, with orders to kill it. Harpagus est hero of antiquity, and hence the fables by
gave it to a herdsman of Astyages, who was to which his history is obscured. His sepulchre
expose it. But the wife of the herdsman hav- at Pasargade was visited by Alexander the
ing brought forth a still-born child, they substi- Great. The tomb has perished, but the name
tuted the latter for the child of Mandane, who is found on monuments at Murghab, north of
was reared as the son of the herdsman. When Persepolis.-2. THE YOUNGER, the second of the
he was ten years old, his true parentage was four sons of Darius Nothus, king of Persia, and
discovered by the following incident. In the of Parysatis, was appointed by his father comsports of his village, the boys chose him for mander of the maritime parts of Asia Minor, and
their king. One of the boys, the son of a noble satrap of Lydia, Phrygia, and Cappadocia, B.C.
Median named Artembares, disobeyed his com- 407. He assisted Lysander and the Lacedremands, and Cyrus caused him to be severely monians with large sums of money in their war
scourged. Artembares complained to Astyages, against the Athenians. Cyrus was of a daring
who sent for Cyrus, in whose person and cour- and ambitious temper. On the death of his
age he discovered his daughter's son.  The father and the accession of his elder brother Arherdsman and Harpagus, being summoned be- taxerxes Mnemon, 404, Cyrus formed a plot
fore the king, told him the truth. Astyages for- against the life of Artaxerxes. His design was
gave the herdsman, but revenged himself on betrayed by Tissaphernes to the king, who conHarpagus by serving up to him at a banquet the demned him to death; but, on the intercession
flesh of his own son. As to his grandson, by of Parysatis, he spared his life and sent him
the advice of the Magians, who assured him that back to his satrapy. Cyrus now gave himself
his dreams were fulfilled by the boy's having up to the design of dethroning his brother. He
been a king in sport, he sent him back to his collected a powerful native army, but he placed
parents in Persia.  When Cyrus grew up, he his chief reliance on a force of Greek merceconspired with Harpagus to dethrone his grand- naries. He set out from Sardis in the spring
father. He induced the Persians to revolt from  of 401, and, having crossed the Euphrates at
the Median supremacy, and at their head march- Thapsacus, marched down the river to the plain
ed against Astyages. The latter had given the of Cunaxa, five hundred stadia from Babylon.
command of his forces to Harpagus, who de- Here he found Artaxerxes prepared to meet
serted to Cyrus.  Astyages thereupon placed him. Artaxerxes had from four hundred thouhimself at the head of his troops, but was defeat- sand to a million of men; Cyrus had about one
238




CYRUS.                                    DACIA.
hundred thousand Asiatics and thirteen thou- powerful of the Greek cities in Asia Minor;
sand Greeks. The battle was at first altogether stood upon an island of the same name in the
in favor of Cyrus. His Greek troops on the Propontis (now Sea of Marmara). This island,
right routed the Asiatics who were opposed to the earlier name of which was Arctonnesus
them; and he himself pressed forward in the ("Apicrov vb7aog), lay close to the shore of Myscentre against his brother, and had even wound- ia, to which it was united by two bridges, and
ed him, when he was killed by one of the king's afterward (under Alexander the Great) by a
body-guard. Artaxerxes caused his head and mole, which has accumulated to a considerable
right hand to be struck off, and sought to have isthmus.  The city of Cyzicus stood on the
it believed that Cyrus had fallen by his hand. southern side of the island, at the northern end
The character of Cyrus is drawn by Xenophon of the isthmus, on each side of which it had a
in the brightest colors. It is enough to say that port. Tradition ascribed the foundation of the
his ambition was gilded by all those brilliant city to the Doliones, a tribe of Thessalian Pelasqualities which win men's hearts. —3. An archi- gians, who had been driven from their homes
tect at Rome, who died on the same day as by the _Eolians. It was said to have been aftClodius, 52.                              erward colonized by the Milesians. It was one
CYRus (Kv'pog: now Kour), one of the two of the finest cities of the ancient world for the
great rivers of Armenia, rises in the Caucasus, beauty of its situation and the magnificence of
flows through Iberia, and after forming the its buildings: it possessed an extensive comboundary between Albania and Armenia, unites merce, and was celebrated for the excellence of
with the Araxes, and falls into the western side its laws and government. Its staters were
of the Caspian. There were small rivers of the among the most esteemed gold coins current in
same name in Media and Persis.            Greece. It took no conspicuous place in hisCYTA or CYTEA (Kvra, Krneaa: KvraToc, Kv- tory till about twenty-two years after the peace
~atEU'5'), a town in Colchis on the River Phasis, of Antalcidas, when it made itself independent
where Medda was said to have been born.   of Persia. It preserved its freedom under AlCYTHERA (K3O9pa: KvOlpiogS: now Cerigo), a exander and his successors, and was in alliance
mountainous island off the southeastern point with the kings of Pergamus, and afterward with
of Laconia, with a town of the same name in the Romans. Its celebrated resistance against
the interior, the harbor of which was called Mithradates, when he besieged it by sea and
SCANDEA (2;cav6dea). It was colonized at an land (B.C 75), was of great service to the Roearly time by the Phoenicians, who introduced mans, and obtained for it the rank of a " libera
the worship of Venus (Aphrodite) into the isl- civitas," which it lost again under Tiberius.
and, for which it became celebrated. This god- Under Constantine it became the chief city of
dess was hence called CYTHERkA, CYTHEREIS; the new province ofHellespontus. Itwas greatand, according to some traditions, it was in the ly injured by an earthquake in A.D. 443, and
neighborhood of this island that she first rose finally ruined by its conquest by the Arabians
from the foam of the sea. The Argives subse- in 675.
quently took possession of Cythera, but were
driven out of it by the Lacedaemonians, who
added it to their dominions..
CYTHEaIS, a celebrated courtesan, the mis-  DXA. Vid. DArJE.
tress of Antony, and subsequently of the poet  [DABAR, son of Massugrada, of the family of
Gallus, who mentioned her in his poems under Masinissa, sent by Bocchus to Sulla to negotithe name of Lycoris.                      ate the peace which ended in the surrender of
[CYTHERIUS (KvOcptog), a river of Pisatis in Jugurtha.]
Elis, a tributary of the Alpheus.]          [DABRONA (now Blackwater), a river of HiCYTHERUS (Kdlpo': KvOi;ptoc), one of the bernia.]
twelve ancient towns of Attica, and subsequent-  DACHINABADES (AaXtva65ddp), a general name
ly a demus, belonging to the tribe Pandionis.  for the southern part of the Indian peninsula,
CYTHNUS (KdOvo: KilOvtog: now Thermia), derived from the Sanscrit dakshina, the south
an island in the zEgaan Sea, one of the Cycla- wind, and connected with the modern name
des, with a town of the same name, celebrated Deccan.
for its cheese, and also for its warm springs,  DACIA (Dacus), as a Roman province, was
whence its modern name.                   bounded on the south by the Danube, which
CY'rINIUM (Kvrivtov: Kvrtvtdvrig), one of the separated it from Mcesia, on the north by the
four cities in Doris, on Parnassus.       Carpathian Mountains, on the west by the RivCYTORus or -UM (tKdTPOa or -ov: now Kidros), er Tysia (now Theiss), and on the east by the
a town on the coast of Paphlagonia, between River Hierasus (now Pruth), thus comprehendAmastris and the promontory Carambis, was a ing the modern Transylvania, Wallachia, Mloldacommercial settlement of the people of Sinope. via, and part of Hungary. The Daci were of
It stood upon or near the mountain of the same the same race and spoke the same language as
name, which is mentioned by the Romans as the Geta, and are therefore usually said to be
abounding in box-trees.                   of Thracian origin. They were a brave and
Ca-zicus (Kdi)tco~), son of 2Eneus and lEnete, warlike people. In the reign of Augustus they
the daughter of Eusorus, or son of Eusorus, or crossed the Danube and plundered the allies of
son of Apollo by Stilbe. He was king of the Rome, but were defeated and driven back into
Doliones at Cyzicus on the Propontis. For his their own country by the generals of Augustus.
connection with the Argonauts, vid. p. 90, b.  In the reign of Domitian they became so formiCYizIcus (KvSto'og: KvcrlvovS: ruins at Bal dable under their king DECEBALUS, that the RoKiz or Chizico), one of the most ancient and mans were obliged to purchase a peace of them
239




DACTYLI.                                 DALMATIA.
by the payment of tribute. Trajan delivered Being condemned to death by the Areopagus
the empire from this disgrace; he crossed the for this murder, he went to Crete, where the
Danube, and after a war of five years (A.D 101- fame of his skill obtained for him the friendship
106), conquered the country, made it a Roman of Minos. He made the well-known wooden
province, and colonized it with inhabitants from  cow for Pasiphae; and when Pasiphae gave
all parts of the empire. At a later period Dacia birth to the Minotaur, Daedalus constructed the
was invaded by the Goths; and as Aurelian con. labyrinth at Cnosus in which the monster was
sidered it more prudent to make the Danube kept. For his part in this affair, Dedalus was
the boundary of the empire, he resigned Dacia imprisoned by Minos; but Pasiphae released
to the barbarians, removed the Roman inhabit- him, and, as Minos had seized all the ships on
ants to Meesia, and gave the name of Dacia (Au- the coast of Crete, Daedalus procured wings for
reliani) to that part of the province along the himself and his son Icarus, and fastened them
Danube where they were settled..on with wax. Daedalus himself flew safe over
DACTYLI (Ad -rv2Uo), fabulous beings, to whom  the _Egean, but, as Icarus flew too near the
the discovery of iron and the art of working it sun, the wax by which his wings were fastened
by means of fire were ascribed. Their name on was melted, and he dropped down and was
Dactyls, that is, Fingers, is accounted for in drowned in that part of the 2Egean which was
various ways; by their number being five or called after him the Icarian Sea. Daedalus fled
ten, or by the fact of their serving Rhea just as to Sicily, where he was. protected by Cocalus,
the fingers serve the hand, or by the story of the king of the Sicani. When Minos heard
their having lived at the foot (iv 6aiKrTvoLC) of where Daedalus had taken refuge, he sailed with
Mount Ida in Phrygia as the original seat of the a great fleet to Sicily, where he was treacherDactyls, whence they are usually called Idaean ously murdered by Cocalusorhisdaughters. AeDactyls. In Phrygia they were connected with cording to some accounts, Daedalus first alighted
the worship of Rhea. They are sometimes con- in his flight from Crete at Cumae in Italy, where
founded or identified with the Curetes, Cory- he erected a temple to Apollo, in which he dedbantes, Cabiri, and Telchines. This confusion icated the wings with which he had fled from
with the Cabiri also accounts for Samothrace Crete. Several other works of art were attribbeing in some accounts described as their resi- uted to Daedalus, in Greece, Italy, Libya, and
dence. Other accounts transfer them to Mount the islands of the Mediterranean. They belong
Ida in Crete, of which island they are said to to the period when art began to be developed.
have been the original inhabitants. Their num- The name of Dcedala was given by the Greeks
her appears to have been originally three: Cel- to the ancient wooden statues, ornamented with
mis (the smelter), Damnamencus (the hammer), gilding and bright colors and real drapery, which
and Acmon (the anvil). Their number was aft- were the earliest known forms of the images of
erward increased to five, ten (five male and five the gods, after the mere blocks of wood or stone,
female), fifty-two, and one hundred.      which were at first used for symbols of them. —
ADASTAiNA (j Aadaarcva: now Torhaleh or 2. Of Sicyon, a statuary in bronze, son and disKestabeg?), a fortress on the borders of Bithynia ciple of Patrocles, flourished B.C. 400.
and Galatia, where the Emperor Jovian died  DAXHE (AaaL), a great Scythian people, who
suddenly, A.D. 364.                      led a nomad life over a great extent of country
[DADICE (AeJicat), a tribe of the Persian on the east of the Caspian, in Hyrcania (which
empire, who formed part of the seventh satrapy still bears the name of Daghestan), on the banks
of Darius.]                               of the Margus, the Oxus, and even the Jaxartes.
DiDAXLA (7r Aanadara), a city in Asia Minor, Some of theml served as cavalry and horseupon the Gulf of Glaucus, on the borders of archers in the armies of Darius Codomannus,
Caria and Lycia. The same name was given Alexander, and Antiochus the Great, and they
to a mountain overhanging the town.       also made good foot-soldiers.
[DIEDALION (Aatd6a2Dv), son of Lucifer, and  DAIMACHUS (Aa'uaxyo), of Plataeae, was sent
father of Chione, who was slain by Diana. by Seleucus as ambassador to Sandrocottus,
Daedalion, out of grief at her death, threw him- king of India, about B.C. 312, and wrote a work
self fiom Parnassus, but was changed into a on India, which is lost.
falcon.]                                    [DAIPHANTUS (Aad'avrof), a Theban, slain at
DEDiXLUS (Aa[JaJof). 1. A mythical person- Mantinea; his bravery and skill were indicated
age, under whose name the Greek writers per- by the fact that Epaminondas, when mortally
sonified the earliest development of the arts of wounded, named him as the one best qualified
sculpture and architecture, especially'among to succeed to the command.]
the Athenians and Cretans. The ancient writ-  DALMXTIA Or DELMATIA (Aau/Tmria: Aa2urmf,g
ers generally represent Daedalus as an Athenian, more anciently Aa'iparemv: now Dalmata), a
of the royal race of the Erechthidae. Others part'of the country along the eastern coast of
called him a Cretan, on account of the longtime the Adriatic Sea included under the general
he lived in Crete. He is said to have been-the name of Illyricum, was separated from Liburson of Metion, the son of Eupalamus, the son nia on the north by the Titius (now Kerka), and
of Erechtheus. Others make him the son of from Greek Illyria on the south by the Drilo
Eupalamus or of Palamaon.  His mother is (now Drino), and extended inland to the Bebian
called Alcippe, or Iphinoe, or Phrasimede. He mountains and the Drinus, thus nearly corredevoted himself to sculpture, and made great sponding to the modern Dalmatia. The capital
improvements in the art. He instructed his was DALMINIUM or DELMINIUM, from which the
sister's son, Calos, Talus, or Perdix, who soon country derived its name. The next most imcame to surpass him in skill and ingenuity, and portant town was SALONA, the residence of DioDadalus killed'him through envy. Vid. PERDx. cletian. The Dalmatians were a brave and
240




DALMATIUS.                               DAMOCRITUS.
warlike people, and gave much trouble to the the Romans, the last of whom obtained possesRomans. In B.C. 119 their country was over- sion of it after the conquest of Tigranes, and
run by L. Metellus, who assumed, in conse- assigned it to the province of Syria. It flourquence, the surname Dalmaticus, but they con- ished greatly under the emperors, and is called
tinued independent of the Romans. In 39 they by Julian (Epist. 24) " the Eye of all the East."
were defeated by Asinius Pollio, of whose Dal- Diocletian established in it a great factory for
maticus triumphus Horace speaks (Carm., ii., 1, arms; and hence the origin of the fame of Da16); but it was not till the year 23 that they mascus blades. Its position on one of the high
were finally subdued by Statilius Taurus. They roads from Lower to Upper Asia gave it a contook part in the great Pannonian revolt under siderable trade. The surrounding district was
their leader Bato; but, after a three years' war, called AalaacTlv.l
were again reduced to subjection by Tiberius,  DAMASIPPUS, L. JUNIUS BRUTUS. Vid. BRUA.D. 9.                                   TUS, No. 10.
DALMATIUS. Vid. DELMATIUS.                DAMASIPPUS, LICINIUS. 1. A Roman senator,
DALMINiUM. Vid. DALMATIA.               fought on the side of the Pompeians in Africa,
DAAAGrTUS (Aayay7yro), king of Ialysus in and perished B.C. 47.-2. A contemporary of
Rhodes, married, in obedience to the Delphic Cicero, who mentions him as a lover of statues,
oracle, the daughter of Aristomenes ofMessene, and speaks of purchasing a garden from Damaand from this marriage sprang the family of the sippus. He is probably the same person as the
Diagoride, who were celebrated for their vic- Damasippus ridiculed by Horace. (Sat., ii., 3,
tories at Olympia. Vid. ARISTOMENES.      16, 64.) It appears from Horace that Damasip[DAMAGON (AaguaywV), a Spartan, who, with pus had become bankrupt, in consequence of
Leon and Alcidas, superintended the planting of which he intended to put an end to himself; but
the Lacedaemonian colony Heraclea in Phthi- he was prevented by the Stoic Stertinius, and
otis, B.C. 426.]                          then turned Stoic himself, or at least affected
DAMALIS or BoUS (Aaiya;eC, 1 Bovc), a small to be one by his long beard. The Damasippus
place in Bithynia, on the shore of the Thracian mentioned by Juvenal (Sat., viii., 147, 151, 167)
Bosporus, north of Chalcedon; celebrated by is a fictitious name, under which the satirist
tradition as the landing-place of Jo, the memory ridiculed some noble lover of horses.
of whose passage was preserved by a bronze  [DAMASITHYMUS (AauaaciOv/yo), son of Cancow set up here by the Chalcedonians.     daules, prince of Calynda in Caria, followed
DAMARATUS. Vid. DEMARATUS.              Xerxes to Greece, and perished at the battle of
[DAMASCENUS, NICOLAUS. Vid. NICOLAUS.]  Salamis.]
DAMAscIus (Aadaucitor), the Syrian, of Damas-  DAMASTES (AaCda-rVn), of Sigeum, a Greek
cus, whence he derived his name, the last of historian, and a contemporary of Herodotus and
the renowned teachers of the Neo-Platonic-phi- Hellanicus of Lesbos: his works are lost.
losophy at Athens, was born about A.D. 480. He  [DAMASTORIDES (AaaCTaropid6f), patronymic
first studied at Alexandrea and afterward at from Damastor, as Tlepolemus in the Iliad, and
Athens, under Marinus and Zenodotus, whom  Agelaus in the Odyssey.]
he succeeded. When Justinian closed the hea-  [DAMASUS (Ayaosaou). 1. A Trojan, slain by
then schools' of philosophy at Athens in 529, Polypcetes.-2. D. SCOMBRUS, a celebrated rhetDamascius emigrated to King Chosroes of Per- orician of Tralles in Cilicia.]
sia. He afterward returned to the west, since  DAMIA. Vid. AUXESIA.
Chosroes had stipulated in a treaty that the  DAMNONII. 1. Or DUMNONII or DUMNUNII, a
heathen adherents of the Platonic Philosophy powerful people in the southwest of Britain, inshould be tolerated by the Byzantine emperor. habiting Cornwall, Devonshire, and the western
The only work of Damascius which has been part of Somersetshire, from whom was called
printed is entitled "Doubts and Solutions of the promontory DAMNONIUM, also OCRINUM (now
the'first Principles," edited by Kopp, Francof., Cape Lizard) in Cornwall. -2. Or DAMNII, a
1828, 8vo.                                people in north Britain, inhabiting parts of modDAMAScUS (7 AafaoCKof: Aayaaiciv6t: now Da- ern Perth, Argyle, Stirling, and Dumbarton-shires.
meshk, Damascus, Esh-Sham), one of the most  DAMO (AaptC), a daughter of Pythagoras and
ancient cities of the world, mentioned as exist- Theano, to whom Pythagoras intrusted his writing in the time of Abraham (Gen., xiv., 15), ings, and forbade her to give them to any one.
stood in the district afterward called Ccele-Syr- This command she strictly observed, although
ia, upon both banks of the River Chrysorrhoas she was in extreme poverty, and received many
or Bardines (now Burada), the waters of which, requests to sell them.
drawn off by canals and aqueducts, fertilized the  DAMocLES (AayoKC), a Syracusan, one of
plain around the city. This plain is open on the the companions and flatterers of the elder Diosouth and east, and sheltered on the west and nysius.  Damocles having extolled the great
north' by an offshoot of the Antilibanus; its felicity of Dionysius on account of his wealth
fruits were celebrated in ancient, as in modern and power, the tyrant invited him to try what
times; and altogether the situation of the city his happiness really was, and placed him at a
is one of the finest on the globe. In the earli- magnificent banquet, in the midst of which Damest times, except during the short period for odes saw a naked sword suspended over his
which David subjected it to the Hebrew mon- head by a single horse-hair-a sight which quickarchy, Damascus was the seat of an independ- ly dispelled all his visions of happiness. The
ent kingdom, called the kingdom of Syria, which story is alluded to by Horace. (Carm., iii., 1, 17.)
was subdued by the Assyrians, and passed suc-  [DAMOCRITUS (Aay/6,cptro), of Calydon, a gencessively under the dominion of the Babyloni- eral of the.Etolian league, B.C. 200, opposed
arns, the Persians, the Greek kings of Syria, and the Romans and sided with the Macedonians;
16                                                             241




DAMON.                                    DAPHNE.
he subsequently fell into the hands of the Ro- gives, was often applied by the poets to the co1mans, and was thrown into prison, from which lective Greeks.
he escaped by night, but, being pursued, threw  [DANDARII (Aavddpcto), also DANDARIDIE, a
himself on his own sword.]                people on the coasts of the Palus Meotis and
DAMON (Ad/jov). 1. Of Athens, a celebrated the Euxine, traces of whose name appear to remusician and sophist. He was a-pupil of Lam- main in the modern DRANDI.]
prus and Agathocles, and the teacher of Peri-  DAN6UBUS (now Danube, in German,D onau),
cles, with whom he lived on the most intimate also DANUVIUS on coins and inscriptions, called
terms. He is also said to have taught Socrates, ISTER (Ia-rpor) by the Greeks, one of the chief
but this statement is more doubtful. In his old rivers of Europe, rises in the Black Forest, and,
age he was banished from Athens, probably on after flowing one thousand seven hundred and
account of the part he had taken in politics.-  seventy miles, falls,into the Black Sea. It is
2. A Pythagorean, and friend of PHINTIAS (not mentioned by Hesiod, but the Greeks knew very
Pythias). When the latter was condemned to little about it. According to Herodotus, it rises
die for a plot against Dionysius I. of Syracuse, at the city Pyrene, among the Celts, and flows
he asked leave of the tyrant to depart for the through the whole of Europe. The Romans
purpose of arranging his domestic affairs, prom- first obtained some accurate information conising to find a friend who would be pledge for cerning the river at the commencement of the
his appearance at the time appointed for his empire. Tiberius, in his campaign against the
punishment.  To the surprise of Dionysius, Vindelicians, visited the sources of the Danube,
Damon unhesitatingly offered himself to be put which, according to Tacitus, rises in MOUNT
to death instead of his friend, should he fail to ABNOBA. The Danube formed the northern
return. Phintias arrived just in time to redeem  boundary of the empire, with the exception of
Damon, and Dionysius was so struck with this the time that DACIA was a Roman province. In
instance of firm friendship on both sides, that he the Roman period, the upper part of the river,
pardoned the criminal, and entreated to be ad- from its source as far as Vienna, was called
mitted as a third into their bond of brotherhood. Danubius, while the lower part to its entrance
DAM6OXNUS (Aato65evo~), an Athenian comic in the Black Sea was named Ister.
poet of the new comedy, and perhaps partly of  DAORSI or DAORIZI (Aa6ploC), a tribe in Dalthe middle. [Some fragments remain, which matia.
have been collected by Meineke, Comic. Gria.  DAPHNIE PELUSISE (AdQvat al HIsbovC'aal: now
Fragm., vol. ii., p. 1149-53, edit. minor.]  Safnas), a border fortress of Lower Egypt
DANA(Aava), agreatcityofCappadocia(Xen., against Arabia and Syria, stood on the right
Anab., i., 2, ~ 20), probably the same as the later hand -of the Nile, sixteen Roman miles southTYANA.                                    West of Pelusium.  Many Jews settled here
DXNXA (Aavai), daughter of Acrisius and after the destruction of Jerusalem by the Babmother of Perseus. Vid. ACRISIUS. An Italian ylonians,
legend related that Dana6 came to Italy, built  DAPHNE (AdLV7v). 1. Daughter of the riverthe town of Ardea, and married Pilumnus, by god Ladon in Arcadia, by Ge (the earth), or of
whom she became the mother of Daunus, the the river-god Peneus in Thessaly. She was
ancestor of Turnus.                       extremely beautiful, and was loved by Apollo
DANXI. Vid. DANAUS.                     and Leucippus, son of CEnomaus, but she reDANXYDES (AavatdeS), the fifty daughters of jected,both their suits. In order to win her,
Danaus., Vid. DANAUS.                    Leucippus disguised himself as a maiden, but
DANALA (ra Adavata), a city in the territory Apollo's jealousy caused his discovery, and he
of the Trocmi, in the northeast of Galatia, no- was killed by the companions of Daphne. Apoltable in the history of the Mithradatic War as lo now pursued Daphne, and she was on the
the place where Lucullus resigned the command point of being overtaken by him: she prayed for
to Pompey.                                aid, and was metamorphosed into a laurel-tree
DANAPRIS. Vid. BORYSTHENES.             (d0fv]), which became, in consequence, the faDANASTRIS. Vid. TYRAS.                  vorite tree of Apollo.-2. Daughter of Tiresias,
DANXUS (Aava6s), son of Belus and twin- better known under the name of Manto. Vid.
brother of Egyptus. Belus had assigned Libya MANTO.
to Danaiis, but the latter, fearing his brother  DAPHNE (Aadv?). 1. (Now Beit-el-Moie, or
and his brother's sons, fled with his fifty daugh- Babyla?), a beautiful spot, five miles south of
ters to Argos. Here he was elected king by Antioch in Syria, to which it formed a sort of
the Argives in place of Gelanor, the reigning park or pleasure garden. Here was a grove of
monarch. The story of the murder of the fifty laurels and cypresses, eighty stadia in circuit,
sons of lEgyptus by the fifty daughters of Da- watered by fresh springs, and consecrated by
naus (the Danaides) is given under EGYPTUS. Seleucus Nicator to Apollo, to whom also a
There was one exception to the murderous magnificent temple was built by Antiochus
deed. The life of Lynceus was spared by his Epiphanes, and adorned with a splendid statue
wife Hypermnestra; and, according to the com- of the god by Bryaxis. To this temple were
mon tradition, he afterward avenged the death attached periodical games and the privilege of
of his brothers by killing his father-in-law, Da- asylum. Daphne was a royal residence of the
nais. According to the poets, the Danaides Seleucidae and of the later Roman emperors,
were punished in Hades by being compelled and a favorite resort of the people of Antioch,
everlastingly to pour water into a sieve (inane who, however, carried the pleasures they enlymphE dolium fundo pereuntis imo, Hor., Carm., joyed here so far beyond the bounds of modiii., 11, 26). From Danais the Argives were eration, that the phrase Daphnici mores passed
called Danai, which name, like that of the Ar- into a proverb. It was from this place that An242




DAPHNIS.                                  DARIUS.
-tioch received its distinguishing name,'A. sl Etruscan prince of Corythus (now. Cortona), or
AoveC. —2. A place in Upper Galilee, on the of Jupiter (Zeus) by the wife ofCorythus; and,
Lake Semechonitis.                        as in the Greek tradition, he afterward emiDAPHNIS (Ad60iv.). 1. A Sicilian hero, to grated to Phrygia.-[2. A Stoic philosopher,
whom the invention of bucolic poetry is ascribed. who, with Mnesarchus, stood at the head of
He was son of Mercury (Hermes) by a nymph. the Stoic school at Athens; contemporary with
His mother placed him when an infant in a the Academic Antiochus of Ascalon.]
charming valley in a laurel grove, from which  DARDANUS (] adpdavog: Aapdavevk), also -UM
he received his name of Daphnis, He was and-IuM, a Greek city inthe Troad on the Helbrought up by nymphs; was taught by Pan to lespont, near the Promontorium Dardanis or
play on the flute; he became a shepherd, and Dardanium and the mouth of the River Rhodius,
tended his flocks on Mount _Etna winter and twelve Roman miles, from Ilium, and nine (or
summer. A Naiad fell in love with him, and seventy stadia) from Abydus. It was built by
made him swear that he would never love any AEolian colonists, at some distance from the
other maiden, threatening him with blindness site of the ancient city Dardania (Aapdlaviq),
if he broke his oath. For a time the handsome which is mentioned by Homer (II., ii., 216) as
shepherd resisted the numerous temptations to founded by Dardanus before the building of
which he was exposed, but at last he forgot Ilium. The Romans, after the war with Anhimself, having been made intoxicated by a tiochus the Great, made Dardanus and Ilium
princess. The Naiad accordingly punished him  free cities, as an act of filial piety. The peace
with blindness, or, as others relate, changed him  between Sulla and Mithradates was made here,
into a stone. Previous to this time he had com- B.C. 84. From Dardanus arose the name of
posed bucolic poetry, and with it delighted Di- the Castles of the Dardanelles, after which the
ana (Artemis) during the chase. After having Hellespont is now'called.
become blind, he invoked his father to'help  DARES (A6dpyC). 1. A priest of Vulcan (Hehim.  The god accordingly raised him up to phaestus) at Troy, mentioned in the Iliad (v., 9),
heaven, and caused a well to gush forth on the to whom was ascribed in antiquity an Iliad,
spot where this happened. The well bore the which was believed to be more ancient than
name of Daphnis, and at it the Sicilians offered the Homeric poems.  This work, which was
an annual sacrifice.-[2. Tyrant of Abydos, one undoubtedly the composition of a sophist, is
of those who were left by Darius in charge of lost; but there is extant a Latin work in prose
the bridge of boats over the Danube, and who in forty-four chapters, on the destruction of
refused to destroy the bridge as urged by Mil- Troy, bearing the title Daretis Phrygii de Extiades.]                                  cidio Trojce Historia, and purporting to be a
DAPHNiUS (AaCvoVQ -oUv-roc: Aaovoljato), a translation of the work of Dares by Cornelius
town f the Locri Opuntii on the coast, in earlier Nepos.  But the Latin work is evidently of
times belonging to Phocis.                much later origin; it is the production of a perDARXDAX (Aap6d6a: now Aba-Ghaagal?), a son of little education and of bad taste; and it
river of Upper Syria, flowing into the Euphra- is supposed by some to have been written even
tes, thirty parasangs from the River Chalos, and as late as the twelfth century. It is- usually
fifteen from Thapsacus.                   printed with Dictys Cretensis: the best edition
[DARDXNES (A-apaveZac), a people of Media, on is by Dederich, Bonn, 1837, 8vo.-[2. A Trojan,
the Gyndes, mentioned by Herodotus (i., 189), companion of Eneas, distinguished for his skill
otherwise unknown.]                       in boxing; vanquished and driven from the field
DARDANI (Adpdavoe: Aap6avtierat, Strab.), a by the aged Entellus.]
people in Upper Mcesia, who also occupied part  DARIUS (Aapeiog). I. King of Persia, B.C.
of Illyricum, and extended as far as the fron- 521-485, was the son of Hystaspes, satrap of
tiers of Macedonia.                       the province of Persis, and of the royal family
DARDAXNIA (Aap avla), a district of the Troad, of the Achemenidae. He was one of the seven
lying along the Hellespont, southwest of Aby- Persian chiefs who destroyed the usurper SMERdos, and adjacent on the land side to the terri- DIs. The seven chiefs agreed that the one of
tories of Ilium and Scepsis. Its people (Aipda- them whose horse neighed first at an appointed
vol) appear in the Trojan war, and their name is time and place, should become king; and as
often interchanged with that of the Trojans, es- the horse of Darius neighed first, he was depecially by the Roman poets. Vid. DARDANUs. clared king. He married Atossa and Artystone,
DARDXNUS (Adpdav6t).  1. Son of Jupiter the two daughters of Cyrus, and Parmys, the
(Zeus) and Electra. His native place in the va- daughter of Cyrus's son Smerdis,and Phaedime,
rious traditions is Arcadia, Crete, Troas, or It- the daughter of Otanes, one of the seven chiefs.
aly. Dardanus is the mythical ancestor of the He then began to set in order the affairs of his
Trojans, and through them  of the Romans. vast empire, which he divided into twenty saThe Greek traditions usually made him a king trapies, assigning to each its amount of tribute.
in Arcadia. He first emigrated to Samothrace, Persis proper was exempted from all taxes, exand afterward passed over to Asia, where he cept those which it had formerly been used to
received a tract of land from King Teucer, on pay. It was in:he reign of Darius that the conwhich he built the town of Dardania. He mar- solidation of the empire was effected, for Cyrus
ried Batea, daughter of Teucer, or Arisbe of and Cambyses had been engaged in continual
Crete, by whom he became the father of Erich- wars. A few years after his accession the
thofius. His grandson was Tros, who removed Babylonians revolted, but after a siege of twenty
to >roy the Palladium, which had belonged to months, Babylon was taken by a stratagem of'
his grandfather. According to the Italian tra- ZoPYRU, about 516. The reduction of Babylon
litions, Dardanus was the son of Corythus, an was followed by the invasion of Scythia (about
243




DASCON.                                  DACELEA,
508). Darius crossed the-Danube, and march-  DATXMES (Aarc/uVg), a distinguished Persian
ed far into the interior of modern Russia; but, general, a Carian by birth, son of Camissares
after losing a large number of men by famine, by a Scythian mother. He succeeded his father
and being unable to meet with the enemy, he as satrap of Cilicia, under Artaxerxes II. (Mnewas obliged to retreat. On his return to Asia, mon), but, in consequence of the machinations
he sent part of his forces, under Megabazus, to of his enemies at the Persian court, Be threw
subdue Thrace and Macedonia, which/thus be- off his allegiance to the king, and made eomcame subject to the Persian empire. The most mon cause with the other satraps who had reimportant event in the reign of Darius was the volted from Persia. He defeated the generals
commencement of the great war between the who were sent against him, but was a.ssassi
Persians and the Greeks. The history of this nated by Mithradates, son of A riobarzanes,
war belongs to the biographies of other men. about B.C. 362. Cornelius Nepos, who has
In 501 the Ionian Greeks revolted; they were written his life, calls him the bravest and most
assisted by the Athenians, who burned Sardis, able of all barbarian generals, except Hamilear
and thus provoked the hostility of Darius. and Hannibal.
Vid. ARISTAGORAS, HiSTI EUS.  In 492 Mar-   DATIS (Aartc), a Mede, commanded, along
donius was sent with a large army to invade with Artaphernes, the Persian army of-Dariau
Greece, but he lost a great part of his fleet which was defeated at Marathon, B.C. 490.
off Mount Athos, and the Thracians destroyed, DATUM or DATUS (Adtro, Adrog: Aarcva:
a vast number of his land forces. Vid. MAR- now Eski-Cavallo), a Thracian town on the
DONIUS. He was, in consequence, recalled, and Strymonic Gulf, subject to Macedonia, with
Datis and Artaphernes appointed to the com- gold mines in Mount Pangseus in the neighbormand of the invading army. They took Eretria hood, whence came the proverb a 6Datum of
in Eubcea, and landed in Attica, but were de- good things."
feated at Marathon by the Athenians under the  DAULIS or DAULIA (Acav;i, -8or, av2Ad.a: Aacommand of Miltiades. Vid. MILTIADES. Da-;isev', Aacttot: now Daulia), an ancient town n
rius now resolved to call out the whole force of Phocis, on the road from ChzeroRna and Orhis empire for the purpose of subduing Greece; chomenus to Delphi, situated on a lofty hil o
but, after three years of preparation, his atten- celebrated in mythology as the residence of the
tion was called off by the rebellion of Egypt. Thracian king TEREUS, and as the scene of the
He died in 485, leaving the execution of his tragic story of PHILOMELA and PROCTNE. Hence
plans to his son Xerxes.-II. King of Persia, DAULIAS (Aavltc) is the surname both of Procnu
424-405, named OCHus ('hXoc) before his ac- and Philomela.
cession, and then surnamed NOTHUS (Nofo), or  DAUNIA. Vid. APULIA.
the Bastard, from his being one of the bastard  DAUNUS (Aavvog). 1. Son of Lycaon, and
sons of Artaxerxes I. Darius obtained the brother of Iapyx and Peucetius. The three
crown by putting to death his brother SOGDIA- brothers crossed over from Illyria, and settled
Nus, who had murdered Xerxes II. He mar- in Apulia, which was divided into three parts,
ried Parysatis, daughter of Xerxes I., by whom  and named after them. The poets sometimes
he had two sons, Artaxerxes II., who succeeded gave the name of Daunia to the whole of Apuhim, and Cyrus the younger. Darius was gov- lia: Horace (Carne., i., 22, 14) uses the adjecerned by eunuchs, and the weakness of his gov- tive Daunias (sc. terra).-2. Son of Pilumnus
ernment was shown by repeated insurrections and Danae, wife of Venilia, and ancestor of
of his satraps. In 414 the Persians were ex- Turnus.
pelled from Egypt by Amyrtaeus, who reigned  [DECXAPLIS (Aeucdwroitf), in Palestine, east of
there six years, and at whose death (408) Da- the Jordan, an association composed of the ten
rius was obliged to recognize his son Pausiris cities, Philadelphia, Damascus, Raphana, Scyas his successor.-III. Last king of Persia, 336- thopolis, Gadara, Hippon, Dion, Pella, Galasa,
331. named CODOMANNUs before his accession, and Canatha, which, not being inhabited by
was the son of Arsames and Sisygambis, and a Jews, formed a confederation for mutual prodescendant of Darius II. He was raised to the tection against the Asmonean princes of Judaa.]
throne by Bagoas, after the murder of ARSES.  DEChBLUS (Aes6a;og), a celebrated king of
The history of his conquest by Alexander the the Dacians during the reigns of Domitian and
Great, and of his death, is given in the life of Trajan. For four years (A.D. 86-90) he carALEXANDER.                                ried on war against the Romans with such suc[DAscoN (Acaiacov), a Syracusan, founder of cess, that Domitian was at length glad to con.
Camarina.]                                elude peace with him by the payment of an anDASCON (A^adrv: Aaoccmvtof), a fortress near nual tribute. Trajan refused to continue this
Syracuse, situated on a bay of the same name. disgraceful payment, and renewed the war.
[DASCYLES (Aaovaii^V), father of Gyges.]  He defeated the Dacians, and compelled DeceDASCYLIUM (Aaauvctov or -elov: AaaCKVIrVTq: balus to sue for peace, which was granted (101now Diaskili), a town of Bithynia, on the Pro- 103). But in 104 the war broke out again; Depontis, near a lake called Dascylitis.    cebalus was again defeated, and put an end to
DASEA (Aaiac, also Aacat': Aaaccrn/f), a his life; and Dacia became a Roman province,
small town in Arcadia, near Megalopolis.  106.
DASSARETII or DASSARITE, DASSARETJE (Aaa-  DkECEL1A or -I, (Aei2~eta  Ae t: now
vapip-tot, Aaaaapirat), a people in Greek Illyria, Biala-Castro), a demus of Attica, belonging to
on the borders of Macedonia: their chief town the tribe Hippothointis, lay northwest of Athens,
was LYCHNIDUS (AvXvtdoo), on a hill, on the on the borders of Boeotia, near the sources of
northern side of the Lake LYCHNITIS, which was the Cephisus.  In the nineteenth year of the
so called after the town.                 PelQponnesian War (B.C, 413), the Peloponnie
244




DECENTIUS MAGNUS.                             DEIPHOBUS.
siansunder Agis seized and fortified Decelea, medes in the island of Scyrus.,When Achilles
aad thereby annoyed the Athenians in many was concealed there in maiden's attire, she heways during the remainder of the war.     came by him the mother of Pyrrhus or NeopDECEc NTYUS MAGNUS, brother or cousin of Mag- tolemus.-2. Wife of Pirithous, commonly callnentius, by whom he was created Cesar, A.D. ed HIPPODAMIA.-[3. Daughter of Bellerophon,
351. After the death of MAGNENTIUS, he put an wife of Euander, and mother ofSarpedon; she
end to his own life, 353.                 is called by Homer (II., vi., 197) Laodamia.]DECETEIA (nOW Desize), a city of the Edui, in 4. Sister of Pyrrhus, married Demetrius PoliGaliab Lugdunensis, on an island in the Liger orcetes.
(n'W Loire).                                DEIOCES (AnOi6tu), first king of Media, after
DECIATES, a Ligurian people on the coast and the Medes had thrown off the supremacy of the
about the sources of thie Druentia(nowDuranace). Assyrians, was the son of Phraortes, and reignThiir chief city, Deciatumn (AEzclyrov), lay be- ed B.C. 709-656. He built the city of Ecbattw'een Nieea and Antipolis.               ana, which he made the royal residence. His
DECID-US SA.A. Vid. SAXA.               administration of justice was severe, and he
DECKuS Mus, P., plebeians. 1. Consul B.C. kept a body of spies and informers throughout
340 with T. Manlius Torquatus in the great the whole country. He was succeeded by his
Latin war. - Each of the consuls had a vision son PHRAORTES.
in the Aight before fighting with the Latins, an-  [DEIOCHUS (AqioXoC), a Greek, slain before
nouncing that the general of one side and the Troy by Paris.]
an ry of the other were devoted to death. The  DEION (A'It)v), son of 2Eolus and Enarete,
consuls thereupon agreed that the one whose king in Phocis, husband of Diomede, and father
wing first began to waver should devote him- of Asteropia, JEnetus, Actor, Phylacus, and
self and the army of the enemy to destruction. Cephalus.
De'ius commanded the left wing, which began  DEioNE (AE('iv), mother of Miletus, who is
to give way, whereupon he devoted himself and hence called DEYaONIDES. (Ov., Met., ix., 442.)
the armiy of the enemy to destruction, accord-  [DEIONEUS (Aq^ovdev). 1. Father of Dia, the
ing to the formula prescribed by the pontifex wife of Ixion, by whom he was thrown into a
mnaximus, then rushed into the thickest of the pit filled with fire, and there, perishlied.-2. A
enemy, and was slain, leaving the victory to the son of Eurytus of CEchalia, whom Theseus marRomans. —2. Son of the preceding, four times ried to Perigune, the daughter of Sinis.]
consul, 312, 308, 297, and 295. r In his fourth  [DEIFOPEA, a beautiful nymph, whom Juno
consulship he commanded the left wing at the promised to.Eolus if he would aid her in debattle (of Sentinum, where he was opposed to stroying the fleet of guEneas.]
the Gauls, and when his troops began to give  [DEIOPITES (Ayo07rrrng), a son of Priam, slain
way, lie imitated the example of his father, de- by Ulysses (II., xi., 420); Apollodorus calls him
voted himself and the enemy to destruction, and Alr-oWTrc]3
fell as a sacrifice for his nation.-3. Son of No.  DEIOTARUS (AVOr-apot). 1. Tetrarch of Gala2, consul 279, in the war against Pyrrhus. Ac- tia, adhered firmly to the Romans in their wars
cording to some, he sacrificed himself in battle in Asia against Mithradates, and was rewarded
like his fattier and grandfather, but this is not by the senate with the title of king, and the adtrue, for he survived the war with Pyrrhus.  dition of Armenia Minor to his dominions. In
LDIdeSs, a Roman emperor, A.D. 249-251, the civil war he sided with Pompey, and was
vwhose full name was C. MESSIUS QUINTUiS TEA- present at the battle of Pharsalia, B.C. 48. In
ITjUs DBECiSu, was born at Bubalia, in Pannonia. 47 he applied to Domitius Calvinus, Cesar's leHe was sent by the Emperor Philippus in 249 gate in Asia, for aid against Pharnaces, who
La restore subordination in the army of Mcesia, had taken possession of Armenia Minor. When
but the trcops compelled him to accept the pur- Cesar, in the same year, came into Asia from
pie under threats of death. Deemis still assured Egypt, IDeinotarus received him with submission,
philippus of his fidelity; but the latter not trust- and endeavored to excuse the aid he had given
Amg these professions, hastened to meet his rival to Pompey. Caesar deprived him of part of his
a the i eld, wvvas defeated near Verona, and slain. dominions, but allowed him to retain his regal
The short reign o Decius was chiefly occupied title. Two years afterward (45) his grandson
ie.-arrig against the Goths. He fell in battle Castor accused him of having formed a design
against the Goths together wvith his son in 251. against Cesar's life, when he received Caesar
e' his reign the Cristians were persecuted in Galatia. He was defended by Cicero before
with great1 severity.                     Caesar, in the house of the latter at Rome, in
UDE.curTTs AG-Ri. Vid. AGRI DECUMATES.  the speech (pro Rege Deiotaro) still extant. The
DLi1NLiRA (A?^uieea), daughter of Althaea by result of the trial is not known. After Caesar's
e-ther CEneus, or Bacchus (Dionysus), or Dex- death he obtained from Antony the restitution
amenus, aed sister of Meleager. Achelous and of his dominions by paying Fulvia a large sum
nereules both loved Deianira, and fought for of money. In 42 he joined the party of Brutus
the*Vpossession of her. Hercules was victorious, and Cassius, and died shortly afterward at a
and she becamne his wife. She was the unwill- great age.-2. Son and successor of the above.
ang cause of her husband's death by presenting In the war between Antony and Octavianus he
him with the poisoned robe which thle centaur took part with the former, but went over from
Tessses gave her. In despair, she put an end to him to the enemy in the battle of Actium, 31.
her own life. For details, vid. HERCULES.  DE!PHOBE(A'OO566), the Sibyl at Cumae,daugh[DieIcooN (Anra6wv), a Trojan hero, friend of ter of Glaucus. Vid. SIBYLLA.
XAeas, slain by.Agamemnon.]                 DEPHOBUS (Ayie6oC). 1. A son of Priam and
DuDi1MiA (AfidpEtIa). 1. Daughter of Lyco- Hecuba, and, next to Hector, the bravest among
245




DEIPHONTES.                                  DELPHI.
the Trojans. He always supported Paris in his I don) in exchange for it; and it became the most
refusal to deliver up Helen to the Trojans; and holy seat of the worship of Apollo. Such is the
he married her after the death of Paris. Ac- mythical story: we learn from history that Decordingly, on the fall of Troy, the vengeance of los was peopled by the Ionians, for whom it was
the Greeks was chiefly directed against him. the chief centre of political and religious union
His house was one of the first committed to in the time of Homer: it was also the seat of
the flames, and he was slain and fearfully man- an Amphictyony, comprising the surrounding.
gled by Menelaus, [the marks of which mutila- islands. In the time of Pisistratus, Delos betion his shade still bore in the lower world when came subject to the Athenians: it was made
encountered by LEneas;. who, before leaving the common treasury of the Greek confederacy
Troy, had erected a cenotaph to his memory for carrying on the war with Persia; but the
on Cape Rhoeteum.-2. Son of Hippolytus in transference of the treasury to Athens, and the
Amyclhe, who purified Hercules of the murder altered character of the league, reduced the islof Iphitus.]                              and to a condition of absolute political dependDEIPHONTES (Aip56vrTf), son of Antimachus, ence upon Athens. It still possessed, howand husband of Hyrnetho, the daughter of Tem- ever, a very extensive commerce, which was
enus the Heraclid, became king of Argos after increased by the downfall of Corinth, when De —
Temenus had been murdered by his own sons. los became the chief emporium for the trade-in,Pausanias (ii., 19) gives a different account.  slaves; and it was one of the principal seats of
[DE'PYLE (Al7rri'j), daughter of Adrastus, art in Greece, especially for works in bronze,
king of Argos, wife of Tydeus, and mother of of which metal one of the most esteemed mixDiomedes.]                                tures was called the Delian. An especial sanc-.
[DEYPYLUS (A/TirvXof), a Greek, companion of tity was attached to Defos from its connection
Diomedes in the Trojan war.]              with the worship of Apollo; and the peculiar
[DEiPYRUS (Ari'Trvpo), a Greek warrior, slain character assigned to the island by the tradiby Helenus before Troy.]                  tions of its origin was confirmed by the remarkDELIUM (AXt2ov: now Dhilessi), a town on able fact that, though of volcanic origin, and in
the coast of Boeotia, in the territory of Tanagra, the midst of islands very subject to earthquakes,
near the Attic frontier, named after a temple of Delos enjoyed an almost entire exemption fiom
Apollo, similar to that at, Delos. The Atheni- such visitations, so that its being shaken by an
ans used it as a fortress in the early part of the earthquake was esteemed a marked prodigy.
Peloponnesian War, and in B.C. 424 they were The city of Delos stood on the west side of the
defeated here by the Boeotians.           island, at the foot of Mount Cynthus (whence
DELIus and DELIA (Azlto, A2Via), surnames the god's surname of Cynthius), near a little
of Apollo and Diana (Artemis) respectively, river called Inopus, It contained a temple of
from the island of DELOS.                 Latona (Leto), and the great temple of Apollo.
DELLIUS, Q., a Roman eques, who frequently The latter was built near the harbor, and poschanged sides in the civil wars. In B.C. 44 he sessed an oracle. Though enriched with offerjoined Dolabella in Asia, afterward went over ings from all Greece, and defended by no fortito Cassius, and then united himself to M. -An- fications, it was so protected from plunder by
tony. He desertedto Octavianusshortly before the sanctity of the place, that even the Perthe battle of Actium, 31. He appears to have sians, when sailing against Greece,, not only
become a personal friend of Octavianus and passed it by uninjured, but sent rich presents
Maecenas, and is therefore addressed by Horace to the god. With this temple were connected
in one of his Odes (ii., 3). He wrote a history games, called Delia, which were celebrated
of Antony's war against the Parthians, in which every four years, and were said to have been
he had himself fought.                    founded by Theseus. A like origin is ascribed
DELMATIUS or DALMATIUS. 1. Son of Con- to the sacred embassy (Oe&wpta) which the Athestantius Chlorus and his second wife Theodora. nians sent to,- Delos every year. Vid. Dicet
From his half-brother, Constantine the Great, of Ant., art. THEORI. The'temple and oracle
he received the title of censor: he died before were visited by pilgrims from every quarter,
A.D. 335.-2. Son of the preceding, was created even from the regions of Scythia. The greatCasar by Constantine the Great, 335; and, upon est importance was attached to the preseythe division of the empire, received Thrace, vation of the sanctity of the island.  It was
Macedonia, and Achaia as his portion. He was twice purified by the Athenians; once under Piput to death in 337 on the death of Constantine. sistratus, when all tombs within sight of the
DELOS orDELUS (m AAiog: AlAof: now Delo, temple were taken away; and again in B.C.
Deli, Dili, or Sdilli), the smallest of the islands 426, when all human and animal remains were
called Cyclades, in the./Egean Sea, lay in the removed entirely from the island, which was
strait between Rhenea and Myconus. It was henceforth forbidden to be polluted by births or
also called, in earlier times, Asteria, Ortygia, deaths, or by the presence of dogs all persons
and Chlamydia. According to a legend, found- about to die or to bring forth children were to
ed, perhaps, onsome tradition of its late volcanic be removed to the adjacent island of Rhenea.
origin, it was called out of the deep by the tri- Delos continued in a flourishing condition, and
dent of Neptune (Poseidon), but was a floating under the rule of the Athenians, who were conisland until Jupiter (Zeus) fastened it by ada- firmed in the possession of it by the Romans,
mantine chains to the bottom of the sea, that until the Mithradatic War, when Menophanes,
it might be a secure resting-place to Latona one of the generals of Mithradates, inflicted
(Leto) for the birth of Apollo and Diana (Arte- upon it a devastation from which it never again
mis). Apollo afterward obtained possession of recovered.
Delos by giving Calauria to Neptune (Posei-  DELPHI (0O Ae?2uoi: Aeiof': Delphicus: now
246




DELPHI.                                 DEMARATUS.
Kastri), a small town in Phocis, but one of the on which the priestess, called Pythia, took her
most celebrated in Greece, on account of its seat whenever the oracle was to be consulted.
oracle of Apollo. It was sixteen stadia in cir- The words which she uttered after-inhaling the
cumference, was situated on a steep declivity vapor, were believed to contain the revelations
on the southern slope of Mount Parnassus, and of Apollo. They were carefully written down
its site resembled the cavea of a great theatre. by the priests, and afterward communicated in
It was shut in on the north by a barrier of rocky hexameter verse to the persons who had come
mountains,'which were cleft in the centre into to consult the oracle. If the Pythia spoke in
two great cliffs with peaked summits, between prose, her words were immediately turned into
which issued the waters of the Castalian spring. verse by a poet employed for the purpose. The
It was originally called PYTHO (1Iv0U), by which oracle is said to have been discovered by its havname it is alone mentioned in Homer. The ing thrown into convulsions some goats which
origin of the name of Delphi is uncertain. The had strayed to the mouth of the cave. For deancients derived it from an eponymous hero, tails respecting the oracle and its influence in
Delphus, a descendant of Deucalion; but it has Greece, vid. Diet. of Ant., art. ORACULUM.
been conjectured that Delphi is connected with  [DELPHICUS, appellation of Apollo, from Deladelphos, "brother," and that'it was indebted phi (Ovid., Met., ii., 543).]
for its name to the twin peaks mentioned above.  DELPHINES. Vid. DELPHINIUS.
Delphi was colonized at an early period by Doric  DELPHIINIUM (Ae6pivOV). 1. Atemple ofApolsettlers from the neighboring town of Lycorea, lo Delphinius at Athens, said to have been built
on the heights of Parnassus. The government by LEgeus, in which the Ephetae sat for trying
was an oligarchy, and was in the hands of a few  cases of intentional, but justifiable homicide.distinguished families of Doric origin. From  2. The harbor of Oropus in Attica, on the borthem were taken the chief magistrates, the ders of Bceotia, called 6 iepOf atIv. —3. A town
priests, and a senate consisting of a very few  on the eastern coast of the island Chios.
members. Delphi was regarded as the central  DELPHINIUS.(AreoivtoC), a surname of Apollo,
point of the whole earth, and was hence called derived either from his slaying the dragon Delthe " navel of the earth.' It was said that two phines (usually called Python), or because in
eagles sent forth by Jupiter, one from the east the form of a dolphin (der;i), or riding on a doland the other from the west, met at Delphi at phin, he showed the Cretan colonists the way
the same time. Delphi was the principal seat to Delphi.
of the worship of Apollo. Besides the great  DELPHUS (Aerdf). 1. Son of Neptune (Potemple of Apollo, it contained numerous sane- seidon) and Melantho, to whom the foundation
tuaries, statues, and other works of art., The of Delphi was ascribed.-2. Son of Apollo and
Pythian games were also celebrated here, and Celeno, who is also said to have founded Delphi.
it was one of the two places of meeting of the  DELTA. Vid. EaEYPTUSs
Amphictyonic council. The temple of Apollo  DEMADES ( Al4dd?7, a contraction of Av/eddnV),
was situated at the northwestern extremity of an Athenian orator, was of very low origin, but
the town. The first stone temple was built by rose by his talents to a prominent position at
Trophonius and Agamedes; and when this was Athens. He belonged to the Macedonian party,
burned down B.C. 548, it was rebuilt by the Am- and was a bitter enemy of Demosthenes. He
phictyons with still greater splendor. The ex- was taken prisoner at the' battle of Chaeronea,
pense was defrayed by voluntary subscriptions, B.C. 338, but was dismissed by Philip with disto which even Amasis, king of Egypt, contribu- tinguished marks of honor. After Philip's death
ted. The architect was Spintharus of Corinth; he was the subservient supporter of Alexander,
the Alcmaeonidse contracted to build it, and lib- but notwithstanding frequently received bribes
erally substituted Parian marble for the front from the opposite party. He was put to death
of the building, instead of the common stone by Antipater in 318, because the latter had diswhich they had agreed to employ. The temple covered a letter of Demades, urging the enemies
contained immense treasures; for not only of Antipater to attack him. Demades was a
were rich offerings presented to it by kings and man without principle, and lived in a most profprivate persons, who had received favorable re- ligate and dissolute manner. But he was a
plies from the oracle, but many of the Greek brilliant orator. He always spoke extempore,
states had in the temple separate thesauri, in and with such irresistible force that he was a
which they deposited, for the sake of security, perfect match for Demosthenes himself. There
dmany of their valuable treasures. The wealth is extant a large fragment of an oration bearing
of the temple attracted Xerxes, who sent part the name of Demades (TrEptl d6elcaeriTa), in
of his army into Phocis to obtain possession of which he defends his conduct during the period
its treasures, but the Persians were driven back of Alexander's reign. It is printed in the colby the god himself, according to the account of lections of the Attic orators, but its genuineness
the Delphians. The Phocians plundered the is doubtful. Cicero and Quintilian both state
temple to support them in the war against that Demades left no orations behind him.
1Thebes and the other Greek states (357-346);  [DE MARATA, daughter of Hiero, king of Syraand it was robbed at a later time by Brennus cuse, married to Andranodorus, the guardian of
and by Sula. In the entre of the temple there Hieronymus, on whose assassination she enwas asmall opening (Xda/ea) in the ground, from  deavored to persuade her husband to seize on
which, from time to time, an intoxicating vapor the sovereign power: she was afterward put
arose, which was believed to come from the well to death.]
of1Cassotis. No traces of this chasm or of the  DEMARATU8 (Ar/adparof, Dor. Aaidparoo). 1.
mephitic exhalations are now any where ob-' King of Sparta, reigned from about B.C. 510 to
servable. Overthis chasm there stood a tripod, 491, He was at variance with his unscrupu247




DEMETJE.                                  DEMETER.
ious colleague Cleomenes,,who at length accus- lowed to continue with her mother the remained him before the Ephors of being an illegiti- der of the year. The earth now brought forth
mate son of Ariston, and obtained his deposition fruit again. Before Demeter (Ceres) left Eleuby bribing the Delphic oracle, B.C. 491. Dema- sis, she instructed Triptolemus, Diocles, Eumo]ratus thereupon repaired to the Persian court, pus, and Celeus in the mode of her worship and
where he was kindly received by Darius. He in the mysteries. This is the ancient legend
accompanied Xerxes in his invasion of Greece, as preserved in the Homeric hymn, but it is
and recommended the king not to rely too con- variously m6dified in later traditions. In the
fidently upon his countless hosts. His family Latin poets the scene of the rape is near Enna
continued long in Asia.-2. A merchant-noble in Sicily; and Ascalaphus, who had alone seen
of Corinth, and one of the Bacchiadae. When Persephone (Proserpina) eat any thing in the
the power of his clan had been overthrown by lower world, revealed the fact, and was, in
Cypselus, about B.C. 657, he fled from Corinth, consequence, turned into an owl by Demeter
and settled at Tarquinii in Etruria, where he (Ceres). Vid. ASCALAPHUS. In the. Iliad and
married an Etruscan wife, by whom he had two Odyssey there is no mention of this legend,
sons, Aruns and Lucumo, afterward L. Tarquin- and there appears no connection between Demeius Priscus..  ter (Ceres) and Persephone (Proserpina). The
DEMET2E, a people of Britain, in the southwest meaning of the legend is obvious. Persephone
of Wales: their chief towns were Maridunum  (Proserpina), who.is carried off to the lower
(now Carmarthen) and Luentinum.           world, is the seed-corn, which remains concealDEiMETER (A7reTTrp), the Roman Ceres, one ed in the ground part of the year; Persephone
of the great divinities of the Greeks, was the (Proserpina), who returns to her mother, is the
goddess of the earth, and her name probably sig- corn which rises from the ground and nourishes
nified Mother-Earth (y7 1ry'qp).  She was the men and animals. Later philosophical writers,
protectress of agriculture and of all the fruits and perhaps the mysteries also, referred the
of the earth. She was the daughter of Cronus disappearance and return of Persephone (Pro(Saturn) and Rhea, and sister of Zeus (Jupiter), serpina) to the burial of the body of man and
by whom she became the mother of Perseph-. the immortality of his soul. The other legends
one (Proserpina). Zeus (Jupiter), without the about Demeter (Ceres) are of less importance.
knowledge of Demeter (Ceres), had promised To escape the pursuit of Poseidon (Neptune),
Persephone (Proserpina) to Aidoneus (Pluto); she changed herself into a mare, but the god efand while the unsuspecting maiden was gather- fected his purpose, and she became the mother
ing flowers in the Nysian plain in Asia, the of the celebrated horse Arion. Vid. ARION, No.
earth suddenly opened, and she was carried off 2. According to some traditions, she also bore
by Aidoneus (Pluto). Her mother, who heard to Poseidon (Neptune) a daughter Despeena (i.
only the echo of her voice, immediately set out e., Persephone). She fell in love with Iasion,
in search of her daughter. For nine days she and lay with him in a thrice-ploughed field in
wandered about without obtaining any tidings Crete: their offspring was Plutus (Wealth). Vid.
of her, but on the tenth she met Hecate, who IASION. She punished with fearful hunger Erytold her that she had heard the cries of Per- sichthon, who had cut down her sacred grove.
sephone (Proserpina), but did not know who had  Vid. ERYSICHTHON. The chief seats of the worcarried her off. Both then hastened to Helios ship of Demeter (Ceres) and Persephone (Pro(the Sun), who revealed to them that it was Ai- serpina) were Attica, Arcadia and Sicily. In
doneus (Pluto) who had carried off Perseph- Attica she was worshipped with great splendor.
one (Proserpina) with the consent of Zeus The Athenians pretended that agriculture was
(Jupiter). Thereupon Demeter (Ceres), in her first practiced in their country, and that Tripanger, avoided Olympus, and dwelt upon earth tolemusof Eleusis, the favorite of Demeter (Cec
among men, conferring blessings wherever she res), was the first who invented the plough and
was kindly received, and severely punishing sowed corn. Vid. TRIPTOLEMUS. Every year
those who repulsed her. In this manner she at Athens the festival of the Eleusinia was celcame to Celeus at Eleusis. Vid. CELEUS. As ebrated in honor of these goddesses. The festhe goddess still continued angry, and did not tival of the Thesmophoria was also-celebrated
allow the earth to produce any fruits, Zeus (Ju- in her honor as well at Athens as in other parts
piter) first sent Iris and then all the gods to per- of Greece: it was intended to commemorate
suade Demeter (Ceres) to return to Olympus. the introduction of the laws and the regulations
But she was deaf to all their entreaties, and re- of civilized life, which were ascribed to. Demefused to return to Olympus, and to restore fer- ter (Ceres), since agriculture is the basis of
tility to the earth, till she had seen her daughter civilization. Vid Die. it.of Ant., arts. ELEUSINIA,
again. Zeus (Jupiter) accordingly sent Hermes THESMOPHORIA. In works of art Demeter (Ce(Mercury) into Erebus to fetch back Persepho- res) was represented sometimes in a sitting
ne (Proserpina). AYdoneus (Pluto) consented, attitude, sometimes walking, and sometimes
but gave Persephone (Proserpina) part of a riding in a chariot drawn by horses or dragons,
pomegranate to eat. Hermes (Mercury) then but always in full attire. Around her head she
took her to Eleusis to her mother, who received wore a garland of corn-ears or a simple riband,
her with unbounded joy. At Eleusis both were. and in her hand she held a sceptre, corn-ears, or
joined by Hecate, who henceforth became the a poppy, sometimes also a torch and the mystic
attendant of Persephone (Proserpina). Deme- basket. The Romans received from Sicily the
ter (Ceres) now returned to Olympus with her worship of Demeter (Ceres), to whom they gave
daughter; but as the latter had eaten in the the name of Ceres. The first temple of Ceres
lower world, she was obliged to spend one third at Rome was vowed by the dictator A. Postuof the year with Aidoneus (Pluto), but was al- mius Albinus, in B.C. 496, for the purpose of
248




DEMETRIAS,                                DEMETRIUS.
averting a famine with which Rome was threat- ful fleet and army to wrest Greece from Cas
ened during a war with the Latins. The Ro- sander and Ptolemy. He met with great suemans instituted a festival with games in honor cess. At Athens he was received with enthuof her (vid. Diet. of Ant., s. v. CEREALIA). She siasm by the people as their liberator. Demewas looked upon by the Romans much in the trius the Phalerean, who had governed the city
same light as Tellus. Pigs were sacrificed to for Cassander, was expelled, and the fort at
both divinities in the seasons of sowing and in Munychia taken. Demetriustook up his abode
harvest time, and also at the burial of the dead. for the winter at Athens, where divine honors
Her worship acquired considerable political im- were paid him under the title of " the Preservportanee at Rome. The property of traitors er" (o Irjp). He was recalled from Athens by
against the republic was often made over to her his father to take the command of the war in
temple. The decrees of the senate were de- Cyprus against Ptolemy.  Here also he was
posited in her temple for the inspection of the successful, and in a great naval battle he annitribunes of the people. If we further consider hilated the fleet of Ptolemy (306). Next year
that the aediles had the special superintendence (305) he laid siege to Rhodes, because the Rhoof this temple, it is very probable that Ceres, dians had refused to support him against Ptolwhose worship was, like the plebeians them- emy. It was in consequence of the gigantic
selves, introduced at Rome from without, had machines which Demetrius constructed to assomre peculiar relation to the plebeian order.  sail the walls of Rhodes that he received the
DEIETRLAS (Aquyrptf: A7ryrzrpIerg). 1. A  surname of Poliorcetes. But all his exertions
town in Magnesia in Thessaly, on the inner- were unavailing, and after the siege had lasted
most recess of the Pagasean Bay, founded by above a year, he at length concluded a treaty
Demetrius Poliorcetes, and peopled by the in- with the Rhodians (304). Demetrius then crosshabitants of Iolcus and the surrounding towns: ed over to Greece, which had meanwhile been
it soon became one of the most important towns almost conquered by Cassander. He soon comin the north of Greece, and is frequently men- pelled Cassander to evacuate all Greece south
tioned in the wars between the Macedonians of Thermopylse, and for the next two years conand Romans.-2. A town in Assyria, not far tinued to prosecute the war with success. But
from Arbela.-3. An Athenian tribe, added to in 302 he was obliged to return to Asia in order
the ten old tribes, B.C. 307, and named in honor to support his father Antigonus. In 301 their
of Demetrius Poliorcetes.                 combined forces were totally defeated by those
DEMiETRIUS (nAV7Tplfr). 1. A Greek of the of Lysimachus and Seleucus in the battle of
island of Pharos in the Adriatic. He was a gen- Ipsus, and Antigonus himself slain. Demetrius,
eral of Teuta, the Illyrian queen, and treacher- to whose impetuosity the loss of the battle
ously surrendered Corcyra to the Romans, who would seem to be in great measure owing, fled
rewarded him with a great part of the dominions to Ephesus, and from thence set sail for Athens;
of Teuta, B.C. 228. Subsequently he ventured but the Athenians declined to receive him into
on many acts of piratical hostility against the their city. The jealousies of his enemies soon
Romansl thinking that they were too much oc- changed the face of his affairs; and Ptolemy
cupied with the Gallic war and the impending having entered into a closer union with Lysimdanger of Hannibal's invasion to take notice of achus, Seleucus married Stratonice, daughter
him. The Romans, however, immediately sent of Demetrius. By this alliance Demetrius obthe consul L. zEmilius Paulus over to Illyria tained possession of Cilicia, and he had never
(219), who took Pharos itself, and obliged De- lost Cyprus, Tyre, and Sidon. In 297 he demetrius to fly for refuge to Philip, king of Mac- termined to make an effort to recover his doedonia. At the court of this prince he spent minions in Greece. He appeared with a fleet
the remainder of his life.-2. Younger son of on the coast of Attica, but was at first unsucPhilip V., king of Macedonia, was sent as a cessful. The death of Cassander, however, in
hostage to Rome after the battle of Cynosceph- the course of the same year, gave a new turn to
ala (198). Five years afterwardhe wasrestor- affairs.  Demetrius made himself master of
ed to his father, who subsequently sent him as AEgina, Salamis, and finally of Athens, after a
his ambassador to Rome. But, having incurred long blockade (295). In 294 he marched into
the jealousy of his father and his brother, Per- Peloponnesus against the Spartans, and was on
seus, by the favorable reception he had met the point of taking their city when he was sudwith from the Romans, he was secretly put to denly called away by the state of affairs in Macdeath by his father's order.              edonia. Here the dissensions between AntipI. Kings of Macedonia. 1. Surnamed POLIOR- ater and Alexander, the two sons of Cassander,
CETES (lloiaoprfcnr), or the Besieger, son of had led Alexander to call in foreign aid to his
Antigonus, king of Asia, and Stratonice. At an support; and he sent embassies at once to De —
e.arly age he gave proofs of distinguished brav- metrius and to Pyrrhus. Pyrrhus was the nearery. He accompanied his father in his cam- est at hand, and had already defeated Antipater
paigns against Eumenes (B.C. 317, 316), and a and established Alexander on the throne, when
few years afterward was left by his father in Demetrius arrived with his army. He was rethe command of Syria, which he had to defend ceived with apparent friendliness, but mutual
against Ptolemy. In 312 he was defeated by jealousies quickly arose: Demetrius caused the
Ptolemy near Gaza, but soon after retrieved his young king to be assassinated at a banquet, and
disaster in part by defeating one of the generals was thereupon acknowledged as king by the
of Ptolemy. In 311 a general peace was con- Macedonian army.- Demetrius kept possession
eluded among the successors of Alexander, but of Macedonia for seven years (294-287). His
it was only of short duration. In 307 Deme- reign was a series of wars. In 292 he marched
trius was dispatched by his father with a power- against the Thebans, who had risen against him,
249




DEMETRIUS.                                DEMETRIUS.
and took their city. In 291 he-took advantage recovered his kingdom; but having, like his
of the captivity of Lysirachus among the Getme father, rendered himself odious to his subjects
to invade Thrace; but he was recalled by the by his vices and cruelties, he was driven out
news of a fresh insurrection in Boeotia. He of Syria by Tryphon, who set up Antiochus, the
repulsed Pyrrhus, who had attempted by invad- infant son of Alexander. Balas, as a pretender
ing Thessaly to effect a diversion in favor of the against him. Demetrius retired to Babylon, and
Boeotians, and again took Thebes after a long from thence marched against the Parthians, by
siege (290). In 289 he carried on war against whom he was defeated and taken prisoner, 138.
Pyrrhus and the _Etolians, but he concluded He remained as a captive in Parthia ten years,
peace with Pyrrhus that he might march into but was kindly treated by the Parthian king
Asia with the view of recovering his father's Mithradates (Arsaces VI.), who gave him his
dominions. His adversaries, however, fore- daughter Rhodogune-in marriage. Meanwhile,
stalled him. In 287 Ptolemy sent a powerful his brother, Antiochus VII. Sidetes, having overfleet against Greece, while Pyrrhus (notwith- thrown the usurper Tryphon, engaged in war
standing his recent treaty) on the one side, and with Parthia, in consequence of which Phraates,
Lysimachus on the other, simultaneously in- the successor of Mithradates, brought forward
vaded Macedonia. Demetrius was deserted by Demetrius, and sent him into Syria to operate
his own troops, who proclaimed Pyrrhus king a diversion against his brother. In the same
-of Macedonia. He then crossed over to Asia, year Antiochus fell in battle, and Demetrius
and, after meeting with alternate success and again obtained possession of the Syrian throne,
misfortune, was at length obliged to surrender 128. Having engaged in an expedition against
himself prisoner to Seleucus (286). That king Egypt, Ptolemy Physcon set up against him the
kept him in confinement, but did not treat him  pretender Alexander Zebina, by whom he was
with harshness. Demetrius died in the third defeated and compelled to fly. His wife Cleoyear of his imprisonment and the fifty-sixth of patra, who could not forgive him his marriage
his age (283). He was one of the most remark- with Rhodogune in Parthia, refused to afford
able characters of his age: in restless activity him refuge at Ptolemais, and he fled to Tyre,
of mind, fertility of resource, and daring prompt, where he was assassinated, 125.-3. EucmRus,
itude in the execution of his schemes, he has, son of Antiochus VIII. Grypus, and grandson of
perhaps, never been surpassed. His besetting Demetrius II. During the civil wars that folsin was his unbounded licentiousness. Besides lowed the death of Antiochus Grypus (96), DeLamia and his other mistresses, he was regu- metrius and his brother Philip for a time held
larly married to four wives, Phila, Eurydice, the whole of Syria. Butwar broke out between
Deidamia, and Ptolemais, by whom he left four them; Demetrius was taken prisoner and sent
sons. The eldest of these, Antigonus Gonatas, to Parthia, where he remained in captivity till
eventually succeeded him on the throne of Mac- his death.
edonia.-2. Son of Antigobus Gonatas, succeed-  III. Literary. 1. Of ADRAMYTTIUM, surnamed
ed his father, and reigned B.C. 239-229. He Ixion, a Greek grammarian of the time of Aucarried on war against the LEtolians, and was gustus, lived partly at Pergamus and partly at
opposed to the Acheean League. He was sue- Alexafidrea, and wrote commentaries on Homer
deeded by Antigonus Doson.                and Hesiod and other works.-2. MAGNES, that
II. Kings of Syria. 1. SOTER (reigned B.C. is, of Magnesia, a Greek grammarian, and a
162-150), was the son of Seleucus IV. Philop- contemporary of Cicero and Atticus. He wrote
ator, and grandson of Antiochus the Great. a work on concord (TIepi ou/ovonag), and another
While yet a child, he had been sent to Rome on poets and other authors-who bore the same
by his father as a hostage, and remained there name (IIspl 6uovvu/)v iroltvrv iKa avyypaEuov).
during the whole of the reign of Antiochus IV. -3. PHALEREUS, SO called from his birth-place,
Epiphanes. After the death ofAntiochus, being the Attic demos of Phalerus, where he was born
now twenty-three years old, he demanded of the about B.C. 345. His parents were poor, but by'
senate to be set at liberty; but, as his request his talents and perseverance he rose to the
was refused by the senate, he fled secretly from  highest honors at Athens, and became distinRome, by the advice of the historian Polybius, guished both as an orator, a statesman, a phiand went to Syria. The Syrians declared in losopher, and a poet. He was educated, tohis favor; and the young king Antiochus V. gether with the poet Menander, in the school
Eupator, with his tutor Lysias, was seized-by of Theophrastus. -, He began his public career
his own guards and put to death. By valuable about 325, and acquired great reputation by his
presents Demetrius obtained from the Romans eloquence. In 317 the government of Athens
his recognition as king; but, having alienated was intrusted to him by Cassander, and he dishis own subjects by his luxury and intemper- charged the duties of his office for ten years
ance, they sided with an impostor of the name with such general satisfaction, that the Atheof Balas, who took the title of Alexander. By nians conferred upon him the most extraordihim Demetrius was defeated in battle and slain. nary distinctions, and erected no less than three
He left two sons, Demetrius Nicator and Anti- hundred and sixty statues to his honor. But
ochus Sidetes, both of whom subsequently as- during the latter period of his administration he
cended the throne.-2. NICATOR (B.C. 146-142, seems to have become intoxicated with his good
and again 128-125), son of Demetrius Soter. fortune, and he abandoned himself to dissipaHe had been sent by his father for safety to tion. When Demetrius Poliorcetes approached
Cnidus when Alexander Balas invaded Syria, Athens in307, Demetrius Phalereus was obliged
and, after the death of his father, he continued to take flight, and his enemies induced the Athein exile for some years. With the assistance nians to pass sentence of death upon him. He
of Ptolemy Philometor he defeated Balas and went to Ptolemy Lagi at Alexandrea, withwhom
250




DEMO.                                 DEMOCRITUS.
he lived for many years on the best terms; and years. He left behind him several orations, and
it was probably owing to the influence of De- an extensive history of his own times.
metrius that the great Alexandrine library was  DiEMOCLES (Ay7os2/LC), an Attic orator, andan
formed. His successor Ptolemy'Philadelphus, opponent of Demochares.
was hostile toward Demetrius, because he had  [DEMOCOON (AVlzo/c6ov), a son of Priam by a
advised his father to appoint another of his sons female slave; came from Abydus to assist his
as his successor. He banished Demetrius to father against the Greeks, but was slain by
Upper Egypt, where he is said to have died from  Ulysses.]
the bite of a snake. Demetrius Phalereus was  DEMSCRATES (A77OKicpadrv), a Pythagorean phithe last among the Attic orators worthy of the losopher, of whose life nothing is known, the
name'; but even his orations bore evident marks author of an extant collection of moral maxims,
of the decline of oratory, andrwere characterized called the golden sentences (yS/uat, Xpvaal).
rather by grace and elegance than by force-and They are printed with DEMOPHILUS, NO. 3.'
sublimity. His numerous writings, the greater  DEMOCRITUS (Aol6icptror), a celebrated Greek
part of which was probably composed in Egypt, philosopher, was born at Abdera, in Thrace,
embraced subjects of the most varied kinds; about B.C. 460. His father, Hegesistratus-or,
but none of them has come down to us, for the as others called him, Damasippus or Athenocwork on elocution (7repi ipv7veia ), extant under ritus-was possessed of so large a property that
his name, is' probably the work of an Alexan- he was able to entertain Xerxes on his march
drine Sophist of the name of Demetrius. [Best through Abdera. Democritus spent the inherit.
edition by Fr. Goeller, Lips., 1837.] —4. Of SEP- ance which his father left him on travels into
sis, a Greek grammarian of the time of Aris- distant countries, which he undertook to satistarchus, wrote a learned commentary on the fy his extraordinary thirst for knowledge. He
Catalogue in the second book of the Iliad.-5. travelled over a great part of Asia, and spent
Of SUNUM, a Cynic philosopher, lived from the sometime in Egypt. The many anecdotes prereign of, Caligula to that of Domitian, and was served about Democritus show that he was a
banished from  Rome in consequence of the man of a most sterling and honorable characfreedom with which he rebuked the powerful.  ter. His diligence was incredible: he lived ex[DEMO (Ar/5), a daughter of Celeus and Met- elusively for his studies, and his disinterestedanira.]                                   ness, modesty, and simplicity are attested by
[DEMO (AO/jpV). 1. Author of an Atthis, or many features which are related of him. Nothistory ofAttica, and probably, also, of a work on withstanding the great property he had inheritproverbs: his fragments are collected in Siebe- ed from his father, he died in poverty, btt highlis, Phanodemi, Demonis, 4-c., Frag'menta, Lips., ly esteemed by his fellow-citizens. He died in
1812; and by Muller, Fragm. Hist. Grcc., vol. 361 at a very advanced age. There is a tradii., p. 378-83!-2. Son of Demosthenes's sister, tion that he deprived himself of his sight, that
of the demos of Paeania in Attica, distinguished he might be less disturbed in his pursuits; but
himself as an orator; he belonged, like his this tradition is one of the inventions of a later
uncle, to the anti-Macedonian party.]     age, which was fond of piquant anecdotes. It
DEMOCEDES (A uoIcd97), a celebrated physi- is more probable that he may have lost his sight
cian of Crotona. He practiced medicine sue- by too severe application to study. This loss,
cessively at zEgina, Athens, and Samos. He however, did not disturb the cheerful disposiwas taken prisoner, along with Polycrates, in tion of his mind, which prompted him to look,
B.C. 522, and was sent to Susa to the court of in all circumstances, at the cheerful side of
Darius. Here he acquired great reputation by things, which later writers took to mean that
curing the king's foot, and the breast of the queen he always laughed at the follies of men. His
Atossa. Notwithstanding his honors atthe Per- knowledge was most extensive. It embraced
sian court, he was always desirous of returning not only the natural sciences, mathematics,
to his native country. In-order to effect this, mechanics, grammar, music, and philosophy,
he pretended to enter into the views and inter, but various other useful arts. His works were
ests of the Persians, and procured by means of composed in the Ionic dialect, though not withAtossa that he should be sent with some nobles out some admixture of the local peculiarities of
to explore the coast of Greece, and ascertain in. Abdera..They are nevertheless much praised
what parts it might be most successfully at- by Cicero on account of the liveliness of their
tacked. When they arrived at Tarentum, the style, and are in this respect compared even
king, Aristophilides, out of kindness to Dem- with the works of Plato.  The fragments'of
ocedes, seized the Persians. as spies, which af- them are collected by Mullach, Democriti Abforded the physician an opportunity of escap- deritae Operum Fragmenta, Berlin, 1843. Leuing to Crotona. Here he settled, and married cippus appears to have had most influence upon
the daughter of the famous wrestler Milo, the philosophical opinions of Democritus, and
the Persians having followed him to Crotona, these two philosophers were the founders of
and in vain demanded that he should be re- the theory of atoms. In order to explain the
stored.                                   creation of all existing things, Democritus mainDEMOCHARES- (Apeoxadp7f), an Athenian, son tained that there was in infinite space an infinite
of the sister of Demosthenes. He was proba- number of atoms or elementary particles, homo-'ly trained by his uncle in oratory, and inherit- geneous in quality, but heterogeneous in form.
ed his patriotic sentiments. After the restora- He further taught that these atoms combine
tion of the Athenian democracy in B.C. 307 by with one another, and that all things arise from
Demetrius Poliorcetes, Demoehares was at the the infinite variety of the form, order, and posihead of the patriotic party, and took an active tiqn of the atoms in forming combinations. The
part in public affairs for the next twenty or thirty cause of these combinations he called chance
251




DEMODOCUS.                               DEMOSTHENES.
(rvX), in opposition to the voft of Anaxagoras; became king of Athens. He marched out against
but he did not use the word(chance in its vul- Diomedes, who, on his return from Troy, had
gar acceptation, but to signify the necessary landed on the coast of Attica, and was ravaging
succession of cause and effect. In his ethical it. He took the Palladium from Diomedes, but
philosophy Democritus considered the acquisi- had the misfortune to kill an Athenian in the
tion of peace of mind (evOvp/a) as the end and struggle. For this murder he was summoned
ultimate object of our actions.           before the court eTrit lIala6diu-the first time
DEMODOCUS (Auo6doKoC). 1. The celebrated that a man was tried by that court.-[3. A combard at the court of Alcinois, who sang of the panion of Eneas, slain by Camilla in Italy.]
loves of Mars (Ares) and Venus (Aphrodite),  DEMOSTHENES (AV/UaO6eC)i 1. 1. Son of Alciwhile Ulysses sat at the banquet of Alcinoiis. sthenes, a celebrated Athenian general in the
I-e is also mentioned as the bard who advised Peloponnesian War. In B.C. 426 he was sent
Agamemnon to guard Clytaemnestra, and to ex- with a fleet to ravage the coast of Peloponnepose 2Egisthus in a desert island. Later writ- sus: he afterward landed at Naupactus, and
ers, who looked upon this mythical minstrel as made a descent into Etolia; he was at first
an historical person, related that he composed unsuccessful, and was obliged to retreat; but
a poem on the destruction of Troy, and on the he subsequently gained a brilliant victory over
marriage of Vulcan (Hephaestus) and Venus the Ambraciots. In 425, though not in office,
(Aphrodite).-[2. A Trojan warrior, who came he sailed with the Athenian fleet, and was alwith zEneas to Italy,; he was slain by Halesus. lowed by the Athenian commanders to remain
-3. A friend of Socrates, father of Theages, with five ships at Pylos, which he fortified in
mentioned in the Theages of Plato.]       order to assail the Lacedaemonians in their own
[DEMOLEON (AVJuosiOv). 1. A Centaur, slain territories. He defended Pylos against all the
by Theseus at the nuptials of Pirithous.-2. A  attempts of the Lacedamonians, till he was rebrave Trojan, son of Antenor, slain by Achilles.] lieved by an Athenian fleet of forty ships. The
[DEMOLEUS, a Greek, slain by./Eneas on the Spartans, who in their siege of the place had
banks of the Simois, and whose coat of mail occupied the neighboring island of Sphacteria,
Aneas offered as the second prize at the games were now cut off and blockaded. Later in the
celebrated by him in Sicily.]             same year he rendered important assistance to
[DEMON (A7uYov). Vid. DEMO.]            Cleon, in making prisoners of the Spartans in
DEMONAX (Ayd/Sva5), of Cyprus, a Cynic phi- the island of Sphacteria, though the whole glory
losopher in the time of Hadrian. We owe our of the success was given to Cleon. In 413 he
knowledge of his character to Lucian, who has was sent with a large fleet to Sicily, to assist.
painted it in the mast glowing colors, represent- Nicias. Fortune was unfavorable to the Atheing him as almost perfectly wise and good. nians. Demosthenes now counselled an imrneDemonax appears to have been free from the diate departure, but Nicias delayed returning
austerity and moroseness of the sect, though he till it was too late., The Athenian fleet was devalued their indifference to external things. He stroyed, and when Demosthenes and Nicias atwas nearly one hundred years old at the time tempted to retreat by land, they were obliged
of his death.                             to surrender to the enemy with all their forces.
DEMONEdsI INSULn (Ay??6v/aot), a group ofisl- Both commanders were put to death by the
ands in the Propontis (now Sea of Marmara), Syracusans.-2. The greatest of Athenian orabelonging to Bithynia: of these the most im- tors, was the son of Demosthenes, and was born
portant were Pityodes and Chalcitis, also call- in the Attic demos of Paeania, about B.C. 385..
ed Demonesus.                             At seven years of age he lost his father, who
DIMOSPH1LUS (A?/61tOCo). 1. Son of Ephorus, left him and his younger' sister to the care of
continued his father's history by adding to it the three guardians, Aphobus and Demophon, two
history of the Sacred War.-2. An Athenian relations, and Therippides, an old friend. These
comic poet of the new comedy, from whose guardians squandered the greater part of the'Ovay6o Plautus took his Asinaria.-3. A Pyth- property of Demosthenes, and neglected his edagorean philosopher, of whose life nothing is ucation to a great extent. He nevertheless reknown, wrote a work entitled Siov- -epidreta, ceived instruction from the orator Iseus; but it
part of which is extant, in the form of a selec- is exceedingly doubtful whether he was taught
tion, entitled yvo/ulzca 6poLrcuara. Best edition by Plato and Isocrates, as some of the ancients
by Orelli, in his Opusc. Grcec. Vet. Sentent., Lips., stated. At the age of eighteen Demosthenes
1819.                                     called upon his guardians to render him an acDEi MOPH6N  r O DiiSPHH5N O(AyooCj~v or AIuo- count of their administration of his property;
6owv). 1. Son of Celeus and Metanira, whom  but by intrigues they contrived to defer the busiCeres (Demeter) wished to make immortal. ness for two years. At length, in 364, DemosFor details, vid. CELEUS.-2. Son of Theseus thenes accused Aphobus before the archon, and
and Phaedra, accompanied the Greeks against obtained a verdict in his favor. Aphobus was
Troy, and there procured the liberation of his condemned to pay a fine of ten talents. Emgrandmother.Ethra, who lived with Helen as a boldened by this success, Demosthenes venslave. On his return from Troy he gained the tured to come forward as a speaker in the publove of Phyllis, daughter of the Thracian king lie assembly. His first effort was unsuccessful,
Sithon, and promised to marry her. Before the and he is said to have been received with ridinuptials were celebrated, he. went to Attica to cule; but he was encouraged to persevere by
settle his affairs, and as he tarried longer than the actor Satyrus, who gave him instruction. ";
Phyllis had expected, she thought that she was action and declamation. In becoming an oqrforgotten, and put an end to her life; but she tor, Demosthenes had to struggle against 0e
was metamorphosed into a tree. Demophon greatest physical disadvantages.  His vowe.
252




DEMOSTHENESo                              DEMOSTHENES.:was weak and his utterance defective; he could nia. But Alexander's energy, and the frightfri
not pronounce the p, and constantly stammered, vengeance which he took upon Thebes, compel-.whence'he derived the nickname of. 3dral7,o. led Athens to submit andsue for peace. AlexIt was only owing to the most unwearied exer- ander demanded the surrender of Demosthenes
tions that he succeeded in overcoming the ob- and-the other leaders of the popular party, and
stacles-which nature had placed in his way. with difficulty allowed them to remain atAthens.
Thus it is said that he spoke with pebbles in During the life of Alexander, Athens made no
his mouth, to cure himself of stammering; that open attempt to throw off the Macedonian suhe repeated verses of the poets as he ran up premacy. In 325 Harpalus fled from Babylon
hill, to strengthen his voice; that he declaim- with the treasure intrusted to his care by Alex.
ed on the sea-shore, to accustom himself to the ander, and came to Athens, the protection of
noise and confusion of the popular assembly; which he purchased by distributing his gold
that he lived for months in a cave under ground, among the most influential demagogues. The
engaged in constantly writing out the history reception of such an open rebel was viewed as
of Thucydides, to form a standard for his own an act of hostility toward Macedonia itself; and
style. These tales are not worthy of much accordingly Antipater called upon the Athenians
credit; but they nevertheless attest the com- to deliver up the rebel and to try those who had
mon tradition of antiquity respecting the great accepted his bribes. Demosthenes was one of
efforts made by Demosthenes to attain to ex- those who were suspected of having received
eellence as an orator. It was about 355 that money from Harpalus. His guilt is doubtful;
Demosthenes began to obtain reputation as a but he was condemned, and thrown into prison,
speaker in the public assembly. It was in this from which, however, he escaped, apparently
year that he delivered the oration against Lep- with the connivance of the Athenian magistines, and from this time we have a series of trates. He now resided partly at Trezene and
his speeches on public affairs. His eloquence partly in ZEgina, looking daily across the sea
soon gained him the favor of the peole. The toward his beloved native land. But his exile
influence which he acquired he employed for the did not last long. On the death of Alexander
good of his country, and not for his own ag- (323) the Greek states rose in arms against Magrandizement. He clearly saw that Philip had cedonia. Demosthenes was recalled from exresolved to subjugate Greece, and he therefore ile; a trireme was sent to zEgina to fetch him,
devoted all his powers to resist the aggressions and his progress to the city was a glorious
of the Macedonianr monarch.  For fourteen triumph. But in the following year (322) the
years he continued the struggle against Philip, confederate Greeks were defeated by Antipaand neither threats nor bribes could turn him ter at the battle of Cranon, and were obliged
from his purpose. It is true he failed; but the to sue for peace. Antipater demanded the surfailure must not be considered his fault. The render of Demosthenes, who thereupon fled to
history of his struggle is best given in the life the island of Calauria, and took refuge in the
of Philip. Vid. PHILIPPUS. It is sufficient to temple of Neptune (Poseidon). Here he was
relate here that it was brought to a close by the pursued by the emissaries of Antipater; he
battle of Chaeronea (338), by which the inde- thereupon took poison, which he had f6r some
pendence of Greece was crushed. Demosthe- time carried about his person, and died in the
nes was present at the battle, and fled like temple, 322.' There existed sixty-five orations
thousands of others. His enemies reproached of Demosthenes in antiquity; but of these only
him with his flight, and upbraided him as the sixty-one have come down to us, including the
cause of the misfortunes of his country; but letter of Philip, which is strangely enough countthe Athenians judged better of his conduct, re- ed as an oration. Several of the orations, howquested him to deliver the funeral oration upon ever, are spurious, or at least of very doubtful
those who had fallen at Chaeronea, and cele- authenticity. Besides these orations, there are
brated the funeral feast in his house. At this fifty-sixExordiato public orations, and six letters
time many accusations were brought against which bear the name of Demosthenes, but are
him. Of these one of the most formidable was probably spurious. The orations may be divided
the accusation of Ctesiphon by zEschines, but into the following classes: (I.) Seventeen Powhich was in reality directed against Demos- litical Orations (6oyoo avu6ov;~evrcoi), of which
thenes himself. LEschines accused Ctesiphon the twelve Philippic orations are the most imfor proposing that Demosthenes should be re- portant. They bear the following titles: 1. The
warded for his services with a golden crown in first Philippic, delivered 352. 2-4. The three
the theatre. /Eschines maintained' that the Olynthiac orations, delivered 349. 5. On the
proposal was not only made in an illegal form, Peace, 346. 6. The second Philippic, 344. 7.
but that the conduct of Demosthenes did'not On Halonesus, 343, not genuine, probably writgive him any claim to such a distinction. The ten by Hegesippus. 8. On the affairs of the
trial was delayed for reasons unknown to us till Chersonesus, 342. 9. The third Philippic, 342.
330, when -Demosthenes delivered his oration 10. The fourth Philippic, not genuine, 341. 11.
on the crown (irepi acrcdvov). Aischines was On the letter of Philip, 340, also spurious. 12.
defeated and withdrew from Athens. Vid. _Es- The letter of Philip.-(II.) Forty-two Judicial
CHINES. Meantime important events had taken Orations (t6oyot olKavIKco), of which the most implace in Greece. The death of Philip in 336 portant are, Against Midias, written 355, but
roused the hopes of the patriots, and Demosthe- never delivered; Against Leptines, 355; On
nes, although he had lost his daughter only seven the dishonest conduct of _Eschines during his
days before, was the first to proclaim the joyful embassy to Philip (TIetp rIlC Hapawpea6eita),
tidings of the king's death, and to call upon the 342; On the Crown, 330.-(III.) Two Show
Greeks to unite their strength against Macedo- Speeches (o6yot rm6eIcrtKloi), namely, the'Emr253




DEMOSTRATUS.                                DEUCALION.
rdoqtof and'EpOTtK6C, both of which are spuri-  DERCTIS, DERCETO (Aepcertc, AepKerTc), also
ous. The orations of Demosthenes are con- called Atargatis, aSyrian goddess. She offendtained in the collections of the Attic orators by ed Venus (Aphrodite), who, in consequence, inReiske, Lips., 1770-1775; [Demosthenes separ- spired her with love for a youth, to whom she
ately, with additions by Schaeffer, Lond., 1822- bore a daughter Semiramis; but, ashamed of her
3, 9 vols. 8vo]; Bekker, Oxon., 1823; Dobson, frailty, she killed the youth, exposed her child
Lond., 1828; Baiter and Sauppe, Turic., 1845. in a desert, and threw herself into a lake near
[DEMOSTRXTUS (Aop67rTparog), an Athenian or- Ascalon. Her child was fed by doves, and she
ator and popular leader, at whose proposal Al- herself was changed into a fish. - The Syrians
cibiades, Nicias, and Lamachus were placed at thereupon worshipped her as a goddess. The
the head of the Sicilian expedition.]     upper part of her statue represented a beautiful
- [DEMUCIIUS (AnV/ofxog), son of Philetor, slain woman, while the lower part terminated in the
by Achilles before Troy.]                 tail of a fish. She appears to be the same as
DENSELETE or DENTHELETmE (AevO8i2at), a Dagon mentioned in the Old Testament as a
Thracian people on the Hamus, between the deity of the Philistines.
Strymon and Nessus.                         DERCYLLIDAS (Aeprvt;Uida), a Spartan, sucDENTITUS, M'. CURIUS, a favorite hero of the ceeded Thimbron, B.C. 399, in the command of
Roman republic, was celebrated in later times the army which was employed in the protection
as a noble specimen of old Roman frugality and of the Asiatic Greeks against Persia. He carvirtue. He was of Sabine origin, and the first ried on the war with success. Tissaphernes
of his family who held any high offices of state and Pharnabazus were at length glad to sue for
(consequently a homo novus). He was consul peace. In 396 he was superseded by Agesilaus.
B.C. 290 with P. Cornelius Rufinus. The two  [DERDAS (AfpdaC). 1. A Macedonian chiefconsuls defeated the Samnites, and brought the tain, who joined with Philip, brother of PerdicSamnite wars to a close. In the same year cas II., in rebellion against him.-2. A prince
Dentatus also defeated the Sabines, who appear of Elymea in Macedonia in the time of Amynto have supported the Samnites. In 283 he tas II.; sided with the Spartans in their war
fought as praetor against the Senones. In 275 with Olynthus, through fear of the growing
he was consul a second time, and defeated Pyr- power of that city.]
thus near Beneventum and in the Arusinian   DERTONA (now Tortona), an important town
plain so completely that the king was obliged to in Liguria, and a Roman colony with the surquit Italy. The booty which he gained was im- name Julia, on the road from Genua to Placentia.
mense, but he would keep nothing for himself.  DERTOSA (now Tortosa), a town of the IlercaIn 274 he was consul a third time, and con- ones, on the Iberus, in Hispania Tarraconensis,
quered the Lucanians, Samnites, and Bruttians, and a Roman colony.:
who still continued in arms after the defeat of  DESPCENA (aiarotva), the mistress, a surname
Pyrrhus. Dentatus now retired to his small of several divinities, as Venus (Aphrodite), Cefarm in the country of the Sabines, and culti- res (Demeter), and more especially Proserpina
vated the land with his own hands. Once the (Persephone), who was worshipped under this
Samnites sent an embassy to him with costly name in Arcadia.
presents; they found him sitting at the hearth  DEUCXLION (AevKXa2Tov). 1. Son of Promeand roasting turnips. He rejected their pres- theus and Clymene, king ofPhthia, in Thessaly.
ents, telling them that he preferred ruling over When Jupiter (Zeus), after the treatment he
those who possessed gold to possessing it him- had received from Lycaon, had resolved to deself. He was censor in 272, and in that year stroy the degenerate race of men, Deucalion
executed public works of great importance. He and his wife Pyrrha were, on account of their
commenced the aquweduct which carried the piety, the only mortals saved. On the advice
water from the River Anio into the city (Ani- of his father, Deucalion built a ship, in which
ensis Vetus); and by a canal he carried off the he and his wife floated in safety during the nine
water of the Lake Velinus into the River Nar, days' flood, which destroyed all, the other inin consequence of which the inhabitants of habitants of Hellas. At last the ship rested on
Reate gained a large quantity of excellent land. Mount Parnassus in Phocis, or, according to
DEO (Ayl), another name for Ceres (Deme- other traditions, on Mount Othrys in Thessaly,
ter): hence her daughter Proserpina (Perseph- on Mount Athos, or even on zEtna in Sicily.
one) is called by the patronymic DEOIS and DE:- When the waters had subsided, Deucalion
OINE.                                     offered up a sacrifice to Jupiter (Zeus) Phyxius
DERBE (Aip6: Aep6irlf, Asp6a7or), a town in (NDVtoc), and he and his wife then consulted the
Lycaonia, on the frontiers of Isauria. It is first sanctuary of Themis how the race of man might
mentioned as the residence of the tyrant Antip- be restored. - The goddess bade them cover
ater of Derbe, a friend of Cicero, whom Amyn- their heads and throw the bones of their mother
tas put to death.                         behind them. After some doubts and scruples
DERBICCE or DERB~CES (Aep6iKccat or Aip6t- respecting the meaning, of this command, they
Ke~), a Scythian people in Margiana, dwelling on agreed in interpreting the bones of their mother
the Oxus, near its entrance into the Caspian Sea. to mean the stones of the earth. They accordThey worshipped the earth as a goddess, neither ingly threw stones behind them, and from those
sacrificed or ate any female animals, and killed thrown by Deucalion there sprang up men, from
and ate all their old men above seventy years those thrown by Pyrrha women. Deucalion
of age.                                   then descended from Parnassus, and built his
[D)ERCENNUS, an early king of Laurentum, in first abode at Opus or at Cynus. Deucalion beLatium; according to some, the same with La- came by Pyrrha the father of Hellen, Amphictinus.]                                   tyon, Protogenia, and others.-2. Son of Minos
254




DEVA.                                 DICLEARCHUS.
and Pasiphae, father of Idomeneus, was an Ar- his own victories and those of his sons and
gonaut, and one of the Calydonian hunters.-  grandsons, in the Grecian games. His fame
[3. A Trojan, slain by Achilles.]         was celebrated by Pindar in the seventh OlymDEVA. 1. (Now Chester), the principal town pic ode. He was victor in boxing twice in thb
of the Cornavii in Britain, on the Seteia (now  Olympian games, four times in the Isthmian,
Dee), and the head-quarters of the Legio XX. twice in the Nemean, and once at least in the
Victrix.-2. (Now Dee), as estuary in Scotland, Pythian. He had, therefore, the high honor of
on which stood the town Devana, near the mod-. being a r'eptodovi[~l, that is, one who had gained
ern Aberdeen.                             crowns at all the four great festivals. When
DEXXAMNUS (Aeaidevoc), a Centaur, who lived an old man, he accompanied his sons, Acusilaus
in Bura in Achaia.,, According to others, he and Damagetus, to Olympia. The young men,
was King of Olenus, and father of Deianira, who having both been victorious, carried their fais usually represented as daughter of CEneus.  ther through the assembly, while the spectaDExIPPUS (Aet7r7rof). 1. Called also Dioxip- tors showered garlands upon him, and congratpus, a physician of Cos, one of the pupils of ulated him as having reached the summit ofhun
Hippocrates, lived about B.C. 380, and attended man happiness. He gained his Olympic victory
the children of Hecatomius, prince of Caria.-  B.C. 464.-2. Surnamed the ATHEIST (YAOeoc),
2. P. HERENNIUS, a Greek rhetorician and his- a Greek philosopher and poet, was the son of
torian, was a native of Attica, and held the Teleclides, and was born in the island of Melos,
highest offices at Athens. He distinguished one of the Cyclades. He was a disciple of
himself in fighting against the Goths when they Democritus of Abdera, and in his youth he acinvaded Greece in A.D. 262. He was the au- quired considerable reputation as a lyric poet.
thor of three historical works: 1. A history of He was at Athens as early as B.C. 424-, for
Macedonia from the time of Alexander. 2. A  Aristophanes in the Clouds (v. 830), which were
chronological history from the mythical ages performed in that year, alludes to him as a welldown to the accession of Claudius Gothicus, known character. In consequence of his atA.D. 268. 3. An account of the war of the tacks upon the popular religion, and especially
Goths or Scythians, in which Dexippus himself upon the Eleusinian mysteries, he was formally
had fought. The fragments of Dexippus, which accused of impiety B.C. 411, and, fearing the
are considerable, are published by Bekker and results of a trial, fled from Athens. He was
Niebuhr in the first volume of the Scriptores condemned to death in his absence, and a reHistoriae Byzantince, Bonn, 1829, 8vo.-3. A dis- ward set upon his head. He first went to Palciple of the philosopher Iamblichus, lived about lene, and afterward to Corinth, where he died.
A.D. 350, and wrote a commentary on the Cat- ~One of the works of Diagoras was entitled
egories of Aristotle, of which a Latin transla- 4pVytoe L67yot, in which he probably attacked
tion appeared at Paris, 1549, 8vo, and at Ven- the Phrygian divinities.
ice, 1546, fol., after the work of Porphyry In.'DIANA, an ancient Italian divinity, whom the
Pradicam. Arist.                          Romans identified with the Greek Artemis.
DIA (Aia), daughter of Deioneus and wife of Her worship is said to have been introduced at
Ixion.  By Ixion, or, according to others, by Rome by Servius Tullius, who dedicated a temJupiter (Zeus), she became the mother of Pir- ple to her on the Aventine; and she appears to
ithous.                                   have been originally worshipped only by the
DIA (Aa). 1. The ancient name ofNaxos.-  plebeians. At Rome Diana was the goddess
2. An island near Amorgos.-3. (Now Stan- of light, and her name contains the same root
dia), a small island off Crete, opposite the har- as the word dies. As Dianus (Janus), or the god
bor of Cnosus.-4. An island in the 4rabian oflight, represented the sun, so Diana, the godGulf, on the western coast of Arabia.     dess of light, represented the moon. The atDIABLINTES. Vid. AULERCI.               tributes of the Greek Artemis were afterward
DIACRIA (7 AtaaKpia), a mountainous district ascribed to the Roman Diana. Vid. ARTEMIS.
in the northeast of Attica, including the plain  DIANIUM. 1. (Now Gianuti), a small island
of Marathon. Vid. ATTICA. The inhabitants, in the Tyrrhenian Sea, opposite the Gulf of
of this district (AtaKp&ec, Atedptot), formed one Cosa.-2.' (Now Denia), called HEsEROSCOPiON
of the three parties into which the inhabitants ('HepoeaKorerov) by Strabo, a town in Hispania
of Attica were divided in the time of Solon: Tarraconensis, on a promontory of the same
they were the most democratical of the three name (now Cape Martin), founded by the Masparties.                                  silians. Here stood a celebrated temple of DiDIADUMENIANUS or DIADUMENUS, son of the ana, from which the town derived its name;
Emperor Macrinus, received the title of Caesar and here Sertorius kept most of his military
when his father was elevated to the purple, A.D. stores.
217, and was put to death in the following year  DIC A (AtacaLa), a town in Thrace, on the
about the same time with Macrinus.        Lake Bistonis.
DI.Ius (Aiatao), of Megalopolis, general of the  DICEARCHIA. Vid. PUTEOLI.
Achaean league B.C. 149 and 147, took an ac-  DICEARCHUS (Atlcaiapxo), a celebrated Peritive part in the war against the Romans. On patetic philosopher, geographer, and historian,
the death of Critolaiis in 146, he succeeded to was born at Messana in Sicily, but passed the
the command of the Achaeans, but was defeated greater part of his life in Greece Proper, and
by Mummius near Corinth, whereupon he put especially in Peloponnesus. He was a disciple
an end to his own life, after slaying his wife to of Aristotle and a friend of Theophrastus. He
prevent her falling into the enemy's power.  wrote a vast number of works, of which only
DIXAGRAS (Atay6pac). 1. Son of Damagetus, fragments are extant.  His most important
of Ialysus in Rhodes, was very celebrated for work was entitled Bilo 7rtc'E:Ucidfo: it con255




DICE.                                     DIDO.
tained an account of the geography, history, and contains a history of the Trojan war, its causes
moral and religious condition of Greece. See and consequences, from the birth of Paris down
Fuhr, Diccarchi Messenii qucae supersunt compo- to the death of Ulysses. The compiler not unsita et illustrata, Darmstadt, 1841.      frequently differs widely from Homer, adding
D~CE (AiKy), the personification of justice, a many particulars, and recording many events of
daughter of Jupiter (Zeus) and Themis, and the which we find no trace elsewhere. All miracusister of Eunomia and Eirene. She was con- lous events and supernatural agency are entirely
sidered as one of the Horae, and is frequently excluded. The compilations ascribed to Dietys
called the attendant or counsellor (7rdpepor or and Dares (vid. DARES) are of considerable im9vvedpof) of Jupiter (Zeus). In the tragedians iportance in the history of modern literature,
she appears as a divinity who severely punishes since they are the chief fountains from which
all wrong, watches over the maintenance of the legends of Greece first flowed into the rojustice, and pierces the hearts of the unjust mances of the Middle Ages, and then mingled
with the sword made for her by AEsa. In this with the popular tales and ballads of England,
capacity she is closely connected with the Erin- France, and Germany. The best edition of Di)nyes, though her business is not only to punish tys is by Dederich, Bonn, 1835.
injustice, but also to reward virtue.       DIDIUS. 1. T., praetor in Macedonia B.C. 100,
DICT.,EUS. Vid. DICTE.                  where he defeated the Scordiscans, consul 98,
DICTAMINUMI (Ailsra/vov), a town on the north- and subsequently proconsul in Spain, where he
ern coast of Crete, with a sanctuary of Dictynna, defeated the Celtiberians. He fell in the Marfrom whom the town itself was also called Dic- sic war, 89.-2. C., a legate of Ciesar, fell in
tynna.                                    battle in Spain fighting against the sons of PomDICTE (Aibcry: now Lasthi), a mountain in pey, 46.-3. M. DIDIUS SALVIUS JULIANUS, bought
the east of Crete, where Jupiter (Zeus) is said the Roman empire of the praetorian guards,
to have been brought up. Hence he bore the when they put up the empire for sale after the
surname Dictctas. The Roman poets frequent- death of Pertinax, A.D. 193. Flavius Sulpicialy employ the adjective Dicteus as synonymous nus, prsefect of the city, and Didius bid against
with Cretan.                              each other, but it was finally knocked down to
DICTYNNA (Ailbrvva)v, a surname both of Bri- Didius upon his promising a donative to each
tomartis and Diana, which two divinities were soldier of twenty-five thousand sesterces. Didsubsequently identified. The name is connect- ius, however, held the empire for only two
ed with diKtrov, a hunting-net, and was borne months, from March 28th to June 1st, and was
by Britomartis and Diana as goddesses of the murdered by the soldiers when Severus was
chase. One tradition related that Britomartis marching against the city.
was so called because, when she had thrown  DIDo (A&d'y), also called ELISSA, the reputed
herself into the sea to escape the pursuit of founder of Carthage. She was daughter of the
Minos, she was saved in the nets of fishermen. Tyrian king Belus or Agenor or Mutgo, and
[DICTYS (AiKTrv). 1. A Tyrrhenian, changed sister of Pygmalion, who succeeded to the crown
by Bacchus (Dionysus) into a dolphin.-2. A  after the death of his father. Dido was married
Centaur, slain at the nuptials of Pirithous.-3. to her uncle, Acerbas or Sicheus, a priest of
-Son of Peristhenes or of Magnes and a Naiad, Hercules, and a man of immense wealth. He
who, with his brother Polydectes, preserved Da- was murdered by Pygmalion, who coveted his
nae and her son Perseus in the island Seriphus.] treasures; but Dido secretly sailed from Tyre
DICTYS CRETENSIS, the reputed author of an with the treasures, accompanied by some noble
extant work in Latin on the Trojan war, divided Tyrians, who were dissatisfied with Pygmalion's
into six books, and entitled Ephemeris Belli Tro- rule. She first went to Cyprus, where she carjani, professing to be a journal of the leading ried off eighty maidens to provide the emigrants
events of the war. In the preface to the work with wives, and then crossed over to Africa.
we are told that it was composed by Dictys of Here she purchased as much land as might be
Cnosus, who accompanied Irdomeneus to the covered with the hide of a bull; but she orderTrojan war, and was inscribed in Phoenician ed the hide to be cut up into the thinnest possicharacters on tablets of lime-wood or paper ble strips, and with them she surrounded a spot,
made from the bark. The work was buried in on which she built a citadel called Byrsa (from
the same grave with the author, and remained P3poa, i. e., the hide of a bull). Around this fort
undisturbed till the sepulchre was burst open by the city of Carthage arose, and soon became a
an earthquake in the reign of Nero, and the powerful and flourishing place. The neighborwork was discovered in a tin case. It was car- ing king Hiarbas, jealous of the prosperity of the
ried to Rome by Eupraxis, whose slaves had new city, demanded the hand of Dido in mardiscovered it, and it was translated into Greek- riage, threatening Carthage with war in case of
by order of Nero. It is from this Greek version refusal. Dido had vowed eternal fidelity to her
that the extant Latin work professes to have late husband; but, seeing that the Carthaginians
been translated by a Q. Septimius Romanus. expected her to comply with the demands of
Although its alleged origin and discovery are Hiarbas, she pretended to yield to their wishes,
quite unworthy of credit, it appears neverthe- and under pretence of soothing the manes of
less to be a translation from a Greek work, Acerbas by expiatory sacrifices, she erected a
which we know to have been extant under the funeral pile, on which she stabbed herself in
name of Dictys, since it is frequently quoted by presence of her people. After her death she
the Byzantine writers. The work was proba- was worshipped by the Carthaginians as a dibly written in Greek by Eupraxis in the reign vinity. Virgil has inserted in his J.Eneid the
of Nero, but at what time the Latin translation legend of Dido with various modifications. Acwas executed is quite uncertain. The work cording to the common chronology, there was
256




DIDYMA.                         DIOCLETIANUS, VALERIUS.
an interval of more than three hundred years of the project. The right hand of the figure
between the capture of Troy (B.C. 1184) and was to have held a city, and in the left there
the foundation of Carthage (B.C. 853); but Vir- would have been a basin, in which the water of
gil nevertheless makes Dido acontemporary of all the mountain streams was to pour, and
iEneas, with whom she falls in love on his arri- thence into the sea. He commenced the erecval in Africa. When _Eneas hastened to seek tion of a temple to Arsinoe, the wife of Ptolemy
the new home which the gods had promised him, II., of which the roof was to be arched with
Dido, in despair, destroyed herself on a funeral loadstones, so that her statue, made of iron,
pile.                                     might appear to float in the air, but he died beDIDNAx. Vid. BRANCHID..                 fore completing the work.
IDY1R E.  Vid..EoLIE INSULE.             [DINOiIXACHE (AzeozifXV), daughter of MegaIDnMUvs (Auidvyo), a celebrated Alexandrine cles, granddaughter of Clisthenes, and mother
grammarian, a contemporary of Julius Cesar of Alcibiades.]
and Augustus, was a follower of the school of  DIN6OXcHUS (AEtvoiaxoct), a philosopher, who
Aristarchus, and received the surname XaXKEv- agreed with CALLIPHON in considering the chief'repoC on account of his indefatigable and un- good to consist in the union of virtue with bodwearied application to study. He is said to ily pleasure.
have written four thousand works, the most im-  DINOMNES (A\Etvo/zvjVf). 1. Astatuary,whose
portant of which were commentaries on Homer. statues of Io and Callisto stood in the Acropolis
The greater part of the extant Scholia minora on at Athens in the time of Pausanias: he flourH-omer was at one time considered the work of ished B.C. 400.-[2. Father of Hiero, Gelon, and
Didymus, but is really taken from the commen- Thrasybulus, born at zEtna, a city of Sicily.taries of Didymus and of other grammarians.  3. One of the guards of Hieronymus of SyraDIESPITER. Vid. JUPITER.                cuse, whom he aided in assassinating; he was
DIGENTIA (now Licenza), a small stream in afterward elected one of the generals of the
Latium, beautifully cool and clear, which flows Syracusans.]
into the Anio near the modern Vicovaro. It  DINON (Ae6IVW), Aivov), father of the historian
flowed through the Sabine farm of Horace. Clitarchus, wrote himself a history of Persia,
Near its source, which was also called Digentia [to which Nepos refers as the most trustworthy
(fons etiam rivo dare nomen idoneus, Hor., Ep., authority on the subject: the fiagments of his
i., 16, 12), stood the house of Horace (vicinus work are collected by Miiller, Fragm. Hist.
tecto jugis aque fons, Hor., Sat., ii., 6. 2).  Grec., vol. ii., p. 88-95.]
DIMALLUM, a town in Greek Illyria.        D)o. Vid. DION.
DINARCHUS (Aeivapxo), the last and least im-  DIOCESAREA (AoiLKaLaopeta: now Sefurieh),
portant of the ten Attic orators, was born at more anciently SEPPHORIS (eiirwptC), in GaliCorinth about B.C. 361. He was brought up at lee, was a small place until Herodes Antipas
Athens, and studied under Theophrastus. As made it the capital of Galilee, under the name
he was a foreigner, he could not come forward of Dioceesarea. It was destroyed in the fourth
himself as an orator, and was therefore obliged century by Gallus, on account of an insurrection
to content himself with writing orations for which had broken out there.
others. He belonged to the friends of Phocion  DIOCLEA or DOCLEA (AoIcLea), a place in Daland the Macedonian party. When Demetrius matia, near Salona, the birth-place of Diocletian.
Poliorcetes advanced against Athens in 307,  DIOLES((AotoC/a7). 1. AbraveAthenian,who
Dinarchus fled to Chalcis in Eubiea, and was lived in exile at Megara. Once in a battle he
not allowed to return to Athens till 292, where protected with his shield a youth whom he loved,
he died at an advanced age. Only three of his but he lost his own life in consequence. The
speeches have come down to us: they all refer Megarians rewarded him with the honors of a
to the question about HARPALUS.  They are hero, and instituted the festival of the Dioclea,
printed in the collections of the Attic orators, which they celebrated in the spring of every
[and separately by Maetzner, Berlin, 1842, 8vo.] year.-2. A Syracusan, the leader of the popuDINDYMEWNE. Vid. DINDYMUS.              lar party in opposition to Hermocrates. In B.C.
DINDYaUS or DINDYMA, -ORUM (Aivdvflof: ra 412 he was appointed with several'others to
AivdSvfa). 1. A mountain in Phrygia, on the draw up a new code of laws. This code, which
frontiers of Galatia, near the town Pessinus, was almost exclusively the work of Diocles,
sacred to Cybele, the mother of the gods, who became very celebrated, and was adopted by
is hence called Dindymene.-2. A mountain in many other Sicilian cities.-3. Of Carystus in
Mysia, near Cyzicus, also sacred to Cybele.  Eubcea, a celebrated Greek physician, lived in
[DINIAs (Aetiac), a Greek historian of uncer- the fourth century B.C. He wrote several medtain date, who wrote a work on Argolis ('Apyo- ical works, of which only some fragments re2tK.): a few fragments are collected by Muller, main; [edited by Fraenkel, Berlin 1840, 8vo.-.Fragm. Hist. Grac., vol. iii., p. 24-26.]  4. Of Peparethus, the earliest Greek historian
DINOCRXTES (AeMvoepa6rny), a distinguished who wrote about the foundation of Rome, and
Macedonian architect in the time of Alexander whom Q. Fabius Pictor is said to have followed
the Great. He was the architect of the new  in a great many points.]
temple of Diana (Artemis) at Ephesus, which  DIOCLETIiANOPLIS. Vid. CELETRUM.
was built after the destruction of the former  DIOCLETIANUS, VALiERIUS, Roman emperor
temple by Herostratus. He was employed by A.D. 284-305, was born near Salona, in DalmaAlexander, whom he accompanied into Egypt, tia, in 245, of most obscure parentage. From
in the building of Alexandrea. He formed a his mother, Doclea or Dioclea, who received
design for cutting Mount Athos into a statue of her name from the village where she dwelt, he
Alexander; but the king forbade the execution inherited the appellation of Doces or Diodes,
17                                                           257




DIODORUS.                                 DIOGENES.
which, after his assumption of the purple, was writing a treatise on the problem, he died in
expanded into Diocletianus, and attached as a despair. According to another account, he decognomen to the high patrician name of Vale- rived his surname from his teacher Apollonius
rius. Having entered the army, he served with  Cronus. He belonged to the Megaric school
high reputation under Probus and Aurelian, fol- of philosophy, of which he was the headl. He
lowed Carus to the Persian war, and, after the was celebrated for his great dialectic skill, for
fate ofNumerianus became known at Chalcedon, which he is called O dCta2XecrKe6C, or dCta2~etrtiKwas proclaimed emperor by the troops, 284. He raror.-2. SICULUS, of Agyrium in Sicily, was a
slew with his own hands Arrius Aper, who was contemporary of Julius Coesar and Augustus.
arraigned of the murder of Numerianus, in or- In order to collect materials for his history, he
der, according to some authorities, that he might travelled over a great part of Europe and Asia,
fulfil a prophecy delivered to him in early youth and lived a long time at Rome. He spent altoby a Gaulish Druidess, that he should mount a gether thirty years upon his work. It was enthrone as soon as he had slain the wild boar titled Bt62to0Objc  YTrOpWl7i, The Historical Library,
(Aper). Next year (285) Diocletian carried on and was a universal history, embracing the
war against Carinus, on whose death he became period from the earliest mythical ages down to
undisputed master of the empire. But as the the beginning of Caesar's Gallic wars. It was
attacks of the barbarians became daily more divided into three great sections, and into forty
formidable, he resolved to associate with him- books. The first section, which consisted of
self a colleague in the empire, and accordingly the first six books, contained the history of the
selected for that purpose Maximianus, who was mythical times previous to the Trojan war.
invested with the title of Augustus in 286. The second section, which consisted of eleven
Maximian had'the care of the Western empire, books, contained the history from the Trojan
and Diocletian that of the Eastern. But as the war down to the death of Alexander the Great.
dangers which threatened the Roman dominions The third section, which contained the remainfrom the attacks of the Persians in the East, and ing twenty-three books, treated of the history
the Germans and other barbarians in the West, from the death of Alexander down to the beginbecame still more imminent, Diocletian made a ning of Cnsar's Gallic wars. Of this work only
stillfurther division of the empire. In 292, Con- the following portions are extant entire: the
stantius Chlorus and Galerius were proclaimed first five books, which contain the early history
Caesars, and the government of the Roman of the Eastern nations, the Egyptians, _E thioworld was divided between the two Augusti pians, and Greeks; and from book eleven to
and the two Caesars. Diocletian had the gov- book twenty, containing the history from the
ernment of the east, with Nicomedia as his resi-'second Persian war, B.C. 480, down to 302.
dence; Maximian, Italy and Africa, with Milan Of the remaining portion there are extant a
as his residence; Constantius, Britain, Gaul, number of fragments and the Excerpta, which
and Spain, with Treves as his residence; Gale- are preserved partly in Photius, and partly in
rius, Illyricum, and the whole line of the Dan- the Eclogme made at the command of Constanube, with Sirmium as his residence. The wars tine Porphyrogenitus. The work of Diodorus
in the reign of Diocletian are related in the lives is constructed upon the plan of annals, and the
of his colleagues, since Diocletian rarely cornm- events of each year are placed one after the
manded the armies in person. It is sufficient other, without any internal connection. In comto state here that Britain, which had maintained piling his work Diodorus exercised no judgment
its independence for some years under CARAU- or criticism. He simply collected what he found
SIUS and ALLECTUS, was restored to the empire in his diffbrent authorities, and thus jumbled to(296); that the Persians were defeated and gether history, mythus, and fiction: he freobliged to sue for peace (298); and that the quently misunderstood authorities, and not selMarcomanni and other barbarians in the north dom contradicts in one passage what he has
were also driven back from the Roman domin- stated in another. But, nevertheless, the comions. But after an anxious reign of twenty-one pilation is of great importance to us, on account
years Diocletian longed for repose. Accord- of the great mass of materials which are there
ingly, on the first of May, 305, he abdicated at collected from a number of writers whose works
Nicomedia, and compelled his reluctant col- have perished. The best editions are by Wesleague Maximian to do the same at Milan. Dio- seling, Amsterd., 1746, 2 vols. fol., reprinted at
cletian retired to his native Dalmatia, and passed Bipont, 1793, &c., 11 vols. 8vo; and by Dinthe remaining eight years of his life near Salona dorf, Lips., 1828, 6 vols. 8vo.-3. Of Sinope, an
in philosophic retirement, devoted to rural pleas- Athenian comic poet of the middle comedy,
ures and the cultivation of his garden. He died flourished 353.-4. Of Tyre, a peripatetic phi313. One of the most memorable events in the losopher, a disciple and follower of Critolaus,
reign of Diocletian was his fierce persecution whom he succeeded as the head of the Peripaof the Christians (303), to which he was insti- tetic school at Athens. He flourished B.C. 110.
gated by his colleague Galerius.            Di6uDSTUS (A6idoro0), a Stoic philosopher and
Di6D)RUS (AW6iOpog). 1. Surnamed CRONUs, a teacher of Cicero, in whose house he lived
of lasus in Caria, lived at Alexandrea in the for many years at Rome. In his later years
reign of Ptolemy Soter, who is said to have Diodotus became blind: he died in Cicero's
given him the surname of Cronus on account house, B.C. 59, and left to his friend a property
of his inability to solve at once some dialectic of about one hundred thousand sesterces.
problem proposed by Stilpo, when the two phi-  DISGdNES (AtoTyv7C1). 1. Of APOLLONIA in
losophers were dining with the king. Diodorus Crete, an eminent natural philosopher, lived in
is said to have taken that disgrace so much to the fifth century B.C., and was a pupil of Anheart, that, after his return from the repast, and aximenes. He wrote a work in the Ionic dia258




DIOGENES.                                 DIOMEDES.
lect, entitled Isepi rvaec, On Nature, in which have no particulars, probably lived in the second
he appears to have treated of physical science century after Christ. He wrote the Lives of
in the largest sense of the words.-2. The BABY- the Philosophers in ten books: the work is enLONIAN, a Stoic philosopher, was a native of titled Trepi /3~v, d6oyiCitO,  a oya iatro100ey/iaraV r7Sv
Seleucia in Babylonia, was educated at Athens  v I  Loaoiq evSt oK e  t/7vravT. According to some
under Chrysippus, and succeeded Zeno of Tar- allusions which occur in it, he wrote it for a
sus as the head of the Stoic school at Athens. lady of rank, who occupied herself with phiHe was one of the three ambassadors sent by losophy, and who, according to some, was Arthe Athenians to Rome in B.C. 155. Vid. CAR- ria, the friend of Galen. In this work Diogenes
NEADES, CRITOLAUS. He died at the age of divides the philosophy of the Greeks into the
eighty-eight.-3. The CYNIC philosopher, was Ionic-which commences with Anaximander
born at Sinope, in Pontus, about B.C. 412. His and ends with Clitomachus, Chrysippus, and
father was a banker named Icesias or Icetas, Theophrastus - and the Italian, which was
who was convicted of some swindling transac- founded by Pythagoras, and ends with Epicution, in consequence of which Diogenes quitted rus. He reckons the Socratic school, with its
Sinope and went to Athens. His youth is said various ramifications, as a part of the Ionic phito have been spent in dissolute extravagance; losophy, of which he treats in the first seven
but at Athens his attention was arrested by the books. The Eleatics, with Heraclitus and the
character of Antisthenes, who at first drove him  Skeptics, are included in the Italian philosophy,
away. Diogenes, however, could not be pre- which occupies the eighth and ninth books. Epvented from attending him even by blows, but icurus and his philosophy are treated of in the
told him that he would find no stick hard enough tenth book with particular minuteness, which
to keep him away. Antisthenes at last relented, has led some writers to the belief that Diogenes
and his pupil soon plunged into the most frantic himself was an Epicurean. The work is of
excesses of austerity and moroseness. In sum- great value to us, as Diogenes made use of a
mer he used to roll in hot sand, and in winter great number of writers on the history of phito embrace statues covered with snow; he wore losophy, whose works are now lost; but it is
coarse clothing, lived on the plainest food, slept put together without plan, criticism, or connecin porticoes or in the street, and finally, accord- tion, and the author had evidently no conceping to the common story, took up his residence tion of the real value and dignity of philosophy.
in a tub belonging to the Metroum, or temple The best editions are by Meibom, Amsterd.,
of the Mother of the Gods. The truth of this 1692, 2 vols. 4to, and Hiibner [and Jacobitz,
latter tale has, however, been reasonably dis- with the commentary of Casaubon], Lips., 4
puted. In spite of his strange eccentricities, vols. 8vo, 1828-1833.-5. CENOMAUS, a tragic
Diogenes appears to have been much respected poet., who began to exhibit at Athens B.C. 404.
at Athens, and to have been privileged to re-  DIOGENIANUS (Atoyeveeav6o), of Heraclea on
buke any thing of which he disapproved. He the Pontus, a distinguished grammarian in the
seems to have ridiculed and despised all intel- reign of Hadrian, wrote a Greek Lexicon, from
lectual pursuits which did not directly and ob- which the Lexicon of Hesychius seems to have
viously tend to some immediate practical good. been almost entirely taken. A portion of it is
He abused literary men for reading about the still extant, containing a collection of proverbs
evils of Ulysses, and neglecting their own; mu- first printed by Schottus, with the proverbs of
sicians for stringing the lyre harmoniously while Zenobius' and Suidas, Antv., 1612, 4to, and subthey left their minds discordant; men of science sequently in other editions of the Parosmiographi
for troubling themselves about the moon and Greci.
stars, while they neglected what lay immedi-  DIOMEA (7T At/ieta: Atio#etelf, AtoIeVE), a
ately before them; orators for learning to say demus in Attica belonging to the tribe zEgeis,
what was right, but not to practice it. On a with a temple of Hercules; the Diomean gate
voyage to IEgina he was taken prisoner by pi- in Athens led to this demus. Vid. p. 122, b.
rates, and carried to Crete to be sold as a slave.  DIOMEDPI INSULnE, five small islands in the
Here, when he was asked what business he Adriatic Sea, north of the promontory Garganum
understood, he answered, "How to command in Apulia, named after Diomedes. Vid. Diomen." He was purchased by Xeniades of Cor- MEDES. The largest of these, called Diomedea
inth, over whom he acquired such influence Insula or Trimerus (now Tremiti), was the place
that he soon received from him his freedom, where Julia, the grand-daughter of Augustus,
was intrusted with the care of his children, and died.
passed his old age in his house. During his  DIOMEDES (Ato#JdVc). 1. Son of Tydeus and
residence at Corinth his celebrated interview  Deipyle, whence he is constantly called Tydides
with Alexander the Great is said to have taken (Tvdeidr), succeeded Adrastus as king of Arplace. The conversation between them began gos.-Homeric Story. Tydeus fell in the expediby the king's saying, "I am Alexander the tion against Thebes, while his son Diomedes
Great;" to which the philosopher replied, "And was yet a boy; but Diomedes was afterward
I am Diogenes the Cynic."  Alexander then one of the Epigoni who took Thebes. He went
asked whether he could oblige him in any way, to Troy with eighty ships, and was, next to
and received no answer except, "Yes, you can Achilles, the bravest hero in the Greek army.
stand out of the sunshine." We are further He enjoyed the especial protection of Minerva
told that Alexander admired Diogenes so much (Athena); he fought against the most distinthat he said, " If I were not Alexander, I should guished of the Trojans, such as Hector and
wish to be Diogenes."  Diogenes died at Cor- flneas, and even with the gods who espoused
inth at the age of nearly ninety, B.C. 323.-4. the cause of the Trojans. He thus wounded
LAERTIUS, of Laerte in Cilicia, of whose life we bothVenus (Aphrodite) and Mars (Ares).-Later
259




DIOMEDES.                               DION CASSIUS.
Stories. Diomedes and Ulysses carried off the wealth. He made no opposition to the succespalladium from the city of Troy, since it was sion of the younger Dionysins to his father's
believed that Troy could not be taken so long power, but he became an object of suspicion to
as the palladium was within its walls. Diome- the youthful tyrant, to whom he also made himdes carried the palladium with him to Argos; self personally disagreeable by the austerity of
but, according to others, it was taken from him  his manners. Dion appears to have been natby Demophon in Attica, where he landed one urally a man of a proud and stern character, and
night on his return from Troy, without knowing having become an ardent disciple of Plato when
where he was. Vid. DEMOPHON. Another tra- that philosopher visited Syracuse in the reign
dition stated that Diomedes restored the pal- of the elder Dionysius, he carried to excess the
ladium to XEneas.  On his arrival in Argos austerity of a philosopher, and viewed with unDiomedes found his wife AEgialea living in adul- disguised contempt the debaucheries and distery with Hippolytus, or, according to others, solute pleasures of his nephew. From these he
with Cometes or Cyllabarus. This misfortune endeavored to withdraw him by persuading him
befell him through the anger of Venus (Aphro- to invite Plato a second time to Syracuse; but
dite), whom he had wounded before Troy.- He the philosopher, though received at first with
therefore quitted Argos, either of his own ac- the utmost distinction, failed in obtaining a percord, or he was expelled by the adulterers, and manent hold on the mind of Dionysius; and the
went to Etolia. He subsequently attempted to intrigues of the opposite party, headed by Piireturn to Argos, but on his way home a storm  listus, were successful in procuring the banishthrew him on the coast of Daunia in Italy, where ment of Dion. Dion retired to Athens, where
he was kindly received by Daunus, the king of he lived in habitual intercourse with Plato and
the country. Diomedes assisted Daunus in his his disciples; but Plato having failed in prowar against the Messapians, married Euippe, curing his recall (for which purpose he had a
the daughter of Daunus, and settled in Daunia, third time visited Syracuse), and Dionysius havwhere he died at an advanced age. He was ing confiscated his property, and compelled his
buried in one of the islands off Cape Garganum, wife to marry another person, he determined
which were called after him the Diomedean on attempting the expulsion of the tyrant by
Islands. His companions were inconsolable at force. He sailed from Zacynthus with only a
his loss, and were metamorphosed into birds small force, and obtained possession of Syracuse
(Aves Diomedee), which, mindful of their origin, without opposition during the absence of Dioused to fly joyfully toward the Greek ships, but nysius in Italy. Dionysius returned shortly aftto avoid those of the Romans. According to erward, but found himself obliged to quit Syraothers, Diomedes returned to Argos, or disap- cuse and sail away to Italy, leaving Dion unpeared in one of the Diomedean islands, or in disputed master of the city, B.C. 356.  His
the country of the Heneti. A number of towns despotic conduct, however, soon caused great
in the eastern part of Italy, such as Beneventum, discontent, and the people complained with jusArgos Hippion (afterward Argyripa orArpi), Ve- tice that they had only exchanged one tyrant
nusia, Canusium, Venafrum; Brundisium, &c., for another. He caused his chief opponent,
were believed to have been founded by Diome- Heraclides, to be put to death, and confiscated
des. A plain of Apulia, near Salapia and Canu- the property of his adversaries. Callippus, an
sium, was called Diomedei Campi after him. He Athenian, who had accompanied him from
was worshipped as a divine being, especially in Greece, formed a conspiracy against him, and
Italy, where statues of him existed at Argyripa, caused him to be assassinated in his own house,
Metapontum, Thurii, and other places.-2. Son 353.
of Mars (Ares) and Cyrene, king of the Bistones  DION CASSIUS, the historian, was the son of
in Thrace, killed by Hercules on account of his a Roman senator, Cassius Apronianus, and was
mares, which he fed with human flesh.     born A.D. 155, at Nicea in Bithynia. He also
DIOMEDES, a Latin grammarian, probablylived bore the surname Cocceianus, which he derived
in the fourth or fifth century after Christ, and is from the orator Dion Chrysostomus Cocceianus,
the author of an extant work, De Oratione et his maternal grandfather. He was educated
Partibus Orationis et Vario Genere Metrorum libri with great care; he accompanied his father to
III., printed in the Grammaticce Latina Auctores Cilicia, of which he had the administration;
Antiqui of Putschius, 4to, Hanov., 1605: [and and after his father's death he went to Rome,
in the Scriptores rei metrcae of Gaisford, Ox- about 180. He was straightway made a senaford,. 1837, 8vo; but only the 3d book.]  tor, and frequently pleaded in the courts of jusDI6OMDON (AtlOsUEov), an Athenian command- tice. He was aedile and quasstor under Comer during the Peloponnesian war. He was one modus, and praetor under Septimius Severus,
of the commanders at the battle of Arginusae 194. He accompanied Caracalla on his journey
(B.C. 406), and was put to death, with five of to the East; he was appointed by Macrinus to
his colleagues, on his return to Athens.  the government of Pergamus and Smyrna, 218;
DION (AUiw), a Syracusan, son of Hipparinus, was consul about 220; proconsul of Africa 224,
and a relation of Dionysius. His sister Aris- under Alexander Severus, by whom he was
tomache was the second wife of the elder Di- sent as legate to Dalmatia in 226, and to Panonysius; and Dion himself was married to nonia in 227. In the latter province he restored
Arete, the daughter of Dionysius by Aristom- strict discipline among the troops, which exache. Dion was treated by Dionysius with the cited the discontent of the praetorians at Rome,
greatest distinction, and was employed by him  who demanded his life of Alexander Severus.
in many services of trust and confidence. Of But the emperor protected him and raised him
this close connection and favor with the tyrant to his second consulship, 229. Dion, however,
he seems to have availed himself to amass great retired to Campania, and shortly afterward ob260




DION CHRYSOSTOMUS.                              DIONYSIUS,
tained permission of the emperor to return to various towns; on subjects of ethics and prachis native town Niea, where he passed the re- tical philosophy; and, lastly, orations on mythmainderof hislife and died. Dion wrote several ical subjects and show-speeches. All these
historical works, but the most important was a orations are written in pure Attic Greek, and,
History of Rome ('Pgatny? icrropla), in eighty although tainted with the rhetorical embellishbooks, from the landing of _Eneas in Italy to ments of the age, are distinguished by their reA.D. 2,29, the year in which Dion returned to fined and elegant style. The best editions are
NTicaa. Unfortunately, only a comparatively by Reiske, Lips., 1784, 2 vols., and by Emperius,
small portion of this work has come down to us Bruns., 1844.
entire. Of the first thirty-four books we possess  DIONaEA. Vid. DIONE.
only fragments; but since Zonaras, in his An-  DIONE (Atj'v), daughter of Oceanus and Tenals, chiefly followed Dion Cassius, we may re- thys, or of Ccelus (Uranus) and Terra (Ge), or
gard the Annals of Zonaras as to some extent of DEther and Terra (Ge). She was beloved by
an epitome of Dion Cassius. Of the thirty- Jupiter (Zeus), by whom she became the mothfifth book we possess a considerable fragment, er of Aphrodite (Venus).  She received her
and from the thirty-sixth book to the fifty-fourth daughter in Olympus when she was wounded
the work is extant complete, and embraces the by Diomedes. Venus (Aphrodite) is hence callhistory from the wars of Lucullus and Cn. Pom- ed DIONEA, and this epithet is frequently appey against Mithradates, down to the death of plied to any thing sacred to Venus (Aphrodite).
Agrippa, B.C. 10. Of the remaining books we Hencewe find Dionzum antrum(Hor., Carm.,ii.,
have only the epitomes made by Xiphilinus and 1, 39), and Dionceus Ccesar (Virg., Ecl., ix., 47),
others. Dion Cassius treated the history of the because Casar claimed descent from Venus,
republic with brevity, but gave a more minute who is sometimes also called Dione.
account of those events, of which he had been  DDIONYSIUS (ALovVaco1). I. Historical. 1. The
himself an eye-witness. He consulted original Elder, tyrant of Syracuse, son of Hermocrates,
authorities, and displayed great judgment and born B.C. 430. He was born in a private but
discrimination in the use of them. He had ac- not low station, and began life as a clerk in a
quired a thorough knowledge of his subject, and public office. He was one of the partisans of
his notions of the ancient Roman institutions Hermocrates, the leader of the aristocratical
were far more correct than those of his prede- party, and was severely wounded in the attempt
cessors, such as Dionysius of Halicarnassus. which Hermocrates made to effect by force his
The best editions are by Reimarus, Hamb., restoration from exile. He subsequently served
1750-52, 2 vols. fol., and by Sturz, Lips., 1824, in the great war against the Carthaginians, who
9 vols. 8vo.                              had invaded Sicily under Hannibal, the son of
DION CHRYSOSTOMUS, that is, the golden- Gisco, and successively reduced and destroyed
mouthed, a surname given to him on account Selinus, Himera, and Agrigentum. These disof his eloquence. He also bore the surname asters, and especially the failure of the SyraCocceianus, which he derived from the Emper- cusan general, Daphneus, to relieve Agrigenor Cocceius Nerva, with whom he was very in- tum, had created a general spirit of discontent
timate. He was born at Prusa, in Bithynia, and alarm,, of which Dionysius skillfully availed
about the middle of the first century of our era. himself. He succeeded in procuring a decree
He received a carefil education, increased his for deposing the existing generals, and appointknowledge by travelling in different countries, ing others in their stead, among whom was
and came to Rome in the reign of Vespasian, Dionysius himself, B.C. 406. His efforts were
but, having incurred the suspicions of Domitian, fiom this time directed toward supplanting his
was obliged to leave the city. On the advice new colleagues and obtaining the sole direction
of the Delphic oracle, he put on a beggar's dress, of affairs. These efforts were crowned with
and in this condition visited Thrace, Mysia, success. In the following year (405), the other
Scythia, and the country of the Getae. After generals were deposed, and Dionysius, though
the murder of Domitian, A.D. 96, Dion used his only twenty-five years of age, was appointed
infuence with the army stationed on the fron- sole general, with full powers. From  this
tier in favor of his friend Nerva, and seems to period we may date the commencement of his
have returned to Rome immediately after his reign, or tyranny, which continued without inaccessiol. Trajan also entertained the highest terruption for thirty-eight years. His first step
esteem for Dion, and showed him the most was to procure the appointment of a body guard,
marked favor. Dion died at Rome about A.D. which he speedily increased to the number of
17. Dion Chrysostom is the most eminent of one thousand men; at the same time, he inthe Greek rhetoricians and sophists in the time duced the Syracusans to double the pay of all
of the Roman empire. There are extant eighty the troops, and took every means to ingratiate
of his orations; but they are more like essays himself with the mercenaries. By his marriage
on political, moral, and philosophical subjects with the daughter of Hermocrates he secured
than real orations, of which they have only the to himself the support of all the remaining parform. We find among them IXyoo Trrepi acat- tisans of that leader. He converted the island
eiac or 26oct /Fcaactoi, four orations addressed of Ortygia into a strong fortress, in which he
to Trajan on the virtues of a sovereign; AFoye- took up his own residence. After concluding
awg 7 repi rvpavvU(do, on the troubles to which a peace with Carthage, and putting down a
men expose themselves by deserting the path formidable insurrection in Syracuse, he began
of nature, and on the difficulties which a sover- to direct his arms against the other cities of
eign has to encounter; essays on slavery and Sicily. Naxos, Catana, and Leontini successfreedom; on the means of attaining eminence ively fell into his power, either by force or
as an orator; political discourses addressed to treachery. For several years after this he
261




DIONYSIUS.                                DIONYSIUS.
made preparations for renewing the war with philosophy, entertaining the poet Philoxenus at
Carthage. In 397 he declared war against Car- his table, and inviting Plato to Syracuse. He,
thage. At first he met with great success, but however, soon after sent the latter away from
in 395 his fleet was totally defeated, and he was Sicily in disgrace; and though the story of his
obliged to shut himself up within the walls of having caused him to be sold as a slave, as well
Syracuse, where he was besieged by the Car- as that of his having sent Philoxenus to the
thaginians both by sea and land. A pestilence stone quarries for ridiculing his bad verses, are
shortly after broke out in the Carthaginian camp, probably gross exaggerations, they may well
and greatly reduced the enemy, whereupon Di- have been so far founded in fact that his inonysius suddenly attacked the enemy both by tercourse with these persons was interrupted
sea and land, defeated the army, and burned by some sudden burst of capricious violence.great part of their fleet. The Carthaginians 2. The Younger, son of the preceding, succeedwere now obliged to withdraw. In 393- they ed his father as tyrant of Syracuse, B.C. 367.
renewed the war with no better success, and He was at this time under thirty years of age;
in 392 they concluded a peace with Dionysius. he had been brought up at his father's court in
This treaty left Dionysius at leisure to continue idleness and luxury, and studiously precluded
the ambitious projects in which he had previous- from taking any part in public affairs. The asly engaged against the Greek cities in Italy. cendency which Dion, and, through his means,
He formed an alliance with the Lucanians, and Plato, obtained for a time over his mind, was
crossed over into Italy. He subdued Caulonia, undermined by flatterers and the companions
Hipponium, and Rhegium, 387.  He was in of his pleasures. Yet his court was at this time
close alliance with the Locrians; and his pow- a great place of resort for philosophers and men
erful fleets gave him the command both of the of letters: besides Plato, whom he induced by
Tyrrhenian and Adriatic Seas. He was now at the most urgent entreaties to pay him a second
the summit of his greatness, and during the visit, Aristippus of Cyrene, Eudoxus of Cnidus,
twenty years that elapsed from this period to Speusippus, and others, are stated to have spent
his death, he possessed an amount of power some time with him at Syracuse; and he culand influence far exceeding those enjoyed by tivated a friendly intercourse with Archytas and
any other Greek before the time of Alexander. the Pythagoreans of Magna Grwecia. Dion, who
During this time he was twice engaged again had been banished by Dionysius, returned to
in war with Carthage, namely, in 383, when a Sicily in 357, at the head of a small force, with
treaty was concluded, by which the River Haly- the avowed object of dethroning Dionysius.
cus was fixed as the boundary of the two pow- The latter was absent from Syracuse at the
ers; and again in 368, in the middle of which time that Dion landed in Sicily; but he instantwar Dionysius died at Syracuse, 367. His last ly returned to Syracuse, where the citadel still
illness is said to have been brought on by ex- held out for him. But, finding it impossible to
cessive feasting; but, according to some ac- retain his power, he sailed away to Italy with
counts, his death was hastened by his medical his most valuable property, and thus lost the
attendants, in order to secure the succession for sovereignty after a reign of twelve years, 356.
his son. After the death of his first wife, Dio- He now repaired to Locri, the native city of his
nysius had married almost exactly at the same mother, Doris, where he was received in the
time-some said even on the same day-Doris, most friendly manner; but he made himself
a Locrian of distinguished birth, and Aristom- tyrant of the city, and is said to have treated
ache, a Syracusan, the daughter of his supporter the inhabitants with the utmost cruelty. After
Hipparinus, and. the sister of Dion. By Doris remaining at Locri ten years, he availed himhe had three children, of which the eldest was self of the internal dissensions at Syracuse to
his successor, Dionysius. The character of recover possession of his power in that city,
Dionysius has been drawn in the blackest colors 346. The Locrians took advantage of his abby many ancient writers; he appears, indeed, to sence to revolt against him, and wreaked their
have become a sort of type of a tyrant, in its vengeance in the most cruel manner on his wife
worst sense. In his latter years he became ex- and daughters. He continued to reign in Syratremely suspicious, and apprehensive of treach- cuse for the next three years, till Timoleon
ery even from his nearest friends, and is said came to Sicily to deliver the Greek cities of the
to have adopted the most excessive pracautions island from the tyrants. As he was unable to
to guard against it. Many of these stories have, resist Timoleon, he surrendered the citadel into
however, an air of great exaggeration. (Cic., the hands of the latter on condition of being aiTusc., v., 20.) He built the terrible prison call- lowed to depart in safety to Corinth, 343. Here
ed Lautumihe, which was cut out of the solid he spent the remainder ofhis life in a private co-n
rock in the part of Syracuse named Epipole. dition, and is said to have frequented low comVid. Diet. of Ant., art. LAUTUMIM.  Dionysius pany, and sunk gradually into a very degraded
was fond of literature and the arts. He adorn- and abject state. According to some writers,
ed Syracuse with splendid temples and other he was reduced to support himself by keeping a
public edifices, so as to render it unquestiona- school; others say that he became one of the atbly the greatest of all Greek cities. He was tendants on the rites of Cybele, a set of mendihimself a poet, and repeatedly contended for cant priests of the lowest class.-3. Tyrant of
the prize of tragedy at Athens. Here he sev- Heraclea on the Euxine, son of Clearchus, sueeral times obtained the second and third prizes; ceeded his brother Timotheus in the tyranny
and, finally, just before his death, bore away about B.C. 338. He is said to have been ths
the first prize at the Lensa, with a play called mildestand justest ofallthetyrantsthat hadever
"The Ransom of Hector." He sought the so- lived. He married Amastris, niece of Darius.
ciety of men distinguished in literature and In 306 he assumed the title of king, and died
262




DIONYSIUS.                                DIONYSIUS.
shortly afterward at the age of 55. He is said the most eminent Greek orators, of which we
to have been choked by his own fat.        now possess only the first three sections, on
II. Literary. 1. Surnamed AREOPAGITA, be- Lysias, Isocrates, and Iseus. The other three
cause he was one of the council of the Areopa- sections treated of Demosthenes, Hyperides,
gus, was converted by St. Paul's preaching at and zXschines; but they are lost, with the exAthens. There are extant several works under ception of the first part of the fourth section,
his name, which, however, could scarcely have which treated of the oratorical power of Demosbeen written before the fifth century of our era. thenes. 5.'EirLaroi r7rp6r'Ayiyacov, a letter to
-2. CATO. Vid. CATO.-3. Surnamed CHALCUS his friend Ammaeus, in which he shows that
(d XaZicovf), an Attic poet and orator, who de- most of the orations of Demosthenes had been
rived his surname fronm his having advised the delivered before Aristotle wrote his Rhetoric,
Athenians to coin brass money for the purpose and consequently that Demosthenes had deof facilitating traffic. Of his oratory we know  rived no instruction from Aristotle. 6.'Ewranothing; but his poems, chiefly elegies, are roX? r7rp6c rvaEov HIovni'ov, was written by Dioften referred to and quoted. He was one of onysius with a view of justifying the unfavorathe leaders of the colony to Thurii in Italy, B.C. ble opinion which he had expressed upon Plato,
444.-4. Of HALICARNASSUS, a celebrated rhet- and which Pompey had censured. 7. IHpi Trov
orician, came to Rome about B.C. 29, for the OovKcvdidov xapaKrdpor Kaat rilv bou tTov 7O avypurpose of making himself acquainted with the ypa&oC eo idtadrov, was written by Dionysius at
Latin language and literature.  He lived at the request of his friend Tubero, for the purpose
Rome on terms of' friendship with many dis- of explaining more minutely what he had writtinguished men, such as Q. _Elius Tubero, and ten on Thucydides. As Dionysius in this work
the rhetorician Caecilius; and he remained in looks at the great historian from his rhetorical
the city for twenty-two years, till his death, point of view, his judgment is often unjust and.
B.C. 7. Hisprincipalwork, which he composed  incorrect. 8. itepi rTSv tO OovItvdtdov isdrotyat Rome at the later period of his life, was a his- tro(, addressed to Ammmus.  9. Aeivapxof, a
tory of Rome in twenty-two books, entitled'Pa- very valuable treatise on the life and orations of
y/atK'Apxatoeoyia. It contained the history of Dinarchus. The best editions of the complete
Rome from the mythical times down to B.C. works of Dionysius are by Sylburg, Frankf.,
264, in which year the history of Polybius be- 1586, 2 vols. fol., reprinted at Leipzig, 1691;
gins with the Punic wars. The first nine books by Hudson, Oxon., 1704, 2 vols. fol.; and by
alone are complete; of the tenth and eleventh  Reiske, Lips., 1774, 6 vols. 8vo. —5. Of HERAwe have the greater part; and of the remain- cLEA, son of Theophantus, was a pupil of Zeno,
ing nine we possess nothing but fragments and and adopted the tenets of the Stoics; but, in
extracts. Dionysius treated the early history consequence of a most painful complaint, he
of Rome with great minuteness. The eleven abandoned the Stoic philosophy, and joined the
books extant do not carry the history beyond Eleatics, whose doctrine, that ldovO and the
B.C. 441, so that the eleventh book breaks off absence of pain was the highest good, had more
very soon after the decemviral legislation. charms for him than the austere ethics of the'This peculiar minuteness in the early history, Stoa. This renunciation of his former creed
however, was, in a great measure, the conse- drew upon him the nickname of yzErady/evof,
quence of the object he had proposed to him- i. e., the renegade. He died in his eightieth
self, and which, as he himself states, was to re- year of voluntary starvation. He wrote several
move the erroneous notions which the Greeks works, all of which are lost. Cicero censures
-entertained with regard to Rome's greatness. him for having mixed up verses with his prose,
Dionysius had no clear notions about the early and for his want of elegance and refinement.constitution of Rome, and was led astray by the 6. Of MAGNESIA, a distinguished rhetorician,
nature of the institutions which he saw in his taught in Asia between B.C. 79 and 77, when
own day, and thus makes innumerable mis- Cicero visited the East.-7. Of MILETUS, one
takes in treating of the history of the constitu- of the earliest Greek historians, and a conteimtion. He introduces numerous speeches in his. porary of Hecataeus, wrote a history of Persia.work, which, though written with artistic skill, 8. Of MYTILeNE, surnamed Scytobrachion, taught
nevertheless show that Dionysius was a rhet- at Alexandrea in the first century B.C. He
orician, not an historian, and still less a states- wrote a prose work on the Argonauts, which
man. Dionysius also wrote various rhetorical was consulted by Diodorus Siculus.-9. Suraned critical works, which abound with the most named PERIEfGlTES, from his being the author
exquisite remarks and criticisms on the works of a MrepotyVave r-C y~C, which is still extant;
of the classical writers of Greece. They show  probably lived about A.D. 300. The work conthat he was a greater critic than historian. The tains a description of the whole earth, in hexfbilowing are the extant works of this class: ameter verse, and is written in a terse and ele-.. TeXv.e7 jroplioj, addressed to one Echecrates, gant style. It enjoyed great popularity in anpart of which is certainly spurious.  2. Hepi cient times. Two translations or paraphrases
o'vv6ecew ovotararv, treats of oratorical power, of it were made by Romans, one by Rufus Fes,and on the combination of words according to tus Avienus (vid. AvrENUS), and the other by
thie different styles of oratory. 3. Tiv cpXaatov the grammarian Priscian.  VTid. PRIscIANUS.
Kc'pta,  contains characteristics of poets, from  The best edition of the original is by Bernhardy,
lomer down to Euripides, of some historians, Lips., 1828.-10. Of SINOPE, an Athenian comic
sueh as Herodotus, Thucydides, Philistus, Xen- poet of the middle comedy.-11. Surnamed
ophon, and Theopompus, and, lastly, of some THRAX, from his father being a Thracian, was
ph-iiosophers and orators. 4. TIepi irSv ilpXaiov himself a native either of Alexandrea or Byr'rdapaoi  w'oF-La,uarteczoi, contains criticismas on zantium. He is also called a!Rhodian, because
263




DIONYSODORUS.                                DIONYSUS.
at one time he resided at Rhodes, and gave in- Various other nymphs are also said to have
structions there.  He also taught at Rome, reared him.  When he had grown up, Juno
about B.C. 80. He was a very celebrated gram- (Hera) drove him mad, in which state he wanmarian; but the only one of his works which dered about through various parts of the earth.
has come down to us is a small treatise en- He first went to Egypt, where he was hospitatitled reXvv ypafiyarLKu, which became the basis bly received by King Proteus. He thence proof all subsequent grammars, and was a standard ceeded through Syria, where he flayed Damasbook in grammar schools for many centuries.  cus alive for opposing the introduction of the
III. Artists. 1. Of Argos, a statuary, flour- vine. He then traversed all Asia, teaching the
ished B.C. 476.-2. Of Colophon, a painter, con- inhabitants of the different countries of Asia the
temporary with Polygnotus of Thasos, whose cultivation of the vine, and introducing among
works he imitated in every other respect except them the elements of civilization. The most
in grandeur. Aristotle (Poet., 2) says that Po- famous part of his wanderings in Asia is his
lygnotus painted the likenesses of men better expedition to India, which is said to have lasted
than the originals, Pauson made them worse, several years.  On his return to Europe he
and Dionysius just like them  (O/oiovf). It passed through Thrace, but was ill received
seems from this that the pictures of Dionysius by Lycurgus, king of the Edones, and leaped
were deficient in the ideal.              into the sea to seek refuge with Thetis, whom
[DIONYSODOsus (Atovva6cr por), a Bceotian, he afterward rewarded for her kind reception
who is mentioned by Diodorus Siculus as the with a golden urn, a present of Vulcan (Heauthor of a history of Greece which came down pheestus). All the host of Bacchantic women
to the time of Philip of Macedon.]        and Satyrs who had accompanied him were
DIONYSOPOLIS (ALovvjaov r6ots), a town in taken prisoners by Lycurgus, but the women
Phrygia, belonging to the conventus juridicus were soon set free again. The country of the
of Apamea, founded by Attalus and Eumenes.  Edones thereupon ceased to bear fruit, and LyDIONYSUS (AL6vvCao or Ac5vvaor), the youth- curgus became mad and killed his own son,
ful, beautiful, but effeminate god of wine. He whom he mistook for a vine.  After this his
is also called, both by Greeks and Romans, BAc- madness ceased, but the country still remained
CHUS (Ba/cdXo), that is, the noisy or riotous god, barren, and Bacchus (Dionysus) declared that
which was originally a mere epithet or surname it would remain so till Lycurgus died.  The
of Dionysus, and does not occur till after the Edones, in despair, took their king and put him
time of Herodotus. According to the common in chains, and Bacchus (Dionysus) had him
tradition, Dionysus (Bacchus) was the son of torn to pieces by horses. He then returned to
Jupiter (Zeus) and Semele, the daughter of Thebes, where he compelled the women to quit
Cadmus of Thebes, though other traditions their houses, and to celebrate Bacchic festivals
give him a different parentage and a different on Mount Cithseron, or Parnassus. Pentheus,
birth-place.  It was generally believed that who then ruled at Thebes, endeavored to check
when Semele was pregnant, she was persuaded the riotous proceedings, and went out to the
by Juno (Hera), who appeared to her in disguise, mountains to seek the Bacchic women; but his
to request the father of the gods to appear to own mother, Agave, in her Bacchic fury, misher in the same glory and majesty in which he took him for an animal, and tore him to pieces.
was accustomed to approach his own wife Juno Bacchus (Dionysus) next went to Argos, where
(Hera). Jupiter (Zeus) unwillingly complied, the people first refused to acknowledge him,
and appeared to her in thunder and lightning. but, after punishing the women with phrensy~
Semele was terrified and overpowered by the he was recognized as a god, and temples were
sight, and being seized by the flames, she gave erected to him.  His last feat was performed
premature birth to a child.  Jupiter (Zeus) on a voyage from Icaria to Naxos. He hired a
saved the child from the flames, sowed him up ship which belonged to Tyrrhenian pirates; but
in his thigh, and thus preserved him till he came the men, instead of landing at Naxos, steered toto maturity. Various epithets which are given ward Asia to sellhim there as a slave. Thereto the god refer to that occurrence, such as upon the god changed the mast and oars into
rrv'tyEr^', yrpotpa~t, tqVporpagCf, and ignigena. serpents, and himself into a lion; ivy grew
After the birth of Bacchus (Dionysus), Jupiter around the vessel, and the sound of flutes was
(Zeus) intrusted him to Mercury (Hermes), or, heard on every side; the sailors were seized
according to others, to Proserpina (Persephone) with madness, leaped into the sea, and were
or Rhea, who took the child to Ino and Athamas metamorphosed into dolphins.  After he had
at Orchomenos, and persuaded them to bring thus gradually established his divine nature
him up as a girl. Juno (Hera) was now urged throughout the world, he took his mother out of
on by her jealousy to throw Ino and Athamas Hades, called her Thyone, and rose with her
into a state of madness. Jupiter (Zeus), in into Olympus. Various mythological beings are
order to save his child, changed him into a ram, described as the offspring of Dionysus (Bacand carried him to the nymphs of Mount Nysa, chus); but among the women, both mortal and
who brought him up in a cave, and were after- immortal, who won his love, none is more faward rewarded by Jupiter (Zeus), by being mous in ancient story than Ariadne. Vid. AEIplaced as Hyades among the stars.  Mount ADNE. The extraordinary mixture of traditions
Nysa, from which the god was believed to have respecting the history of Dionysus (Bacchus)
derived his name, was placed in Thrace; but seems evidently to have arisen from the tradimountains of the same name are found in dif- tions of different times and countries, referring
ferent parts of the ancient world where he was to analogous divinities, and transferred to the
worshipped, and where he was believed to Greek Dionysus.   The worship of Dionysus
have introduced the cultivation of the vine. (Bacchus) was no part of the original religion
264




DIONYSUS.                                DIOPHANTUS.
of Greece, and his mystic worship is compara- ades, Mimallones, Clodones, Bassare or Bastively of late origin. In Homer he does not sarides, all of whom are represented in works
appear as one of the great divinities, and the of art as raging with madness or enthusiasm,
story of his birth by Jupiter (Zeus) and the Bac- in vehement motions, their heads thrown backchic orgies are not alluded to in any way; Dio- ward, with dishevelled hair, and carrying in
nysus (Bacchus) is there simply described as their hands thyrsus-staffs (entwined with ivy,
the god who teaches man the preparation of and headed with pine-cones), cymbals, swords,
wine, whence he is called the " drunken god" or serpents. Sileni, Pans, satyrs, centaurs, and
(/tatv6/aevog), and the sober king Lycurgus will other beings of a like kind, are also the constant
not, for this reason, tolerate him in his king- companions of the god. The temples and statdom.   (Hornm., II., vi., 132; Od., xviii., 406; ues of Dionysus (Bacchus) were very numerous
comp. xi., 325.) As the cultivation of the vine in the ancient world. The animal most comrnspread in Greece, the worship of Dionysus (Bac- monly sacrificed to him was the ram. Among
chus) likewise spread further; the mystic wor- the things sacred to him, we may notice the
ship was developed by the Orphici, though it vine, ivy, laurel, and asphodel; the dolphin,
probably originated in the transfer of Phrygian serpent, tiger, lynx, panther, and ass; but he
and Lydian modes of worship to that of Diony- hated the sight of an owl. In later works of
sus (Bacchus). After the time of Alexander's art he appears in four different forms: 1. As an
expedition to India, the celebration of the Bac- infant handed over by Mercury (Hermes) to his
chic festivals assumed more and more their wild nurses, or fondled and played with by satyrs
and dissolute character. As far as the nature and Bacchae. 2. As a manly god with a beard,
and origin of the god Dionysus(Bacchus) are con- commonly called the Indian Bacchus. He there
cerned, he appears in all traditions as the rep- appears in the character of a wise and dignified
resentative of the productive, overflowing, and Oriental monarch; his beard is long and soft,
intoxicating power of nature, which carries man and his Lydian robes (paacuipa) are long and
away from his usual quiet and sober mode of richly folded.  3. The youthful or so-called
living. Wine is the most natural and appropri- Theban Bacchus was carried to ideal beauty by
ate symbol of that power, and it is therefore Praxiteles. The form of his body is manly and
called "the fruit of Dionysus." Dionysus (Bac- with strong outlines, but still approaches to the
chus) is, therefore, the god of wine, the inventor female form by its softness and roundness.
and teacher of its cultivation, the giver of joy, The expression of the countenance is languid,
and the disperser of grief and sorrow. As the and shows a kind of dreamy longing; the head,
god of wine, he is also both an inspired and an with a diadem, or a wreath of vine or ivy, leans
inspiring god, that is, a god who has the power somewhat on one side; his attitude is easy,
of revealing the future to man by oracles. like that of a man who is absorbed in sweet
Thus it is said that he had as great a share in thoughts, or slightly intoxicated. He is often
the Delphic oracle as Apollo, and he himself seen leaning on his companions, or riding on a
had an oracle in Thrace. Now, as prophetic panther, ass, tiger, or lion. The finest statue
power is always combined with the healing art, of this kind is in the villa Ludovisi. 4. Bacchus
Dionysus (Bacchus) is, like Apollo, called iarp6y, with horns, either those of a ram or of a bull.
or iyLtar7-C, and is hence invoked as a  OEf aCre-p This representation occurs chiefly on coins, but
against raging diseases. The notion of his never in statues.
being the cultivator and protector of the vine  DIOPHaNES (Atooe6v7r). 1. Of Mytilene, a diswas easily extended to that of his being the tinguished Greek rhetorician. came to Rome,
protector of trees in general, which is alluded where he instructed Tiberius Gracchus, and beto in various epithets and surnames given him  came his intimate friend. After the murder of
by the poets of antiquity, and he thus comes into Gracchus, Diophanes was also put to death.close connection with Ceres (Demeter). This 2. Of Nicaea, in Bithynia, in the first century
character is still further developed in the notion B.C., abridged the agricultural work of Cassius
of his being the promoter of civilization, a law- Dionysius for the use of King Deiotarus.
giver, and a lover of peace. As the Greek dra-  DIOPHANTUS (AtL6avTof). 1. An Attic orator
ma had grown out of the dithyrambic choruses and contemporary of Demosthenes, with whore
at the festivals of Dionysus (Bacchus), he was he opposed the Macedonian party.-2. Of Alexalso regarded as the god of tragic art, and as andrea, the only Greek writer on Algebra. His
the protector of theatres. The orgiastic wor- period is unknown; but he probably ought not
ship of Dionysus (Bacchus) seems to have been to be placed before the end of the fifth century
first established in Thrace, and to have thence of our era. He wrote Arithrmetica in thirteen
spread southward to Mounts Helicon and Par- books, of which only six are extant, and one
nassus, to Thebes, Naxos, and throughout book, De 1Mudtangulis Numeris, on polygonal
Greece, Sicily, and Italy, though some writers numbers. These books contain a system of
derived it fromEgypt. Respecting his festivals reasoning on numbers by the aid of general
and the mode of their celebration, and especially symbols, and with some use of symbols of operthe introduction and suppression of his worship ation; so that, though the demonstrations are
at Rome, rid. Dict. of Ant., art. DIONYSIA. In very much conducted in words at length, and
the earliest times the Graces or Charites were arranged so as to remind us of Euclid, there is
the companions of Dionysus (Bacchus). This no question that the work is algebraical: not a
circumstance points out the great change which treatise on algebra, but an algebraical treatise
took place in the course of time in the mode of on the relations of integer numbers, and on the,his worship, for afterward wxev find him accom- solution of equations of more than one variable
panied in his expeditions and travels by Bac- in integers. Editions by Bachet de Meziriac,
chantic women, called Lenm, Mntades, Thyi- Paris, 162!, anid by Fermat, Toulouse, 1670, fol.
265




DIOPITHES.                                DIOSCURI.
DIOPITHES (Ato07Et'C).  1. A half-fanatic, (Zeus), and Castor was the son of Tyndareus.
half-impostor, who made at Athens an appar- Hence Pollux was immortal, while Castor was
ently thriving trade of oracles: he was much subject to old age and death like every other
satirized by the comic poets.-2. An Athenian mortal. They were born, according to differgeneral, father of the poet Menander, was sent ent traditions, at different places, such as Amyout to the Thracian Chersonesus about B.C. clue, Mount Taygetus, the island of Pephnos,or
344, at the head of a body of Athenian settlers Thalamae.  The fabulous life of the Dioscuri
or 2tnpOVXOot. In the Chersonese he became is marked by three great events. 1. Their exinvolved in disputes with the Cardians, who pedition against Athens.  Theseus had carried
were supported by Philip. The latter sent a off their sister Helen from Sparta, and kept her
letter ofremonstance to Athens, and Diopithes in confinement at Aphidnae, under the superinwas arraigned by the Macedonian party, but tendence of his mother XEthra. While Theswas defended by Demosthenes in the oration, eus was absent from Attica, the Dioscuri marchstill extant, on the Chersonese, B.C. 341, in ed into Attica, and ravaged the country round
consequence of which he was permitted to re- the city. Academus revealed to them that
tain his command.                         Helen was kept at Aphidnae; the Dioscuri took
[DIORES (Atl3pnS), son of Amarynceus, leader the place by assault, carried away their sister
of the Epei before Troy; slain by Pirus.-2. Helen, and made LEthra their prisoner. 2.
Father of Automedon, who was the armor- Their part in the expedition of the Argonauts, as
bearer of Achilles.-3. Son of Priam, brother they had before taken part in the Calydonian
of Amycus, slain with his brother in Italy by hunt. During the voyage of the Argonauts, it
Turnus.-4. A Trojan, companion of.Eneas, once happened that when the heroes were degained one of the prizes in the funeral games tained by a vehement storm, and Orpheus
in honor of Anchises.]                    prayed to the Samothracian gods, the storm
DIOSCORIDIS INSULA (AtlOCKpi6ov vcrof: now  suddenly subsided, and stars appeared on the
Socotra), an island off the southern coast of heads of the Dioscuri. On their arrival in the
Arabia, near the Promontory Syagrus. The country of the Bebryces, Pollux fought against
island itself was marshy and unproductive, but Amycus, the gigantic son of Neptune (Poseiit was a great commercial emporium; and the don), and conquered him. During the Argonorthern part of the island was inhabited by nautic expedition they founded the town of
Arabian, Egyptian, and Greek merchants.   Dioscurias.  3. Their battle with the sons of
DIOSCORIDES (AtOoaCopiGdf). 1. A disciple of Aphareus. Once the Dioscuri, in conjunction
Isocrates, and a Greek grammarian, wrote upon with Idas and Lynceus, the sons of Aphareus,
Homer.-2. The author of 39 epigrams in the had carried away a herd of oxen from Arcadia.
Greek Anthology, seems to have lived in Egypt Idas appropriated the herd to himself, and drove
about the time of Ptolemy Euergetes.-3. PE- it to his home in Messene. The Dioscuri then
DACIUS or PEDANIUS, of Anazarba in Cilicia, a invaded Messene, drove away the cattle of
Greek physician, probably lived in the second which they had been deprived, and much more
century of the Christian era. He has left be- in addition. Hence arose a war between the
hind him a Treatise on Materia Medica (leJpi Dioscuri and the sons of Aphareus, which was
T2Vfg'IarptKail), in five books, a work of great carried on in'Messene or Laconia. Castor, the
labor and research, and which for many ages mortal, fell by the hands of Idas, but Pollux
was received as a standard production. It con- slew Lynceus, and Jupiter (Zeus) killed Idas
sists of a description of all the articles then by a flash of lightning. Pollux then returned
used in medicine, with an account of their sup- to his brother, whom he found breathing his
posed virtues. The other works extant under last, and he prayed to Jupiter (Zeus) to be perthe name of Dioscorides are probably spurious. mitted to die with him.  Jupiter (Zeus) gave
The best edition is by Sprengel, Lips., 1829, him the option either to live as his -immortal
1830, 2 vols. 8vo.-4. Surnamed PHACAS on ac- son in Olympus, or to share his brother's fate,
count of the moles or freckles on his face, prob- and to live alternately one day under the earth,
ably lived in the first century B.C.      and the other in the heavenly abodes of the
DIosCURI (AL6OKovpot), that is, sons of Jupiter gods. According to a different form of the
(Zeus), the well-known heroes CASTOR (Kda- story, Jupiter (Zeus) rewarded the attachment
rup) and POLLUX or Polydeuces (HIoAv6ev/cj). of the two brothers by placing them among the
The two brothers were sometimes called CAST6- stars as Gemini. These heroic youths received
RES by the Romans. According to Homer, they divine honors at Sparta. Their worship spread
were the sons of Leda and Tyndareus, king of from Peloponnesus over Greece, Sicily, and
Lacedemon, and consequently brothers of Hel- Italy. Their principal characteristic was that
en. Hence they are often called by the patro- of Reol awrvpef, that is, mighty helpers of man,
nymic Tynddrdce. Castor was famous for his whence they were sometimes called acvaKef or
skill in taming and managing horses, and Pol- ovaKrer.  They were worshipped more espebux for his skill in boxing. Both had disap- cially as the protectors of travellers by sea, for
peared from the earth before the Greeks went Neptune (Poseidon) had rewarded their brotheragainst Troy. Although they were buried, says ly love by giving them power over winds and
-Homer, yet they came to life every other day, waves, that they might assist the shipwrecked
and they enjoyed honors like those of the gods. (fratres Helenae, lucida sidera, Hor., Carm., i.,
According to other traditions, both were the 3). Whenever they appeared they were seen
sons of Jupiter (Zeus) and Leda, and were born riding on magnificent white steeds. They were
at the same time with their sister Helen out of regarded as presidents of the public games.
an egg. Vid. LEDA. According to others, again, They were further believed to have invented
Pollux and Helen only were children of Jupiter the war-dance and warlike music, and poets
266




DIOSCURIAS.                                DODONA.
and bards were favored by them.  Owing to mentioned together, flourished about B.C. 560.
their warlike character, it was customary at They were natives of Crete, whence they went
Sparta for the two kings, whenever they went to Sicyon, which was for a long time the chief
to war, to be accompanied by symbolic repre- seat of Grecian art. Their disciples were Tecsentations of the Dioscuri (66Kava). Respecting taeus and Angelion, Learchus of Rhegium, Dorytheir festivals, vid. Diet. of Ant., arts. ANACEIA, clidas and his brother Medon, Dontas, and TheDIOSCURIA. Their usual representation in works oles, who were all four Lacedeemonians. Diof art is that of two youthful horsemen with pcenus and Scyllis are sometimes called sons of
egg-shaped helmets, crowned with stars, and Daedalus, by which we are only to understand
with spears in their hands. At Rome, the wor- that they belonged to the Dedalian style of art.
ship of the Dioscuri was introduced at an early  Vid. DIEDALUS.
time. They were believed to have assisted   Din, a name oftheFuriae. Vid. EUMENIDES.
the Romans against the Latins in the battle of  DIRCE (AipiCn), daughter of Helios and wife
Lake Regillus; and the dictator, A. Postumius of Lycus. Her story is related under AnPHION.
Albinus, during the battle vowed a temple to  [DIREorDfEREf(AVeIp). Vid.BERENICE, NO. 4.]
them. It was erected in the Forum, on the   DIRPHYS (Aiipov), a mountain in Eubcea.
spot where they had been seen after the battle,  Dis, contracted from Dives, a name someopposite the temple of Vesta. It was conse- times given to Pluto, and hence also to the lowcrated on the 15th of July, the anniversary of er world.
the battle of Regillus. The equites regarded  DiuM (Alov: AteDv, Atlaiar). 1. An important
the Dioscuri as their patrons. From the year town in Macedonia, on the Thermaic Gulf, so
B.C. 305, the equites went every year, on the called after a temple of Jupiter (Zeus). Here
15th of July, in a magnificent procession on were placed the equestrian statues by Lysippus
horseback, from the temple of Mars through of the Macedonians who had fallen at the battle
the main streets of the city, across the Forum, of the Granicus.-2. A town in Chalcidice in
and by the ancient temple of the Dioscuri.  Macedonia, on the Strymonic Gulf.-3. A town
DIosCURIAS (AtOCKovpit: ALofiovpIEVT: now  in Eubcea, not far from the promontory Cenaeum.
Iskuria or Isgaur), an important town in Col-  DIvico, the leader of the Helvetians in the
chis, on the River Anthemus, northwest of the war against L. Cassius in B.C. 107, was at the
Phasis, founded by the Milesians, was a great head of the embassy sent to Julius Caesar, nearemporium for all the surrounding people: under ly fifty years later, B.C. 58, when he was prethe Romans it was called Sebastopolis.    paring to attack the Helvetians.
DIos-HIERON(Atl'Ilp6v: Atogtepirg), a small  DIVITIXCUS, an.Eduan noble and brother of
town on the coast of Ionia, between Lebedus Dumnorix, was a warm adherent of the Romans
and Colophon.                             and of Caesar, who, in consideration of his enDIOSPOLIS (At6~ro2tG: AtogroftiTyf)-. 1D. treaties, pardoned the treason of Dumnorix in
MAGNA, the later name of Thebes in Egypt. B.C. 58. In the same year he took the most
Vid. THEBIE.-2. D. PARVA, called by Pliny Jo- prominent part among the Gallic chiefs in revis Oppidum, the capital of the Nomos Diospo- questing Caesar's aid against Ariovistus; he
lites in Upper Egypt. -3. A town in Lower had some time before gone even to Rome to ask
Egypt, in the Delta, near Mendes, in the midst the senate for their interference, but without
of marshes.-4. (Now Ludd, Lydd), the name success. During this visit he was the guest of
given by the Greek and Roman writers to the Cicero.
LYDDA of the Scriptures.-5. A town in Pontus,  DIvoDURUM (now Metz), subsequently Mediooriginally called CABIRA.                 matrici, and still later Metis or Mettis, the capiDiovis, an ancient Italian (Umbrian) name of tal of the Mediomatrici in Gallia Belgica.
Jupiter.                                    DIV6NA. Vid. CADURCI.
DIPHILUS (Ai[tL1of), one of the principal Athe-  DIYLLUS (Aivlog), an Athenian, who wrote a
nian comic poets of the new comedy, and a con- history of Greece and Sicily in twenty-six or
temporary of Menander and Philemon, was a twenty-seven books, from the seizure of the
native of Sinope. He is said to have exhibited Delphic temple by Philomelus. The exact peone hundred plays. Though, in point of time, riod at which he flourished can not be ascertainDiphilus belonged to the new comedy, his poetry ed, but he belongs to the age of the Ptolemies.
seems to have had more of the character of the  DOBERUS (A66?pof), a town in Paeonia in Mamiddle. This is shown, among other indica- cedonia, east of the River Echedorus.
tions, by the frequency with which he chose  DOCMIA or DoCIMEUM (AoK/uia, AoeKilov: Aomythological subjects for his plays, and by his Kcqle f, AoKiLt]v6O), a town in Phrygia, not far
ringing on the stage the poets Archilochus, from Synnada: in its neighborhood were celeHipponax, and Sappho.  The Roman comic brated marble quarries.
poets borrowed largely from Diphilus.  The  DODONA (Aw(dvn), the most ancient oracle in
Casina, of Plautus is a translation of his K2lpov- Greece, was situated in Epirus, and probably at
#evot. His 2;vvairTO6vj7KovTre was translated by the southeastern extremity of the Lake of JoanPlautus in the lost play of the Commorientes, and nina, near Kastritza. It was founded by the Pewas partly followed by Terence in his Adelphi. lasgians, and was dedicated to Jupiter (Zeus).
The Rudens of Plautus is also a translation of The responses of the oracle were given from
a play of Diphilus, but the title of the Greek lofty oaks or beech trees, probably from a grove
play is not known. [The fragments of Diphilus consisting of these trees. The will of the god
are edited by Meineke, Fragre. Comic. Grcc., was declared by the wind rustling through the
vol. ii., p, 1066-96, edit, minor.]      trees; and, in order to render the sounds more
DIPCEus and SCYLLIS (Arinotvogf ail ZKidV2C), distinct, brazen vessels were suspended on the
Tver ancient Greek statuaries, who are always branches of the trees, which, being set in motion
267




DOLABELLA, CORNELIUS.                           DOMITIANUS.
by the wind, came in contact with one another. western slope of Olympus.-3. A town in CornThese sounds were in early times interpreted magene, between Zeugma and Germanicia, also
by men, but afterward, when the worship of called Dolichene, celebrated for the worship of
Dione became connected with that of Jupiter Jupiter.-4. Or Dulichium. Vid. ECHINADES.
(Zeus), by two or three aged women, who were  DOLICHISTE (AoXltXiar: now Kakava), an islcalled reee^id6ef or 7reiatat, because pigeons and off the coast of Lycia, opposite the promwere said to have brought the command to found ontory Chimeera.
the oracle. There were, however, also priests,  DOLIONES (AoioveS), a Pelasgic people in
called Selli or Helli, who had the management Mysia, who dwelt between the rivers AEsepus
of the temple. The oracle of Dodona had less and Rhyndacus, and in the-neighborhood of Cyzinfluence in historical times than in the heroic icus, which was called after them Dolionis.
age. It was chiefly consulted by the neighbor-  DOLON (AoX;v), a Trojan, sent by night to spy
ing tribes, the _Etolians, Acarnanians, and Epi- the Grecian camp, was taken prisoner by Ulysrots, and by those who would not go to Delphi ses and Diomedes, compelled to give intellion account of its partiality for the Dorians. In gence respecting the Trojans, and then slain by
B.C. 219, the temple was destroyed by the Eto- Diomedes. The tenth book of the Iliad was
hians, and the sacred oaks cut down. But the therefore called Aooverta or AoXovopoovia.
town continued to exist, and we hear of a bishop  DOLONCI (Ao;oytcot), a Thracian people in the
of Dodona in the council of Ephesus.      Thracian Chersonesus. Vid. MILTIADES.
DOLABELLA, CORNELIUS. 1. P., consul B.C.  DOLOPES (tA6Xore), a powerful people in
283, conquered the Senones.-2. CN., curule Thessaly, dwelt on the Enipeus, and fought beawdile 165, in which year he and his colleague, fore Troy. (Hom., II., ix., 484.) At a later
Sextus Julius Caesar, had the Hecyra of Terence time they dwelt at the foot of Mount Pindus;
performed at the festival of the Megalesia. In and their country, called DOLOPIA (Ao2o7ria),
159 he was consul.-3. CN., a partisan of Sulla, was reckoned part of Epirus.
by whom he was made consul, 81. He after-   DOMITIA. 1. Sister of Cn. Domitius Ahenoward received Macedonia for his province. In barbus (vid. AHENOBARBUS, No. 10), and conse77 he was accused by the young Julius Caesar quently an aunt of the Emperor Nero. She was
of having, been guilty of extortion in his prov- the wife of Crispus Passienus, and was murince, but he was acquitted.-4. CN., praetor ur- dered in her old age by Nero, who wished to get
banus 81, when the cause of P. Quintius was possession of her property.-2. LEPYDA, sister of
tried: Cicero charges him with having acted on the preceding, wife of M. Valerius Messala Barthat occasion unjustly. The year after he had batus, and mother of Messalina, was put to
Cilicia for his province; C. Malleolus was his death by Claudius at the instigation of Agripquestor, and the notorious Verres his legate. pina.-3. LONGINA, daughter of Domitius CorDolabella not only tolerated the extortions and bulo, was first married to L. Lamia.Emilianus,
robberies committed by them, but shared in and afterward to the Emperor Domitian.  In
their booty. On his return to Rome, Dolabella consequence of her adulterous intercourse with
was accused by M..Emilius Scaurus of extor- Paris, an actor, Domitian repudiated her, but
tion in his province, and on that occasion Verres was afterward reconciled to her.  She was
deserted his accomplice and furnished the accus- privy to Domitian's murder.
er with all the necessary information. Dola-  DOMITIA GENS, plebeian, was divided into the
bella was condemned, and went into exile.- two illustrious families of AHENOBARBUS and
5. P., the son-in-law of Cicero, whose daughter CALvINUS.
Tullia he married after divorcing his wife Fabia,  DOMITIANUS, or, with his full name, T. FLAVIUS
51. He was one of the most profligate men of DOMITIANUS AUGUSTUS, Roman emperor A.D.
his age, and his conduct caused Cicero great 81-96, was the younger son of Vespasian, and
uneasiness. On the breaking out of the civil was born at Rome A.D. 51. WhenVespasian
war he joined Caesar, and fought on his side at was proclaimed emperor by the legions in the
the battle of Pharsalia (48), in Africa (46), and East (69), Domitian, who was then at Rome,
in Spain (45). iaesar raised him to the consul- narrowly escaped being murdered by Vitellius,
ship in 44, notwithstanding the opposition of and concealed himself until the victory of his
Antony. After the murder of Caesar, he forth- father's party was decided. After the fall of
with joined the assassins of his benefactor; but Vitellius, Domitian was proclaimed Caesar, and
when Antony gave him the province of Syria, obtained the government of the city till the rewith the command against the Parthians, all his turn of his father. In this short time he gave
republican enthusiasm disappeared at once. On full proofs of his sanguinary and licentious temhis way to his province he plundered the cities per. Vespasian intrusted Domitian with no
of Greece and Asia Minor, and at Smyrna he public affairs, and during the ten years of his
murdered Trebonius, who had been appointed reign (69-79), Domitian lived as a private perby the senate proconsul of Asia. When his son on an estate near the Alban Mount, surproceedings became known at Rome, he was rounded by a number of courtesans, and devotdeclared a public enemy; and Cassius, who had ing a great part of his time to the composition
received Syria from the senate, marched against of poetry and the recitation of his productions.
him. Dolabella threw himself into Laodicea, During the reign of his brother Titus (79-81)
which was besieged by Cassius, who at length he was also not allowed to take any part in pubsucceeded in taking it. Dolabella, in order not lie affairs. On the death of Titus (81), which
to fall into the hands of his enemies, ordered was in all probability the work of Domitian, he
one of his soldiers to kill him, 43.      was proclaimed emperor by the soldiers. DurDOLCHEa (ao^iXl ). 1. The ancient name of ing the first few years of his reign he kept a
the island Icarus.-2. Atown in Thessaly, on the strict superintendence over the governors of
268




DOMITIUS AFER.                                 DORIS.
provinces, enacted several useful laws, endeav- has been usually published in the form of two
ored to correct the licentious conduct of the separate tracts: 1. Ars s. Editio Prima, de litehigher classes; and though he indulged him-  is, syllabis, pedibus, et tonis; 2. Editio Secunda,
self in strange passions, his government was de octo partibus orationis; to which are conmuch better than had been expected. But his monly annexed De barbarismo, De solccismo, De
conduct was soon changed for the worse. His ceteris vitiis; De metaplasmo; De schematibus
wars were mostly unfortunate; and his want De tropis; but in the recent edition of Lindeof success both wounded his vanity and excited mann (in Corpus Gramm. Latin., Lips., 1831)
his fears, and thus led him to delight in the mis- these are all combined under one general title,
fortunes and sufferings of others. In 83 he un- Donati Ars Grammatica tribus libris comprehensa.
dertook an expedition against the Chatti, which We also possess introductions (enarrationes) and
was attended with no result, though on his re- scholia, by Donatus, to five out of the six plays
turn to Rome in the following year he celebra- of Terence, those to the Heautontimorumenos
ted a triumph, and assumed the name of Ger- having been lost. They are attached to all commanicus. In 85, Agricola, whose success and plete editions of Terence.-2. TIBERIUS CLAUmerits excited his jealousy, was recalled to DIUS, the author of a life of Virgil in twenty-five
Rome. Vid. AGRICOLA. From 86 to 90 he had chapters, prefixed to many editions of Virgil.
to carry on war with Decebalus and the Daci- Nothing is known with regard to this Donatus;
ans, who defeated the Roman armies, and at but it has been conjectured that some grammalength compelled Domitian to purchase peace rian, who flourished about the commencement
on very humiliating terms.  Vid. DECEBALUS. of the fifth century, may have drawn up a biIt was after the Dacian war especially that he ography which formed the ground-work of the
gave full sway to his cruelty and tyranny. No piece we now possess.
man of distinction was safe unless he would  DONUSA or DONUSIA (Aovovoia: AovoVoLtof:
degrade himself to flatter the tyrant. The silent now Stenosa), one of the smaller Sporades in
fear which prevailed in Rome and Italy during the Egean Sea, south of Naxos, subject to the
the latter years of Domitian's reign are briefly Rhodians in early times. It produced green
but energetically described by Tacitus in the marble, whence Virgil (YEn., iii., 125) calls the
introduction to his Life of Agricola, and his vices island viridis. Under the Roman emperors it
and tyranny are exposed in the strongest colors was used as a place of banishment.
by the withering satire of Juvenal. All the  DORA, DORUS, DORUM (re Ahpa, Aipor: Awphilosophers who lived at Rome were expelled. pirtr), called DOR in the Old Testament, the
Christian writers attribute to him a persecution most southerly town of Phoenicia on the coast,
of the Christians likewise, but there is some on a kind of peninsula at the foot of Mount
doubt upon the matter; and the belief seems Carmel. It was an ancient town, formerly the
to have arisen from the strictness with which residence of a Canaanitish king, and afterward
he exacted the tribute from the Jews, and which belonged to the tribe of Manasseh. Under the
may have caused much suffering to the Chris- Seleucide it was a strong fortress, and was intians also. Many conspiracies had been formed eluded in Cele-Syria. It subsequently fell into
against his life, but had been discovered. At decay, but was restored and again made a fortilength three officers of his court, Parthenius, fled place by the Roman general Gabinius.
Sigerius, and Entellus, whom Domitian intended  DORIEUS (ArupieV). 1. Eldest son ofAnaxanto put to death, assisted by Domitia, the emper- drides, king of Sparta, by his first wife, was,
or's wife, had him murdered by Stephanus, a however, born after the son of the second marfreedman, on the 18th of September, 96.   riage, Cleomenes, and therefore excluded from
DOMITIUS AFER. Vid. AFER.               theimmediate succession. Vid.ANAXANDRIDES.
DOMITIUS CORBULO. Vid. CORBULO.         On the accession of Cleomenes to the throne,
DOMITIYUS MARSUS. Vid. MARSUS.          Dorieus left Sparta to establish for himself a
DOMiTIUS ULPIANUS. Vid. ULPIANUS.       kingdom elsewhere. He led his colony first to
DOMNA, JULIA, of Emesa, was born of humble Libya; but, driven away thence, he passed over
parents, and married the Emperor Septimius to Eryx in Sicily, where he fell in a battle with
Severus when he was in a private station. She the Egesteeans and Carthaginians, about B.C.
was beautiful and profligate, but, at the same 508.-2. Son of Diagoras of Rhodes (vid. DIAGtime, gifted with strong powers of mind, and oRAs), was celebrated for his victories in all the
fond of literature and of the society of literary great Grecian games. He settled in Thurii,
men. She had great influence over her hus- and from this place, after the defeat of the Atheband, and after his death was intrusted by her nians at Syracuse, he led thirty galleys to the
son Caracalla with the administration of the aid of the Spartan cause in Greece, B.C. 412.
most important affairs of state. After the mur- He continued to take an active part in the war
der of Caracalla, she was at first kindly treated till 407, when he was captured by the Atheby Macrinus; but, having incurred the suspi- nians; but the people, in admiration of his athcions of Macrinus, and being commanded to letic size and noble beauty, dismissed him withquit Antioch, she put an end to her own life by out so much as exacting a ransom. He is said
voluntary starvation, A.D. 217.           at a later time to have been put to death by the
DONATUS. 1. A celebrated grammarian, who Spartans.
taught at Rome in the middle of the fourth cen-  DORIS (Aupif). 1. Daughter of Oceanus and
tury, and was the preceptor of Saint Jerome. Tethys, wife of her brother Nereus, and mother
His most famous work is a system of Latin of the Nereides. The Latin poets sometimes
Grammar, which has formed the ground-work use the name of this divinity for the sea itself.
of most elementary treatises upon the same sub- (Virg., Eclog., x., 5.)-2. One of the Nereides,
ject, from his own time to the present day. It daughter of the preceding.-[3. Born at Locri,
269




DORIS.                                   DRACON.
daughter of Xenetus, wife of Dionysius the elder,  DORso, C. FABIUS, greatly distinguished himand mother of the younger Dionysius of Syra- self when the Capitol was besieged by the Gauls,
cuse.]                                    B.C. 390. The Fabian gens was accustomed
DORIS (AdPtC). 1. A small and mountainous to celebrate a sacrifice at a fixed time on the
country in Greece, formerlycalledDRYSPIs (Apv- Quirinal Hill, and, accordingly, at the appointed
orric), was bounded by Thessaly on the north, time, C. Dorso, who was then a young man, deby AEtolia on the west, by Locris on the south, scended from the Capitol, carrying the sacred
and by Phocis on the east. It contained four things in his hands, passed in safety through
towns, Boum, Citinium, Erineus, and Pindus, the enemy's posts, and, after performing the
which formed the Dorian tetrapolis.  These sacrifice, returned in safety to the Capitol.
towns never attained any consequence, and in  DoRvs (ASpog), the mythical ancestor of the
the time of the Romans were in ruins; but the Dorians, is described either as a son of Hellen
country is of importance as the home of the by the nymph Orseis, and a brother of Xuthus
Dorians (AOperzi: Dores), one of the great Hel- and AEolus, or as a son of Apollo and Phthia,
lenic races, who claimed descent from the myth- and a brother of Laodocus and Polypretes.
ical Dorus. Vid. DoRus. The Dorians, how-   [DORYCLUS (A6pVKtc2lO). 1. An illegitimate son
ever, had not always dwelt in this land. He- of Priam, slain by the Telamonian Ajax.-2.
rodotus relates (i., 56) that they first inhabited Brother of Pheneus. king of Thrace, husband
Phthiotis in the time of Deucalion; that next, of Bero8, who is mentioned by Virgil (.En., 5,
under Dorus, they inhabited Histiaeotis, at the 620.)]
foot of Ossa and Olympus; that, expelled from  DORYLZEUM (AopmJ2Laov: Aopvpae'-it: now Eskithence by the Cadmeans, they settled on Mount Shehr), a town in Phrygia Epictetus, on the
Pindus; and that they subsequently took up River Thymbris, with warm baths which are
their abode in Dryopis, afterward called Doris. used at the present day; important under the
Their fifth and last migration was to Pelopon- Romans as the place from which the roads dinesus, which they conquered, according to tra- verged to Pessinus, Iconium, and Apamea.
dition, eighty years after the Trojan war. It  DoSIXDAS (AWcd(idac), of Rhodes, the author
was related that _/Egimius, the'king of the Do- of two poems in the Greek Anthology, the verses
rian~Shad been driven from his dominions by of which are so arranged that each poem prethe Lapithae, but was reinstated by Hercules; sents the profile of an altar.
that the children of Hercules hence took refuge  [DOSITIIEUS (AC&tiOeoS), a Greek historian, of
in this land when they had been expelled from  whom four works are mentioned,;rIue2tKid, AvPeloponnesus; and that it was to restore them  dtaKcd,'IraoiKd, HIIe0oridat.]
to their rights that the Dorians invaded Pelo-  DOSiTHaUs (AuoaieoC), surnamed Magister, a
ponnesus. Accordingly, the conquest of Pelo- Greek grammarian, taught at Rome about A.D.
ponnesus by the Dorians is usually called the 207. He has left behind him a work entitled
Return of the Heraclidae.  Vid. HERACLID E.'Epy/ves2aTra, of which the first and second
The Dorians were divided into three tribes: the books contain a Greek grammar written in Latin,
Hylleis ('T2LAei), Pamphyli (II6pev,2ov), and Dy- and Greek-Latin and Latin-Greek glossaries.
manes (Av,uaver). The first derived their name The third book, which is the most important,
from Hyllus, son of Hercules, the two last from  contains translations from Latin authors into
Pamphylus and Dymas, sons of _Egimius. The Greek, and vice versa, and has been published
Dorians were the ruling class throughout Pelo- separately by B6cking, Bonn, 1832.
ponnesus; the old inhabitants were reduced to  DossENNus FABIUS or DORSENNUS, an ancient
slavery, or became subjects of the Dorians un- Latin comic dramatist, censured by Horace (Ep.,
der the name of Periceci (IIpiOlKoto). Vid. Dict. ii., 1, 173) on account of the exaggerated bufof Antiq., art. PERI(ECI.-2. A district in Asia foonery of his characters. It appears that the
Minor, consisting of the Dorian settlements on name Dossennus (like that of Macchus) was apthe coast of Caria and the neighboring islands. proprinted to one of the standard characters in
Six of these towns formed a league, called the the Atellane farces. Hence some have supDorian hexapolis, consisting of Lindus, Ialysus, posed that Dossennus in Horace is not the name
and Camirus in the island of Rhodes, the island of a real person.
Cos, and Cnidus and Halicarnassus on the main  DTIYUM (ASntOV: A~SrteedC), a town and plain
land. There were also otherDorian settlements in Thessaly, south of Mount Ossa, on the Lake
in the neighborhood, but they were never ad- Bcebeis.
mitted to the league. The members of the    [DoTo (Aur7), one of the Nereids (I., 18,43).]
hexapolis were accustomed to celebrate a fes-  [DoTvs (AdSrot), a leader of the Paphlagotival with games on the Triopian promontory nians in the army of Xerxes, Herod.]
near Cnidus, in honor of the Triopian Apollo;  DRABEscus (Ap6anietoc, also Ap'aaKoc: now
the prizes in those games were brazen tripods, Drama), a town in the district of Edonis in
which the victors had to dedicate in the temple Macedonia, on the Strymon.
of Apollo; and Halicarnassus was struck out  DRAcCNON (Apdicavov), a town and promonof the league because one of her citizens car- tory in the island Icaria.
ried the tripod to his own house instead of leav-  [DRACIUS (ApdiEog), a leader of the Epeans
ing it in the temple. The hexapolis thus be- (early inhabitants of Elis) before Troy.]
came a pentapolis.                          DRACON (Apricwv), the author of the first writDoRiscvs (AopiacocS), a town in Thrace at the ten code of laws at Athens, which were called
mouth of the Hebrus, in the midst of an exten- &leaoli, as distinguished from the v,6ot of Solon.
sive plain of the same name, where Xerxes re- In this code he affixed the penalty of death to
viewed his vast forces.                   almost all crimes-to petty thefts, for instance,
[DOsSENNUS. Vid. DoSSENNUS.]            as well as to sacrilege and murder-which gave
270




DRANCES.                                    DRUSUS.
occasion to the remark that his laws were writ- ia: now Alnerab or Indcrab), a town in the
ten, not in ink, but in blood. We are told that northeast of Bactriana, on the frontiers of Soghe himself defended this extreme harshness by diana.
saying that small offences deserved death, and  DRILE (Aptra), a brave people in Pontus, on
that he knew no severer punishment for great the frontiers of Colchis, near Trapezus.
ones. His legislation is placed in B.C. 621.  DRIL, a river in IIlyricum, flows into the
After the legislation of Solon (594), most of the Adriatic near Lissus.
laws of Dracon fell into disuse; but some of  DROMIICHETES (Apo/altXair7), a king of the
them were still in force at the end of the Pelo- Getae, who took Lysimachus prisoner.  Vid.
ponnesian war, as, for instance, the law which LYSIMACHUS.
permitted the injured husband to slay the adul-  DROMOS A-IILLEUS. Vid. ACHILLEUS DROmaos.
terer, if taken in the act. We are told that  DRUENTIA (now Durance), a large and rapid
Dracon died at iEgina, being smothered by the river in Gallia Narbonensis, rises in the Alps,
number of hats and cloaks showered upon him  and flows into the Rhone near Avenio (now
as a popular mark of honor in the theatre.  Avignon).
[DRANCEs, an Italian, favorite of Latinus, a  DRUNA (now Drdme), a small river in Gallia
persevering opponent of the plans of Turnus.]  Narbonensis, rises in the Alps, and flows into
DRANGIAXNA (Apayytav: now  Sedjestdn), a the Rhone south of Valencia (now Valence).
part of Ariana, was bounded by Gedrosia, Car-  DRUSILLA. 1. LVIA, mother of the Emperor
mania, Arachosia, and Aria.  It sometimes Tiberius and wife of Augustus.  Vid. LIVIA.formed a separate satrapy, but was more usu- 2. Daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, marally united to the satrapies either of Arachosia, ried first to L. Cassius Longinus, and afterward
or of Gedrosia, or of Aria. The chief product to M. _Emilius Lepidus; but she lived in inof the country was tin: the chief river was the cestuous intercourse with her brother Caligula,
Erymanthus or Erymandrus (now Hilmend or whose passion for her exceeded all bounds. On
Hindmend). ~ In the north of the country dwelt her death in A.D. 38, he commanded that she
the DRANGe (Ap(yyat), a warlike people, from  should be worshipped, by the name Panthea,
whom the province derived its name: their with the same honors as Venus.-3. Daughter
capital was Prophthasia. The Zarangae, Sa- of Herodes Agrippa I., king of the Jews, marrangae, or Daranda, who are also mentioned as ried first Azizus, king of Emesa, whom she diinhabitants of the country, are probably only  vorced, and secondly Felix, the procurator of
other forms of the nameDrangTe. TheAriaspm  Judaea.  She was present with her husband
inhabited the southern part of the province. when St. Paul preached before Felix in A.D. 60.
Vid. ARIASPE.                                DRUSUS, the name of a distinguished family
DRAUDiCUM (now Dardasso), a fortress of the of the Livia gens. It is said that one of the
Penestse in Greek Illyria.                 Livii acquired the cognomen Drusus for himDRAVus (now Drave), a tributary of the Dan- self and his descendants by having slain in
ube, rises in the Noric Alps nearAguntum, flows close combat one Drausus, a Gallic chieftain;
through Noricum and Pannonia, and, after re- but this statement deserves little credit.-1. M.
ceiving the Murius (now Muehr), falls into the  Livius DRUsus, tribune of the plebs with C.
Danube east of Mursa (now Esseck).          Gracchus, B.C. 122. He was a staunch adDR.,ECNUM (ApEKcavov), a promontory on the herent of the aristocracy, and after putting his
western side of the island Cos.            veto upon the laws proposed by Gracchus, he
DREPANIUS, LATINUS PACATUS, a friend of brought forward almost the very same measAusonius, and a correspondent of Symmachus, ures, in order to gain popularity for the senate,
delivered a panegyric on the Emperor Theodo- and to impress the people with the belief that
sius, A.D. 391, after the victory of the latter the optimates were their best friends. The sueover Maximus. This panegyric, which is ex- cess of this system earned for him the designatant, is the eleventh in the collection of the tion patronus senatus. Drusus was consul 112,
Panegyrici Veteres.                        obtained Macedonia as his province, and conDREPXNUM (AprTavov: AperravEvf), that is, a quered the Scordisci.-2. M. Livius DRUSUs, son
sickle.  1. Also DREPXNA (ra Aperava), more of No. 1, an eloquent orator, and a man of great
rarely DRiPXNE (now Trapani), a sea-port town  energy and ability.  He was tribune of the
in the northwestern corner of Sicily, so called plebs 91, in the consulship of L. Marcius Philipbecause the land on which it was built was in pus and Sex. Julius Caesar. Although, like his
the form of a sickle. It was founded by the father, he belonged to the aristocratical party,
Carthaginian Hamilcar at the commencement he meditated the most extensive and organic
of the first Punic War, and was one of the chief changes in theRoman state. To conciliate the
naval stations of the Carthaginians. Under the people he renewed several of the measures of
Romans it was an important commercial town. the Gracchi. He proposed and carried laws for
It was here that Anchises died, according to the distribution of corn or for its sale at a low
Virgil.-2. A promontoryin Achaia. Vid. RHIU. price, and for the assignation of public land.
-3. The ancient name of CORCYRA.-4. Also He also gained the support of the Latini and
DREPANE, a town in Bithynia, on the Sinus As- the Socii by promising to secure for them the
tacenus, the birth-place of Helena, mother of Roman citizenship. Thus strengthened, he proConstantine the Great, in whose honor it was posed to transfer the judicia from the equites to
called HELENOPOLIS, and made an important the senate; but, as a compensation to the former
place. In its neighborhood were warm medi- order, he further proposed that the senate, now
cinal baths, which Constantine the Great fre- reduced below the regular number of three hundquently used in the latter part of his life.  red, should be re-enforced by the introduction
DREPSA (Apepa, also "Adpaba, Ad(papa, Apd'ia- of an equal number of new members selected
271




DRUSUS.                                   DRYOPE.
from the equites. This measure proved un- thy life is nigh." On the return of the army
satisfactory to both parties. The Roman pop- to the Rhine, Drusus died in consequence of
ulace also were opposed to the Roman fran- a fracture of his leg, which happened through
ehise being given to the Latins and the Socii. a fall from his horse. Upon receiving tidings
The senate, perceiving the dissatisfaction of all of the dangerous illness of Drusus, Tiberius irnparties, voted that all the laws of Drusus, be- mediately crossed the Alps, and, after travelling
ing carried against the auspices, were null and with extraordinary speed, arrived in time to
void from the beginning. Drusus now began close the eyes of his brother. Tiberius brought
to organize a formidable conspiracy against the the body to Italy: it was burned in the field of
government; but one evening, as he was enter- Mars, and the ashes deposited in the tomb of
ing the hall of his own house, he was stabbed, Augustus.-5. DRUsus CAsAR, commonly called
and died a few hours afterward. The assassin by modern writers DRUsus JUNIOR, was the son
was never discovered, and no attempts were of the Emperor Tiberius by his first wife, Vipmade to discover him. Capio and Philippus sania. He married Livia, the sister of Gerwere both suspected of having suborned the manicus. After the death of Augustus, A.D
crime; but Cicero attributes it to Q. Varius. 14, he was sent into Pannonia to quell the muThe death of Drusus destroyed the hopes of the tiny of the legions. In 15 he was consul, and
Socii, and was thus immediately followed by in 16 he was sent into Illyricum: he succeeded
the SocialWar. —3. Livius DRUSUS CLAUDIANUS, in fomenting dissension among the Germanic
father of Livia, who was the mother of the Em- tribes, and destroyed the power of Maroboduns.
peror Tiberius. He was one of the gens Clau- In 21 he was consul a second time; and in 22
dia, and was adopted by a Livius Drusus. It he received the tribunicia potestas, by which he
was through this adoption that the Drusi be- was pointed out as the intended successor to
came connected with the imperial family. The the empire. But Sejanus, the favorite of Tifather of Livia, after the death of Caesar, es- berius, aspired to the empire. He seduced Livpoused the cause of Brutus and Cassius, and, ia, the wife of Drusus, and persuaded her to beafter the battle of Philippi (42), being proscribed come the murderer of her husband. A poison
by the conquerors, he killed himself in his tent. was administered to Drusus, which terminated
-4. NERO CLAUDIUS DRUSUS, commonly called his life by a lingering disease, that was supby the moderns DRusus SENIOR, to distinguish posed at the time to be the consequence of inhim from No. 5, was the son of Tib. Claudius temperance, A.D. 23.-6. DRvsus, second son
Nero and Livia, and younger brother of the of Germanicus and Agrippina. After the death
Emperor Tiberius. He was born in the house of Drusus, the son of Tiberius (vid. No. 5), Druof Augustus three months after the marriage sus and his elder brother Nero became the heirs
of Livia and Augustus, 38. Drusus, as he grew  to the imperial throne. Sejanus therefore reup, was more liked by the people than was his solved to get rid of them both. He first engaged
brother. His manners were affable, and his Drusus in the plots against his elder brother,
conduct without reproach. He married Anto- which ended in the banishment and death of
nia, the daughter of the triumvir, and his fideli- that prince. Vid. NERO. The turn of Drusus
ty to his wife was a theme of admiration in a came next. He was accused in 30, and conprofligate age. He was greatly trusted by Au- demned to death as an enemy of the state. Tigustus, who employed him in important offices. berius kept him imprisoned for three years, and
He carried on the war against the Germans, then starved him to death, 33.
and penetrated far into the interior of the coun-  DRa-iDES. Vid. NYMPHME.
try. In 12 he drove the Sicambri and their  DRYAS (Aplaf). 1. Son of the Thracian king
allies out of Gaul, crossed the Rhine, then fol- Lycurgus, who is hence called DRYANTIDES.lowed the course of the river down to the ocean, [2. One of the Lapithe, friend of Pirithous (II.,
and subdued the Frisians. It was apparently vi., 130).-3. Son of the Thracian king Lycurduring this campaign that Drusus dug a canal gus, slain by his own father in a fit of phrensy
(Fossa Drusiana) from the Rhine, near Arnheim, brought upon him by Bacchus.]
to the Yssel, near Dosberg; and he made use  DRYMEA or DRYMUS (Apvtaial, Apv/i6': Apvof this canal to sail from the Rhine into the  /tev'e: now Baba?), a town in Phocis, a little
ocean. In his second campaign (11), Drusus south of the Cephisus, was destroyed by
subdued the Usipetes, invaded the country of Xerxes.
the Sicambri, and passed on through the'terri-  [DRYMO, a nymph, a companion of Cyrene.]
tory of the Cherusci as far as the Visurgis (now  DRYgMus (Apvj/f). 1. Vid. DRYMA. -2. A
WVeser). On his return he was attacked by the strong place in Attica, on the frontiers of Beeunited forces of the Germans, and defeated otia.
them with great slaughter. In his third cam-  DRYMUSSA (ApvyoVaaa: Apvyovaaalof), an islpaign (10) he conquered the Chatti and other and in the Hermaean Gulf, off the coast of Ionia,
German tribes; and then returned to Rome, opposite Clazomenae; given by the Romans to
where he'was made consul for the following Clazomense.
year. In his fourth campaign (9), which he  DRYOPE (Apvr0n7), daughter of King Dryops,
carried on as consul, he advanced as far as the and the playmate of the Hamadryades on Mount
Albis (now Elbe), sweeping every thing before CEta. She was beloved by Apollo, who, to gain
him. It is said that he had resolved to cross possession of her, metamorphosed himself into
the Elbe, but was deterred by the apparition of a a tortoise. Dryope took the creature into her
woman of dimensions greater than human, who lap, whereupon the god changed himself into a
said to him in the Latin tongue, "Whither goest serpent. The nymphs fled away in affright,
thou, insatiable Drusus 1 The Fates forbid thee and thus Apollo remained alone with Dryope.
to advance. Away! The end of thy deeds and Soon after she married Andrasmon, but became,
273




DRYOPES.                                   DURIUS.
by Apollo, the mother of AMPHISSUS, who built the sea-fight-thus changed into a land-fight. By
the town of CEta, and a temple to Apollo. Dry- this-means he gained a brilliant victory over the
ope was afterward carried off; bythe Hamadry- Carthaginian fleet near Mylke, and then prosea.es, and became a nymph.                 cuted the war in Sicily with success, relieving
DRYOPES (Aporc), a Pelasgic people, de- Egesta, and taking Macella by assault.. On his
scended from a mythical ancestor Dryops, dwelt return to Rome, Duilius celebrated a splendid
first in Thessaly, from the Spercheus to Parnas- triumph, for it was the first naval victory that
sus, and afterward in Doris, which was called the Romans had ever gained, and the memory
from them DvRYOPIS (Apvoig). Driven out of of it was perpetuated by a column which was
Doris by the Dorians, they migrated to other erected in the forum, and adorned- with the
countries, and settled in Peloponnesus, Euboea, beaks of the conquered ships (Columna Rostrata).
anud Asia Minor.                          It is generally believed that the original inscripDRYaPs (Apiof). 1. Son of the river-god Sper- tion which adorned the basis of the column is
cheus and the Danaid Polydora, or of Lycaon still extant. It was dug out of the ground in
and'Dia, the daughter of 1Lycaon, the mythical the sixteenth century, in a mutilated condition,
ancestor' of the Dryopes.-[2. An illegitimate and it has since often been printed with atson of Priam, slain by Achilles.-3. A compan- tempts at restoration. There are, however, in
ion of. Eneas, slain by Clausus.]         that inscription some orthographical peculiariDRYOS CEPHAXLA (Apvoc Keba'Xai), a' narrow  ties, which suggest that the present inscription
pass of Mount Cithaeron, between Athens and is a later restoration' of the original one. DuPlataec..                                ilius was further rewarded for this victory by
DUBIS (now Doubs), a river in Gaul, risesin being permitted, whenever he returned home
Mount Jurassus (now Jura), flows past Vesontio from a banquet at night, to be accompanied by
(now Besan9on), and falls into the Arar (now  a torch and a flute-player.
Saone) near Cabillonum (now Chalons).       DULGIBINI, a people in Germany, dwelt southDUBRIS'PORTUS (now Dover), a sea-port town east of the Angrivarii, on the western bank of
of the Cantii, in Britain: here was a fortress the Weser.
erected by the Romans against the Saxon pi-  DULICHIUM. Vid. ECHINADES.
rates.' DUMNORIX, a chieftain of the _ldui, conspired
DUCA.s,s MICHAEL, a Byzantine historian, held against the Romans B.C. 58, but was then para high office under Constantine XIII., the last donedby Csesarin consequence of the entreaties
emperor of Constantinople. After the capture of his brother Divitiacus. When Caesar was
of Constantinople A.D. 1453, he fled to Lesbos. going to Britain in 54, he suspected Dumnorix
His history'extends from the death of John VI.too much to leave him behind in Gaul, and he
Palaeologus, 1355, to the capture of Lesbos by insisted, therefore, on his accompanying him.
the Turks, 1462. The work is written in bar- Dumnorix, upon this, fled from the Roman camp
barous Greek, but gives a clear and impartial with the AEduan cavalry, but was overtaken and
account of events.' The best edition is by Bek- slain.
ker, Bonn, 1834.                            DUNIUM. Vid. DUROTRIGES.
DUcgETus (AOvkcetor), a chief of the Sicelians  DURA (rT Aovpa': Aovpyv6o). 1. A town in
or Siceli, the native tribes in the interior of Mesopotamia, on the Euphrates, not far from
Sicily, carried on a formidable war in the mid- Circesium, founded by the Macedonians, and
die of the fifth century B.C. against the Greeks hence surnamed Nicanoris; also called Europus
in the island. Having been at last defeated in (Ebvpsro6) by the Greeks. In the time of Julian
a great battle by the Syracusans, he repaired to it was deserted.-2. (Now Dor), a town in AsSyracuse as a suppliant, and placed himself at syria, on the Tigris.
their'mercy. The Syracusans spared his life,  DURANIUS (now Dordogne), a river in Aquibut sent him into'an honorable exile at Corinth. tania, which falls into the Garumna.
He returned soon afterward to Sicily, and found-  DORIA (now Dora Baltea), a river which rises
ed the city of Calacte. He died about B.C. 440. in the south of the Alps, flows through the counDuILIUS. 1. M., tribune of the plebs B.C. try of the Salassi, bringing gold dust with it, and
471. He was one of the chief leaders of the falls into the Po.
plebeians, and it was on his advice that the  DURIS (Aoptgf), of Samos, the historian, was
plebeians migrated from the Aventine to the a descendant of Alcibiades, and lived in the
Mons Sacer, just before the overthrow' of the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus. He obtained
decemvirs. He was then elected tribune of the the tyranny of his native island, though it is
plebs"a second time, 449.-2. K., one of the de- unknown by what means. He wrote a concemvirs, 450, on whose overthrow he went into siderable number of works, of which the most
voluntary exile.-3. C., consul 260, with Cn. important was a history of Greece, from B.C.
Cornelius Scipio Asina, in the first Punic War. 370 to 281. He does not appear to have enIn this year the Romans built their first fleet, joyed any very great reputation as anI historian
using for their model a Carthaginian vessel among the ancients. His fragments have been
which had been'thrown on the coast of Italy. collected by Hulleman, Duridis Samii quae suThe command of this fleet was given to Scipio, persunt, Traject. ad Rhen., 1841; [and by Miilwho was defeated.by the Carthaginians off Li- ler, Hist. Grec. Fragm., vol. ii., p. 466-488.]para. Thereupon Duilius was intrusted with  DURIUS (AoVptor, ASptor: now Duero, Douro),
the command, and as he perceived the disad- one of the chief rivers of Spain, rises among the
vantages under which the clumsy ships of the Pelendones, at the foot of Mount Idubeda, near
Romans were laboring, he devised the well- Numantia, and flows into the Atlantic; it was
known grappling irons, by means of which the auriferous, and is navigable a long way from itsenemy's ships might be drawn toward his, and mouth.
18                                                           273




DUROBRIVTE.                                 ECBATANA.
DuROBRIvmE (now Rochester), a town of the Hibernia, on the eastern coast, probably answerCantii in Britain.                         ing to the modern Dublin.]
DUROCASIS (now Dreux), a town of the Car-   BORA. 1. Or EBURA CEREALIS, asmall town
nutes in Gallia Lugdunensis.               in Hispania Baetica, perhaps in the neighborDUROCATELAUNI. Vid. CATALAUNI.           hood of the modern Sta Cruz. —2. Surnamed
DUROCORTORUM (now Rheims), the capital of LIBERALITAS JULIA (now Evora), a Roman muthe Remi in Gallia Belgica, and subsequently nicipium in Lusitania.-3. Or EBURA (now S.
called Remi, was a populous and powerful town. Lucar de Barrameda), a'town in Hispania BaetiDURONIA, a town in Samnium in Italy, west ca, near the mouth of the Beetis. —-4. A fortress
of the Caudine passes.                     of the Edetani in Hispania Tarraconensis.
DUROTRIGES, a people in Britain, in Dorset-  EBORAcUM or EBURACUM\ (now York), a town
shire, and the west of Somersetshire: their ofthe.Brigantes in Britain, was made a Roman
chief town was Dunium (now Dorchester).    station by Agricola, and soon became the chief
DUROVERNUM or DARVERNUM (now Canter- Roman settlement in the whole island. It was
bury), a town of the Cantii in Britain, after- both a municipium and a colony. It was the
ward called Cantuaria.                     head-quarters of the sixth legion, and the resiDYARDANES or CEnDANEs (now Brahmaputra), dence of the Roman emperors when they visited
a river in India, falls into the Ganges.on the Britain. Here the emperors Septimius Severus
eastern side.                              and Constantius Chlorus died. iPart of the anDvYMs (A'i a). 1. Son of.Egimius, from  cient Roman walls still exist at York; and
whom, the Dymanes, one of the three tribes of many Roman remains have been found in the
the Dorians, were believed to have derived their modern city.
name.-[2. Father of Asius and of Hecuba,,the  EEBOROLACUM,(now Evreule, on the River Siwife of Priam, lived in Phrygia, on the Sanga- oule), a town in Aquitania.
rius: -Hecuba is hence called Dymantis proles  EBRODUNUM (now Embrun), a town in Gallia
(Ovid. Her.,' xi., 762) and Dymantis (lb., xiii., Narbonensis, in the Cottian Alps.
620).,-3. A Phweacian, whose daughter was an  EBODm or HEBUDE'(now Hebrides), islands in
attendant ofNausicaa.-4. A Trojan, who fought the Western Ocean off Britain.  They were
by the side of Eneas on the night of the capture five in number according to Ptolemy, two called
of Troy; he was killed by his own friends in Ebude, Maleus, Epidium, and Ricina.
mistake for a Greek whose armor he had put'EBURoiXAGUS or HEBROMAGus (near Brain or
on.]                                       Villerazons), a town in Gallia Narbonensis.
DY-ME or DYMvE (A'u7, A-nat: Av/mIaZo, Dy-  EBURONES, a German people-who crossed the
mienus: ruins near Karavostasi), a town in the Rhine and settled in Gallia Belgica, between
west of Achaia, near the' coast; one of the the Rhine and the Mosa,(now'Maas), in a marshy
twelve Achean towns; it founded, along with and woody district. They were dependants
Patroe, the second Achaean league; and was at (clientes) of the Treviri, and were in Cresar's
a later time colonized by the Romans:.    time under the rule of Ambiorix and CativolDYRAs (Aifpar), a small river in Phthiotis in cus. Their insurrection against the Romans,
Thessaly, falls into the Sinus Maliaeus.   B.C. 54, was severely punished by Caesar, and
DYRRHACHIUM (/vpp6Xtov: AvppdXito, Av)5a- from this time they disappear from history.
Xnvof, Dyrrachinus: now Durazzo), formerly   E-BUROVCE.    Vid. AULERcI.
called EPIDAMNUS ('E7r6datvog:'Eirtdd6voC), a,  EBUVUS or EBUfsus (now Iviza), the largest of
town in Greek Illyria, on a peninsula in the the Pityusse Insulae, off the eastern coast of
Adriatic Sea. It was founded by the Corey- Spain,'reckoned by some writers among the
raeans, and received the name Epidamnus; but Baleares. It was celebrated for its excellent
since the Romans considered this name a bad figs.  Its capital, also called Ebusus, was a
omen, as reminding them   of damnum,'they  civitas-fcederata, possessed an excellent harbor,
changed it into Dyrrhachium when they be- was well built, and carried on a considerable
came masters of the country. Under the Ro- trade.
mans it became an important place; it was the  EcBATANA (ra'E/cbdrava, Ion. and Poet.'Ayusual place of landing for persons who crossed 6drava: now ffamadan), a great city, most
over from Brundisium. Commerce and.trade pleasantly situated, near the foot of Mount
were carried on here with great activity, whence Orontes, in the north of Great Media, was the
it is called Taberna'Adrice by Catullus (xxxvi., capital of the Median kingdom, and afterward
15); and here commenced the great Egnatia the summer residence of the Persian and ParVia leading to the East. In the civil war it was thian kings. Its foundation was more ancient
the. head-quarters of Pompey, who kept all his than any historical record: Herodotus ascribes
military stores here. In A.D. 345 it was de- it to Deioces, and Diodorus to Semiramis. It
stroyed by an earthquake.                  had a circuit of two hundred and forty stadia,
DYS6RUM (Ir Airaopov), a mountain in Mace- and.was surrounded by seven walls, each overdonia with gold mines, between Chalcidice and topping the one before it, and crowned with
Odomantice.                                battlements of different colors: these walls no
DYSPONTIUOM (AvIronvrov: Ava7r6vOToc), an an- longer existed in the time of Polybius. The
cient town of Pisatis in Elis, north of the Al- citadel, of great strength, was used as the royal
pheup, was destroyed by the Eleans, whereupon treasury. Below it stood a magnificent palace,
its inhabitants removed to Epidamnus and Apol- the tiles of which were silver, and the capitals,
Ionia.                                     entablatures, and wainscotirgs of silver and
gold; treasures which the Seleucidee coined into
E.                     money, to the' amount of four thousand talents.
[EBLAN-A (E62?ava), a city of the Eblani in The circuit of this place was seven stadia.
274




ECDIPPA.                               ECPHANTIDES.
RIEiC. PA ('EKdt7ra), in the Old Testament (hence called Echidneus canis), of Scylla, of
Achsib, a city of Palestine, on the coast, between Gorgon,' of the Lernuan Hydra (Echidna LerTyre and Ptolemais.]                      ncea), of the eagle which consumed the liver of
EcETRA (Ecetranus), an ancient town of the Prometheus, and of the Nemeanlion. She was
Volsci, and, according to Dionysius, the capital killed in her sleep by Argus Panoptes. Accordof this.people, was destroyed by the Romans at ing to -Hesiod, she lived with Typhon in a
an- early period,                         cave.in the country of the Arimi, but anoth[ECIECLEs ('ExedCaS). 1. Sonof Actor, and er tradition transported her to Scythia, where
husband of Polymela.-:2. Of Ephesus, a Cynic she became by Hercules the mother. of Agaphilosopher, pupil of Theombrotus.]       thyrsus, Gelonus, and Scythes.  (Herod., iv.,.[EcHECLus (EXCe/(oL). 1. Son of Agenor, 8-10.)
slain by Achilles.-2. Another Trojan, men-  ECHINXDES ('EXvda6rC or'ExZvat: now Curtioned in the Iliad, slain by Patroclus.],  zolari), a group, of small islands at, the mouth
[ECHECRATES ('EXeIprp7). 1. Father of Eeti- of the Achelous, belonging to Acarnania'said
on, grandfather of Cypselus, tyrant of Corinth.-  to have been formed by the alluvial deposits of
2. A philosopher, one of the latest of the Pytha- the Achelous.  The legend related that they
gorean school, a pupil of Archytas at Tarentum. were originally nymphs, who dwelt on the main
WThen the Pythagoreans were persecuted in land at the mouth of the Achelous, and that, on
Magna Grecia, he went to Rhegium, and thence one occasion; having forgotten to present any
to Phlius. This is the same as the one men- offerings to the god Achelous when they sactioned in the Phaedon of Plato: by some writers rificed to the other gods, the river-god, in wrath,
he is called a teacher of Plato.]         tore them away from the main land with the.'[cECHECRATIDES ('EXeycpar(3fy). 1. Father of ground on which they were sacrificing, carried
Orestes, king in Thessaly.-2. A Sophist, a them out to sea, and formed them into islands.
friend of Phocion.-3. Of Methymna in Lesbos;  The Echinades appear to have derived their
a peripatetic philosopher, pupil of Aristotle.]  name from their resemblance to the Echinus
EcriHEoRusI('Exfedpoc, in Herod.'Exeilopo), or sea-urchin. The largest of these islands
a small river in Macedonia, rises in Crestonia, was named DULICHIUM (AcOV2XLOv). It is menflows through Mygdonia, and falls into the Ther- tioned by Homer, and from it Meges, son of
maic Gulf.                                Phyleus, went to the Trojan war. At the presECHELIDIE E('Exeudaia:'EXECidTf), an Attic ent day it is united to the main land.
demus' east of Munychia, called after a hero  [ECHINUS ('Excvot: now Achina), a town and
Echelus.                                  promontory in Phthiotis in Thessaly.]
[EcHEMON ('EXu~Wov), a son of Priam, slain by  EcHIoN ('EXt(v). 1. Onre ofthe five surviving
Diomedes.]                                Sparti who had grown up from the dragon's
ECHEMUS ("EEy/of), son of Aeropus and grand- teeth which Cadmus had sown. He married
son of Cepheus, succeeded Lycurgus as king of Agave, by whom he became the father of PenArcadia. In his reign the Dorians invaded Pe- theus: he assisted Cadmus in the building of
loponnesus, and. Echemus. slew, in single com- Thebes.-2. Son of Mercury (Hermes) and Anbat,' yllus, the son of Hercules. In conse- tiania, twin-brother of Erytus or Eurytus, with
quence of this battle, which was fought at the whom he took part in the Calydonian hunt and
Isthmus, the Heraclidae were obliged to promise in the expedition of the Argonauts.-3. A celnot to repeat their attempt upon Peloponnesus ebrated Grecian painter, flourished B.C. 352.
for fifty years.                          One of his most noted pictures was Semiramis
[ECHENEUS ('EXevof, Od.), the oldest of the passing from the state of a handmaid to that of
Pheacian nobles at the court of Alcinous.]  a queen; in this picture the modesty of the new
[ECHEPOLUS ('EX67roWor). 1. A Trojan, son bride was admirably depicted. The picture in
of Thalysius, slain by Antilochus.-2. Son of the Vatican, known as "the Aldobrandini MarAnchises, dwelt in Sicyon; in order to avoid riage," is supposed by some to be a copy from
going against Troy with the Greeks, he sent to the " Bride" of Echion.
Agamemnon the beautiful mare.Ethe.]        ECHO ('Hx),' an Oreade, who, according to
ECHESTRXTUS ('EXETrpaTrO), king of Sparta, the legend related by Ovid, used to keep Juno
son of Agis I., and father of Labotas or Leobotes. engaged by incessantly talking to her while JuECHETLA ('ExfjTRa), a town in Sicily, west of piter was sporting with the nymphs.  Juno,
Syracuse, in the mountains.               however, found out the trick that was played
ECHETUS (CExeroc), a cruel king of Epirus. upon her, and punished Echo by changing her
His daughter, Metope.or Amphissa, who had into an echo, that is, a being with no control
yielded to her lover.Echmodicus, was blinded over its tongue, which is neither able to speak
by her father,,and 2Echmodicus was cruelly mu- before any body else has spoken, nor.to be silent
tilated.                                  when some body else has spoken. Echo in this
-EcHIDNA ("EXldva), daughter of Tartarus and state fell desperately in love with Narcissus;
Terra (Ge), or of Chrysaor and Callirrhoe, or but as her love was not returned, she pined
of Peiras and Styx. The upper part of her body away in grief, so that, in the end,. there remainwas that of a beautiful maiden with black eyes, ed nothing of her but her voice. (Ov., Met.,'while the lower part was that of a serpent, of iii., 356-401.)
a vast size.  She was a horrible and blood-  [ECNOMU  S MoNs (EKavoYoc U6ooc), a mountain,
thirsty monster. She became by Typhon the near Gela, in Sicily, where Phalaris had a castle,
mother of the Chimaera, of the many-headed in which was kept the celebrated brazen bull.]
dog Orthus, of the hundred-headed dragon who  ECPHANTIDES ('EKcavridlj), one of the earliest
guarded the apples of the Hesperides, of the poets of the old Attic comedy, flourished about
Colchian dragon, of the Sphinx, of Cerberus B.C. 460, a little before Cratinus. The mean275




ECPHANTUS.                               ELAGABALUSo
ing of the surname of Karvlac, which was given chium, it passed by Lychnidus, Heraclea, Lyn
to him by his rivals, seems to imply a mixture cestis, Edessa, Thessalonica, Amphipolis, Phiof subtilty and obscurity. He ridiculed the lippi, and, traversing the whole of Thrace, finalrudeness of the old Megaric comedy, and was ly reached Byzantium.
himself ridiculed on the same ground by Cra-  EGNITYI, a family of Samnitec origin, some of
tinus- and Aristophanes. [The few fragments whom settled at Teanum. 1. GELLIU EGNATIof his plays remaining are given in Meineke, us, leader of the Samnites in the third Samnite
Fragm. Comic. Grece., vol. i., p. 6-7, edit. minor.] war, fell in battle against the Romans B.C. 295.
[ECPHANTUS (Y'EcavrTo), ofThasoswas at the -2. MARIUS EGNATIUS, one of the leaders of
head of the party which, in the twenty-third year the Italian allies in the Social War, was killed
of the Peloponnesian war, aided Thrasybulus in in battle, 89.-3. M. EGNATIUS RUFUS, redile 20
gaining Thasos and certain cities of Thrace.]  and pretor 19, was executed in the following
EDESSA or ANTIOCHIA CALLIRRHOE ('Edeaaa, year in consequence of-his having formed a'AvToxeta ~t edr Ka22ipgov, or'A. pfio6ap6apo: conspiracy against thelife of Augustus.-4. P.
in the Old Testament, Ur: now Urfah), a very EGNATIUS CELER. Vid. BAREA.
ancient city in the north of Mesopotamia, the  EIoN ('Hi'v:'Hiovevc: now Contessa or Rencapital of Osroene, and the seat of an independ- dina), a town in Thrace, at the mouth of the
ent kingdom from B.C. 137 to A.D. 216. Vid. Strymon, twenty-five stadia from Amphipolis,
ABGARUS. It stood on the River Scirtus or Bar- of which it was the harbor.' Brasidas, after
desanes, which often inundated and damaged obtaining possession of Amphipolis, attempted
the city. It was here that Caracalla was mur- to seize Eion also, but was prevented by the ardered. Having suffered by an earthquake in rival of Thucydides with an Athenian fleet, B.C.
the reign of Justin I., the city was rebuilt and 424.
named Justinopolis. The Edessa of Strabo is  EiONES ('HIi'vE), a town in Argolis, with a
evidently a different place, namely, the city harbor, subject to Mycenae'in the time of Homer,
usually called Bambyce or Hierapolis.     but not mentioned in later times.
EDIETANI or SEDETANI, a people in Hispania  [EioNEUS ('Htovevr). 1. A Greek, slain by
Tarraconensis, east of the Celtiberi. Their Hector before Troy.-2. A Thracian, father of
chief towns were VALENCIA, SAGUNTUM, CIESAR- Rhesus.-3. Son of Magnes, one, of the suitors
AUGUSTA, and Edeta, also called Liria (now  of Hippodamia.]
Lyria).                                     EL.EA ('E;aia: now Kazlu), an ancient city
EDONI or EDONES ('Hd(ovoi, YHdoCVE), a Thra- on the coast of.Eolis in Asia Minor, said to
cian people, between the Nestus and the Stry- have been founded by Mnestheus, stood twelve
mon. They were celebrated for their orgiastic stadia south of the mouth of the Calcus, and one
worship of Bacchus; whence EDONIS in the hundred and twenty stadia (or sixteen Roman
Latin poets signifies a female Bacchante, and miles) from Pergamus, to which city, in the time
Horace says (Carm., ii., 7, 26), Non ego sanius of the Pergamene kingdom, it served for a harbacchabor Edonis. The poets frequently use bor (8erivetov). It was destroyed by an earthEdoni as synonymous with Thracians.       quake in B.C. 90. The gulf on which it stood,
EETION ('Hertiov). 1. King of the Hypo-Pla- which forms a part of the great Gulf of Adracian Thebe in Cilicia, and father ofAndromache, -myttium, was named after it Sinus Elaiticus
the wife of Hector. He and seven of his sons ('E;ain'T   ic6 Kou7ro, now Gulf of Chandeli).
were slain by Achilles when the latter took; ELUAUS (?E;Xaov~, -orvro7:'Eaatov6alo). 1.
Thebe.-[2. King of Imbros, guest-friend of Or ELEUS ('E3eoor: now Critia), a town on the
Lycaon, whom Achilles had taken prisoner and southeast point of the Thracian Chersonese,
sold; Eetion ransomed him and sent' him to' with a harbor and a heroum of Protesilaus.Arisbe.-3. Father of Cypselus, the tyrant of 2. (Now Mesolonghi), a town in LEtolia, south
Corinth.]                                 of Pleuron.-3. A town in Argolis.-4. A deEGELASTA, a town of the Celtiberi in Hispania mus in Attica, belonging to the tribe HippothoTarraconensis.                            ontis.
EGERIA. Vid. 2EGERIA.                     ELAGABALUS, Roman emperor A.D. 218-222,
EGESTA. Vid. SEGESTA.                   son of Julia Scemias and Varius Marcellus, was
EGNATIA (now Torre d'Anazzo), a town in born at Emesa about 205, and was originally callApulia, on the coast, called GNATIA by Horace ed VARIUS AVITUS BASSIANUS. While almost a
(Sat., i., 5, 97), who speaks of it as Lymphis child, he became, along with his first cousin
(i. e., Nymphis), iratis exstructa, probably on ac- Alexander Severus, priest of Elagabalus, the
count of its bad or deficient supply of water. Syro-Phcenician Sun-god, to whose worship a
It was celebrated for its miraculous stone or temple was dedicated in his native city. It was
altar, which of itself set Qn fire frankincense from this circumstance that he obtained the
and wood; a prodigy which afforded amuse- name Elagabalus, by which he is usually known.
ment to Horace and his friends, who looked He owed his elevation to the purple to the incupon it as a mere trick. Egnatia owed its chief trigues of his grandmother Julia Maesa, who
importance to being situated on the great high circulated the report that Elagabalus was the
road from Rome to Brundisium.  This road offspring o'f a secret commerce between Scemias
reached the sea at Egnatia, and from this town and Caracalla, and induced the troops in Syria
to Brundisium it bore the name of the VIA to' salute him as their sovereign by the title of
EGNATIA. The continuation of this road on the M. AURELIUS ANTONINUS, the 16th of May, 218.
other side of the Adriatic from Dyrrhachium to Macrinus forthwith marched against ElagabaByzantium also bore the name of the Via Egna- lus, but was defeated near Antioch, June 8th,
tia.  It was the great military road between and was shortly afterward put to death. ElaItaly and the east. Commencing at Dyrrha- gabalus was now acknowledged as emperor
276




ELANA.                                    ELEUSIS.
by the senate, and in the following year came seven Pleiades, and lost their brilliancy on seeto Rome. The reign of this prince, who per- ing the destruction of Ilium.-3. Sister of Cadished at the age of eighteen, after having oc- mus, from whom the Electrian gate at Thebes
cupied the throne nearly four years, was char- was said to have received its name. —4. Daughacterized throughout by an accumulation of the ter of Agamemnon and Clyteemnestra, also callmost fantastic folly and superstition, together ed Laodice, sister of Iphigenia and Orestes.
with impurity so bestial that the particulars After the murder of her father by her mother,
almost transcend the limits of credibility. In she saved the life of her young brother Orestes
221 he adopted his first cousin Alexander Se- by sending him, under the protection of a slave,
verus, and proclaimed him Caesar. Having be- to King Strophius at Phanote in Phocis, who had
come jealous of Alexander, he attempted to put the boy educated together with his own son
him to death, but was himself slain, along with Pylades. When Orestes had grown up to manhis mother Soemias, by the soldiers, with whom  hood, Electra excited him to avenge the death
Alexander was a great favorite.            of Agamemnon, and assisted him in slaying
ELiNA. Vid..ELANA.                      their mother, Clytaemnestra.  Vid. ORESTES.:ELnA ('E?.dpa), daughter of Orchomenus or After the death of the latter, Orestes gave her
Minyas, bore to Jupiter (Zeus) the giant Tityus. in marriage to his friend Pylades. The history
Jupiter (Zeus), from fear of Juno (Hera), con- and character of Electra form the subject of the
cealed her under the earth.                " Choephori" of tEschylus, the "Electra" of
[ELXsus (EMacaoc), a Trojan, slain by Patro- Euripides, and the " Electra" of Sophocles.
clus.]                                       ELECTRIDES INSULAE. Vid. ERIDANUS.
ELATEl ('Ed-rta:'Eiarevs). 1. (Ruins near  ELECTRiYON ('HAEKcrpd), son of Perseus and
Elephtha), a town in Phocis, and the most im- Andromeda, king of Mycene, husband of Anaxo,
portant place in the country next to Delphi, was and father of Alcmene, the wife of Amphitryon.
situated near the Cephisus in a fertile valley, For details, rid. AMPHITRYON.
which was an important pass from Thessaly to  ELECTRYONE ('HXelrTPvwjv7). 1. Daughter of
BUeotia. Elatea was thus frequently exposed Helios and Rhodos. -2. A patronymic from
to hostile attacks. It is said to have been Electryon, given to his daughter Alcmene.
founded by Elatus, son of Arcas.-2. A town in  EL6ON ('EXedv), a town in Bceotia, near TaPelasgiotis in Thessaly, near Gonni.-3. Or nagra.
ELATREA, a town in Epirus, near the sources  ELEOS ("Eeoc), the personification of pity or
of'the Cocytus.                            mercy, worshipped by the Athenians alone.
ELATUS ("Egarof). 1. Son of Areas and Le-  ELPHANTINE or ELEPHANTIS ('Ee         71avriv$,
anira, king of Arcadia, husband of Laodice, and'EXeuavril: now Jezirah-el-Zahir or Jezirah-elfather of Stymphalus, XEpytus, Cyllen, and Pe- Assouan), an island in the Nile, with a city of
reus. He resided on Mount Cyllene, and went the same name, opposite to Syene, and seven
from thence to Phocis, where he founded the stadia below the Little Cataract, was the frontown of Elatea.-2. A prince of the Lapithe at tier station of Egypt toward zEthiopia, and was
Larissa in Thessaly, husband of Hippea, and strongly garrisoned under the Persians and the
father of Cweneus and Polyphemus.   He is Romans. The island was extremely fertile, the.sometimes confounded with the Arcadian Ela- vine and the fig-tree never shedding their
tus.-[3. An ally of the Trojans, slain by Aga- leaves: it had also great quarries. Among the
memnon.-4. One of the suitors of Penelope; most remarkable objects in it were the temple
mentioned in the Odyssey.]                 of Cnuphis and a Nilometer; and it is still celELiAER (now Allier), subsequently Elaris or ebrated for the ruins of its rock-hewn temples.
Elauris, a river in Aquitania, a tributary of the  ELEPHANTIS, a Greek poetess under the.early
Liger.                                     Roman emperors, wrote certain amatory works
ELBO ('EX6r6), an island on the coast of the (molles'Elephantidos libelli), which are referred
Delta of Egypt, in the midst of the marshes be- to by Martial and Suetonius.
tween the Phatrntic and the Tanitic mouths of  ELFPHENOR ('Ete0nvop), son of Chalcodon
the Nile, was the' retreat of the blind Pharaoh and of Imenarete or Melanippe, and prince of
Anysis from the AEthiopian Sabaco, and after- the Abantes in Euboea, whom he led against
ward of Amyrteeus from the Persians.       Troy. He was one of the suitors of Helen: he
ELEA.   Vid. VELIA.was killed before Troy by Agenor.
ELECTRA ('HiieCTrpa), i. e., the bright or brill-  ELEUSIS ('Eevcr6t, later'Etrevotv:'E'evivitoS:
iant one. 1. Daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, now Leosina or Lessina). 1. A town and demus
wife of Thaumas, and mother of Iris and the of Attica, belonging to the tribe Hippothoontis,
Harpies, Aillo and Ocypete.-2. Daughter of was situated northwest of Athens, on the coast,
Atlas and Pleione, one of the seven Pleiades, near the frontiers of Megara. It possessed a
and by Jupiter (Zeus) mother of Iasion and Dar- magnificent temple of Ceres (Demeter), and it
danus. According to an Italian tradition, she gave its name to the great festival and mystewas the wife of the Italian king Corythus, by ries of the Eleusinia, which were celebrated in
whom she had a son lasion; whereas by Jupi- honor of Ceres (Demeter) and Proserpina (Perter (Zeus) she was the mother of Dardanus. It sephone). The Eleusinia were originally a feswas through her means, according to another tival peculiar to Eleusis, which was an indetradition, that the Palladium came to Troy; and pendent state; but after the Eleusinians had
when she saw the city of her son Dardanus been conquered by the Athenians in the reign
perishing in flames, she tore out her hair for of Erechtheus, according to tradition, the Eleugrief, and was placed among the stars as a sinia became a festival common to both cities,
comet. According to others, Electra and her though the superintendence of the festival resix sisters were placed among the stars as the mained with the descendants of Eumolpus, the
277




ELEUTHERfE.                                 ELYMUS.
kingof Eleusis. For an account of the festival, dared sacred, and its inhabitants possessed
vid. Diet. of Antiq., art. ELEUSINIA.-[2. A place priestly privileges. Being exempt fiom war and
in Egypt, not far from Alexandrea, on the Lake the dangers of invasion, the Eleans became
Mareotis; it was so called from.Eleusis in prosperous and wealthy;; their towns were unAttica.]                                 walled, and their country was richly cultivated.
ELEUTHERM ('EaevOepat:'EevOepeVr), a town The prosperity of their country was ruined by
in Attica, on the frontiers of Bceotia, originally the Peloponnesian war,; the Athenians were
belonged to the Boeotian confederacy, and after- the first to disregard the sanctity of the country;
ward voluntarily united itself to Attica.  and from that time it frequently had to take part
ELEUTHERIUS ('EvevOipto), a surname of Ju- in the other contests of the Greeks. The town
piter (Zeus) as the Deliverer. Vid. Diet. of Ant., of Elis was situated on, the' Peneus, and was
art. ELEUTHERIA.                          built at the time of the Persian war by the inELEUTHERNA ('EAevO0pva:'E;evOepvaloc), a habitants of eight villages, who united together,
town in the interior of Crete.            and thus formed one' town.'It originally had
ELEUTHERUS ('EXReOdpo: now Nahr-el-Kebir, no walls, being sacred like the rest of the couni. e., Great River), a river forming the boundary try, but subsequently it was fortified. The inbetween Syria and Phcenice, rose in Mount Bar- habitants of Elis formed a close alliance with
gylus, the northern prolongation of Lebanon, the Spartans, and by their means destroyed the
and fell into the sea between Antaradus and rival city of Pisa, and became the ruling city in
Tripolis.                                 the country, B.C. 572. In the Peloponnesian
ELICIUs, a surname of Jupiter at Rome, wheie war they quarrelled with the Spartans because
King Numa dedicated to'Jupiter Elicius an altar the latter had espoused the cause of Lepreum,
on the Aventine.' The origin of the name is re- which had revolted from Elis. The Eleans referred to the Etruscans, who by certain prayers taliated upon the Spartans by excluding them
and sacrifices called forth (eliciebant or evoca- from the Olympic, games.
bant) lightning, or invited Jupiter to send light-  ELIso. Vid. ALISO.
ning. The object of calling down lightning was,  ELISSA. Vid. DiDo.
according to Livy's explanation, to' elicit prodi-  ELLOPIA ('E2Zuo7ra). 1. A district in the north
gies (ad prodigia elicienda, Liv., i., 20).  of Euboea, near the promontory Ceneeum, with
ELIMBERRUM. Vid. AusI.                  a town of the same name, which disappeared at
ELIxEA, -IA, or ELMIOTIS ('Ea2Leta,'Etnuia, an early period: the whole island of Euboea is-'EhlTrlr), a district of Macedonia, on the fron- sometimes called'Ellopia.-2. An ancient name
tiers of Epirus and Thessaly, originally belonged of the district about Dodona in Epirus.
to Illyria, and was bounded by the Cambunian  [ELLOPS ('EatOl), son of Ion or Tithonus,
Mountains on the south and the Tymphuean' from whom Ellopia was fabled to have derived
Mountains on the west. Its inhabitants, the its name.]
ELIMIEI ('E2LeqUTirat), were Epirots.       EL6NE ('HTOvy), a town of the Perrhnebi in
ELIS ('HXcI, Dor.'A2t;,'H;ia:'HAeor, Dor. Thessaly, afterward called Limone (Aectuvr.).
"'A'oc,, whence Alii in Plautus), a cpuntry on  ELPEiNOR ('E2r#Vop), one of the companions
the western coast of Peloponnesus, bounded by of Ulysses, who were metamorphosed by Circe
Achaia on the north, Arcadia on the east, Mes- into swine, and afterward back into men: Insenia on the south, and the Ionian Sea on the toxicated with wine, Elpenor one day fell asleep
west. The country was fertile, watered by the on the roof of Circe's residence, and in his atALPHEUS and its tributaries, and is said to have tempt to rise he fell down and broke his neck.
been the only country in Greece which produ- When Ulysses was in the lower world, he met
ced flax. The PENEUS is the only other river the shade of Elpenor, who implored him to burn
in Elis of any importance. Elis was divided his body. After his return to the upper world,
into three parts: 1. ELIS PROPER, or HOLLOW  Ulysses complied with this request of his friend.
ELIS (V7 Koiay'HADS), the northern part, watered  ELPINICE ('EXrwtvic), daughter of Miltiades,
by the Peneus, of which the capital was also and sister of Cimon, married Callias. Vid. CALcalled Elis.-2. PISATIS ( HlIcaardl), the middle LIAS.
portion, of which the capital was PISA.-3. TRI-  ELUSTES, a people in Aquitania, in the inPHYLIA (Ti TpT'vlia), the southern portion, of terior of the country.  Their chief town was
which PYLos was the capital, lay between the ELUSA (near.Euse or' Eause). It was the birthAlpheus and the Neda. In the heroic times we place of Rufinus, the minister of Arcadius.
find the kingdom of Nestor and the Pelide' in  ELYMnmI,' ELEMI. Vid. ELYMAIS.
the south of Elis, while the north of the coun-  ELYMAIS, a district of Susiana, extending from
try was inhabited by the Epeans ('Erretoi), with the River Eulaeus on the west to the Oroatis or
whom some.Etolian tribes were mingled. On the east, derived its name from the Elrymi or
the conquest of Peloponnesus by the Heraclide, Elymi ('EvuaToc, "Ev/ote), a warlike and predthe:iEtolian chief Oxylus received Elis as his atory people, who are also found in the mountshare of the conquest; and it was the union of ains of Great Media: in the Persian armies they
his.Etolian and Dorian followers with the Epe- served as archers. These Elymei were probans which formed the subsequent population of ably among the most ancient inhabitants of the
the country, under the general name of Eleans. country north of the head of the Persian G-lf':
Elis owed its importance in Greece to the wor- in the Old Testament Susiana is called T'am.
ship'of Jupiter (Zeus) at Olympia near Pisa, in  ELYMI. Vid. ELYMUS, ELYIMAIS.
honor of whom a splendid festival was held  ELYMUS ('EXvaor), a Trojan, natural son of
every four years. Vid. OLYMPIA. In conse- Anchises andbrother ofEryx. Previousto the
quence of this festivalbeing common to the emigration ofzEneas, Elymus and Egestus had
whole of Greece, the country of Elis was de- fled from Troy to Sicily, and had settled oa tIh
278




ELYRUS.                                   EMPORIE.
banks of the River Crimisus. When afterward'Hywda o56p, rO'Hyeud6v opof, or o'Hy/dof: now.Eneas also arrived there, he built for them the Himalaya Mountains), a range of mountains
towns of iEgesta and Elyme. The Trojans who north of India, forming the prolongation eastsettled in that part of Sicily called themselves ward of the Paropamisus.
Elymi, after Elymus.                         EMPEDOCLES ('EyE7re8oKac), of Agrigentum in
ELYRUS (-"Eavpog), a town in the west of Sicily, flourished about B.C. 444. Although he
Crete, south of Cydonia.                   was descended from an ancient and wealthy
ELYSIUM ('H2'/ eov r ediov, later simply'H2d- family, he joined the revolution in which Thrastoav), the Elysian fields. In Homer (Od., iv., ydaeus, the son and successor of Theron, was
563) Elysium forms no part of the realms of expelled. His zeal in the establishment of pothe dead; he places it on the west of the earth, litical equality is said to have been manifested
near Ocean, and describes it as a happy land, by his magnanimous support of the poor, by his
where there is neither snow, nor cold, nor rain, severity in persecuting the overbearing conduct
and always fanned by the delightful breezes of of the aristocrats, and in his declining the sovZephyrus. Hither favored heroes, like Mene- ereignty which was offered to him. His brillaus, pass without dying, and live happy under liant oratory, his penetrating knowledge of nathe rule of Rhadamanthys. The Elysium of ture, and the reputation of his marvellous powHesiod and Pindar are in the Isles of the Bless- ers, which he had acquired by curing diseases,
ed (caKapucv v7aot), which they place in the by his successful exertions in removing marshy
Ocean. From these legends arose the fabulous districts and in averting epidemics and obnoxisland of ATLANTIS. The Elysium of Virgil is ious winds, spread a lustre around his name.
part: of the lower world, and the residence of He was called a magician (yoig), and he appears
the shades of the Blessed.                 to have attributed to himself miraculous powers.
EMATHYA: ('Hyaoia:'HzaOelev'), a district of He travelled in Greece and Italy, and made
Macedonia, between the Haliacmon and the some stayat Athens. His death is said to have
Axius, formerly part of Paeonia, and the original been marvellous, like his life. One tradition
seat of the Macedoniani monarchy. The poets represented him as having been removed from
frequently give the name of Emathia to the the earth like a divine being, and another rewhole of Macedonia, and sometimes even to the lated that he threw himself into the flames of
neighboring Thessaly.                      Mount AEtna, that by his sudden disappearance
EMXTHIDES, the nine daughters of Pierus, king he might be believed to be a god; but it wasaddof Emathia.                                ed that the volcano threw up one of his sandals,!
EMXTHION ('H.aOeisv), 1. Son of Tithonus and and thus revealed the manner of his death. The
Aurora (Eos), brother of Memnon, was slain by rhetorician Gorgiap was a disciple of EmpedHercules.-[2. An old man, slain by Chromis ocles. The works of Empedocles were all in
at the nuptials of Perseus.-3. A Trojan, slain verse. The two most important were a didacby Liges in Italy.]                        tic poem on nature (IIepil vaeG), of which conEMBsLIMA ('Ey6oa;Ua), a city of the Paropa- siderable fragments are extant, and a poem,
misadsee in Northern India, near the fortress of entitled KaOap/,oi, which seems to have recomAornos, sixteen days' march from the Indus mended good moral conduct as the means of
(Q. Curt.).                                averting epidemics and other evils. Lucretius,
[EMERITA. Vid. AUGUSTA EMERITA.]         the greatest of all didactic poets, speaks of EmEMESA or EMISSA (YEzeaa, "Elacra:'Euzea-. pedocles withenthusiasm, and evidently makes
vog: now Hums or Horns), a city of Syria, on him his model.  Empedocles was acquainted
the eastern bank of the Orontes, in the prov- with the theories of the Eleatics and the Pythaince of Apamene, but afterward the capital of goreans; but he did not adopt the fundamental
Phcenice Libanesia, was in Strabo's time the principles of either school, although, he agreed
residence of independent Arabian princes; but With the'latter in his belief in the migration of
under Caracalla it was made a colony with the souls, and in a few other points. With the
Jus Italicum. It-is a remarkable place in the Eleatics he agreed in thinking that it was imhistory of the Roman empire, being the native possible to conceive any thing arising out of
city of Julia Domna, the wife of Septimius Se- nothing. Aristotle with justice mentions him
verus, of Elagabalus, who exchanged the high among the Ionic physiologists, and places him
priesthood of, the celebrated temple of the Sun in very close relation to the atomistic philosoin this city for the imperial purple, and of the phers and'to Anaxagoras.  Empedocles first
Emperor AlexanderSevetus; and also the scene established the number of four elements, which
of the decisive battle between Aurelian and he called the roots of things.
Zenobia, A.D. 273.                           [EMP6RIA, also EMPORIUM ('E/7ropEZa and'E/u[EMMAUS ('Eupaovf I now Amwas, near Lat- 7rdpta;'Egproptov), the southern and most fruit-'
ron), a town of Palestine, on the road from Je- ful part of Byzacium.]
rssalem to Joppa, about ten miles from Lydda:  EMPORILE or EMPORIUM ('Ey/zropiat,'EzIrope7ov,
under the Romans it was called NICOPOLIS.]'ErOptIOV':'E/zTropirf: now Ampurias), a town
EMMNIYDm ('Emuevidat), a princely family at of the Indigetes in HispaniaTarraconensis, near
Agrigentum, which traced their origin to the the Pyrenees, was situated on the River Clodimythical hero Polynices. Among its members anus, which formed the harbor of the town. It
we know Emmenides (from whom the family was founded by the Phocaans from Massilia
derived its name), the father of./Enesidamus, and was divided into two parts, at one time sepwhose sons, Theron and Xenocrates, are cele- arated from each other by a wall; the part near
brated by Pindar as victors at the great.games the coast being inhabited by the Greeks, and:f Greece.                                 the part toward the interior by the Indigetes.
EMoDI- MONTES, or ERODUS, or -ES, or -ON (ra It was subsequently colonized by Julius Caesar.
279




EMPULUM.                                   ENNIUS.
Its harbor was much frequented: here Scipio nos: it possessed a celebrated temple of the
Africanus first landed when he came to Spain great mother of the gods.
in the second Punic war.                   [ENIOPEUS ('Hveowre-v), son of Thebaus, charEMPULUM (now Ampiglione?), a small town in ioteer of Hector, slain by Diomedes.]
Latium, near Tibur.                         ENIPEUS ('EvLMre~C). 1. A rer in Thessaly,
EMPUSA ('Epfrovaa), a monstrous~ spectre, rises in Mount Othrys, receives the Apidanus
which was believed to devour human beings. near Pharsalus, and flows into the Peneus.
It could assume different forms, and was sent Neptune (Poseidon) assumed the form of the
by Hecate to frighten travellers. It was be- god of this river in order to obtain possession
lieved usually to appear with one leg of brass of Tyro, who was in love with Enipeus. She
and the other of an ass, whence it was called became by Neptune (Poseidon) the mother of
ovomacre;X or OvoKicult. The Lamiae and Mormo- Pelias and Neleus. Ovid relates (Met., vi.,
lyceia, who assumed the form of handsome 116) that Neptune (Poseidon), having assumed
women for the purpose of attracting young men, the form of Enipeus,.became by Iphimedia the
and thein sucked their blood like vampires and father of Otus and Ephialtes.-2. A small river
ate their flesh, were reckoned among the Em- in Pisatis (Elis), flows into the Alpheus near its
pusae.                                    mouth.-3. A small river in Macedonia, which
[EN^siMus ('Evaiotpor), a son of Hippocoon, rises in Olympus.
slain by the Calydonian boar.]              [ENIPO ('EvtG7r), a female slave, mother of
ENAREFPHORUS ('Evapi^opo^), son of Hippo- the poet Archilochus.]
co6n, a passionate suitor of Helen when she was  [ENISPE ('Eviir~), an ancient place in Arcadia
yet quite young. Tyndareus, therefore, intrust-(II., 2, 608); entirely destroyed in the time of
ed the maiden to the care of Theseus. Enare- Strabo.]
phorus had a heroum at Sparta.              ENNA or HENNA ("Evva:'Evvaoc: now CasENCELXDUS ('Eyca6odo), son of Tartarus and- tro Giovanni), an ancient and fortified town of
Terra (Ge), and one of the hundred-armed giants the Siculi in Sicily, on the road from Catana to
who made war upon the gods. He was killed, Agrigentum, said to be the centre of the island
according to some, by a flash of lightning, by (bo/a;bof' ltce;ia). It was surrounded by fertile
Jupiter (Zeus), who buried him under Mount plains, which bore large crops of wheat; it was
AEtna; according to others, Minerva (Athena) one of the chief seats of the worship of Ceres
killed him with her chariot, or threw upon him  (Demeter), and possessed a celebrated temple of
the island of Sicily.                     this goddess. According to later tradition, it
ENOCHELES ('EVyXeZ, also'Eyse8sat,'EyXe- was in a flowery meadow in the neighborhood
etot), an Illyrian tribe.                 of Enna that Pluto carried off Proserpina (Per[ENCOLPIUS, a Latin historian, in the early sephone), and the cave was shown through
part of the third century A.D.: he wrote a life which the god passed as he carried off his prize.
of Alexander Severus.]                    Its importance gradually declined from the time
ENDCEUS (Evdotoc), an Athenian statuary, is of the second Punic war, when it was severely
called a disciple of Daedalus, whom he is said punished by the Romans, because it had atto have accompanied on his flight from Crete. tempted to revolt to the Carthaginians.
This statement must be taken to express, not  ENNIUS, Q., the Roman poet, was born at Ruthe time at which he lived, but the style of art dine, in Calabria, B.C. 239. He was a Greek by
which he practiced. It is probable that he lived' birth, but a subject of Rome, and served in the
in the time of Pisistratus and his sons, about Roman armies. In 204, Cato, who was then
B.C. 560.                                 quaestor, found Ennius in Sardinia, and brought
ENDnYM~ON ('Evdvpudv), a youth distinguished him in his train to Rome. In 189 Ennius acby his beauty, and renowned in ancient story companied M. Fulvius Nobilior during the iEtofor his perpetual sleep. Some traditions about lian campaign, and shared his triumph. Through
Endymion refer us to Elis, and others to Caria, the son of Nobilior, Ennius, when far advanced
and others, again, are a combination-of the two. in life, obtained the rights of a Roman citizen.
According to one set- of legends, he was a son He dwelt in a humble house on the Aventine,
of AMthlius and Calyce, or of Jupiter (Zeus) and and maintained himself by acting as a preceptor
Calyce, and succeeded Aethlius in the kingdom  to the youths of the Roman nobles. He lived
of Elis. Others related that he had come from  on terms of the closest intimacy with the elder
Elis to Mount Latmus in Caria, whence he is Scipio Africanus. He died 169, at the age of
called the Latmian (Latmius). As he slept on seventy. He was buried in the sepulchre of the
Latmus, his surprising beauty warmed the cold Scipios, and his bust was allowed a place among
heart of Selene (the moon), who came down to the effigies of that noble house. Ennius was
him, kissed him, and lay by his side. His eter-regarded by the Romans as the father of their
nal sleep on Latmus is assigned to different poetry (alter Homerus, Hor., Epist., ii., 1, 50).
causes; but it was generally believed that Se- Cicero calls him Summus poeta noster; and Virlene had sent him to sleep, that' she might be gil was not ashamed to borrow many of his
able to kiss him without his knowledge. By thoughts, and not a few of his expressions. All
Selene he had fifty daughters. There isoa beau- the works of Ennius are lost with the exception
tiful statue of a sleeping Endymion in the Brit- of a few fragments. His most important work
ish Museum.                               was an epic poem, in dactylic hexameters, enENGYUM ("Eyyvov or'EyyoGov:'Eyyivlvor, En- titled Annalium Libri XVIII., being a history
guinus.: now Gangi), a town in the interior of of Rome, commencing with the loves of Mars
Sicily, near the sources of the Monalus, was and Rhea, and reaching down to his own times.
originally a town of the Siculi, but is said to The beautiful history of the kings in Livy may
have been colonized by the Cretans under Mi- have been taken from Ennius. No great space,
280




ENNOMUS.                               EPAMINONDAS.
however, was allotted to the' earlier records, distinguished for their beauty, such as ORION,
for'the contest with Hannibal, which was de- CEPHALUS, and TITHONUS, whence she is called
scribed with great minuteness, commenced with by Ovid Tithonia conjux. She bore Memnon to
the seventh book, the first Punic war being pass- Tithonus. Vid. MEMNON. By Astrlcus she beed over altogether. He wrote numerous trage-came the mother of Zephyrus, Boreas, Notus,
dies, which appear to have been' all translations Heosphorus and other stars.
or adaptations from the Greek, the metres of  EPAMINONDAS ('EKrapewueJvaf,'EiravuvSvdag),
the originals being in most cases closely imi- the Theban general and statesman, son of Potated. He wrote also a few comedies, and sev- lymnis, was born and reared in poverty, though
eral other works, such as Satire, composed in his blood was noble. His close and enduring
a great variety of metres, from which circum- friendship with Pelopidas is said to have origstance they probably received their name; a inated in the campaign in which they served todidactic poem, entitled Epicharmus; a pane- gether on the Spartan side against Mantinea,
gyric on Scipio; Epigrams, &c. The best col- where Pelopidas having fallen in a battle, aplection of the fragments of Ennius is by Hie- parently dead, Epaminondas protected his body
ronymus Columna, Neapol., 4to, 1590, reprint- at the imminent risk of his own life, B.C. 385.
ed with considerable'additions by Hesselius, After the Spartans, had been expelled from
Amstel., 4to, 1707.                       Thebes, 379, Epaminondas took an active part
[ENN6MUS ("Evvopof).. 1. A seer of Mysia, an in public affairs. In 371 he was one of the
ally of the Trojans, slain by Achilles. —2. A Tro- Theban' commanders at the battle of Leuctra,
jan, slain by Ulysses.]                   so fatal to the Lacedaemonians, in which the
ENOPE ('Ev6ir), a town in Messenia, men- success of Thebes is said to have been owing
tioned by Homer, supposed to be the same as mainly to the tactics of Epaminondas..He it
GERENIA.                                  was who most strongly urged the giving battle,
[ENoPs (CHvo1P). 1. A herdsman, father, by a while he employed all the means in his power
nymph, of Satnius.-2. A Greek, father of Cly- to raise the courage of his countrymen, not extomedes.]'                          eluding even omens and oracles, for which,
ENTELLA ("Ere;2;Ua: Entellinus, Entellensis: when unfavorable, he had but recently expressnow Entella), an ancient town of the Sicani in ed his contempt. In 369 he was one of the
the interior of the island, on the western side, generals in the first invasion of Peloponnesus
said to have been founded by Entellus, one of by the Thebans; and before leaving Peloponthe companions of the Trojan AEgestus. It was nesus he restored the Messenians to their counsubsequently seized and peopled by the Cam- try and established a new city, named Messene.
panian mercenaries of Dionysius.          On their return home Epaminondas and Pelop[ENTELLUS, a Trojan or Sicilian hero, famed idas were impeached by their enemies, on a
for'his skill in-athletic exercises; a companion capital charge of having retained their comof.Egestus (Virgil's Acestes), and, though ad- mand beyond the legal term. The fact itself
vanced in years, encountered and vanquished was true enough; but they were both honorathe Trojan Dares.]'bly acquitted, Epaminondas having expressed
ENYXLIUS ('Evv6adtor), the Warlike, frequent- his willingnessto die if the Thebans would rely occurs in the Iliad (never' in the Odyssey) as cord that he had been put to death because he
an epithet of Mars (Ares). At a later time had humbled Sparta and taught his countrymen
Enyalius and Mars (Ares)ywere distinguished to face and to conquer her armies. In 368 he
as two different gods of war; Enyalius was again led a Theban army into the Peloponnelooked upon as a son of Mars (Ares) and Enyo, sus, but did not advance far, and on his return
or of Saturn (Cronos) and Rhea. The name is was repulsed by Chabrias in an attack which he
evidently derived from ENYO.              made on Corinth. In the same year we find
ENYO ('Evv6), the goddess of war, who de- him serving, but not as general], in the Theban
lights in bloodshed and the destruction of towns, army which was sent into Thessaly to rescue
and accompanies Mars (Ares) in battles. Re- Pelopidas from Alexander of Pherie, and which
specting the Roman goddess of war, vid. BEL- was saved from utter destruction only by the
LONA.                                     ability of Epaminondas. In 367 he was sent at
EORD.JA ('Eopdala, also'Eopdia), a district the head of another force to release Pelopidas,
and town in the northwest of Macedonia, in- and accomplished his object without even strikhabited by the EORDI ('Eopdol, also'Eopcdaot).  ing a blow, and by the mere prestige of his
Eos ('HuE, Att. "Eo),> in Latin AURORA, the name. In 366 he invaded the Peloponnesus
goddess of the morning red, daughter of Hy- for the third time, and in 362 for the fourth
perlon and Thia or Euryphassa; or of Pallas, time. In the latter year he gained a brilliant
according to Ovid; At the close of every night victory over the Lacedaemonians at Mantinea,
she rose from the couch of her spouse Tithonus, but in the full career of victory he received a
and on a chariot drawn by the swift horses Lam- mortal wounfid. He was told that his death
pus and Phaethon she ascended up to heaven would follow directly on the javelin being exfrom the River Oceanus, to announce the cornm- tracted from the wound; and he would not aling lig'it of the sun to the gods as well as to low this to be done till he had been assured that
mortals. In the Homeric poems Eos not only his shield was safe, and that the victory was
announces the coming Sun, but accompanies with his countrymen. It was a' disputed point
him throughout the' day, and her career is not by whose hand he fell: among others, the honor
complete till the evening; hence she came to was assigned to Gryllus, the son of Xenophon.
be regarded as the goddess of the daylight, and Epaminondas was one of the greatest men of
was completely identified by the tragic writers Greece. He raised Thebes to the supremacy
with Hemera. She carried off several youths of Greece, which she lost almost as soon as hew
281




EPAPHRODITUS.                                EPHORUS.
died. Both in public and in private life he was theatre, odeum, stadium, gymnasium, and baths,
distinguished by integrity and uprightness, and temples of Jupiter (Zeus) Olympius and of Julius
he carried into daily practice the lessons of Caesar, and a large building near the inner harphilosophy, of which he was an'ardent student. bor: the foundations of the walls may also be
EPAPHRODITUS ('E7rapo6dtro). 1. A freedman traced. With the rest of lonia,' Ephesus fell
and favorite of the Emperor Nero. He assist- under the power successively of Cresus, the,ed- Nero in killing himself, and he was after- Persians, the Macedonians, and the Romans.
ward put to death by Domitian. The philoso- It was always very flourishing, and became
pher Epictetus was his freedman.-2. M. MET- even more so as the other Ionian cities decayTIUS EPAPHRODITUS, of Cheronea, a Greek gram- ed. It was greatly.favored by its Greek rulers,
marian, the slave and afterward the freedman especially by Lysimachus, who, in honor of his
of Modestus, the praefect of Egypt. He subse- second wife, gave it her name, Arsinoe, which,
quently went to Rome, where he resided in the however, it did not long retain. Attalus II.
reign of Nero and down to the time of Nerva. Philadelphus constructed docks for it, and imHe was the author of several grammatical works -proved its harbors. Under the Romans it was
and commentaries.                         the capital of the province of Asia, and by far
EPAPHUS (C"ETabof), son of Jupiter (Zeus) and the greatest city of Asia Minor. It is conspicuIo, born on the River Nile, after the long wan- ous in the early history of the Christian Church,
derings of his mother. He was concealed by both St. Paul and St. John having labored in it,
the Curetes, at the request of Juno (Hera), but and addressed epistles to the Church of Ephewas discovered by Io in Syria. He subsequent- sus; and at one time its bishop possessed the
ly became king of Egypt, married Memphis, a rank and power of a patriarch over the churches
daughter of Nilus, or, according to others, Cas- in the province of Asia. Its position, and the
siopea, and built the city of Memphis. He had excellence of its harbors, made it the chief ema daughter Libya, from whom Libya (Africa) re- porium for the trade of all Asia within the
ceived its name.                          Taurus; and its downfall was chiefly owing to
EPEI. Vid. ELIS.                        the destruction of its harbors by the deposits of
PETTUM ('Erer'ov: ruins near' Strobnecz), a the Cayster. In the earliest times Ephesus was
town of the Lissii in Dalmatia, with a good har- called by variousnames, Alope, Ortygia, Morges,
bor.                                      Smyrna Tracheia, Samornia, and Ptelea.
EPEUS ('Ere76S)...Son of Endyrnion, king  EPHIALTES ('E1bia'S7r). 1. One of the Aloidwe.
in Elis, from whom the Epei are said to have'id. ALOEUS.-2. A Malian, who in B.C. 480,
derived their name.-2. Son of Panopeus, went when Leonidas was defending the pass of
with thirty ships from the Cyclades to Troy. Thermopylae, guided a body of Persians over
He built the wooden horse with the assistance the mountain path, and thus enabled them to
of Minerva (Athena).                      fall on the rear of the Greeks.-3. An Athenian
EPHESUS ({'Eco:'E0lwo'oc: ruins near Aya- statesman, was a friend and partisan'of Perisaluk, i. e., "Aytof Og62ooyof, the title of St. John), cles, whom he assisted in carrying his political
the chief of the twelve Ionian cities on the coast measures. He is mentioned in particular as
of Asia Minor, was said to have been founded chiefly instrumental in that abridgment of the
by Carians and Leleges, and to have been taken power of the Areopagus which inflicted such
possession of by Androclus, the son of Codrus, a blow on the oligarchical party, and against
at the time of the great Ionian migration. It which the Eumenides of AEschylus was directstood a little south of the River Cayster, near ed. His services to the democratic cause exits mouth, where a marshy plain, extending cited the rancorous enmity of some of the olisouth from the river, is bounded by two hills, garchs, and led to his assassination during the
Prion or Lepre on the east, and Coressus on night, probably in 456.-[4. An Athenian orathe south.  The city was built originally on tor, an opponent of the Macedonians; AlexanMount Coressus, but, in the time of Croesus, the der demanded his surrender to him after the de.
people transferred their habitations to the valley, struction of Thebes.]
whence Lysimachus, the general of Alexan-   EPHIPPUS (E0zTT7rrof). 1. An Athenian poet
der, compelled them again to remove to Mount of the middle comedy. [A few fragments only
Prion. On the northern side of the city was remain, which are given by Meineke in his
a lake, communicating with the Cayster, and Fragm. Comic. Grac., vol. ii., p. 657-66.] -2
forming the inner harbor, now a marsh; the Of Olynthus, a Greek historian of Alexander
outer harbor (7rdvopuoS) was formed by the the Great.
mouth of the river. In the plain, east of the  EPHRbus ("Elopof), of Cyme in Eolis, a celelake, and northeast of the city,-beyond its walls, brated Greek historian, was a contemporary of
stood the celebrated temple of Diana (Artemis), Philip and Alexander, and flourished about B.
which was built in the sixth century B.C., by C. 340. He studied rhetoric under Isocrates,
an architect named Chersiphron, and, after be- of whose pupils he and Theopompus were con-,
ing burned,down by. Herostratus in the night sidered the most distinguished. On the advice
on which Alexander the Great was born (Octo- of Theopompus he wrote A History (Ia-roptaz)
ber 13-14, B.C. 356), was restored by the joint in thirty books, which began with the return of
efforts of all the Ionian states, and was regard- the Heraclida, and came down to the siege of
ed as one of the wonders of theworld: nothing Perinthus in 341. It treated of the history of
now remains of the temple except some traces the barbarians as well as of the Greeks, and was
of its foundations. The temple was also cele- thus the first attempt at writing a universal hisbrated as an asylum till Augustus deprived it tory that was ever made in Greece. It emof that privilege. The other buildings at Ephe- braced a period of seven hundred and fifty years,
sns, of which there are any ruins, are the agora, and each of the thirty books contained a com282




EPHYDATIA.                                 EPICURUS.
pactportion of the history, which formed a con- Epicharmus seems to have been little more
plete whole by itself. Ephorus did not live to than a low buffoonery.  It was he, together
complete the work, and it was finished by his with Phormis, who gave it a new form, and inson Demophilus. Diyllus began his history at troduced a regular plot. The number of his
the'point at which the work of Ephorus left off. comedies is differently stated at fifty-two, or at
Ephorus also wrote a few other works of less thirty-five.  There are still extant thirty-five
importance, of which the titles only are pre- titles. The majorityof them are on mythologserved by the grammarians. Of the history ical subjects, that is, travesties of the heroic
likewise we have nothing but fragments. It myths, and these plays no doubt very much
was written in a clear and polished style,. but resembled the satyric dramas of the Athenians.
was at the same time deficient in power and But besides mythology, Epicharmus wrote on
energy. Ephorus appears to have been faithful other subjects, political, moral, relating to manand impartial in the narration of events; but he ners and customs, &c. The style of his plays
did not always follow the best authorities, and appears to have been a curious mixture of the
in the latter part of his work he frequently dif- broad buffoonery which distinguished the old
fered from Herodotus, Thucydides, and Xeno- Megarian comedy, and of the sententious wisphon, on points on which they are entitled to dom of the Pythagorean philosopher. His lancredit. Diodorus Siculus made great use of the guage was remarkably elegant: he was celebrawork of Ephorus. The fragments of his work ted for his choice of epithets: his plays aboundhave been published by Marx, Carlsruhe, 1815, ed, as the extant fragments prove, with philoand in Miiller's Fragm. Historicor. Grac., vol. sophical and moral maxims. He was imitated
i., Paris, 1841.                          By Crates, and also by Plautus,- as we learn
[EPHYDATIA ('ESvdarTa), a fountain-nymph, from the line of Horace (Epist.,ii., 1, 58),
who carried off Hylas, the favorite of Hercules.]               poperare Epicharmi, 1Plautus ad exemplar Siculi properare Epicharmi."
EPrHRw _ ('Eoipa). 1. The ancient name of
Corinth. Vid. CORINTHUS.-2. An ancient town The parasite, who forms so conspicuous a charof the Pelasgi, near the River Selleis, in Elis.-  acter in the plays of the new comedy, is first
3. A town in Thessaly, afterward called CRA- found in Epicharmus.
NON.-4. A town in Epirus, afterward called  EPICNEMIDII LOCRI. Vid. LocRIs.
CICHYRUS.-5. A small town in the district of  EPIcRXTES ('ErTKpciri). 1. An Athenian,
Agrsea, in 2Etolia.                       took part-in the'overthrow of the thirty tyrants;
[EPHYRA ('Evpa), a female companion of Cy- but afterward, when sent on an embassy to the
rene, the mother of Aristweus.]           Persian king Artaxerxes, he was accused of
EVICASTE ('EtLccarg), commonly called Jo. corruption in receiving money from Artaxerxes.
CASTE.                                    He appears to have been acquitted this time;
EPICEPHrESlA ('Errlt70c17 a:'ErlcVo7caot), a but he was tried on a later occasion, on another
demus in Attica, belonging to the tribe CEneis. charge of corruption, and only escaped death
[EPICHARIS ('E7rtiapa), a freedwoman-ofbad by a voluntary exile. He was ridiculed by the
repute, implicated in the conspiracy of Piso comic poets for his large beard, and for this
against the life of Nero, A.D. 65: she was put reason was called daacea60por.-2. Of Ambracia,
to the severest torture in order to compel her, anAthenian poet of the middle comedy.
to disclose what she knew of the conspiracy,  EPICTETUS ('Ei7ricrTrog), of Hierapolis in
but to no purpose: nothing could extort any Phrygia, a celebrated Stoic philosopher, was a
confession from her, and she finally escaped freedman of Epaphroditus, who was himself a
further torture by strangling herself.]   freedman of Nero, Vid. EPAPHRODITUS. He
EPICHARMUS ('Etfriapuof), the chief comic lived and taught first at Rome, and, after the
poet among the Dorians, was born in the island expulsion of the philosophers by Domitian, at
of Cos about' B.C. 540. His father, Elothales, Nicopolis in Epirus. Although he was favored
was a physician, of the race of the Asclepiads. by Hadrian, he does not appear to have returnAt the age of three months, Epicharmus was ed to Rome; for the. discourses which Arrian
carried to Megara, in Sicily; thence he remov- took down in writing were delivered by Epicteed to Syracuse when Megara was destroyed tus when an old man at Nicopolis. Only a few
by Gelon (484 or 483). Here he spent the re-circumstances of his life are recorded, such as
mainder of his life, which was prolonged his lameness, which is spoken of in different
throughout the reign of Hieron, at whose court ways, his poverty, and his few wants. EpicteEpicharmus associated with the other great tus did not leave any works behind him, and
writers of the time, and among them with the short manual*(Enchiridion), which bears his
Eschylus. He died at the age of ninety (450), name, was compiled from his discourses by his
or, according to Lucian, ninety-seven (443). faithful' pupil Arrian. Arrian also wrote the
Epicharmus was a Pythagorean philosopher, philosophical lectures of his master in eight
and spent the earlier part of his life in the books, from which, though four are lost, we are
study of philosophy, both physical and meta- enabled to gain a complete idea of the way in
physical.  He is said to have followed for which Epictetus conceived and taught the Stoic
some time his father's profession of medicine; philosophy. Vid. ARRIANUS. Being deeply imand it appears that he did not commence writ- pressed with his vocation as a teacher, he aiming comedies till his removal to Syracuse. ed in his discourses at nothing else but winning
Comedy had for some time existed atMegara the minds of his hearers to that which was
in Sicily, which was- a colony from Megara on good, and no one was able to resist the impress
the Isthmus, the latter of which towns disputed sion which they produced.
vith the Athenians the invention of comedy.  EPICTETUS PHRYGIA. Vid. PHRYGIA.
Bat the comedy at the Sicilian Megara before  ErPICRUS ('EariCovpoS), a celebrated Greek
-583




EPICURUS.                                EPIDAURUS.
philosopher, and the founder of a philosophical of things, according to him, through eldia, z. e.s
school, called, after him, the Epicurean. He images of things which are reflected from them,
was a son of Neocles and Charestrata, and was and pass through our senses into our minds.
born B.C. 342, in the island of Samos, where Such a theory is destructive of all absolute
his father had settled as one of the Athenian truth, and a mere momentary impression upon
cleruchi; but he belonged to'the Attic demos our senses or feelings is substituted for it. The
of Gargettus, and hence is sometimes called deficiencies of his system are most striking in
the Gargettian. (Cic., ad Fanz., xv., 16.) At his views concerning the gods, which drew
the age of eighteen Epicurus came to Athens, upon him the charge of atheism. His gods,
and there probably studied under Xenocrates, like every thing else, consisted of atoms, and
who was then at the head of the academy. our notions of them are based upon the eloosa
After a short stay at Athens he' went to Colo- which are reflected from them and pass into
phon, and subsequently resided at Mytilene and our minds.' They were- and always had been'Lampsacus, in which places he was engaged in the enjoyment of perfect happiness, which
for-five years'in teaching philosophy. In 306, had not been disturbed by the laborious business
when he had attained the age of thirty-five, he of creating -the world; and as the government
again came to Athens, where he purchased for of the world would interfere with their happieighty minaewa garden-the famous'K01roti.'Er-. ness, he conceived them as exercising no inKovpovV-in which he established his philosoph- fluence whatever upon the world or man. The
ical school. Here he spent'the remainder of pupils of Epicurus were very numerous, and
his life, surrounded by numerous friends and were attached to their master in a manner
pupils. His mode of living was simple, tern- which has,.rarely been equalled either in anperate, and cheerful; and the aspersions of cienrt or modern times. But notwithstanding
comic poets and of later philosophers, who were the extraordinary devotion of his pupils, there
opposed to his philosophy, and describe him as is no philosopher.in antiquity who has been so
a person devoted to sensual pleasures, do not violently attacked as Epicurus. This has been
seem entitled to the least credit. He took no owing partly to a superficial knowledge of his
part in public affairs. He'died in 270, at the philosophy, and partly to the conduct of men
age of seventy-two, after a long and painful ill- who called themselves Epicureans, and who,
ness, which he endured with truly philosophic- taking advantage of the facility with which his
al patience and courage. Epicurus is said to ethical theory, was made the hand-maid of a
have written three hundred volumes. Of these sensual life, gave themselves up to the enjoythe most important was one On Nature (Isplment of sensual pleasures.
4v6aes~), in thirty-seven books. All his works  EPIOCDES ('ErTxV'if), a Syracusan by origin,
are lost; but some fragments of the work on but born and educated at Carthage. He served,
Nature were found among the rolls at Hercula- together with his elder brother'Hippocrates,
neum, and were published by Orelli, Lips., 1818. with much distinction in the army of Hannibal,
In his philosophical system, Epicurus prided both in Spain and Italy;'and when, after the
himself in being independent of all his prede- battle of Cannae (B;C. 216), Hieronymus of
cessors; but he was in reality indebted both to Syracuse sent to make overtures to Hannibal,
Democritus and the Cyrenaics. Epicurus made that general selected the two brothers as his
ethics the most essential part of his philosoph- envoys to Syracuse. They soon induced the
ical system, since he regarded human happi- youngking to desert the Roman'alliance. Upon
ness as the ultimate end of all philosophy. Histhe murder- of Hieronymus shortly after, they
ethical theory was based.1pon' the dogma of were the leaders of the Carthaginian party at
the Cyrenaics, that pleasure constitutes the Syracuse, and eventually became masters of
highest happiness, and must consequently be the city, which they defended against Marcelthe end of all human exertions. Epicurus,' lus. Epicydes fled to Agrigentum when he
however, developed and ennobled this theory saw that the fall of Syracuse was inevitable.
in a manner which constitutes the real merit  EPIDAMNUS. Vid. DYRRHACHIUM.
of his philosophy, and which gained for him so  EPIDAURUS ('Eiri6avpor:'EInrt6a'ptor). I. (Now
many friends and admirers both in antiquity Epidauro), a town in Argolis, on the Saronic
and in modern times. Pleasure with'him was Gulf, formed with its territory EPIDAURIA ('ETrt-'not a mere momentary and transitory sensa- davpia), a district independent of Argos, and
tion, but he conceived it as something lasting was not included in Argolis till the time of the
and imperishable, consisting in pure and noble Romans. It was originally inhabited by lonimental enjoyments, that is, in arfapa~ia and ans and Carians, whence it was called Epicarus,
zrovia, or the freedom from pain and from all but it was subdued by the' Dorians under Deiinfluences which disturb the peace of our mind, phontes, who thus became the ruling race.
and thereby our happiness, which is the result Epidaurus was the chief seat of the worship of
of it. The summum bonun, according to him, AEsculapius,: and was to this circumstance inconsisted in this peace of mind,; and this was debted for its importance. The temple of this
based upon op6via7t, which he described as the god, which was one of the most magnificent in
beginning of every thing good, as the origin of Greece, was situated about five miles southall virtues, and which he himself therefore oc- West of Epidaurus. A few ruins of it are, still
easionally treated as the highest good itself.'extant. The worship of' Esculapius was inIn the physical part of his philosophy, he fol-troduced into Rome from Epidaurus. Vid. Eslowed the atomistic doctrines of Democritus CULAPIus.-2, Surnamed LIERA (] Amiupui
and Diagoras. His views' are well known' from  now Monembasia or Old Malvasia), a town in
Lucretius's poem' De Rerum Natura. We ob- Laconia, on the eastern coast, said to have
Viia our knowledge and form our conceptions been founded by Epidaurus in Argolis, possess
284




EPIDELIUM.                                  EPIRIUS
ed a good harb.or -3. (Now Old Ragusa), a His visit to Athens, however, is an historical
town in Dalmatia;                         fact, and determines his date. The Athenians,
EPIDELIUM (E7rtLcb)ov), a town in Laconia, who were visited by a plague in- consequence
on the eastern cq'ast, south ofEpidaurus Lirnera, of the crime ofCylon (vid. CYLON), consulted
with a temple of Apollo and an image of the the Delphic oracle about the means of their degod, which, once thrown into the sea at Delos, livery. The god commanded them to get their
is said to have come to land at this place.  city purified, and the Athenians invited Epimen —
[EFIDII ('E7rnto), a people in ancient Britain, ides to come and undertake the purification.
dwelt on Epidium, the long peninsula on the Epimenides accordingly came to Athens, about
western coast (now Cantyre), whose southern 596, and performed the desired task by certain
point forms the ErIDIUM PROMONTORIUM ('ETr- mysterious rites and sacrifices, in consequence
drov VAKpov, now Mull of Cantyre.]        of which the plague ceased. Epimenides was
EPifENES ('E~rtygv/S). 1. An Athenian poet reckoned by some among the seven wise men
of the middle comedy, flourished about B.C. of Greece; but all that tradition has handed
380.-2. Of Sicyon, who has been confounded down about him suggests a very different charby some with his namesake the comic poet, acter from that of the seven; he must rather
preceded Thespis, and is said to have been the be ranked in the class of priestly bards and sages
most ancient writer of tragedy. It is probable who' are generally comprised under:the name
that Epigenes was the first to introduce into of the Orphici. Many works, both in prose and
the old dithyrambic and satyrical rpaydtla other. verse, were attributed to him by the ancients,
subjects than the original one of the fortunes and the Apostle Paul has preserved (Titus, i.,
of Bacchus (Dionysus).-3. Of Byzantium, a 12) a celebratedverse of his against the Cretans.
Greek astronomer, mentioned by Seneca, Pliny,  EPIMETHEUS.  Vid. PROMETHEUS and PANand Censorinus. He professed to have studied DORA.
in Chaldea, but his date is uncertain.      EPIPHANES, a surname of Antiochus IV. and
[EPIiEUS ('EwreyeVg), of Budeum inThessaly, Antiochus XI., kings of Syria.
followed Achilles to the Trojan war, and was  EPIPHANIA or -EA ('Er^adveta). 1. In Syria
slain by Hector.]                         in the Old Testament, Hamath: now Hamah),
EPIG6NI ('EriyovoL), that is, "the Descend- in the district of Cassiotis, on the left bank of
ants," the" name in ancient mythology of the the Orontes, an early colony of the Phcenicians;
sons of the seven heroes who perished before may be presumed, from its later name, to have
Thebes. Vid. ADRASTUS. Ten years after their been restored or improved by Antiochus Epiphdeath, the descendants of the seven heroes anes.-2. In Asia Minor (now Urzin), on the
marched against Thebes to avenge their fathers. southeastern border of Cilicia, close to the Pyle
The names of the Epigoni are not the same in Amanides, was formerly called CEniandus, and
all accounts; but the common lists contain probably owed its new name to Antiochus
Alcmaeon,.Egialeus, Diomedes, Promachus, Epipianes.  Pompey repeopled this city with
Sthenelus, Thersander, and Euryalus.  Alc- some of the pirates whom he had conquered.
moeon undertook the command, in accordance There were some other Asiatic cities of the
with an oracle, and collected a considerable name.
body of Argives. -The Thebans marched out   EPIPHANIUS ('E7rt0dvof), one of the Greek
against the enemy, under the command of La- fathers, was born near Eleutheropolis, in Palesodamas, after whose death they fled into the tine, about A.D. 320, of Jewish parents.  He
city. On the part of the Epigoni, JEgialeus had went to Egypt when young, and there appears
fallen. The seer Tiresias, knowing. that the to have been tainted with Gnostic errors, but
city was doomed to fall, persuaded the inhabit- afterward fell into the hands of some monks,
ants to quit it, and take their wives and chil- and by them was made a strong advocate for
dren with them. The Epigoni thereupon took the monastic life. He returned to Palestine,
possession of Thebes, and razed it to the ground. and lived there for some time as a monk, having
They sent a portion of the booty and Manto, founded a monastery near his native place. In
the daughter of Tiresias, to Delphi, and then A.D. 367 he was chosen bishop of Constantia,
returned to Peloponnesus.  The war of the the metropolis of Cyprus, formerly called SalaEpigoni was made the subject of epic and tragic mis. His writings show him to have been a
poems.                                    man of great reading, for he was acquainted
EPIMENIDES ('E7rteUviqC). I. A celebrated with Hebrew, Syriac, Greek, Egyptian, and
poet and prophet of Crete, whose history is to Latin. But he was entirely without critical or
a great extent mythical. He was reckoned logical power; of real piety, but also of a very
among the Curetes, and is said to have been the bigoted and dogmatical turn of mind. He disson of a nymph.'He was a native of Phuestus tinguished himself by his opposition to heresy,
in Crete, and appears to have spent the greatest and especially to Origen's errors. He died 402.
part of his life at Cnosus, whence he is some- His most important work is entitled Panarium,
times called a Cnosian. There is a legend that, being a discourse against heresies. The best
when a boy, he was sent out by his father in edition of his works is by Petavius, Paris, 1622
search of a sheep, and that, seeking shelter from  and Lips., 1682, with a commentary by Valesius.
the heat of the mid-day sun, he went into a  EPIPOLE. Vid. SYRACUSE.
cave, and there fell into a deep sleep, which  EPiRUS ("Hr-etpoC:'H7retp6rnrf, fem.'HiretpWlasted fifty-seven years. On waking and re-'tc: now Albania), that is, " the main land," a
turning home, he found, to his great amazement, country in the northwest of Greece, so called to
that his younger brother had in the mean time distinguish it from Corcyra and the other islgrown an old man. He is further said to have ands off the coast. Homer gives the name of
attained the age of 154, 157, or even of 229 years. Epirus to the whole of the western coast of
285




EPIRUS NOVA.                             ERASISTRATUS.
Greece, thus including Acarnania iin it. Epirus colonized by the Romarn,;1.'l90, on the cornwas bounded by Illyria and Macedonia on the mand of the SibyllineloksI B' eve as a bulnorth, by Thessaly on the east, by Acarnania wark against the neighl;bring. ine ribes.
and the Ambracian Gulf on the south, and by  EPOREDORIX, a chieftain of tl) e Edui, was one
the Ionian Sea on the west. The principal of the commanders of the Eduan cavalry which
mountains were the Acroceraunii, forming the was sent to Caesar's aid against Vercingetorix
northwestern boundary; besides which there in B:C. 52,-but he himself revolted soon after-,were the mountains Tomarus in the east, and ward and joined the enemy.
Crania inthe south. The chiefrivers.were the  [EPULO, a' Rutulian hero in the Eneid, slain
Celydnus, Thyamis, Acheron, and Arachthus. by Achates.]
The inhabitants of Epirus were numerous, but  [EPYAXA ('E7vasCa), queen of Cilicia, wife of
were not of pure Hellenic blood. The original King Syennesis, brought large sums of money
population appears to have been Pelasgic and to Cyrus to aid him in paying his troops.]
the ancient oracle of Dodona in the country was  EPrTTUS, a Trojan, father of Periphas, who
always regarded as of Pelasgic. origin. These was a companion of Iulus, and is called by the
Pelasgians were subsequently mingled with patronymic Epytides.
Illyrians, who at various times, invaded Epirus  EQUiCSTER ("Irirto), a surname of several diand settled in the country. Epirus contained vinities; but especially of Neptune (Poseidon),
fourteen different' tribes. Of these the most who had created the horse, and in whose honor
important were the CHAONES, THESPROTI, and horse-races were held.
MoLossI, who gave their names to the three  EQUUS TUTIcus or AdQUuM TUTICUM, a small
principal divisions'of the country, CHAONIA, town of the Hirpini in Samnium, twenty-one
THESPROTIA, andMoLossis. The differentltribes miles from Beneventum.  The -Scholiast on
were originally governed by their own.princes. Horace (Sat., i., 5, 87) supposes, but without
The Molossian princes, who traced their.de- sufficient reasons, that it is the town, quod versa
scent from Pyrrhus (Neoptolemus), son of:Achil- dicere non est.
les, subsequently acquired the sovereignty over  EaRm  ("Epae: now Sighajik?), a small but
the whole country, and tookl the title of kings strong sea-port town on the coast of Ionia, north
of Epirus. The first who bore this title.was ofTeos.
Alexander, who invaded Italy to assist the Ta-  ERANA, a town in Mount Amanus, the chief
rent-ines against the Lucanians and Bruttii, and seat of the Eleutherocilices in the time of Cicero.
perished at the battle of Pandosia, B.C. 326.  ERANNOBOAS.('Epavvo66aC: now Gunduk), a
The most celebrated of the later kings was PYR- river of India, one of the chief tributaries of the
RHUS, who carried on war with the Romans. Ganges, into which it fell at Palimbothra.
About B.C. 200 the Epirots established a repub-  ERASINIDES ('Epaabv^(cS), one of the Athenian
lie; and the Romans, after the conquest of commanders at the battle of the Arginusae. He
Philip, 197, guaranteed its independence. But was among the six commanders who returned
in consequence ofthe support which the Epirots to Athens after the victory, and were put to
afforded to Antiochus and Perseus, YEmilius death, B.C. 406.
Paulus received orders from' the senate to pun-  ERASINUS ('Epaclvo).  1. (Now Kephalari),
ish them with the utmost severity. He destroy- the'chief river in Argolis, rises in the Lake
ed seventy of their towns, and sold one hundred Stymphalus, then disappears under the earth,
and fifty thousand of the inhabitants for slaves. rises again out of the mountain Chaon, and, after
In the time of Augustus the country had not yet receiving the River Phrixus, flows through the
recovered from the effects of this devastation.  Lernaean marsh into the Argolic Gulf.-2. A
EPIRUS NovA.  Vid. ILLYRICUM.           small river near Brauron in Attica.
[EPISTHENES ('E7iLEnvy7]), of Amphipolis,  ERASISTRATUS ('Epaaiaparoc). 1. A celebracommander of the Greek peltastse in the army ted physician and anatomist, was born at Iulis in
of the younger Cyrus at the battle of Cunaxa.] the island of Ceos. He was a pupil of Chrysip[EPISTOR ('Eiricrop), a Trojan, slain by Patro- pus of Cnidos, of Metrodorus, and apparently of
clus arrayed in the armor of Achilles.]   Theophrastus. He flourished from B.C. 300 to
[EPISTRjPrUS ('Erniarpo0oc). 1. Son of Iphi- 260. He lived for some time at the court of
tus, leader of the Phocians in the Trojan war.-  Seleucus Nicator, king of Syria, where he ac2. Of Alybe, an ally of the Trojans.-3. Son of quired great reputation by discovering that the
Euenus, king of Lyrnessus.]              illness of Antiochus, the king's eldest son, was
EPONA (from epzs, that is, equus), a Roman owing to his love for his mother-in-law, Stratogoddess, the protectress of horses. -Images of nice, the young and beautiful daughter of Deher, either statues or paintings, were frequently metrius Poliorcetes, whom Seleucus had lately
seen in niches of stables.'     married. Erasistratus afterward lived at AlexEPOPErS ('EIrrnreVC). 1. Son of Neptune (Po- andrea, which was at that time beginning to be
seidon) and Canace, came from Thessaly to acelebrated medical school. He gave up pracSicyon, of which place he became king. He car- tice in his old age, that he might pursue his anried away from Thebes the beautiful Antiope, atomical studies without interruption. He prosdaughter of Nycteus, who therefore made war ecuted his experiments in this branch of mediupon Epopeus.  The two kings died of the cal science with great success, and with such
wounds which they received in the war.-2. One ardor that he is said to have dissected criminals
of the Tyrrhenian pirates, who attempted to alive., He had numerous pupils and followers,
carry off Bacchus (Dionysus), but were changed and a medical school bearing his, name continby the god into dolphins.'      ued to exist at Smyrna, in Ionia, about the beEPOREoIDIA (now Ivrea), a town in Gallia Cisal- ginning of the Christian era.-[2. One of the
pina, on the Duria, in the territory of the Salassi, thirty tyrants in Athens.]'286




ERAT1IDE.                             ERICHTHONIUS.
EarXYDJE (       n  illustrious family of Acragas, which must not be confounded with
talysus in R          h Damagetus and his the town Herbessus, near Syracuse.
son Diagora                                 ERTA (EoipKr or Eipcrai), a fortress in SiciERATO (E   p      ife of Arcas, and moth- ly, on a hill, with a harbor near Panormus.
er of Elatus an   as.  Vid. ARAS. —2. One   EREBus ('Epe6oc), son of Chaos, begot /Ether
of the Muses. Vid. MusmE.                 and Hemera (Day) by Nyx (Night), his sister.
ERATOSTHENES ('EpaTroaOuv1), of Cyrene, was The name signifies darkness, and is therefore
born B.C.- 276. He first studied in his native applied also. to the dark and gloomy space uncity and then at Athens. He was taught by der the earth, through which the shades pass
Ariston of Chios, the philosopher; Lysanias of into Hades.
Cyrene, the grammarian; and Callimachus, the  ERECHTHEUM. Vid. ERICHTHONIUS.
poet. Heleft Athens at the invitation of Ptole-  ERECHTHEUS. Vid. ERICHTHONIUS.
my Evergetes, who placed him over the library  [EREMBI ('Epeu6o), a people mentioned in the
at Alexandrea.:Here-he continued till the reign Odyssey (iv., 84) in connection with the Sidoniof'Ptolemy Epiphanes. He died at the age of ans and -Ethiopians; according to Strabo, a
eighty, about B.C. 196, of voluntary starvation, Troglodytic people in Arabia.]
having lost his -sight, and being tired of life.  ER:sus or-EREssus ("Epeaof, "Epeaco:'EpeHe was a man of very extensive learning, and atog), a town on the western coast of the island
wrote on almost all the branches of knowledge of Lesbos, the birth-place of Theophrastus and
then cultivated-astronomy, geometry, geogra- Phanias, and, according to some, of Sappho.
phy, philosophy, history, and grammar. He is  [ERETIEUS ('Eper1eS, i.e.," rower"), a Phaesupposed to have constructed the large armillce acian engaged in the games celebrated during
or fixed circular instruments which were long the stay of Ulysses in Phaeacia.]
in use at Alexandrea. His-works have perish-  ERETRIA ('Eperpta:'Eperptevf: now Palceoed, with the exception of some fragments. His Castro), an ancient and important town in Eumost celebrated work was a systematic treatise bea, on the Euripus, with a celebrated harbor
on geography, entitled reoypaoKtd, in three Porthmos (now Porto Bufalo), was founded by
books. The first book, which formed a sort of the Athenians, but had a mixed population,
introduction, contained a critical review of the among which was a considerable number of
labors of his predecessors from the earliest to Dorians. Its commerce and navy raised it ir
his'own times, and investigations concerning early times to importance; it contended with
the form and nature of the earth, which, accord- Chalcis for the supremacy of Eubcea; it ruled
ing to him, was an immovable globe. The see- over several of the neighboring islands, and
ond book contained what is now called mathe- planted colonies in Macedonia and Italy. It
matical geography.  He was the first person was destroyed by the Persians, B.C. 490, and
who attempted to measure the magnitude of the most of its inhabitants were carried away into
earth, in which attempt he brought forward and slavery. Those who were left behind built, at
used the method-which is employed to the pres- a little distance from the old city, the town of
ent day.  The third book contained political New Eretria, which, however, never became a
geography, and gave descriptions'of the various place of importance.-2. A town in Phthiotis, in
countries, derived from the works of earlier trav- Thessaly, near Pharsalus.
ellers and geographers. In order to be able-to  [ERETUM (1HpT7rov, now Crestone?), an ancient
determine the accurate site of each place, he city of the Sabines on the Tiber, which, under
drew a line parallel with the equator, running the'Roman rule, sank into comparative insigfrom the pillars of Hercules to the extreme east nificance: in Strabo's time it was little more
of Asia, and dividing the whole of the inhabited than a village.]
earth into two halves. Connected with this  [EREUTHALION ('EpevOacio&v), leader of the
work was a new map of the earth, in which Arcadians against the Pylians, fought in the
towns, mountains, rivers, lakes, and climates armor of Areithous; he was slain by Nestor.]
were marked according to his own improved   ERGINus ('Ep~yvoC), son of Clymenus, king of'
measurements. This important work of Era- Orchomenos. After Clymenus had been killed
tosthenes forms an epoch in the history of an- at Thebes, Erginus, who succeeded him, marchcient geography. Strabo, as well as other wri- ed against Thebes, and compelled them to pay
ters,made great use of it. Eratosthenes also him an annual tribute of one hundred oxen.
wrote two poems on astronomical subjects: one The Thebans were released from the payment
entitled'Epury or KaTaaraeployi, which treat. ofthis tribute by Hercules, who killed Erginus.
ed of the constellations; and another entitled  [ERIBCA ('Epi6oia, poet.'Hepi6ola). 1. Sec-'Hpey6vy; but the poem KaraotrepLaioi, which ond wife of Aloeus, consequently step-mother
is still extant under his name, is not the work of the Aloida: when these had confined Mars
of Eratosthenes. He wrote several historical in chains, Eribea disclosed to Mercury the place
works, the most important of which was a chro- where he was imprisoned.-2. Wife of Telanologicai work entitled Xpovoypa~ia, in which mon, mother of Ajax; is sometimes called Perhe endeavored to fix the dates of all the import- ibcea.]
ant events in literary as well as political his-  ERICHTHONIUS ('Eptxo6vtoc) or ERECHTHEUS
tory. The most celebrated of his grammatical ('EpexOevC). In the ancient myths these two
works was On the Old Attic Comedy (fept rTs  names indicate the same person; but later'Apaiac KeyUodia). The best collection of his writers mention two heroes, one of whom is
fragments is by Bernhardy, Eratosthenica, Be- usually called Erichthonius or Erechtheus I.,
rol., 1822:                               and the other Erechtheus II. Homer knows
ERBEssUs ('Ep6Vtra6), a town in Sicily, north- only one Erechtheus, as an autochthon and king
east of Agrigentum, near the sources of the of Athens; and the first writer who distinguish287




ERICHTHONIUS.                                  ERIS.
es two personages is Plato. 1. ERICHTHONIUS thon was supposed to w h w   hen struck
or ERECHTHEUS I.,, son of Vulcan (Hephuestus) by the lightning of Jupj _  The Latin
and Atthis, the daughter of Cranaus.'Minerva poets frequently give tridanus to
(Athena) reared the child without:the'knowl- the Po. Vid. PADUS. 
edge obf the other gods, and intrusted him:to  ERGON ('EpiyvT), at    the Axius in
Agraulos, Pandrosos, and Herse, concealed in Macedonia, the Agrianusd of Herodotus. Vid.
a chest. They were forbidden to open the Axius.
chest, but they disobeyed the command. Upon  ERIGONE ('Hpty6v).. Daughter of Icariusopening the chest they saw the child in the form  beloved by Bacchus, For the legend respectof a serpent, or entwined by a serpent, where- ing her, vid. ICARIUs. —2. Daughter of Egisthus
upon they were seized with madness, and threw  and Clytamnestra,-and mother of Penthilus by
themselves down the rock of the Acropolis, or, Orestes. Another, legend relates that Orestes
according to others, into the sea. When Erich- Wanted to kill her with her mother; but that Dithonius had grown up, he expelled Amphictyon, ana (Artemis) removed her'to Attica, and there
and became king of Athens. His wife Pasithea made her her priestess. Others state that Erigbore him a son, Pandion. He is said to, have one put an end to'herself when she, heard that
introduced the worship of Minerva (Athena), to Orestes was acquitted by the.Areopagus.
have instituted the festival of the Panathentea,  ERIN-EUS ('Eptveo or'EptIvov:'Eptvev`,'Eptvand to'have built a temple of Minerva (Athena) Edrf). " 1. A small but ancient town in Doris,
on theAcropolis. When Minerva (Athena) and belonging to the Tetrapolis.  Vid. DoRIS.-.2.
Neptune (Poseidon) disputed about the posses- A town in Phthiotis in Thessaly.
sion of Attica, Erichthonius declared in favor  ERINNA ('Hpevva), a Greek poetess, a conof Minerva (Athena). He was, further, thefirst temporary and friend of Sappho (about B.C.
who used a chariot with four horses, for which 612), who died at the age of nineteen, but left
reason he was placed among the stars as auriga. behind her poems which;were, thought worthy
He was buried in the temple of Minerva (Athe- to rank with those of Homer.: Her poems were
na), and was worshipped-as a god after.his death: of the epic class: the chief of them was entitled
His famous temple, the Erechtheum,-stood onI'HI-aKdr, the Distaff: it consisted of three hunthe Acropolis, and contained three separate tem- dred lines, of which only four are extant. It
pies: one of Minerva (Athena)-Polias, or the was written in a. dialect which was a mixture
protectress of the state; the Erechtheum proper, of the. Doric and _Eolic, and'which was, spoken
or sanctuary of Erechtheus; and the Pandrosi- at Rhodes, where, or in the adjacent island of
ur, or sanctuary of Pandrosos.-2. ERECHTHEUS Telos, Erinna was born. She is also called a
II., grandson of the former, son of Pandion by Lesbi an and a Mytilenean, on account of her
Zeuxippe, and brother of Butes, Procnie, and residence in Lesbos.with Sappho. There-are
Philomela. After his father's death, he sue- several epigrams upon Erinna, in which her
ceeded him as king of Athens, and was regard- praise is celebrated, and her untimely death is
ed in later times as one of the Attic eponymi. lamented. Three epigrams in the Greek AnHe was married to Praxithea, by whom he be- thology are ascribed to her, of which the first
came the father of Cecrops, Pandoros, Metion, has-the genuine air of antiquity; but the other
Orneus, Procris, Creusa, Chthonia, and Orithyia. two, addressed to Baucis, seem to be a later'In the: war between the Eleusinians and Athe- fabrication. Eusebius mentions another Erinnians, Eumolpus, the son of Neptune (Posei- na, a Greek poetess, contemporary with' Dedon), Was slain; whereupon Neptune (Poseidon) mosthenes and Philip of Macedon, B.C. 352;
demanded the sacrifice of one of the daughters but this statement ought probably to be rejected.
Of Erechtheus. When one was drawn by.lot,    ERINYES.  Vid. EUMENIDES.
her three sisters resolved to die with her; and  [ERIOPIS ('EpcnrtC). 1. Wife of Ofleus, mothErechtheus himself was killed by Jupiter (Zeus) er of Ajax the Locrian.-2. Daughter of Jason
with a flash of lightning at the request of Nep- and Medea.]
tune (Poseidon).                            ERIPHUS ("Eptoo), an Athenian poet of the
ERICHTHSNIUS, son of Dardanus and Batea, middle comedy.
husband of Astyoche or Callirrhoe, and father  ERIPH1-LE ('Ept; v ), daughter of Talaus and
of Tros or Assaracus. He was the wealthiest Lysimache, and wife of Amphiaraus, whom she
of all mortals; three thousand mares grazed in betrayed for the sake of the necklace of Harmohis fields, which were so beautiful that Boreas nia. For details, vid. AMPHIARAUS, ALCMEON,
fell in love with them. He is mentioned,-also, HARMONIA.
among the kings of Crete.                   ERIS ("Eptr), the goddess of discord. Homer
ERICINIUM, a town in Thessaly, near Gom- describes her as the friend and sister of Mars
phi.;                                     (Ares), and as delighting with him in the tumult
ERIDANUS ('Hp'davor), a river god, a son of of war and the havoc and anguish, of the battleOceanus and Tethys, and father of Zeuxippe. field. Accordingto Hesiod she was a daughter
He is called the king of rivers, and on his banks of Night, and the poet describes her as.the
amber was found. In Homer the name does. mother of a variety of allegorical beings, which
not occur, and the first writer who mentions it are the causes or representatives'of man's misis Hesiod. The position which the ancient po- fortunes. It was Eris who threw the apple into
ets assign to the River Eridanus differed at the assembly of the gods, the cause of so much
different times. In later times the Eridanus suffering and war. Vid. PARIS. Virgil introwas supposed to be the same as the Padus, duces Discordia as a being similar to the Hobecause amber was found at its mouth. Hence meric Eris; for Discordia appears in company
the Electrides Insula, or " Amber Islands," are with Mars, Bellona, and the Furies, and Virgil
placed at the mouth of the Po, and here Pha- is evidently imitating Homer.
288




ERITHUS.                                  ERYTHINI.
[ERiTHU'S,'   of Phineus, slain by Per- tended ad libitum by later poets, and these
seus.]                                     Erotes are described either as sons of AphroERIZA (Tai        Eptvo6S), a city of Caria, dite (Venus) or of nymphs. Among the places
on the bordelj      cia and Phrygia, on the distinguished for the worship of Eros, Thespiae
River Chaus (orer Caus). The surround- in Bceotia stands foremost: there a quinquening district was called Asia Erizena.      nial festival, the Erotidia or Erotia, was celeERos (YEpoc), in Latin AMOR or CUPIDO, the brated in his honor. In ancient works of art,
god of Love. In order to understand the an- Eros is represented either as a full-grown youth
cients properly, we must distinguish three gods of the most perfect beauty, or as a wanton and
of this name: 1. The Eros of the ancient cos- sportive boy. Respecting the connection bemogonies; 2. The Eros of the philosophers and tween Eros and Psyche, vid. PSYCHE.
mysteries, who bears great resemblance to the  [EROS ('Epuc). 1. A slave of Marc Antony,
first; and, 3. The Eros whom we meet with who, when Antony, having determined to dein the epigrammatic and erotic poets. Homer stroy himself, handed him his sword for that
does not mention Eros, and Hesiod, the earliest purpose, plunged it into his own breast.-2. A
author who speaks of him, describes him as the comic actor, was at first hissed from the stage;
cosmogonic Eros.   First, says Hesiod, there but afterward, under the instruction of Roscius,
was Chaos, then came Ge, Tartarus, and Eros, became one of the most celebrated actors of
the fairest among the gods, who rules over the Rome.]
minds and the council of gods and men. By    EROTIANUS ('Ep-rtacv6), a Greek grammarian
the philosophers and in the mysteries Eros was or physician in the reign of Nero, wrote a work
regarded as one of the fundamental causes in still extant, entitled TC)v trap''I7rroKparet A1Sewv
the formation of the world, inasmuch as he was Yvvayoy7, Vocum, que apud Hippocratem sunt,
the uniting power of love, which brought order Collectio, which is dedicated to Andromachus,
and harmony among the conflicting elements the archiater of the emperor. The best edition
of which Chaos consisted. The Orphic poets is by Franz, Lips., 1780.
described him as the son of Cronus (Saturn),  ERsBRus (now Ruber), a small tributary of
or as the first of the gods who sprang from the the Moselle, near Treves.
world's egg; and in Plato's Symposium he is  [ERYCINA, surname of Venus (Aphrodite).
likewise called the oldest of the gods. The  Vid. ERYx.]
Eros of later poets, who gave rise to that notion  [ERYMANTHE ('EpvpdivOY), wife of Berosus,
of the god which is most familiar to us, is one and mother of Sabba, one of the Sibyls.]
of the youngest of all the gods. The parentage  ERYMANTHUS ('Epyzav0oo).. 1. Alofty mountof this Eros is very differently described. He ain in Arcadia, on the frontiers of Achaia and
is usually represented as a son of Aphrodite Elis, celebrated in mythology as the haunt of
(Venus), but his father is either Ares (Mars), the savage Erymanthian boar destroyed by HerZeus (Jupiter), or Hermes (Mercury). He was cules.  Vid. HERCULES. The Arcadian nymph
at first represented as a handsome youth; but Callisto, who was changed into a she-bear, is
shortly after the time of Alexander the Great called Erymanthis ursa, and her son Areas Erythe epigrammatists and erotic poets represent- manthidis ursac custos. Vid. ARCTOS.-2. [(Now
ed him as a wanton boy, of whom a thousand Dogana, or, according to Leake, Dhimitzana),]
tricks and cruel sports were related, and from  a river in Arcadia, which rises in the abovewhom neither gods nor men were safe. In this mentioned mountain, and falls into the Alpheus.
stage Eros had nothing to do with uniting the  ERYMANTHUS or ETYMANDRUS ('EpvtavOog,
discordant elements of the universe, or with'ErmVavdrpoS, Arrian: now Helmund), a considthe higher sympathy of love which binds human erable river in the Persian province of Arachokind together; but he is purely the god of sen- sia, rising in Mount Paropamisus, and flowing
sual love, who bears sway over the inhabitants southwest and west into the lake called Aria
of Olympus as well as over men and all living (now Zarah). According to other accounts, it
creatures. His arms consist of arrows, which lost itself in the sand, or flowed on through
he carries in a golden quiver, and of torches Gedrosia into the Indian Ocean.
which no one can touch with impunity. His    [ERYMAS ('EpO/ar). 1. A Trojan, slain by
arrows are of different power: some are golden, Idomeneus.-2. Another Trojan, slain by Paand kindle love in the heart they wound; others troclus.-3. A companion of A/Eneas, slain by
are blunt and heavy with lead, and produce Turnus.]
aversion to a lover. Eros is further represent-  ERYSICHTHON ('EpvcifxOv), that is, " the Teared with golden wings, and as fluttering about er up of the Earth."  1. Son of Triopas, cut
like a bird. His eyes are sometimes covered, down trees in a grove sacred to Ceres (Demeso that he acts blindly. He is the usual com- ter), for which he was punished by) the goddess
panion of his mother Aphrodite (Venus), and with fearful hunger.-2. Son of Cecrops and
poets and artists represent him, moreover, as Agraulos, died without issue in his father's
accompanied by such allegorical beings as Po- lifetime on his return from Delos, whence he
thos, Himeros, Tyche, Peitho, the Charites or brought to Athens the ancient image of Ilithyia.
Muses.   ANTEROS, which literally means re-  [ERYTHIA ('EpvOea), daughter of Geryones,
turn-love, is usually represented as the god who after whom the island Erythea or Erythia, near
punishes those who did not return the love of Gades was said to have been named.  Vid.
others: thus he is the avenging Eros, or a deus GADES.]
ultor (Ov., Met., xiii., 750). But in some ac-  ERYTHINI ('EpvOIvot), a city on the coast of
counts he is described as a god opposed to Eros Paphlagonia, between Cromna and Amastris.
and struggling against him. The number of A range of cliffs near it was called by the same
Erotes (Amores and Cupidines) is playfully ex- name.
19                                                                289




ERYTHRIE.                                 ETEONEUS.
E'RYTHRzE ('Epvdpai:'EpvOpalog). 1. (Ruins' very satisfactory reason h "l iven; theHenear Pigadia), an ancient town in Bceotia, not brew name signifies the
far from Platea and Hysia, and celebrated as  [ER.YTHRAS ('EpO0pag),   nt king (Strathe mother city of Erythrae in Asia Minor.-  bo in one place calls him  ian, in another
2. A town of the Locri Ozole, but belonging to a son of Perseus), after wh the Erythrean
the.Etolians, east of Naupactus.-3. (Ruins at Sea was said to have been named.]
Ritri), one of the twelve Ionian cities of Asia Mi-  [ERYx ('EpvS), son of Neptune (Apollod.), or
nor, stood at the bottom of a large bay, on the of Bites and Venus, consequently half brother
west side of the peninsula which lies opposite of zEneas; king of the Elymi in Sicily; founded
to Chios. Tradition ascribed its foundation to the city Eryx (q. v.), and built a temple in honor
a mixed colony of Cretans, Lycians, Carians, of his mother. He was a famous boxer, and
and Pamphylians, under Erythros, the son of challenged Hercules, but was slain by him.]
Rhadamanthys; and the leader of the Ionians,  ERYX (YEpvS):. 1. Also ERkcus MONS (now
who afterward took possession of it, was said  S. Giuliano), a steep and isolated mountain in
to have been Cnopus, the son of Codrus, after the northwest of Sicily, near Drepanum. On
whom the city was also called CN6P6PSLIS the summit of this mountain stood an ancient
(Kvrcroi7roCi.  L).  The little river Aleos (or, and celebrated temple of Venus (Aphrodite),
rather, Axus, as it appears on coins), flowed said to have been built by Eryx, king of the
past the city, and the neighboring sea-port towns Elymi, or, according to Virgil, by _ZEneas, but
of Cyssus or CASYSTES, and Phmenicus, formed more probably by the Phoenicians, who introits harbors. Erythrae contained a temple of duced the worship of Venus (Aphrodite) into
Hercules and Minerva (Athena) Polias, remark- Sicily. Vid. APHRODITE. From this temple the
able for its antiquity; and on the coast, near the goddess bore the surname ERYCiNA, under which
city, was a rock called Nigrum Promontorium  name her worship was introduced at Rome about
(aeopa beatLva), from which excellent mill-stones the beginning of the second Punic war. At'were hewn.                               present there is standing on the summit of the
ERYTHRIEUMU MARE (7'EpvOpia la.aaaa, also mountain the remains of a castle, originally
rarely'EpvOpaloS ir6vroc), was the name applied built by the Saracens.-2. The town of this name
originally to the whole expanse of sea between was on the western slope of the mountain. It
Arabia and Africa on the west, and India on the was destroyed by the Carthaginians in the time
east, including its two great gulfs (the Red Sea of Pyrrhus; was subsequently rebuilt; but was
and Persian Gulf). In this sense it is used by again destroyed by' the Carthaginians in the
Herodotus, who also distinguishes the Red Sea first Punic war, and its inhabitants-removed to
by the name of'Apd&iof x6m6rog. Vid. ARABIcus |Drepanum.
SINUS. Supposing the shores of Africa and   ESDRAELA ('Eaeparj7) and ESDRAELON or ESArabia to trend more and more away from each j DRELON or -Om ('Eod6pn2,lv or -/ut), the Greek
other the further south you go, lie appears to names for the city and valley of Jezreel in Palhave called the head of the sea between them  estine.
O'Apd6egor fC Krog, and the rest of that sea, as  ESQUiYLLE. Vid. ROMA.
far south as it extended, and also eastward to  EssdI, a people in Gaul, west of the Sequana,
the shores of India, v'Epvupi' 4d;iaaa, and also probably the same as the people elsewhere calls~ Noriml  iXaacaa; though there are, again, some ed EsuBII and SESUVII.
indications of a distinction between these two  ESTIONES, a people in Raetia Secunda or Vinterms, the latter being applied to the whole ex- delicia, whose capital was Campodfinum (now
panse of ocean south of the former; in one pas- Kempten), on the Iller.
sage, however, they are most expressly identi-  [ETEARCHUS ('E7rapXof). 1. An ancient king
fied (ii., 158). Afterward, when the true form  of Crete, father of Phronima, and, through her,
of these seas came to be better known, through grandfather of Battus, according to the legend
the progress of maritime discovery under the of the Cyreneans. —2. A king of the AmmoniPtolemies, their parts were distinguished by I ans. Both mentioned by Herodotus.
different names, the main body of the sea be-  ETEOCLES ('EreoiCXur). 1. Son of Andreus and
ing called Indicus Oceanus, the Red Sea Arab- Evippe, or of Cephisus; said to have been the
icus Sinus, the Persian Gulf Persicus Sinus, first who offered sacrifices to the Charites at
and the name Erythraeum Mare being confined Orchomenos in Boeotia.-2. A son of CEdipus
by some geographers to the gulf between the and Jocaste.  After his father's flight from
Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb and the Indian Ocean, Thebes, he and his brother Polynices undertook
but far more generally used as identical with the government of Thebes by turns; but, disArabicus Sinus, or the corresponding genuine putes having arisen between them, Polynices
Latin term, Mare Rubrum (Red Sea). Still, fled to Adrastus, who then brought about the
however, even long after the commencement expedition of the Seven against Thebes. Vid.
of our era, the name Erythrweum Mare was ADRASTUS. When many of the heroes had fallsometimes used in its ancient sense, as in the en, Eteocles and Polynices resolved upon deTIepir2Lovr rz)f'EpvOpig &aJdaacy, ascribed to ciding the contest by single combat, and both
Arrian, but really the work of a later period, the brothers fell.
which is a description of the coast from Myos  ETEOCLUS ('ETrioc2;O ), a son of Iphis, was, acHormos on the R.e.d Sea to the shores of India. cording to some traditions, one of the seven
The origin of theJiame is doubtful, and was dis- heroes who went with Adrastus against Thebes.
puted by the ancients: it is generally supposed He had to make the attack upon the Neitian
that the Greek'Epv~pa 6d2aaLaa is a significant gate, where he was opposed by Megareus.
name, identical in meaning with the Latin and  [ETEONEUS ('Ereove6d), son of Boethus, atEnglish names of the Red Sea; but why red no tendant of Menelaus.]
290




ETEONICUS.                                 ETRURIA.
[ETEONICUS ('ETe6wvioK), a Lacedemonian, brians, and settled in the country, and that
harmost in Thasds, was driven out B.C. 410; these Tyrrhene-Pelasgians were in their turn
in 389 he was harmost in 2Egina.]         conquered by a powerful Rsetian race, called
ETE6NUS ('EreWov6), a town in Beotia, be- Rasena, who descended from the Alps and the
longing to the district Parasopia, mentioned by valley of the Po. Hence it was from the union
Homer, subsequently called Scarphe.       of the Tyrrhene-Pelasgians and the Rasena that
ETEsiYM ('Ericiat, sc. (vvezot), the Etesian the Etruscan nation was formed. It is imposWinds, derived from'Trog, 1" year," signified any sible, however, to come to any definite concluperiodical winds, but the word was used more sion respecting the real origin of the Etrusparticularly by the Greeks to indicate the north- cans, since we are entirely ignorant of the
erly winds, which blew in the 2Egean for forty language which they spoke; and the language
days from the rising of the dog star.     of a people is the only means by which we can
[ETHaMON, a friend of Phineus, from Naba- pronounce with certainty respecting their oritrea in Arabia, slain by Perseus.]        gin. But, whatever may have been the origin
ETIS or ETIA ('Hrtf, 1HreLta: "Hr-o,'HTreiO), of the Etruscans, we know that they were a
a town in the south of Laconia, near Bceme, said very powerful nation when Rome was still in
to have been founded by _Eneas, and named its infancy, and that they had at an early period
after his daughter Etias. Its inhabitants were extended their dominion over the greater part
transplanted at an early time to Bcse, and the of Italy, from the Alps and the plains of Lomplace disappeared.                        bardy on the one hand, to Vesuvius and the
ETovISSA, a town of the Edetani, in Hispania Gulf of Sarento on the other. These dominTarraconensis.                           ions may be divided into three great districts:
ETRiURYA or TuSCIA, called by the Greeks Circumpadane Etruria in the north, Etruria
TYaRRHNYiA or TYRSfiNYA (Tv"P77via, Tvpopvvia), Proper in the centre, and Campanian Etruria
a country in central Italy. The inhabitants in the south. In each of these districts there
were called by the Romans ETRUSCI or TuscI, were twelve principal cities or states, which
by the Greeks TYRRHENr or TYRSENI (Tv /Pivoi, formed a confederacy for mutual protection.
Tvpayvoi), and by themselves RASkNA. Etruria Through the attacks of the Gauls in the north,
was bounded on the north and northwest by the and of the Sabines, Samnites, and Greeks in the
Apennines and the River Macra, which divided south, the Etruscans became confined within
it from Liguria, on the west by the Tyrrhene the limits of Etruria Proper, and continued long
Sea or Mare Inferum, on the east and south by to flourish in this country, after they had disapthe River Tiber, which separated it from Urn- peared from the rest of Italy. Of the twelve
bria and Latium, thus comprehending almost cities which formed the confederacy in Etruria
the whole of modern Tuscany, the Duchy of Proper, no list is given by the ancients. They
Lucca, and the Transtiberine portion of the Ro- were most probably CORTONA, ARRETIUM, CLUman states. It was intersected by numerous SIUM, PERUSIA, VOLATERRE, VETULONIA, RUSELmountains, offshoots of the Apennines, consist- LY, VOLSINII, TARQUINII, VALERII, VEII, CERE,
ing of long ranges of hills in the north, but in more anciently called Agylla. Each state was
the south lying in detached masses, and of independent of all the others. The government
smaller size. The land was celebrated in an- was a close aristocracy, and was strictly contiquity for its fertility, and yielded rich harvests fined to the family of the Lucumones, who
of corn, wine, oil, and flax. The upper part of united in their own persons the ecclesiastical
the country was the most healthy, namely, the as well as the civil fiunctions. The people were
part at the foot of the Apennines, near the not only rigidly excluded from all share in the
sources of the Tiber and the Arnus, in the government, but appear to have been in a state
neighborhood of Arretium, Cortona, and Peru- of vassalage or serfdom. From the noble and
sia. The lower part of the country on the priestly families of the Lucumones a supreme
coast was marshy and unhealthy, like the Ma- magistrate was chosen, who appears to have
remma at the present day. The early history been sometimes elected for life, and to have
of the population of Etruria has given rise to borne the title of king; but his power was much
much discussion in modern times. It is admit- fettered by the noble families. At a later time
ted on all hands that the people known to the the kingly dignity was abolished, and the govRomans under the name of Etruscans were not ernment intrusted to a senate. A meeting of
the original inhabitants of the country, but a the confederacy of the twelve states was held
mixed race. The most ancient inhabitants ap- annually in the spring, at the temple of Volpear to have been Ligurians in the north and tumna, near Volsinii. The Etruscans were a
Siculians in the south, both of whom were sub- highly-civilized people, and from them the Rosequently expelled from the country by the Um- mans borrowed many of their religious and pobrians. So far most accounts agree; but from  litical institutions. The three last kings of
this point there is great difference of opinion. Rome were undoubtedly Etruscans, and they
The ancients generally believed that a colony left in the city enduring traces of Etruscan
of Lydians, led by Tyrsenus, son of the king of power and greatness. The Etruscans paid the
Lydia, settled in the country, to which they greatest attention to religion, and their religgave the name of their leader; and it has been ious system was closely interwoven with all,
maintained by some modern writers that the public and private affairs. The principal deities
Oriental character of many of the Etruscan in- were divided into two classes. The highest
stitutions is in favor of this account of their ori- class were the "Shrouded Gods," who did not
gin. But most modern critics adopt an entire- reveal themselves to man, and to whom all the
ly different opinion. They believe that a Pc- other gods were subject. The second class
lasgic race, called Tyrrheni, subdued the Urn- consisted of the twelve great gods, six male
291




EUAIEMON.                                EUCLIDES.
and six female, called by the Romans Dii Con- the Eubcean Sea, called the Euripus in it. narsentes. They formed the council of Tina or rowest part. Eubcea is about ninety miles in
Tinia, the Roman Jupiter, and the two other length: its extreme breadth is thirty miles, but
most powerful gods of the twelve were Cupra, in the narrowest part it is only four miles across
corresponding to Juno, and Menrva or Menerva, Throughout the length of the island runs a lofty
corresponding to the Roman Minerva. Besides range of mountains, which rise in one part as
these two classes of gods, there was a great high as seven thousand two hundred and sixtynumber of other gods, penates and lares, to six feet above the sea. It contains, neverthewhom worship was paid. The mode in which less, many fertile plains, and was celebrated in
the gods were worshipped was prescribed in antiquity for the excellence of its pasturage and
certain sacred books, said to have been written corn-fields. According to the ancients, it was
by TAGES. These books contained the "Etrus- once united to Bceotia, from which it was sepca Disciplina," and gave minute directions re- arated by an earthquake. In Homer the inha.b
specting the whole of the ceremonial worship. itants are called Abantes, and are represented
They were studied in the schools of the Lucu- as taking part in the expedition against Troy.
mones, to which the Romans also were accus- In the north of Eubcea dwelt the Histioei, from
tomed to send some of their noblest youths for whom that part of the island was called Hisinstruction, since it was from the Etruscans tiaa; below these were the Ellopii, who gave
that the Romans borrowed most of their arts the name of Ellopia to the district, extending
of divination. In architecture, statuary, and as far asEgae and Cerinthus; and in the south
painting, the Etruscans attained to great emi- were the Dryopes. The centre of the island
nence. They were acquainted with the use of was inhabited chiefly by Ionians. It was in this
the arch at an early period, and they employed part of Euboea that the Athenians planted the
it in constructing the great cloacae at Rome. colonies of CHALCIs and ERETRIA, which were
Their bronze candelabra were celebrated at the two most important cities in the island.
Athens even in the time of Pericles; and the After the Persian wars Euboea became subject
beauty of their bronze statues is still attested to the Athenians, who attached much importby the She Wolf of the Capitol and the Orator ance to its possession; and, consequently, Perof the Florence Gallery. The beautiful vases, ides made great exertions to subdue it, when
which have been discovered in such numbers it revolted in B.C. 445. Under the Romans
in Etruscan tombs, can not be cited as proofs Euboea formed part of the province of Achaia.
of the excellence of Etruscan workmanship, Since Cume in Italy was a colony from Chalsince it is now admitted by the most compe- cis in Eubcea, the adjective Euboicus is used by
tent judges that these vases were either made the poets in reference to the former city. Thus
in Greece, or by Greek artists settled in Italy. Virgil (En., vi., 2) speaks of Euboicis Cumarum
Of the private life of the Etruscans we have a oris.-2. A town in the interior of Sicily, foundliiely picture from the paintings discovered in ed by Chalcis in Euboea, but destroyed at an
their tombs; but into this subject our limits early period.
forbid us to enter. The later history of Etruria  EUBUfLDEs (Ev6ovi6?5C), of Miletus, a phiis a struggle against the rising power of Rome, losopher of the Megaric school. He was a conto which it was finally compelled to yield. Aft- temporary of Aristotle, against whom he wrote
er the capture of Veil by the dictator Camillus, with great bitterness; and he is stated to have
B.C. 396, the Romans obtained possession of given Demosthenes instruction in dialectics.
the eastern part of Etruria, and the Ciminian He is said to have invented the forms of sevforest, instead of the Tiber, now became the eral of the most celebrated false and captious
boundary of the two people. The defeat of the syllogisms.
Etruscans by Q. Fabius Maximus in 310 was   EUBULUS (Ev6ov2o). 1. An Athenian, of the
a great blow to their power. They still en- demus Anaphlystus, a distinguished orator and
deavored to maintain their independence, with statesman, was one of the most formidable opthe assistance of the Samnites and the Gauls; ponents of Demosthenes. It was with him that
but after their decisive defeat by Cornelius Dol- LEschines served as secretary in the earlier part
abella in 283, they became the subjects of Rome. of his life.-2. An Athenian, son of Euphranor,
In 91 they received the Roman franchise. The of the Cettian demus, a distinguished poet of
numerous military colonies established in Etru- the middle comedy, flourished B.C. 376. He
ria by Sulla and Augustus destroyed to a great wrote one hundred and four plays, of which
extent the national character of the people, and there are extant more than fifty titles. His
the country thus became in course of time com- plays were chiefly on mythological subjects.
pletely Romanized.                        Several of them contained parodies of passages
[EUmEMON (EdVaiyov). 1. One of the sons of from the tragic poets, and especially from EuLycaon, slain by the lightning of Jupiter (Zeus). ripides. [The fragments of Eubulus have been
-2. Father of Eurypylus, whence the latter is collected and edited by Meineke, Fragm. Comic.
called by Homer Euaemonides (EvatyoviSd7).]  Grec., vol. i., p. 594-629, edit. minor.]
[EUAGRUS, one of the Lapithe, slain by the  [EUCHENOR (EvXvupOp), a son of the Corinthian
centaur Rhcetus at the nuptials of Pirithous.]  seer Polyidus, with whom he went to the Trojan
[EUBIUS, a writer, author of erotic stories, war, although his father had foretold that he
mentioned by Ovid in his Tristia.]        would thereby lose his life: he was slain by
EUBCEA (Ei6ola: Ed6olteV, Ev6oevc, fem. Ev- Paris.]
6o0s). 1. (Now Negropont), the largest island  EUCLIDEs (EvKeliSVC). 1. The celebrated
of the.gEgaan Sea, lying along the coasts of mathematician, who has almost given his own
Attica, Bceotia, and the southern part of Thes- name to the science of geometry, in every counsaly, from which countries it is separated by try in which his writings are studied; but we
292




EUCRATES.                                EUELTHON.
know next to nothing of his private history.  EUDETUS (Eiyce/zo). 1. Of Cyprus, a PeripaThe place of his birth is uncertain. He lived tetic philosopher, to whom Aristotle dedicated
at Alexandrea in the time of the first Ptolemy, the dialogue Edryloc i wrepti bvxiy, which is lost.
B.C. 323-283, and was the founder of the Alex- -2. Of Rhodes, also a Peripatetic philosopher,
andrean mathematical school. He was of the and one of the most important of Aristotle's
Platonic sect, and well read in its doctrines. disciples. He edited many of Aristotle's writIt was his answer to Ptolemy, who asked if ings; and one of them even bears the name of
geometry could not be made easier, that there Eudemus, namely, the'H0tCa E/S8UE ta, which
was no royal road.- Of the numerous works at- work was in all probability a recension of Aristributed to Euclid, the following are still extant: totle's lectures edited by Eudemus. Vid. p.
1. ZrIotera, the Elements, in thirteen books, 102, a.-3. The physician of Livilla, the wife of
with a fourteenth and fifteenth added by HYP- Drusus Caesar, who assisted her and Sejanus in
sIC.ES. 2. Aedoyieva, the Data, containing one poisoning her husband, A.D. 23.
hundred propositions, with a preface by Marinus  EUDSOCA (EvdoKia). 1. Originally called ATHEof Naples. 3. EikayeyY'ApzovuIj, a Treatise on NAIS, daughter of the sophist Leontius, was.dis]fusic; and, 4. KaraTro(L Kavvovo, the Division of tinguished for her beauty and attainments. She
the Scale: one of these works, most likely the married the Emperor Theodosius II., A.D. 421;
former, must be rejected. 5. 4atov6/eva, the and on her marriage she embraced Christianity,
Appearances (of the heavens). 6.'07rrt/ci, on and received at her baptism the name of EudoOptics; and, 7. Karori-rpiad, on Catoptrics. The cia. She died at Jerusalem, A.D. 460.  She
only complete edition of all the reputed works wrote several works; and to her is ascribed by
of Euclid is that published at Oxford, 1703, folio, some the extant poem Homero- Centones, which
by David Gregory, with the title EvK'tCi6ov r' is composed of verses from Homer, and relates
a(J ueva. The Elements and the Data were the history of the fall and of the redemption of
published in Greek, Latin, and French, in 3 man by Jesus Christ; but its genuineness is
vols. 4to, Paris, 1814-16-18, by Peyrard. The very doubtful.-2. Of Macrembolis, wife of the
most convenient edition for scholars of the Emperors Constantine XI. Ducas and Romanus
Greek text of the Elements is the one by Au- IV. Diogenes (A.D. 1059-1071), wrote a dicgust, Berol., 1826, 8vo.-2. Of Megara, was one tionary of history and mythology, which she
of the chief of the disciples of Socrates, but be- called'Iuvci, Violarium, or Bed of Violets. It
fore becoming such he had studied the doe- was printed for the first time by Villoison, in his
trines, and especially the dialectics, of the Ele- Anecdota Grasca, Venice, 1781.  The sources
atics. Socrates on one occasion reproved him from which the work was compiled are nearly
for his fondness for subtle and captious dis- the same as those used by Suidas.
putes. On the death of Socrates (B.C. 399),  [EUDORus (EvdJpog), son of Mercury and PolyJuuclides took refuge in Megara and there es- mela, reared by his grandfather Phylas; was
tablished a school which distinguished itself one of the leaders of the Myrmidons under
chiefly by the cultivation of dialectics. The Achilles.]
doctrines of the Eleatics formed the basis of  EUDOSES, a people in Germany, near the Vahis philosophical system. With these he blend- rini, probably in the modern Mlecklenburg.
ed the ethical and dialectical principles of So-  EUDOXUS (E'idoocf). 1. Of Cnidus, son of
crates. He was the author of six dialogues, AEschines, a celebrated astronomer, geometer,
none of which, however, have come down to physician, and legislator, lived about B.C. 366.
us. He has frequently been erroneously con- He was a pupil of Archytas and Plato, and also
founded with the mathematician of the same went to Egypt, where he studied some time
name. The school which he founded was call with the priests. He afterward returned to
ed sometimes the Megaric, sometimes the Dia- Athens, but it would appear that he must have
lectie or Eristic.                        spent some time in his native place, for Strabo
[EUCRATES (EVuKp(r7r). 1. An Athenian dem- says that the observatory of Eudoxus at Cnidus
agogue, who, after the death of Pericles, exer- was existing in his time. He died at he age
eised for a time a considerable influence.-2. of fifty-three. He is said to have been the first
Brother of Nicias, the general, refused to be- who taught in Greece the motions of the plancoime one of the thirty tyrants, and was put to ets; and he is also stated to have made sepdeath by them.]                           arate spheres for the stars, sun, moon, and
EUCRATIDEs (Evcpari6S7g), king of Bactria planets. He wrote various works on astronomy
from about B.C. 181 to 161, was one of the and geometry, which are lost; but the substance
hmost powerful of the Bactrian kings, and made of his  atv6,ueva is preserved by Aratus, who
great conquests in the north of India.    turned into verse the prose work by Eudoxus
EucTEMON, the astronomer. Vid. METON.   with that title.-2. An Athenian comic poet of
EuoDANiDAs(EiVdali6ac). 1.I., King ofSparta, the new comedy, was by birth a Sicilian and
reigned from B.C. 330 to about 300. He was the son of Agathocles.-3. Of Cyzicus, a geogthe younger son of Archidamnus III., and sue- rapher, who went from his native place to
eeeded his brother Agis III.-2. II., King of Egypt, and was employed by PtolemyEvergetes
Sparta, was son of Archidamus IV., whom he and his wife Cleopatra in voyages to India; but
succeeded, and father of Agis IV.-[3. A Spar- afterward, being robbed of all his property by
tan general, brother of Phcebidas, sent at the Ptolemy Lathyrus, he sailed away down the
head of two thousand men to aid the Chalcidi- Red Sea, and at last arrived at Gades. He aftans, B.C. 383: in consequence of his brother's erward made attempts to circumnavigate Africa
delay in bringing'him re-enforcements, he did in the opposite direction, but without success.
not effect much: he was slain in the course of He lived about B.C. 130.
the war.]                               I   [EUELTHON (EVE3UOv), a king of Salamis in
293




EUGAMON.                                  EUMENES.
Cyprus, under whom the Persians reduced this Phoenician sailors sold him to Laertes, the father
island.]                                  of TrLYsSES.
EUGAMON (Ev'yd/'U), one of the Cyclic poets,  [EUMEDES (EV'yTjC). 1. A herald of the Trowas a native of Cyrene, and lived about B.C. jans, father of Dolon.-2. Grandson of the pre568. His poem (Traeyovia) was a continuation ceding, accompanied zEneas to Italy, and was
of the Odyssey, and formed the conclusion of slain by Turnus.]
the Epic cycle. It concluded with the death of  EUMELUS (E/YV1oc). 1. Son of Admetus and
Ulysses.                                  Alcestis, went with eleven ships from Phera to
EUGXNEI, a people who formerly inhabited Troy. He was distinguished for his excellent
Venetia on the Adriatic Sea, and were driven horses, which had once been under the care of
toward the Alps and the Lacus Benacus by the Apollo, and with which Eumelus would have
Heneti or Veneti. According to some tradi- gained the prize at the funeral games of Patrotions, they founded Patavium and Verona, in clus if his chariot had not been broken. His
the neighborhood of which were the Euganei wife was Iphthima, daughter of Icarius. —. Of
Colles. They possessed numerous flocks of Corinth, one of the Bacchiad, an ancient Epic
sheep, the wool of which was celebrated (Juv., poet, belonged, according to some, to the Epic
viii., 15).                               cycle. His name is significant, referring to his
EUHEMERUS (EVt7jepoC), probably a native of skill in poetry. He flourished about B.C. 760.
Messene in Sicily, lived at the court of Cas- His principal poem seems to have been his Cosander in Macedonia about B.C. 316. Cassan- rinthian History.
der furnished him with the means to undertake  EUclNES (EVtUVC). 1. Of CARDIA, served as
a voyage of discovery. He is said to have sail- private secretary to Philip and Alexander, whom
ed down the Red Sea and round the southern he accompanied throughout his expedition in
coasts of Asia, until he came to an island called Asia, and who treated him with marked conPanchasa. After his return he wrote a work en- fidence and distinction.  After the death of
titled'Iepa'Avaypaol, or a Sacred History, in Alexander (B.C. 323), Eumenes obtained the
nine books. He gave this title to his work be- government of Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, and
cause he pretended to have his information from  Pontus, which provinces had never yet been'Avaypa0ai, or inscriptions in temples, which conquered by the Macedonians. Eumenes enhe had discovered in his travels, especially in tered into a close alliance with Perdiccas, who
the island of Panchea. Euhemerus had been subdued these provinces for him. When Pertrained in the school of the Cyrenaics, who were diccas marched into Egypt against Ptolemy, he
notorious for their skepticism in matters con- committed to Eumenes the conduct of the war
nected with the popular religion; and the ob- against Antipater and Craterus in Asia Minor.
ject of his work was to exclude every thing Eumenes met with great success; he defeated
supernatural from the popular religion, and to Neoptolemus, who had revolted from Perdiccas;
dress up the myths as so many plain histories. and subsequently he again defeated the cornIn his work the several gods were represented bined armies of Craterus and Neoptolemus:
as having originally been men who had distin- Craterus himself fell, and Neoptolemus was
guished themselves either as warriors or bene- slain by Eumenes with his own hand, after a
factors of mankind, and who after their death deadly struggle in the presence of the two
were worshipped as gods by the grateful people. armies. Meantime the death of Perdiccas in
Jupiter (Zeus), for example, was a king of Egypt changed the aspect of affairs. Antigonus
Crete, who had been a great conqueror; and now employed the whole force of the Macedohe asserted that he had seen in the temple of nian army to crush Eumenes. The struggle
Jupiter (Zeus) Triphylius a column with an in- was carried on for some years (320 —316). I;.t
scription detailing all the exploits of the kings was conducted by Eumenes with consummate.
Ccelus (Uranus), Saturn (Cronus), and Jupiter skill, and, notwithstanding the numerical in(Zeus). The book was written in an attractive feriority of his forces, he maintained his ground
style, and became very popular, and many of against his enemies till he was surrendered by
the subsequent historians, such as Diodorus, the Argyraspids to Antigonus, by whom lie was
adopted his mode of dealing with myths. The put to death, 316. He was forty-five years aid
great popularity of the work is attested by tie at the time of his death. Of his ability, both as
circumstance that Ennius made a Latin trans- a general and a statesman, no doubt can be enlation of it. But the pious believers, on the tertained; and it is probable that he would havre
other hand, called Euhemerus an atheist. The attained a far more important position arnmng
Christian writers often refer to him to prove the successors of Alexander, had it not been:r
that the pagan mythology was nothing but a the accidental disadvantage of his birth.' But
heap of fables invented by men.           as a Greek of Cardia, and not a native MacedoEULAEUS(EraZoc: OldTestament,Ulai: now  nian, he was constantly looked upon wilh dieKaroon), a river in Susiana, on the borders of like both by his opponents and companions i
Elymais, rising in Great Media, flowing south arms.-2. I., King of PERGAMUS, reigned B.C.
through Mesobatene, passing east of Susa, and, 263-241, and was the successor of his uncle
after uniting with the Pasitigris, falling into the Phileteerus. He obtained a victory near Sardis
head of the Persian Gulf. Some of the ancient over Antiochus Soter, and thus established his
geographers make the Eulaeus fall into the Cho- dominion over the provinces in the. neighboraspes, and others identify the two rivers.  hood of his capital.-3. II., King of PERGAMius,
EUM EUS (EviuatoC), the faithful swineherd of reigned B.C. 197-159, and was the son and
Ulysses, was a son of Ctesius, king of the isl- successor of Attalus I. He inherited from his
and of Syrie; he had been carried away from  predecessor the friendship and alliance of the
his father's house by a Phcenician slave, and Romans, which he took the utmost pains to
294




EUMENIA.                                   EUNIEUS.
cultivate. He supported the Romans in their with bodies all black, serpents twined in their
war against Antiochus; and, after the conquest hair, and blood dripping from their eyes. Euof the latter (190), he received from the senate ripides and other later poets describe them as
Mysia, Lydia, both Phrygias, and Lycaonia, as winged. With later writers their number is
well as Lysimachia, and the Thracian Cherso- usually limited to three, and their names are
nese. By this means he was at once raised TISIPI-ONE, ALECTO, and MEGA RA. They gradfrom a state of comparative insignificance to be ually assumed the character of goddesses who
the sovereign of a powerful monarchy. Subse- punished men after death, and they seldom apquently he was involved in war with Pharnaces, peared upon earth. The sacrifices offered to
king of Pontus, and Prusias, king of Bithynia, them consisted of black sheep and nephala, i. e.,
but both wars were brought to a close by the a drink of honey mixed with water. They were
interposition of the Romans. At a later period worshipped at Athens, where they had a sancEumenes was regarded with suspicion by the tuary and a grotto near the Areopagus: their
Roman senate, because he was suspected of statues, however, had nothing formidable, and
having corresponded secretlywith Perseus, king a festival Eumenidea was there celebrated in
of Macedonia, during the war of the latter with their honor. Another sanctuary, with a grove
the Romans. Eumenes assiduously cultivated which no one was allowed to enter, existed at
all the arts of peace: Pergamus became under Colonus.
his rule a great and flourishing city, which he  EUMENIUS, a Roman rhetorician of Augustoadorned with splendid buildings, and in which dunum (now Autun) in Gaul, held a high office
he founded that celebrated library which rose under Constantius Chlorus. He is the author
to be a rival even to that of Alexandrea.  of four orations in the " Panegyrici Veteres,"
EUMENIA (EV/rveta or E'irevia: now Ishekli), namely, 1. Oratio pro instaurandis scholis, a
a city of Great Phrygia, on the rivers Glaucus lecture delivered on the re-establishment by
and Cludrus, north of the Maeander, named by Constantius Chlorus of the school at Autun,
Attalus II. after his brother and predecessor A.D. 296 or 297. 2. Panegyricus Constantio
Eumenes II.   There are indications which Ccsari dictus, delivered 296 or 297. 3. Panseem to connect the time of its foundation with gyricus Constantino Augusto dictus, delivered
that of the destruction of Corinth.        310.  4. Gratiarum actio Constantino Augusto
EUMENIDES (EvyevidJC), also called ERINYvFS, Flaviensium nomine, delivered 311.
not Erinnyes ('Eptvuec,'Eptvc), and by the Ro-  EUMOLPUS (E1 Jotrroc), that is, "the good singmans FURIa or DIReE, the Avenging Deities, er," a Thracian bard, usually represented as a
were originally only a personification of curses son of Neptune (Poseidon) and Chione, the
pronounced upon a criminal. The name Erinys daughter of Boreas. As soon as he was born,
is the more ancient one; its etymology is un-he was thrown into the sea by his mother, who
certain, but the Greeks derived it from epivwo or was anxious to conceal her shame but was
Epevvdo, I hunt up or persecute, or from the Ar- preserved by his father Neptune (Poseidon),
cadian EptLvo, I am angry; so that the Erinyes who had him  educated in AEthiopia by his
were either the angry goddesses, or the god- daughter Benthesicyma. When he had grown
desses who hunt up or search after the criminal. up, he married a daughter of Benthesicyma;
The name Eumenides, which signifies "the well- but as he made an attempt upon the chastity
meaning" or " soothed goddesses," is a mere of his wife's sister, he was expelled, together
euphemism, because people dreaded to call with his son Ismarus.    They went to the
these fearful goddesses by their roal name. It Thracian king Tegyrius, who gave his daughwas said to have been first given them after the ter in marriage to Ismarus; but as Eumolpus
acquittal of Orestes by the Areopagus, when drew upon himself the suspicion of Tegyrius,
the anger of the Erinyes had become soothed. he was again obliged to take to flight, and came
It was by a similar euphemism that at Athens to Eleusis in Attica, where he formed a friendthe Erinyes were called aeyvai eati, or the re- ship with the Eleusinians. After the death of
spected goddesses. Homer sometimes men- his son Ismarus, he returned to Thrace at the
tions an Erinys, but more frequently Erinyes in request of Tegyrius.  The Eleusinians, who
the piural. He represents them as inhabitants were involved in a war with Athens, called Euof Erebos, where they remain quiet until some molpus to their assistance.  Eumolpus came
curse pronounced upon a criminal calls them  with a numerous band of Thracians, but he was
into activity. The crimes which they punish slain by Erechtheus. Eumolpus was regarded
are disobedience toward parents, violation of as the founder of the Eleusinian mysteries, and
the respect due to old age, perjury, murder, as the first priest of Ceres (Demeter) and Bacviolation of the law of hospitality, and improper chus (Dionysus). He was succeeded in the
conduct toward suppliants.  They took away priestly office by his son Ceryx (who was, acfrom men all peace of mind, and led them into cording to some accounts, the son of Mercury
misery and misfortune. Hesiod says that they (Hermes)), and his family, the Eumolpide, conwe e the daughters of Terra (Ge), and sprung tinued till the latest times the priests of Ceres
from the drops of blood that fell upon her from  (Demeter) at Eleusis. The legends connected
the body of Ccelus (Uranus). zEschylus calls Eumolpus with Hercules, whom he is said to
them the daughters of Night, and Sophocles have instructed in music, or initiated into the
of Darkness and Terra (Ge). In the Greek mysteries. There were so many different tratragedians neither the names nor the number ditions about Eumolpus that some of the anof the Erinyes are mentioned. ZEschylus de- cients supposed that there were two or three
scribes them as divinities more ancient than persons of that name.
the Olympian gods, dwelling in the deep dark-  [Eunrmus, son of Clytius, a Trojan, slain by
ness of Tartarus, dreaded by gods and men; Camilla in Italy.]
295




EUNAPIUS.                               EUPHRANOR.
EUNAPIUS (Evivano.c), a Greek sophist, was seidon) by Europe, the daughter of Tityus, or by
born at Sardis A.D. 347, and lived and taught Mecionice or Oris, a daughter of Orion or Euat Athens as late as the reign of Theodosius rotas. According to one account he was an
II. He wrote, 1. Lives of Sophists (Biot iAo- inhabitant. of Panopeus on the Cephisus in Phoc6owv Kai aootrDTSv), still extant, containing cis, and according to another of Hyria in Bceotwenty-three biographies of sophists, most of tia, and afterward lived at Taenarus.' He was
whom were contemporaries of Eunapius, or had married to Laonome, the sister of Hercules;
lived shortly before him. Though these biog- he was one of the Calydonian hunters, and the
raphies are extremely brief, and the style is helmsman of the vessel of the Argonauts, and,
intolerably inflated, yet they supply us with im- by a power which his father had granted to him,
portant information respecting a period on he could walkion the sea just as on firm ground.
which we have no other information.' Eunapi- He is mentioned also as the ancestor of Battus,
us was an enthusiastic admirer of the philos- the founder.of Cyrene.-[2. Son of Trezenus,
ophy of the New Platonists, and a bitter enemy an ally of the Trojans, leader of the Cicones.of Christianity.  Edited by Boissonade, Am- 3. An Athenian, sent by the Athenian comsterdam, 1822. 2. A continuation of the his- manders at Syracuse to negotiate alliance with
tory of Dexippus (Mera ALtS1rrov tpovKj) ICrT- Camarina.]
pia), in fourteen books, began with A.D. 270,  EUProRBUs (EvFop6oc). 1. Son of Panthous,
and went down to 404. Of this work we have one of the bravest of the Trojans, was slain by
only extracts, which are published along with Menelaus, who subsequently dedicated the
Dexippus. Vid. DEXIPPUS.                  shield of Euphorbus in the temple of Juno
EUNEUS (Evrvof or Ebvev), a son of Jason (Hera), near Mycenwe.  Pythagoras asserted
and Hypsipyle in Lemnos, supplied the Greeks that he had once been the Trojan Euphorbus,
with wine during their war against Troy. He and in proof of his assertion took down at first
purchased Lycaon of Patroclus for a silver urn. sight the shield of Euphorbus from the temple
EUNOMIA. Vid. HonR.                     of Juno (Hera) (clipeo Trojana refixo tempora tesEUNOMUS (Evvo/uzo). 1. King of Sparta, is tatus, Hor., Carm., i., 28, 11).-2. Physician of
described by some as the father of Lycurgus Juba II., king of Mauretania, about the end of
and Polydectes. Herodotus, on the contrary, the first century B.C., and brother to Antonius
places him in his list after Polydectes. In all Musa, the physician to Augustus.
probability, the name was invented with refer-  EUPH6ORON (EVopiopv). 1. Father of the poet
ence to the Lycurgean Evvotia, and Eunomus, Eschylus.-2. Son of iEschylus, and himself
if not wholly rejected, must be identified with a tragic poet.- 3. Of Chalcis in Euboea, an
Polydectes.-[2. An Athenian naval command- eminent grammarian and poet, son of Polymneer, sent out in command of thirteen ships in tus, was born about B.C. 274. He became the
B.C. 388 to act against the Lacedaemonians.]  librarian of Antiochus the Great, 221, and died
EUNUS (Envovy), a Sicilian slave, and a native in Syria, either at Apamea or at Antioch. The
of Apamea in Syria, was the leader of the Sicil- following were the most important of the poems
ian slaves in the servile war. He first attract- of Euphorion in heroic verse: 1.'Hcaodoc, probed attention by pretending to the gift of proph- ably an agricultural poem. 2. Moportia, so callecy, and by interpreting dreams; to the effect ed from an old name of Attica, the legends of
of which he added by appearing to breathe which country seem to have been the chief
flames from his mouth and other similar jug- subject of the poem. 3. Xrttddef, a poem writgleries. He was proclaimed king, and soon ten against certain persons, who had defrauded
collected formidable forces, with which he de- Euphorion of money which he had intrusted to
feated several Roman armies. The insurrec- their care. It probably derived its title from
tion now became so formidable that for three each of its books consisting of 1000 verses.
successive years (B.C. 134-132) three consuls He also wrote epigrams, which were imitated
were sent against the insurgents, and it was by many of the Latin poets, and also by the
not till the third year (132) that the revolt was Emperor Tiberius, with whom he was a great
finally put down by the consul Rupilius. Eu- favorite. Euphorion likewise wrote many hisnus was taken prisoner, and died in prison at torical and grammatical works. All his works
Morgantia, of the disease called morbus pedicu- are lost, but the fragments are collected by
laris.                                    Meineke, in his Analecta Alexandrine, Berol.,
EUPXLIUM or EUPOLIUM (Eiur6aXov, E'nt6Oltov: 1843.
Ev'rateveg), a town of the Locri Ozolwe, north of  EUPHRANOR (Evpdavwp). 1. A distinguished
Naupactus, subsequently included in YEtolia statuary and painter, was a native of the CoEpictetus.                               rinthian isthmus, but practiced his art at Athens.
EUPATOR (ECvrdrop), a surname assumed by He flourished about B.C. 336. His most celemany of the kings in Asia after the time of Al- brated statue was a Paris, which expressed
exander the Great. Vid. ANTIOCHUS, MITHRA- alike the judge of the goddesses, the lover of
DATES.                                    Helen, and the slayer of Achilles; the very
EUPAT6RIUM or EUPATORIA (Evnraroplov, E&- beautiful sitting figure of Paris, in marble, in.rairopia), a town in the Chersonesus Taurica, the Museo Pio-Clementino is, no doubt, a copy
founded by Mithradates Eupator, and named of this work. His best paintings were preservafter him.                               ed in a porch in the Ceramicus at Athens. On
EUPHiiES (Eve0adi), king of the Messenians, the one side were the twelve gods, and on the
fell in battle against the Spartans in the first opposite wall, Theseus, with Democracy and
Messenian war. He was succeeded by ARIS- Demos. Euphranor also wrote works on proTODEMUS.                                 portion and on colors (de Symmetria et ColoriEuPHEMius(EfVtwOS). 1. Sonof Neptune (Po- bus), the two points in which his own excel296




EUPHRATES.                                 EURIPIDES.
lence seems chiefly to have consisted. Pliny  EUP6LIS (Ev7routl), son of Sosipolis, an Athesays that he was the first who properly ex- nian poet of the old comedy, and one of the three
pressed the dignity of heroes by the proportions who are distinguished by Horace in his wellhe gave to their statues. He made the bodies known line, " Eupolis, atque Cratinus, Aristosomewhat more slender, and the heads and phanesque poetse," above all the... 6"alii quolimbs larger.-[2. Admiral of the Rhodian fleet, rum comcedia prisca virorum est."  He was
aided Caesar in defeating the Egyptian fleet in born about B.C. 446, and is said to have exhibthe Alexandrine war: he perished some time ited his first drama in his seventeenth year, 429,
after in a naval combat>]                 two years before Aristophanes. The date of
EUPHRATES (EVPTpdrS), an eminent Stoic his death is uncertain. The common story was,
philosopher, was a native of Tyre, or, according that Alcibiades, when sailing to Sicily (415),
to others, of Byzantium. He was an intimate threw Eupolis into the sea, in revenge for an
friend of the younger Pliny. In his old age he attack which he.had made upon him in his Bdirbecame tired of life, and asked and obtained rat; but this can not be true, as we know that
from Hadrian permission to put an end to him- Eupolis produced plays after the Sicilian expeself by poison.                           dition. He probably died in 411. The chief
EUPHRATES (Evqparcr: in the Old Testament, characteristic of the poetry of Eupolis seems to
Phrat: now El Frat), a great river of western have been the liveliness of his fancy, and the
Asia, forming the boundary of Upper and Lower power which he possessed of imparting its imAsia, consists, in its upper course, of two ages to the audience. In elegance he is said
branches, both of which rise in the mountains to have even surpassed Aristophanes, while in
of Armenia. The northern branch (now Kara- bitter jesting and personal abuse he emulatpd
Sou), which is the true Euphrates, rises in the Cratinus. Among the objects of his satire was
mountain above Erzeroum (the Mount Abus or Socrates, on whom he made a bitter, though less
Capotes of the ancients), and flows west and elaborate attack than that in the Clouds of Arissouthwest to a little above latitude 39~ and east tophanes. The dead were not exempt from his
of longitude 39~, where it breaks through the abuse, for there are still extant some lines of
chain of the Anti-Taurus, and, after receiving his in which Cimon is most unmercifully treatthe southern branch (now Mourad-Chai), or, as ed. A close relation subsisted between Eupolis
the ancients called it, the ARSANIAS, it breaks and Aristophanes, not only as rivals, but as imthrough the main chain of the Taurus between itators of each other. Cratinus attacked ArisMelitene and Samosata, and then flows in a gen- tophanes for borrowing from Eupolis, and Eueral southern direction till it reaches latitude polls in his Bdirrat made the same charge, es36~, whence it flows in a general southeast di- pecially with reference to the Knights. The
rection till it approaches the Tigris opposite to Scholiasts specify the last Parabasis of the
Seleucia, where the distance between the two Knights as borrowed from Eupolis.  On the
rivers was reckoned at only two hundred stadia. other hand, Aristophanes, in the second (or
Then it flows through the Plain of Babylonia, at third) edition of the Clouds, retorts upon Eupofirst receding further from the Tigris, and after- lis the charge of imitating the Knights in his
ward approaching it again, till it joins it about iMaricas, and taunts him with the further indigsixty miles above the mouth of the Persian Gulf, nity of jesting on his rival's baldness. [The
having already had its waters much diminished fragments of his plays have been edited by Runby numerous canals, which irrigated the country kel, Pherecratis et Eupolidis Fragm., Lips., 1829;
in ancient times, but the neglect of which at and by Meineke, Comic. Grczc. Fragm., vol. i.,
present has converted much of the once fertile p. 158-228, edit. minor.]
district watered by the Euphrates into a marshy  EUPOMPUS (EVIro7,roc), of Sicyon, a distindesert. The whole length of the Euphrates is guished Greek painter, was. the contemporary
between five hundred and six hundred miles. of Zeuxis, Parrhasius, and Timanthes, and the
In its upper course, before reaching the Taurus, instructor of Pamphilus, the master of Apelles.
its northern branch and a part of the united The fame of Eupompus led to the creation of a
stream divided Armenia Major from Colchis third school of Greek art, the Sicyonian, at the
and Armenia Minor, and its lower course di- head of which he was placed.
vided Mesopotamia from Syria. Its chief trib-  EURIPiDES (EvptnridgS). 1. The distinguished
utary, besides the Arsanias, was the Aborrhas. tragic poet, was the son of Mnesarchus and
EUPHRON (Ehvpwv). [1. A native of Sicyon, Clito, and is said to have been born at Salamis,
who, in the time of Epaminondas, made himself B.C. 480, on the very day that the Greeks demaster of that city by the aid of the lower or- feated the Persians off that island, whither his
ders: being driven out by the opposite party, he parents had fled from Athens on the invasion of
betook himself to Thebes, and was there mur- Xerxes. Some writers relate that his parents
dered by his opponents, who had followed him  were in mean circumstances, and his mother is
thither.]-2. An Athenian poet of the new com- represented by Aristophanes, as a herb-seller,
edy, whose plays, however, partook largely of and not a very honest one either; but much
the character of the middle comedy. [His frag- weight can not be accorded to these statements.
nments are collected in Meineke, Fragm. Comic. It is more probable that his family was respectGrac., vol. ii., p. 1128-33, edit. minor.]  able. We are told that the poet, when a boy,
EUPHROSYNE, one of the Charites or Graces. was cup-bearer to a chorus of noble Athenians
Vid. CHARIS.                              at the Thargelian festival, an office for which
[EUPITHES (Ev'refOf), father of Antinous, who nobility of blood was requisite. We know also
was one of the suitors of Penelope; attempting that he was taught rhetoric by Prodicus, who
to avenge the death of his son, he was slain by was certainly not moderate in his terms for inLaertes.]                                 struction, and who was in the habit of seeking
297




EURIPIDES.                                EURIPIDES.
his pupils among youths of high rank. It is said must be confessed that we look in vain in his
that the future distinction of Euripides was pre- plays for the high faith of Aischylus; nor can.
dicted by an oracle, promising that he should be we fail to admit that the pupil of Anaxagoras
crowned with " sacred garlands," in conse- could not sympathize with the popular religious
quence of which his father had him trained to system around him, nor throw himself cordially
gymnastic exercises; and we learn that, while into it. He frequently altered in the most arbiyet a boy, he won the prize at the Eleusinian trary manner the ancient legends.  Thus, in
and Thesean contests, and offered himself, when the Orestes, Menelaiis comes before us as a selfseventeen years old, as a candidate at the Olym- ish coward, and Helen as a worthless wanton 
pic games, but was not admitted because of in the Helena, the notion of Stesichorus is adoptsome doubt about his age. But he soon aban- ed, that the heroine was never carried to Troy
doned gymnastic pursuits, and studied the art at all, and that it was a mere Eld'Wov of her for
of painting, not, as we learn, without success. which the Greeks and Trojans fought; AndromTo philosophy and literature he devoted him- ache, the widow of Hector and slave of Neopself with much interest and energy, studying tolemus, seems almost to forget the past in her
physics under Anaxagoras, and rhetoric, as we quarrel with Hermione and the perils of her
have already seen, under Prodicus. He lived present situation; and Electra, married by the
on intimate terms with Socrates, and traces of policy of _Egisthus to a peasant, scolds her husthe teaching of Anaxagoras have been remarked band for inviting guests to dine without regard
in many passages of his plays. He is said to to the ill-prepared state of the larder. In short,
have written a tragedy at the age of eighteen; with Euripides tragedy is brought down into
but the first play, which was exhibited in his the sphere of every-day life; men are repreown name, was the Peliades, when he was twen- sented, according to the remark of Aristotle, not
ty-five years of age (B.C. 455). In 441 he gain- as they ought to be, but as they are;' under the
ed for the first time the first prize, and he con- names of the ancient heroes, the characters of
tinued to exhibit plays until 408, the date of the his own time are set before us; it is not Medea,
Orestes. Soon after this he left Athens for the or Iphigenia, or Alcestis that is speaking, but
court of Archelais, king of Macedonia, his rea- abstractedly a mother, a daughter, or a wife.
sons for which step can only be matter of con- All this, indeed, gave fuller scope, perhaps, for
jecture. Traditionary scandal has ascribed it the exhibition of passion and for those scenes
to his disgust at the intrigue of his wife with of tenderness and pathos in which Euripides
Cephisophon, and the ridicule which was show- especially excelled; and it will serve also to
ered upon him in consequence by the comic account, in great measure, for the preference
poets. But the whole story has been refuted given to his plays by the practical Socrates,
by modern writers. Other causes more proba- who is said to have never entered the theatre
bly led him to accept an invitation from Arche- unless when they were acted, as well as for the
lais, at whose court the highest honors awaited admiration felt for him by Menander and Philehim. The attacks of Aristophanes and others mon, and other poets of the new comedy. The
had probably not been without their effect; and most serious defects in his tragedies, artistically
he must have been aware that his philosophical speaking, are, his constant employment of the
tenets were regarded with considerable suspi- "Dens ex machina;" the disconnection of his
cion. He died in Macedonia in 406, at the age choral odes from the subject of the play; the
of seventy-five. Most testimonies agree in stat- extremely awkward and formal character of his
ing that he was torn in pieces by the king's prologues; and the frequent introduction of
dogs, which, according to some, were set upon frigid yvSdaat and of philosophical disquisitions,
him through envy by Arrhidneus and Crateuas, making Medea talk like a sophist, and Hecuba
two rival poets. The regret of Sophocles for like a free-thinker, and aiming rather at subtilhis death is said to have been so great, that at ty than simplicity. On the same principles on
the representation of his next play he made his which he brought his subjects and characters
actors appear uncrowned. The accounts which to the level of common life, he adopted also ina
we find in some writers of the profligacy of Eu- his style the every-day mode of speaking. Acripides are mere idle scandal, and scarcely cording to some accounts, he wrote, in all, sevworthy of serious refutation. Nor does there enty-five plays; according to others, ninety-two.
appear to be any better foundation for that other Of these, eighteen are extant, if we omit the
charge which has been brought against him, of Rhesus, which is probably spurious. A list is
hatred to the female sex. This is said to have subjoined of the extant plays of Euripides, with
been occasioned by the infidelity of his wife; their dates, ascertained or probable: Alcestis,
but, as has been already remarked, this tale does B.C. 438. This play was brought out as the
not deserve credit. He was a man of a serious last of a tetralogy, and stood, therefore, in the
and austere temper; and it was in consequence place of a satyric drama, to which indeed it
of this that the charge probably originated. It bears, in some parts, great similarity, particis certain that the poet who drew such charac- ularly in the representation of Hercules in his
ters as Antigone, Iphigenia, and, above all, Al- cups. Medea, 431. Hippolytus Coronifer, 428,
cestis, was not blind to the gentleness, the gained the first prize. Hecuba, exhibited before
strong affection, the self-abandoning devoted- 423.  Heraclidce, about 421.  Supplices, about
ness of women. With respect to the world and 421. Ion, of uncertain date. Hercules Furens,
the Deity, he seems to have adopted the doc- of uncertain date. Andrormache, about 420-4-17.
trines of Anaxagoras, not unmixed, apparent- Troades, 415. Electra, about 415-413. Helena,
ly, with pantheistic views.  Vid. ANAxxAGORAs. 412. Iphigenia among the Tauri, of uncertain
To class him with atheists, as some have done, date.  Orestes, 408.  Phoenissce, of uncertain
is undoubtedly unjust. At the same time, it date. Bacchce: this play was apparently writ298




EURIPUS.                                 EURYCLES.
ten for representation in Macedonia, and there- and sometimes even the Araxes and the Casfore at a very late period of the life of Euripi- plan Sea; but at a later period the River Tanais
des   Iphigenia at Aulis: this play, together and the Palus Maeotis were usually regarded as
with the Bacchce and the Alcmceon, was brought the boundaries between Asia and Europe. The
out at Athens, after the poet's death, by the north of Europe was little known to the ancients,
younger Euripides. Cyclops, of uncertain date: but it was generally believed, at least in later
it is interesting as the only extant specimen of times, that it was bounded on the north by the
the Greek satyric drama. Besides the plays, Ocean.
there are extant five letters, purporting to have  EUROPUS. Vid. TITARESIUS.
been written by Euripides, but they are spuri-  EURPus (Eivporoo). 1. A city of Caria, aftaous.  Editions: By Musgrave, Oxford, 1778; erward named Idrias.-2. (Now Yerabolus, or
by Beck, Leipzig, 1778-88; by Matthiae, Leip- Kulat-el-Nejin?), a city in the district of Cyrzig, 1813-29; and a variorum edition, Glasgow, rhestice in Syria, on the western bank of the
1821, 9 vols. 8vo. Of separate plays there have Euphrates, a few miles south of Zeugma; callbeen many editions, e. g., by Person, Elmsley, ed after the town of the same name in MaceValckenaer, Monk, Pflugk, and Hermann.-2. donia.-3. Europus was the earlier name of
The youngest of the three sons of the above. Dura Nicanoris in Mesopotamia; and, 4. It was
After the death of his father he brought out also given by Seleucus Nicator to Rhagae in
three of his plays at the great Dionysia, viz., Media. Vid. ARSACIA.
the Alcmaon (no longer extant), the Iphigenia at  EUROTAS (Evpdrau). 1. (Now Basilipotamo),
Aulis, and the Bacchue.                  the chief river in Laconia, but not navigable,
EURIPUS (EVpt7roS), any part of the sea where rises in Mount Boreum in Arcadia, then disapthe ebb and flow of the tide were remarkably pears under the earth, rises again near Sciritis,
violent, is the name especially of the narrow  and flows southward, passing Sparta on the
strait which separates Eubcea from Bceotia, in east, through a narrow and fruitful valley, into
which the ancients asserted that the sea ebbed the Laconian Gulf.-2. Vid. TITARESIUS.
and flowed seven times in the day. The ex-  [EUROTAS (Evhprac), son of Myles, grandson
traordinary tides of the Euripus have been no- of Lelex (according to Apollodorus, son of Leticed by modern observers; the water some- lex), father of Sparta, who married Lacedeetimes runs as much as eight miles an hour. At mon: is said to have led, by means of a canal,
Chalcis there was a bridge over the Euripus, the waters that had stagnated in Laconia into
uniting Eubcea with the main land.       the sea, and to have called the stream that was
EuR6MuS (EvpG)Iog: nowJaklys), a small town thus formed the EUROTAS.]
of Caria, at the foot of Mount Grion (a ridge  [EURYADES (EjvprvCdg), one of the suitors of
parallel to Mount Latmus), in the conventus Penelope, slain by Telemachus.]
juridicus of Alabanda.  It lay eight English  [EURYALE (EvpvdZtr). 1. One of the Gormiles northwest of Mylasa.                gons.-2. Daughter of Minos or Minyas, mothEUR6PA (Evp6r7rj), according to the Iliad (xiv., er of Orion by Neptune (Poseidon).-3. A queen
321), a daughter of Phoenix, but according to the of the Amazons, who aided.Eetes against the
common tradition a daughter of the Phoenician Argonauts.]
king Agenor. Her surpassing beauty charmed  EUR-AiLUS (Evpda2Lor). 1. Son of Mecisteus,
Jupiter (Zeus), who assumed the form of a bull one of the Argonauts, and of the Epigoni, acand mingled with the herd as Europa and her companied Diomedes to Troy, where he slew
maidens were sporting on the sea-shore. En- several Trojans.-2. One of the suitors of Hipcouraged by the tameness of the animal, Europa podamia.-[3. A young Phaeacian hero, victor
ventured to mount his back; whereupon Jupi- in wrestling: he presented Ulysses with a beauter (Zeus) rushed into the sea, and swam with tiful sword.-4. Son of Opheltes, a companion
her in safety to Crete. Here she became' by of Aneas, famed for his strong friendship for
Jupiter (Zeus) the mother of Minos, Rhadaman- Nisus.]
thys, and Sarpedon. She afterward married As-  E URYANASSA. Vid. PELOPS.
terion, king of Crete, who brought up the chil-  EURYBATES (Evpv6drCT). 1. Called Eribotes
dren whom she had had by the king of the gods. by Latin writers, son of Teleon, and one of the
EUROPA (Evpdirv), one of the three divisions Argonauts.-2. The herald of Ulysses, whom
of the ancient world. The name is not found he followed to Troy.
in the Iliad and Odyssey, and first occurs in the  EURYBATUS (EVpV6arog), an Ephesian whom
Homeric Hymn to Apollo (251), but even there Croesus sent with a large sum of money to the
it does not indicate the continent, but simply Peloponnesus to hire mercenaries for him in his
the main land of Hellas proper, in opposition to war with Cyrus. He, however, went over to
Peloponnesus and the neighboring islands. He- Cyrus, and betrayed the whole matter to him.
rodotus is the first writer who uses it in the In consequence of this treachery, his name passsense of one of the divisions of the world. The ed into a proverb among the Greeks.
origin of the name is doubtful; but the most  EUR-BIA (EIpv6ia), daughter of Pontus and
probable of the numerous conjectures is that Terra (Ge), mother by Crius of Astreus, Pallas,
which supposes that the Asiatic Greeks called and Perses.
it Europa (from eVpvf, " broad," and the root 6r,  EURYB1ADES. Vid. THEMISTOCLES.
"to see"), from the wide extent of its coast.  EURYCLEA (EvpvKiseta), daughter of Ops, was
Most of the ancients supposed the name to be purchased by Laertes and brought up Telemaderived from Europa, the daughter of Agenor. chus. When Ulysses returned home, she recThe boundaries of Europe on the east differed ognized him by a scar, and afterward faithfully
at various periods. In earlier times the River assisted him against the suitors.
hasis was usually supposed to be its boundary,  [EURYCLES (Evpvw/ci ) 1. A ventriloquist and
299




EURYCRATES.                                EURYSACES.
diviner at Athens (eyyao-rp(vdog). —-2. A Spar-  EURYMEDON (EdVpve6dwvv: now Kapri-Su), a
tan architect who constructed a celebrated bath small river in Pamphylia, navigable as far up as
at Corinth.]                             the city of ASPENDUS, through which it flowed 
[EURYCRATES (EvpvIcpanri7f. 1. Son of King celebrated for the victory which Cimon gained
Polydorus, king of Sparta, the twelfth of the over the Persians on-its banks (B.C. 469).
Agid line: his son and successor was Anaxan-  [EURYMEDUSA (EvpvZetoUva), a female slave
der; his grandson was-2. EURYCRATES II., call- of the Phaeacian king Alcinous, attendant upon
ed also Eurycratidas, reigned during the earlier Nausicaa.]
and disastrous part of the war with Tegea.]  EURYMENtE (Evpv/veva), a town in Magnesia
[EuRYDAnMAs (Evpv6duiag). 1. Son of Irus and in Thessaly, east of Ossa.
Demonassa, one of the Argonauts; according  EURYNOME (Epvv6r/sv). 1. Daughter of Oceto Apollonius Rhodius he was a son of Ctime- anus. When Vulcan (Hephaestus) was expellnus.-2. A Trojan skilled in the interpretation ed by Juno (Hera) from Olympus, Eurynome
of dreams, whose two sons, Abas and Polyidus, and Thetis received him in the bosom of the
were slain before Troy by Diomedes.-3. One sea. Before the time of Saturn (Cronos) and
of the suitors of Penelope, slain by Ulysses.]  Rhea, Eurynome and Ophion had ruled in OlymEURaDICE (EvpvdiT1l). 1. Wife of Orpheus. pus over the Titans.-2. A surname of Diana
Vid. ORPHEUS.-2. An Illyrian princess, wife of (Artemis) at Phigalea in Arcadia, where she
Amyntas II., king of Macedonia, and mother of was represented half woman and half fish.-[3.
the famous Philip.-3. An Illyrian, wife of Philip An old and faithful female attendant in the
of Macedon, and mother of Cynane or Cynna. house of Ulysses, mentioned in the Odyssey.]
-4. Daughter of Amyntas, son of Perdiccas  [EURYNOMUS (EVpvdvojio). 1. A centaur slain
III., king of Macedonia, and Cynane, daughter by Dryas at the nuptials of Pirithous.-2. Son
of Philip. After the death of her mother in of the Ithacan.Egyptius, one of the suitors of
Asia (vid. CYNANE), Perdiccas gave her in,mar- Penelope.]
riage to the king Arrhidaeus. She was a woman  [EURYPHXESSA (Evpvfaeaaa), sister and wife
of a masculine spirit, and entirely ruled her of Hyperion; by him mother of Helios, Selene,
weak husband. On her return to Europe with and Eos (Aurora).]
her husband, she became involved in war with  EURYPHON (Evpv0Cfv), a celebrated physician
Polysperchon and Olympias, but she was de- of Cnidos in Caria, was a contemporary of Hipfeated in battle, taken prisoner, and compelled pocrates, but older. He is quoted by Galen,
by Olympias to put an end to her life, B.C. 317. who says that he was considered to be the au-5. Daughter of Antipater, and wife of Ptole- thor of the ancient medical work entitled Kvimy the son of Lagus. She was the mother of dlnat r.vuat, and also that some' persons atthree sons, viz., Ptolemy Ceraunus, Meleager, tributed to him several works included in the
and a third (whose name is not mentioned); Hippocratic Collection.
and of two daughters, Ptolemai's, afterward  EURiYPON, otherwise called EURYTiON (Evpvmarried to Demetrius Poliorcetes, and Lysan- irOv, Eivpvriov), a grandson of Procles, was the
dra, the wife of Agathocles, son of Lysimachus. third king of that house at Sparta, and thence-6. An Athenian, of a family descended from  forward gave it the name of Eurypontidse.
the great Miltiades. She was first married to  EURYPYLUS (Evp'rvXor). 1. Son of Euemon
Ophellas, the conqueror of Cyrene, and after and Ops, appears in different traditions as king
his death returned to Athens, where she mar- either of Ormenion, or Hyria, or Cyrene. In
ried Demetrius Poliorcetes, on occasion of his the Iliad he is represented as having come from
first visit to that city.                 Ormenion to Troy with forty ships. He slew
EURYLOcHUS (EVpV2oXyoc). 1. Companion of many Trojans, and when wounded by Paris he
Ulysses in his wanderings, was the only one was nursed and cured by Patroclus. Among
that escaped from the house of Circe, when his the heroes of Hyria, he is mentioned as a son
friends were metamorphosed into swine. An- of Neptune (Poseidon) and Celeno, who went
other personage of the same name is mention- to Libya, where he ruled in the country aftered among the sons of 2Egyptus.-2. A Spartan ward called Cyrene, and there became connectcommander in the Peloponnesian war, B.C. ed with the Argonauts. He married Sterope,
426, defeated and slain by Demosthenes at 01- the daughter of Helios, by whom he became the
pe.-[3. Of Lusiae in Arcadia, an officer in the father of Lycaon and Leucippus.-2. Son of
Greek army of Cyrus the younger; on one oc- Neptune (Poseidon) and Astypalsea, king of Cos,
casion protected Xenophon, whose shield-bearer was killed by Hercules, who, on his return from
had deserted him.-4. A, Macedonian, son of Troy, landed in Cos, and, being taken for a pirate,
Arseas, detected a conspiracy against Alexan- was attacked by its inhabitants. According to
der the Great.]                           another tradition, Hercules attacked the island
EUR'MEDnON (EVipvj6duv). 1. One of the Ca- of Cos in order to obtain possession of Chalbiri, son of Vulcan (Hephaestus) and Cabiro, and ciope, the daughter of Eurypylus, whom he
brother of Alcon.-2. An attendant of Nestor. loved.-3. Son of Telephus and Astyoche, king
-3. Son of Ptolemaeus, and charioteer of Aga- of Mysia or Cilicia, was induced by the presents
memnon.-4. Son of Thucles, an Athenian gena  which Priam sent to his mother or wife to aseral in the Peloponnesian war. He was one of sist the Trojans against the Greeks. Eurypylus
the commanders in the expedition to Corcyra, killed Machaon, but was himself slain by NeB.C. 428, and also in the expedition to Sicily, optolemus.
425. In 414 he was appointed, in conjunction  EURYSAlcES (EvpvadcKg), son of the Telamoniwith Demosthenes, to the command of the sec- an Ajax and Teemessa, named after the "broad
ond Syracusan armament, and fell in the first shield" of his father. An Athenian tradition reof the two sea-fights in the harbor of Syracuse. lated that Eurysaces and his brother Phileun
300




EURYSTHENES.                                 EUSEBIUS.
had given up to the Athenians the island of Sal- wavrcvodawtr:laropiaf), a work of great value to
amis, which they had inherited from their grand- us in the study of ancient history. It is in two
father, and that the two brothers received in re- hbooks. The first, entitled XpovoypaoQa, contains
turn the Attic franchise. Eurysaces was hon- a sketch of the history of several ancient naored like his father, at Athens, with an altar.  tions, as the Chaldaeans, Assyrians, Medes, PerEuR STHuNES (Evpvo0evyf) andPRocLES (Ilpo- sians, Lydians, Hebrews, and Egyptians. It is
2X;g), the twin sons of Aristodemus, were born, chiefly taken froIn the work of Africanus (vid.
according to the common account before, but AFRICANUS), and gives lists of kings and other
according to the genuine Spartan story, after magistrates, with short accounts of remarkable
their father's return to Peloponnesus and occu- events from the creation to the time of Eusepation of his allotment of Laconia. He died bins. The second book consists of synchronoimmediately after the birth of his children, and logical tables, with similar catalogues of rulers
had not even time to decide which of the two and striking occurrences from the time of Abrashould succeed him. The mother professed to ham to the celebration of Constantine's Vicenbe unable to name the elder, and the Lacedae- nalia at Nicomedia, A.D. 327, and at Rome, A.
monians applied to Delphi, and were instructed, D. 328. The Greek text of the Chronicon is
to make them both kings, but give the greater lost, but there is extant part of a Latin translahonor to the elder. The difficulty thus remain- tion of it by Jerome, published by Scaliger, Leying was at last removed at the suggestion of den, 1606, of which another enlarged edition apPanites, a Messenian, by watching which of peared at Amsterdam, 1658. There is also exthe children was first washed and fed by the tant an Armenian translation, which was disnmother; and the first rank was accordingly covered at Constantinople, and published by
given to Eurysthenes and retained by his de- Mai and Zohrab at Milan, 1818, and by Aucher,
scendants. From these two brothers the two Venice, 1818.-2. The Prceparatio Evangelica
royal families in Sparta were descended, and (e6ayyetltcc dvrod6eiSeweo rporapaa/cev7), in fifteen
were called respectively the Eulrysthenidae and books, is a collection of various facts and quotaProclide. The former were also called the tions from old writers, by which it was supposed
Agid-e from Agis, son of Eurysthenes; and the that the mind would be prepared to receive the
latter Eurypontidse from Eurypon, grandson of evidences of Christianity. This book is almost
Procles.                                  as important to us in the study of ancient phiEURYSTHEUS.  Vid. HERCULES.             losophy as the Chronicon is with reference to
[EURYTION (EVdpvriTV). 1. Son of Irus and history, since in it are preserved specimens
Demonassa, and grandson of Actor, one of the from the writings of almost every philosopher
Argonauts. -2. One of the centaurs, escaped of any note whose works- are not now extant.
from the fight with Hercules, but was afterward Edited by R. Stephens, Paris, 1544, and again
slain by that hero.-3. Son of Lycaon, brother in 1628, and by F. Viger, Cologne, 1688: [more
of Pandarus, a celebrated archer; accompanied recently by Heinichen, Lips., 1842, 2 vols. 8vo.]
2E neas on his voyage to Italy.]          -3. The Demonstratio Evangelica (evayy/eJrXtK
EURiUTUS (EVpvrTOC). 1. Son of Melaneus and dr6deet1tl), in twenty books, of which ten are exStratonice, was king of C(Echalia, probably the taunt, is a collection of evidences, chiefly from
Thessalian town of this name. He was a skill- the Old Testament, addressed principally to the
ful archer and married to Antioche, by whom  Jews. This is the completion of the preceding
he became the father of Iole, Iphitus, Molion work, giving the arguments which the Prceparaor Deion, Clytius, and Toxeus. He was proud tio was intended to make the mind ready to reof his skill in using the bow, and is said to have ceive. Edited with the Preparatio in the ediinstructed even Hercules in his art. He offer- tions both of R. Stephens and Viger.-4. The
ed his daughter Iole as a prize to him who should Ecclesiastical History (EiKCx2laGaart7 ITaropia), in
conquer him and his sons in shooting with the ten books, containing the history of Christianity
bow. Hercules won the prize, but Eurytus and from the birth of Christ to the Death of Licinius,
his sons, with the exception of Iphitus, refused A.D. 324. Edited with the other Ecclesiastical
to give up Tole, because they feared lest Her- historians by Reading, Cambridge, 1720, and
cules should kill the children he might have by separately by Burton, Oxford, 1838, [and by
her. Hercules accordingly marched against Heinichen, Lips., 1827, 3 vols. 8vo.]-5. De
CEchalia with an army, took the place, and kill- Martyribus Palcsstinca, being an account of the
ed Eurytus and his sons. According to Homer, persecutions of Diocletian and Maximin from
on the other hand, Eurytus was killed by Apollo, A.D. 303 to 310. It is in one book, and generwhom he presumed to rival in using the bow. ally found as an appendix to the eighth of the
(Od., viii., 226.)-2. Son of Actor and Molione Ecclesiastical History. —6. Against Hierocles.
of Elis. Vid. MOLIONEs. —3. Son of Mercury Hierocles had advised Diocletian to begin his
(Hermes) and Antianira, and brother of Echion, persecution, and had written two books, called
was one of the Argonauts. —4. An eminent 26yoct tclaavOei'f, comparing our Lord's miraPythagorean philosopher, a disciple of Philolaus. cles to those of Apollonius of Tyana. In anEusisBIus (EV6uacOt), surnamed Pamphili to swering this work, Eusebius reviews the life of
commemorate his devoted friendship for Pam- Apollonius by Philostratus.-7. Against Marcelphilus, bishop of Caesarea. Eusebius was born lus, bishop of Ancyra, in two books.-8. De Ecin Palestine about A.D. 264, was made bishop clesiastica Theologia, a continuation of the formof Caesarea 315, and died about 340. He had a er work.-9. De Vita Constantini, four booms, a
strong leaning toward the Arians, though he panegyric rather than a biography. It has gensigned the creed of the Council of Nicaea. He erally been published with the Ecclesiastical
was a man of great learning.'His most im- History, but edited separately by Heinichen,
portant works are, 1. The Chronicon (Xpovucia 1830.-10. Onomasticon de Locis Hebraicis, a
301




EUSTATHIUS.                                EVAGORAS.
description of the towns and places mentioned!  EUTHYMUS (EvOvyor), a hero of Locri in Italy,
in Holy Scripture, arranged in alphabetical or- son of Astycles or of the river-god Caecinus.
der. It was translated into Latin by Jerome.  He was famous for his strength and skill in boxEUSTATHIUS (EVfTrdtoc). 1. Of Cappadocia, ing, and delivered the town of Temesa from the
a Neo-Platonic philosopher, was a pupil of Iam- evil spirit Polites, to whom a fair maiden was
blichus and _Edesius. In A.D. 358 he was sent sacrificed every year. Euthymus himself disby Constantius as ambassador to King Sapor, appeared at an advanced age in the River Caeand remained in Persia, where he was treated  cinus.
with the greatest honor. —2. Or EUMATHIUS,  EUTOCIUS (Evr6o/coc), of Ascalon, the comprobably lived as late as the twelfth century of mentator on Apollonius of Perga and on Archiour era. He wrote a Greek romance in eleven medes, lived about A.D. 560.  His commentbooks, still extant, containing an account of the aries are printed in the editions of APOLLONIUS
loves of Hysminias and Hysmine. The tale is and ARCHIMEDES.
wearisome and improbable, and shows no power  EUTRAPELUS, P. VOLUMNIUS, a Roman knight,
of invention on the part of its author. Edited obtained the surname of Eutrapelus (Evrpdureby Gaulmin, Paris, 1617, and by Teucher, Lips.,,of) on account of his liveliness and wit. He
1792.-3. Archbishop of Thessalonica, was a na- was an intimate friend of Antony, and a comtive of Constantinople, and lived during the lat- panion of his pleasures and debauches.' Cytheter half of the twelfth century. He was a man ris, the mistress of Antony, was originally the
of great learning, and wrote numerous works, freedwoman and mistress ofVolumnius Eutrapthe most important of which is his commentary elus, whence we find her called Volumnia, and
on the Iliad and Odyssey (IHaper6oait et rrjv was surrendered to Antony by his friend. Eu-'Oiurpov'ItUid(a Scat'Odvaceiav), or rather his trapelus is mentioned by Horace (Epist., i., 18,
collection of extracts from earlier commentators 31).
on those two poems. This vast compilation   EUTRES~I (Evrp7ctot), the inhabitants ofa diswas made from the numerous and extensive trict in Arcadia, north of Megalopolis.
works of the Alexandrian grammarians and    EUTRESIS (EiVrp?1oiL), a small town in Bceotia,
critics; and as nearly all the works from which between Thespiae and Plateae, with a temple
Eustathius made his extracts are lost, his com- and oracle of Apollo, who hence had the surmentary is of incalculable value to us. Edi- name Eutresites.
tions: At Rome, 1542-1550, 4 vols. fol.; at  EUTROPiUS. 1. A eunuch, the favorite of ArB:sle, 1559-60; at Leipzig, 1825-26, contain- cadius, became the virtual governor of the East
ing the commentary on the Odyssey, and at on the death of Rufinus, A.D. 395. He was
Leipzig, 1827-29, the commentary on the Iliad, consul in 399, but in that year was deprived
in all 7 vols. 4to. There is also extant by Eu- of his power by the intrigues of the Empress
stathius a commentary on Dionysius Periegetes, Eudoxia and Gainas the Goth; he was first
which is published with most editions of Dionys- banished to Cyprus, was shortly afterward reius. Eustathius likewise wrote a commentary called, and put to death at Chalcedon.  The
on Pindar, which seems to be lost.-4. Usually poet Claudian wrote an invective against Eucalled EUSTATHIUS ROMANUS, a celebrated Grme- tropius.-2. A Roman historian, held the office
co-Roman jurist, filled various high offices at of a secretary under Constantine the Great,
Constantinople from A.D. 960 to 1000.     was patronized by Julian the Apostate, whom
EUSTRATIUS (Evar'pdctoC), one of the latest he accompanied in the Persian expedition, and
commentators on Aristotle, lived about the be- was alive in the reign of Valentinian andValens.
ginning of the twelfth century after Christ, un- He is the author of a brief compendium of Roder the Emperor Alexius Comnenus, as metro- man history in ten books, from the foundation
politan of Nicaea. Of his writings only two are of the city to the accession of Valens, A.D. 364,
extant, and these in a very fragmentary state: to whom it is inscribed.  In drawing up this
viz., 1. A Commentary on the second book of abridgment Eutropius appears to have consulted
the Analytica. 2. A Commentary on the Ethica the best authorities, and to have executed his
Nicomachea.                               task in general with care. The style is in perEUTERPE. Vid. MUSE.                     feet good taste and keeping with the nature of
[EUTHYCRATES (EvOvcpaCri7c), a Greek statu- the undertaking, being plain, precise, and simary, probably about B.C. 300; a son and the pie. The best editions are by Tzschucke, Lips.,
most distinguished pupil of Lysippus.]    1796, and by Grosse, Hal., 1813.
EUTHYDEMUS (EV'd0Vdjdog). 1. A sophist, was  EUTYCHIDES (EVrvXid?1), of Sicyon, a statuborn at Chios, and migrated, with his brother ary, and a disciple of Lysippus, flourished B.C.
Dionysodorus, to Thurii in Italy. Being exiled 300.
thence, they came to Athens, where they re-  EuxINus PONTUS. Vid. PONTUS EUXINUS.
sided many years. The pretensions of Euthy-  EVADNE (Ebddvr). 1. Daughter of Neptune
demus and his brother are exposed by Plato in (Poseidon) and Pitane, who was brought up
the dialogue which bears the name of the for- by the Arcadian king 2Epytus, and became by
mter.-2. King of Baetria, was a native of Mag- Apollo the mother of Iamus.-2. Daughter of
nesia. We know nothing of the circumstances Iphis (hence called Iphias) or Philax, and wife
attending his elevation to the sovereignty of of Capaneus. For details, vid. CAPANEUS.
Bactria. He extended his power over the neigh-  EVAGORAS (Evay6pac), king of Salamis in Cyboring provinces, so as to become the founder prus.  He was sprung from a family which
of the greatness of the Bactrian monarchy. His claimed descent from Teucerthe reputed founddominions were invaded about B.C. 212, by An- er of Salamis; and his ancestors appear to have
tiochus the Great, with whom he eventually been, during a long period, the hereditary rulers
concluded a treaty of peace.              of that city under the supremacy of Persia.
302




EVAGRIUS.                                FABIA GENS.
They had, however, been expelled by a Pheeni-  EVENUS (Evd^vo). 1. Son of Mars (Ares) and
cian exile, who obtained the sovereignty for Demonice, and father of Marpessa. For dehimself, and transmitted it to his descendants. tails, vid. MARPESSA. -2. Two elegiac poets
Evagoras succeeded in recovering his heredit- of Paros. One of these poets, though it is unary kingdom, and putting the reigning tyrant to certain whether the elder or the younger, was
death, about B.C. 410. His rule was distin-a contemporary of Socrates, whom he is saidto
guished for its mildness and equity, and he have instructed in poetry; and Plato in several
greatly increased the power of Salamis, speci- passages refers to Evenus, somewhat ironically,
ally. by the formation of a powerful fleet. He as at once a sophist or philosopher and a poet.
gave a friendly reception to Conon, when the There are sixteen epigrams in the Greek Anlatter took refuge at Salamis after the defeat of thology bearing the name of Evenus, but it is
the Athenians at _Egospotami, 405; and it was difficult to determine which of them should be
at his intercession that the King of Persia allow- assigned to the elder and which to the younger
ed Conon the support of the Phcenician fleet. Evenus.
But his growing power excited the jealousy of  EVENUS (Ev7rv6: now Fidhari). 1. Formerly
the Persian court, and at length war was de- called Lycormas, rises in Mount (Eta, and flows
dlared against him by Artaxerxes. Evagoras with a rapid stream through _Etolia into the
received the assistance of an Athenian fleet sea, one hundred and twenty stadia West of Anunder Chabrias, and at first met with great sue- tirrhium.-2. (Now Sandarli), a river of Mysia,
cess; but the fortune of war afterward turned rising in Mount Temnus, flowing south through
against him, and he was glad to conclude a /Eolis, and falling into the Sinus Elaiticus near
peace with Persia, by which he resigned his Pitane. The city of Adramyttium, which stood
conquests in Cyprus, but was allowed to retain nearly due west of its sources, was supplied
possession of Salamis, with the title of king. with water from it by an aqueduct.
This war was brought to a close in 385. Evag-  EVERGETES (EVEpyFe-Tn), the " Benefactor," a
oras was assassinated in 374, together with his title of honor, frequently conferred by the Greek
eldest son Pnytagoras. He was succeeded by states upon those from whom they had received
his son Nicocles. There is still extant an ora- benefits. It was assumedby many of the Greek
tion of Isocrates in praise of Evagoras, address- kings in Egypt and elsewhere. Vid. PTOLEM EUS.
ed to his son Nicocles.                     Evius (E?)oc), an epithet of Bacchus, given
EVAGRiUS (Eviyptoc), of Epiphania in Syria, him from the cheering and animating cry eva,
born about A.D. 536, was by profession a " scho- evo (Lat. evoe), in the festivals of the god.
lasticus" (advocate or pleader), and probably  EXiDIUS ('EdStoc), one of the Lapithae, fought
practiced at Antioch. He wrote An Ecclesias- at the nuptials of Pirithoiis.
tical History, still extant, which extends from  EXSUPERANTIUS, JULIUS, a Roman historian,
A.D. 431 to 594. It is published with the other who lived perhaps about the fifth or sixth cenecclesiastical historians by Reading, Camb., tury of our era. He is the author of a short
1720.                                     tract entitled De Marii, Lepidi, ac Sertorii bellis
EVANDER (Evavdpor).  1. Son of Mercury civilibus, which many suppose to have been
(Hermes) by an Arcadian nymph, called Themis abridged from the Histories of Sallust. It is
or Nicostrata, and in Roman traditions Car- appended to several editions of Sallust.
menta or Tiburtis. About sixty years before  EZIONGEBER. Vid. BERENICE, NO. 1.
the Trojan war, Evander is said to have led a
Pelasgian colony from Pallantium in Arcadia                  F
into Italy, and there to have built a town, Pallantium, on the Tiber, at the foot ofthe Pala-  FXABARIS or FARFrRUS (now Farfa), a small
tine Hill, which town was subsequently incor- river in Italy, in the Sabine territory, between
porated with Rome. Evander taught his neigh- Reate and Cures.
bors milder laws and the arts of peace and of  FABATUS, L. RoscYus, one of Cesar's lieutensocial life, and especially the art of writing, with ants in the Gallic war, and praetor in B.C. 49.
which he himself had been made acquainted by He espoused Pompey's party, and was twice
Hercules, and music; he also introduced among sent with proposals of accommodation to Caesar.
them the worship of the Lycaan Pan, of Ceres He was killed in the battle at Mutina, B.C. 43.
(Demeter), Neptune (Poseidon), and Hercules.  FABATUS, CALPURNIUS, a Roman knight, acVirgil (En., viii., 51) represents Evander as still cused in A.D. 64, but escaped punishment. He
alive at the time when /Eneas arrived in Italy, was grandfather to Calpurnia, wife of the youngand as forming an alliance with him against the er Pliny, many of whose letters are addressed
Latins. Evander was worshipped at Pallantium  to him.
in Arcadia as a hero. At Rome he had an altar  FABERIUS. 1. A debtor of M. Cicero.-2. One
at the foot of the Aventine.-2. A Phocian, was of the private secretaries of C. Julius Caesar.
the pupil and successor of Lacydes as the head of  FABIA, two daughters of M. Fabius Ambusthe Academic School at Athens, about B.C. 215. tus. The elder was married to Ser. Sulpicius,. [EvANGELUS (Evadyyaego). 1. A Greek comic a patrician, and one of the military tribunes
poet of the new comedy, a fragment of one of B.C. 376, and the younger to the plebeian C.
whose plays is preserved by Athenaeus; edited Licinius Stolo.
by Meineke, Fragm. Comic. Grcec., vol. ii., p.  FABIA GENS, one of the most ancient patri1173, edit. minor.-2. A slave of Pericles, who cian gentes at Rome, which traced its origin to
distinguished himself by his abilities; he is said Hercules and the Arcadian Evander. The Fabii
to have written a work on the science of war occupy a prominent part in history soon after
(TaKrc6rd), which was highly prized by Philo- the commencement of the republic; and three
poemen.]                                  brothers belonging to the gens are said to have
303




FABIANUS.                             FALERNUS AGER.
been invested with seven successive consul- Fabricius died as poor as he had lived; he left
ships, from B.C. 485 to 479.  The house de- no dowry for his daughters, which the senate,
rived its greatest lustre from the patriotic cour- however, furnished; and, in order to pay the
age and tragic fate of the three hundred and six greatest possible respect to his memory, the
Fabii in the battle on the Cremera, B.C. 477. state interred him within the pommerium, alVid. VIBULANUS. The principal families of this though this was forbidden by the Twelve Tagens bore the names of AmBUSTUS, BUTEO, DOR- bles.-2. L. FABRICIUS, curator yiarum in B.C.
so, LABEO, MAXIMus, PICTOR, and VIBULANUS.  62, built a new bridge of stone, which cenFABIANUS, PAPIRIUS, a Roman rhetorician and nected the city with the island in the Tiber, and
philosopher in the time of Tiberius and Calig- which was, after him, called pons Fabricius.
ula. He wrote works on philosophy and physics, The name of its author is still seen on the renmwhich are referred to by Seneca and Pliny.  nants of the bridge, which now bears the name
FABRATERIA (Fabraternus: now Falvaterra), of ponte quattro capz.-3. Q. FABRICIUS, tribune
a town in Latium, on the right bank of the of the plebs 57, proposed, as early as the month
Trerus, originally belonged to the Volscians, but of January of that year, that Cicero shoefd be
was subsequently colonized by the Romans.  recalled from exile; but this attempt was frusFABRICII belonged originally to the Hernican trated by P. Clodius by armed force.
town of Aletrium, where some of this name   FADUS, CusPIus, appointed by the Emperor
lived as late as the time of Cicero. 1. C. FA- Claudius procurator of Judea in A.D. 44. He
BRICIUS LUSCINUS, was probably the first of his was succeeded by Tiberius Alexander.
family who quitted Aletrium and settled at Rome.  F  SULAr (Faesulanus: now Fiesole), a city of
He was one of the most popular heroes in the Etruria, situated on a hill three miles northeast
Roman annals, and, like Cincinnatus and Curius, of Florence, was probably not one of the twelve
is the representative of the purity and honesty cities of the League. Sulla sent to it a military
of the good old times. In his first consulship, colony; and it was the head-quarters of CatiB.C. 282, he defeated the Lucanians, Bruttians, line's army. There are still to be seen the reand Samnites, gained a rich booty, and brought mains of its ancient walls, of a theatre, &c.
into the treasury more than four hundred tal-.  FALACRINE or FALACRINUM, a Sabine town at
ents. Fabricius probably served as legate in the foot of the Apennines, on the Via Salaria,
the unfortunate campaign against Pyrrhus in between Asculum and Reate, the birth-place of
280, and at its close he was one of the Roman the Emperor Vespasian.
ambassadors sent to Pyrrhus at Tarentum to  FALERII or FALERIUM, a town in Etruria, sitnegotiate a ransom or exchange of prisoners. uated on a steep and lofty height near Mount
The conduct of Fabricius on this occasion form- Soracte, was an ancient Pelasgic town, and is
ed one of the most celebrated stories in Roman said to have been founded by Halesus, who sethistory, and was embellished in every possible tled with a body of colonists from Argos. Its
way by subsequent writers. So much, how- inhabitants were called FALISCI, and were reever, seems certain, that Pyrrhus used every garded by many as of the same race as the
effort to gain the favor of Fabricius; that he zEqui, whence we find them often called _Equi
offered him the most splendid presents, and en- Falisci. Falerii afterward became one of the
deavored to persuade him to enter into his serv- twelve Etruscan cities; but its inhabitants conice, and accompany him to Greece; but that tinned to differ from the rest of the Etruscans
the sturdy Roman was proof against all his se- both in their language and customs even.in the
ductions, and rejected all his offers. On the time of Augustus. After a long struggle with
renewal of the war in the following year (279), Rome, the Faliscans yielded to Camillus, B.C.
Fabricius again served as legate, and shared in 394. They subsequently joined their neighbors
the defeat at the battle of Asculum. In 278 several times in warring against Rome, but
Fabricius was consul a second time, and had were finally subdued. At the close of the first
the conduct of the war against Pyrrhus. The Punic war, 241, they again revolted.'The Roking was anxious for peace; and the generosity mans now destroyed Falerii, and compelled the
with which Fabricius sent back to Pyrrhus the Faliscans to build a new town in the plain. The
traitor who had offered to poison him, afforded ruins of the new city are to be seen at Falleri,
an opportunity for opening negotiations, which while the remains of the more ancient one are
resulted in the evacuation of Italy by Pyrrhus. at Civita Castellana. The ancient town of FaFabricius then subdued the allies of the king in lerii was afterward colonized by the Romans
the south of Italy. He was censor in 275, and under the name of "Colonia Etruscorum Fadistinguished himself by the severity with which lisca," or "Colonia Junonia Faliscorum," but
he attempted to repress the growing taste for it never became again a place of importance.
luxury.  His censorship is particularly cele- The ancient town was celebrated for its worbrated from his expelling from the senate P. ship of Juno Curitis or Quiritis, and it was in
Cornelius Rufinus on account of his possessing honor of her that the Romans founded the colten pounds' weight of silver plate. The love ony. Minerva and Janus were also worshipped
of luxury and the degeneracy of morals which in the town. Falerii had extensive linen manhad already commenced, brought out still more ufactories, and its white cows were prized at
prominently the simplicity of life and the integ- Rome as victims for sacrifice.
rity of character which distinguished Fabricius  FALERNUS AGER, a district in the north of
as well as his contemporary Curius Dentatus; Campania, extending from the Massic hills to
and ancient writers love to tell of the frugal the River Vulturnus. It produced some of the
way in which they lived on their hereditary finest wine in Italy, which was reckoned only
farms, and how they refused the rich presents second to the wine of Setia. Its choicest vawhich the Samnite ambassadors offered them. riety was called Faustianum. It became fit for
304




FALESIA PORTUS.                              FAVONIUS.
drinkinn in ten years, and might be used when igin, in certain sacred groves, o:ne near Tibur,
twenty years old.                         around the well Albunea, and another on the
FALESIA PORTUS, a harbor in Etruria,'south Aventine, near Rome. What Faunus was to
of Populonium, opposite the island Ilva.  the male sex, his wife Faula or Fauna was to
FAXLISC. Vid. FALERII.                  the female. At Rome there was a round temFALIScus, GRATIUS, a contemporary of Ovid, ple of Faunus, surrounded with columns, on
and the author of a poem upon the chase, en- Mount Caelius; and another was built to him,
titled Cynegeticon Liber, in five hundred and in B.C. 196, on the island in the Tiber, where
forty hexameter lines. Printed in Burmann's sacrifices were offered to him on the ides of
and W'ernsdorf's Poet. Lat. Min.; [and with February. As the god manifested himself in
Olympius Nemesianus, by Stern, Halae, 1832, various ways, the, idea arose of a plurality of
Svo.]'                                    Fauns (Fauni), who are described as half men,
FANNIA. 1. Awoman ofMinturne, who hos- half goats, and with horns. Faunus gradually
pitably entertained Marius when he came to came to be identified with thc Arcadian Pan,
Minturnae in his flight, B.C. 88, though he had and the Fauni with the Greek Satyrs.
formerlypronounced her guilty of adultery.-  FAUSTA. 1. CORNELIA, daughter of the dic2. The second wife of Helvidius Priscus.  tator Sulla, and twin sister of Faustus Sulla,
FANNIUS.  1. C., tribune of'the plebs, B.C. was born about B.C. 88. She was first married
187.-2. L., deserted from the Roman army in to C. Memmius, and afterward to Milo. She
84, with L. Magius, and went over to Mithra- was infamous for her adulteries, and the histodates, whom they persuaded-to enter into nego- rian Sallust is said to have been one of her partiations with Sertorius in Spain. Fannius after- amours, and to have received a severe flogging
ward commanded a detachment of the army of from Milo when he was detected on one occaMithradates against Lucullus.-3. C., one of the sion in the house of the' latter. Villius was
persons who signed the accusation brought another of her paramours, whence Horace calls
against P. Clodius in 61. In 59 he was men- him "Sulla gener" (Sat., i., 2, 64). —2. FLAVIA
tionedhby L. Vettius as an accomplice in the al- MAXIMIANA, daughter of Maximianus, and wife
leged conspiracy against Pompey.-4. C., trib- of Constantine the Great, to whom she bore
une of the plebs 59, opposed the lex agraria of Constantinus, Constantius, and Constans.
Caesar. He belonged to Pompey's party, and in  FAUSTNA. 1. ANNIA GALERIA, commonly dis49 went as proetor to Sicily.-5. C., a contem- tinguished as Faustina Senior, the wife of Anporary ot the'younger Pliny, the author of a toninus Pius, died in the third year of his reign,
work, very popular at the time, on the deaths A.D. 141. Notwithstanding the profligacy of
of persons executed or exiled by Nero.    her life, her husband loaded her with honors
FANNIUS CzEpio. Vid. C'EPIO.            both before and after her decease. It was in
FANNIUS STRABO.'Vid. STRABO.           honor of her that Antoninus established a hospiFANNIUS QUADRATUS. Vid. QUADRATUS.      tal for the education and support of young feFANUM FORTUNE (now Fano), an important males, who were called after her puellce alimentown in Umbria, at the mouth of the Metaurus, tarice Faustiniane. —2. ANNIA, or. Faustina Juwith a celebrated temple of Fortuna, whence the nior, daughter- of the elder Faustina, was martown derived its name. Augustus sent to it a ried to M. Aurelius in A.D. 145 or 146, and she
colony of veterans, and it was then called " Co- died in a village on the skirts of Mount Taurus
lonia Julia Fanestris." Here was a triumphal in 175, having accompanied the emperor to Syrarch in honor, of Augustus.               ia. Her profligacy was so open and infamous,
FARFARUS. Vid. FABARIS.                 that the good nature or blindness of her husFAscYNUS, an early Latin divinity, and iden- band, who cherished her fondly while alive, and
tical with Mutinus or Tutinus. He was wor- loaded her with honors after her death, appears
shipped as the protector from sorcery, witch- truly marvellous.-3. ANNIA, grand-daughter or
craft, and evil daemons; and represented in the great-grand-daughter of M. Aurelius, the third
form of a phallus, the genuine Latin for which of the numerous wives of Elagabalus.
is fascinum, as this symbol was believed to be  FAUSsTUIUS. Vid. RoMULUS.
most efficacious in averting all evil influences.  FAVENTIA (Faventinus: now Faenze), a town
FAULA or FAUNA, according to some, a con- in Gallia Cisalpina, on the River Anemo and on
cubine of Hercules in Italy; according to others, the Via nEmilia, celebrated for its linen manuthe wife or sister of Faunus. Vid. FAUNUS.  factories.
FAUNUS, son of Picus, grandson of Saturnus,  FAVONII PORTUS (now Porto Favone), a harbor
and father of Latinus, was the third in the series on the coast of Corsica.
of the kings of the Laurentes. Faunus acts a  FAVONIUS, M., an imitator of Cato Uticensis,
very prominent part in the mythical history of whose character and conduct he copied so serLatium, and was in later times worshipped in vilely as to receive the nickname of Cato's ape.
two distinct capacities: first, as the god of fields He was always a warm supporter of the party
and shepherds, because he had promoted agri- of the optimates, and actively opposed all the
culture and the breeding of cattle; and see- measuresof the first triumvirate. On the breakondly as an oracular divinity, because he was. ing out of the civil war in B.C. 49, he joined
one of the great founders of the religion of the Pompey, notwithstanding his personal aversion
country. The festival of the Faunalia, cele- to the latter, and opposed all proposals of recbrated on the fifth of December by the country onciliation between Caesar and' Pompey. He
people, had reference to him as the god of ag- served in the campaign against Caesar in Greece
niculture and cattle. As a prophetic god, he in 48, and after the defeat of his party at Pharwas believed to reveal the future to man, partly salus he accompanied Pompey in his flight, and
in dreams, and partly by voices of unknown or- showed him the greatest kindness and atten20                                                           305




FAVORINUS.                                   FESTUS.
tion.  Upon Pompey's death he returned to The few fragments preserved relate to events
Italy, and was pardoned by Caesar. He took subsequent to the Carthaginian wars  and we
no part in the conspiracy against Caesar's life, know that it embraced the greater part of Cicbut after the murder of the atter he espoused ero's career. A treatise, De Sacerdotiis et Mathe side of Brutus and Cassius. He was-taken gistratibus Romanorum Libri II., ascribed to
prisoner in the battle of Philippi in 42, and was Fenestella, is a modern forgery. [The genuine
put to death by Octavianus.                fragments are published in Popma's Fragmenta
FAVORINUS, a philosopher and sophist in the' Historicorurm Vet. Lat., Amst., 1692, and in Havreign of Hadrian, was a native of Arlesin Gaul. ercamp's and Fr6tscher's editions of Sallust.]
He resided at different periods of his life in  FENNI, a savage people living by the chase,
Rome, Greece, and Asia Minor, and obtained whom Tacitus (Germ., 46) reckons armong the
high distinctions. He was intimate with some Germans. They appear to have dwelt in the
of his most distinguished contemporaries, among further part of Eastern Prussia, and to have
others with Plutarch, who dedicated to him his been the same as the modern Finns.
treatise on the principle of cold, and with He-  FERENTINUM (Ferentinas, Ferentinus).  1.
rodes Atticus, to whom he bequeathed his li- (Now Ferento), a town of Etruria, south of Volbrary and house at Rome. He wrote several sinii, the birth-place of the Emperor Otho. It
works on various subjects, but none of them  is called both a colonia and a municipium.
are extant.                                There are still remains of its walls, of a theatre,
FEBRIs, the goddess, or, rather, the averter and of sepulchres at Ferento.-2. (Now Ferenof fever. She had three sanctuaries at Rome, tino), an ancient town of the Hernici in Latium,
in which amulets were dedicated which people southwest of Anagnia, colonized by the Romans
had worn during a fever.                   in the second Punic war. There are still reFEBRsUU, an ancient Italian divinity, to whom  mains of its ancient walls. In its neighborhood
the month of February was sacred, for in the was the source of the sacred brook FERENTINA,
latter half of that month general purifications at which the Latins used to hold their meetings.
and lustrations were celebrated. The name is  FERENTUM'. Vid. FORENTUM.
connected with februare (to purify), and februce  FERETRIUS, a surname of Jupiter, derived
(purifications). Februus was also regarded as from ferire, to strike; for persons who-took an
a god of the lower world, and the festival of the oath called upon Jupiter to strike them if they
dead (Ferilia) was celebrated in February.  swore falsely, as they struck the victim which
FELICITAS, the personification of happiness, they sacrificed to him. Others derived it fiom
to whom a temple was erected by Lucullus in  ferre, because he was the giver of peace, or beB.C. 75, which was burned down in the reign cause people dedicated (ferebant) to him spolia
of Claudius. Felicitas is frequently seen on opima.
Roman medals in the form of a matron, with the  FERONIA, an ancient Italian divinity, who oristaff of Mercury (caduceus) and a cornucopia.  ginally belonged to the Sabines and Faliscans,
FELIX, ANTONIUS, procurator of Judaea in the and was introduced by them among the Roreigns of Claudius and Nero, -was a, brother of mans. It is difficult to form a definite notion
the freedman Pallas, and was himself a freed- of the nature of this goddess. Some consider
man of the Emperor Claudius. Hence he is her to have been the goddess of liberty; others
also called Claudius Felix. In his private and look upon her as the goddess of commerce and
his public character alike Felix was unscrupu- traffic, and others, again, regard her as a goddess
lous and profligate., Having fallen in love with  of the earth or the lower world. Her chief
Drusilla, daughter of Agrippa I., and wife of sanctuaries were at Terracina, and near Mount
Azizus, king of Emesa, he induced her to leave Soracte.
her husband; and she was still living with him  FEROX, URsEIUS, a Roman jurist, who probai-n 60, when St. Paul preached before him" of bly flourished between the time of Tiberius and
righteousness, temperance, and judgment to Vespasian.
come." His government, though cruel and op-  FERRATUS MONS (now Jebel-Jurjurah), one of
pressive, was strong; he suppressed all dis- the principal mountain-chains in the Lesser
turbances, and cleared the country of robbers. Atlas system, in North Africa, on the borders
He was recalled in 62, and succeeded by Por- of Mauretania Caesariensis and Mauretania Sicius Festus; and the Jews having lodged ac- tifensis.
cusations against him at Rome, he was saved  FESCENNIUMJ or FESCENNIA (Fescennlnus), a
from condign punishment only by the influence town of the Falisci in Etruria, and consequently,
of his brother Pallas with Nero.           like Falerii, of Pelasgic origin. Vid. FALERII.
FELIX, M. MIINUCIU, a Roman lawyer, who  From this town the Romans are said to have
flourished about A.D. 230, wrote a dialogue en- derived the Fescennine songs. The site of
titled Octavius, which occupies a conspicuous the town is uncertain; it may perhaps be placed
place among the early Apologies for Christian- at S. Silvesto. Many writers place it at Civita
ity. Edited by Gronovius, Lugd. Bat., 1707; by  Castellann, but this was the site of Falerii.
Ernesti, ibid,, 1773; and by Muralto, Turic.,  FESTUS, SEXT. POMPEIUS, a Roman gramrma1836.                                      rian, probably lived in the fourth century of our
FELSINA. Vidc. BONONIA.                  era. His name is attached to a dictionary or
FELTRIA (Feltrinus: now Feltre), a town in glossary of Latin words and phrases, divided
Raetia, a little north of the River Plavis.  into twenty books, and commonly called Sexti
FENESTELLA, a Roman historian, who lived  Pompeii Festi de Verborum Significationie. It was
in the time of Augustus, and died A.D. 21, in the abridged by Festus from a work with the same
seventieth year of his age. His work, entitled title by M. Verrius Flaccus, a celebrated gram-n
Annales, extended to at least twenty-two books. marian in the reign of Augustus. Festus made
306




FESTUS, PORCIUS.                    FIRMICUS MATERNUS, JULIUS.
a     fewalterations and criticisms of his own,  FIDIUS, an ancient form of filius, occurs in
and inserted numerous extracts from other the connection of Dius Fidiusor Medius. Fidius,
writings of Verrius, but altogether omitted that is, me Dius (Ato) filits, or the son of Jupithose words which had fallen into disuse, in- ter, that is, Hercules. Hence the expression
tending to.make these the subject of a separate medies fidius is equivalent to me Hercules, scil.
volume. Toward the end of the eighth century, juvet. Sometimes Fidius is used alone. Some
Paul, son of Warnefrid, better known as Paulus' of the ancients connected fidius with fides.
Diaconus, from having officiated as a deacon of  FIGULUS, C. MARCIUS. 1. Consul B.C. 162,
the church at Aquileia, abridged the. abridgment and again consul 156, when he carried on war
of Festus. The original work of Verrius Flac- with the Dalmatrs in Illyricum.-2. Consul 64,
cus has perished with the exception of one or supported Cicero in his consulship.
two inconsiderable fragments. Of the abstract  FIGUIUS, P. NIGIDIUS, a Pythagorean philosby Festus, one imperfect MS. only has come opher of high reputation, who flourished about
down to us. The numerous blanks in this MS. B.C. 60. Mathematical and physical investigahave been ingeniously filled up by Scaliger and tions appear to have occupied a large share of
Ursinus, partly from conjecture and partly from  his attention; and such was his fame as an asthe corresponding paragraphs of Paulus, whose trologer, that it was generally believed, in later
performance appears in a complete form in times at least, that he had predicted'the future
many MSS. The best edition of Festus is by greatness of Octavianus on hearing the anK. O. Muller, Lips., 1849, in which the text nouncement of his birth. He, moreover, posof Festus is placed face to face with the cor- sessed considerable influence in political afresponding text of Paulus, so as to admit of fairs; was one of the senators selected by Ciceasy comparison. The work is one of great ero to take down the depositions of the witvalue, containing a rich treasure of learning nesses who gave evidence with regard to Catiupon many points connected with antiquities, line's conspiracy, B.C. 63; was praetor 59;
mythology, and grammar.                   took an active part in the civil war on the side
FESTUS, PORCIUS, succeeded Antonius Felix of Pompey; was compelled by Caesar to live
as procurator of Judaea in A.D. 62, and died not abroad, and died in exile 44.
long after his appointment. It was he who bore  FIMBRIA, C. FLAVIUS. 1.'A homo novus, who
testimony to the innocence of St. Paul, when rose to the highest honors through his own
he defended himself before him in the same year. merits and talents.  Cicero praises him both
FIBRENUS. Vid. ARPINUM.                 as a jurist and an orator. He was consul B.C.
FICANA (Ficanensis), one of the ancient Latin 104, and was subsequently accused of extortion
towns destroyed by Ancus Marcius.         in his province, but was acquitted.-2. Probably
FICULEA (Ficuleas, -atis, Ficolensis), an an- son of the preceding, was one of the most viocient town of the Sabines, east of Fidenae, said lent partisans of Marius and Cinna during the
to have been founded by the Aborigines, but civil war with Sulla. In B.C. 86 he was sent
early sunk into decay.                    into Asia as legate of Valerius Flaccus, and
FIDEN0E, sometimes FIDENA (Fidenas, -atis:. took advantage of the unpopularity of his cornnow Castel Giubileo), an ancient town in the mander with the soldiers to excite a mutiny
land of the Sabines, forty stadia (five miles) against him. Flaccus was killed at Chalcedon,
northeast of Rome, situated on a steep hill, be- and was succeeded in the command by Fimbria,
tween the Tiber and the Anio. It is said to who carried on the war with success against
have been founded by Alba Longa, and also to the generals of Mithradates. In 84 Sulla crosshave been conquered and colonized by Romu- ed over from Greece into Asia, and, after conlus; but the population appears to have been cluding peacewith Mithradates,marched against
partly Etruscan, and it was probably colonized Fimbria. The latter was deserted by his troops,
by the Etruscan Veii, with which city we find and put an end to his life.
it in close alliance. It fiequently revolted and  FINES, the name of a great number of places,
was frequently taken by the Romans. Its last either. on the borders of Roman provinces or
revolt was in B.C. 438, and in the following of different tribes. These places are usually
year it was destroyed by the Romans. Subse- found only in the Itineraries, and are not of
quently the town was rebuilt; but it is not sufficient importance to be enumerated here.
mentioned again till the reign of Tiberius,  FIRNMNUS, TARUTIUS, a mathematician and
when, in consequence of the fall of a temporary astrologer, contemporary with M. Varro and
wooden theatre in the town, twenty thousand, Cicero. AtVarro's request Firmanus took the
or, according to some accounts, fifty thousand horoscope of Romulus, and from the circumpersons louIt their lives.                stances of the life and death of the founder deFIDENTfA (Fidentinus: now Borgo S. Domino), termined the era of Rome.
a town in Cisalpine Gaul, on the Via Emrilia,  FIRMIANUS SYMPOSIUS; CELIUS, of uncertain
between Parma and Placentia, memorable for age and country, the author of one hundred inthe victory which Sulla's generals gained over sipid riddles, each comprised in three hexameCarbo, B.C. 82.                           ter lines, collected, as we are fold in the proFIDES, the personification of fidelity or faith- logue, for the purpose of promoting the festivifiulness. Nurna is said to have built a temple ties of the Saturnalia. Printed in the Poet. Lat.
to Fides publica on the Capitol, and another Min. of Wernsdorf, vol. vi.
was built there in the consulship of M. _Emilius  FIRMICUS MATERNUS, JULIUS, or perhaps VILScaurus, B.C. 115. She was represented as a LIUs, the author of a work entitled Matheseos
matron wearing a wreath of olive or laurel Libri VIII., which is a formal introduction to
leaves, and carrying in her hand corn ears, or a judicial astrology, according to the discipline
basket with fruit.                        ofthe Egyptians and Babylonians. The writes
307




FIRMUM.                                  FLACCUS.
lived in the time of Constantine the Great, and  FLACCITS, HORDEONIUS, consular legate of Up
had during a portion of his life practiced as a per Germany at Nero's death, A.D. 68.'He was
forensic pleader. There is also ascribed to this secretly attached to the cause of Vespasian, for
Firmicus Maternus a work in favor of Christian- which reason he made no effectual attempt to
ity, entitled De Errore Profanarum Religionum  put down the insurrection of Civilis. Vid. Civiad Constantium et Constantem. -This work was, LIS. His troops, who were in favor of Vitellihowever, probably written by a different per- us, compelled himl, to give up the command to
son of the same name, since the author of the VOCULA, and shortly afterward put him to death.
work on astrology was a pagan.              FLACCUS, C. NORBANUS, a general of OctaviFIRMUM (Firmanus: now Fermo), a town in anus and Antony in the campaign against-Bru,
Picenum, three miles from the coast, and south tus and Cassius, B.C. 42. He was consul in 38.
of the River Tinna, colonized by the Romnans  FLACCUS, PERSIUS. Vid. PERSIus.
at the beginning of the first Punic war. On the  FLACCUS SICULUs, an agrimensor by profescoast was its strongly fortified harbor, CASTEL- sion, probably lived about the reign of Nerva.
LUM FIRMANUM or FIRMANORUM (now Porto di He wrote a treatise entitled De Conditionibus
Fermo).                                   Agrorum, of which the commencement is preFIRMUS, M., a native of Seleucia, the friend served in the.collection of Agrimensores. Vid.
and ally of Zenobia, seized upon Alexandrea, FRONTINUS.
and proclaimed himself emperor, but was de-  FLACCus, VALRRUS. 1. L., curule eedileB.C.
feated and slain by Aurelian, A.D. 273.   201, praetor 200, and consul 195, with M. Porcix FLACCUS, CALPURNIUS, a rhetorician in the us Cato. In his consulship, and in the followreign of Hadrian, whose fifty-one declamations ing year, he carried on war, with great success,
are frequently printed with those of Quintilian.. against the Gauls in the north of Italy. In 184
FLACCUS, FULVYUS. 1. M., consul with App. he was the colleague of M. Cato in the censorClaudius Caudex, B.C. 264, in which year the ship, and in the same year was made princeps
first Punic war broke out.-2. Q., son of No. senatus. He died 180.-2. L., consul 131, with
1, consul 237, fought against the Ligurians in P. Licinius Crassus.-3. L., consul 100, with
Italy.  In 224 he was consul a second time, C. Marius, when he took an active part in putand conquered the Gauls and Insubrians in the ting down the insurrection of Saturninus. In
north of Italy. In 215 he was praetor, after 97 he was censor with M. Antonius, the orator.
having been twice consul; and in the following In 86 he was chosen consul in place of Marius,
year (214) he was re-elected praetor. In 213 who had died in his seventh consulship, and
he was consul for the third time, and carried was sent by Cinna into Asia to oppose Sulla,
on the war in Campania against the Carthagin- and to bring the war against Mithradates to a
ians.  He and his colleague, Appius Claudius close. The avarice and severity of Flaccus
Puleher, took Hanno's camp by storm, and then made him unpopular with the soldiers, who at
laid siege to Capua, which they took in the fol- length rose in mutiny at the instigation of Fimrlowing year (212). In 209 he was consul for bria. Flaccus was then put to death by order
the fourth time, and continued the war against of Fimbria. Vid. FIMBRIA.-4. L., the interrex,
the Carthaginians'in the south of Italy.-3. CN., who proposed that Sulla should be made dictabrother of No. 2, was praetor 212, and had Apu- tor, 82, and who was afterward made by Sulla
lia for his province: he was defeated by Han- his rmagister equitum.-5. C., praetor 98, consul
nibal near Herdonea. In consequence of.his 93, and afterward proconsul in Spain.-6. L.,
cowardice in this battle he was accused before praetor 63, and afterward proprietor in Asia,
the people, and went into voluntary exile before where he was succeeded by Q. Cicero. In 59
the trial.-4. Q., son of No. 2, was prator 182, he was accused by D. Laelius of extortion in
and carried on war in Spain against the Celti- Asia; but, although undoubtedly guilty, he was
berians, whom he defeated in several battles. defended by Cicero (in the oration pro Flacco,
He was consul 179 with his brother, L. Manlius which is still extant) and Q. Hortensius, and
Acidinus Fulvianus, who had been adopted by was acquitted.-7. C., a poet, was a native of
Manlius Acidinus. In his consulship he de- Padua, and lived in the time of Vespasian. He
feated the Ligurians. In 174 he was censor is the author'of the Argonautica, an unfinished
with A. Postumius Albinus. Shortly afterward heroic poem in eight books, on the Argonautic
he became deranged, and hung himself in his expedition, in which he follows the general plan
bed-chamber.-5. M., nephew of No. 4, and a and arrangement of Apollonius Rhodius. The
friend of the Gracchi, was consul 125, when he eighth book terminates abruptly at the point
subdued the Transalpine Ligurians. He was where Medea is urging Jason to make her the
one of the triumvirs for carrying into execution companion of his homeward journey. Flaccus
the agrarian law of Tiberius Gracchus, and was is only a second-rate poet. His diction is pure;
slain together with C. Gracchus in 121. He his general style is free from affectation; his
was a man of a bold and determined character, versification is polished and harmonious; his
and was more ready to have recourse to vio- descriptions arelively and vigorous; but he dislence and open force than C. Gracchus.-6. Q., plays no originality, nor any of the higher attripreetor in Sardinia 187, and consul 180. —7. butes of genius. Editions byBurmannus, Leid.,
SEP., consul 135, subdued the Vardaeans in Illyr- 1724; by Harles, Altenb., 1781; and by Wagicum.                                     ner, Gotting., 1805.
FLACCUS, GRANIUS, a contemporary of Julius  FLACCUS, VERRIUS, a freedman by birth, and a
Caesar, wrote a book, De Jure Papiriano, which distinguished grammarian in the reign of Auwas a collection of the laws of the ancient kings gustus, who intrusted him with the education
of Rome, made by Papirius. Vid. PAPIRIUS.  of his grandsons, Caius and Lucius Caesar. He
FLACCUS, HORATIUS. Vid. HORATIUS.       died at an advanced age, in the reign of Tibe308




FLAMININUS, QUINTIUS.                             FLORA.
rus: At the lower end of the market-place at and justice. In 223'he was consul, and marchPraeneste was a statue of Verrius Flaccus, front- ed against the Insubrian Gauls. As the senate
ing the Hemicyclium, on the inner curve of were anxious to deprive, Flaminius of his office,
which were set up marble tablets, inscribed they declared that the consular election was
with the Fasti Verriani. These Fasti were a not valid on account of some fault in the auspicalendar of the days and vacations of public ces, and sent a letter to the consuls, with orders
business- dies fasti, nefasti, and intercisi-of to return to Rome. But as all preparations had
religious festivals, triumphs, &c., especially in- been made for a battleagainst the Insubrians,
eluding such as were peculiar to the family of the letter was left unopened until the battle
the Caesars. In 1770 the foundations of the was gained. In 220 he was censor, and exeHemicyclium of Praeneste were discovered, and cuted two great works, which bore his name,
among the ruins were found fragments of the viz., the Circus Flalminius and the Via Flaminia.
Fasti Verriani. They are given at the end of In 217 he was consul a second time, and marchWolfs edition of Suetonius, Lips., 1802. Flac- ed against Hannibal, but was defeated by the
cus wrote numerous works on philology, history, latter at the fatal battle of the Trasimene Lake,
and archaeology. Of these the most celebrated on the twenty-third of June, in which he perishwas his work.De Verborum Significatione, which ed with the greater part of his army.-2. C., son
was abridged by Festus. Vid. FESTUS.      of No. 1, was quaestor of Scipio Africanus in
FLAMINiNUS, QUINTIUS. 1. T., a distinguish- Spain, 210; curule aedile 196, when he distribed general, was consul B.C. 198, and had the uted among the people a large quantity of grain
conduct of the war against Philip of Macedonia, at a low price, which was furnished him by the
which he carried on with ability and success. Sicilians as a mark of gratitude toward his faHe pretended to have come to Greece to liberate ther and himself; was praetor 193, and obtained
the country from the Macedonian yoke, and thus Hispania Citerior as his province, where he
induced the Achaean league, and'many-of the carried on the'war with success; and was conother Greek states, to give him their support. sul 185, when he defeated the Ligurians.
The war was brought to. a close in 197, by the  FLANATICUS or FLANONiCUS SINUS (now Gulf
defeat of Philip by Flamininus, at the battle of of Quarnaro), a bay of the Adriatic Sea, on the
Cynoscephalae in Thessaly; and peace was coast of Liburnia, named after the people FLAshortly afterward concluded with Philip. Fla- NATES and their town FLANONA (now Fianona).
minirius.continued in Greece for the next three  FLAVIA, a surname given to several towns in
years, in order to settle the affairs of the coun- the Roman empire in honor of the Flavian
try. At the celebration of the Isthmian games family.
at Corinth in 196, he caused a herald to pro-  FLAVIA GENS, celebrated as the house to which
claim, in the name of the Roman senate, the the Emperor Vespasian belonged. During the
freedom and independence of Greece. In 195 later period of the Roman empire, the name
he made war against Nabis, tyrant of Sparta, Flavius descended from one emperor to anothwhom he soon compelled:to submit to the Ro- er, Constantius, the father of Constantine the
mans; and in 194 he returned to Rome, having Great, being the first in the series.
won the affections of the Greeks by his prudent  FLAVIA DOMITILLA, first wife of Vespasian.
and conciliating conduct. In 192 he was again  FLAVIUS, CN., the son of a freedman, became
sent to Greece as ambassador, and remained secretary to Appius Claudius Ceecus, and, in conthere till 190, exercising a sort of protectorate sequence of this connection, attained distinover the country. In 183 he was sent as am- guished honors in the commonwealth. He is
bassador to Prusias of Bithynia, in order to de- celebrated in the annals of Roman law for havmand the surrender of Hannibal.  He died ing been the first to divulge certain technicaliabout 174.-2. L., brother of the preceding, was ties of procedure,'which previously had been
curule sedile 200, prastor 199, and'afterward kept secret as the exclusive patrimony of the
served under his brother, as legate in the war pontiffs and the patricians. He was elected
against Macedonia. He was consul in 192, and curule aedile B.C. 303, in spite of his ignominireceived Gaul as his province, where he behav- ous birth.
ed with the greatest barbarity. On one occa-  FL     IMVus FI3BRIA. Vid. FIMBRIA.
sion he killed a chief of the Boii who had taken  FLAVIUS JosEPHUS. Vid. JOSEPHUS.
refuge in his camp, in order to afford amusement  FLAVIUS VoPIscUS. Vid. VoPIscus.
to a profligate favorite. For this and similar  FLAVUS, L. C.ESETYUS, tribune of the plebs
acts of cruelty he was expelled from the senate B.C. 44, was deposed from his office by C. Juin 184 by M. Cato, who was then censor. He lius Caesar, because, in concert with C. Epidius
died in 170.-3. T., consul 150, with M'. Acilius Marullus, one of his colleagues in the tribunate,
Balbus. -4. T., consul 123, with Q. Metellus he had removed the crowns from the statues
Balearicus. Cicero says that he spoke Latin of the dictator, and imprisoned a person who
with elegance, but that he was an illiterate man. had saluted Caesar as "king."
FLAMINIUS. 1. C., was tribune of the plebs  FLAVUS or FLAVIUS, SUBRIUS, tribune in the
B.C. 232, in which year,, notwithstanding the Praetorian guards, was the most active agent in
violent opposition of the senate, he carried an the conspiracy against Nero, A.D. 66, which,
agrarian law, ordaining that the Ager Gallicus from its most distinguished member, was called
Picenus, which had recently been conquered, Piso's conspiracy.
should be distributed among the plebeians. In  FLEVO. Vid. RHENUS.
227, in which year four praetors were appointed  FLEVUM, a fortress in Germany at the mouth
for the first time, he was one of them, and re- of the Amisia (now Ems).
eeived Sicily for his province, where he earned  FLEVUM, FLEVO. Vid. RHENUS.
the good will of the provincials by his integrity  FLORA, the Roman goddess of flowers and
309




FLORENTIA.                                  FORTUNA.
spring. The writers, whose object was to bring  FmENICULARUS CAMPUS, i. e., the Fennel
the Roman religion into contempt, relate that Fields, a plain covered with fennel, near Tar,
Flora was a courtesan, who had accumulated a raco, in Spain.
large property, and bequeathed it to the Roman  FONTEIUS, M., governed as proprator Narpeople, in return for which she was honored bonnese Gaul, between B.C. 76-73, and was
with the annual festival of the Floralia. But accused of extortion in his province by M. Plaher worship was established at Rome in the torius in 69. He was defended by Cicero in an
very earliest times, for a temple is said to have oration (pro M. Fonteio), part of which is extant.
been vowed to her by King Tatius, and Numa   FONTEIUS CXAPTO. Vid. CAPITO.
appointed a'flamen,to her. The resemblance   FONTUS, a Roman divinity, son of Janus, had
between the names Flora and Chloris led the an altar on' the Janiculus; which derived its
later Romans to identify the two divinities. name from his father, and on which Numa was
Her temple at Rome was situated near the believed to be buried. The name of this diCircus Maximus, and her festival was'celebra- vinity is connected with fbns, a fountain; and
ted from the 28th of April till' the 1st of May, he was the personification of the flowing waters.
with extravagant merriment and lasciviousness. On the 13th of October the Romans celebrated
Vid. Dict. of Ant., art. FLORALIA.        the festival of the fountains called Fontinalia,
FLORENTIA (Florentinus).  1. (Now Firenze, at which the fountains were adorned with garFlorence),.a town in Etruria, on the Arnus, was lands.
a Roman colony, and was probably founded by  FORENTUM or FERRENTUM (Forentanus: now
the Romans during their wars with the Liguri- Forenza), a town in Apulia, surrounded by ferans. In the time of Sulla it was a flourishing tile fields and in a low situation, according to
municipium, but its greatness as a city dates Horace (arvum pingue humilis Forenti, Carm.,
from the Middle Ages.-2. (Now Fiorenzuola), a iii., 4, 16). Livy (ix., 20) describes it as a fortown in Cisalpine Gaul, on the ZEmiliaVia, be- tified place, which was taken by C. Junius Butween Placentia and Parma.-                bulcus, B.C. 317. The modern town lies on a
FLORENTINUS, a jurist, one of the council of hill.
the Emperor Severus Alexander, wrote Institu-  FORMIE (Formianus: ruins near Mola di
tiones in twelve books, which are quoted in the Gaeta), a town in Latium, on the Appia Via, in
Corpus Juris.                              the innermost corner of the beautiful Sinus
FLORIANUS, M. ANNIJS, the brother, by a dif- Caietanus (now Gulf of Gaea.). It was a very
ferent father, of the Emperor Tacitus, upon ancient town, founded by the Pelasgic Tyrrhewhose decease he was proclaimed emperor at nians; and it appears to have been one of the
Rome, A.D. 276. He was murdered by his head-quartersofthe Tyrrhenianpirates, whence
own troops at Tarsus, after a reign of about later poets supposed the city of Lamus, inhabtwo months, while on his march against Probus, ited by the Laestrygones, of which Homer speaks
who had been proclaimed emperor by the le- (Od., x., 81), to be the same as Formie. Forgions in Syria.                            miae became a municipium and received the
FLORUS, ANNNUnS. 1. L., a Roman historian, Roman franchise at an early period. The beaulived under Trajan and Hadrian, and wrote a ty of-the surrounding country induced many of
summary of Roman history, divided into four the Roman nobles to build villas-at this spot:
books, extending from the foundation of the of these the best known is the Formianum of
city to the establishment of the empire under Cicero, in the neighborhood of which he was
Augustus, entitled Rerum Romanarum Libri IV.,'killed. The remains of Cicero's villa are still
or Epitome de Gestis.Romanorum. This com- to be seen at the Villa Marsana, near Castiglipendium presents within a very moderate com- one. The hills of Formise produced good wine
pass a striking view of the leading events corn- (Hor., Carm., i., 20).
prehended by the above limits. It is written  FORaMIO (now'Formione, Rusano), a small rivin a declamatory style, and the sentiments fre- er, forming the northern boundary of Istria.
quently assume the form of tumid conceits ex-  FoRNAX, a Roman goddess, said to have been
pressed in violent metaphors. The best edi- worshipped that she might ripen the corn, and
tions are by Duker, Lugd. Bat., 1722, 1744, re- prevent its being burned in baking in the oven
printed Lips., 1832; by Titze, Prag., 1819; and (fornax). Her festival, the Fornacalia, was an.
by Seebode, Lips., 1821.-2. A Roman poet in nounced by the curio maximus.
the time of Hadrian.                         FORTUNA (TViX), the goddess of fortune, was
FLORUS, GEssIus, a native of Clazomenae, sue- worshipped both in Greece and Italy. Hesiod
ceeded Albinus as procurator of Judeea, A.D. 64- describes her as a daughter of Oceanus; Pindar
65. His cruel and oppressive government was in one place calls her a daughter of Jupiter
the main cause of the rebellion of the Jews. He (Zeus) the Liberator, and in another place one
is sometimes called Festus and Cestius Florus. of the Mcerae or Fates. She was represented
FLORUS, JULIUs, addressed by Horace in two with different attributes. With a rudder, she
epistles (i., 3; ii., 2), was attached to the suite was conceived as the divinity guiding and conof Claudius Tiberius Nero when the latter was ducting the affairs of the world; with a ball,
dispatched by Augustus to place Tigranes upon she represents the varying unsteadiness of forthe throne of Armenia. He was'both a poet tune; with Plutos or the horn of Amalthea,
and an orator.                             she was the symbol of the plentiful gifts of forFOCA or PHOCAS, a Latin grammarian, author tune. She was worshipped in most cities in
of a dull, foolish life of Virgil in hexameter Greece. Her statue at Smyrna held with one
verse, of which one hundred and nineteen lines handa globe on her head, and in the other carare preserved. Printed in the Anthol. Lat. of ried the horn of Amalthea. Fortuna was still
Burmann and Wernsdorf.                     more worshipped by the Romans than by the
310




FORTUNAT2E.                                  FORUM.
Greeks. Her worship is traced to the reigns forum boarium, olitorium, suarium, piscaurm,
of Ancus Marcius andServius Tullius, and the &c. The principal fora at Rome were, 1. Folatter is said to have built two temples to her, RUM ROMANUM, also called simply the Forum,
the one in the forum boarium, and the other on and at a later time distinguished by the epithets
the banks of the Tiber. The Romans mention vetus or magnum.  It is usually described as
her with a variety of surnames and epithets, as lying between the Capitoline and Palatine hills;
publica, private, muliebris (said to have origi- but, to speak more correctly,'it lay between the
nated at the time when Coriolanus was pre- Capitoline and the Velian ridge, which was a
vented by the entreaties of the women from de- hill opposite the Palatine. It ran lengthwise
stroying Rome), regina, conservatrix, primigenia, from the foot of the Capitol or the arch of Sepvirilis, &c. Fortuna Virginensis was worship- timius Severus in the direction of the arch of
ped by newly-married women, who dedicated Titus; but it did not extend so far as the latter,
their maiden garments and girdle in her temple. and came to an end at the commencement of
Fortuna Virilis was worshipped by women-who the ascent to the Velian ridge, where was the
prayed- to her that she might preserve their temple of Antoninus and Faustina. Its shape
charms, and thus enable them to please their was that of an irregular quadrangle, of which
husbands. Her surnames, in general, express the two longer sides were not parallel, but were
either particular kinds of good fortune, or the much wider near the Capitol than at the other
persons or classes of persons to whom' she end. Its length was six hundred and thirty
granted it. Her worship was of great import- French feet, and its breadth varied from one
ance also at Antium and Praneste, where her hundred and ninety to one hundred feet, an exsortes or oracles were very celebrated.  tent undoubtedly small for the greatness of
FORTUNAiTE or -oRUM INSULE (at ri-v /Ka/Kpov Rome; but it must be recollected that the limvrj7ot, i. e., the Islands of the Blessed).  The its of the forum were fixed' in the early days
early Greeks, as we learn from Homer, placed of Rome, and never underwent any alteration.
the Elysian fields, into which favored'heroes The origin of the forum is ascribed to Romulus
passed without dying, at the extremity of the and Tatius, who are said to have filled up the
earth, near the River Oceanus. Vid. ELYSIUM. swamp or marsh which-occupied its site, and to
In poems later than Homer, an island is clearly have set it apart as a place for the administraspoken of as their abode; and though its posi- tion of justice and for holding the assemblies' of
tion was of course indefinite, both the poets, and the people. The forum, in its widest sense, inthe geographers who followed them, placed it eluded the forum properly so called, and the
beyond the Pillars of Hercules. Hence when, Comitium. The Comitium occupied the narjust after the time of the Marian civil wars, row or upper end of the forum, and was the
certain islands were discovered in the ocean, place where the patricians met in their comitia
off the western coast of Africa, the name of curiata: the forum, in its narrower sense, was
Fortunatse Insulke was applied to them. As to originally only a market-place, and was not used
the names of the individual islands, and the for any political purpose. At a later time, the
exact identification of them by their modern forum, in its narrower sense, was the place of
names, there are difficulties; but it may be meeting for the plebeians in their comitia trisafely said,'generally, that the Fortunatme In- buta, and was separated from the comitium by
sulae of Pliny, Ptolemy, and others are the Ca- the Rostra or platform, from which the orators
nary Islands, and probably the Madeira group;- addressed the people. The most important of
the latter being, perhaps, those called by Pliny the public buildings which surrounded the forum
(after Juba) Purpurariaa.                in early times was the Curia Hostilia, the place
FORTUNATIANUS, ATILIUS, a Latin gramma- of meeting of the senate, which was said to have
rian, author of a treatise (Ars) upon prosody, been erected by Tullus Hostilius. It stood on
and the metres of Horace, printed in the collec- the northern side of the Comitium. In the time
tion of Putschius.                        of Tarquin the forum was surrounded by a range
FORTUNATIANUS, CURIUS or CHIRIUS, a Roman of shops, probably of a mean character, but they
lawyer, flourished about A.D. 450. He is the gradually underwent a change, and were eventauthor of a compendium of technical rhetoric, ually occupied by bankers and money-changers.
in three books, under the title Curii Fortunati- The shops on the northern side underwent this
ani Consulti Artis Rhetorica Scholicc Libri tres, change first, whence they were called Novae or
which at one period was held in high esteem  Argentarice Tabernre; while the shops on the
as a manual. Printed in the Rhetores Latini southern side, thoeugh they subsequently exAntiqui of Pithou, Paris, 1599.          perienced the same change, were distinguished
[FoaRLI (now Rocca di Cerno), a village of by the name of Veteres Taberne.. As Rome
the Sabines, at the point of passage over the grew in greatness, the forum was adorned with
Apennines.]                              statues of celebrated men, with temples and
FORUM, an open space of ground, in which basilicee, and with other public buildings. The
the people met for the transaction of any kind site of the ancient forum is occupied by the
of business. At Rome the number of fora in- Campo Vaceino.-2. FORUM JULIUM or FORUM
creased with the growth of the city. They CESARIS, was built by Julius Caesar because
were level pieces of ground of an oblong form, the old forum was found too small for the transand were surrounded by buildings, both private action of public business. It was close by the
and public. They were divided into two class- old forum, behind the Church of St. Martina.
es: fora civitia, in which justice was adminis- Caesar built here a magnificent temple of Venus
tered and public business transacted, andfora Genitrix.-3. FoRUM- AUGUSTI, built by Augusvenalia, in which provisions and other things tus because the two existing fora were not
Were sold, and which were distinguished as the found sufficient for the great increase of busi311




FORUM.                                  FREGENzE.
ness which had taken place. It stood behind a place of importance.-13. JULUTM. Vid. ILLIthe Forum Julium, and its entrance at the other TURGIS. -14. LivI (now Forli), in Cisalpine
end was by an arch, now called Arco de Pantani. Gaul, in the territory of the Boii, on the JEmilAugustus adorned it with a temple of Mars Ul- ia Via, southwest of Ravenna: here the Gothic
tor, and with the statues of the most distin- king Athaulfmarried Galla Placidia.-15. Popiguished men of the republic. This forum was LII (now Forlimpopoli), in Gallia Cisalpina, east
used for cause publics and sortitiones judicum.- of No. 14, and on the same road.-16. POPILX
4. FORUM NERVYE or FORUM TRANSITORIUM, was (now Polla), in Lucania, east of Paestum, on the
a small forum lying between the Temple of Tanager and on the Popilia Via. On the wall
Peace and the fora of Julius Caesar and Augus- of an inn at Polla was discovered an inscriptus. The Temple of Peace was built by Ves- tion respecting the praetor Popilius.-17. SEOUpasian; and as there were private buildings be- SIANORUM (now Feurs), in Gallia Lugdunensis,
tween it and the fora of Caesar and Augustus, on the Liger, and west of Lugdunum, a town
Domitian resolved to pull down those buildings, of the Segusiani, and a Roman colony with the
and thus form a fourth forum, which was not, surnameJuliaFelix.-18. SEMPR6N~I (Forosemhowever, intended, like the other three, for the proniensis: now Fossombrone), a municipium in
transaction of public business, but simply to Umbria, on the Flaminia Via.-19. VOCONTII
serve as a passage from the Temple of Peace (now Vidauban, east of Canet), a town of the
to the fora of Caesar and Augustus: hence its Salyes in Gallia Narbonensis.
name Transitorium. Theplan was carried into  FosI, a people of Germany, the neighbors and
execution by Nerva, whence the forum is also allies of the Cherusci, in whose fate they shared.
called by the name of this emperor.-5. Fo- Vid. CHERUSCI. It is supposed that their name
RUM TRAJANI, built by the Emperor Trajan, who is retained in the River Fuse in Brunswick.
employed the architect Apollodorus for the pur-  FssA or FossI, a canal. 1. CLODIA, a canal
pose. It lay between the forum of Augustus between the mouth of the Po and Altinum, in
and the Campus Martius.  It was the most the north of Italy; there was a town of the same
splendid of all the fora, and considerable re- name upon it.-2. CLUILIA or CLUILIM, a trench
mains of it are still extant. Here were the about five miles from Rome, said to have been
Basilica Ulpia and Bibliotheca Ulpia, the cele- the ditch with which the Alban king Cluilius
brated Columna Trajani, an equestrian statue protected his camp when he marched against
and a triumphal arch of Trajan, and a temple Rome in the reign of Tullus Hostilius.-3. CORof Trajan built by Hadrian.               BULONIS, a canal in the island of the Batavi,
FORUM, the name of several towns in various connecting the Maas and the Rhine, dug by
parts of the Roman empire, which were origin- command of Corbulo in the reign of Claudius.
ally simply markets or places for the adminis- -4. DRUSIANZE or DRUSiNJE, a canal which Drutration of justice. 1. ALIENI (now Ferrara?), sus caused his soldiers to dig in B.C. 11, unitin Cisalpine Gaul.-2. APPII (ruins near S. Do- ing the Rhine with the Yssel. It probably comnato), in Latium, on the Appia Via, in the midst menced near Arnheim on the Rhine, and fell
of the Pomptine marshes, forty-three miles into the Yssel near Doesberg. —-. MARIANA or
southeast of Rome, founded by the censor Ap, MARIANAE, a canal dug by command of Marius
pius Claudius when he made the Appia Via. during his war with the-Cimbri, in order to conHere the Christians from Rome met the Apos- nect the Rhone with the Mediterranean, and
tie Paul (Acts, xxviii., 15).-3. AMELII or AME- thus make an easier passage for vessels into
LIUM (now Montalto), in Etruria, on the Aurelia the Rhone, because the mouths of the river
Via.-4. CASSYI, in Etruria on the Cassia Via, were frequently choked up with sand. The
near Viterbo.-5. CLODII (now Oriulo), in Etru- canal commenced near Arelate, but, in conseria.-6. CORNELII (now Imola), in Gallia Cispa- quence of the frequent changes in the course of
dana, on the XEmilia Via, between Bononia and the Rhone, it is impossible now to trace the
Faventia, a colony founded by Cornelius Sulla. course of the canal.-[6. PHILISTINA, also call-7. FLAMINII, in Umbria, on the Flaminia Via. ed Fossiones Philistinte (now Po Grande), a very
— 8. FULVII, surnamed VALENTiNUM (now Va- considerable canal, having seven arms or cuts,
lenza), in Liguria, on the Po, on the road from  commonly known by the name of Septem Maria,
Dertona to Asta.-9. GALLORUM (now Castel undertaken by the Etrurians to drain the marshy
Franco), in Gallia Cisalpina, on the iEmilia Via, lands about Hadria.]-7. XERXIS. Vid. ATHOS.
between Mutina and Bononia, memorable for   FRANCI, i. e., "the Free men," a confederacy
the two battles fought between Antonius and the of German tribes, formed on the Lower Rhine
consuls Pansa and Hirtius.-10. HADRIINI (now  in the place of the ancient league of the CheVoorburg), in the island of the Batavi, in Gallia rusci, and consisting of the Sigambri, the chief
Belgica, where several Roman remains have tribe, the Chamavi, Ampsivarii, Bructeri, Chatti,
been found.-11. JULII or JULIUM (Forojuliensis: &c. They are first mentioned about A.D. 240.
now Frejus), a Roman colony founded by Julius After carrying on frequent wars with the RoCaesar, B.C. 44, in Gallia Narbonensis, on the mans, they at length settled permanently in
River Argenteus and on the coast, six hundred Gaul, of which they became the rulers under
stadia northeast of Massilia. It possessed a their great king Clovis, A.D. 496.
good harbor, and was the usual station of a part  FREGELE,  (Fregellanus: now Ceprano), an
of the Roman fleet. It was the birth-place of ancient and important town of the Volsci, on
Agricola. At Frejus are the remains of a Ro- the Liris in Latium, conquered by the Romans,
man aqueduct, circus, arch, &c.-12. JULII or and colonized B.C. 328. It took part with the
JULjUM (now Friaul), a fortified town and a Ro- allies in the Social war, and was destroyed by
man colony in the country. of the Carni, north- Opimius.
east ofAquileia: in the Middle Ages it became  FR.EGEfiNE, sometimes called FREGELL.R (now
312




FRENTANI.                                FULGENTIUS.
Torre Maccarese), a town of Etruria, on the coast, rus, and was rewarded with wealth and honors.
between Alsium and the Tiber, on a low, swampy He was raised to the consulship in 143.  So
shore, colonized by the Romans B.C. 245.  great was his fame as a speaker, that a sect of
FRENTiNI, a Samnite people, inhabiting a fer- rhetoricians arose who were denominated Frontile and well-watered territory on the coast of toniani. Following the example of their foundthe Adriatic, from the River Sagrus on the north er, they avoided the exaggeration of the Greek
(and subsequently almost as far north as from  sophistical school, and bestowed especial care
the Aternus) to the River Frento on the south, on the purity of their language and the simplicity
from the latter of which rivers they derived of their style. Fronto lived till the reign of
their name. They were bounded by the Mar- M. Aurelius. The latest of his epistles belongs
rucini on the north, by the Peligni and by Sam- to the year 166. Up to a recent period no woik
nium on the west, and by Apulia on the south. of Fronto was known to be in existence, with
They submitted to the Romans in B.C. 304, and the exception of a corrupt and worthless tract
concluded a peace with the republic.      entitled De Differentiis Vocabulorum, and a few
FRENTO (now Fortore), a river in Italy, form- fragments preserved by the grammarians. But
ing the boundary between the Frentani and Apu- about the year 1814 Angelo Mai discovered on
lia, rises in the Apennines and falls into the a palimpsest inthe Ambrosian library at Milan a
Adriatic Sea.                             considerable number of letters which had passFRINIsTES, a people in Liguria, probably the ed between Fronto, Antoninus Pius, M. Auresame as the Briniates, who, after being subdued lius, L. Verus, and various friends, together with
by the Romans, were transplanted to Samnium. some short essays. These were published by
FRISIABONES, probably a tribe of the Frisii, in- Mai at Milan in 1815, and in an improved form
habiting the islands at the mouth of the Rhine. by Niebuhr, Buttmann, and Heindorf, Berlin,
FRIShI, a people in the northwest of Ger- 1816. Subsequently Mai discovered, on a pamany, inhabited the coast from the eastern limpsest in the Vatican library at Rome, upward
mouth of the Rhine to the Amisia (now Ems), of one hundred new letters; and he published
and were bounded on the south by the'Bruc- these at Rome in 1823, together with those
teri, consequently in the modern Friesland, Gr6- which had been previously discovered.
ningen, &c. Tacitus divided them into Mlajores  FRONTO, PAPIRIUS, a jurist, who probably lived
and Minores, the former probably in the east, about the time of Antoninus Pius, or rather
and the latter in the west of the country. The earlier.
Frisii were on friendly terms with the Romans  FRUSINO (Frusinas, -atis: now Frosinone), a
from the time of the first campaign of Drusus town of the Hernici in Latium, in the valley of
till A.D. 28, when the oppressions of the Ro- the River Cosas, and subsequently a Roman
man officers drove them to revolt. In the fifth colony.  It was celebrated for its prodigies,
century we find them joining the Saxons and which occurred here almost more frequently
Angli in their invasion of Britain.       than at any other place.
FRONTINUS, SEX. JULIUS, was pretor A.D. 70,  FUCENTIS, FUCENTIA. Vid. ALBA, NO. 4.
and in 75 succeeded Cerealis as governor of  FucINus LACus (now Lago di Celano or CapBritain, where he distinguished himself by the istrano),'a large lake in the centre of Italy and in
conquest of the Silures, and maintained the Ro- the country of the Marsi, about thirty miles in
man power unbroken until superseded by Agric- circumference, into which all the mountain
ola in 78.  In 97 Frontinus was nominated streams of the Apennines flow. As the water
curator aquarum. He died about 106. Two of this lake had no visible outlet, and frequently
works undoubtedly by this author are still ex- inundated the surrounding country, the Emperor
tant: 1. Strategematicon Libri IV., a sort of Claudius constructed an emissarium or artificial
treatise on the art of war, developed in a col- channel for carrying off the waters of the lake
lection of the sayings and doings of the most into the River Liris. This emissarium is still
renowned leaders of antiquity. 2. De Aquceduc- nearly perfect: it is almost three miles in length.
tibus Urbis Romce Libri II., which forms a valu- It appears that the actual drainage was relinable contribution to the history of architecture. quished soon after the death of Claudius, for it
The best editions of the Strategematica are by was reopened by Hadrian.
Oudendorp, Lugd. Bat., 1779, and by Schwebel,  FUFYUS CALENUS. Vid. CALENUS.
Lips., 1772; of the De Aquceductibus by Polenus,  FUFIYDUS, a jurist, who probably lived between
Patav., 1722. In the collection of the Agri- the time of Vespasian and Hadrian.
mensores, or Rei Agrarice Auctores (ed. Goesius,  FULGENTIUS, FABIUS PLANCIADES, a Latin
Amst., 1674; ed. Lachmann, Berlin, 1848), are grammarian of uncertain date, probably not earpreserved some treatises. usually ascribed to lier than the sixth century after Christ, appears
Sex. Julius Frontinus. The collection consists to have been of African origin. He is the auof fragments connected with the art of measur- thor of, 1. Mythologiarum Libri III. ad Catum
ing land and ascertaining boundaries. It was Presbyterum, a collection of the most remarkput together without skill, pages of different able tales connected with the history and exworks being mixed up together, and the writ- ploits of gods and heroes. 2. Expositio Sermo.
ings of one author being sometimes attributed nIum Antiquorum cum Testimoniis ad Chalcidito another.-                              cum Grammaticum, a glossary of obsolete words
FRONTo, M. CORNELIUS, was born at Cirta in and phrases; of very little value. 3. Liber de
Numidia, in the reign of Domitian, and came to Expositione Virgilianme Continentice ad ChalcidiRome in the reign of Hadrian, where he attain- cum Grammaticum, a title which means an exed great celebrity as a pleader and a teacher of planation of what is contained in Virgil, that is
rhetoric. He was intrusted-with the education to say, of the esoteric truths allegorically con..
of the future emperors M. Aurelius and L. Ve- veyed in theVirgilian poems. The best edition
313




FULGINIA.                                 GABINIUS.
of these works is in the My/thographi Latini of Augustus through the mediation of his son, was
Muncker, Auct., 1681, and of Van Staveren, appointed consul in 29, and was prefect of Hither
Lugd. Bat., 1742.                         Spain in 21.
FULGINIA, FULGINYUM (Fulginas, -atis: now  Fuscus. 1. ARELLIUS, a rhetorician at Rome
Foligno), a town in the interior of Umbria, on in the latter years of Augustus, instructed in
the Via Flaminia, was a municipium.       rhetoric the poet Ovid. He declaimed more freFULVIA. 1. The mistress of Q. Curius, one quently in Greek than in Latin, and his style of
of Catiline's conspirators, divulged the plot to declamation is described by Seneca as more
Cicero.-2. A daughter of M. Fulvius Bambalio brilliant than solid, antithetical rather than eloof Tusculum, thrice married, first to the cele- quent. His rival in teaching and declaiming
brated P. Clodius, by whom she had a daughter, was Porcius Latro. Vid. LATRo. —2. ARISTIUS,
Clodia, afterward the wife of Octavianus; sec- a friend of the poet Horace, who addressed to
ondly to C. Scribonius Curio, and thirdly to him an ode (Carm., i., 22) and an epistle (Ep., i.,
M. Antony, by whom she had two sons. She 10), and who also introduces him elsewhere
was a bold and ambitious woman. In the pro- (Sat., i., 9, 61; 10, 83).-3. CORNELIUS, one of
scription of B.C. 43 she acted with the greatest the most active adherents of Vespasian in his
arrogance and brutality: she gazed with delight contest for the empire, A.D. 69. In the reign
upon the head of Cicero, the victim, of her hus- of Domitian he was sent against the Dacians,
band. Her turbulent and ambitious spirit ex- by whom he was defeated. Martial wrote an
cited a new war in Italy in 41. Jealous of the epitaph on Fuscus (Ep., vi., 76), in which he repower of Octavianus, and anxious to withdraw  fers to the Dacian campaign.
Antony from the East, she induced L. Antonius,
the brother of her husband, to take up arms
against Octavianus. But Lucius was unable to                 G.
resist Octavianus, and threw himself into Peru-  GXAB  (ad6ai). 1. (Now Darabgherd?), a forsia, which he was obliged to surrender in the tress and royal residence in the interior of Perfollowing year (40). Fulvia fled to Greece and sis, southeast of Pasargadae, near the borders
died at Sicyon in the course of the same year.  of Carmania.-2. Or Gabaza, or Cazaba, a forFULVIA GENS, plebeian, but one of the most tress in Sogdiana, on the confines of the Massaillustrious Roman gentes. It originally came getse.
from Tusculum. The principal families in the  GABXLA (rd6a;a), a sea-port town of Syria
gens are those of CENTUMALUS, FLACCUS, NOBIL- Seleucis, south of Laodicea, whence good stoIOR, and PATINUS.                         rax was obtained.
FUNDANIUS. 1. C., father of Fundania, the  GABXLI, a people in Gallia Aquitanica, whose
wife of M. Terentius Varro, is one of the speak- country possessed silver mines and good pasers in Varro's dialogue, De Re Rustica.-2. M., turage. Their chieftownwas Anderitum (now
defended by Cicero, B.C. 65; but the scanty Anterieux).
fragments of Cicero's speech do not enable us  GABIANA or -ENE (ra6tavm, ra6t77v), a fertile
to understand the nature of the charge.-3. A  district in the Persian province of Susiana, west
writer of comedies praised by Horace (Sat., i., of Mount Zagros.
10, 41, 42).                                GABI (Gabinus: ruins near Castiglione), a
FUNDI (Fundanus: now Fondi), an ancient town in Latium, on the Lacus Gabinus (now
town in Latium, on the Appia Via, at the head Lago di Gavi), between Rome and Preeneste,
of a narrow bay of the sea, running a consider- was in early times one of the most powerful
able way into the land, called the LACUS FUN- Latin cities; a colony from Alba Longa; and
DANUS. Fundi was a municipium, and was sub- the place, according to tradition, where Romulus
sequently colonized by the veterans of Augus- was brought up. It was taken by Tarquinius
tus. The surrounding country produced good Superbus by stratagem, and it was in ruins in
wine. There are still remains at Fondi of the the time ofAugustus(Gabiis desertiorvicus,Hor.,
walls of the ancient town.                Ep., i., 11, 7). The cinctus Gabinus, a peculiar
FURCULEm CAUDIN. Vid. CAUDIUM.        mode of wearing the toga at Rome, appears to
FURIA GENS, an ancient patrician gens, prob- have been derived from this town.  In the
ably came from Tusculum. The most cele- neighborhood of Gabii are the immense stone
brated families of the gens bore the names of quarries from which a part of Rome was built.
CAMILLUS, MEDULLINUS, PACILUS, and PHILUS.  GABINIUS, A., dissipated his fortune in youth
For others of less note, vid. BIBACULUS, CRAS- by his profligate mode of life. He was tribune
SIPES, PURPUREO.                         of the plebs B.C. 66, when he proposed and carFURIE. Vid. EUMENIDES.                  ried a law conferring upon Pornpey the comFURINA, an ancient Roman divinity, who had mand of the war against the pirates. He was
a sacred grove at Rome. Her worship seems praetor in 61, and consul in 58 with L. Piso,
to have become extinct at an early time. An Both consuls supported Clodius in his measures
annual festival (Furinalia or Furinalesferice) had against Cicero, which resulted in the banishbeen celebrated in honor of her, and a flamen ment of the orator. In 57 Gabinius went to
(flamen Furinalis) conducted her worship. She Syria as proconsul. His first attention was dihad also a temple in the neighborhood of Satri- rected to the affairs of Judea.  He restored
cam.      -.\    Hyrcanus to the high-priesthood, of which he
FURNIUS, C., a friend and correspondent of had been dispossessed by Alexander, the son of
Cicero, was tribune of the plebs B.C. 50; sided Aristobulus. He next marched into Egypt, and
with Camsar in the civil war; and after Ciesar's restored Ptolemy Auletes to the throne. The
death was a stanch adherent of Antony. After restoration of Ptolemy had been forbidden by a
the battle of Actiurn, 31, he was reconciled to decree of the senate, arid by the Sibylline books;
314




GADARA.                                   GETULIA.
but Gabinius had been promised by the king a possessed celebrated temples of Saturn (Cronus)
sum of ten thousand talents for this service, and Hercules. Its drinking water was as bad
and accordingly set at naught both the senate in antiquity as it is in the present day. Gades
and the Sibyl. His government of the prov- gave its name to the FRETUM GADITANUM, the
ince was marked in other respects by the most straits at the entrance of the Mediterranean, beshameful venality and oppression. IHe returned tween Europe and Africa (now Straits of Gibto Rome in 54. He was accused of majestas or raltar).
high treason, on account of his restoration of  GEA or GE (rala or Tr), the personification
Ptolemy Auletes, in defiance of the Sibyl and of the earth. Homer describes her as a divine
the authority of the senate. He was acquitted being, to whom black sheep were sacrificed, and
on this charge; but he was forthwith accused who was invoked by persons taking oaths; and
of repetunde;, for the illegal receipt of ten thou- he calls her the mother of Erechtheus and Titysand talents from Ptolemy. He was defended us. In Hesiod she is the first being that sprang
by Cicero, who had been persuaded by Pompey, from Chaos, and gave birth to Uranus (Ccelus)
niuch against his will, to undertake the defence. and Pontus. By Uranus (Coelus) she became
Gabinius, however, was condemned on this the mother of Oceanus, Cceus, Crius, Hyperion,
charge, and went into exile. He was recalled Iapetus, Thia, Rheia, Themis, Mnemosyne,
from exile by Caesar in 49, and in the following Phcebe, Tethys, Saturn (Cronos), the Cyclopes,
year (48) was sent into Illyricum by Caesar with Brontes, Steropes, Arges, Cottus, Briareus, and
some newly-levied troops, in order to re-enforce Gyges. These children were hated by their faQ. Cornificius. He died in Illyricum about the ther, and Ge (Terra) therefore concealed them
end of 48, or the beginning of the following in the bosomof the earth; but she made a large
year.                                      iron sickle, gave it to her sons, and requested
GXDARA (Tadapa: radap7jv6g: now Um-Keis), them  to take vengeance upon their father.
a large fortified city of Palestine, one of the ten Cronos (Saturn) undertook the task, and muwhich formed the Decapolis in Perea, stood a tilated Uranus (Ccelus). The drops of blood
little south of the Hieromax (now Yarmuk), an which fell from him upon the earth (Ge) beeastern tributary of the Jordan. The surround- came the seeds of the Erinnyes, the Gigantes,
ing district, southeast of the Lake of Tiberias, and the Melian nymphs. Subsequently Ge (Terwas called Gadaris, and was very fertile. Ga- ra) became, by Pontus, the mother of Nereus,
dara was probably favored by the Greek kings Thaumas, Phorcys, Ceto, and Eurybia. Ge.
of Syria, as it is sometimes called Antiochia (Terra) belonged to the deities of the nether
and Seleucia; it was restored by Pompey: world (ieoi XO6OLOL), and hence she is frequentAugustus presented it to King Herod, after ly mentioned where they are invoked. The
whose death it was assigned to the province surnames and epithets given to her have more
of Syria. It was made the seat of a Christian or less reference to her character as the allbishopric. There were celebrated baths in its producing and all-nourishing mother (mater omneighborhood, at Amatha.                   niparens et alma). Her worship appears to have
GADES (ra rd6eipa: radelpevf, Gaditanus: been universal among the Greeks, and she had
now Cadiz), a very ancient town in Hispania temples or altars in almost all the cities of
Baetica, west of the Pillars of Hercules, found- Greece. At Rome the earth was worshipped
ed by the Phoenicians, and one of the chief seats under the name of TELLUS (which is only a
of their commerce in the west of Europe, was variation of Terra). She was regarded by the
situated on a small island of the same name Romans also as one of the deities of the nether
(now Isle de Leon), separated from the main world (Inferi), and is mentioned in connection
land by a narrow channel, which in its narrowest with Dis and the Manes. A temple was built to
part was only the breadth of a stadium, and her by the consul P. Sempronius Sophus, in B.
over which a bridge was built. Herodotus says C. 304. Her festival was celebrated on the
(iv., 8) that the island of Erythia was close to  15th of April, and was called Fordicidia or HorGadeira; whence most later writers supposed dicidia. The sacrifice, consisting of cows, was
the island of Gades to be the same as the myth- offered up in the Capitol in the presence of the
ical island of Erythia, from which Hercules car- Vestals.
ried off the oxen of Geryon. A new town was  GmsoN, G ESus, or.GEssus (raiocv), a river
built by Cornelius Balbus, a native of Gades, of Ionia in Asia Minor, falling into the Gulf of
and the circumference of the old and new towns Maeander near the promontory of Mycale.
together was only twenty stadia. There were,  GETIULIA (rFarov2ia), the interior of Northern
however, many bf the citizens dwvelling on the Africa, south of Mauretania, Numidia, and the
main land opposite the island, as well as on a region bordering on the Syrtes, reaching to the
smaller island (S. Sebastian or Trocadero) in Atlantic Ocean on the west, and of very inthe immediate neighborhood of the larger one. definite extent toward the east and south. The
After the first Punic war Gades came into the people included under the name Gaetili (rathands of the Carthaginians; and in the second rTOVao), in its widest sense, were the inhabitPunic war it surrendered of its own accord to ants of the region between the countries just
the Romans. Its inhabitants received the Ro- mentioned and the Great Desert, and also in
man franchise from Julius Caesar. It became a the Oases of the latter, and nearly as far south
municipium, and was called Augusta urbs Juha as the River Niger. They were a great nomad
Gaditana. Gades was from the earliest to the race, including several tribes, the chief of whom
latest times an important commercial town. were the Autololes and Pharusii on the western
Its inhabitants were wealthy, luxurious, and coast, the Darae, or Gaetuli-Dare, in the steppes
licentious; and their lascivious dances were of the Great Atlas, and the Melanogaetuli, a
celebrated at Rome. (Juv., xi., 162.) Gades black race resulting from the intermixture f
315




GAINAS.                                   GALBA.
the Gsetuli with their southern neighbors, the on account of the mixture of Greeks with the
Nigritee.  The pure Gaetulians were not an Celtic inhabitants, which speedily took place,./Ethiopic.(i. e., negro), but a Libyan race, and Graeco-Galatia and Gallogrecia. The people of
were most probably of Asiatic origin. They are Galatia adopted to a great extent Greek habits
supposed to have been the ancestors of the and manners and religious observances, but preBerbers.                                  served their own language,which is spoken of as
GAINAS. Vid. ARCADIUS.                  resembling that of the Treviri. They retained,
GAIUS or CAIUS, a celebrated Roman jurist, also, their political divisions and forms of govwrote under Antoninus Pius and M. Aurelius. ernment. They consisted of three great tribes,
His works were very numerous, and great use the Tolistobogi, the Trocmi, and the Tectosages,
was made of them in the compilation of the each subdivided into four parts, called by the
Digest. One of his most celebrated works was Greeks rerpapX-iae. At the head'of each of these
an elementary treatise on Roman law, entitled twelve tetrarchies was a chief, or tetrarch,
Institutiones, in four books. This work was for who appointed the chief magistrate (bscaarg7O),
a long time the ordinary text book used by those and the commander of the army (arparov'daS),
who were commencing the study of the Roman and two-lieutenant generals (vTnoarparooviaKce~).
law; but it went out of use after the compila- The twelve tetrarchs together had the general
tion of the Institutiones of Justinian, andwas government of the country, but their power was
finally lost. This long-lost work was discov- checked by an assistant senate of three hundered- by Niebuhr in 1816 in the library of the red, who met in a place called Drynsmetum (or,
Chapter at Verona. The MS. containing Gaius probably, Dryaenetum, i. e., the oak-grove), and
was a palimpsest one. The original writing of had jurisdiction in all capital cases. This form
Gaius had on some pages been washed out, and of government had a natural tendency to monon others scratched out, and the whole was re- archy, according as either of the twelve tewritten with the Letters of St. Jerome. The trarchs became more powerful than the rest,
task of deciphering the original MS. was a very especially under the protection of the Romans,
difficult one, and some parts were completely to whom Galatia became virtually subject as
destroyed. It was first published by G6schen the result of the campaign which the consul Cn.
in 1821: a second edition appeared in 1824, and Manlius undertook against the Gauls, to punish
a third in 1842.                          them for the assistance they had given to AnGAGE (Pd(yal), a town on the coast ofLycia, tiochus the Great (B.C. 189). At length one
east of Myra, whence was obtained the mineral of the tetrarchs, DEIOTARUS, was rewarded for
called Gagates lapis, that is, jet, or, as it is still his services to the Romans in the Mithradatic
called in German, gagat.                  war by the title of king, together with a grant
GALANTHIS. Vid. GALINTHIAS.             of Pontus and Armenia Minor; and after the
GALATEA (rPa2reta), daughter of Nereus and death of his successor Amyntas, Galatia was
Doris. *For details, vid. Acis.           made by Augustus a Roman province (B.C. 25).
GXLXTIA (Traarita: ra;d-r;79: in the eastern It was soon after enlarged by the addition of
part of modern Anadoli and the western part of Paphlagonia.  Under Constantine it was reRumili), a country-of Asia Minor, composed of stricted to its old limits, and under Valens it
parts of Phrygia and Cappadocia, and bounded was divided into two provinces, Galatia Prima
on the west, south, and southeast by those coun- and Galatia Secunda. The country was beautries, and on thenortheast, north, and northwest tiful and fertile, being watered by the rivers
by Pontus, Paphlagonia, and Bithynia. It de- Halys-and Sangarius. Its only important cities
rived its name from its inhabitants, who were were, in the southwest, PESSINUS, the capital
Gauls that had invaded and settled in Asia of the Tolistobogi; in the centre, ANCYRA, the
Minor at various periods during the third cen- capital of the Tectosages; and in the northtury B.C.  First, a portion of the army which east, TAVIUM, the capital of the Trocmi. From
Brennus led against Greece, separated from the the Epistle of St. Paul to the Galatians, we
main body, and marched into Thrace, and, hav- learn not only that many Christian churches
ing pressed forward as far as the shores of the had been formed in Galatiaduring the apostolic
Propontis, some of them crossed the Hellespont age, but also that those churches consisted, in
on their own account, while others, who had great part, of Jewish converts.
reached Byzantium, were invited to pass the  GALAxIUS (Taaetoc), a small river in Boeotia,
Bosporus by Nicomedes I., king of Bithynia, on which stood a temple of Apollo' Galaxios: it
who required their aid against his brother Zi- derived its name from its milky color, which
poetus (B.C. 279.) They speedily overran all was owing to the chalky nature of the soil
Asia Minor within the Taurus, and exacted through which it flowed.
tribute from its various princes, and served as  GALBA, SULPciUS, patricians. 1. P., consul
mercenaries not only in the armies of these B.C. 21-1, received Macedonia as his province,
princes, but also of the kings of Syria and where he remained as proconsul till 204, and
Egypt; and, according to one account, a body carried on the war-against Philip. In 200 he'of them found their way to Babylon. During was consul a second time, and again obtained
their ascendency, other bodies of Gauls follow- Macedonia as his province; but he was unable
ed them into Asia.  Their progress' was at to accomplish any thing of importance against
length checked by the arms of the kings of Philip, and was succeeded in the command in
Pergamus: Eumenes fought against them with the following year by Villius Tappulus. He was
-rarious fortune; but Attalns I. gained a com- one of the ten commissioners sent to Greece in
plete victory over them (B.C. 230), and com- 196, after-the defeat of Philip-by Flaminius, and
pelled them to settle down within the limits of was one of the ambassadors sent to Antiochus
the country thenceforth called Galatia, and also, in 193.-2. SER., was praetor 151, and received
316




GALBA, SER. SULPICIUS.                            GALEUS.
Spain as his province. His name is infamous those of any other individual either in ancient
on account of his treacherous and atrocious mur- or modern times. He was born at Pergamum
der of the Lusitanians, with their wives and in A.D. 130. His father Nicon, who was an
children, who had surrendered to him-on the architect and geometrician, carefully superinpromise of receiving grants of land. Viriathus tended his education. In his seventeenth year
was one of the few Lusitanians who escapbd (146), his father, who had hitherto destined
from the bloody scene. Vid. VIRIATHUS. On him to be a philosopher, altered his intentions,
his return to Rome in 149, he was brought to and, in consequence of a dream, chose for him
trial on account of his horrible massacre ol the the profession of medicine. He at first studied
Lusitanians. His conduct was denounced in medicine in his native city. In'his twentieth
the strongest terms by Cato, who was then year (149) he lost his father, and about the
eighty-five years old, but he was nevertheless same time he went to Smyrna for the purpose
acquitted. He was consul 144. Cicero praises of studying under Pelops the physician, and
his oratory in the highest terms.-3. SER., great- Albinus the Platonic philosopher. He aftergrandfather of the Emperor Galba, served un- ward studied at Corinth and Alexandrea. He
der Caesar in the Gallic war, and was praetor in returned to Pergamum in his twenty-ninth year
54. After Cesar's death he served against An- (158), and was immediately appointed physician
tony in the war of Mutina.-4. C., father of the to the school of gladiators, an office which he
Emperor Galba, was consul in A.D. 22.     filled with great reputation and success. In
GALBA, SER. SULPICYus, Roman emperor from  164 he quitted his native country on account
June, A.D. 68, to January, A.D. 69. He was of some popular commotions, and went to Rome
born near Terracina, on the 24th of December, for the first time. Here he stayed about four
B.C. 3. Both Augustus and Tiberius are said years, and-gained great reputation from his skill
to have told him that one day he would be at in anatomy and medicine. He returned to Perthe head of the Roman world, from which we gamum in 168, but had scarcely settled there
must infer that he was a young man of more when he received a summons from the emperthan ordinary talents. From his parents he in- ors M. Aurelius and L. Verus to attend them at
herited great wealth. He was invested with Aquileia inVenetia. From Aquileia Galen folthe curule offices before attaining the legitimate lowed M. Aurelius to Rome in 170. When the
age. He was praitor A.D. 20, and consul 33. emperor again set out to conduct the war on
After his consulship he had the government of the Danube, Galen with difficulty obtained perGaul, 39, where he carried on a successful war mission to be left behind at Rome, alleging that
against the Germans, and restored discipline such was the will of Esculapius. Before leavamong the troops. On the death of Caligula ing the city the emperor committed to the medmany of his friends urged him to seize the em- ical care of Galen his son Commodus, who was
pire, but he preferred living in a private station. then nine years of age. Galen stayed at Rome
Claudius intrusted him, in 45, with the admin- some years, during which time he employed
istration of Africa, which he governed with himself in lecturing, writing, and practicing
wisdom and integrity. In the reign of Nero he with great success. He subsequently returned
lived for several years in retirement, through to Pergamum, but whether he again visited
fear of becoming the victim of the tyrant's sus- Rome is uncertain. He is said to have died in
picion; but in 61 Nero gave him the govern- the year 200, at the age of seventy, in the reign
ment of Hispania Tarraconensis, where he re- of Septimius Severus; but it is not improbable
mained for eight years. In 68 Vindex rebelled that he lived some years longer. Galen wrote
in Gaul. About the same time Galba was in- a great number of works on medical and philoformed that Nero had sent secret orders for his sophical subjects.  The works still extant
assassination. He therefore resolved at once under the name of Galen consist of eighty-three
to follow the example of Vindex; but he did treatises acknowledged to be genuine; ninenot assume the imperial title, and professed to teen whose genuineness has been doubted;
act only as the legate of the Roman senate and forty-five undoubtedly spurious; nineteen fragpeople. Shortly afterward Nero was murdered; ments; and fifteen commentaries on different
and Galba thereupon proceeded to Rome, where works of Hippocrates. Galen attached himself
he was acknowledged as emperor. But his exclusively to none of the medical sects into
severity and avarice soon made him unpopular which the profession was divided, but chose
with his new subjects, and especially with the from the tenets of each what he believed to be
soldiers. His powers had also become enfee- good and true, and called those persons slaves
bled by age, and he was completely under the who designated themselves as followers of
sway of favorites, who perpetrated many enor- Hippocrates, Praxagoras, or any other man.
mities in his name. Perceiving the weakness The best edition of his works is by Kihn, Lips.,
of his government, he adopted Piso Licinianus, 1821-1833, 20 vols. 8vo.
a noble young Roman, as his successor. But  GALEPSUS (PTar.bcg: rabutioc),'a town in
this only hastened his ruin.  Otho, who had Macedonia, on the Toronaic Gulf.
hoped to be adopted by Galba, formed a con-  GALER1US MAXIMIANUS. Vid. MAXIMIANUS.
spiracy among the soldiers, who rose in rebel-  GALEfI US TRACHALUS. Vid. TRACHALUS.
lion six days after the adoption of Piso. Galba  GALESUS (now Galeso), a river in the south
was murdered, and Otho was proclaimed em- of Italy, flows into the Gulf of Tarentum,
peror.                                    through the meadows where the sheep fed
GALENUS, CLAUDYUS, commonly called GALEN, whose wool was so celebrated in antiquity
a very celebrated physician, whose works have (dulce pellitis ovibus Galcesi flumen, Hor., Carm.,
had a longer and more extensive influence on ii., 6, 10).
the different branches of medical science than  GALEUS (rPA2oc), that is, "the lizard," sor
317




GALILEA.                                   GALLIA.
of Apollo and Themisto, the daughter of the the north of Italy,'but a part of Spain, the
Hyperborean king Zabius. In pursuance of an greater part of Germany, the British isles, and
oracle of the Dodonean Zeus, Galeus emigrated other countries. The early historyof the Celtic
to Sicily, where he built a sanctuary to his race, and their various settlements in different
father Apollo. The GALEOT oT, a family of Sicil- parts of Europe, are related under CELTre. 1.
ian soothsayers, derived their origin from him. GALLIA, also called GALLIA TRANSALPINA or
The principal seat of the Galeotte was the GALLIA ULTERIOR, to distinguish it from Gallia
town of Hybla, which was hence called GALE- Cisalpina, or the north of Italy. GALLIA BRACOTIS or GALEATIS.                         CATA and GALLIA COMiTA are also used in conGAL.ILr. A (PalaiaOa), at the birth of Christ, tradistinction to Gallia Togata or the north of
was the northernmost of the three divisions of Italy, but these names are not identical with
Palestine west of the Jordan. It lay between the whole of Gallia Transalpina. Gallia Braethe Jordan and the Mediterranean on the east cata was the part of the country first subdued
and west, and the mountains of Hermon and by the Romans, the later Provincia, and was so
Carmel on the north and south. It was divided called because the inhabitants wore braccce or
into Upper or North Galilee, and Lower or South trowsers. Gallia Comata was the remainder of
Galilee. It was very fertile and densely peo- the country, excluding Gallia Braccata, and
pled; but its inhabitants were a mixed race of derived its name from the inhabitants wearing
Jews, Syrians, Phceniciahs, Greeks, and others, their hair long. The Romans were acquainted
and were therefore despised by the Jews of with only a small portion of Transalpine Gaul
Judaea. Vid. PALMSTINA.                   till the time of Caesar. In the time of AugusGALINTHAS or GALANTHIS (Ov., Met.,ix., 306), tus it was bounded on the south by the Pyredaughter of Prcetus of Thebes and a friend of nees and the Mediterranean; on the east by
Alcmene.  When Alcmene was on the point the RiverVarus and the Alps, which separated
of giving birth to Hercules, and the Mcerae and it from Italy, and by the River Rhine, which
Ilithyiae, at the request of Juno (Hera), were separated it from Germany; on the north by
endeavoring to delay the birth, Galinthias sud- the German Ocean and the English Channel;
denly rushed in with the false report that Ale- and on the west by the Atlantic; thus includmene had given birth to a son. The hostile ing not only the whole of France and Belgium,
goddesses were so surprised at this information hut a part of Holland, a great part of Switzerthat they dropped their arms. Thus the charm  land, and all the provinces of Germany west of
was broken, and Alcmene was enabled to give the Rhine. The greater part of this country
birth to Hercules.  The deluded goddesses is a plain, well watered by numerous rivers.
avenged the deception practiced upon them by The principal mountains were MoNs CEBENNA
metamorphosing Galinthias into a weasel or cat' or Gehenna in the south; the lofty range of
(yaZ?). Hecate, however, took pity upon her, MONS JURA in the east, separating the Sequani
and made her her attendant, and Hercules aft- and the Helvetii; and MAONS VOSEGUS or VOCEerward erected a sanctuary to her. At Thebes sus, a continuation of the Jura. The chief
it was customary at the festival of Hercules forest was the Silva ARDUENNA, extending from
first to offer sacrifices to Galinthias.  the Rhine and the Treviri as far as the Scheldt.
GALLA. 1. Wife of Constantius, son of the The principal rivers were, in the east and north,
Emperor Constantius Chlorus. She was the the RHENUS (now Rhine), with its tributaries
mother of Gallus Caesar. Vid. GALLUS.-2. the MOSA (now Maas) and MOSELLA (now MloDaughter of the Emperor Valentinian I., and selle); the SEQUANA (now Seine), with its tribusecond wife of Theodosius the Great.-3. GAL- tary the MATRONA: in the centre the LIGERIS
LA PLACIDI.A or simply PLACIDIA, daughter of (now Loire); in the west, the GARUMNA (now
Theodosius the Great by No. 2. She fell into Garonne); and in the south the RHODANUS (now
the hands of Alaric when he took Rome, A.D. Rhone). The country was celebrated for its
410; and Ataulphus, the Gothic king, married fertility in ancient times, and possessed a nuher in 414. After the death of Ataulphus she merous and warlike population. The Greeks,
was restored to Honorius; and in 417 she was at a very early period, became acquainted with
married to Constantius, to whom she bore the the southern coast of Gaul, where they founded,
Emperor Valentinian III. During the minority in B.C. 600, the important town of MASSILIA,
of the latter she governed the Western empire. which in its turn founded several colonies, and
She died about 450.                       exercised a kind of supremacy over the neighGALLJCIA, the country of the GALLEMCI (Ka7.- boring districts. The Romans did not attempt
2azlcoi), in the north of Spain, between the As- to make any conquests in Transalpine Gaul till
tures and the Durius, was in earlier times in- they had finally conquered not only Africa, but
cluded in Lusitania. Gallaecia was sometimes Greece and a great part of Western Asia. In
used in a wider sense to include the country of B.C. 125 the consul M. Fulvius Flaccus cornthe Astures and the Cantabri. It produced tin, menced the subjugation of the Salluvii in the
gold, and a precious stone called gemma Galla- south of Gaul. In the next three years (124ica. Its inhabitants were some of the most un- 122) the Salluvii were completely subdued by
civilized in Spain. They were defeated with Sextius Calvinus, and the colony of Aquae Sexgreat slaughter by D. Brutus, consul B.C. 138, tie (now Aix) was founded in their country.
who obtained in consequence the surname of In 121 the Allobroges were defeated by- the
Gallaecus.                                proconsul Domitius Ahenobarbus; and in the
GALILIA (i KeIrTtlCi, ranaria), was used beforsame year Q. Fabius Maximus gained a great
the time of Julius Caesar to indicate all the victory over the united forces of the Allobroges
land inhabited by the Galli or Celtee, and con- and Arverni, at the confluence of the Isara and
sequently included not only the later Gaul and the Rhone. The south of Gaul was now made
318




GALLIA.                                 GALLIENUS
a Roman province; and in 118 was founded place in the later history of Roman literature';
the colony of Narbo Martius (now Narbonne), and Burdigala, Narbo, Lugdunum, and other
which was the chief town of the province. In towns, possessed schools, in which literature
CGsar's Commentaries the Roman province is and philosophy were cultivated with success.
called simply Provincia, in contradistinction' to On the dissolution of the Roman empire, Gaul,
the rest of the country: hence comes the mod- like the other Roman provinces, was overrun
ern name of Provence. The rest of the country by barbarians, and the greater part of it finally
was subdued by Caesar after,a struggle of sev- became subject to the Franci or Franks, under
eral years (58-60). At this time Gaul was di- their king Clovis, about A.D. 496.-2. GAtLIA
vided into three parts, Aquitania, Celtica, and CISALPINA, also called G. CITERIOR anl G. ToBelgica, according to the three different races GATA, a Roman province in the north of Italy,
by which it was inhabited. The Aquitani dwelt was bounded on the west by Liguria and Galin the-southwest, between the Pyrenees and the lia Narbonensis (from which it was separated
Garumna; the Celt,, or Galli proper, in the by the Alps), on the north by Raetia and Noricentre and west, between the Garumna and the cum, on the east by the Adriatic and Venetia
-Sequana and the Matrona; and the Belgae in the (from which it was separated by the Athesis),
northeast, between the two last-mentioned riv- and on the south by Etruria and Umbria (from
ers and the Rhine. The different tribes inhab- which it was separated by the River Rubico).
iting Aquitania and Belgica are given else- It was divided by the Po into GALLIA TRANSPAwhere.  Vid. AQUITANIA, BELGCE.  The most DANA, also called ITALIA TRANSPADANA, in the'
important tribes of the Celteu or Galli were, north, and GALLIA CISPADANA in the south.
1. Between the Sequana and the Liger: the AR- The greater part of the country is avast plain,
~MORICI, the name of all the tribes dwelling on drained by the PADUS (now Po) and its affluthe coast between the mouths of these two riv- ents, and has always been one of the most ferers; the AULERCI, dwelling inland close to the tile countries of Europe. It was originally inArmorici; the NAMNETES, ANDECAVI or ANDES, habited by Ligurians, Umbrians, Etruscans, and
on the banks of the Liger; east of them the other races; but its fertility attracted the Gauls,
CARNUTES; and on the Sequana, the PARISI, who at different periods crossed the Alps, and
SENONES, andTRICAssEs.-2. Between the Liger settled in the country, after expelling the'origand the Garumnna: on the coast the PICTONES inal inhabitants.  We have mention of five
and SANTONES; inland the TURONES, probably distinct immigrations of Gauls into the north
on both sides of the Liger, the BITURIGES CUBI, of Italy. The first was in the reign of TarquinLEMOVICES, PETROCORII, and CADURCI; east of ius Priscus, and is said to have been led by
these, in the mountains of Cebenna, the power- Bellovesus, who settled with his followers in
ful ARVERNI (in the modern Auvergne); and the country of the Insubres, and built Milan.
south of them the RUTENI.-3. On the Rhone The second consisted of the Cenomani, who
and in the surrounding country: between the settled in the neighborhood of Brixia and VeRhone and the Pyrenees, the VOLC; between rona. The third of the Salluvii, who pressed
the Rhone and the Alps, the SALYES or SALLU- forwardas far as the Ticinus. The fourth of
viI; north of them the CAVARES; between the the Boii and Lingones, who crossed the Po, and
Rhone, the Isara, and the Alps, the ALLOBRO- took possession of the country as far as the ApGES; and further north the iEDUI, SEQUANI, and ennines, driving out the Etruscans and UmHELVETII, three of the most powerful people in brians.' The fifth immigration was the most
all Gaul.  Augustus divided Gaul into four important, consisting of the warlike race of the
provinces: 1. Gallia Nlarbonensis, the same as Senones, who invaded Italy in immense numthe old Provincia. 2. G. Aquitanica, which ex- bers, under the command of Brennus, and took
tended from the Pyrenees to the Liger. 3. C. Rome in B.C. 390. Part of them subsequently
LuLgdune7zsis, the country between the Liger, recrossed the Alps and returned home; but a
the Sequana, and the Arar, so called from the great number of them remained in the north of
colony of Iugdunum (now Lyon), founded by Italy, and were for more than a century a
Munatius Plancus. 4. G. Belgica, the country source of terror to the Romans. After the first
between the Sequana, the Arar, and the Rhine. Punic war the Romans resolved to make a
Shortly afterward the portion of Belgica bord- vigorous effort to subdue their dangerous neighering on the Rhine, and inhabited by Ger- bors. In the course of four years (225-222) the
man tribes, was subdivided into two new prov- whole country was conquered, and upon the
inces, called Germania Prima and Secunda, or conclusion of the war (222) was reduced to the
Germania Superior and Inferior. At a later form of a Roman province. The inhabitants,
time the provinces of Gaul were still further however, did not bear the yoke patiently, and'
subdivided, till at length, under the Emperor it was not till after the final defeat of the Boii,
Gratian, they reached the number of seventeen. in 191, that the country became submissive to
Gallia Narbonensis belonged to the senate, and the Romans. The most important tribes were:
was governed by a proconsul; the other prov- In Gallia Transpadana, in the direction of west
inces belonged to the emperor, and were gov- to east, the TAURINI, SALASSI, LIBICI, INSUBRES,
erned by imperial legati. After the time of CENOMANI: in G. Cispadana, in the same direcClaudius, when a formidable insurrection of the tion, the BoIi, LINGONES, SENONES.
Gauls was suppressed, the country became    GALLIENUS, with his full name, P. LICINIUS
more and more Romanized. Tile Latin lan- VALERIANUS EGNATIUS GALLIENUS, Roman emguage gradually became the language of the in- peror A.D. 260-268. He succeeded his father
habitants, and Roman civilization took deep Valerian when the latter was taken prisoner
root in all parts of the country. The rhetori- by the Persians in 260, but he had previously
cians and poets of Gaul occupy a distinguishetl reigned in conjunction with his father fiom
319




GALLINARIA.                                 GALLUS.
his accession in 253. Gallienus was indolent, and the instructor of Serv. Sulpicius. He wag
profligate, and indifferent to the public welfare, pretor along with Cicero B.C. 66. He is often
and his, reign was one of the most ignoble and cited by the jurists in the Digest, but there is
disastrous in the history of Rome. The, arba- no direct extract from his own works in the
rians ravaged the fairest portion of thtempire, Digest.
and the inhabitants were swept away by one of  GCALLUS SALONINUS, L. ASINIUS, son of C.
the most frightful plagues recorded in history. Asinius Pollio, was consul B.C. 8.  He was
This pestilence followed a long-protracted fam- hated by Tiberius because he had married Vip?
ine. When it was at its greatest height, five sania, the former wife of Tiberius. In A.D. 30,
thousandq sick are said to have perished daily Tiberius got the senate to sentencehim to death,
at Rome; and, after the scourge had passed and kept him imprisoned for three years on the
away, it was found that the inhabitants of Alex- most scanty supply of food. He died in prison
andrea were diminished by nearly two thirds. of starvation, but whether his death was comThe complete dissolution of the empire was pulsory or voluntary is unknown. Gallus wrote
averted mainly by a series of internal rebel- a work, entitled De Comparatione patris ac Ciclions. In every district able officers sprang up, eronis, which was unfavorable to the latter, and
who asserted and strove to maintain the'dignity against which the Emperor Claudius wrote his
of independent princes. The armies levied by defence of Cicero.
these usurpers, who are commonly distinguish-  GALLUS, L. CANINIUs, was tribune of the plebs
ed as The Thirty Tyrants, in many cases ar- B.C. 56, when he supported the views of Pomrested the progress of the invaders, and restored pey. During the civil war he appears to have
order in the provinces which they governed. remained neutral. He died in 44.
Gallienus was at length slain by his own sol-  GALLUS, CESTYUS, governor of Syria (legatus
diers in 268, while besieging Milan, in which A.D. 64, 65), under whom. the Jews broke out
the usurper Aureolus had taken refuge.    into the rebellion which ended in the destrucGALLINARIA. 1. (Now Galinara), an island tion of their city and temple by Titus.
off the coast of Liguria, celebrated for its num-  GALLUS, CONSTANTIUS, son of Julius Constanber of hens; whence its name.-2. SILVA, a tius and Galla, grandson of Constantius Chloforest of pine-trees near Cumae in Campania.  rus, nephew of Constantine the Great, and elder
GALLIO, JUNIUS. 1. A Roman rhetorician, brother, bya different mother, of Julian theAposand a friend ofM. Anneus Seneca, the rhetori- tate. In A.D. 351 he was named Ceesar by
cian, whose son he adopted. He was put to Constantius II., and was left in the command of
death by Nero. In early life he had been a the East, where he conducted himself with the
friend of Ovid (Ex Pont., iv., 11).-2. Son of greatest haughtiness and cruelty. In 354 he
the rhetorician M. Annaeus Seneca, and an elder went to the West to meet Constantius at Milan,
brother of the philosopher Seneca; was adopted but was arrested at Petovio in Pannonia, and
by No. 1.                                 sent to Pola in Istria, where he was beheaded
GALLIUS, Q., was a candidate for the praetor- in a prison.
ship in B.C. 64, and was accused of ambitus or  GALLUS, C. CORNELIUS, was born at Forum
bribery by M. Calidius. He was defended on Julii (now Frejus) in Gaul, of poor parents,
that occasion by Cicero in an oration of which about B.C. 66. He went to Italy at an early
a few fragments have come down to us. He age, and began his career as a poet when he
was pretor urbanus B.C. 63, and presided at was about twenty. He had already attained
the trial of C. Cornelius. He left two sons, considerable distinction at the time of Cesar's
Q. GALLIUS, who was prwetor in 43, and was put death, 44; and upon the arrival of Octavianus
to death by the triumvirs; and M. GALLIUS, in Italy after that event, Gallus embraced his
who is mentioned as one of Antony's partisans party, and soon acquired great influence with
in 43.                                    him. In 41 he was one of the triumviri apGALLOGRECYA..Vid. GALATIA.            pointed by Octavianus to distribute lands in the
GALLONIuS, a public crier at Rome, probably north of Italy among his veterans, and on that
contemporary with the younger Scipio, whose occasion he afforded protection to the inhabitwealth and gluttony passed into the proverb "to ants of Mantua and to Virgil. He afterward
live like Gallonius."  He was satirized by Hor- accompanied Octavianus to the battle of Actium,
ace (Sat., ii., 2, 46).                   31, and commanded a detachment of the army.
GALLUS, ALIYUS. 1. A jurist, cqntemporary After the battle, Gallus was'sent with the army
with Cicero and Varro, though probably rather to Egypt, in pursuit of Antony; and when Egypt
older than either. He was the author of a trea- was made a Roman province, Octavianus aptise, De Verborum, quac ad Jus Civile pertinent, pointed Gallus the first prefect of the province.
Significatione, which is frequently cited by the He remained in Egypt for nearly four years;
grammarians.-2. An intimate friend of the ge- but he incurred at length the enmity of Octaviographer Strabo, was prefect of Egypt in the anus, though the exact nature of his offence is
reign of Augustus. In B.C. 24 he invaded Ara- uncertain. According to some accounts, he
bia, and after his army had suffered dreadfully spoke of the emperor in an offensive and infrom the heat and want of water, he was obliged sulting manner; he erected numerous statues
to retreat with great loss.               of himself in Egypt, and had his own exploits
GALLUS, L. ANICIUS, prator B.C. 168, con- inscribed on the pyramids. The senate deducted the war against Gentius, king of the II- prived him of his estates, and sent him into exlyrians, whom he compelled to submit to the ile; whereupon he put an end to his life by
Romans.                                  throwing himself upon his own sword, B.C.
GALLUS, C. AQUILLIUS, a distinguished Ro- 26. The intimate friendship existing between
man jurist, was a pupil of Q. Mucius Sceavola, Gallus and the most eminent men of the time,
320




GALLUS.                                GANYMEDES.:as Asinis Pollio, Virgil, Varus, and Ovid, and at the time of Alexander's invasion, was a cousthe high praise they bestow upon him, prove in and namesake of the celebrated Porus.
that he was a man of great intellectual powers Whether they were different from the GANDAand acquirements. Ovid (Trist., iv., 10, 5) as- RZE is uncertain. Sanscrit writers mention the
signs to him the first place among the Roman  Ghanddra in the centre of the Punjab.
elegiac poets; and we know that he wrote a  GANGARIDfD' (rayyapidat), an Indian people
collection of elegies in four books, the principal about the mouths of the Ganges.
subject of which was his love of Lycoris. But  GANGES (rdyyyr: now Ganges or Ganga), the
all his productions have perished; for the four, greatest river of India, which it divided into the
epigrams in the Latin Anthology attributed to two parts named by the ancients India intra
Gallus could not have been written by a con- Gangem (now Hindustan) and India extra Gantemporary of Augustus. Gallus translated into gem (now Burmah, Cochin China, Siam, and the
Latin the poems of Euphorion of Chalcis, but Malay Peninsula). It rises in the highest part
this translation is also lost. Some critics at- of the Emodi Montes (now Himalaya), and flows
tribute to him the poem Ciris, usually printed in a general southeastern direction till it falls
among the works of Virgil, but the arguments by several mouths into the head of the Gangedo not appear satisfactory.               ticus Sinus (now Bay of Bengal).  Like the
GALLUS, SULPICIUS, a distinguished orator, Nile, it overflows its banks periodically, and
was praetor B.C. 169, and consul 166, when he these inundations render its valley the most
fought against the Ligurians. In 168 he served fertile part of India. The knowledge of the anas tribune of the soldiers under zEmilius Paulus cients respecting it was very imperfect, and they
in Macedonia, and during this campaign pre- give veryvarious accounts of its source, its
dieted an eclipse ofthe moon.             size, and the number of its mouths.  The
GALLUS, TREBONIANUS, Roman emperor A.D. breadth which Diodorus Siculus assigns to it in
251-254. His full name was C. VIBIUS TRE- the lower part of its course, thirty-two stadia,
BONIANUS GALLUS. He served under Decius in or about three miles, is perfectly correct. The
the campaigns against the Goths, 251, and he following rivers are mentioned as its tributaries:
is said to have contributed by his treachery to Cainas, Jomanes or Diamunas, Sarabus, Conthe disastrous issue of the battle, which proved dochates, CEdanes, Cosoagus or Cossoanus,
fatal to Decius and his son Herennius. Gallus Erannoboas, Sonus or Soas, Sittocestis, Solomawas thereupon elected emperor, and Hostilia- tis, Sambus, Magon, Agoranis, Omalis, Commenus, the surviving son of Decius, was nominated nases, Cacuthis, Andomatis, Amystis, Oxymahis colleague. He purchased a peace of the gis, and Errhenysis. The name is also applied
Goths by allowing them to retain their plunder, to a city in the interior of India, on the Ganges,
and promising them a fixed annual tribute. In where it makes its great bend to the eastward,
253 the Goths again invaded the Roman do- perhaps Allahabad.
minions, but they were driven back by _/Emili-  GANGRA (rPyypa: now Kankari), a city of
anus, whose troops proclaimed him emperor in Paphlagonia, near the confines of Galatia, was
Mcesia.  zEmilianus thereupon marched into originally a fortress; in the time of King DeioItaly; and Gallus was put to death by his own tarus, a royal residence; and under the later
soldiers, together with his son Volusianus, be- emperors, the capital of Paphlagonia.
fore any collision had taken place between the  GANos (rPvoe), a fortress in Thrace, on the
opposing armies. The name of Gallus is asso-Propontis.
ciated with nothing but cowardice and dishonor.  GANYMFiDES (ravvidLjrV), son of Tros and CalIn addition to the misery produced by the in- lirrhoe, and brother of Ilus and Assaracus, was
roads of the barbarians during this reign, a the most beautiful of all mortals, and was cardeadly pestilence broke out in 252, and con- ried off by the gods that he might fill the cup of
tinued its ravages over every part of the empire Jupiter (Zeus), and live among the eternal gods.
for fifteen years.                        This is the Homeric account; but other tradiGALLUS. 1. A river in Bithynia, rising near tions give different details. Some call him son
Modra, on the borders of Phrygia, and falling of Laomedon, others son of Ilus, and others,
into the Sangarius near Leuca (now Lefkeh).-  again, of Erichthonius or Assaracus. The man2. A river in Galatia, which also fell into the ner in which he was carried away from the
Sangarius near Pessinus. From it the priests earth is likewise differently described; for
of Cybele are said to have obtained their name while Homer mentions the gods in general, later
of Galli.                                 writers state that Jupiter (Zeus) himself carried
GAMiELII (yaaj7[Luoa -eol), that is, the divinities him off, either in his natural shape, or in the
protecting and presiding over marriage. These form of an eagle, or by means of his eagle.
divinities are usually regarded as the protectors There is, further, no agreement as to the place
of marriage. Respecting the festival of the where the event occurred; thoughlater writers
Gamelia, vid. Dict. of Antiq., s. v.      usually represent him as carried off from Mount
GANDiARS (ravadpat), an Indian people in the Ida (captus ab Ida, Hor., Carm., iv., 4). The
Paropamisus, on the northwest of the Punjab, early legend simply states that Ganymedes was
between the rivers Indus and Suastus. Under carried off that he might be the cup-bearer of
Xerxes they were subjects of the Persian em- Jupiter (Zeus), in which office he was conceived
pire. Their country was called Gandaritis (rav- to have succeeded Hebe; but later writers dedapfrtf).                                scribe him as the beloved and favorite of JupiGANDARIDAE or GANDARITtE (ravdapidat, rav- ter (Zeus), without allusion to his office. JupidapIrat), an Indian people, in the middle of the ter (Zeus) compensated the father for his loss
Punjab, between the rivers Acesines (now Che- by a pair of divine horses. Astronomers have
nab) and Hydraotes (now Ravee), whose king, placed Ganvmedes among the stars under the
21                                                          321




GARAMA.                                      GE.
name of Aquarius. The Romans called him by village in the district of Aturia in Assyria, the
a corrupt form of his name, CATAMITUS.    scene of the last and decisive battle between
GAXAMA. Vid. GARAMANTES.                Alexander and Darius Codomannus, B.C. 331,
GARAMANTES (Iapduavrer), the southernmost commonly called the battle of ARB E'A.
people known to the ancients in Northern Afri-  GAULANITIS (ravva- or -ovrTri: now Jaulan)X
ca, dwelt far south of the Great Syrtis, in the a district in the north of Palestine, on the eastregion called Phazania (now Fezzan), where ern side of the Lake of Tiberias, as far south as
they had a capital city, Garama (rdpa/ia: now  the River Hieromax, named from the town of
Mourzouk, latitude 25~ 53' north, longitude 14~ Golan (rPa5ava).
10'east). They are mentioned by Herodotus   GAULOS (Fav2or: ravdrqt7: now Gozzo). I.
as a weak, unwarlike people; he places them  An island in the Sicilian Sea, near Melite (now
nineteen days' journey from -,Ethiopia and the Malta).-[2. Or GAUDos, an island opposite Hieshores of the Indian Ocean, fifteen days' jour- rapytna in Crete, supposed by some to be the
ney from Ammonium, and thirty days' journey island of Calypso.]
fromEgypt. The Romans obtained fresh knowl-  GAURELEON, GAURION. Vid. ANDROS.
edge of them by the expedition of Cornelius  GAURUS MONS, GAURANUS or -NI M. (now
Balbus into their country in B.C. 43.     Monte Gauro), a volcanic range of mountains in
[GXRXAMAS (rapFaiae), son of Apollo and Aca- Campania, between Cummi and Neapolis, in the
callis (daughter of Minos), from whom the Ga- neighborhood of Puteoli, which produced good
ramantes were fabled to have derived their wine, and was memorable for the defeat of the
name.]                                    Samnites by M. Valerius Corvus, B.C. 343.
GAROGNUS MONS (now Monte Gargano), a     [GAVIUS, P., a citizen of Cosa, arrested by
mountain and promontory in Apulia, on which Verres, and crucified at the city of Messana in
were oak forests (querceta Gargani, Hor., Carm., Sicily, although this punishment was permitted
ii., 9, 7).                               only in the case of slaves; the account of his
[GARGAPHIA (rapyaCia), a fountain in a valley death is one of the most eloquent passages in
near Platreae in Boeotia; in the second Persian the Verrine orations of Cicero.]
war Mardonius caused its waters to be poison-  GAZA (rd(a). 1. (Now Ghuzzeh), the last city
ed in order to destroy the Greeks who had en- on the southwestern frontier of Palestine, and
camped in its vicinity.]                 the key of the country on the side of Egypt,
GARGAXR, -ON or -us (rTpyapa, ov, oc: rapya- stood on an eminence about two miles from the
pe6v). 1. (Now Kaz-Dagh), the southern sum- sea, and was, from the very earliest times of
mit of Mount Ida, in the Troad.-2. A city at which we have any record, very strongly fortithe foot of Mount Ida, on the shore of the Gulf fied. It was one of the five cities of the Philisof Adramyttium, between Assus and Antan- tines; and, though taken from them more than
drus; said to have been founded originally on once by the Jews, was each time recovered.
the summit of the mountain by the Leleges; It was taken by Cyrus the Great, and remained
afterward colonized from Miletus; and remov- in the hands of the Persians till the time of Aled to the lower site on account of the inclemen- exander, who only gained possession of it after
cy of its situation on the mountain. Its neigh- an obstinate defence of several months. In
borhood was rich in corn.                 B.C. 315 it fell into the power of Ptolemy, the
GARGETTUS (rapyqrr6C: rapymrrtoc), a de- son of Lagus, as the result of his victory over
mUs fii Attica, belonging to the tribe IEgeis, on Demetrius before the city, and was destroyed
the northwestern slope of Mount Hymettus; by him. But it again recovered, and was posthe birth-place of the philosopher Epicurus.  sessed alternately by the kings of Syria and
GARITES, a people in Aquitania, neighbors of Egypt during their prolonged wars, and afterthe Ausci, in the modern Comtd de Gauve.  ward by the Asmonean princes of Judaea, one
GAROCELI, a people in Gallia Narbonensis, of whom, Alexander Jannaeus, again destroyed
niar Mount Cenis, in the neighborhood of St. it, B.C. 96. It was rebuilt by Gabinius; given
Jean de Maurienne.                        by Augustus to Herod the Great; and, after
GARSAXURIA or -ITIS (rapaaovpia or -reC), a Herod's death, united to the Roman province of
priefectura in Cappadocia, on the borders of Ly- Syria. In A.D. 65 it was again destroyed in
caonia and Tyanitis. Its chief town was called an insurrection of its Jewish inhabitants; but
Tapadovpa.                                it recovered once more, and remained a flourGARULI, a people of Liguria in the Apennines. ishing city till it fell into the hands of the Arabs
GARUMNA (now Garonne), one of the chief in A.D. 634. In addition to its importance as a
rivers of Gaul, rises in the Pyrenees, flows military post, it possessed an extensive comnorthwest through Aquitania, and becomes a merce, carried on through its port, Majuma or
bay of the sea below Burdigala (now Bordeaux). CONSTANTIA.-2. (Now Ghaz), a city in the PerGARUMNI, a people in Aquitania, on the Ga- sian province of Sogdiana, between Alexandrea
rumna.                                    and Cyropolis; one of the seven cities which
GATHfEA (raesat), a town in Arcadia, on the rebelled against Alexander in B.C. 328.
GATHE.TAS, a river which flows into the Alphe-  GiAZcA (Tdaha: now Tabreez), a city in the
us, west-southwest of Megalopolis.        north of Media Atropatene, equidistant from
[GAUDA, a Numidian, son of Mastanabal, half- Artaxata and Ecbatana, was a summer resibrother to Jugurtha, had been named by his un- dence of the kings of Media.
cle Micipsa as heir to the kingdom should Ad-  GAZIURA (rTa(ovpa), a city in Pontus Galatiherbal, sliempsal, and Jugurtha die without cus, on the River Iris, below Amasia, was the
issue.]                                  ancient residence of the kings of Pontus; but
[GAuDos. Vid. GAULOS.]                 in Strabo's time it had fallen to decay..GUGAUMELA (rT ravydfj72ua: now Karmelis), a  [GE (rf). Vid. GMA.]
322




GEBALENE.                                   GELONI.
GEBALENE (re6aAv]j), the- district of Arabia was defeated and taken prisoner B.C. 305, and
Petraea around the city of Petra.         Gellius Egnatius in the third Samnite war
GEBENNA MONS. Vid. CEBENNA.             Vid. EGNATIUS. The chief family of the Gelli
GEDROSIA (edpweCiaC and radpwoia: south- at Rome bore the name of PUBLIcoLA.
eastern part of Beloochistan), the furthest prov-  GELLIUS. 1. CN., a contemporary of the
ince of the Persian empire on the southeast, and Gracchi, the author of a history of Rome from
one of the subdivisions of ARIANA, was bounded the earliest epoch down to B.C. 145 at least.
on the west by Carmania, on the north by Dran- The work is lost, but it is frequently quoted by
giana and Arachosia, on the east by India (or, later writers.-2. AULUs, a Latin grammarian
as the country about the lower course of the of good family, was probably a native of Rome.
Indus was called, Indo-Scythia), and on the He studied rhetoric under T. Castricius and
south by the Mare Erythraeum, or Indian Ocean. SulpiciusApollinaris, philosophy under Calvisius
It is formed by a succession of sandy steppes, Taurus and Peregrinus Proteus, and enjoyed
rising from the sea-coast toward the table-land also the friendship and instructions of Favoriof Ariana, and produced little besides aromatic nus, Herodes Atticus, and Cornelius Fronto.
shrubs. The slip of land between the coast and While yet a youth he was appointed by the praethe lowest mountain range is watered by sev- tor to act as an umpire in civil causes. The
eral rivers, the chief of which was called Arabis precise date of his birth and death is unknown;
(now Doosee?); but even this district is for the but he must have lived under Hadrian, Antonimost part only a series of salt marshes. Ge- nus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius, A.D. 117-180.
drosia is known in history chiefly through the He wrote a work entitled Nodtes Attica, because
distress suffered for want of water, in passing it was composed in a country house near Athens
through it, by the armies of Cyrus and of Alex- during the long nights of winter. It is a sort
ander.  The inhabitants were divided by the of miscellany, containing numerous extracts
Greek writers into two races, the Ichthyophagi from Greek and Roman writers, on a variety of
on the sea-coast, and the Gedrosi in the inte- topics connected with history, antiquities, phirior. The latter were a wild nomade people, losophy, and philology, interspersed with origwhom even Alexander was only able to reduce inal remarks, the whole thrown together into
to a temporary subjection. The whole country twenty books, without any attempt at order or
was divided into eight districts. Its chief cities arrangement. The eighth book is entirely lost
were Rhambacia and Pura, or Parsis.       with the exception of the index. The best
GEGANIA GENS, traced its origin to the myth- editions are by Jac. Gronovius, Lugd. Bat., 1706
ical Gyas, one of the companions of zEneas. It (reprinted by Conradi, Lips., 1762), and by Lion,
was one of the most distinguished Alban houses, Getting., 1824.-3. PUBLICIUS, a jurist, one of
transplanted to Rome on the destruction of the disciples of Servius Sulpicius.
Alba by Tullus Hostilius, and enrolled among  GELON (rPeOV). 1. Son of Dinomenes, tyrant
the Roman patricians. There appears to have of Gela, and afterward of Syracuse, was debeen only one family in this gens, that of Mace- scended from one of the most illustrious famirinus, many members of which filled the highest lies in Gela. He held the chief command of
offices in the state in the early times of the the cavalry in the service of Hippocrates, tyrant
republic.                                 of Gela, shortly after whose death he obtained
GELA (77 rPea, Ion. rel': re?0~of, Gelensis: the supreme power, B.C. 491. In 485 he availruins at Terra Nuova), a city on the southern ed himself of the internal dissensions of Syracoast of Sicily, on a river of the same name cuse to make himself master of this city also.
(now Fiume di Terra Nuova), founded by Rhodi- From this time he neglected Gela, and bent all
ans from Lindos, and by Cretans, B.C. 690. It his efforts to the aggrandizement of Syracuse,
soon obtained greatpower and wealth; and in to which place he removed many of the inhab582 it founded Agrigentum, which, however, be- itants of the other cities of Sicily. In 480 he
came morepowerful than the mothercity. Like gained a brilliant victory at Himera over the
the other cities of Sicily, it was subject to ty- Carthaginians, who had invaded Sicily with an
rants, of whom the most important were HIP- army, amounting, it is said, to the incredible
POORATES, GELON, and HIERON. Gelon trans- numberofthree hundredthousandmen. Scarceported half of its inhabitants to Syracuse; the ly any of this vast host survived to carry the
place gradually fell into decay, and in the time news to Carthage. The victory is said to have
of Augustus was no longer inhabited. The poet been gained on the very same day as that of
2Eschylus died here. North of Gela were the Salamis. He died in 478 of a dropsy, after
celebrated Ca'mpi Geloi, which produced rich reigning seven years at Syracuse. He was succrops of wheat.                           ceeded by his brother HIERON. He is repreGF.LA. Vid. CADUSII.                    sented as a man of singular leniency and modGELANOR (rPeAdvp), king of Argos, was ex- eration, and as seeking in every way to promote
pelled by Danaus.                         the welfare of his subjects; and his name even
[GELBIS (now Kyll), a small river of Gallia appears to have become almost proverbial as an
Belgica, which empties into the Mosella (now  instance of a good monarch. A splendid tomb
Moselle).]                                was erected to him by the Syracusans at the
GELDU-BA (now Gelb, below Cologne), a forti- public expense, and heroic honors were decreed
fled place of the Ubii, on the Rhine, in Lower to his memory.-2. Son of Hieron II., king of
Germany.                                  Syracuse, who died before his father, at the age
GELLIA GENS, plebeian, was of Samnite origin, of more than fifty years. He received the title
and afterward settled at Rome. There were of king in the lifetime of his father.
two generals of this name in the Samnite wars,  GELONI (reArvOi), a Scythian people, who
Gellius Statius in the second Samnite war, who dwelt in Sarmatia Asiatica, to the east of the
323




GELONUS.                                  GENSERIC.
River Tanais (now Don). They were said to  better known as a surname of Venus, to whom
have been of Greek origin, and to have migrated  Caesar dedicated a temple at Rome as the
from the shores of the Euxine; but they inter- mother of the Julia Gens.
mixed with the Scythians so as to lose all traces  GENIUS, a protecting spirit, analogous to the
of their Hellenic race. Their chief city was guardian angels invoked by the Church of Rome.
called Gelonus (reaxv6oc).                The belief in such spirits existed both in Greece
[GELONUS (rexovos). 1. Son of Hercules, andat Rome. The Greeks called them 6afiovef,
and brother of Agathyrsus, said to have given Demons, and appear to have believed in them
name to the Geloni.-2. ( relovoS). Vid. GE- from the earliest times, though Homer does no
LONI.]                                    mention them. Hesiod says that the Daemons
GEMINUS (rTuEvor), an astronomer, was a na- were thirty thousand in number, and that they
tive of Rhodes, and flourished about B.C. 77. He dwelled on earth unseen by mortals, as the minis the author of an extant work, entitled Efza- isters of Jupiter (Zeus), and as the guardians of
yOy) eil rT a atvofeva, which is a descriptive men and of justice. He further conceives them
treatise on elementary astronomy, with a great to be the souls of righteous men who lived in
deal of historical allusion. It is printed in the the Golden Age of the world. The Greek phiUranologion of Petavius, Paris, 1630, and in losophers took up this idea, and developed a
Halma's edition of Ptolemy, Paris, 1819.  complete theory of daemons. Thus we read in
GEMINUS, SERVILIUS.  1. P., twice consul Plato that daemons are assigned to men at the
with C. Aurelius Cotta in the first Punic war, moment of their birth, that they accompany
namely, in B.C. 252 and 248. In both years he men through life, and after death conduct their
carried on war against the Carthaginians.-2. souls to Hades. Pindar, in several passages,
CN., son of No. 1, was consul 217 with C. Fla- speaks of yevgOkslo~ dauov, that is, the spirit
minius, in the second Punic war, and ravaged watching over the fate of man from the hour
the coast of Africa. He fell in the battle of of his birth. The daemons are further described
Cannae, 216.-3. M., also surnamed PULEX, con- as the ministers and companions of the gods,
sul 202 with Tib. Claudius Nero, obtained Etru- who carry the prayers of men to the gods, and
ria for his province. He is mentioned on sev- the gifts of the gods to men, and accordingly
eral occasions subsequently.             float in immense numbers in the space between
GEMONI]E (scalae) or GEMONII (gradus), a heaven and earth. There was also a distinct
flight of steps cut out of the Aventine, down class of daemons, who were exclusively the minwhich the bodies of criminals strangled in the isters of the gods. The Romans seem to have
prison were dragged, and afterward thrown into received their notions respecting the genii from
the Tiber.                                the Etruscans, though the name Genius itself
GENXBUM or CENXBUM (now Orleans), a town is Latin (it is connected with gi-gn-o, gen-ui,
in Gallia Lugdunensis, on the northern bank of and equivalent in meaning to generator or fathe Ligeris, was the chief town of the Carnutes: ther). The genii of the Romans are the powers
it was plundered and burned by Caesar, but sub- which produce life (dii genitales), and accomsequently rebuilt. In later times it was called pany man through it as his second or spiritual
Civitas Aurelianorum or Aurelianensis Urbs, self. They were further not confined to man,
whence its modern name.                   but every living being, animal as well as man,
GENAUNI, a people in Vindelicia, the inhabit- and every place, had its genius. Every human
ants of the Alpine valley, now called Valle di being at his birth obtained (sortitur) a genius,
Non, were subdued by Drusus. (Hor., Carm., whom he worshipped as sanctus et sanctissimus
iv., 14, 10.)                             deus, especially on his birth-day, with libations
GENESIUS, JOSEPHUS, lived about A.D. 940, of wine, incense, and garlands of flowers. The
and wrote in four books a history of the Byzan- bridal bed was sacred to the genius, on account
tine enfperors from A.D. 813 to 886, consequent- of his connection with generation, and the bed
ly of the reigns of Leo V., Michael II., Theoph- itself was called lectus genialis. On other merry
ilus, Michael III., and Basil I. Edited by Lach- occasions, also, sacrifices were offered to the
mann, Bonn, 1834.                         genius, and to indulge in merriment was not
GENETrEUS (rev?-raTo), a surname of Jupiter unfrequently expressed by genio indulgere, geni(Zeus), from Cape Genetus on the Euxine, urn curare or placare. The whole body of the
where he was worshipped as evfeLvof, i. e., " the Roman people had its own genius, who is often
hospitable."                              seen represented on coins of Hadrian and TraGENETYLLIS (rEverv2iXz), the protectress of jan. He was worshipped on sad as well as
births, occurs both as a surname of Venus joyous occasions; thus sacrifices were offered
(Aphrodite), and as a distinct divinity and a to him at the beginning of the second year of
companion of Venus (Aphrodite). We also find the war with Hannibal. The genii are usually
the plural, revervX20eS or revvadeg, as a class represented in works of art as winged beings.
of divinities presiding over generation and birth, The genius of a place appears in the form of a
and as companions of Venus (Aphrodite) Colias. serpent eating fruit placed before him.
GENEVA or GENAVA (Genevensis: now Gene-   GENSERIC, king of the Vandals, and the most
va), the last town of the Allobroges, on the fron- terrible of all the barbarian invaders of the emtiers of the Helvetii, was situated on the south- pire. In A.D. 429 he crossed over from Spain
em bank of the Rhone, at the spot where the to Africa, and ravaged the country with frightriver flowed out of the Lacus Lemannus. There ful severity. Hippo was taken by him in 431,
was a bridge here over the Rhone.         but Carthage did not fall into his hands till 439.
GENITRIX, that is, " the mother," is used by Having thus become master of the whole of the
Ovid (Met., xiv., 536) as a surname of Cybele, northwest of Africa, he attacked Italy itself.
in the place of mater, or magna mater; but it is In 455 he took Rome and plundered it for four324




GENTIUS.                                 GERMANIA.
teen days, and in the same year he destroyed  GER or GIR (reip: now Ghir or Mlansolig), a
Capua, Nola, and Neapolis. Twice the empire river of Gaetulia in Africa, south of Mauretania
endeavored to revenge itself, and twice it fail- Caesariensis, flowing southeast from the southed: the first was the attempt of the Western ern slope of Mount Atlas till it is lost in the
emperor Majorian (457), whose fleet was de- desert. It first became known to the Romans
stroyed in the Bayof Carthagena. The second through the expedition of Suetonius Paulinus
was the expedition sent by the Eastern emperor in the reign of Nero.
Leo (468), which was also baffled by the burn-  GERE STUS (repactur6: repaiario: now Cape
ing of the fleet off Bona. Genseric died in 477, Mandili), a promontory and harbor at the southat a great age. He was an Arian; and in the ern extremity of Eubea, with a celebrated temcruelties exercised under his orders against his pie of Neptune (Poseidon), in whose honor the
Catholic subjects he exhibited the first instance festival of the Gerasstia (repaiaria) was here
of persecution carried on upon a large scale by celebrated.
one body of Christians against another.     GERANiE (j repaivea), a range of mountains,
GENTIUS, son of Pleuratus, a king of the Illyr- beginning at the southwestern slope of Cithaeians. As early as B.C. 180 he had given of- ron, and running along the western coast of
fence to the Romans on account of the pira- Megaris till it terminated in the promontory
cies of his subjects; and in 168 he entered into Olmiae in the Corinthian territory; but the
an alliance with Perseus, king of Macedonia. name is sometimes confined to the mountain in
In the following year the praetor L. Anicius the Corinthian territory.
Gallus was sent against him. The war was    GERENIA (repvia), an ancient town in Mesfinished within thirty days. Gentius was de- senia, the birth-place of Nestor, who is hence
feated in battle, and then surrendered himself called Gerenian (Pepjvtor). It was regarded by
to Anicius, who carried him to Rome to adorn some as the same place as the Homeric Enope.
his triumph. He was afterward kept as a pris-  GERGIS, or ERGITHA, or -ES, or -us (rFpytL,
oner at Spoletium.                        ripyiOa, or -es, or -o: repyiolto), a town in the
GENUA (Genuas, -atis, Genuensis: now Ge- Troad, north of the Scamander, inhabited by
noa), an important commercial town in Liguria, Teucrians. Attalus removed the inhabitants
situated at the extremity of the Ligurian Gulf to the sources of the Caucus, where mention is
(now Gulf of Genoa), was in the possession of made of a place called Gergetha or Gergithion,
the Romans at the beginning of the second in the territory of Cyme.
Punic war, but toward the end of the war was  GERGOVIA. 1. A fortified town of the Arverni
held for some time by the Carthaginian Mago. in Gaul, situated on a high and inaccessible hill,
It was a Roman municipium, but it did not be- west or southwest of the Elaver (now Allier).
come of political importance till the Middle Its site is uncertain; but it was probably in the
Ages, when it was commonly called Janua.  neighborhood of the modern Clermont.-2. A
GENUCI GENS, patrician, of which the prin- town of the Boii in Gaul, of uncertain site.
cipal families bore the names of AVENTINENSIS  GERMA (TIp/,u), the name of three cities in
and AUGURINUS.                            Asia Minor. 1. (Ruins at Germaslu) in Mysia
GENUSUs (now Iskumni), a river in Greek Illyr- Minor, near Cyzicus.-2. (Now Yermatepe) in
ia, north of the Apsus.                   Mysia, between Pergamus and Thyatira.-3.
GEPHYRmEI (PrEvpaLot), an Athenian family, to (Now Yerma) in Galatia, between Pessinus and
which Harmodius and Aristogiton belonged. Ancyra; a colonia.
They said that they came originally from Ere-  GERMANIA, was bounded by the Rhine on the
tria in Euboea. Herodotus believed them to be west, by the Vistula and the Carpathian Mountof Phoenician descent, to have followed Cad- ains on the east, by the Danube on the south,
mus into Baeotia, and from thence to have emi- and by the German Ocean and the Baltic on the
grated to Athens. They dwelt on the banks north. It thus included much more than modof the Cephisus, which separated the territory ern Germany on the north and east, but much
of Athens from that of Eleusis, and their name less in the west and south. The north and
was said to have been derived from the bridge northeast of Gallia Belgica were likewise call(yefvpa) which was built over the river at this ed Germania Prima and Secunda under the Ropoint. Such a notion, however, is quite unten- man emperors (vid. p. 319, a); and it was in
able, since "bridge" appears to have been a contradistinction to these provinces that Gercomparatively recent meaning of yeqvpa. We mania proper was also called GERMANIA MAGNA,
find that there were temples at Athens belong- or G. TRANSRHENANA, or G. BARBARA. It was
ing peculiarly to the Gephyraei, to the exclusion not till Caesar's campaigns in Gaul (B.C. 58-50)
of the rest of the Athenians, especially one to that the Romans obtained any accurate knowlCeres (Demeter) Achaea, whose worship they edge of the country. The Roman writers repseem to have brought with them from Bceotia. resent Germany as a dismal land, covered for the
GEPID2, a Gothic people, who came from  most part with forests and swamps, producing
Scandinavia, and first settled in the country be- little corn, and subject to intense frosts and altween the Oder and the Vistula, from which. most eternal winter. Although these accounts
they expelled the Burgundiones. Subsequent- are probably exaggerated, yet there can be no
ly they joined the numerous hosts of Attila; doubt that, before the immense woods were
and after his death they settled in Dacia, on the cleared and the morasses drained, the climate of
banks of the Danube. As they were dangerous Germany was much colder than it is at present.
neighbors to the Eastern empire, Justinian in- The north of Germany is a vast plain, but in the
voked the aid of the Langobardi or Lombards, south there are many mountains, which were
who conquered the Gepidae and destroyed their covered in antiquity with vast forests, and thus
kingdom.                                  were frequently called Silve. Of these the most
325




GERMANIA.                                 GERM ANIA.
important was the HERCYNIA SILVA. The chief guished warrior as their leader, upon whom the
rivers were the RHENUS (now Rhine), DANUBIUs prerogatives of the king devolved. The religion
(now Danube), VISTULA, AmISIA (now Erms), VI- of the Germans is known to us only from the
SURGis (now Weser), ALBs (now Elbe), VIADUS  Greek and Roman writers, who have confused
(now Oder). The inhabitants were called GER- the subject by seeking to identify the gods of
MANI by the Romans. Tacitus says (Germ., 2) the Germans with their own divinities. We
that Germani was the name of the Tungri, who know that they worshipped the sun, the moon,
were the first German people that crossed the and the stars. They are also said to have paid
Rhine. It would seem that this name properly especial honor to Mercury, who was probably
belonged only to those tribes who were settled the German Wodan or Odin. Their other chief
in Gaul; and as these were the first German divinities were Isis (probably Fareia, the wife of
tribes with which the Romans came into con- Odin); Mars (Tyr or Zio, the German god of
tact, they extended the name to the whole na- war); the mother of the gods, called Nerthus
tion. The etymology of the name is uncertain. (less correctly Herthus or Hertha); and Jupitet
Some modern writers derive it from the German (Thor, or the- god of Thunder). The worship
ger, gwier, Heer, Wehr, so that the word would of the gods was simple. They had both priests
be equivalent to Wehrman, Wehrmrnner, that is, and priestesses to attend to their service; and
warriors. The Germans themselves do not ap- some of the priestesses, sucfh as Veleda among
pear to have used any one name to indicate the the Bructeri, were celebrated throughout Gerwhole nation; for there is no reason to believe, many for their prophetic powers. The Geras some have done, that the name Teutones (i. e., nmani first appear in history in the campaigns
Teuten, Deutsche) was the general name of the of the Cimbri and Teutones (B.C. 113), the latnation in the time of the Romans. The Ger- ter of whom were undoubtedly a Germanic
mans regarded themselves as indigenous in the -people. Vid. TEUTONES. About fifty-years aftcountry; but there can be no doubt that they erward, Ariovistus, a German chief, crossed the
were a branch of the great Indo-Germanic race, Rhine, with a vast host of Germans, and subwho, along with the Celts, migrated into Eu- dued a great part of Gaul; but he was defeated
rope from the Caucasus and the countries ardund by Caesar with great slaughter (58), and driven
the Black and Caspian Seas at a period long beyond the Rhine. Caesar twice crossed this
anterior to historical records.  They are de- river (55, 53), but made no permanent conquest
scribed as a people of high stature and of great on the eastern bank. In the reign of Augustus,
bodily strength, with fair complexions, blue his step-son, Drusus, carried on war in Gereyes, and yellow or red hair. Notwithstanding many with great success for four years (12-9),
the severity of their climate, they wore little and penetrated as far as the Elbe. On his death
clothing, and their children went entirely naked. (9), his brother Tiberius succeeded to the comThey had scarcely any defensive armor: their mand; and under him the country between the
chief offensive weapon was the framea, a long Rhine and the Visurgis (now Weser) was enspearwith a narrow iron point, which they either tirely subjugated, and bid fair to become a Rodarted from a distance or pushed in close com- man province. But in A.D. 9, the impolitic
bat. Their houses were only low huts, made and tyrannical conduct of the Roman governor,
of rough timber, and thatched with straw. A  Quintilius Varus, provoked a general insurrecnumber of these'were of course often built near tion of the various German tribes, headed by
each other; but they could not be said to have Arminius, the Cheruscan. Varus and his leany towns properly so -called. Many of their gions were defeated and destroyed, and the Rotribes were nomad, and every year changed mans lost all their conquests east of the Rhine.
their place of abode. The men found their chief Vid. VARus. The defeat of Varus was avenged
delight in the perils and excitement of war. In by the successful campaigns of Germanicus, who
peace they passed their lives in listless indo- would probably have recovered the Roman dolence, only varied by deep gaming and excess- minions east of the' river, had not the jealousy
ive drinking. Their chief drink was beer, and of Tiberius recalled him to Rome, A.D. 16.
their carouses frequently ended in bloody brawls. From this time the Romans abandoned all furThe women were held in high honor. Their ther attempts to conquer Germany; but, in conchastity was without reproach. They accom- sequence of the civil dissensions which broke
panied their husbands to battle, and cheered out in Germany soon after the departure of Tithem on by their presence, and frequently by berius, they were enabled to obtain peaceable
their example as well. Both sexes were equally possession of a large portion of the southwest
distinguished for their unconquerable love of of Germany, between the Rhine and the Danliberty; and the women frequently destroyed ube, to which they gave the name of the AGRI
both themselves and their children rather than DECUMATES. Vid. p. 33, b. On the death of
fall into the -power of their husbands' conquer- Nero, several of the tribes in Western Germany
ors. In each tribe we find the people divided joined the Batavi in their insurrection against
into four classes: the nobles; the freemen; the the Romans (A.D. 69-71). Domitian and Trafreedmen or vassals; and the slaves. All ques- jan had to repel the attacks of some German
tions relating to peace and war, and the general tribes; but in the reign of Antoninus Pius, the
interests of.the tribe, were decided in the pop- Marcomanni, joined by various other tribes,
ular assembly, in which each freeman had a right made a more formidable attack upon the Roto take part. In these assemblies a king was man dominions,'And threatened the empire with
elected from among the nobles; but -his power destruction.': - From this time the Romans were
was very limited, and he only acted as the su- often called upon to defend the left bank of the
preme magistrate in time of peace; for when Rhine against their dangerous neighbors, espea war broke out, the people elected a distin- cially against the two powerful confederacies
326




GERMANICUS.                                 GERYON.
of the Alemanni and Franks (vid. ALEMANNI, mans could no longer offer him any effectual reFRANCI); and in the fourth and fifth centuries sistance, and Germanicus needed only another
the Germans obtained possession of some of year to reduce completely the whole country
the fairest provinces of the empire. The Ger- between the Rhine and the Elbe. But the jealmans are divided by Tacitus into three great ousy of Tiberius saved Germany. Upon pretribes: 1. Ingevones, on the Ocean. 2. Hermi- tence of the dangerous state of affairs in the
ones, inhabiting the central parts. 3. Istevones, East, the emperor recalled Germanicus toRome,
in the remainder of Germany, consequently in which he entered in triumph on the 26th of May,
the eastern and southern parts. These three A.D. 17. In the same year allthe eastern provnames were said to be derived from the three inces were assigned to Germanicus; but TisonsofMannus,thesonofTuisco. Plinymakes berius placed Cn. Piso in command of Syria,
five divisions: 1. Vindili, including Burgundi- with secret instructions to check and thwart
ones, Varini, Carini, and Guttones.. Inge- Germanicus. Piso soon showed his hostility to
vones, including Cimbri, Teutones, and Chauci. Germanicus; and his wife, Plancina, in like
3. Istcevones, including the midland Cimbri. 4. manner, did every thing in her power to annoy
Hermiones, including the Suevi, Hermunduri, Agrippina, the wife ofGermanicus. In 18, GerChatti, and Cherusci. 5. Peucini and Bastarnce, manicus proceeded toArmenia, where he placed
bordering on the Dacians.  But whether we Zeno on the throne, and in the following year
adopttthe division of Tacitus or Pliny, we ought (19) he visited Egypt, and on his return he was
to add the inhabitants of the Scandinavian pen- seized with a dangerous illness, of which he
insula, the Hilleviones, divided into the Sinones died. He believed that he had been poisoned
and Sitones. It is difficult to fix with accuracy by Piso, and shortly before he died he summonthe position of the various tribes, as they fre- ed his friends, and called upon them to avenge
quently migrated from one spot to another. An his murder.,He was deeply and sincerely laaccount of each is given under the name of the mented by the Roman people; and Tiberius was
tribe. Vid. CHAUCI, CHERUSCI, CIMBRI, SUEVI, obliged to sacrifice Piso to the public indigna&c.                                       tion. Vid. Piso. By Agrippina he had nine
GERMANICUS C2sSAR, son of Nero Claudius children, of whom six survived him. Of these
Drusus and Antonia, the daughter of the trium- the most notorious were the Emperor Caligula,
vir Antony, was born B.C. 15. He was adopt- and Agrippina, the mother of Nero. Germanied by his uncle Tiberius in the lifetime of Au- cus was an author of some repute. He wrote
gustus, and was raised at an early age to the several poetical works. We still possess the
honors of the state. He assisted Tiberius in remains of his Latin translation of the Phacnomthe war against the Pannonians and Dalmatians ena of Aratus. The latest edition of this work
(A.D. 7-10), and also fought along with Tiberius is by Orelli, at the end of his Phaedrus, Zurich,
against the Germans in the two following years 1831.
(11, 12). He had the command of the legions  GERMANICYA or C.ESAREA GERMANiCA (TrepFain Germany when the alarming mutiny broke viceea, KaeadpeLa repzuavKO'), a town in the Syrout among the troops in Germany and Illyri- ian province of Commagene, near the borders
cum, upon the death of Augustus (14). Ger- of Cappadocia; the birth-place of the heretic
manicus was a favorite with the soldiers, and Nestorius.
they offered to place him at the head of the em-  GERRA (ITpda: near El-Katif), one of the
pire; but he rejected their proposal, and ex- chief cities of Arabia, and a great emporium for
erted all his influence to quell the mutiny, and the trade of Arabia and India, stood on the
reconcile them to their new sovereign. After northeastern coast of Arabia Felix, two hundred
restoring order among the troops, he crossed stadia (twenty geographical miles) from the
the Rhine, and laid waste the country of the shore of the Sinus Gerraeus or Gerraicus (now
Marsi with fire and sword. In the following Elwah Bay?), a bay on the western side of the
year (15) he again crossed the Rhine, and Persian Gulf, two thousand four hundred stadia
marched into the interior of the country. He (two hundred and forty geographical miles=4~
penetrated as far as the Saltus Teutoburgiensis, of lat.) from the mouth of the Tigris. The city
north of the Lippe, in which forest the army of was five Roman miles in circuit. The inhabitQuintilius Varus had been destroyed by the ants, called Gerraei (TeppaloL), were said to have
Germans.   Here his troops gathered up the been originally Chaldaeans, who were driven out
bones of their ill-fated comrades, and paid the of Babylon. There was a small place of the
last honors to their memory. But meantime same name on the northeastern frontier of
Arminius had collected a formidable army, with Egypt, between Pelusium and Mount Casius,
which he attacked the Romnans; and it was not fifty stadia or eight Roman miles from the forwithout considerable loss that Germanicus made mer.
good his retreat to the Rhine. It was in this  GERRHUS (rIpo5), a river of Scythia, flowing
campaign that Thusnelda, the wife of Arminius, through a country of the same name, was a
fell into the hands of Germanicus.  Vid. AR- branch of the Borysthenes, and flowed into the
VMINIUS. Next year (16) Germanicus placed his Hypacyris, dividing the country of the Nomad
troops on board a fleet of one thousand vessels, Scythians from that of the Royal Scythians.
and sailed through the canal of his father, Dru-  GE UNDA (now Gerona), a town of the Ausesus (rid. p. 272, a.), and the Zuydersee to the taniin Hispania Tarraconensis, on the road from
ocean, and from thence to the mouth of the Tarraco to Narbo in Gaul.
Amisia (now Erms). where he landed his forces.  [GERuNIuM, is named by Livy, in his account
After crossing the Ems and the Weser, he fought of the second Punic war, as an ancient decayed
two battles with Arminius, in both of which the city of the Samnites.]
Germaas were completely defeated. The Ger-  GER1r-ON or GIERYON6ES (r?,pv6orS), son of Chry327




GESORIACUM.                                 GLABRIO.
saorand Callirrhoe, a monster with three heads, valley of the Jordan on the west for many
or, according to others, with three bodies unit- miles.]
ed together, was a king in Spain, and possessed  GILDO or GILDON, a Moorish chieftain, govmagnificent oxen, which Hercules carried away. erned Africa for some years as a subject of the
For details, vid. HERCULES.              Western empire; but in A.D. 397 he transGESORIACUM (now Boulogne), a port of the ferred his allegiance to the Eastern empire, and
Morini in Gallia Belgica, at which persons usu- the Emperor Arcadius accepted him as a subally embarked to cross over to Britain: it was ject. Stilicho, guardian of Honorius, sent an
subsequently called BONONIA, whence its mod- army against him. Gildo was defeated; and,
ern name.                                 being taken prisoner, he put an end to his own
GESSYUS FLORUS. Vid. FLORUS.            life by hanging himself (398). The history of
GETA, SEPTIMIUS, brother of Caracalla, by this war forms the subject of one of Claudian's
whom he was assassinated, A.D. 212. For de- poems (De Bello Gildonico).
tails, rid. CARACALLA.                      [GILIGAMBE (rLtydluY6at or rtlayd/auat, Hdt.),
GETrE, a Thracian people, called Daci by the an African people in Marmarica and Cyrenaica.]
Romans. HerodotusandThucydidesplacethem     [GINDANES (atvaveg), a people dwelling in
south of the Ister (now Danube), near its mouths, the inland parts of the Syrtica Regio in Africa.]
but in the time of Alexander the Great they  GINDARUS (Frvdapof: now Gindaries), a very
dwelt beyond this river and north of the Triballi. strong fortress in the district of Cyrrhestice in
They were driven by the Sarmatians further Syria, northeast of Antioch.
west toward Germany. For their later history,  [GIR. Vid. GER.]
rid. DACIA.                                 GIRBA, a city on the island of Meninx (now
GIGANTES (riyavrec), the giants.: According Jerbah), at the southern extremity of the Lesser
to Homer, they were a gigantic and savage Syrtis, in northern Africa: celebrated for its
race of men, dwelling in the distant west, in the manufactures of purple.
island of Thrinacia, and were destroyed on ac-  Gisco or GISGO (ritaKv or rIGcOv). 1. Son
count of their insolence toward the gods. He- of Hamilcar, who was defeated and killed in the
siodconsiders them as divine beings, who sprang battle of Himera, B.C. 480. In consequence of
from the blood that fell from Ccelus (Uranus) this calamity, Gisgo was banished from Carupon the earth, so that Terra (Ge) (the earth) thage. He died at Selinus in Sicily.-2. Son
was their mother. Neither Homer nor Hesiod of Hanno, was in exile when the Carthaginians
knows any thing about their contest with the were defeated at the River Crimisus by Timogods. Later poets and mythographers frequent- leon, 339. He-was then recalled from exile,
ly confound them with the Titans, and repre- and sent to oppose Timoleon, but was unable to
sent them as enemies of Jupiter (Zeus) and the accomplish any thing of importance.-3. Comgods, whose abode on Olympus they attempt mander of the Carthaginian garrison at Lilyto take by storm. Their battle with the gods baeum at the end of the first Punic war. After
seems to be only an imitation of the revolt of the conclusion of peace, 241, he was deputed
the Titans against Uranus. Terra (Ge), it is by the government to treat with the mercenasaid, indignant at the fate of her former chil- ries who had risen in revolt, but he was seized
dren, the Titans, gave birth to the Gigantes, by them and put to death.
who were beings of a monstrous size, with fear-  GITIADAS (Tiritdar),,a Lacedaemonian archiful countenances and the tails of dragons. They tect, statuary, and poet.  He. completed the
were born, according to some, in the Phlegraean temple of Minerva (Athena) Poliouchos at
plains in Sicily, Campania, or Arcadia, and, ac- Sparta, and ornamented it with works in bronze,
cording to others, in the Thracian Pallene. In from which it was called the Brazen House, and
their native land they made an attack upon hence the goddess received the surname of
heaven, being armed with huge rocks and trunks Xa2IioLKcog. He composed a hymn to the godof trees. The gods were told that they could dess, besides other poems. He fourished about
not conquer the giants without the assistance B.C. 516, and is the last Spartan artist of any
of a mortal, whereupon they summoned Her- distinction.
cules to their aid. The giants Alcyoneus and  GLABRIO, AcYLus, plebeians. 1. C., quaestor
Porphyrion distinguished themselves above their B.C. 203, and tribune of the plebs 197.,He
brethren. Alcyoneus was immortal so long as acted as interpreter to the Athenian embassy
he fought in his native land; but Hercules drag- in 155, when the three philosophers, Carneades,
ged him away to a foreign land, and thus killed Diogenes, and Critolaus, came as envoys to
him. Porphyrion was killed by the lightning Rome. He wrote in Greek a history of Rome
of Jupiter (Zeus) and the arrows of Hercules. from the earliest period.to his own times. It'
The other giants, whose number is said to have was translated into Latin by one Claudius, and
been twenty-four, were then killed one after his version is cited by Livy, under the titles of
another by the gods and Hercules, and some Annales Aciliani (xxv., 39) and Libri Aciliani
of them were buried by their conquerors under (xxxv., 14).-2. M'., tribune of the plebs 201,.
tvolcanic) islands. It is worthy of remark, that praetor 196, and consul 191. In his consulship
most writers place the giants in volcanic dis- he defeated Antiochus at Thermopyle, and subtricts; and it is probable that the story of their sequently the AEtolians likewise, —3. M'., marcontest with the gods took its origin from vol- ried a daughter of M. XEmilius Scaurus, consul
canic convulsions.                       115, whom Sulla, in 82, compelled him to diGIGONUS (Tiryovof: ryOviof), a town and vorce. Glabrio was praetor urbanusin 70, when
promontory of Macedonia, on the Thermaic Gulf. he presided at the impeachment of Verres. He
[GILBOA MONS, a sterile range of hills to the was consul in 67, and in the following year pro
south and southeast of Tabor, bounding the consul of Cilicia. lie succeeded L. Lucullusin
328




GLANIS.                                 GLESSARIA.
the command of the war against Mithradates, slain by Ajax.-3. Son of the Messenian king
but remained inactive in Bithynia. He was ZEpytus, whom he succeeded on the throne.superseded by Cn. Pompey.-4. M'., son of No. 4. One of the sons of the Cretan king Minos by
3, was born in the house of Cn. Pompey, B.C. Pasiphae or Crete. When a boy, he fell into
81, who married his mother after her compul- a cask full of honey, and was smothered. Misory divorce from the elder Glabrio. 2Emilia nos searched for his son in vain, and was at
died in giving birth to him. In the civil war, length informed by Apollo or the Curetes that
Glabrio was one of Caesar's lieutenants; corn- the person who should devise the most appromanded the garrison of Oricum in Epirus in 48, priate comparison between a cow, which could
and was stationed in Sicily in 46. He was twice assume three different colors, and any other
defended on capital charges by Cicero, and ac- object, would find the boy. The soothsayer
quitted.                                  Polyidus of Argossolved the problem by likenGLANIS, more usually written CLANIS.    ing the cow to a mulberry, which is at first
GLANUM LivII (ruins near St. Remy), a town white, then red, and in the end black. By his
of the Salyes in Gallia Narbonensis.      prophetic powers he then discovered the boy.
GLAPHYRA. Vid. ARCHELAUS, No. 6.        Minos now required Polyidus to restore his son
GLAUCE (FravKrl). 1. One of the Nereides, to life; but as he could not accomplish this,
the name Glauce being only a personification Minos ordered him to be entombed alive with
of the color of the sea.-2. Daughter of Creon the body of Glaucus. When Polyidus was thus
of Corinth, also called Creusa. For details, vid. shut up in the vault, he saw a serpent approachCREON.                                    ing the dead body, and killed the reptile. Pres[GLAUCE (Trav'Uc7), a harbor of Ionia, on the ently another serpent came, and placed a herb
Promontory Mycale, opposite Samos.]       upon the dead serpent, which was thereby reGLAUCIA, C. SERVILIUS, praetor B.C. 100, the stored to life.  Thereupon Polyidus covered
chief supporter of Saturninus, with whom he was the body of Glaucus with the same herb, and
put to death in this year. Vid. SATURNINUS.  the boy at once rose into life again. The story
GLAUCIAs (rTavtda'). 1. King of the Tau- of Glaucus and Polyidus was a favorite subject
lantians, one of the Illyrian tribes, fought against with the ancient poets and authors.-5. Of AnAlexander the Great, B.C. 335. In 316 he af- thedon in Boeotia, a fisherman, who became imforded an asylum to the infant Pyrrhus, and re- mortal by eating a part of the divine herb which
fused to surrender him to Cassander. In 307 Saturn (Cronos) had sown. His parentage is
he invaded Epirus, and placed Pyrrhus, then differently stated: some called his father Cotwelve years old, upon the throne.-2. A Greek peus, others Polybus, the husband of Euboea,
physician, who probably lived in the third or and others, again, Anthedon or Neptune (Posecond century B.C.-3. A statuary of Egina, seidon). He was further said to have been a
who made the bronze chariot and statue of Ge- clever diver, to have built the ship Argo, and
Ion, flourished B.C. 488.                 to have accompanied the Argonauts as their
[GLAUCIPPUS (rlatsrc7TTIro), an Athenian rhet- steersman. In the sea-fight of Jason against
orician, son of the celebrated orator Hyperides: the Tyrrhenians, Glaucus alone remained unhe wrote several orations, but they have en- hurt; he sank to the bottom of the sea, where
tirely perished.]                         he was visible to none save Jason. From this
GLAUCON (TatcaVK). 1. Son of Critias, broth- moment he became a marine deity, and was of
er of Callaeschrus, and father of Charmides and service to the Argonauts.  The story of his
of Plato's mother, Perictione.-2. Brother of sinking or leaping into the sea was variously
Plato, who makes him one of the speakers in modified in the different traditions. There was
the Republic.                             a belief in Greece that once in every year GlauGLAUCUs (rFavKcoc). 1. Grandson of JEolus, cus visited all the coasts and islands, accomson of Sisyphus and Merope, and father of Bel- panied by marine monsters, and gave his prophlerophontes. He lived at Potnias, despised the ecies. Fishermen and sailors paid particular
power of Venus (Aphrodite), and did not allow  reverence to him, and watched his oracles,
his mares to breed, that they might be the which were believed to be very trustworthy.
stronger for the horse-race. According to oth- He is said to have even instructed Apollo in
eis, he fed them with human flesh. This ex- the prophetic art. Some writers stated that
cited the anger of Venus (Aphrodite), who de- he dwelt in Delos, where he prophesied in constroyed him. According to some accounts, his junction with the nymphs; but the place of his
horses became frightened and threw him out abode varied in different traditions. The stoof his chariot, as he was contending in the fu- ries about his various loves were favorite subneral games celebrated by Acastus in honor of jects with the ancient poets.-6. Of Chios, a
his father Pelias.  According to others, his statuary in metal, distinguished as the inventor
horses tore him to pieces, having drunk from  of the art of soldering metals (K6X2ot;c), flourthe water of a sacred well in Bceotia, in conse- ished B.C. 490. His most noted work was an
quence of which they were seized with mad- iron base (v7roKp7rTpi6lov), which, with the silness. Glaucus of Potniae (raVKoc I orvieVV) ver bowl it supported, was presented to the
was the title of one of the lost tragedies of temple at Delphi by Alyattes, king of Lydia.
sschylus.-2. Son of Hippolochus, and grand-  GLAUCUS (FraicVKg). 1. A small river of Phryson of Bellerophontes, was a Lycian prince, and gia, falling into the Maeander near Eumenia.assisted Priam in the Trojan war.  He was 2. A small river of Lycia, on the borders of Caconnected with Diomedes by ties of hospitality; ria, flowing into the Sinus Glaucus (now Gulf
and when they recognized one another in the of BIakri).
battle, they abstained from fighting, and ex-  GLAUCUS SINUS. Vid. preceding, No. 2.
changed arms with one another. Glaucus was  GLESSARIA (now Ameland), an island off the
329




GLISAS.                                  GORDIUS.
coast of the Frisii, so called from "glessum" or tioned after the time of the wars between the
amber which was found there: its proper name Macedonians and Romans.
was Austeravia.                             GORDIANUS, M. ANTONIUS, the name of three
GLISAS (Ftica': rtadvrtof), an ancient town Roman emperors, father, son, and grandson.
in Beotia, on Mount Hypaton. It was in ruins 1. Surnamed AFRICANUS, son of Metius Marulin the time of Pausanias.                 lus and Ulpia Gordiana, possessed a princely
GLYCAS, MICHAEL, a Byzantine historian, the fortune, and was distinguished alike by moral
author of a work entitled Annals (fi6Lof Xpov- and intellectual excellence. In his first consulKo), containing the history of the world from  ship, A.D. 213, he was the colleague of Carathe creation to the death of Alexis' I. Comne- calla; in his second, of Alexander Severus;
nus, A.D. 1118. Edited by Bekker, Bonn, 1836. and soon afterward was nominated proconsul
GLYCiRA (nTviepa), "the sweet one," a fa- of Africa. After governing Africa for several
vorite name of hetairce. The most celebrated years with justice and integrity, a rebellion
hetairae of this name are, 1. The daughter of broke out in the province in consequence of the
Thalassis, and the mistress of Harpalus.-2, Of tyranny of the procurator of Maximinus. The
Sicyon, and the mistress of Pausias.-3. A fa- ring-leaders of the conspiracy compelled Gorvorite of Horace.                         dian, who was now in his eightieth year, to asGLYCERIUS, became emperor of the West A.D. sume the imperial title. He entered on his new
473, after the death of Olybrius, by the assist- duties at Carthage in the month of February,
ance of Gundobald the Burgundian.  But the associated his son with him in the empire, and
Byzantine court did not acknowledge Glycerius, dispatched letters to Rome announcing his
and proclaimed Julius Nepos emperor, by whom  elevation. Gordianus and his son were at once
Glycerius was dethroned (474), and compelled proclaimed Augusti by the senate, and preparto become a priest. He was appointed bishop ations were made in Italy to resist Maximinus.
of Salona in Dalmatia.                    But meantime a certain Capellianus, procurator
GLYCON (PTriKvv), an Athenian sculptor, of Numidia,' refused to acknowledge the authorknown to us by his magnificent colossal marble ity of the Gordiani, and marched against them.
statue of Hercules, commonly called the "Far- The younger Gordianus was defeated by him,
nese Hercules." It was found in the baths of and slain in the battle; and his aged father
Caracalla, and, after adorning the Farnese pal- thereupon put an end to his own life, after
ace for some time, was removed to the royal reigning less than two months.-2. Son of the
museum at Naples. It represents the hero rest- preceding and ofFabia Orestilla, was born A.D.
ing on his club, after one of his labors. The 192, was associated with his father in the purswollen muscles admirably express repose after pie, and fell in battle, as recorded above.-3.
severe exertion. Glycon probably lived under Grandson of the elder Gordianus, either by a
the early Roman emperors.                 daughter or by the younger Gordianus. The
[GLYCYS PORTUS (FrvivE tIUZiov, "the sweet soldiers proclaimed him emperor in July, A.D,
harbor"), a harbor with a town Glycys at the 238, after the murder of Balbinus and Pupienus,
mouth of the Acheron in Epirus.]          although he was a mere boy, probably not more
[GNATIA, a shortened form of Egnatia. Vid. than twelve years old. He reigned six years,
EGNATIA.]                                 from 238 to 244.   In 241 he married the
GNIPHO, M. ANTONIUS, a Roman rhetorician, daughter of Misitheus, and in the same year
was born B.C. 114, in Gaul, but studied at Alex- set out for the east to carry on the war against
andrea. He afterward established a school at the Persians. With the assistance of MisitheRome, which was attended by many distin- us, he defeated the Persians in 242: Misitheus
guished men, and among others by Cicero, when died in the following year; and Philippus,
he was preotor.                           whom Gordian had taken into his confidence,
GNosus, GNossUS. Vid. CNOSUS.           excited discontent among the soldiers, who at
GOBRYAS (rc6pJva), a noble Persian, one of length rose in open mutiny, and assassinated
the seven conspirators against Smerdis the Ma- Gordian in Mesopotamia, 244.  He was sucgian. He accompanied Darius into Scythia. ceeded by PHILIPPUS.
He was doubly related to Darius by marriage;  GORDUM (r6pdIov, rop6iov KjU/), the ancient
Darius married the daughter of Gobryas, and capital of Phrygia, the royal residence of the
Gobryas married the sister of Darius.     kings of the dynasty of Gordius, and the scene
[GoGANA (ruyava, now Kongun or Cogun), a of Alexander's celebrated exploit of "cutting
place in the Persian district Persis.]    the Gordian knot." Vid. GORDIUS. It was sitGOLGI (rOxyoi: rP6yto), a town in Cyprus, uated in the west of that part of Phrygia which
of uncertain site, was a Sicyonian colony, and was afterward called Galatia, north of Pessinus,
one of the chief seats of the worship of Aphro- on the northern bank of the Sangarius. In the
dite (Venus).                             reign of Augustus it received the name of JuliGOMPHI (ro6too: ro/1~EeVf), a town in Hes- opolis ('Iov2loinrotLr).
tiaotis in Thessaly, was a strong fortress on  GoRDIUS (ropdtog), an ancient king of Phrygthe confines of Epirus, and commanded the ia, and father of Midas, was originally a poor
chief pass between Thessaly and Epirus: it peasant. Internal disturbances having broken
was taken and destroyed by Caesar (B.C. 48), out in Phrygia, an oracle informed the inhabitbut was afterward rebuilt.                ants that a wagon would bring them a king,
GoNNLT, GONNUS ('6vvol, r6vvor: r6vtoc), a who should at the same time put an end to the
strongly fortified town of the Perrhaebi in Thes- disturbances. When the people were delibersaly, on the River Peneus, and at the entrance ating oh these points, Gordius, with his wife
of the Vale of Tempe, was, from its position, of and son, suddenly appeared riding in his waggreat military importance; but it is not men- on in the assembly of the people, who at once
330




'GORDIUTICHOS.                          GORTYN, GORTYNA,
acknowledged him as king. Gordius, out of in the dialogue of Plato, which bears his name.
gratitude, dedicated his chariot to Jupiter The eloquence of Gorgias was chiefly calcula(Zeus) in the acropolis of Gordium. The pole ted to tickle the ear by antitheses, alliterations,
was fastened to the yoke by a knot of bark; the symmetry of its parts, and similar artifices.
and an oracle declared that whatsoever should Two declamations have come down to us under
untie the knot should reign over all Asia. Al- the name of Gorgias, viz., the Apology of Palaexander, on his arrival at Gordium, cut the medes, and the Encomium on Helena, the genknot with his sword, and applied the oracle to uineness of which is doubtful. Besides his
himself.                                  orations, which were mostly what the Greeks
GORDIUTICHOS (ropdiov TreCXo), a town in Ca- called Epideictic or speeches for display, such as
ria, near the borders of Phrygia, between An- his oration addressed to the assembled Greeks
tiochia ad Maeandrum and Tabae.           at Olympia, Gorgias also wrote loci communes,
GoRDYvI. Vid. GORDYENE.                 probably as rhetorical exercises; a work on
GoRDYnvE MONTES (Tr ropdvaia 6opn: now  dissimilar and homogeneous words, and another
Mountains of Kurdistan), the name given by on rhetoric. The works of Gorgias did not
Strabo to the northern part of the broad belt of even contain the elements of a scientific theory
mountains which separates the Tigris Valley of oratory any more than his oral instructions.
from the great table-land of Iran, and which He confined himself to teaching his pupils a
divided Mesopotamia and Assyria from Arme- variety of rhetorical artifices, and made them
nia and Media. They are connected with the learn by heart certain formulas relative to them.
mountains of Armenia at Ararat, whence they -2. Of Athens, gave instruction in rhetoric to
run southeast between the Arsissa Palus (now  young M. Cicero when he was at Athens. He
Lake Van) and the sources of the Tigris and its wrote a rhetorical work, a Latin abridgment of
upper confluents as far as the confines of Media, which by Rutilius Lupus is still extant, under
where the chain turns more to the south and the title De Figuris Sententiarum et Elocutionis.
was called ZAGROS.                          GORGO and GORGONES ('opy6 and Fopy6ve.).
GORDiYNE or CORDUENE (rop6vrvj, Kopdov- Homer mentions only one Gorgo, who appears
vaj), a mountainous district in the. south of in the Odyssey (xi., 633) as one of the frightful
Armenia Major, between the Arsissa Palus phantoms in Hades: in the Iliad the aegis of
(now Lake Van) and the GORDY.I MONTES. Athena (Minerva) contains the head of Gorgo,
After the Mithradatic war, it was assigned by the terror of her enemies. Hesiod mentions
Pompey to Tigranes, with whom its possession three Gorgones, STHENO, EURYALE, and MEDUSA,
had been disputed by the Parthian king Phraates. daughters of Phorcys and Ceto, whence they
Trajan added it to the Roman empire; and it are sometimes called PHORCYDES.  Hesiod
formed afterward a constant object of conten- placed them in the far west in the Ocean, in
tion between the Romans and the Parthian and the neighborhood of Night and the Hesperides;
Persian kings, but was for the most part virtu- but later traditions transferred them to Libya.
allyindependent. Itswarlikeinhabitants,called They were frightful beings; instead of hair,
TopdvaloL or Cordueni, were no doubt the same their heads were covered with hissing serpeople as the GARDUCHI of the earlier Greek pents; and they had wings, brazen claws, and
geographers, and the Kurds of modern times.  enormous teeth. Medusa, who alone of her
GORGE (ITpy1), daughter of CEneus and Al- sisters was mortal, was, according to some
thea. She and her sister Deianira alone re- legends, at first a beautiful maiden, but her
tained their original forms, when their other hair was changed into serpents by Athena
sisters were metamorphosed by Diana (Arte- (Minerva) in consequence of her having bemis) into birds.                          come by Poseidon the mother of Chrysaor and
GORGIAS (Topyiac). 1. Of Leontini, in Sicily, Pegasus in one of Athena's (Minerva's) tema celebrated rhetorician and orator, sophist and ples. Her head now became so fearful that
philosopher, was born about B.C. 480, and is every one who looked at it was changed into
said to have lived one hundred and five years, stone. Hence the great difficulty which Peror even one hundred and nine years. Of-his seus had in killing her. Vid. PERSEUS. Athena
early life we have no particulars; but when he (Minerva) afterward placed the head in the
was of advanced age (B.C. 427) he was sent centre of her shield or breast-plate.
by his fellow-citizens as ambassador to Athens,  [GoRGus (TIpyor). 1. Son of Chersis, a king
for the purpose of soliciting its protection of Salamis in Cyprus: he joined Xerxes in his
against Syracuse. He seems to have returned invasion of Greece.-2. Son of Cypselus, foundto Leontini only for a short time, and to have er of Ambracia.]
spent the remaining years of his vigorous old  [GORGYTHION (ropyvOiov), son of Priam and
age in the towns of Greece Proper, especially at Castianira, was slain by Teucer.]
Athens and the Thessalian Larissa, enjoying  GORTYN, GORTYNA (r6prvv, r6prvva: roprvhonor every where as an orator and teacher of vtot). 1. (Ruins near Hagios Dheka, six miles
rhetoric. The common statement that Pericles from the foot of Mount Ida), one of the most
and the historian Thucydides were among his ancient cities in Crete, on the River Letheus,
disciples can not be true, as he did not go to ninety stadia from its harbor Leben, and one
Athens till after the death of Pericles; but Al- hundred and thirty stadia from its other harbor
cibiades, Alcidamas, LEschines, and Antisthe- Matalia. It was one of'the chief seats of the
nes are called either pupils or imitators of worship of Europa, whence it was called HelGorgias, and his oratory must have had great lotis; and it was subsequently peopled by Mininfluence upon the rhetorician Isocrates. The yans and Tyrrhene-Pelasgians, whence it also
high estimation in which he was held at Athens bore the name of Larissa.- It was the second
appears from the way in which he is introduced city in Crete, being only'inferior to Cnosus 
831




GORTYNIA.                          GRACCHUS, SEMPRONIUS.
and on the decline of the latter place under the Punic war. In B.C. 216 he was magister
Romans, it became the metropolis of the island. equitum to the dictator M. Junius Pera; in 215
-2. Also GORTYS (ruins near Atzikolo), a town consul for the first time; and in 213 consul for
in Alcadia, on the River Gortynius, a tributary the second time. In 212 he fell' in battle against
of the Alpheus.                           Mago, at Campi Veteres, in Lucania. His body
GORTYNIA (ropTvvia), a town in Emathia in was sent to Hannibal, who honored it with a
Macedonia, of uncertain site.              nagnificent burial.-2. TIBERIUS, was tribune
GOTARZES. Vid. ARSACES, No. 20, 21.     of the plebs in 187; and although personally
GOTHI, GOTHONES, GUTTONES, a powerful hostile to P. Scipio Africanus, he defended him
German people, who played an important part against the attacks of the other tribunes, for
in the overthrow of the Roman empire. They which he received the thanks of'the aristocratoriginally dwelt on the Prussian coast of the ical party. Soon after this occurrence GracBaltic, at the mouth of the Vistula, where they chus was rewarded with the hand of Cornelia,
are placed by Tacitus; but they afterward mi- the youngest daughter of P. Scipio Africanus.
grated south, and at the beginning of the third In 181 he was praetor, and received Hispania
century they appear on the coasts of the Black Citerior as his province, where he carried on
Sea, where Caracalla encountered them on his the war with great success against the Celtibemarch to the East. In the reign of the Emper- rians. After defeating them in battle, he gained
or Philippus (A.D. 244-249), they obtained pos- their confidence by his justice and kindness.
session of a great part of the Roman province He returned to Rome in 178; and was consul
of Dacia; and in consequence of their settling 177, when he was sent against the Sardinians,
in the countries formerly inhabited by the Getue who revolted. He reduced them to complete
and Scythians, they are frequently called both submission in 176, and returned to Rome in
Getae and Scythians by later writers.  From  175. He brought with him so large a number
the time of Philippus the attacks of the Goths of captives that they were sold for a mere trifle,
against the Roman empire became more fre- which gave rise to the proverb Sardi venales.
quent and more destructive. In A.D. 272 the In 169 he was censor with C. Claudius Pulcher,
Emperor Aurelian surrendered to them the and was consul a second time in 163. He had
whole of Dacia. It is about this time that we twelve children by Cornelia, all of whom died at
find them separated into two great divisions, an early age except the two tribunes, Tiberius
the Ostrogoths or Eastern Goths, and the Vis- and Caius, and a daughter, Cornelia, who was
igoths or Western Goths. The Ostrogoths set- married to P. Scipio Africanus the younger.-3.
tied in Mcesia and Pannonia, while the Visi- TIBERIUS, elder son of No. 2, lost his father at an
goths remained north of the Danube. The early age. He was educated, together with his
Visigoths, under their king Alaric, invaded brother Caius, by his illustrious mother Cornelia,
Italy, and took and plundered Rome (410). A  who made it the object of her life to render her
few years afterward they settled permanently sons worthy of their father and of her own anin the southwest of Gaul, and established a cestors. She was assisted in the education of
kingdom, of which Tolosa was the capital. her children by eminent Greeks, who exercised
From thence they invaded Spain, where they great influence upon the minds of the two brothalso founded a kingdom, which lasted for more ers, and among whom we have especial menthan two centuries, till it was overthrown by tion of Diophanes of Mytilene, Menelaus of
the Arabs. The Ostrogoths meantime had ex- Marathon, and Blossius of Cumae. Tiberius
tended their dominions almost up to the gates was nine years older than his brother Caius;
of Constantinople; and the Emperor Zeno was and although they grew up under the same inglad to get rid of them by giving them permis- fluence, and their characters resembled each
sion to invade and conquer Italy. Under their other in the main outlines, yet they differed
king Theodoric the Great they obtained posses- from each other in several important particusion of the whole of Italy (493).  Theodoric lars. Tiberius was inferior to his brother in
took the title of King of Italy, and an Ostro- talent, but surpassed him in the amiable traits
gothic dynasty reigned in the country till it of his gentle nature: the simplicity of his dewas destroyed by Narses, the general of Jus- meanor, and his calm dignity, won for him the
tinian, A.D. 553. The Ostrogoths embraced hearts of the people. His eloquence, too, formChristianity at an early period; and it was for ed a strong contrast with the passionate and
their use that Ulphilas translated the sacred impetuous harangues of Caius; for it was temScriptures into Gothic, about the middle of the perate, graceful, persuasive, and, proceeding as
fourth century.                           it did from the fullness of his own heart, it
GOTHINI, a Celtic people in the southeast of found a ready entrance into the hearts of his
Germany, subject to the Quadi.            hearers. Tiberius served in Africa under P.
GRAccHANUs, M. JUNIUS, assumed his cogno- Scipio Africanus the younger, who had married
men on account of his friendship with C. Grac- his sister, and was present at the destruction
chus: He wrote a work, De Potestatibus, which of Carthage (146). In 137 he was quastor, and
gave an account of the Roman constitution and in that capacity he accompanied the consul,
magistracies from the time of the kings. It Hostilius Mancinus, to Hispania Citerior, where
was addressed to T. Pomponius Atticus, the he gained both the affection of the Roman solfather of Cicero's friend. This work, which diers, and the esteem and confidence of the vicappears to have been one of great value, is lost, torious enemy. The distressed condition of the
but some parts of it are cited by Joannes Lydus. Roman people had deeply excited the sympaVid. LYDus.                              thies of Tiberius. As he travelled through
GRACCHUS, SEMPRONIUS, plebeians. 1. TIBE- Etruria on his journey to Spain, he observed
imus, a distinguished general in the second with grief and indignation the deserted state of
338




GRACCHUS, SEMPRONIUS.                    GRACCHUS, SEMPRONIUS.
that fertile country; thousands of foreign slaves upon Tiberius and his brother Caius arose from
in chains were employed in cultivating the land party prejudice, and more especially from a misand tending the flocks upon the immense estates understanding of the nature of a Roman agraof the wealthy, while the poorer classes of Ro- rian law, which did not deal with private propman citizens, who were thus thrown out of em- erty, but only with the public land of the state.
ployment, had scarcely their daily bread or a Vid. Dict. of Ant., art. AGRARIE LEGES.-4. C.,
clod of earth to call their own. He resolved to brother of No. 3, was in Spain at the time of
use every effort to remedy this state of things, his brother's murder, as has been already stated.
by endeavoring to create an industrious middle He returned to Rome in the following year
class of agriculturists, and to put a check upon (132), but kept aloof from public affairs for some
the unbounded avarice of the ruling party, years. In 126 he was quaestor, and went to
whose covetousness, combined with the disas- Sardinia, under the consul L. Aurelius Orestes,
ters of the second Punic war, had completely and there gained the approbation of his superiors
destroyed the middle class of small land-owners. and the attachment of the soldiers. The senate
With this view, he offered himself as a candi- attempted to keep him in Sardinia, dreading his
date for the tribuneship, and obtained it for the popularity in Rome; but after he had remained
year 133. The agrarian law of Licinius, which there two years, he left the province without
enacted that no one should possess more than leave, and returned to the city in 124. Urged
five hundred jugera of public land, had never on by the popular wish, and by the desire of
been repealed, but had for a long series of years avenging the cause of his murdered brother, he
been totally disregarded. The first measure, became a candidate for the tribuneship of the
therefore, of Tiberius was to propose a bill to plebs,' and was elected for the year 123. His
the people, renewing and enforcing the Licinian reforms were far more extensive than his brothlaw, but with the modification that, besides the er's, and such was his influence with the peofive hundred jugera allowed by that law, any ple that he carried all he proposed; and the
one might possess two hundred and fifty jugera senate were deprived of some of their most imof the public land for each of his sons. This portant privileges. His first measure was the
clause, however, seems to have been limited to renewal of the agrarian law of his brother. He
two, so that a father of two sons might occupy next carried several laws for the amelioration
one thousand jugera of public land. The sur- of the condition of the poor, enacting that the
plus was to be taken from them and distributed soldiers should be equipped at the expense of
in small farms among the poor citizens. The the republic; that no person under the age of
business of measuring and distributing the land seventeen should be drafted for the army; and
was to be intrusted to triumvirs, who were to that every month corn should be sold at a low
be elected as a permanent magistracy. This fixed price to the poor. In order to weaken the
measure encountered the most vehement oppo- power of the senate, he enacted, that the judices
sition from the senate and the aristocracy, and in the judicia publica, who had hitherto been
they got one of the tribunes, M. Octavius, to put elected from the senate, should in future be
his intercessio or veto upon the bill. When chosen from the equites; and that in every
neither persuasions nor threats would induce year, before the consuls were elected, the senOctavius to withdraw his opposition, the peo- ate should determine the two provinces which
ple, upon the proposition of Tiberius, deposed the consuls should have. No branch of the pubOctavius from his office. The law was then lie administration appears to have escaped his
passed; and the triumvirs appointed to carry it notice. He gave a regular organization to the
into execution were Tib. Gracchus, App. Clau- province of Asia,' which had'for many years
dius, his father-in-law, and his brother C. Grac- been left unsettled. In order to facilitate interchus, who was then little more than twenty course between' the several parts of Italy, and
years old, and was serving in the camp of P. at the same time to give employment to the
Scipio at Numantia. About this time Attalus poor, he made new roads in all directions, re.
died, bequeathing his kingdom and his property paired the old ones, and set up mile-stones along
to the Roman people. Gracchus thereupon pro- them. Caius was elected tribune again for the
posed that this property should be distributed following year, 122. The senate, finding it imamong the people, to enable the poor, who were possible to resist the measures of Caius, reto receive lands, to purchase the necessary im- solved, if possible, to destroy his influence with
plements, cattle, and the like. When the time the people, that they might retain the governcame for the election of the tribunes for the fol- ment in their own hands. For this purpose they
lowing year, Tiberius again offered himself as persuaded M. Livius Drusus, one of the cola candidate. The senate declared that it was leagues of Caius, to propose measures still more
illegal for any one to hold this office for two popular than those of Caius. The people alconsecutive years; but Tiberius paid no atten- lowed themselves to be duped by the treachertion to the objection. While the tribes were ous agent of the senate, and the popularity of
voting, a band of senators, headed by P. Scipio Caius gradually waned. During his absence in
Nasica, rushed from the senate house into the Africa, whither he had gone as one of the triumforum and attacked the people. Tiberius was virs to establish a colony at Carthage, in accordkilled as he was attempting to escape. He was ance with one of his own laws, his party had
probably about thirty-five years of age at the been considerably weakened by the influence of
time of his death. Whatever were the errors Drusus and the aristocracy, and many of his
of Tiberius in legislation, his motives were friends had deserted his cause. He failed in
pure; and he died the death of a martyr in the obtaining the tribuneship for the following year
protection of the poor and oppressed. All the (121); and when his year of office expired, his
odium that has for many centuries been thrown enemies began to repeal several of his enact.
333




GRADIVUS.                              GRLECIA MAGNA.
ments. Caius appeared in the forum to oppose gave this name to the country from their first
these proceedings. One of the attendants of becoming acquainted with the tribe of the Greci,
the consul Opimius was slain by the friends of who were said to be descended from Grecus,
Caius. Opimius gladly availed himself of this a son of Thessalus, and who appear at an early
pretext to persuade the senate to confer upon period to have dwelt on the western coast of
him unlimited power to act as he thought best Epirus. Hellas or Greece proper, including Pelofor the good of the republic. Fulvius Flaccus, ponnesus, lies between the thirty-sixth and fortyand the other friends of Caius, called upon him  sixth degrees of north latitude, and between
to repel force by force; but he refused to arm, the twenty-first and twenty-sixth degrees of
and while his friends fought in his defence, he east longitude. Its greatest length from Mount
fled to the grove of the Furies, where he fell by Olympus to Cape Taenarus is about two hundthe hands of his slave, whom he had command- red and fifty English miles: its greatest breadth
ed to put him to death. The bodies of the slain, from the western coast of Acarnania to Marathon
whose number is said to have amounted to three in Attica is about one hundred and eighty miles.
thousand, were thrown into the Tiber, their prop- Its area is somewhat less than that of Portugal.
erty was confiscated, and their houses demolish- On the north it was separated by the Cambued. All the, other friends of Gracchus who fell nian and Ceraunian Mountains from Macedonia
into the hands of their enemies were thrown into and Illyria; and on the other three sides it is
prison, and there strangled.              bounded by the sea, namely, by the Ionian Sea
GRADnIVUs, i. e., the marching (probably fiom  on the west, and by the.Egean on the east and
gradior), a surname of Mars, who is hence call- south. It is one of the most mountainous couned gradivus pater and rex gradivus. Mars Gra- tries of Europe, and possesses few extensive
divus had a temple outside the porta Capena plains and few continuous valleys. The inhabon the Appian road, and it is said that King itants were thus separated from one another by
Numa appointed twelve Salii as priests of this barriers which it was not easy to surmount, and
god.                                      were naturally led to form separate political
GREZE (TpaZat), that is, "the old women," communities. At a later time the north of
daughters of Phorcys and Ceto, were three in Greece was generally divided into ten districts:
number, Pephredo, Enyo, and Dino, and were EPIRUS, THESSALIA, ACARNANIA, ETOLIA, DoRIs,
also called Phorcydes. They had gray hair from  LocRIS, PHOcIS, BCEOTIA, ATTICA, and MEGARIS.
their birth; and had only one tooth and one The south of Greece or Peloponnesus was usualeye in common, which they borrowed from   ly divided into ten districts likewise: CORINTHeach other when they wanted them. They I., SICYONIA, PHLIASIA, ACHAIA, EIS, MESSENIA,
were, perhaps, marine deities, like the other LACONICA, CYNURIA, ARGOLIS, and ARCADIA. An
children of Phorcys.                      account of the geography, early inhabitants, and
GRmEcIA or HELLAS (7'EA2atc), a country in history of each of these districts is given in
Europe, the inhabitants of which were called separate articles. It is only necessary to reGRecr or HELLENES ("E2a2ve^). Among the mark here that, before the Hellenes had spread
Greeks Hellas did not signify any particular over the country, it was inhabited by various
country, bounded by certain geographical limits, tribes, whom the Greeks call by the general
but was used in general to signify the abode of name of barbarians. Of these the most celethe Hellenes, wherever they might happen to be brated were the Pelasgians, who had settled in
settled. Thus the Greek colonies of Cyrene in most parts of Greece, and from whom a conAfrica, of Syracuse in Sicily, of Tarentum in siderable part of the Greek population was unItaly, and of Smyrna in Asia, are said to be in doubtedly descended. These Pelasgians were
Hellas. In the most ancient times Hellas was a branch of the great Indo-Germanic race, and
a small district of Phthiotis in Thessaly, in spoke a language akin to that of the Hellenes,
which was situated a town of the same name. whence the amalgamation of the two races was
As-the inhabitants of this district, the Hellenes, rendered much easier. Vid. PELASGI. The
gradually spread over the surrounding country, Hellenes traced their origin to a mythical antheir name was adopted by other tribes, who cestor Hellen; from whose sons and grandsons
became assimilated in language, manners, and they were divided into the four great tribes of
customs to the original Hellenes, till at length Dorians, 2Eolians, Achaeans, and Ionians. Vid.
the whole of the north of Greece, from the Ce- HELLEN.
raunian and Cambunian Mountains to the Co-  GRIcYIA MAGNA or G. MAJOR (   yiseyr/iU'EXrinthian isthmus, was designated by the name 2dz), a name given to the districts in the south
of Hellas.* Peloponnesus was generally spoken of Italy, inhabited by the Greeks. This name
of during the flourishing times of Greek inde- was never used simply to indicate the south of
pendence as distinct from Hellas proper; but Italy; it was always confined to the Greek
subsequently Peloponnesus and the Greek isl- cities and their territories, and did not include
ands were also included under the general name the surrounding districts, inhabited by the Italof Hellas, in opposition to the land of the bar- ian tribes. It appears to have been applied
barians. Still later, even Macedonia, and the chiefly to the cities on the Tarentine Gulf, Tarsouthern part of Illyria, were sometimes reck- entum, Sybaris, Croton, Caulonia, Siris (Heraoned part of Hellas. The Romans called the clea), Metapontum, Locri, and Rhegium; but
land of the Hellenes Grecia, whence we have it also included the Greek cities on the western
derived the name of Greece. They probably coast, such as Cuma and Neapolis. Strabo extends the appellation even to the Greek cities
* Epirzes is, for the sake of convenience, usually in- of Sicily. The origin of the name is doubtful;
eluded in Hellas by modern geographers, but was ex-     ivn to th Geek cities  th
cluded by the Greeks themselves, as the Epirots were not whether t was given t the Greek cities by the
regarded as genuine Hellenes.             Italian tribes from their admiring the magnifi3341




GRAMPIUS MONS.                               GREGORIUS.
eence of these cities, or whether it was assumed to Tarquinii, was colonized by the Romans B.C.
by the inhabitants themselves out of vanity and 183, and received new colonists under Augus-,
ostentation, to show their superiority to the tus. It was situated in the Marermma, and its
mother country.                           air was unhealthy (intempesta Graviscce, Virg.,
GRAMPIUS MONS (Grampian Hills), a range of An., x., 184); whence the ancients ridiculousmountains in Britannia Barbara or Caledonia, ly derived its name from aer gravis. Its ruins
separating the Highlands and Lowlands of Scot- are on the right bank of the River Marta, about
land.  Agricola penetrated as far as these two miles from the sea, where are the remains
mountains, and defeated Galgacus at their foot. of a magnificent arch.
GRANI1CU (rpdviKco: now Koja-Chai), a river  GREGORAS, NICEPHRUS, one of the most imof Mysia Minor, rising in Mount Cotylus, the portant Byzantine historians, was born about
northern summit of Ida, flowing northeast A.D. 1295, and died about 1359. His principal
through the plain of Adrastea, and falling into work is entitled Historia Byzantina. It is in
the Propontis (now Sea of Marmara) east of thirty-eight books, of which only twenty-four
Priapus: memorable as the scene of the first have been printed. It begins with the capture
of the three great victories by which Alexander of Constantinople by the Latins in 1204, and
the Great overthrew the Persian empire (B.C. goes down to 1359; the twenty-four printed
334), and, in a less degree, for a victory gained books contain the period from 1204 to 1351.
npon its banks by Lucullus over Mithradates, Edited by Schopen, Bonn, 1829.
B.C. 73.                                    GRiGORIUS (Fpr/y6ptog). 1. Surnamed NAZIGR.ANIS (rpdvc:.now Khisht), a river of Per- ANZENUS, and usually called GREGORY NAZIANsis, with a royal palace on its banks. It fell zEN, was born in a village near Nazianzus, in
into the Persian Gulf near Taoce.         Cqppadocia, about A.D. 329.  His father took
GRANIUS, Q., a clerk employed by the auction- the greatest pains with his education, and he
eers at Rome to collect the money at sales, afterward prosecuted his studies -at Athens,
lived about B.C. 110. Although his occupation where he earned the greatest reputation for his
was humble, his wit and caustic humor render- knowledge of rhetoric, philosophy, and matheed him famous among his contemporaries, and matics. Among his fellow-students was Julian,
have transmitted his name to posterity.   the future emperor, and Basil, with the latter of
GRANUA (rpavoTo: now Graan), a river in the whom he formed a most intimate friendship.
land of the Quadi and the southeast of Germa- Gregory appears' to have remained at Athens
ny, and a tributary of the Danube, on the banks about six years (350-356), and then returned
of which Marcus Aurelius wrote the first book home. Having received ordination, he continof his Meditations.                       ued to reside at Nazianzus, where he discharged
GRATIS. Vid. CHARITES.                 his duties as a presbyter, and assisted his aged
GRATIAN6PLIS. TVid. CULARO.             father, who was bishop of the town. In 372 he
GRATIANUS. 1. Emperor of the Western Em- was associated with his father in the bishopric;
pire, A.D. 367-383, son of Valentinian I., was but after the death of the latter in 374, he reraised by his father to the rank of Augustus in fused to continue bishop of Nazianzus, as he
367, when he was only eight years old. On the was averse from public life, and fond of solitary
death of Valentinian in 375, Gratian did not sue- meditation. After living some years in retireceed to the sole sovereignty, as Valentinian ment, he was summoned to Constantinople in
II., the half brother of Augustus, was proclaim- 379, in order to defend the orthodox faith against
ed Augustus by the troops. By the death of the Arians and other heretics. In 380 he was
his uncle, Valens (378), the Eastern empire de- made bishop of Constantinople by the Emperor
volved upon him; but the danger to which the Theodosius; but he resigned the office in the
East was exposed from the Goths led Gratian following year (381), and withdrew altogether
to send for Theodosius, and appoint him em- from public life. He lived in solitude at his
peror of the East (379). Gratian was fond of paternal estate at Nazianzus, and there he died
quiet and repose, and was greatly under the in- in 389 or 390. His extant works are, 1. Orafluence of ecclesiastics, especially of Ambrose tions or Sermons; 2. Letters; 3. Poems. His
of Milan. He became unpopular with the army. discourses, though sometimes really eloquent,
Maximus was declared emperor in Britain, and are generally nothing more than favorable specrossed over to Gaul, where he defeated Grati- cimens of the rhetoric of the schools. He is
an, who was overtaken and slain in his flight more earnest than Chrysostom, but not so ornaafter the battle.-2. A usurper, who assumed mental. He is more artificial, but also more
the purple in Britain, and was murdered by his attractive than Basil. Edited by Morell, Paris,
troops about four months after his elevation 2 vols. fol., 1609-1611, reprinted 1630. Of the
(407). He was succeeded by Constantine. Vid. Benedictine edition, only the first volume, conCONSTANTINUS, No. 3.                      taining the discourses, was published, Paris,
GRATIARUM COLLIS (XapTirv uL6 oo, Herod., 1778.-2. NYssENUs, bishop of Nyssa in Cappaiv., 175: now Hills of Tarhounah), a range of docia, was the younger brother of Basil, and
wooded hills running parallel to the coast of was born at Cesarea, in Cappadocia, about 331.
Northern Africa, between the Syrtes, and con- He was made bishop of Nyssa about 372, and,
taining the source of the CINYPS and the other like his brother Basil and their friend Gregory
small rivers of that coast.               Nazianzen, was one of the pillars of orthodoxy.
GRATIUS FALISCUS. Vid. FALISCUS.        He died soon after 394. Like his brother, he
GRATUS, VALERIUS, procurator of Judaea from  was an eminent rhetorician, but his oratory often
A.D. 15 to 27, and the immediate predecessor offends by its extravagance.  His works are
of Pontius Pilate.                        edited by Morell and Gretser, 2 vols. fol., Paris,
GRAVISC, an ancient city of Etruria, subject 1615-1618.-3. Surnamed THAUMATURGUS, from
335




GRTUDI.                                 GYTHEUM.
his miracles, was born at Neocesarea, in Cap- distinguished himself at the funeral games ceepadocia, of heathen parents. Hewas converted ebrated in honor of Anchises —2. A Rutulian,
to Christianity by Origen about 234, and subse- son of Melampus, slain by FEneas in Italy.]
quently became the bishop of his native town.  GYES or GYGES (Pr-c, rTIyg), son of Uranus
He died soon after 265.  His works are not (Heaven) and Ge (Earth), one of the giants with
numerous. The best edition is the one pub- one hundred hands, who made war upon the
lished at Paris, 1622.                    gods.
GRUDII, a people in Gallia Belgica, subject to - GYGMU LACUS (7 rvyaiy fVvV:'now Lake of
the Nervii, north of the Scheldt.         Marmora), a small lake in Lydia, between the
GRUMENTUM (Grumentinus: now II Palazzo), rivers Hermus and Hyllus, north of Sardis, the
a town in the interior of Lucania, on the road necropolis of which city was on its banks. It
from Beneventum to Heraclea, frequently men- was afterward called Coloe.
tioned in the second Punic war.             GYGES (ThVyyV). 1. The first king of Lydia of
GRYLLUS (rppvbof), elder son of Xenophon, the dynasty of the Mermnade, dethroned Canfell at the battle of Mantinea, B.C. 362, after he daules, and succeeded to the kingdom, as rehad, according to some accounts, given Epami- lated under CANDAULES. He reigned B.C. 716nondas his mortal wound.                  678. He sent magnificent presents to Delphi,
[GRYNEUS. 1. A Centaur, who slew Broteas and carried on various wars with the cities of
and Oreon, and was himself slain by Exadius at Asia Minor, such as Miletus, Smyrna, Colophon,
the nuptials of Pirithous.-2. Appellation of and Magnesia. "Theriches of Gyges" became
Apollo. Vid. GRYNIA.]                     a proverb.-[2. A companion of iEneas, slain by
GRY-NIA or -IUM (rpvveta, rpvviov), a very an- Turnus in Italy.]
cient fortified city on the coast of the Sinus  GYLIPPus (rVit7r7roc), a Spartan, son of CleanElaiticus, in the south of Mysia, between Elaa dridas, was sent as the Spartan commander to
and Myrina, seventy stadia from the former and Syracuse, to oppose the Athenians, B.C. 414.
forty from the latter; celebrated for its temple Under his command the Syracusans annihilated
and oracle of Apollo, who is hence called Gry- the great Athenian armament, and took Demosnaeus Apollo (Virg., En., iv., 345). It possess- thenes and Nicias prisoners, 413. In 404 he
ed also a good harbor. Parmenion, the general was commissioned by Lysander, after the capof Alexander, destroyed the city and sold the ture of Athens, to carry home the treasure; but,
inhabitants as slaves. It was never again re- by opening the seams of the sacks underneath,
stored.                                   he abstracted a considerable portion. The theft
GRYPS or GRYPHUS (rpvdU), a griffin, a fabu- was discovered, and Gylippus went at once into
ions animal, dwelling in the Rhipasan Mountains, exile. The syllable Trv- in the name of Gylipbetween the Hyperboreans and the one-eyed pus is probably identical with the Latin Gilvus.
Arimaspians, and guarding the gold of the north.  GYMNESI,. Vid. BALEARES.
The Arimaspians mounted on horseback, and   GYNECOPOcLIS (FvvatKc6roItg, or rvvatKov iroattempted to steal the gold, and hence arose the 2l), a city in the Delta of Egypt, on the western
hostility between the horse and the griffin. bank of the Canopic branch of the Nile, between
The body of the griffin was that of a lion, while Hermopolis and Momemphis. It was the capthe head and wings were those of an eagle. It ital of the Nomos Gynaecopolites.
is probable that the origin of the belief in griffins  GYNDES (FTvvSd), a river of Assyria, rising in
must be looked for in the East, where it seems the country of the Matieni (in the mountains of
to have been very ancient. They are also men- Kurdistan), and flowing into the Tigris, celetioned among the fabulous animals which guard- brated through the story that Cyrus the Great
ed the gold of India.                     drew off its waters by three hundred and sixty
GUGERNI or GUBERNI, a people of Germany, channels. (Herod., i., 189). It is very difficult
probably of the same race as the Sygambri, to identify this river: perhaps it is the same as
crossed the Rhine, and settled on its left bank, the Delas or Silla (now Diala), which falls into
between the Ubii and Batavi.              the Tigris just above Ctesiphon and Seleucia.
GULUSSA, a Numidian, second son of Masinis- It is also doubtful whether the Sindes of Tacisa, and brother to Micipsa andMastanabal. On tus (Ann., xi., 10) is the same river.
the death of Masinissa in B.C. 149, he succeed-  [Gi-R  (Fvpal erurpat), certain rocks in the
ed, along with his brothers, to the dominions of Icarian Sea, or, as others suppose, in the 2Egetheir father. He left a son named MASSIVA.  an, mentioned in the Odyssey.]
[GUNEUS (rovve'u'), one of the Greek leaders  GYRTON, GYRTONA (rvpr)V, rvpTrvrZ: IvprU(before Troy, who commanded the Perrhnebians vLo: ruins near Tatari), an ancient town in
from Thessaly.]                           Pelasgiotis in Thessaly, on the Peneus.
GURAEus (Fovpaiof, Faptpoia), a river of In-  GYTHEUM, GYTHIUM (7i rvOeLov, rIvtov: rvdia, flowing through the country of the Guraei 0Ear;if: now Palceopolis, near Marathonisi), an
(in the northwest of the Punjab) into the ancient town on the coast of Laconia, founded
Cophen.                                   by the Achaeans, lay near the head of the LacoGUTTONES. Vid. GOTHI.                   nian Bay, southwest of the mouth of the Rivel
GYARUS or GYARA (4r rapog, -ra Pvapa: Tva- Eurotas. It served as the harbor of Sparta, and
pelf: now Chiura or Jura), one of the Cyclades,. was important in a military point of view. In
a small island southwest of Andros, poor and the Persian war the Lacedaemonian fleet was
unproductive, and inhabited only by fishermen.' stationed at Gytheum, and here the Athenians
Under the Roman emperors it was a place of under Tolmides burned the Lacedaemonian arsebanishment (Aude aliquid brevibus Gyaris et car- nal, B.C. 455. After the battle of Leuctra (370)
cere dignum, Juv., i., 73).             it was taken by Epaminondas. In 195 it was
[GYAs. 1. A Trojan, companion of Eneas, taken by Flamininus, and made independentof
336




GYZANTES.                                 HADRIANUS.
Nabis, tyrant of Sparta, whereupon it joined in those which still exist, he resembles his
the Achaean league.                       brother Jupiter (Zeus) and Neptune (Poseidon),
GYZANTES (rjiavr rE), a people in the western except that his hair falls down his forehead, and
part of Libya (Northern Africa), whose country that his appearance is dark and gloomy. His
was rich in honey and wax. They seem to ordinary attributes are the key of Hades and
have dwelt in Byzacium.                   Cerberus. In Homer Aides is invariably the
name of the god; but in later times it was
H.                    transferred to his house, his abode or kingdom,
so that it became a name for the nether world.
HADES or PLUTO ("AtJlf, Iito'urwv, or poeti-  HADRANUM. Vid. ADRANUM.
cally'AZ6idr,'Aoidwv e, IH;ovgIoev), the God of the  H1iDRIA. Vid. ADRIA.
Nether World.   Plato observes that -people  HADRIAN6PSLIS ('Adptav60ioart:'Adptavoiroalipreferred calling him Pluto (the giver of wealth) r7r7: now Adrianople), a town in Thrace, on the
to pronouncing -the, dreaded name of Hades or right bank of the Hebrus, in an' extensive plain,
Aides. Hence we find that in ordinary life foundedbythe Emperor Hadrian. Itwas strongand in the mysteries the name Pluto became ly fortified; possessed an extensive commerce;
generally established, while the poets preferred, and, in the Middle Ages was the most importthe ancient name Aides or the form Pluteus. ant town in the country after Constantinople.
The Roman poets use the names Dis, ORcus, HIAXDRINOTHERA or -,E ('AdptavovOtpa), a city
and TARTARUS, as synonymous with Pluto, for in Mysia, between Pergamus and Miletopolis,
the god of the Nether World. Hades was son founded by the Emperor Hadrian.
of Saturn (Cronus) and Rhea, and brother of Ju-  HADRiANUS, P. _ELYUS, usually called HADRIpiter(Zeus) and Neptune(Poseidon). His wife AN, Roman emperor A.D. 117-138, was born at
was Persephdne or Proserpina, the daughter of Rome, A.D. 76. He lost his father at the age
Ceres (Demeter), whom he carried off from the of ten, and was brought up by his kinsman Ulpiupper world, as is related elsewhere. Vid. p. us Trajanus (afterward emperor) and by CaOlius
248, a.  In the division of the world among Attianus. From an early age he studied with
the three brothers, Hades (Pluto) obtained the zeal the Greek language and, literature.  At
Nether World, the abode of the shades, over the age of fifteen he went to Spain, where he
which he ruled. Hence he is called the infer- entered upon his military career; and he subnal Jupiter (Zeus) (Zebr tca-aXO6vtor), or the sequently served as military tribune in Lower
king of the shades ((iva eivpwov). He possessed Mcesia. After the elevation of Trajan to the
a helmet which rendered the wearer invisible, throne (98), he married Julia Sabina, a grandand later traditions stated that this helmet was daughter of Trajan's sister Marciana.  This
given him as a present by the Cyclopes after marriage was brought about through the infitltheir delivery from Tartarus.  Ancient story ence; of Plotina, the wife of Trajan; and fromn
mentions both gods and men who were hon- this time Hadrian rose rapidly in the emperored by Hades (Pluto) with the temporary use or's favor. He was raised successively to the
of this helmet. His character is described as quaestorship (101), praetorship (107), and. consulfierce and inexorable, whence of all the gods ship (109). He accompanied Trajan in- most
he was most hated by mortals. He kept the of his expeditions, and distinguished himself
gates of the lower world closed (and is there- in the second war against the Dacians, 10 —
fore called IIv2LpT7r-), that no shades might be 106; was made governor of Pannonia in 108;,
able to escape or return to the region of light. and subsequently fought under Trajan against:
When mortals invoked him, they struck the the Parthians. When Trajan's serious illness
earth with their hands; the sacrifices which obliged him to leave the East, he placed Hawere offered to him and Persephone (Proser-.. drian at the head of the army. Trajan died at
pina) consisted of black sheep; and the person Cilicia on his journey to Rome (117). Hadrian,
who offered the sacrifice had to turn away his who pretended that he had been adopted by
face. The ensign of his power was a staff, with Trajan, was proclaimed emperor by the legions
which, like Hermes (Mercury), he drove the in Syria, and the senate ratified the electio:.
shades into the lower world. There he sat Hadrian's first care was to make peace with the
upon a throne witlh his consort Persephone (Pro- Parthians, which he obtained by relinquishing
serpina). Like the other gods, he was not a the conquests of Trajan east of the Euphrates.
faithful husband; the Furies are called his He returned to-Rome in 118; but alnost imdaughters; the nymph Mintho, whom he loved, mrediately afterward set out for Meesia, in con,
was metamorphosed by Persephone (Proser- sequence of the invasion of this province by the
pina) into a plant called mint; and the nymph Sarmatians. After making peace with the SarLeuce, with whom he was likewise in love, was matians, and suppressing a formidable conspire
changed by him after her death into a white acy which had been formed against his life by
poplar, and transferred to Elysium. Being the some of the most distinguished Roman nobles,
king of the lower world, Pluto is the giver of all of whom he put to death, he returned to
all the blessings,, that come from the earth: he Rome in the course of the same year. He
is the possessor and giver of all the metals con- sought to gain the good will of the senate by
tained in the earth, and hence his name Pluto. gladiatorial exhibitions and liberal, largesses,
IIe bears several surnames referring to his ul- and he also cancelled all arrears. of taxes due
timately assembling all mortals in his kingdom, to the state for the last fifteen years. The reand bringing them to rest and peace; such as mainder of Hadrian's reign was disturbed by
Polydergmon, Polydectes, Clymenus, &c. He was few wars. He spent the greater part. of his
worshipped throughout Greece and Italy. We reign in travelling through the various provinces
possess fesw representations of this divinity, but of the empire, in order that he might inspect't2                                                            337




HADRIANUS.                                   HALES.
personally the state of affairs in the provinces, both in prose and in verse, all of which are lost,
and apply the necessary remedies wherever with the exception of a few epigrams in the
mismanagement was discovered.   He com- Greek and Latin Anthologies.
menced these travels in 119, visiting first Gaul,  HADRIANUS, the rhetorician. Vid. ADRIANUS.
Germany, and Britain, in the latter of which  HADRUMETUM or ADRUMJETUM ('Adpy/': now
countries he caused a wall to be built from the Hamnmeim), a flourishing city founded by the
Solway to the mouth of the River Tyne. He Phoenicians in northern Africa, on the eastern
afterward visited Spain, Africa, and the East, coast of Byzacena, of which district it was the
and took up his residence at Athens for three capital under the Romans. Trajan made it a
years (123-126). Athens was his favorite city, colony; and it was afterward called Justinianand he conferred upon its inhabitants many opolis.
privileges. The most important war during his  [HIDILIA (MONS), a mountain of Italy, near
reign was that against the Jews, which broke Horace's Sabine farm, infested by wolves,
out In 131. The Jews had revolted in conse- (Hcedilie lupos, Hor., Carm., i., 17, 9.)]
quence of the establishment of a colony, under  HEMON (A'iOv).  1. Son of Pelasgus and
the name of,Elia Capitolina, on the site of Je- father of Thessalus, from whom the ancient
rusalem, and of their having been forbidden to name of Thessaly, H EMONIA or LEMONIA, was
practice the rite of circumcision. The war was believed to be derived. The Roman poets frecarried on by the Jews as a national struggle quently use the adjective Hcemonius as equivwith the most desperate fury, and was not alent to Thessalian.-2. Son of Lycaon, and
brought to an end till 136, after the country had the reputed founder of Hasmonia in Arcadia.been nearly reduced to a wilderness. During 3. Son of Creon of Thebes, was destroyed, acthe last few years of Hadrian's life, his health cording to some accounts, by the sphinx; but,
failed. He became suspicious and cruel, and according to other traditions, he was in love
put to death several persons of distinction. As with Antigone, and killed himself on hearing
he had no children, he adopted L. zElius Verus, that she was condemned by his father to be enand gave him the title of Caesar in 136. Verus tombed alive.
died on the first of January, 138, whereupon  HEMO6NIA (Atlovla). Vid. HMMON, No. 1.
Hadrian adopted Antoninus, afterward sur-   HMUS (A/'Ioc), son of Boreas and Orithyia,
named Pius, and conferred upon him likewise husband of Rhodope, and father of Hebrus. As
the title of Caesar. In July in the same year, he and his wife presumed to assume the names
Hadrian himself died, in his sixty-second year, of Jupiter (Zeus) and Juno (Hera), both were
and was succeeded by ANTONINUS. The reign metamorphosed into mountains.
of Hadrian may be regarded as one of the hap-  H.EMUS (O A7/og, TO A7Lov: now Balkan), a
piest periods in Roman history. His policy was lofty range of mountains, separating Thrace and
to preserve peace with foreign nations, and not Mcesia, extended from Mount Scomius, or, acto extend the boundaries of the empire, but to cording to Herodotus, from Mount Rhodope on
secure the old provinces, and promote their wel- the west to the Black Sea on the east. The
fare. He paid particular attention to the ad- name is probably connected with the Sansministration of justice in the provinces as well crit hima (whence comes the word Himalaya),
as in Italy. His reign forms an epoch in the the Greek Xiez1Uv, and the Latin hiems; and the
history of Roman jurisprudence.  It was at mountains were so called on account of their
Hadrian's command that the jurist Silvius Ju- cold and snowy climate. The height of these
lianus drew up the edictum perpetuum, which mountains was greatly exaggerated by the anformed a fixed code of laws. Some of the laws cients: the mean height does not exceed three
promulgated by Hadrian are of a truly humane thousand or four thousand feet above the sea.
character, and aimed at improving the public There are several passes over them; but the
morality of the time. The various cities which one most used in antiquity was in the western
he visited received marks of his favor or liber- part of the range, called " Succi" or " Succoality; in many places he built aqueducts, and rum angustiae," also " Porta Trajani' (now
in others harbors or other public buildings, Ssulz Derbend), between Philippopolis and Sereither for use or ornament. But what has dica. The later province of"Haemimontus" in
rendered his name more illustrious than any Thrace derived its name from this mountain.
thing else are the numerous and magnificent  HAGNtrs ('Ayvov^g, -oOvvro:'Ayvovaiocg: near
architectural works which he planned and com- Markopulo), a demus in Attica, west of Paeania,
menced during his travels, especially at Athens, belonging to the tribe Acamantis.
in the southwestern part of which he built an  HAL2E ('A2ai, "Ayat,'AWai:'Auatevi). 1. H.
entirely new city, Adrianopolis. We can not ARAPHENIDES ('ApaA vitdES), a demus in Attica,
here enter into an account of the numerous belonging to the tribe zEgeis, was situated on
buildings he erected; it is sufficient to direct the eastern coast of Attica, and served as the
attention to his villa at Tibur, which has been harbor of Brauron: it possessed a temple of
a real mine of treasures of art, and his mauso- Diana (Artemis).-2. H..LEXONIDES (Alavi&de),
leurn at Rome, which forms the groundwork of a demus in Attica, belonging to the tribe Cethe present Castle of St. Angelo. Hadrian was cropis, situated on the western coast.-3. A
a patron of learning and literature as well as town, formerly of the Opuntii Locri, afterward
of the arts, and he cultivated the society of of Beotia, situated on the Opuntian Gulf.
poets; scholars, rhetoricians, and philosophers.  [HALCYONE. Vid. ALCYONE.]
He founded at Rome a scientific institution  HALES ("AXIw). 1. A river of Ionia in Asia
under the name of Athenaeum, whijh continued Minor, near Colophon, celebrated for the coldto flourish for a long time after him. He was ness of its water.-2. A river in the island of
himself an author, and wrote numerous works Cos.
338




HALESA.                                  HALONESUS.
HAL2SA (CA2taa: Halesinus: now Torre di sus were a race of native Carian princes, whose
Pittineo), a town on the northern coast of Sic- ascendency at HI-alicarnassus may be accounted
ily, on the River HALESUS (now Pittineo), was for by the prevalence of the Carian element in
founded by the Greek mercenaries of Archoni- its population at an early period., Hecatomnus
des, a chief of the Siculi, and was originally left three sons' and two daughters, who all succalled ARCHONIDION. It became a place of con- ceeded tohis throne in the following order: Mausiderable importance, and was in later' times a solus, Artemisia, Idrieus, Ada, Pixodarus, and
municipium, exempt from taxes.             Ada again. In B.C. 334, Alexander took the
HALESUS,. a chief of the Auruncans and Os- city, after an obstinate defence by the Persian
cans, the son of a soothsayer, and an ally' of general Memnon, and destroyed it. From this
Turnus, was slain by Pallas. He came to Italy blow it never recovered, although it continued
from Argos in Greece, whence he is called Ag- to be celebrated for the Mausoleum, a magnifiamnemnonius, Atrides, or Arg'olicus.  He is said cent edifice which Artemisia II. built as a tomb
to have founded the town of Falerii.       for Mausolus, and which was adorned with the
HALEX. Vid. ALEX.                        works of the most eminent Greek sculptors of
HALIACMON ('AaCLdKpCuv: now Vistriza Indje- the age. Fragments of these sculptures, which
kara), an important river in Macedonia, rises were discovered built into the walls of the citin the Tymphaean Mountains, flows first south- adel of Budrum, are now in the British Museum.
east through Elimaea, then northeast, forming With the rest of Caria, Halicarnassus was asthe boundary between Eordaea and Pieria, and signed by the Romans, after their victory over
falls into the Thermaic Gulf in Bottiais. Caesar Antiochus the Great, to the government of
(B. C., iii., 36) incorrectly makes it the bound- Rhodes, and was afterward united to the provary between Macedonia and Thessaly.        ince of Asia. The city was very strongly fortiHALIARTUS   ('AXiaproc: "'ALdaprTlo: now  fled, and had a fine harbor, which was protectMazi), an ancient town in Boeotia, on the south ed by the island ofARcoNNESUS: its citadel was
of the Lake Copais. It was destroyed by Xerx- called Salmacis (ayua/idc),i from the name of a
es in his invasion of Greece (B.C. 480), but was spring which rose from the hill on which it
rebuilt, and appears as an important place in stood.  Halicarnassus was the birth-place ofthe Peloponnesian war. Under its walls Ly- the historians HERODOTUS and DIONYSIUS.
sander lost his life (395). It was destroyed by  HALICY^A ('At/zclat: Halicyensis: now Salethe Romans (171), because it supported Per- mi?), a town in the northwest of Sicily, between
seus, king of Macedonia, and its territory was Entella and Lilybaeum, was long in the possesgiven to the Athenians.                    sion of the Carthaginians, and in Cicero's time
HALIAS ('AAltdc:'AMev'c: now lHaliza), a dis- was a municipium, exempt from taxes.
trict on the coast of Argolis, between Asine and  HIALnMU  ('A2tIoOcS, -ovVTro:'AltyoUtoo), a
Hermione, so called because fishing was the demus of Attica, belonging to the tribe Leontis,
chief occupation of its inhabitants. Their town  on the western coast, a little south of Athens.
was called HALLE ('Atali) or IHALIES ('A2LetC).  HALIPEDON ('ALredov), a plain near the PiHALICARNASSUS ('A2ttcapvaoaSf, Ion.'AZtKap- raeus, probably between the Piraeus and the
vaa6og:'A2tiKapvacaaae, Halicarnassensis, Hali- Academy.
carnassius: ruins at Budrum), a celebrated city  HALIRRHOTHIUS ('Atjpp6Otog), son of Neptune
of Asia Minor, stood in the southwestern part of (Poseidon) and Euryte, attempted to violate
Caria, on the northern coast of the Sinus Cer- Alcippe, daughter, of Mars (Ares) and Agraulos,
amicus, opposite to the island of Cos. It was but was slain by Mars (Ares). Mars (Ares)
said to have been founded by Dorians from  was brought to trial by Neptune (Poseidon) for
Trcezene, and was at first called Zephyra. It this murder, on the hill at Athens, which was
was one of the six cities that originally formed hence called Areopagus, or the Hill of Ares
the Dorian Hexapolis, but it was early exclucdd (Mars).
from the confederacy, as a punishment for the  [HALITHERSES ('A2ueipacr).. A son of Masviolation, by one of its citizens, of a law con- tor of Ithaca, celebrated as a hero and diviner.
nected with the common worship of the Tri- -2. A son of Anceeus and Samia, the. daughter
opian Apollo. (Herod., i., 144.) With the rest of the River Maeander.]
of the coast ofiAsia Minor, it fell under the do-  [HALIUS ('A2Ltog), second son of Alcinous,
minion of the Persians, at an early period of distinguished himself in dancing, as described
whose rule Lygdamis made himself tyrant of in the eighth book of the Odyssey.]
the city, and founded a dynasty which lasted  HALIUSA ('Altoiaa' now 1Karavi), an island
for some generations. His daughter Artemi- in the Argolic Gulf.
sia assisted Xerxes in his expedition against  HALIZONES ('AlZivet and -oi), a people of
Greece. Vid. ARTEMISIA,No. 1. Her grandson, Bithynia, with a capital city Alybe ('Ad6&?),
Lygdamis, was overthrown by a revolution, in'mentioned by Homer as allies of the Trojans.
which Herodotus is said to have taken part.  HALMYDESSUS. Vid. SALMYDESSUS.
Vid. HERODOTUS. In the Peloponnesian war, we. HALMYRIS ('A2vpi, sc. a2ifvn), a bay of the
find Halicarnassus, with the other Dorian cities sea in Moesia, formed by the southern mouth of
of Caria, on the side of the Athenians; but we the Danube, with a town of the same name upon.
do not know what was its form of government, it.
until the re-establishment, by HECATOMNUS, of a  HAL6ONSUS ('AOVivaoc,'Aot6vvraoo:'AeovIdynasty ruling over all Caria, with its capital asno,'AtovaoirrJr: now Khiliodromia), an island
first at Mylasa, and afterward at Halicarnassus, of the 2Egean Sea, off the coast of Thessaly,
and virtually independent of Persia; before and east of Sciathos and Peparethos, with a
B.C. 380. It seems not unlikely that both this town of the same name upon it. The possesand the older dynasty of tyrants of Halicarnas- sion of this island occasioned great disputes
339




HALOSYDNE.                                 HAMILCAR.
between Philip and the Athenians: there is a from the great Hamilcar Barca [No. 6]. Tn
speech on this subject among the extant ora- the third year of the war (262) he succeede
tions of Demosthenes, but it was probably writ- Hanno in the command in Sicily, and carried
ten by Hegesippus.                        on the operations by land with success. He
HALOSYDNE ('A;7ocrvv), "the Sea-born," a made himself master of Enna and Camarina,
surname of Amphitrite and Thetis.         and fortified Drepanum. In 257 he commanded
HALUNTIUM. Vid. ALUNTIUM.               the Carthaginian fleet on the northern coast of
HALUS. Vid. ALUS.                       Sicily, and fought a naval action with the RoHALYCUS ("AXVKOC: now Platani), a river in man consul C. Atilius Regulus. In the followthe south of Sicily, which flows into the sea ing year (256), he and Hanno commanded the
near Heraclea Minoa.                      great Carthaginian fleet, which was defeated
HALYS ("A2%vC: now Kizil-Irmak, i. e., the Red by the two consuls Mf. Atilius Regulus and L.
River), the greatest river of Asia Minor, rises Manlius Vulso, off Ecnomus, on the southern
in that part of the Anti-Taurus range called coast of Sicily. He was afterward one of the
Paryadres, on the borders of Armenia Minor commanders of the land forces in Africa opand Pontus, and, after flowing west by south posed to Regulus.-6. Surnamed BARcA, an
through Cappadocia, turns to the north and epithet supposed to be related to the Hebrew
flows through Galatia to the borders of Paphla- Barak, and to signify "lightning."  It was
gonia, where it takes a northeastern direction, merely a personal appellation, and is not to be
dividing Paphlagonia from Pontus, and at last regarded as a family name, though, from the
falls into the Euxine (now Black Sea) between great distinction that he obtained, we often find
Sinope and Amisus. In early times it was a the name of Barcine applied either to his family
most important boundary, ethnographical as or his party in the state. He was appointed to
well as political. It divided the Indo-European the command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicraces which peopled the western part of Asia ily in the eighteenth year of the first Punic
Minor from the Semitic (Syro- Arabian) races of war, 247. At this time the Romans were
the rest of southwestern Asia, and it separated masters of the whole of Sicily, with the excepthe Lydian empire from the Medo-Persian, until, tion of Drepanum and Lilybaeum, both of which
by marching over it to meet Cyrus, Cresus were blockaded by them  on the land side.
began the contest which at once ended in the Hamilcar established himself, with his whole
overthrow of the former and the extension of army, on a mountain named Hercte (now Monte
the latter to the LEgean Sea.             Pellegrino), in the midst of the enemy's country,
HAMADnXRDES. Vid. NYMPHM.               and in the immediate neighborhood of PanorHAMAXITUS ('Afeat:r6s), a small town on the mus, one of their most important cities. Here
coast of the Troad, near the Promontory Lee- he succeeded in maintaining his ground, to the
turn; said to have been the first settlement of astonishment alike of friends and foes, for
the Teucrian immigrants from  Crete. The nearly three years. In 244 he abruptly quitted
surrounding district was called'Apa5eria. Ly- Iercte, and took up a still stronger position on
simachus removed the inhabitants to Alexan- Mount Eryx, after seizing the town of that
drea Troas.                               name. Here he also maintained himself, in
HAMAxsBII ('Aaie6o^t), a people in European spite of all the efforts of the Romans to dislodge
Sarmatia, in the neighborhood of the Palus Mae- him. After the great naval defeat of the Carotis, were a nomad race, as their name signifies. thaginians by Lutatius Catulus (241), Hamilcar,
HAMILCAR ('A/d;tcac). The two last syllables who was still at Eryx, was intrusted by the
of this name are the same as Melcarth, the tu- Carthaginian government with the conclusion
telary deity of the Tyrians, called bythe Greeks of the peace with the Romans. On his return
Hercules, and the name probably signifies "the home, he had to carry on war in Africa with
gift of Melcarth." 1. Son of Hanno, or Mago, the Carthaginian mercenaries, whom he suecommander of the great Carthaginian expedi- ceeded in subduing after an arduous struggle
tion to Sicily, B.C. 480, which was defeated of three years (240-238). Hamilcar now formand almost destroyed by Gelon at Himera. Vid. ed the project of establishing in Spain a new
GELON. Hamilcar fell in the battle.-2. Sur- empire, which should not only be a source of
named Rhodanus, was sent by the Carthagini- strength and wealth to Carthage, but should be
ans to Alexander after the fall of Tyre, B.C. the point from whence he might at a subse332. On his return home he was put to death quent period renew hostilities against Rome.
by the Carthaginians for having betrayed their He crossed over into Spain soon after the terminterests.-3. Carthaginian governor in Sicily at ination of the war with the mercenaries; but
the time that Agathocles was rising into power. we know nothing of his operations in the counAt first he supported the party at Syracuse, try, save that he obtained possession of a conwhich had driven Agathocles into exile, but he siderable portion of Spain, partly by force of
afterward espoused the cause of Agathocles, arms, and partly by negotiation. After remainwho was thus enabled to make himself master ing in Spain nearly nine years, he fell in battle
of Syracuse, 317.-4. Son of Gisco, succeeded (229) against the Vettones. He was succeeded
the preceding as Carthaginian commander in in the command by his son-in-law Hasdrubal.
Sicily, 311. He carried on war against Agath- He left three sons, the celebrated Hannibal,
oles, whom he defeated with great slaughter, Hasdrubal, and Mago.-7. Son of Gisco, Carand then obtained possession of the greater thaginian governor of Melite (now Malta),
partof Sicily; but he was taken prisoner while which surrendered to the Romans, 218.-8.
besieging Syracuse, and was put to death by Son of Bomilcar, one of the generals in Spain,
Agathocles.-5. A Carthaginian general in the 215, with Hasdrubal and Mago, the two sons
first Punic war, must be carefully distinguished of Barca. The three generals were defeated
340




HANNIBAL.                                 HANNIBAL.
by the two Scipios while besieging Illiturgi.-  to Saguntum, which he took after a desperate
9. A Carthaginian, who excited a general revolt resistance, which lasted nearly eight months.
of the Gauls in Upper Italy about 200, and took Saguntum lay south of the Iberus, and was
the Roman colony of Placentia. On the defeat therefore not included under the protection of
of the Gauls by the consul Cethegus in 197, he the treaty which had been made between Haswas taken prisoner.                       drubal and the Romans; but as it had concluded
HANNIBAL ('Avvi6ac).  The name signifies an alliance with the Romans, the latter regard"the grace or favor of Baal;" the final sylla- ed its attack as a violation of the treaty between
ble bal, of such common occurrence in Punic the two nations. On the fall of Saguntum, the
names, always having reference to this tutelary Romans demanded the surrender of Hannibal;
deity of the Phcenicians. 1. Son of Gisco, and and when this demand was refused, war was
grandson of HAMILCAR [No. 1]. In 409 he was declared, and thus began the long and arduous
sent to Sicily, at the head of a Carthaginian struggle called the second Punic war. In the
army, to assist the Segestans against the Seli- spring of 218 Hannibal quitted his winter-quarnuntines. He took Selinus, and subsequently ters at New Carthage and commenced his march
Himera also. In 406 he again commanded a for Italy. He crossed the Pyrenees, and marchCarthaginian army in Sicily along with Himilco, ed along the southern coast of Gaul. The Robut died of a pestilence while besieging Agri- mans sent the consul P. Scipio to oppose him in
genturn. —2. Son of Gisco, was the Carthagin- Gaul; but when Scipio arrived in Gaul, he found
ian commander at Agrigentum when it was be- thatHannibalhad alreadyreachedtheRhone, and
sieged by the Romans, 262. After standing a that it was impossible to overtake him. After
siege of seven months, he broke through the Hannibal had crossed the Rhone, he continued
enemy's lines, leaving the town to its fate. his march up the left bank of the river as far.
After this he carried on the contest by sea, and as its confluence with the Isere. Here he struck
fbr the next year or two ravaged the coast of away to the right, and commenced his passage
Italy; but in 260 he was defeated by the consul across the Alps. He probably crossed the Alps
Duilius. In 259 he was sent to the defence of by the pass of the Little St. Bernard, called in
Sardinia. Here he was again unfortunate, and antiquity the Graian Alps. His army suffered
was seized by his own mutinous troops, and put much from the attacks of the Gaulish mountto death.-3. Son of Hamiilcar (perhaps HAMIL- aineers, and from the natural difficulties of the
CAR, No. 5), succeeded in carrying succors of road, which were enhanced by the lateness of
men and provisions to; Lilybauum when it was the season (the beginning of October, at which
besieged by the Romans, 250.-4. A general in time the snows have already commenced in the
the war of the Carthaginians against the mer- high Alps).  So heavy were his losses, that
cenaries (240-238), was taken prisoner by the when he at- length emerged from the valley of
insurgents, and crucified.-5. Son of Hami~Ir Aosta into the plains of the Po, he had with him
Barca,'and one of the most illustrious geneds no more than twenty thousand foot and six
of antiquity, was born B.C. 247. He was only thousand horse. During Hannibal's march over
nine years old when his- father took him with the Alps, P. Scipio had sent on his own army
him into Spain, and it was on this occasion into Spain, under the command of his brother
that Hamilcar made him swear upon the altar Cneius, and had himself returned to Italy. He
eternal hostility to Rome. Child as he then forthwith hastened into Cisalpine Gaul, took the
was, Hannibal never forgot his vow, and his command of the prantor's army, which he found
whole life was one continual struggle against there, and led it against Hannibal. In the first
the power and domination of Rome. He was action, which took place near the Ticinus, the
early trained in arms under the eye of his father, cavalry and light-armed troops of the two armies
and was present with him in the battle in which were alone engaged; the Romans were comHamilcar perished (229). Though only eight- pletely routed, and Scipio himself severely
een years old at this time, he had already dis- wounded. Scipio then crossed the Po and withplayed so much courage and capacity for war, drew to the hills on the left bank of the Trebia,
that he was intrusted by Hasdrubal (the son-in- where he was soon. after joined by the other
law and successor of Hamilcar) with the chief consul, Ti. Sempronius Longus. Here a seccommand of most of the military enterprises ond and more decisive battle was fought. The
planned by that general. He secured to him- Romans were completely defeated, with heavy
self the devoted attachment of the army under loss, and the remains of their army took refuge
his command; and, accordingly, on the assas- within the walls of Placentia. This battle was
sination of Hasdrubal (221), the soldiers unani- fought toward the end of 218. Hannibal was
mously proclaimed their youthful leader com- now joined by all the Gaulish tribes, and he
mander-in-chief, which the government at Car- was able to take up his winter-quarters in sethage forthwith ratified. Hannibal was at this curity. Early in 217 he descended by the valtime in the twenty-sixth year of his age. There ley of the Macra into the marshes on the banks of
can be no doubt that he already looked forward the Arno. In struggling through these marshes
to the invasion and conquest of Italy as the great numbers of his horses and beasts of burgoal of his ambition; but it was necessary for den perished, and he himself lost the sight of
him first to complete the work which had been one eye by a violent attack of ophthalmia. The
so ably begun by his two predecessors, and to consul Flaminius hastened to meet him, and a
establish the Carthaginian power as firmly as battle was fought on the Lake Trasimenus, in
possible in Spain. In two campaigns he sub- which the Roman army was destroyed; thoudued all the country south of the Iberus, with sands fell by the sword, among whom was the
the exception of the wealthy town of Saguntum. consul himself; thousands more perished in the'I the spring of 219 he proceeded to lay siege lake, and no less than fifteen thousand prisoners
341




HANNIBAL.                                 HANNIBAL.
fell into the hands of Hannibal. Hannibal now  more weakened; and his only object now was
marched through the Apennines into Picenum, to maintain his ground in the south until his
and thence into Apulia, where he spent a great brother Hasdrubal should appear in the north
part of the summer. The Romans had collect- of Italy, an event to which he had long looked
ed a fresh army, and placed it under the com- forward with anxious expectation. In 207 Hasmand of the dictator Fabius Maximus, who had drubal at length crossed the Alps, and descendprudently avoided a general action, and only at- ed into Italy; but he was defeated and slain on
tempted to harass and annoy the Carthaginian the Metaurus. Vid. HASDRUBAL, No. 3. The
army. Meanwhile the Romans had made great defeat and death of Hasdrubal was decisive of
preparations for the campaign of the following the fate of the war in Italy. From this time
year (216). The two new consuls, L. 2Emilius Hannibal abandoned all thoughts of offensive
Paulus and C. Terentius Varro, marched into operations, and collected together his forces
Apulia at the head of an army of little less than within the peninsula of Bruttium. In the fastninety thousand men.  To this mighty host nesses of that wild and mountainous region he
Hannibal gave battle in the plains on the right maintained his ground for nearly four years
bank of the Aufidus, just below the town of (207-203). He crossed over to Africa toward
Canna. The Roman army was again annihi- the end of 203 in order to oppose P. Scipio. In
lated: between forty and fifty thousand men the following year (202) the decisive battle was
are said to have fallen in the field, among whom  fought near Zama. Hannibal was completely
was the consul.Emilius Paulus, both the con- defeated with great loss. All hopes of resistsuls of the preceding year, above eighty sena- ance were now at an end, and he was one of
tors, and a multitude of the wealthy knights the first to urge the necessity of an immediate
who composed the Roman cavalry. The other peace. The treaty between Rome and Carthage
consul, Varro, escaped with a few horsemen to was not finally concluded until the next year
Venusia, and a small band of resolute men fore- (201). By this treaty Hannibal saw the object
ed their way from the Roman camp to Canu- of his whole life frustrated, and Carthage effectsium; all the rest were killed, dispersed, or ually humbled before her imperious rival. But
taken prisoners. This victory was followed by his enmity to Rome was unabated; and, though
the revolt from Rome of most of the nations in now more than forty-five years old, he set himthe south of Italy. Hannibal established his self to work to prepare the means for renewing
army in winter-quarters in. Capua, which had the contest at no distant period. He introducespoused his side. Capua was celebrated for ed the most beneficial reforms into the state,
its wealth and luxury, and the enervating effect and restored the ruined finances; but, having
which these produced upon the army of Hanni- provoked the enmity of a powerful party at
bal became a favorite theme of rhetorical exag- Carthage, they denounced him to the Romans
geration in later ages. The futility of such dec- as rging on Antiochus III., king of Syria, to
lamations is sufficiently shown by the simple t l   up arms against Rome.  Hannibal was
fact that the superiority of that army in the field obliged to flee from Carthage, and took refuge
remained as decided as ever. Still it may be at the court of Antiochus, who was at this time
truly said that the winter spent at Capua, 216- (193) on the eve of war with Rome. Hannibal
215, was in great measure the turning point of in vain urged the necessity of carrying the war
Hannibal's fortune, and from this time the war at once into Italy, instead of awaiting the Roassumed an altered character. The experi- mans in Greece. On the defeat of Antiochus
ment of what he could effect with his single (190), the surrender of Hannibal was one of the
army had now been fully tried, and, notwith- conditions of the peace granted to the king.
standing all his victories, it had decidedly failed; Hannibal, however, foresaw his danger, and
for Rome was still unsubdued, and still provid- took refuge at the court of Prusias, king of Bied with the means of maintaining a protracted thynia. Here he found for some years a secontest. From this time the Romans in great cure asylum; but the Romans could not be at
measure changed their plan of operations, and, ease so long as he lived, and T. Quintius Flaminstead of opposing to Hannibal one great army ininus was at length dispatched to the court of
in the field, they hemmed in his movements on Prusias to demand the surrender of the fugitive.
all sides, and kept up an army in every prov- The Bithynian king was unable to resist; and
ince of Italy, to thwart the operations of his Hannibal, perceiving that flight was impossible,
lieutenants, and check the rising disposition to took poison, to avoid falling into the hands of
revolt. It is impossible here to follow the com- his enemies, about the year 183. Of Hannibal's
plicated movements of the subsequent cam- abilities as a general it is unnecessary to speak:
paign, during which Hannibal himself frequently all the great masters of the art of war, from
traversed Italy in all directions. In 215 Han- Scipio to the Emperor Napoleon, have concurnibal entered into negotiations with Philip, king red in their homage to his genius. But in conmof Macedonia, and Hieronymus of Syracuse, paring Hannibal with any other of the great
and thus sowed the seeds of two fresh wars. leaders of antiquity, we must ever bear in mind
From 214 to 212 the Romans were busily en- the peculiar circumstances in which he was
gaged with the siege of Syracuse, which was placed. Feebly and grudgingly supported byat length taken by Marcellus in the latter of the government at home, he stood alone, at the
these years. In 212 Hannibal obtained posses- head of an army composed of mercenaries of
sion of Tarentum; but in the following year he many nations. Yet not only did he retain the
lost the important city of Capua, which was re- attachment of these men, unshaken by any
coeered by the Romans after a long-siege. In change of fortune, for a period of more than
209 the Romans also recovered Tarentum. fifteen years, but he trained up army after army;
Hannibal's forces gradually became more and and, long after the veterans that had follow.redt
342




HANNIBALLIANUS.                              HARMODIUS.
him over the Alps had dwindled to an incon- der whose name we possess a Periplus (repisiderable remnant, his new levies were still as 7r-ovC), which was originally written in the
invincible as their predecessors.         Punic language, and afterward translated into
HANNIBALLIANUS. 1. Son of ConstantiusChlo- Greek. The author had held the office of sufrus and his second wife Theodora, and half- fetes, or supreme magistrate at Carthage, and
brother of Constantine the Great. He was put he is said by Pliny to have undertaken the voyto death in 337 on the death of Constantine.-  age when Carthage was in a most flourishing
2. Son of the elder, brother of the younger Del- condition. Hence it has been conjectured that
matius, was also put to death on the death of he was the same as the Hanno, the father or
Constantine.                              son of Hamilcar, who was killed at Himera,
HANNIBXLIS CASTRA. Vid. CASTRA, NO. 2.  B.C. 480; but this is quite uncertain. In the
HANNO ("Avvuv), one of the most common Periplus itself Hanno says that he was sent out
names at Carthage. Only the most important by his countrymen to undertake a voyage bepersons of the name can be mentioned. 1. One yond the Pillars of Hercules, and to found Libyof the Carthaginian generals who fought against phoenician towns, and that he sailed with a body
Agathocles in Africa, B.C. 310.-2. Commander of colonists to the number of thirty thousand.
of the Carthaginian garrison at Messana at the On his return from his voyage, he dedicated an
beginning of the first Punic war, 264. In con- account of it, inscribed on a tablet, in the temsequence of his surrendering the citadel of this ple of Saturn (Cronos). It is therefore presumcity to the Romans, he was crucified on his re- ed that our periplus is a Greek version of the
turn home.-3. Son of Hannibal, was sent to contents of that Punic tablet. Edited by FalSicily by the Carthaginians with a large force coner, Lond., 1797, with an English translation.
immediately after the capture of Messana, 264,  HARMA (TO "Apya:'Apguarevs).  1. A small
where he carried on the war against the Roman place in Boeotia, nearTanagra, said to have been
consul Appius Claudius. In 262 he again com- so called from the harma or chariot of Adrastus,
manded in Sicily, but failed in relieving Agri- which broke down here, or from the chariot of
gentum, where Hannibal was kept besieged by Amphiaraus, who was here swallowed up by the
the Romans. Vid. HIANNIBAL, No. 2. In 256 earth along with his chariot.-2. A small place
he commanded the Carthaginian fleet, along in Attica, near Phyle.
with Hamilcar, at the great battle ofEcnomus.-  HARMAXTS ('Apya7rov), a city and promontory
4. Commander of the Carthaginian fleet, which on the coast of 2Eolis in Asia Minor, on the
was defeated by Lutatius Catulus off the AEga- northern side of the Sinus Elaiticus.
tes, 241. On his return home he was crucified.  HARMODIUS and ARISTOGITON ('Apy6tot,'ApL-5. Surnamed the Great, apparently for his aroyeircov), Athenians, of the blood of the GEsuccesses in Africa. We do not, however, know  PHYRIEI, were the murderers of Hipparchus,
against what nations of Africa his arms were brother of the tyrant Hippias, in B.C. 514. AMisdirected, nor what was the occasion of the Or. togiton was strongly attached to the young and
He was one of the commanders in the war beautiful Harmodius, who returned his affection
against the mercenaries in Africa after the end with equal warmth. Hipparchus endeavored to
of the first Punic war (240-238). From this withdraw the youth's love to himself, and, failtime forward he appears to have taken no active ing in this, resolved to avenge the slight by putpart in any of the foreign wars or enterprises ting upon him a public insult. Accordingly, he
of Carthage. But his influence in her councils took care that the sister of Harmodius should
at home was great; he was leader of the aris- be summoned to bear one of the sacred baskets
tocratic party, and, as such, the chief adversary in some religious procession, and when she preof Hamilcar Barca and his family. On all oc- sented herself for the purpose, he caused her
casions, from the landing of Barca in Spain till to be dismissed and declared unworthy of the
the return of Hannibal from Italy, a period of honor. This fresh insult determined the two
above thirty-five years, Hanno is represented friends to slay both Hipparchus and his brother
as thwarting the measures of that able and pow- Hippias as well. They communicated their plot
erful family, and taking the lead in opposition to a few friends, and selected for their enterto the war with Rome, the great object to which prise the day of the festival of the great Panall their efforts were directed. He survived the athenaea, the only day on which they could apbattle of Zama, 202.-6. A Carthaginian officer pear in arms without exciting suspicion. When
left in Spain by Hannibal when that general the appointed time arrived, the two chief concrossed the Pyrenees, 218. He was shortly spirators observed one of their accomplices in
afterward defeated by Cn. Scipio, and taken conversation with Hippias.  Believing, thereprisoner.-7. Son of Bomilcar, one of the most fore, that they were betrayed, they slew Hipdistinguished of Hannibal's officers. He com- parchus. Harmodius was immediately cut down
manded the right wing at the battle of Cannae by the guards. Aristogiton at first escaped, but
(216), and is frequently mentioned during the was afterward taken, and was put to the torsucceeding years of the war. In 203 he took ture; but he died without revealing the names
the command of the Carthaginian forces in of any of the conspirators. Four years after
Africa, which he held till the arrival of Hanni- this Hippias was expelled, and thenceforth Harbal. —-8. A Carthaginian'general, who carried on modius and Aristogiton obtained among the
the war in Sicily after the fall of Syracuse, 211. Athenians of all succeeding generations the
He left Sicily in the following year, when Agri- character of patriots, deliverers, and martyrs
gentum was betrayed to the Romans.-9. The -names often abused, indeed, but seldom more
last commander of the Carthaginian garrison at grossly than in the present case. Their deed
Capua when it was besieged by the Romans of murderous vengeance formed a favorite sub(222-211).-10. A Carthaginian navigator, Un- ject of drinking songs. To be born of their
343




HARMONIA.                                  HARPYIE.
blood was esteemed the highest of honors, and ceeded in making his escape from prison, and
their. descendants enjoyed an immunity from fled to Crete, where he was assassinated soon
public burdens. Their statues, made of bronze after his arrival by Thimbron, one of his own
by Antenor, were set up in the Agora. When officers.-2. A Greek astronomer, introduced
Xerxes took the city, he carried these statues some improvements into the cycle of CLEOSTRAaway, and new ones, the work of CRITIAS, were TUS. Harpalus lived before METON.
erected in 477. The original statues were aft-  HARPXLYCE ('ApTra2vKi). 1. Daughter of Harerward sent back to Athens by Alexander the palycus, king in Thrace.  As she lost her
Great.                                    mother in infancy, she was brought up by her
HARMONIA ('Apzovia), daughter of Mars (Ares) father with the milk of cows and mares, and
and Venus (Aphrodite), or, according to others, was trained in all manly exercises. After the
of Jupiter (Zeus) and Electra, the daughter of death of her father, she lived in the forests as
Atlas, in Samothrace. When Minerva (Athena) a robber, being so swift in running that horses
assigned to Cadmus the government of Thebes, were unable to overtake her. At length she
Jupiter (Zeus) gave him Harmonia for his wife, was caught in a snare by shepherds, who killed
and all the gods of Olympus were present at the her.-2. Daughter of Clymenus and Epicaste,
marriage. On the wedding-day Cadmus receiv- was seduced by her own father. To revenge
ed a-present of a necklace, which afterward be- herself, she slew her younger brother, and servcame fatal to all who possessed it. Harmonia ed him up as food before her father. The gods
accompanied Cadmus when he was obliged to changed her into a bird.
quit Thebes, and shared his fate. Vid. CADMUS.  [HARPALYCUS ('ApiravicoS). 1. Vid. HARPALPolynices, who inherited the fatal necklace, YCE, No. 1.  2. A Trojan warrior, companion
gave it to Eriphyle, that she might persuade her of 2Eneas, slain by Camilla.]
husband, Amphiaraus, to undertake the expedi-  IARPASA ("Apraaa: now Arepas), a city of
tion against Thebes.  Through Alcmseon, the Caria, on the River HARPASUS.
son of Eriphyle, the necklace came into the  HARPASUS ("Apiracro). 1. (Now Arpa-Su), a
hands of Arsinoe, next into those of the sons river of Caria, flowing north into the Maeander,
of Phegeus, Pronous and Agenor, and lastly into into which it falls opposite to Nysa.-2. (Now
those of the sons of Alcmaeon,Amphoterus and Harpa-Su), a river of Armenia Major, flowing
Acarnan, who dedicated it in the temple of Mi- south into the Araxes. Xenophon, who crossed
nerva (Athena) Proncea at Delphi.         it with the ten thousand Greeks, states its width
HARPXGIA or -iuM ('ApTraydea or -aiyov), a as four plethra (about four hundred feet).
small town in Mysia, between Cyzicus and Pria-  HARPINA or HARPINNA ('Aprnlva, "Aprrlvva), a
pus, the scene of the rape of Ganymedes, ac- town in Elis Pisatis, near Olympia, said to have
cording to some legends.                  been called after a daughter of Asopus.
HARPAGUS ("ApTrayoc).  1. A noble Median,  [HARPOCRATES. Vid. HORUS.]
whose preservation of the infant Cyrus, with  HARPOCRATION, VALERIUS, a Greek grammathe events consequent upon it, are related under rian of Alexandrea, of uncertain date, the author
CYRus. He became one of the generals of Cy- of an extant dictionary to the works of the ten
rus, and conquered the Greek cities of Asia Attic orators, entitled ITepi r-Ov 2ELewv riuv dICa
Minor. —2. A Persian general, under Darius I., vl7r6pwv, or AefKoev rSv dKa Tryro'pov. It contook Histisus prisoner.                   tains not only explanations of legal and political
[HARPALION ('Apra2dwv), a Paphlagonian, son terms, but also accounts of persons and things
of Pylemenes, and guest-friend of Paris: he mentioned in the Attic orators, and is a work
was slain by Meriones in the Trojan war.]  of great value. The best editions are the one
HARPALUS ("ApTrajoc). 1. A Macedonian of published at Leipzig, 1824, and the one by Beknoble birth, accompanied Alexander the Great ker, Berlin, 1833.
to Asia as superintendent of the treasury.  HARPYIY ("Aprvtatc), the Harpies, that is, the
After the conquest of Darius, he was left by Robbers or Spoilers, are in Homer nothing but
Alexander in charge of the royal treasury, and personified storm-winds, who are said to carry
with the administration of the wealthy satrapy off any one who had suddenly disappeared from
of Babylon. Here, during Alexander's absence the earth. Thus they carried off the daughters
in India, he gave himself up to the most extrav- of King Pandareus, and gave them as servants
agant luxury and profusion, and squandered the to the Erinnyes. Hesiod describes them as
treasures intrusted to him. WVhen he heard daughters of Thaumas by the Oceanid Electra,
that Alexander, contrary to his expectations, fair-locked and winged maidens, who surpassed
was returning from India, he fled from Babylon winds and birds in the rapidity of their flight.
with about five thousand talents and a body of But even in cEschylus they appear as ugly creasix thousand mercenaries, and crossed over to tures with wings; and later writers represent
Greece, B.C. 324. He took refuge at Athens, them as most disgusting monsters, being birds
where he employed his treasures to gain over with the heads of maidens, with long claws, and
the orators, and induce the people to support with faces pale with hunger. They were sent
him against Alexander and his vicegerent, An- by the gods to torment the blind Phineus, and
tipater. Among those whom he thus corrupted whenever a meal was placed before him, they
are said to have been Demades, Charicles, the darted down from the air and carried it off;
son-in-law of Phocion, and even Demosthenes later writers add, that they either devoured the
himself. Vid. DEMOSTHENES. But he failed in food themselves, or rendered it unfit to be eaten.
his general object, for Antipater having demand- Phineus was delivered from them by Zetes and
ed his surrender from the Athenians, it was re- Calais, sons of Boreas, and two of the Argonauts.
solved to place him in confinement until the  Vid. p. 91, a. Hesiod mentions two Harpies,
Macedonians should send for him. He suc- Ocypete and Aiello: later writers three; but
344




HARUDES.                                 HECATYUS.
their names are not the same in all accounts. enemies, he put an end to his life by poison.Besides the two already mentioned, we find Ael- 7. Commander of the Carthaginian fleet in Afrilopos, Nicothoe, Ocythoe, Ocypode, Celeno, ca in 203, must be distinguished from the preAcholoe. Virgil places them  in the islands ceding.-8. Surnamed the Kid (Hcedus), one of
called Strophades, in the Ionian Sea (-En., iii., the leaders of the party at Carthage favorable
210), where they took up their abode after they to peace toward the end of the second Punic
had been driven away from Phineus. In the war.-9. General of the Carthaginians in the
famous Harpy monument recently brought from  third Punic war. When the city was taken he
Lycia to England, the Harpies are represented surrendered to Scipio, who spared his life. After
in the act of carrying off the daughters of Pan- adorning Scipio's triumph, he spent the rest of
dareus.                                   his life in Italy.
HAR.UDES, a people in the army of Ariovistus  HATERYUS, Q., a senator and rhetorician in the
(B.C. 58), supposed to be the same as the CHA- age of Augustus and Tiberius, died A.D. 26, in
RUDES mentioned by Ptolemy, and placed by the eighty-ninth year of his age.
him in the Chersonesus Cimbrica.            HEBE ("H6g), called JUVENTAS by the Romans,
HASDRUBAL ('Audpoe6ac), a Carthaginian name, the goddess of youth, was a daughter of Jupiter
probably signifies one whose help is Baal. 1. (Zeus) and Juno (Hera). She waited upon the
Son of Hanno, a Carthaginian general in the gods, and filled their cups with nectar before
first Punic war. He was one of the two gen- Ganymedes obtained this office; and she is furerals defeated by Regulus B.C. 256. In 254 he ther represented as assisting her mother Juno
was sent into Sicily with a large army, and re- (Hera) in putting the horses to her chariot, and
mained in the island four years. In 250 he in bathing and dressing her brother Mars (Ares).
was totally defeated by Metellus, and was put She married Hercules after he was received
to death on his return to Carthage.-2. A Car- among the gods, and bore to him two sons, A1thaginian, son-in-law of Hamilcar Barca, on exiares and Anticetus. Later traditions reprewhose death, in 229, he succeeded to the com- sent her as a divinity who had it in her power
mand in Spain. He ably carried out the plans to make aged persons young again. At Rome
of his father-in-law for extending the Cartha- there were several temples of Juventas. She
ginian dominions in Spain, and intrusted the is even said to have had a chapel on the Capiconduct of most of his military enterprises to tol before the temple of Jupiter was built there.
the young Hannibal. He founded New Car-     HEBROMAXUS. Vid. EBUROMAGUS.
thage, and concluded with the Romans the eel-  HEBRON ('E6pdv, Xe6pcjv'E6pjwto: now Elebrated treaty which fixed the Iberus as the Khulil), a city in the south of Judaea, as old as
boundary between the Carthaginian and Roman the times of the patriarchs, and the first capital
dominions. He was assassinated by a slave, of the kingdom  of David, who reigned there
whose master he had put to death (221), and seven and a half years as king of Judah only.
was succeeded in the command by HANNIAL.    HEBRUS ("E6poe: now lMaritza), the principal
-3. Son of Hamilcar Barca, and brother of Han- river in Thrace, rises in the mountains of Sconibal. When Hannibal set out for rtaly (218), mius and Rhodope, flows first southeast and
Hasdrubal was left in the command in Spain, then southwest, becomes navigable for smaller
and there fought for some years against the vessels at Philippopolis, and for larger ones at
two Scipios. In 207 he crossed the Alps and Hadrianopolis, and falls into the AEgean Sea
marched into Italy, in order to assist Hannibal; near 2Enos, after forming by another branch an
but he was defeated on the Metaurus by the estuary called STENTORIS LACus. The Hebrus
consuls C. Claudius Nero and M. Livius Salina- was celebrated in Greek legends. On its banks
tor, his army was destroyed, and he himself fell Orpheus was torn to pieces by the Thracian
in the battle. His head was cut off and thrown women; and it is frequently mentioned in coninto Hannibal's camp.-4. One of Hannibal's nection withthe worship ofBacchus (Dionysus).
chief officers, commanded the left wing of the  HECAERGE ('Eicappyy). 1. Daughter of Boreas,
Carthaginian army at the battle of Cannae (216). and one of the Hyperborean maidens, who were
-5. Surnamed the Bald (Calvus), commander believed to have introduced the worship of
of the Carthaginian expedition to Sardinia in Diana (Artemis) into Delos.-2. A surname of
the second Punic war, 215. He was defeated Diana (Artemis), signifying the goddess who
by the Roman praetor T. Manlius, taken prison- hits at a distance.
er, and carried to Rome.-6. Son of Gisco, one  HECALE ('EcdUyr), a poor old woman, who hosof the Carthaginian generals in Spain during pitably received Theseus when he had gone
the second Punic war. He fought in Spain out for the purpose of killing the Marathonian
from 214 to 206. After he and Mago had been bull. She vowed to offer to Jupiter (Zeus) a
defeated by Scipio in the latter of these years, sacrifice for the safe return of the hero; but as
he crossed over to Africa, where he succeeded she died before his return, Theseus ordained
in obtaining the alliance of Syphax by giving that the inhabitants of the Attic tetrapolis should
him his daughter Sophonisba in marriage. In offer a sacrifice to her and Jupiter (Zeus) Hecconjunction with Syphax, Hasdrubal carried on alus, or Hecaleius.
war against Masinissa, but he was defeated by  [HECXAMEDE ('E/caujdV), daughter of Arsinous,
Scipio, who landed in Africa in 204. He was taken prisoner by Achilles, when he captured
condemned to death for his ill success by the the island of Tenedos: she became the slave
Carthaginian government, but he still continued of Nestor.]
in arms against the Romans. On the arrival  HECATEUS ('E/carazoa). 1. Of Miletus, one of
of Hannibal from Italy his sentence was revers- the earliest and most distinguished Greek hised; but the popular feeling against him had not torians and geographers. He was the son of
subsided, and, in order to escape death from his Hlegesander, and belonged to a very ancient and
345




HECATE.                                   HECTOR.
illustrious family. We have only a few partic- described in this capacity as a mighty and forulars of his life. In B.C. 500 he endeavored to midable divinity. In consequence of her being
dissuade his countrymen from revolting from  identified with other divinities, she is said to
the Persians; and when this advice was disre- have been Selene or Luna in heaven, Artemis
garded, he gave them some sensible counsel re- or Diana in earth, and Persephone or Proserspecting the conduct of the war, which was also pina in the lower world. Being thus, as it were,
neglected. Previous to this, Hecataeus had vis- a three-fold goddess, she is described with three
ited Egypt and many other countries. He sur- bodies or three heads, the one of a horse, the
vived the Persian wars, and appears to have second of a dog, and the third of a lion. Hence
died about 476. He wrote two works: 1. ie- her epithets Tergemina, Triformis, Triceps, &c.
piodog yac, or HIeptOyyatg, divided into two parts, From her being an infernal divinity, she came
one of which contained a description of Europe, to be regarded as a spectral being, who sent at
and the other of Asia, Egypt, and Libya. Both night all kinds of demons and terrible phantoms
parts were subdivided into smaller sections, from the lower world, who taught sorcery and
which are sometimes quoted under their re- witchcraft, and dwelt at places where two roads
spective names, such as Hellespontus, &c. 2. crossed, on tombs, and near the blood of murreveaaoyiat or'Iaropiat, in four books, contained dered persons. She herself wandered about
an account of the poetical fables and traditions with the souls of the dead, and her approach
of the Greeks.  His work on geography was was announced by the whining and howling of
the more important, as it embodied the results dogs. At Athens there were very many small
of his numerous travels. He also corrected statues or symbolical representations of Hecate
and improved the map of the earth drawn up (ecxrala), placed before or in houses, and on
by ANAXIMANDER. Herodotus knew the works spots where two roads crossed: it would seem
of Hecatseus well, and frequently controverts that people consulted such Hecataea as oracles.
his opinions. Hecatseus wrote in the Ionic dia- At the close of every month dishes with food
lect in a pure and simple style. The fragments were set out for her and other averters of evil
of his works are collected by Klausen,.Hecatai at the points where two roads crossed; and this
Milesii Fragmenta, Berlin, 1831, and by C. and food was consumed by poor people. The sacTh. Miiller, Frag. Hist. Grcec., Paris, 1841.- rifices offered to her consisted of dogs, honey,
2. Of Abdera, a contemporary of Alexander the and black female lambs.
Great and Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, appears  HECATOMNUS ('EKiar6/zuvw), king or dynast of
to have accompanied the former on his Asiatic Caria in the reign of Artaxerxes III. He left
expedition.  He was a pupil of the skeptic three sons, Maussolus, Idrieus, and Pixodarus,
Pyrrho, and is himself called a philosopher, all of whom, in their turn, succeeded him in the
critic, and grammarian. In the reign of the sovereignty; and two daughters, Artemisia and
first Ptolemy he travelled up the Nile as far as Ada.
Thebes. He was the author of several works,  HECATOMPOLIS ('EcaroFtzro2f, i. e., having
of which the most important were, 1. A Histo. one hundred cities), appellation of the island
ry of Egypt. 2. A work on the Hyperboreans. Crete, fiom the one hundred cities it was said
3. A history of the Jews, frequently referred to to have had in ancient times.]
by Josephus and other ancient writers. This  HECATOMPYLOS ('Eiar6oirv2Lot, i. e., having
work was declared spurious by Origen: modern one hundred gates). 1. An epithet of Thebes in
critics are divided in their opinions.    Egypt. Vid. THEBE. —2. A city in the middle
HECATE ('Elcdrn), a mysterious divinity, com- of Parthia, twelve hundred and sixty stadia or
monly represented as a daughter of Persaeus or one hundred and thirty-three Roman miles from
Perses and Asteria, and hence called Perseis. the Caspiae Pyle; enlarged by Seleucus, and
She is also described as a daughter of Jupiter afterward used by the Parthian kings as a royal
(Zeus) and Ceres (Demeter), or of Jupiter (Zeus) residence.
and Pheraea or Juno (Hera), or of Latona (Leto)  HECAXTON ('EKcdaT ), a Stoic philosopher, a naor Tartarus.  Homer does not mention her. tive of Rhodes, studied under Panletius, and
According to the most genuine traditions, she wrote numerous works, all of which are lost.
appears to have been an ancient Thracian di-  HECATONNESI ('EcaTr6vVaoe: now Mosko-nisi),
vinity, and a Titan, who ruled in heaven, on a group of small islands, between Lesbos and
the earth, and in the sea, bestowing on mortals the coast of.Eolis, on the southern side of the
wealth, victory, wisdom, good luck to sailors mouth of the Gulf of Adramyttium. The name,
and hunters, and prosperity to youth and to the one hundred islands, was indefinite; the real
flocks of cattle. She was the only one among number was reckoned by some at twenty, by
the Titans who retained this power under the others at forty. Strabo derives the name, not
rule of Jupiter (Zeus), and she was honored by from  car6Tv, one hundred, but from "EKarog, a
all the immortal gods. The extensive power surname of Apollo.
possessed by Hecate was probably the reason  HECTOR ('"Ecrop), the chief hero of the Trothat she was subsequently identified with sev- jans in their war with the Greeks, was the
eral other divinities, and at length became a eldest son of Priam and Hecuba, the husband
mystic goddess, to whom mysteries were cele- of Andromache, and father of Scamandrius. He
brated in Samothrace and in 2Egina. In the fought with the bravest of the Greeks, and at
Homeric hymn to Ceres (Demeter) she is rep- length slew Patroclus, the friend of Achilles.
resented as taking an active part in the search The death of his friend roused Achilles to the
after Proserpina (Persephone), and, when the fight. The other Trojans fled before him into
latter was found, as remaining with her as her the city. Hector alone remained without the
attendant and companion. Vid. p. 248, a. She walls, though his parents implored him to rethus became a deity of the lower world, and is turn; but when he saw Achilles his heart fail346




HECUBA.                                    HEGIAS.
ed him, and he took to flight. Thrice did he in the time of the Peloponnesian war; and his
race round the city, pursued by the swift-foot- parody of the Gigantomnachia was the piece to
ed Achilles, and then fell pierced by Achilles's which the Athenians were listening when the
spear. Achilles tied Hector's body to his char- news was brought to them in the theatre of the
iot, and thus dragged him into the camp of the destruction of the expedition to Sicily.
Greeks,; but later traditions relate that he first  HEGkMO6NE ('Hye6tvy), the leader or ruler, is
dragged the body thrice around the walls of the name of one of the Athenian Charites or
Ilium. At the command of Jupiter (Zeus), Graces. Hegemone was also a surname of
Achilles surrendered the body to the prayers of Diana (Artemis) at Sparta and in Arcadia.
Priam, who buried it at Troy with great pomp.  [HEGESANDRIDAS ('Hy/aavdpidac), a Spartan
Hector is one of the noblest conceptions of the naval commander during the Peloponnesian
Iliad. He is the great bulwark of Troy, and war, defeated the Athenian fleet off Oropus,
even Achilles trembles when he approaches but did not follow up his victory by attacking
him. He has a presentiment of the fall of his Athens.]
country, but he perseveres in his heroic resist-  HHEGESYXNAX ('Hynctdvaf), an historian of
ance, preferring death to slavery and disgrace. Alexandrea, is said to have been the real author
Besides these virtues of a warrior, he is distin- of the work called Troica, which went under the
guished also by those of a man: his heart is- name of Cephalon or Cephalion. He appears
open to the gentle feelings of a son, a husband, to be the same as the Hegesianax who was
and a father.                             sent by Antiochus the Great as one of his enHECtBA ('EKt6y), daughter of Dymas in voys to the Romans in B.C. 196 and 193.
Phrygia, or of Cisseus, king of Thrace. She  HEiGisYAs ('Hycact). 1. Of Magnesia, a rhetwas the wife of Priam, king of Troy, to whom  orician and historian, lived about B.C. 290, and
she bore Hector, Paris, Deiphobus, Helenus, wrote the history of Alexander the Great. He
Cassandra, and many other children. On the was regarded by some as the founder of that
capture of Troy, she was carried away as a degenerate style of composition which bore the
slave by the Greeks. According to the tragedy name of the Asiatic. His own style was destiof Euripides, which bears her name, she was tute of all vigor and dignity, and was marked
carried by the Greeks to Chersonesus, -and chiefly by childish conceits and minute prettithere saw her daughter Polyxena sacrificed. nesses.-2. Of Salamis, supposed by some to
On the same day the waves of the sea washed have been the author of the Cyprian poem,
on the coast the body of her last son Polydorus, which, on better, authority, is ascribed to Stawho had been murdered by Polymestor, king of sinus.-3. A Cyrenaic philosopher, who lived at
the Thracian Chersonesus, to whose care he Alexandrea in the time of the Ptolemies, perhad been intrusted by Priam. Hecuba there- haps about B.C. 260. He wrote a work conupon killed the children of Polymestor, and tore taining such gloomy descriptions of human misout the eyes of their father. Agamemnon mpar- cry that it drove many persons to commit suidoned her the crime, and Polymestor prophesied cide; hence he was surnamed Peisithanatos
that she should be metamorphosed into a she- (IIeiatOvaro7f). He was, in consequence, fordog, and smould leap into the sea at a place called bidden to teach by Ptolemy.
Cynossema. It was added that the inhabitants  HEIGESiAS ('Hyryclac) and Ha~GAS ('Hyfoa), two
of Thrace endeavored to stone her, but that she Greek statuaries, whom many scholars identify
was metamorphosed into a dog, and in this form  with one another. They lived at the period imhowled through the country for a long time. mediately preceding that of Phidias. The chief
According to other accounts she was given as work of Hegesias was the statues of Castor and
a slave to Ulysses, and in despair leaped into Pollux, which are supposed to be the same as
the Hellespont; or, being anxious to die, she those which now stand on the stairs leading to
uttered such invectives against the Greeks, that the Capitol.
the warriors put her to death, and-called the  HE1GESINUS ('Hynaivovc), of Pergamum, the
place where she was buried Cynossema, with successor of Evander and the immediate predereference to her impudent invectives.     cessor of Carneades in the chair of the AcadeHEDnLIUS MONs ('H628szov), a range of mount- my, flourished about B.C. 185.
ains in Bceotia, west of the Cephisus.      HEGESIPPUS ('HY7LGLtr'Ot).  1. An Athenian
HiDnLUS ("H6v3uog), son of Melicertus, was a orator, and a contemporary of Demosthenes, to
native of Samos or of Athens, and an epigram- whose political party he belonged. The grammatic poet. Eleven of his epigrams are in the marians ascribe to him the oration on HaloneGreek Anthology.  I-Ie was a contemporary sus, which has come down-to us under the name
and rival of Callimachus, and lived, therefore, of Demosthenes.-2. A poet of the new comeabout the middle of the third century B.C.  dy, flourished about B.C. 300.-3. A Greek his[HEDYMELES, a celebrated performer on the torian of Mecyberna, wrote an account of the
lyre in the time of Domitian (Juv., vi., 382).]  peninsula of Pallene.
[HEGELiCHUS ('Hye;oXOg). 1. An Athenian   HEGESiSIP-LA ('HyrcatirtVA7), daughter of Olorus,
officer, sent to protect Mantinea from the threat- king of Thrace, and wife of Miltiades.
ened attack of Epaminondas, B.C. 362.-2. One  [HEGESISTRATUS ('Hyraicrpargof). 1. Natural
of Alexander's officers, who accompanied him  son of Pisistratus, made by his father tyrant of
into Asia, and perished at the battle of Arbela.] Sigeum. —2. Son of Aristagoras of Samos, came
HdE;GmoN ('Hymywv), of Thasos, a poet of the before the battle of Mycale on an embassy to
old comedy at Athens, but more celebrated for the Spartan king Leotychides from the Samians
his parodies, of which kind of poetry he was the to treat for the liberation of his countrymer
inventor. He was nicknamed catrc, on account from the Persian yoke.]
of his fondness for that kind of pulse. He lived  HEGiAS. Vid. HEGESIAS.
347




HELENA.                                   HELICON.
rHELEN ('EALy), daughter of Jupiter (Zeus) small and rocky island between the south of
and Leda, and sister of Castor and Pollux (the Attica and Ceos, formerly called Cranae.-2.
Dioscuri). She was of surpassing beauty. In The later name of ILLIBERRIS in Gaul.
her youth she was carried off by Theseus and  HELENUS ("E2evoC). 1. Son of Priam  and
Pirithous to Attica. When Theseus was ab- Hecuba, was celebrated for his prophetic powsent in Hades, Castor and Pollux undertook an ers, and also fought against the Greeks in the
expedition to Attica, to liberate their sister. Trojan war.  In Homer we have no further
Athens was taken, Helen delivered, and 2Ethra, particulars about Helenus; but in later tradithe mother of Theseus, made prisoner, and car- tions he is said to have deserted his countryried as a slave of Helen to Sparta. According men and joined the Greeks. There are liketo some accounts, she bore to Theseus a daugh- wise various accounts respecting his desertion
ter, Iphigenia. On her return home she was of the Trojans. According to some, he did it
sought in marriage by the noblest chiefs from  of his own accord; according to others, he was
all parts of Greece. She chose Menelaus for ensnared by Ulysses, who was anxious to obher husband, and became by him the mother of tain his prophecy respecting the fall of Troy.
Hermione. She was subsequently seduced and Others, again, relate that, on the death of Paris,
carried off by Paris to Troy. For details, vid. Helenus and Deiphobus contended for the posPARIS and MENELAUS. The Greek chiefs who session of Helena, and that Helenus being conhad been her suitors resolved to revenge her quered, fled to Mount Ida, where he was taken
abduction, and accordingly sailed against Troy. prisoner by the Greeks. After the fall of Troy
Hence arose the celebrated Trojan war, which he fell to the share of Pyrrhus. He foretold Pyrlasted ten years. During the course of the war rhus the sufferings which awaited the Greeks
she is represented as showing great sympathy who returned home by sea, and prevailed upon
with the Greeks. After the death of Paris to- him to return by land to Epirus. After the
ward the end of the war, she married his broth- death of Pyrrhus he received a portion of the
er Deiphobus. On the capture of Troy, which country, and married Andromache, by whom
she is said to have favored, she betrayed De- he became the father of Cestrinus. W-hen
iphobus to the Greeks, and became reconciled  Eneas, in his wanderings, arrived in Epirus, he
to Menelaus, whom she accompanied to Sparta. was hospitably received by Helenus, who also
Here she lived with him for some years in peace foretold him the future events of his life.-2.
and happiness; and here, according to Homer, Son of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, by Lanassa,
Telemachus found her solemnizing the mar- daughter of Agathocles. He accompanied his
riage of her daughter Hermione with Neoptole- father to Italy B.C. 280, and was with him
mus. The accounts of Helen's death differ. when Pyrrhus perished at Argos, 272. He
According to the prophecy of Proteus in the then fell into the hands of Antigonus Gonatas,
Odyssey, Menelaus and Helen were not to die, who, however, sent him back in safety to Epirus.
but the gods were to conduct them to Elysium. -[3. Son of CEnops, a Greek, slain by-Hector
Others relate that she and Menelaus were buried before Troy.]
at Therapne in Laconia, where their tomb was  HELfADE and HELXADES ('H;Iuidat and'Ha1tseen by Pausanias. Others, again, relate, that dec), the sons and daughters of Helios (the Sun).
after the death of Menelaus she was driven out The name Heliades is given especially to Phaof Peloponnesus by the sons of the latter and ethusa, Lampetia, and Phcebe, the daughters of
fled to Rhodes, where she was tied to a tree Helios and the nymph Clymene, and the sisters
and strangled by Polyxo: the Rhodians ex- of Phaethon. They bewailed the death of their
piated the crime by dedicating a temple to her brother Phaethon so bitterly on the banks of
under the name of Helena Dendritis. Accord- the Eridanus, that the gods, in compassion,
ing to another tradition she married Achilles in changed them into poplar-trees and their tears
the island of Leuce, and bore him a son, Eupho- into amber. Vid. ERIDANUS.
rion. The Egyptian priests told Herodotus that  [HELICAON ('EAK2uco), son of Antenor, and
Helen never went to Troy, but that when Paris husband of Laodice; he is said to have founded
reached Egypt with Helen on his way to Troy, Patavium in Italy.]
she was detained by Proteus, king of Egypt;  HELICE ('Eti/cV), daughter of Lycaon, was
and that she was restored to Menelaus when he beloved by Jupiter (Zeus), but Juno (Hera), out
visited Egypt in search of her after the Trojan of jealousy, metamorphosed her into a she-bear,
war, finding that she had never been at Troy.  whereupon Jupiter (Zeus) placed her among
HELENA, FLAVIA JULIA.  1. The mother of the stars under the name of the Great Bear.
Constantine the Great. When her husband     HELICE ('E2U'C:'EZIc6vtoC,'E2KceO ).  1.
Constantius was raised to the dignity of Caesar The ancient capital of Achaia, said to have been
by Diocletian, A.D. 292, he was compelled to founded by Ion, possessed a celebrated temple
repudiate his wife, to make way for Theodora, of Neptune (Poseidon), which was regarded as
the step-child of Maximianus Herculius. Sub- the great sanctuary of the Achaean race. Helsequently, when her son succeeded to the pur- ice was swallowed up by an earthquake together
pie, Helena was treated with marked distinc- with Bura, B.C. 373. The earth sunk deep
tion, and received the title of Augusta. She into the ground, and the place on which the
died about 328. She was a Christian, and is cities stood was ever afterward covered by
said to have discovered at Jerusalem the sep- the sea. —2. An ancient town in Thessaly,
ulchre of our Lord, together with the wood of which disappeared in early times.
the true cross.-2. Daughter of Constantine the  HLICON ('E2AueKv), son of Acesas, a celebraGreat and Fausta, married her cousin Julian the ted artist. Vid. ACESAS.
Apostate 355, and died 360.                 HELICON ('EZ.ic': now Helicon, Palcao-Bui,
HELEN.A ('E)devp).  1. (Now Makronisi), a Turk. Zagora), a celebrated range of mountains
348




HELIMUS.                                   HELIOS.
in Beotia, between the Lake Copais and the also are not far north of the city. The situaCorinthian Gulf, was covered with snow the tion of Heliopolis necessarily made it a place
greater part of the year, and possessed many of great commercial importance, as it was on
romantic ravines and lovely valleys. Helicon the direct road from Egypt and the Red Sea.
was sacred to Apollo and the Muses, the latter and also from Tyre to Syria, Asia Minor, and
of whom are hence called'E2ttavtac irapOdvot Europe; and hence, probably, the wealth of the
and'E2,iKovideg vvuoati by the Greek poets, city, to which its ruins still bear witness. We
and Heliconiades and Heliconides by the Roman know, however, very little of its history. It
poets.  Here sprung the celebrated fountains was made a Roman colony by the name of
of the Muses, AGANIPPE and HIPPOCRENE. At Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Heliopolitana, and
the fountain of Hippocrene was a grove sacred colonized by veterans of the fifth and eighth
to the Muses, which was adorned with some of legions, under Augustus. Antoninus Pius built
the finest works of art. On the slopes and in the great temple of Jupiter (i. e., Baal), of
the valleys of the mountains grew many me- which the ruins still exist; and there are meddicinal plants, which may have given occasion als which show, in addition to other testimony,
to the worship of Apollo as the healing god.  that it was favored by several of the later em[HELINUs, a Centaur, slain at the nuptials of perors. All the existing ruins are of the RoPirithous.]                               man period, and most of them probably of later
HELISDORUS ('H.t6dopor). 1. An Athenian, date than the great temple just mentioned; but
surnamed Periegetes (IFept/yVyr'), probably liv- it is impossible to determine their exact times.
ed about B.C; 164, and wrote a description of They consist of a large quadrangular court
the-works of art in the Acropolis at Athens. in front of the great temple, another hexagThis work was one of the authorities for Pliny's onal court outside of this, and in front of all,
account of the Greek artists.-2. A rhetorician a portico or propylaea, approached by a flight
at Rome in the time of Augustus, whom Horace of steps. Attached to one corner of the, quadmentions as the companion of his journey to rangular court is a smaller but more perfect
Brundisium (Sat., i., 5, 2, 3.)-3. A Stoic phi- temple, and at some distance from all these
losopher at Rome, who became a delator in the buildings there is a circular edifice, of a unique
reign of Nero. (Juv., Sat., i., 33.)-4. A rheto- and very interesting architectural form. There
rician, and private secretary to the Emperor is also a single Doric column on a rising ground,
Hadrian.-5. Of Emesa in Syria, lived about and traces of the city walls.-2. (In the Old
the end of the fourth century of our era, and Testament, On, or Bethshemesh: now Matawas bishop of Tricca in Thessaly. Before he rieh, ruins northeast of Cairo), a celebrated city
was made bishop he wrote a romance in ten of Lower Egypt, capital of the Nomos Heliopobooks, entitled XEthiopica, because the scene of lites, stood on the eastern side of the Pelusiac
the beginning and the end of the story is laid in branch of the Nile, a little below the apex of.Ethiopia. This work has come down to us, the Delta, and near the canal of Trajan, and
and is far superior to the other Greek romances. was, in the earliest period of which we have
It relates the loves of Theagenes and Chariclea. any record, a chief seat of the Egyptian worThough deficient in those characteristics of ship of the sun. Here, also, was established
modern fiction which appeal to the universal the worship of Mnevis, a sacred bull similar to
sympathies of our nature, the romance of Heli- Apis. The priests of Heliopolis were renowned
odorus is interesting on account of the rapid for their learning. It suffered much during the
succession of strange and not altogether im- invasion of Cambyses; and by the time of
probable adventures, the many and various Strabo it was entirely ruined.
characters introduced, and the beautiful scenes  HELIOS ("HT2oC or'Hiutoc), called SOL by the
described. The language is simple and ele- Romans, the god of the sun. He was the son
gant. The best editions are by Mitscherlich, in of Hyperion and Thea, and a brother of Selene
his Scriptores Grceci Erotici, Argentorat., 1798, and Eos. From his father he is frequently calland by Corae, Paris, 1804.-6. Of Larissa, the ed HYPERIONIDES or HYPERION, the latter of
author of a short work on optics, still extant, which is an abridged form of the patronymic
chiefly taken from Euclid's Optics: edited by HYPERIONION. In the Homeric hymn on Helios
Matani, Pistor., 1758.                    he is called a son of Hyperion and Euryphaessa.
HELIOGABALUS. Vid. ELAGABALUS.          Homer describes Helios as giving light both to
HELIOPOLIS ('HLiov 7rord(: or'HI-UtoirolZLc, i. e., gods and men: he rises in the east from Oceathe City of the Sun). 1. (Heb. Baalath: now  nus, traverses the heaven, and descends in the
Baalbek, ruins), a celebrated city of Syria, a evening into the darkness of the west and Oceachief seat of the worship of Baal, one of whose nus. Later poets have marvellously embellishsymbols was the sun, and whom the Greeks ed this simple notion.  They tell of a most
identified with Apollo, as well as with Jupiter magnificent palace of Helios in the east, con(Zeus): hence the Greek name -of the city. taining a throne occupied by the god, and surWith the worship of Baal, here as elsewhere, rounded by personifications of the different diwas associated that of Astarte, whom  the visions of time. They also assign him a second
Greeks identified with Venus (Aphrodite). It palace in the west, and describe his horses as
was situated in the middle of Ccele-Syria, at feeding upon herbs growing in the islands of the
the western foot of Anti-Libanus, on a rising Blessed. The manner in which Helios during
ground at the northeastern extremity of a large the night passes from the western into the eastplain which reaches almost to the sea, and ern ocean is not mentioned either by Homer or
which is well watered by the River Leontes Hesiod, but later poets make him sail in a gold(now Kahr-el-Kasimniyeh), near whose sources en boat, the work of Hephastus, round one
Heliopolis was built; the sources of the Orontes half of the earth, and thus arrive in the east at
349




HELISSON.                                   HELOS.
the noint fromn which he has to rise again. Timeeus, and others. The fragments of HellanOthers represent him as making his nightly icus are collected by Sturz, Ifellanici Lesbii
voyagewhile slumberingin agolden bed. The Fragmenta, Lips., 1826; and by C. and Th.
horses and chariot with which Helios traverses Muiller, Fragm. Histor. Grcec., Paris, 1841.-2.
the heavens are not mentioned in the Iliad and A Greek grammarian, a disciple of Agathocles,
Odyssey, but first occur in the Homeric hymn and apparently a contemporary of Aristarchus,
on Helios, and both are described minutely by wrote on the Homeric poems.
laterpoets. Helios is described as the god who  HELLASELLAs, HELLENES. Vid. GiRCIA.
sees and hears every thing, and was thus able  HELLE ("'EZta7), daughter of Athamas and
to reveal to Vulcan (HephTstus) the faithless- Nephdle, and sister of Phrixus. When Phrixus
ness of Venus (Aphrodite), and to Ceras (Deme- was to be sacrificed (vid. PaHRxus), Nephele rester) the abduction of her daughter. At a later cued her two children, who rode away through
time Helios became identified with Apollo, the air upon the ram with the golden fleece, the
though the two gods were originally quite dis- gift of Mercury (Hermes); but, between Sisetinct; but the identification was never carried um and the Chersonesus, Helle fell into the sea,
out completely, for no Greek poet ever made which was thence called the Sea of Helle (HelApollo ride in the chariot of Helios through the lespontus). Her tomb was shown near Pactya,
heavens, and among the Romans we find this on the Hellespont.
idea only after the time of Virgil. The repre-  HELLEN (CEt27tlv), son of Deucalion and Pyrsentations of Apollo with rays around his head, rha, or of Jupiter (Zeus) and Dorippe, husband
to characterize him as identical with the sun, of Orseis, and father of AEolus, Dorus, and
belong to the time of the Roman empire. The Xuthus. He was king of Phthia in Thessaly,
island of Thrinacia (Sicily) was sacred to Heli- and was succeeded by his son AEolus. He is
os, and there he had flocks of sheep and oxen, the mythical ancestor of all the Hellenes; from
which were tended by his daughters Phaethusa his two sons LEolus and Dorus were descended
and Lampetia. Later traditions ascribe to him the ALEolians and Dorians; and from his two
flocks also in the island of Erythia; and it may grandsons Achaeus and Ion, the sons of Xuthus,
be remarked, in general, that sacred flocks, es- the Achaeans and Ionians.
pecially of oxen, occur in most places where  HELLESPONTUS ('E20u27crovro: now Straits of
the worship of Helios was established. His the Dardanelles or of Gallipoli, Turk. Slambulll
descendants are very numerous; and the sur- Denghiz), the long narrow strait connecting the
names and epithets given him by the poets are Propontis (now Sea of Marmara) with thelEgean
mostly descriptive of his character as the sun. Sea, and through which the waters of the Black
Temples of Helios (?Lteda) existed in Greece at Sea discharge themselves into the Mediterraa very early time; and in later times we find nean in a constant current. The length of the
his worship established in various places, and strait is about fifty miles, and the width varies
especially in the island of Rhodes, where the from six miles at the upper end to two at the
famous colossus was a representation of the lower, and in some places it is only one mile
god. The sacrifices offered to him consisted wide, or even less. The narrowest part is beof white rams, boars, bulls, goats, lambs, espe- tween the ancient cities of SESTUS and ABYDus,
cially white horses, and honey. Among the an- where Xerxes made his bridge of boats (vrid.
imals sacred to him, the cock is especially men- XERXES), and where the legend related that
tioned. The Roman poets, when speaking of Leander swam across to visit Hero. Vid. LEANthe god of the suIn (Sol), usually adopt the no- DER. The name of the Hellespont (i. e;., the
tions of the Greeks. The worship of Sol was Sea of Helle) was derived from the story of
introduced at Rome, especially after the Ro- Helle's being drowned in it. Vid. HELLE. The
mans had become acquainted with the East, Hellespont was the boundary of Europe and
though traces of the worship of the sun and Asia, dividing the Thracian Chersonese in the
moon occur at an early period.            former from the Troad, and the territories of
HELISSON ('Eaeirauv or'E2taaoivo), a small Abydus and Lampascus in the latter. The distown in Arcadia, on a river of the same name, trict just mentioned, on the southern side of the
which falls into the Alphdus.             Hellespont, was also called'E.SUagovror, its in[HEI,IUM OSTIUM, one of the mouths of the habitants'E?2AXrov6vrtoe, and the cities on its
Rhine, formed by the union with the Mosa.]  coast'ErXcgir6vras   -r62IetS.-2. Under the RoHEmLANICUS ("Ef2XadvKoSo). 1. Of Mytilene in man empire, Hellespontus was the name of a
Lesbos, the most eminent of the Greek logog- proconsular province, composed of the Troad
raphers or early Greek historians, was in all and the northern part of Mysia, and having
probability born about B.C. 496, and died 411. Cyzicus for its capital.
We have no particulars of his life, but we may  HELLMANUOM ('E26/1emvov), a sea-port town
presume that he visited many of the countries, of the Acarnanians on the island Leucas.
of whose history he gave an account.  He    HELL6PYA. Vid. ELLOPIA.
wrote a great number of genealogical, chrono-  HEL6RUS or HEL6RUM (; "EXiopo:'E2ropTr7c),
logical, and historical works, which are cited a town on the eastern coast of Sicily, south of
under the titles of Troica, _/Eolica, Persica, &c. Syracuse, at the mouth of the River Helorus.
One of his most popular works was entitled There was a road from Helorus to Syracuse'IipetaL rC "Hpag: it contained a chronological (odo6'E3opivV, Thuc., vi., 70; vii., 80).
list of the priestesses of Juno (Hera) at Argos,  HfLos (rO "E'Eo0:'EMueioS,'EEdrcr). 1. A
compiled from the records preserved in the tem- town in Laconia, on the coast, in a marshy sitple of- the goddess of this place. This work nation, whence its name (e9o2=-marsh).   The
was one of the earliest attempts to regulate town was in ruins in the time of Pausanias. It
chronology, and was made use of by Thucydides, was commonly said that the Spartan slaves,
350




HELVECONY.                                 HEPH.ESTUS.
called Helotes (EZiUcore), were originally the ince of Gallia Narbonensis. Their country proAchaean inhabitants of this town, who were re- duced good wine.
duced by the Dorian conquerors to slavery; but  HELVIUS. 1. BLSIO.  Vid. BLrASTO.-2. CINNA.
this account of the origin of the Helotes seems Vid. CINNA.-3. MANCIA. Vid. MANCIA.-4. PERto have been merely an invention, in conse- TINAX. Vid. PERTINAX.
quence of the similarity of their name to that  HEMERESIA ('HuEpoaia), the soothing goddess,
of the town of Helos. Vid. Diet. of Antiq., art. a surname of Diana (Artemis), under which she
HELOTES.-2. A town or district of Elis, on the was worshipped at the fountain Lusi (Aovaoi),
Alpheus.                                  in Arcadia.
HELVECONlE, a people in Germany, between  IHEMEROscOPION. Vid. DIANIUM, No. 2.
the Viadus and the Vistula, south of the Rugii,  HEMINA, CAssIus. Vid. CAssIUs, No. 14.
and north of the Burgundiones, reckoned by  HENETI ('Everoi), an ancient people in PaphlaTacitus among the Ligii.                  gonia, dwelling on the River Parthenius, fought
HELVETII, a brave and powerful Celtic people, on the side of Priam against the Greeks, but
who dwelt between Mount Juraspus (now Jra), had disappeared before the historical times.
the Lacus Lemannus (now Lake of Geneva), the They were regarded by many ancient writers
Rhone, and the Rhine as far as the Lacus Brig- as the ancestors of the Veneti in Italy. Vid.
antinus (now Lake of Constance). They were VENETI.
thus bounded by the Sequani on the west, by  HENIOCHI ('HviOXOt), a people in Colchis, north
the Nantuates and Lepontii in Cisalpine Gaul of the Phasis, notorious as pirates.
on the south, by the ItRti on the east, and by  HENNA. Vid. ENNA.
the German nations on the north beyond the  HEPH ESTIA ('Hcmoaria). 1. ('Heatarcevf), a
Rhine. Their country, called Ager Helvetiorum  town in the northwest of the island of Lemnos.
(but never Helvetia), thus corresponded to the -2. ('Hoac-ridcf, -reieds), a demus in Attica, bewestern part of Switzerland. Their chief town longing to the tribe Acamantis.
was AVENTICUM. They were divided into four  HEPHESTIADES INSULE. Vid. AEOLsm.
pagi or cantons, of which the Pagus Tigurinus  HEPHESTION ('Halcarr-ov). 1. Son of Amynwas the most celebrated. We only know the tor, a Macedonian of Pella, celebrated as the
name of one of the three others, namely, the. friend of Alexander the Great, with whom he
Vicus Verbigenus, or, more correctly, Urbigenus. had been brought up. Alexander called HeThe Helvetii are first mentioned in the war with phaestion his own private fiiend, but Craterus
the Cimbri. In B.C. 107 the Tigurini defeated the friend of the king. Hephaestion accomand killed the Roman consul L. Cassius Longi- panied Alexander to Asia, and was employed
nus, on the Lake of Geneva, while another di- by the king in many important commands. He
vision of the Helvetii accompanied the Cimbri died at Ecbatana, after an illness of only seven
and Teutones in their invasion of Gaul. Sub- days, B.C. 325. Alexander's grief for his loss
sequently the Helvetii invaded Italy'along with was passionate and violent. A general mournthe Cimbri, and they returned home in safety ing was ordered throughout the empire, and a
after the defeat of the Cimbri by Marius and funeral pile and monument erected to him at
Catulus in 101. About forty years afterward Babylon, at a cost of ten thousand talents.-2.
they resolved, upon the advice of Orgetorix, one A Greek grammarian, who instructed the Emof their chiefs, to migrate from their country peror Verus in Greek, and accordingly lived
with their wives and children, and seek a new  about A.D. 150. He was perhaps the author
home in the more fertile plains of Gaul. In 58 of a Manual on Metres ('E7XyEpidmov 7rept fETrpuv),
they endeavored to carry their plan into execu- which has come down to us under the name of
tion, but they were defeated by Caesar, and Hephcestion. This work is a tolerably complete
driven back into their own territories. The manual of Greek metres, and forms the basis
Romans now planted colonies and built fort- of all our knowledge on that subject. Edited
resses in their country (Noviodunum, Vindo- by Gaisford, Oxon., 1810.
nissa, Aventicum), and the Helvetii gradually  HEPHMSTUS ('HEataroc), called VULCANUS by
adopted the customs and language of their con- the Romans, the god of fire. He was, accordquerors. They were severely punished by the ing to Homer, the son of Zeus (Jupiter) and
generals of Vitellius (A.D. 70), whom they re- Hera (Juno). Later traditions state that he had
fused to recognize as emperor; and after that no father, and that Hera (Juno) gave birth to
time they are rarely mentioned as a separate him independent of Zeus (Jupiter), as she was
people. The Helvetii were included in Gallia jealous of Zeus (Jupiter) having given birth to
Lugdunensis according to Strabo, but in Gallia Athena (Minerva) independent of her. He was
Belgica according to Pliny: most modern writ- born lame and weak, and was, in consequence,
ers adopt Pliny's statement. When Gaul was so much disliked by his mother that she threw
subdivided into a greater number of provinces him down from Olympus. The marine diviniunder the later emperors, the country of the ties, Thetis and Eurynome, received him, and
Helvetii formed, with that of the Sequani and he dwelt with them for nine years in a grotto,
the Rauraci, the province of Maxima Sequano- beneath Oceanus, making for them a variety of
rum.                                      ornaments. He afterward returned to OlymHELVIA. [1. Mother of the celebrated Cc- pus, though we are not told through what means,
ERO.]-2. Mother of the philosopher SENECA.  and he appears in Homer as the great artist of
HELVIDIUS PRISCUS. Vid. PRISCUS.        the gods of Olympus. Although he had been
HELVIIj a people in Gaul, between the Rhone cruelly treated by his mother, he always showand Mount Cebenna, which separated them from  ed her respect and kindness, and on one occathe Arverni, were for a long time subject to sion took her part when she was quarrelling
Massili, but afterward belonged to the prov- with Zeus (Jupiter), which.so much enraged the
351




HEPTANOMIS.                                   HERA.
father <; the gods that he seized Hephmstus Telhys, and afterward became the wife of Zeas
(Vulcan) by the leg and hurled him down fiom  (Jupiter) without the knowledge of her parents.
heaven. Hephaestus (\Tulcan) was a whole day This simple account is variously modified in
falling, but in the evening he alighted in the other traditions. Being a daughter of Cronos
island of Lemnos, where he was kindly received (Saturn), she, like his other children, was swal
by the Sintians.  Later writers describe his lowed by her father, but afterward released;
lameness as the consequence of this fall, while and, according to an Arcadian tradition, she was
Homer makes him lame from his birth. He again brought up by Temenus, the son of Pelasgus.
returned to Olympus, and subsequently acted The Argives, on the other hand, related that
the part of mediator between his parents. On she had been brought up by Eubcea, Prosymna,
that occasion he offered a cup of nectar to his and Acraea, the three daughters of the River
mother and the other gods, who burst out into Asterion. Several parts of Greece claimed the
immoderate laughter on seeing him busily hob- honor of being her birth-place, and more espebling from one god to another.  Hephestus cially Argos and Samos, which were the prin(Vulcan) appears to have been originally the cipal seats of her worship. Her marriage with
god of fire simply; but as fire is indispensable Zeus (Jupiter) offered ample scope for poetical
in working metals, he was afterward regarded invention, and several places in Greece also
as an artist. His palace in Olympus was im- claimed the honor of having been the scene of
perishable and shining like stars. It contained the marriage, such as Eubcea, Samos, Cnosus
his workshop, with the anvil and twenty bel- in Crete, and Mount Thornax in the south of
lows, which worked spontaneously at his bid- Argolis. Her marriage, called the Sacred Marding. It was there that he made all his beauti- riage (iepoC ya/yo), was represented in many
ful and marvellous works, both for gods and places where she was worshipped. At her nupmen. The ancient poets abound in descriptions tials all the gods honored her with presents, and
of exquisite workmanship which had been man- Ge (Terra) presented to her a tree with golden
ufactured by the god. All the palaces in Olym- apples, which was watched by the Hesperipus were his workmanship. He made the ar- des, at the foot of the Hyperborean Atlas. In
mor of Achilles; the fatal necklace of Harmo- the Iliad Hera (Juno) is treated by the Olymnia; the fire-breathing bulls of Eites, king of pian gods with the same reverence as her husColchis, &c. In later accounts, the Cyclopes band.  Zeus (Jupiter) himself listens to her
are his workmen and servants, and his work- counsels, and communicates his secrets to her.
shop is no longer in Olympus, but in some vol- She is, notwithstanding, far inferior to him
canic island. In the Iliad the wife of Hephaes- in power, and must obey him unconditionally.
tus (Vulcan) is Charis: in Hesiod, Aglaia, the She is not, like Zeus (Jupiter), the queen of
youngest of the Charites; but in the Odyssey, gods and men, but simply the wife of the suas well as in later accounts, Aphrodite (Venus) preme god. The idea of her being the queen
appears as his wife. Aphrodite (Venus) proved of heaven, with regal wealth and power, is of
faithless to her husband, and was in love- with much later date. Her character, as described
Ares (Mars); but Helios disclosed their amours by Homler, is not of a very amiable kind; and
to Hephaestus (Vulcan), who caught the guilty her jealousy, obstinacy, and quarrelsome dispopair in an invisible net, and exposed them to sition sometimes make her husband tremble.
the laughter of the assembled gods. The fa- Hence arise frequent disputes between Heravorite abode of Hephaestus (Vulcan) on earth (Juno) and Zeus (Jupiter); and on one occasion
was the island of Lemnos; but other volcanic Hera (Juno), in conjunction with Poseidon (Nepislands also, such as Lipara, Hiera, Imbros, and tune) and Athena (Minerva), contemplated putSicily, are called his abodes or workshops. He- ting Zeus (Jupiter) into chains. Zeus (Jupiter).
phaestus (Vulcan), like Athena (Minerva), gave in such cases, not only threatens, but beats her.
skill to mortal artists, and, conjointly with her, Once he even hung her up in the clouds, with
he was believed to have taught men the arts her hands chained, and with two anvils suswhich embellish and adorn life.  Hence at pended from her feet; and on another-occasion,
Athens they had temples and festivals in com- when Hephaestus (Vulcan) attempted to help
mon. The epithets and surnames by which her, Zeus (Jupiter) hurled him down from OlymHephmstus (Vulcan) is designated by the poets, pus. By Zeus (Jupiter) she was the mother of
generally allude to his skill in the plastic arts Ares (Mars), Hebe, and Hephaestus (Vulcan).
or to his lameness.  The Greeks frequently  Hera (Juno) was, properly speaking, the only
placed small dwarf-like statues of the god near really married goddess among.the Olympians,
the hearth. During the best period of Grecian for the marriage of Aphrodite (Venus) with
art he was represented as a vigorous man with Hephaestus (Vulcan) can scarcely be taken into
a beard, and is characterized by his hammer or consideration. Hence she is the goddess of
some other instrument, his oval cap, and the marriage and of the birth of children. Several
chiton, which leaves the right shoulder and arm  epithets and surnames, such as Eieiuwvta, ray?uncovered. The Roman Vulcanus was an old 2ia,,Zvyia, Te2reia, &c., contain allusions to this
Italian divinity.  Vid. VULCANUS.         character of the goddess, and the Ilithyise are
HEPTXNSMIS.  Vid. A.EGYPTUS.            described as her daughters. She is representHERA (CHpa or'Hpv), called JUNo by the Ro- ed in the Iliad riding in a chariot drawn by two
mans. The Greek Hera, that is, Mistress, was horses, in the harnessing and unharnessing of
a daughter of Cronos (Saturn) and Rhea, and which she is, assisted by Hebe and the Hore.
sister and wife of Zeus (Jupiter).  Some call Owing to the judgment of Paris (vid. PARIS),
her the eldest daughter of Cronos (Saturn), but she was hostile to the Trojans, and in the Troothers give this title to Hestia. According to jan war she accordingly sided with the Greeks.
Homer she was brought up by Oceanus and She persecuted all the children of Zeus (Jupi352




HERACLEA.                                HERACLID2.
tor) by mortal mothers, and hence appears as now haraldi or Eregli), a city on the southern
the enemy of Dionysus (Bacchus), Hercules, shore of the Pontus Euxinus, on the coast of
and others. In the Argonautic expedition she Bithynia, in the territory of the Mariandyni, was
assisted Jason. It is impossible here to enu- situated twenty stadia north of the River Lycus,
merate all the events ofmythical story in which upon a little river called Acheron or Soonautes,
IHera (Juno) acts a part, and the reader must and near the base of a peninsula called Acherurefer to the particular deities or heroes with sia, and had a fine harbor. It was founded about
whose story she is connected. Hera (Juno) B.C. 550 by colonists from Megara and from
was worshipped in many parts of Greece, but Tanagra in Boeotia (not, as Strabo says, from
more especially at Argos, in the neighborhood Miletus). After various political struggles, it
of which she'had a splendid temple, on the road settled down under a monarchical form of govto Mycenae. Her great festival at Argos is de- ernment. It reached the height of its prosperiscribed in the Dict. of Ant., art. HER^EA. She ty in the reign of Darius Codomanus, when it
also had a splendid temple in Samos. The an- had an extensive commerce, and a territory
cients gave several interpretations respecting reaching from the Parthenius to the Sangarius.
the real significance of Hera (Juno), but we It began to decline in consequence of the rise
must in all probability rbgard her as the great of the kingdom of Bithynia and the foundation
goddess of nature, who was worshipped every of Nicomedia, and the invasion of Asia Minor
where from the earliest times. The worship by the Gauls; and its ruin was completed in
of the Roman Juno is spoken of in a separate the Mithradatic war, when the city was taken
article. Vid. JUNO. Hera (Juno) was usually and plundered, and partly destroyed, by the Rorepresented as a majestic woman of mature mans under Cotta. It was the native city of
age, with a beautiful forehead, large and wide- HERACLIDES PONTICUS, and perhaps of the paintly-opened eyes, and with a grave expression er ZEUxIS.-2. H. AD LATMUM ('H. Adr/Eov or 4
commanding reverence. Her hair was adorn- irbo Aadrzu: ruins near the Lake of Baffi), a town
ed with a crown or a diadem. A veil frequent- of Ionia, southeast of Miletus, at the foot of
ly hangs down the back of her head, to charac- Mount Latmus, and upon the Sinus Latmicus;
terize her as the bride of Zeus (Jupiter), and formerly called Latmus. Near it was a cave,
the diadem, veil, sceptre, and peacock are her with the tomb of Endymion. There was anordinary attributes.                      other city of the same —name in Caria, one in
HEIRACLE.A ('HpdatcReta:'HpaKese6r^f: Hera- Lydia, two in Syria, one in Media, and one in
cleotes). I. In Europe. 1. H., in Lucania, on India, none of which require special notice here.
the River Siris, founded by the Tarentines.  HERACLEOPOLIS ('Hpa/cseo67roRzt). 1. PARVA
During the independen'ce of the Greek states in (4 LuKpcd), also called SETHRON, a city of Lower
the south of Italy, congresses were held in this Egypt, in the Nomos Sethroites, twenty-two
town under the presidency of the Tarentines. Roman miles west of Pelusium.-2. MAGNA (4
It sunk into insignificance under the Romans. usyd2iA, also'4 avw), the capital of the fertile
-2. In Acarnania, on the Ambracian Gulf.-3. Nomos Heracleopolites or Heracleotes, in the
In Pisatis Elis, in ruins in the time of Strabo. Heptanomis or Middle Egypt: a chief seat of
-4. The later name of Perinthus in Thrace. the wvorship of the ichneumon.
Vid. PERINTHUS.-5. H. CACCABARIA PORBARIA,  [HERACLES ('Hpatc2fC). Vid. HERCULES.]
in Gallia Narbonensis, on the coast, a sea-port  HERACLECUM ('I-Ipa/cltoV), the name of several
of the Massilians.-6. H. LYNCESTIS (AvyiCToi-f), promontories and towns, of which none require
also called Pelagonia (now Bitoglia or Bitolia), special notice except, 1. A town in Macedonia,
in Macedonia, on the Via Egnatia, west of the at the mouth of the Apilas, near the frontiers
Erigon, the capital of one of the four districts of Thessaly.-2. The harbor of Cnosus in Crete.
into which Macedonia was divided by the Ro- -3. A town on the coast of the Delta of Egypt,
mans.-7. H. MINOA (Mivsa: ruins near Torre a little west of Canopus, from which the Canodi Capo Bianco), on the southern coast of Sicily, pie mouth of the Nile was often called also the
at the mouth of the River Halycus, between Heracleotic mouth.-4. A place near Gindarus,
Agrigentum and Selinus. According to tradi- in the Syrian province of Cyrrhestice, where
tion it was founded by Minos, when he pursued Ventidius, the legate of M.'Antony, gained his
Daedalus to Sicily, and it may have been an an- great victory over the Parthians under Pacorus
cient colony of the Cretans. We know, how- in B.C. 38.
ever, that it was afterward colonized by the in-  HERACLIELNUS ('HpaIcKPntav6), one of the offihabitants of Selinus, and that its original name cers of Honorius, put Stilicho to death (A.D.
was Minoa, which it continued to bear till about 408), and received, as the reward of that servB.C. 500, when the town was taken by the Lac- ice, the government of Africa. He rendered
edeemonians under Euryleon, who changed its good service to Honorius during the invasion of
name into that of Heraclea; but it continued to Italy by Alaric, and the' usurpation of Attalus.
bear its ancient appellation as a surname, to dis- In 413 he revolted against Honorius, and intinguish it from other places of the same name. vaded Italy; but his enterprise failed, and on
It fell at an early period into the hands of the his return to Africa he was put to death at CarCarthaginians, and remained in their power till thage.
the conquest of Sicily by the Romans, who   HERACLIDE ('Hpaic2efd4O), the descendants of
planted a colony there.-8. H. SINTICA (12;t71r), Hercules, who, in conjunction with the Dorians,
in Macedonia, a town of the Sinti, on the left conquered Peloponnesus. It had been the will
bank of the Strymon, founded by Amyntas, of Jupiter (Zeus), so ran the legend, that Herbrother of Philip.-9. H. TRACHINIE, in Thes- cules should rule over the country of the Persaly. Vid. Tr.AcmIS.-II. In Asia. 1. H. PON — seids, at Mycene and Tiryns,; but, through
TWIC ('H.,t IIovrTIE7, r H6rov, o r v  6vro: j Juno's (Hera) cunning, Eurystheus had beea
23                                                              353




HERACLIDAE.                               HERACLIDES.
put into the place of Hercules, who had become them to take a three-eyed man for their com.
the servant of the former. After the death of mander. He was found' in the person of OxyHercules, his ciaims devolved upon his sons lus, the son of Andraemon, an Atolian, but deand descendants. At the time of his death, scended from a family in Elis. The expedition
Hyllus, the eldest of his four sons by Deianira, now successfully sailed from Naupactus toward
was residing with his brothers at the court of Rhium in Peloponnesus. Oxylus, keeping the
Ceyx at Trachis.  As Eurystheus demanded invaders away from Elis, led them through Artheir surrender, and Ceyx was unable to pro- cadia. The Heraclide and Dorians conquered
tect them, they fled to various parts of Greece, Tisamenus, the son of Orestes, who ruled over
until they were received as suppliants at Athens, Argos, Mycenae, and Sparta. After this they
at the altar of Eleos (Mercy). According to the became masters of the greater part of PeloponHeraclidce of Euripides, the sons of Hercules nesus, and then distributed by lot the newly-acwere first staying at Argos, thence went to quired possessions. Temenus obtained Argos;
Trachis in Thessaly, and at length came to Procles and Eurystheus, the twin sons of ArisAthens. Demophon, the son of Theseus, re- todemus, Lacedaemon; and Cresphontes, Mesceived them, and they settled in the Attic tetrap- senia. Such are the traditions about the Herolis. Eurystheus, to whom the Atheniaps re- aclidoe and their conquest of Peloponnesus.
fused to surrender the fugitives, now marched They are not purely mythical, but contain a
against the Athenians with a large army, but genuine historical substance, notwithstanding
was'defeated by the Athenians under Iolaus, the various contradictions in the accounts.
Theseus, and Hyllus, and was slain with his They represent the conquest of the Achaean
sons. The battle itself was celebrated in Attic population by Dorian invaders, who henceforstory as the battle of the Scironian rock, on the ward appear as the ruling race in the Peloponcoast of the Saronic Gulf, though Pindar places nesus. The conquered Achaeans became partit in the neighborhood of Thebes. After the ly the slaves and partly the subjects of the Doribattle the Heraclidre entered the Peloponnesus, ans. Vid. Dict. of Ant., art. PERICECI.
and maintained themselves there for one year.  HERACLIDES ('Hpa^ezid^Tf). 1. A Syracusan,
This was their first invasion of Peloponnesus. son of Lysimachus, one of the generals when
But a plague, which spread over the whole pen- Syracuse was attacked by the Athenians, B.C.
insula, compelled them to return to Attica; 415.-2. A Syracusan, who held the chief comwhere, for a time, they again settled in the At- mand of the mercenary forces under the youngtic tetrapolis. From thence they proceeded to er Dionysius. Being suspected by Dionysius,.ZEgimius, king of the Dorians, whom Hercules he fled from Syracuse, and afterward took part
had assisted in his war against the Lapithae, and with Dion in expelling Dionysius from Syrawho had promised to preserve a third of his ter- cuse. After the expulsion of the tyrant, a pow-,itory for the children of Hercules. Vid. IEoGI-erful party at Syracuse looked up to Heraclides
sinus. The Heraclidae were hospitably received as their leader, in consequence of which Dion
by.Egimius, and Hyllus was adopted by the caused him to be assassinated, 354-3. Son of
latter. After remaining in Doris three years, Agathocles, accompanied his father to Africa,
Hyllus, with a band of Dorians, undertook an where he was put to death by the soldiers
expedition against Atreus, who had married a when they were deserted by Agathocles, 307.
daughter of Eurystheus, and had become king -4. Of Tarentum, one of the chief counsellors
of Mycenae and Tiryns. Hyllus marched across of Philip V., king of Macedonia.-5. Of Byzanthe Corinthian isthmus, and first met Echemus tium, sent as ambassador by Antiochus the
of Tegea, who fought for the Pelopidae, the prin- Great to the two Scipios, 190.-6. One of the
eipal opponents of the Heraclidae. Hyllus fell three ambassadors sent by Antiochus Epiphain single combat with Echemus, and, according nes to the Romans, 169. Heraclides was banto an agreement which had been made before ished by Demetrius Soter, the successor of Anthe battle, the Heraelidie were not to make any tiochus (162), and in revenge gave his support
further attempt upon Peloponnesus for the next to the imposture of Alexander Balas.-7. Surfifty years. Thus ended their second invasion. named PONTICUS, because he was born at HeraThey now retired to Tricorythus, where they clea in Pontus. He was a person of considerwere allowed by the Athenians to take up their able wealth, and migrated to Athens, where he
abode. During the period which followed (ten became a pupil of Plato. He paid attention also
years after the death of Hyllus), the Trojan war to the Pythagorean system, and afterward attook place; and thirty years after the Trojan tended the instructions of Speusippus, and finalwar Cleodeus, son of Hyllus, again invaded ly of Aristotle. He wrote a great number of
Peloponnesus, which was the third invasion; works upon philosophy, mathematics, music,
about twenty years later, Aristomachus, the son history, politics, grammar, and poetry; but alof Cleodaus, undertook the fourth expedition; most all of these works are lost. There has
but both heroes fell. Not quite thirty years come down to us a small work, under the name
after Aristomachus (that is, about eighty years of Heraclides, entitled repi TIoiTetlv, of which
after the destruction of Troy), the Heraclidae the best editions are by Koler, Halle, 1804, by
prepared for their fifth and final attack. Teme- Corae, in his edition of AElian, Paris, 1805, [and
nus, Cresphontes, and Aristodemus, the sons by Schneidewin, 1849]. Another extant work,
of Aristomachus, upon the advice of an oracle,'AX;aVyopial'OLypLcai, which also bears the
built a fleet on the Corinthian Gulf; but this name of Heraclides, was certainly not written
fleet was destroyed, because Hippotes, one of by him. Diogenes Latrtius, in his life of Herthe Heraclidae, had killed Carnus, an Acarnani- aclides, says that "Heraclides made tragedies,
an soothsayer; and Aristodemus was killed by and put the name of Thespis to them." This
a flash of lightning. An oracle now ordered sentence has given occasion to. a learned dis.
354




HERACLITUS.                                HERCULES.
qnisition by Bentley (Phalaris, p. 239), to prove Sori), a range of mountains in Sicily, running
that the fragments attributed to Thespis are from the centre of the island southeast, and endreally cited from these counterfeit tragedies of ing in the promontory Pachynum.
Heraclides. Some childish stoties are told about  HER EU. Vid. ARGos, p. 92, a.
Heraclides keeping a pet serpent, and ordering  HEaRESSUS.  Vid. ERBESSUS.
one of his friends to conceal his body after his  HERBYTA ("Ep6tra:'Ep6raof, Herbitensis), a
death, and place the serpent on the bed, that it town in Sicily, north of Agyrium, in the mountmight be supposed that he had been taken to ains, was a powerful place in early times under
the company of the gods. It is also said that the tyrant Archonides, but afterward declined
he killed a man who had usurped the tyranny in importance.
in Heraclea, and there are other traditions about  HERCULANEUM, a town in Samnium, conquerhim scarcely worth relating.-8. An historian, ed by the consul Carvilius, B.C. 293 (Liv., x.,
who lived in the reign of Ptolemy Philopator 45), must not be confounded with the more cel(222-205), and wrote several works, quoted by ebrated town of this name mentioned below.
the grammarians.-9. A physician of Tarentum,  HERCULANEUM, HERCULANIUM, HERCULANUM,
lived in the third or second century B.C., and HERCULENSE OPPIDUM, HERCULEA URBS ('Hpdwrote some works on Materia Medica, and a,e.Etov), an ancient city in Campania, near the
commentary on all the works in the Hippocratic coast, between Neapolis and Pompeii, was origCollection.-10. A physician of Erythrae in Ionia, inally founded by the Oscans, was next in the
was a pupil of Chrysermus, and a contemporary possession of the Tyrrhenians, and subsequentof Strabo in the first century B.C.       ly was chiefly inhabited by Greeks, who apHERACLITUS ('Hpd2elrotT). 1. Of Ephesus, a pear to have settled in the place from other
philosopher generally considered as belonging cities of Magna Grsecia, and to have given it its
to the Ionian school, though he differed from  name. It was taken by the Romans in the Sotheir principles in many respects. In his youth cial war (B.C. 89, 88), and was colonized by
he travelled extensively, and after his return to them. In A.D. 63 a great part of it was deEphesus the chief magistracy was offered him, stroyed by an earthquake; and in 79 it was
which, however, he transferred to his brother. overwhelmed, along with Pompeii and Stabiae,
He appears afterward to have become a com- by the great eruption of Mount Vesuvius. It
plete recluse, rejecting even the kindnesses was buried under showers of ashes and streams
offered by Darius, and at last retreating to the of lava, from seventy to one hundred feet under
mountains, where he lived on pot-herbs; but, the present surface of the ground.  On its
after some time, he was compelled by the sick- site stand the modern Portici and part of the
ness consequent on such meagre diet to return village of Resina: the Italian name of Ercoto Ephesus, where he died. He died at the age lano does not indicate any modern place, but
of sixty, and flourished about B.C. 513. Her- only the part of Herculaneum that has been disaclitus wrote a work On Nature (wepi qcJaeur), interred. The ancient city was accidentally
which contained his philosophical views. From  discovered by the sinking of a well in 1720,
the obscurity of his style, he gained the title of since which time the excavations have been
the Obscure (oKoreev6f). He considered fire to carried on at different periods; and many works
be the primary form of all matter; but by fire of art have been discovered, which are deposited
he meant only to describe a clear light fluid, in the Royal Museum at Portici. It has been,t self-kindled and self-extinguished," and there- found necessary to fill up again the excavations
fore not differing materially from the air of which were made, in order to render Portici and
Anaxinenes.-2. An Academic philosopher of Resina secure, and therefore very little of the
Tyre, a friend of Antiochus, and a pupil of Cli- ancient city is to be seen. The buildings that
tomachus and Philo.-3. The reputed author of have been discovered are a theatre capable of
a work, rlepi'A7riaruv, published by Wester- accommodating about ten thousand spectators,
mann in his Mlythographi, Brunsvig., 1843.- the remains of two temples, a large building,
[4. Of Lesbos, author of a history of Macedo- commonly designated as a forum civile, two
nia.-5. An elegiac poet of Halicarnassus, a hundred and twenty-eight feet long and one
contemporary and friend of Callimachus, who hundred and thirty-two broad, and some private
wrote an epigram on him.]                 houses, the walls of which were adorned with
[HERACLIUS ('HpdEIC2etoC:'Hpdacaog). 1. The paintings, many of which, when discovered,
name of several Sicilians mentioned by Cicero, were in a state of admirable preservation.
e.g.: a. Acitizen ofCenturipini, who appeared in There have been also found at Herculaneum
evidence againstVerres; b. A native of Segesta, many MSS., written on rolls of papyrus; but
put to death by Verres, though innocent; c. Son the difficulty of unrolling and deciphering them
of Hiero, a noble and opulent Syracusan, strip- was very great; and the few which have been
ped of nearly all his property by Verres; d. An- deciphered are of little value, consisting of a
other Syracusan, priest of Jupiter (Zeus), held treatise ofPhilodemus on music, and fragments
in high estimation by his fellow-citizens.-2. A  of unimportant works on philosophy.
eunuch, and favorite of Valentinian III.; was  HERCULES ('Hpatc2C), the most celebrated of
the instigator of the murder of Aetius.-3. A  all the heroes of antiquity. His exploits were
governor of the Emperor Leo's in Africa, fought celebrated not only in all the countries round
successfully against the Vandals, 466 A.D.]  the Mediterranean, but even in the most distant
HERnA (-Hpaia:'HpatLe: ruins near St. Jo- lands of the ancient world. I. GREEK LEGENDS.
annes), a town in Arcadia, on the right bank of The Greek traditions about Hercules appear in
the Alpheus, near the borders of Elis. Its ter- their national purity down to the time of Heritory was called HERZEATIS ('HpadrLe).   rodotus. But the poets of the time of HerodoHERmEI MONTES (ra Hpaca opq: now Monti tus and of the subsequent periods introduced
355




HERCULES.                                 HERCULES.
considerable alterations, which were probably as his helmet. Others related that the lionle
derived from the East or Egypt, for every nation  skin of Hercules was taken from the Nemean
possesses some traditions respecting heroes of lion. On his return to Thebes, he met the
superhuman strength and power. Now while envoys of King Erginus of Orchomenos, who
in the earliest Greek legends Hercules is a were going to fetch the annual tribute of one
purely human hero, a conqueror of men, and hundred oxen, which they had compelled the
cities, he afterward appears as the subduer of Thebans to pay. Hercules cut off the noses
monstrous animals, and is connected in a va- and ears of the envoys, and thus sent them back
riety of ways with astronomical phenomena. to Erginus.  The latter thereupon marched
According to Homer, Hercules was the son of against Thebes; but Hercules defeated and
Jupiter (Zeus) by Alcmene of Thebes in Boo- killed Erginus, and compelled the Orchomenitia. His stepfatherwasAmphitryon. Amphit- ans to pay double the tribute which they had
ryon was the son of Alceus, the son of Perseus; formerly received from the Thebans. In this
and Alcmene was a grand-daughter of Pers- battle against Erginus Hercules lost his stepeus. Hence Hercules belonged to the family father Amphitryon, though the tragedians make
of Perseus. Jupiter (Zeus) visited Alcmene him survive the campaign. Creon rewarded
in the form of Amphitryon, while the latter was Hercules with the hand of his daughter Meabsent warring against the Taphians; and he, gara, by whom he became the father of several
pretending to be her husband, became by her children. The gods, on the other hand, made
the father of Hercules. For details, vid. ALC- him presents of arms:- Mercury (Hermes) gave
MENE, AMPHITRYON. On the day on which Her- him a sword, Apollo a bow and arrows, Vulcan
cules was to be born, Jupiter (Zeus) boasted of (HephTestus) a golden coat of mail, and Mihis becoming the father of a hero who was to nerva (Athena) a peplus. He cut for himself a
rule over the race of Perseus. Juno (Hera) club in the neighborhood of Nemea, while, acprevailed upon him to swear that the descend- cording to others, the club was of brass, and
ant of Perseus born that day should be the ruler. the gift of Vulcan (Hephasstus). Soon. afterThereupon she hastened to Argos, and there ward Hercules was driven mad by Juno (Hera),
caused the wife of Sthenelus to give birth to and in this state he killed his own children by
Eurystheus; whereas, by keeping away the Megara and two of Iphicles. In his grief he
Ilithyiwe, she delayed the birth of Hercules, and sentenced himself to exile, and went to Thesthus,robbed him of the empire which Jupiter pins, who purified him. Other traditions place
(Zeus) had destined for him. Jupiter (Zeus) this madness at a later time, and relate the cirwas enraged at the imposition practiced upon cumstances differently. He then consulted the
him, but could not violate his oath. Alcmene oracle of Delphi as to where he should settle.
brought into the world two boys, Hercules, the The Pythia first called him by the name of Herson of Jupiter (Zeus), and Iphicles, the son of cules-for hitherto his name had been Alcides
Amphitryon. Nearly all the stories about the or Alceeus-and ordered him to live at Tiryns,
childhood and youth of Hercules, down to the and to serve Eurystheus for the space of twelve
time when he entered the service of Eurysth- years, after which he should become immortal.
eus, seem to be inventions of a later age. At Hercules accordingly went to Tiryns, and did
least in Homer and Hesiod we are only told that as he was bid by Eurystheus. The accounts
he grew strong in body and mind; that, confid- of the twelve labors which Hercules performed
ing in his own powers, he defied even the immor- at the bidding of Eurystheus are found only in
tal gods, and wounded Juno (Hera) and Mars the later writers. The only one of the twelve
(Ares), and that under the protection of Jupiter labors mentioned by Homer is his descent into
(Zeus) and- Minerva (Athena) he escaped the the lower world to carryoff Cerberus. We also
dangers which Juno (Hera) prepared for him. find in Homer the fight of Hercules with a seaTo these simple accounts, various particulars monster; his expedition to Troy, to fetch the
are added in later writers. As he lay in his horses which Laomedon had refused him; and
cradle, Juno (Hera) sent two serpents to destroy his war against the Pylians, when he destroyed
him, but the infant hero strangled them with the whole family of their king Neleus, with the
his own hands. As he grew up, he was in- exception of Nestor. Hesiod mentions several
structed by Amphitryon in driving a chariot, by of the feats of Hercules distinctly, but knows
Autolycus in wrestling, by Eurytus in archery, nothing of their number twelve. The selection
by Castor in fighting with heavy armor, and by of these twelve from the great number of feats
Linus in singing and playing the lyre. Linus ascribed to Hercules is probably the work of
was killed by his pupil with the lyre because the Alexandrines. They are usually arranged
he had censured him; and Amphitryon, to pre- in the following order.  1. The fig'ht with the
vent similar occurrences, sent him to feed his VNemean lion. The valley of Nemea, between
cattle. In this manner he spent his life till his Cleonse and Phlius, was inhabited by a moneighteenth year. His first great adventure hap- strous lion, the offspring of Typhon and Echidpened while he was still watching the oxen of na. Eurystheus ordered Hercules to bring him
his stepfather.  A huge lion, which haunted the skin of this monster. After using in vain
Mount Citllaeron, made great havoc among the his club and arrows against the lion, he stranflocks of Amphitryon and Thespius (or Thesti- gled the animal with his own hands. He reus), king of Thespiai.  Hercules promised to turned carrying the dead lion on his shoulders;
deliver the country of the monster; and Thes- but Eurystheus was so frightened at the giganpius rewarded Hercules by making him his tic strength of the hero, that he ordered him in
guest so long as the chase lasted. Hercules future to deliver the account of his exploits
slew the lion, and henceforth wore its skin as outside the town.-2. Fight against the Lernman
his ordinary garment, and its mouth and head hydra. This monster, like the lion, was the
356




HERCULES.                                 HERCULES.
offispring of Typhon and Ec'idna, and was and Hercules, after taking Phyleus, the son of
brought up by Juno (Hera). It ravaged the Augeas, as his witness, led the rivers Alpheus
country of Lerna near Argos, and' dwelt in a and Peneus through the stalls, which were thus
swamp near the well of Amymone. It had nine cleansed in a single day. But Augeas, who
heads, of which the middle one was immortal. learned that Hercules had undertaken the work
Hercules struck off its heads with his club; but by the command of Eurystheus, refused to give
in the place of the head he cut off, two new  him the reward. His son Phyleus then bore
ones grew forth each time. A gigantic crab witness against his father, who exiled him from
also came to the assistance of the hydra, and Elis. Eurystheus, however, declared the exploit
wounded Hercules. However, with the assist- null and void, because Hercules had stipulated
ante of his faithful servant Iolaus, he burned with Augeas for a reward for performing it. At
away the heads of the hydra, and buried the a later time Hercules invaded Elis, and killed
ninth or immortal one under a huge rock. Hav- Augeas and his sons. After this he is said to
ing thus conquered the monster, he poisoned his have founded the Olympic games.-6. Destrucai'rows with its bile, whence the wounds inflict- tion of the Styimphalian birds. These voracious
ed by them became incurable. Eurystheus de- birds had been brought up by Mars (Ares).
dared the victory unlawful, as Hercules had They had brazen claws, wings, and beaks, used
won it with the aid of Iolaus.-3. Capture of their feathers as arrows, and ate human flesh.
the Arcadian stag.  This animal had golden They dwelt on a lake near Stymphalus in Arcaantlers and brazen feet. It had been dedicated dian, from which Hercules was ordered by Euto Diana (Artemis) by the nymph Taygete, be- rystheus to expel them. When Hercules uncause the goddess had saved her from the pur- dertook the task, Minerva (Athena) provided
suit of Jupiter (Zeus). Hercules was ordered him with a brazen rattle, by the noise of which
to bring the animal alive to Mycenae. He pur- he startled the birds; and, as they attempted to
sued it in vain for a whole year: at length he fly away, he killed them with his arrows. Acwounded it with an arrow, caught it, and car- cording to some accounts, he only drove the
fied it away on his shoulders. While in Arca- birds away, and they appeared again in the
dia, he was met by Diana (Artemis), who was island of Aretias, where they were found by the
angry with him for having outraged the animal Argonauts.-7. Capture of the Cretan bull. Acsacred to her; but he succeeded in soothing her cording to some, this bull was the one which
anger, and carried his prey to Mycenoe. Ac- had carried Europa across the sea. According
cording to some statements, he killed the stag. to others, the bull had been sent out of the sea
-4. Destructionz of the Erymanthian boar. This by Neptune (Poseidon), that Minos might offer
animal, which Hercules was ordered to bring it in sacrifice. But Minos was so charmed
alive to Eurystheus, had descended from Mount with the beauty of the animal, that he kept it,
Erymanthus into Psophis.  Hercules chased and sacrificed another in its stead. Neptune
him through the deep snow, and having thus (Poseidon) punished Minos by driving the bull
worn him out, he caught him in a net, and car- mad, and causing it to commit great havoc in
ried him to Mycense. Other traditions place the island. Hercules was ordered by Eurysthe hunt of the Erymanthian boar in Thessaly, theus to catch the bull, and Minos willingly
and some even in Phrygia. It must be observ- allowed him to do so. Hercules accomplished
ed that this and the subsequent labors of Her- the task, and brought the bull home on his shoulcules are connected with certain subordinate ders; but he then set the animal free again.
labors, called Parerga (IiipFpya). The first of The bull now roamed through Greece, and at
these parerga is the fight of Hercules with the last came to Marathon, where we meet it again
Centaurs. In his pursuit of the boar he came in the stories of Theseus.-8. Capture of the
to the centaur Pholus, who had received fror  mares of the Thracian Diomedes. This DiomeBacchus (Dionysus) a cask of excellent wine. des, king of the Bistones in Thrace, fed his
Hercules opened it, contrary to'the wish of his horses with human flesh. Eurystheus ordered
host, and the delicious fragrance attracted the Hercules to bring these animals to Mycenae.
other centaurs, who besieged the grotto of Pho- Wtith a few companions, he seized the animals,
lus. Hercules drove them away; they fled to and conducted them to the sea-coast. But here
the house of Chiron; and Hercules, eager in he was overtaken by the Bistones. During the
his pursuit, wounded Chiron, his old friend, with fight he intrusted the mares to his friend Abdeone of his poisoned arrows; in consequence of rus, who was devoured by them. Hercules deWvhich, Chiron died. Vid. CHrRON. Pholuslike- feated the Bistones, killed Diomedes, whose
wise was wounded by one of the arrows, which body he threw before the mares, built the town
by accident fell on his foot and killed him. of Abdera in honor ofhis unfortunate friend, and
Tilis fight with the centaurs gave rise to the then returned to Mycens with the mares, which
establishment of mysteries, by which Ceres (De- had become tame after eating the flesh of their
meter) intended to purify the hero from the blood master. The mares were afterward set free,
he had shed against his own will.-5. Cleansing and destroyed on Mount Olympus by wild beasts.
of the stables of Augcas. Eurystheus imposed -9. Seizure of the girdle of the queen of the Amupon Hercules the task of cleansing in one day azons. Hippolyte, the queen of the Amazons,
the stalls of Augeas, king of Elis. Augeas had possessed a girdle, which she had received from
a herd of three thousandi oxen, whose stalls had Mars (Ares). Admete, the daughter of Eurynot been cleansed for thirty years. Hercules, stheus, wished to obtain this girdle, and Herwithout mentioning the command of Eurysth- cules ywas therefore sent to fetch it. He was
eus, wentto Augeas; and offered to cleanse his accompanied by a number of volunteers, and
stalls in one day, if he would give him the tenth after various adventures in Europe and Asia, he
-iart of his cattle. Augeas agreed to the terms; at length reached the country of the Amazons.
357




HERCULES.                                 HERCULES.
Hippolyte at first received him kindly, and prom- I made him a present of the apples but Herca e
ised him her girdle; but Juno (Hera) having dedicated them to Minerva (Athena), who reexcited the Amazons against him, a contest en- stored them to their former place. Some tradisued, in which Hercules killed their queen. IIe tions add that Hercules killed the dragon Ladon.
then took her girdle, and carried it with him. -12. Bringing Cerberus from the lower world.
In this expedition Hercules killed the two sons This was the most difficult of the twelve labors
of Boreas, Calais and Zetes; and he also begot of Hercules. He descended into Hades, near
three, sons by Echidna, in the country of the T narum in Laconia, accompanied by Mercury
Hyperboreans. On his way home he landed in (Hermes) and Minerva (Athena). He delivered.Troas, where he rescued Hesione from the mon- Theseus andAscalaphus from their torments.
ster sent against her by Neptune (Poseidon); He obtained permission from Pluto to carry
in return for which service, her father, Laome- Cerberus to the upper world, provided he could
don, promised him the horses he had received accomplish it without force of arms.  Herfrom Jupiter (Zeus) as a compensation for Gany- cules succeeded in seizing the monster and carmedes; but, as Laomedon did iot keep his word, rying it to the upper world; and after he had
Hercules, on leaving, threatened to make war shown it to Eurystheus, he carried'it back again
against Troy. He landed in Thrace, where he to the lower world. Some traditions connect
slew Sarpedon, and at length returned through the descent of Hercules into the lower world
Macedonia to Peloponnesus.-l0. Capture of with a contest with Hades, as we see even in
the oxen of Geryones in Erythia. Geryones, the the Iliad (v., 397), and more particularly in the
monster with three bodies, lived in the fabu- Alcestis of Euripides (24, 846). Besides these
lous island of Erythia (the reddish), so called twelve labors, Hercules performed several other
because it lay under the rays of the setting sun feats without being commanded by Eurystheus.
in the west. This island was originally placed These feats were called Parerga by the ancients.
off the coast of Epirus, but was afterward iden- Several of them were interwoven with the
tified either with Gades or the Balearic Islands, twelve labors, and have been already described:
and was at all times believed to be in the distant those which had no connection with the twelve
west. The oxen of Geryones were guarded by labors are spoken of below. After Hercules had
the giant Eurytion and the two-headed dog performed the twelve labors, he was released
Orthrus; and Hercules was commanded by Eu- from the servitude of Eurystheus, and returned
rystheus to fetch them. After traversing vari- to Thebes. He there gave Megara in marriage
ous countries, he reached at length the frontiers to Iolaus; and he wished to gain in marriage
of Libya and Europe, where he erected two pil- for himself Iole, the daughter of Eurytus, king
lars (Calpe and Abyla) on the two sides of the of CEchalia. Eurytus promised his daughter to
Straits of Gibraltar, which were hence called the the man who should conquer him and his sons
Pillars of Hercules. Being annoyed by the heat in shooting with the bow. Hercules defeated
of the sun, Hercules shot at Helios, who so much them; but Eurytus and his sons, with the exadmired his boldness that he presented him  ception of Iphitus, refused to give Iole to him,
with a golden cup or boat, in which he sailed to because he had murdered his own children.
Erythia. He there slew Eurytion and his dog, Soon afterward the oxen of Eurytus were caras well as Geryones, and sailed with his booty ried off, and it was suspected that Hercules was
to Tartessus, where he returned the golden cup the offender. Iphitus again defended Hercules,
(boat) to Helios. On his way home he passed and requested his assistance in searching after
through Gaul, Italy, Illyricum, and Thrace, and the oxen. Hercules agreed; but when the two
met with numerous adventures, which are vari- had arrived at Tiryns, Hercules, in a fit of madously embellished by the poets. Many attempts ness, threw his friend down from the wall, and
were made to deprive him of the oxen, but he killed him. Deiphobus of Amyclae purified Herat length brought them in safety to Eurystheus, cules from this murder, but he was, neverthewho sacrificed them to Juno (Hera). These less, attacked by a severe illness. Hercules
ten labors were performed by Hercules in the then repaired to Delphi to obtain a remedy, but
space of eight years and one month.; but as Eu- the Pythia refused to answer his questions. A
rystheus declared two of them to have been per- struggle ensued between Hercules and Apollo,
formed unlawfully, he commanded him to ac- and the combatants were not separated till Jucomplish two more.-11. Fetching the golden piter (Zeus) sent a flash of lightning between
apples of the Hesperides. This was particularly them. The oracle now declared that he would
difficult, since Hercules did not know where to be restored to health if he would serve three
find them. They were the apples which Juno years for wages, and surrender his earnings to
(Hera) had received at her wedding from Terra Eurytus, as an atonement for the murder of
(Ge), and which she had intrusted to the keep- Iphitus. Thereupon he became a servant to
ing of the Hesperides and the dragon Ladon, on Omphale, queen of Lydia, and widow of Tmolus.
Mount Atlas, in the country of the Hyperbore- Later writers describe Hercules as living efermans. For details, vid. HESPERIDES. After vari- inately during his residence with Omphale: be
ous adventures in Europe, Asia, and Africa, Her- span wool, it is said, and sometimes put on the
cules at length arrived at Mount Atlas. On the garments of a woman, while Omphale wore his
advice of Prometheus, he sent Atlas to fetch lion's skin. According to other accounts, he
the apples, and in the mean time bore the weight nevertheless performed several great feats durof heaven for him. Atlas returned with the ing this time. He undertook an expedition to
apples, but refused to take the burden of heaven Colchis, which brought him into connection with
on his shoulders again.  Hercules, however, the Argonauts; he took part in the Calydoniar
contrived by a stratagem to get the apples, and hunt, and met Theseus on his landing from
hastened away. On his return Eurystheus Trezene on the Corinthian isthmus. An en358




HECL                                      HERCULES.ERCUES
pedition to India, which was mentioned in some set on fire. No one ventured to obey him, until
traditions, may likewise be -inserted in this at length Pceas the shepherd, who passed by,
place. When the time of his servitude had ex- was prevailed upon to comply with the desire
pired, he sailed against Troy, took the city, and of the suffering hero. When the pile was
killed Laomedon, its king. On his return from  burning, a cloud came down from heaven, and,
Troy, a storm drove him on the island of Cos, amid peals of thunder, carried him to Olympus,
where he was attacked by the Meropes; but he where he was honored with immortality, bedefeated them and killed their king, Eurypylus. came reconciled to Juno (Hera), and married
It was about this time that the gods sent for her daughter Hebe, by whom he became the
him in order to fight against the Giants.  Vid. father of Alexiares and Anicetus. Immediately
GIGANTES. Soon after his return to Argos he after his apotheosis, his friends offered sacrimarched against Augeas, as has been related fices to him as a hero; and he was, in course
above. He then proceeded against Pylos, which of time, worshipped throughout all Greece as a
he took, and killed the sons of Neleus except god and as a hero. His worship, however, preNestor. He next advanced against Lacede- vailed more extensively among the Dorians
mon, to punish the sons of Hippocoon for hav- than among any other of the Greek races. The
ing assisted Neleus and slain CEonus, the son of sacrifices offered to him consisted principally
Licymnius. He took Lacedaemon, and assign- of bulls, boars, rams, and lambs. The works of
ed the government of it to Tyndareus. On his art in which Hercules was represented were
return to Tegea, he became, by Auge, the fa- extremely numerous, and of the greatest varither of Telephus (vid. AUGE); and he then pro- ety, for he was represented at all the various
ceeded to Calydon, where he obtained Deia- stages of his life, from the cradle to his death.
nlra, the daughter of CEneus, for his wife, after But whether he appears as a child, a youth, a
fighting with Achelous for her.  Vid. DEIANI- struggling hero, or as the immortal inhabitant
RA, ACHEIOUS. After Hercules had been mar- of Olympus, his character is always one of
ried to Deianira nearly three years, he acci- heroic strength and energy.  Specimens of
dentally killed, at a banquet in the house of every kind are still extant. The finest repreCEneus, the boy Eunomus. In accordance with sentation of the hero that has come down to us
the law, Hercules went into exile, taking with is the so-called Farnese Hercules, which was
him his wife Deianira.  On their road they executed by Glycon.  The hero is resting,
came to the River Evenus, across which the leaning on his right arm, and his head reclining
centaur Nessus carried travellers for a small on his left hand: the whole figure is a most exsum of money. Hercules himself forded the quisite combination of peculiar softness with
river, but gave Deianira to Nessus to carry the greatest strength.-II. ROMAN TRADITIONS.
across. Nessus attempted to outrage her: Her- The worship of Hercules at Rome and in Italy
cules heard her screaming, and shot an arrow  is connected by Roman writers with the hero's
into the heart of Nessus. The dying centaur expedition to fetch the oxen of Geryones.
called out to Deianira to take his blood with They stated that Hercules,, on his return, visited
her, as it was a sure means of preserving the Italy, where he abolished human sacrifices
love of her husband. He then Conquered the among the Sabines, established the worship of
Dryopes, and assisted iEgimius, king of the fire, and slew Cacus, a robber, who had stolen
Dorians, against the Lapithae.  Vid. zEGIMIus. his oxen. Vid. CAcus.  The aborigines, and
After this he took up his abode at Trachis, especially Evander, honored Hercules with diwhence he marched against Eurytus of CEcha- vine worship; and Hercules, in return, taught
lia. He toolk Echalia, killed Eurytus and his them the way in which he was to be worshipsons, and carried off his daughter Iole as a pris- ped, and intrusted the care of his worship to
oner. On his return home he landed at Ce- two distinguished families, the Potitii and Pineum, a promontory of Euboea, erected an altar narii. Vid. PINARIA GENS. The Fabia gens
to Jupiter (Zeus), and sent his companion Li- traced its origin to Hercules; and Fauna and
chas to Trachis, in order to fetch him a white Acca Laurentia are called mistresses of Hergarment, which he intended to use during the cules. In this manner the Romans connected
sacrifice. Deianira, afraid lest Iole should sup- their earliest legends with Hercules. It should
plant her in the affections of her husband, steep- be observed that in the Italian traditions the
ed the white garment he had demanded in the hero bore the name of Recaranus, and this
blood of Nessus. This blood had been poisoned Recaranus was afterward identified with the
by the arrow with which Hercules had shot Nes- Greek Hercules.  He had two temples at
sus; and, accordingly, as soon as the garment Rome. One was a small round temple of Herbecame warm on the body of Hercules, the cules Victor, or Hercules Triumphalis, between
poison penetrated into all his limbs, and caused the river and the Circus Maximus, in front of
him the most excruciating agony. He seized which was the ara maxima, on which, after a
Liehas by his feet, and threw him into the triumph, the tenth of the booty was deposited
sea.  He wrenched off the garment, but it for distribution among the citizens. The secstuck to his flesh, and with it he tore away ond temple stood near the porta trigemina, and
whole pieces from his body. In this state he contained a bronze statue and the altar on
was conveyed to Trachis. Deianira, on seeing which Hercules himself was believed to have
what she had unwittingly done, hung herself. once offered a sacrifice. Here the city prator
Hercules commanded Hyllus, his eldest son by offered every year a young cow, which was
Deianira, to marry Iole as soon as he should consumed by the people within the sanctuary.
arrive at the apre of manhood.  He then as- At Rome Hercules was connected with the
cended Mount CEta, raised a pile of wood, on Muses, whence he is called IMusaegetes, and was
which he placed himself, and ordered it to be repreeented with a lyre, of which there is no
359




HERCULES.                             HERMAPHRODITUS.
trace in Greece.-III. TRADITIONS OF OTHER range of mountains between the Thiiringerwald
NATIONS. The ancients themselves expressly and the Carpathian Mountains. The name is
mention several heroes of the name of Her- still preserved in the modern Iarz and Erz.
cules, who' occur among the principal nations  HERDSNIA (Herdoniensis: now Ordona), a
of the ancient world. 1. The Egyptian Hercules, town in Apulia, was destroyed by Hannibal,
whose Egyptian name was Som, or Dsom, or who removed its inhabitants to Thurii and MeChon, or, according to Pausanias, Maceris, was tapontum; it was rebuilt by the Romans, but
a son of Amon or Nilus. He was placed by the remained a place of no importance.
Egyptians in the second of the series of the ev-  HERDSONUS. 1. TURNUS, of Aricia, in Latium,
olutions of their gods.-2. The Cretan Hercules, endeavored to rouse the Latins against Tarone of the Idaean Dactyls, was believed to have quinius Superbus, and was, in consequence,
founded the temple of Jupiter (Zeus) at Olympia, falsely accused by Tarquinius, and put to death.
but to have come originally from Egypt. He -2. APPYUS, a Sabine chieftain, who, in B.C.
was worshipped with funeral sacrifices, and was 460, with a band of outlaws and slaves, made
regarded as a magician, like other ancient dae- himself master of the Capitol. On the fourth
mones of-Crete.-3. The Indian Hercules, was day from his entry the Capitol was retaken,
called by the unintelligible name Dorsanes and Herdonius and nearly all his followers
(Aopaavn7c). The later Greeks believed that he were slain.
was their own hero, who had visited India; and  HERENNIA GENS, originally Samnite, and by
they related that in India he became the father the Samnite invasion established in Campania,
of many sons and daughters by Pandaea, and became at a later period a plebeian house at
the ancestral hero of the Indian kings.-4. The Rome. The Herennii were a family of rank
Phoenician Hercules, whom the Egyptians con- in Italy, and are frequently mentioned in the
sidered to be more ancient than their own, was time of the Samnite and Punic wars.  They
worshipped in all the Phoenician colonies, such were the hereditary patrons of the Marii.
as Carthage and Gades, down to the time of  HERENNIUS... MODESTINUS. Vid.MODESTIConstantine, and it is said that children were NUs.-2. PONTIUS. Vid. PoNTIUS.-3. SENECIO.
sacrificed to him.-5. The Celtic and Germanic Vid. SENECIO.
Hercules is said to have founded Alesia and  HERILLUS ("HpOatoC), of Carthage, a Stoic
Nemausus, and to have become the father of philosopher, was the disciple of Zeno of Citithe Celtic race. We become acquainted with um. He did not, however, confine himself to
him in the accounts of the expedition of the the opinions of his master, but held some docGreek Hercules against Geryones. We must trines directly opposed to them. He held that
either suppose that the Greek Hercules was the chief good consisted in knowledge (irCLidentified with native heroes of those northern r7?iz). This notion is often attacked by Cicero.
countries, or that the notions about Hercules  [HERILUS, son of the nymph Feronia, and
had been introduced there from the East.  king of Praneste: his mother had given him
HERCULES ('HpatcXA)), a son of Alexander the three lives, and, accordingly, Evander, who
Great by Barsine, the widow of the Rhodian fought with him, had to conquer and despoil
Memnon. In B.C. 310 he was brought forward him of his armor three times before he fully
by Polysperchon as a pretender to the Macedo- destroyed him.]
nian throne; but he was murdered by Poly-   HERMI UM, or, in Latin, MERCURII PROMONTOsperchon, himself in the following year, when RuM ('Epy/aa cicpa). 1. (Now Cape Bon, Arab.
the latter became reconciled to Cassander.  Ras Addar), the headland which forms the eastHERCULIS COLUMNAr. Vid. ABYLA, CALPE.   ern extremity of the Sinus Carthaginiensis, and
HERCUeIS MONCECI PORTUS. Vid. MONCeCUS. the extreme northeastern point of the CarthaHERCULIS PORTUS. Vid. COSA.             ginian territory (later the province of Africa)
[PORTUS HERCULIS LIBURNI or LABRONIS, opposite to Lilybaeum, the space between the
(now Leghorn), a town of Italy, on the coast of two being the shortest distance between Sicily
Etruria. Vid. LABRO.]                     and Africa.-2. (Now Ras el Ashan), a promonHERCIUIS PROMONT6ORUM (now Cape,Sparti- tory on the coast of the Greater Syrtis, fifty
vento), the most southerly point of Italy in Brut- stadia west of Leptis. There were other protium.                                     montories of the name on the coast of Africa.
HERCULIS SILVA, a forest in Germany, sacred  HERMAGXORAS ('Ep/zay6pa). 1. Of Temnos, a
to Hercules, east of the Visurgis.        distinguished Greek rhetorician of the time of
HERCYNIA SILVA, HERCYNIUS SALTUS, HER- Cicero. He belonged to the Rhodian school
CYNIUM JUGUM, an extensive range of mount- of oratory, but is known chiefly as a teacher
ains in Germany, covered with forests, is de- of rhetoric. He devoted particular attention to
scribed by Caesar (B. G., vi., 24) as nine days' what is called the invention, and made a pecujourney in breadth, and more than sixty days' liar division of the parts of an oration, which
journey in length, extending east from the ter- differed from that adopted by other rhetoricians.
ritories of the Helvetii, Nemetes, and Rauraci, -2. Surnamed Carion, a Greek rhetorician,
parallel to the Danube, to the frontiers of the taught rhetoric at Rome in the time of AugusDacians. Under this general name Caesar ap- tus. He was a disciple ofTheodorus of Gadara.
pears to have included all the.mountains and  HERMAPHRODITUS ('Ep/uapoSdtro), son of
forests in the south and centre of Germany, Hermes (Mercury) and Aphrodite (Venus), and
the Black Forest, Odenwald, Thiiringerwald, the consequently great-grandson of Atlas, whence
Harz, the Erzgebirge, the Riesengebirge, &c. he is called Atlantiades or Atlantius. (Ov.,
As the Romans became better acquainted with iMet., iv., 368.) He had inherited the beauty
Germany, the name was confined to narrower of both his parents, and was brought up by the
limits. Pliny and Tacitus use it to indicate the nymphs of Mount Idal In his fifteenth year he
360




HERMARCHUS.                                  HERMES.
went to Caria. In the neighborhood of Hali- taught him the art ofprophesying by means of
carnassus he lay cown by the fountain of Sal- dice. Zeus (Jupiter) made him his own herald,
macis. The nymph of the fountain fell in love and likewise the herald of the gods of the lowwith him, and tried in vain to win his affec- er world.  The principal feature in the traditions. Once when he was bathing in the fount- tions about Hermes (Mercury) consists in his
ain she embraced him, and prayed to the gods being the herald of the gods, and in this capacthat she might be united with him forever. ity he appears even in the Homeric poems.
The gods granted the request, and the bodies His original character of an ancient Pelasgian,
of the youth and the nymph became united to- or Arcadian divinity of nature, gradually disapgether, but retained the characteristics of each peared in the legends. As the herald of the
sex. Hermaphroditus, on becoming aware of gods, he is the god of eloquence, for the heralds
the change, prayed that, in future, every one are the public speakers in the assemblies and
who bathed in the well might be metamorphos- on other occasions. The gods especially emed in the same manner.                    ployed him as messenger when eloquence was
HERMARCHUS ('Ep/iapXoc), of Mytilene, a rhet- required to attain the desired object. Hence the
orician, became afterward a disciple of Epicu- tongues of sacrificial animals were offered to
rus, who left to him his garden, and appointed him. As heralds and messengers are usually
him his successor in his school, about B.C. men of prudence and circumspection, Hermes
270. He wrote several works, all of which are (Mercury) was also the god of prudence and
lost.                                     skill in all the relations of social intercourse.
HERMAS ('Ep/dr), a disciple of the Apostle These qualities were combined with similar
Paul, and one of the apostolic fathers. He is ones, such as cunning, both in words and acsupposed to be the same person as the Hermas tions, and even fraud, perjury, and the inclinawho is mentioned in St. Paul's epistle to the tion to steal; but acts of this kind were comRomans (xvi., 14). He wrote in Greek a work mitted by Hermes (Mercury) always with a
entitled The Shepherd of Hermas, of which a certain skill, dexterity, and even gracefulness.
Latin translation is still extant. Its object is to Being endowed with this shrewdness and sagacinstruct persons in the duties of the Christian ity, he was regarded as the author of a variety
life. EditedJby Cotelier in his Patres Apostol., of inventions, and, besides the lyre and syrinx,
Paris, 1672.                              he is said to have invented the alphabet, numHERMES ('EperC/,'Ep#eac, Dor.'EpaiC), called bers, astronomy, music, the art of fighting, gymMERCURIUS by the Romans. The Greek Her- nastics, the cultivation of the olive-tree, measmes was a son of Zeus (Jupiter) and Maia, the ures, weights, and many other things.  The
daughter of Atlas, and born in a cave of Mount powers which he possessed himself he conferCyllene in Arcadia, whence he is called Atlan- red upon those mortals and heroes who enjoyed
tiades or Cyllenius. A few hours after his birth his favor; and all who possessed them were
he escaped from his cradle, went to Pieria, and under his especial protection or are called his
carried off some of the oxen of Apollo. In the sons. He was employed by the gods, and more
Iliad and Odyssey this tradition is not men- especially by Zeus (Jupiter), on a variety of octioned, though Hermes (Mercury) is character- casions, which are recorded in ancient story.
ized as a cunning thief. That he might not be Thus he led Priam to Achilles to fetch the body
discovered by the traces of his footsteps, he put of Hector; tied Ixion to the wheel; conducted
on sandals, and drove the oxen to Pylos, where Hera (Juno), Aphrodite (Venus), and Athena
he killed two, and concealed the rest in a cave. (Minerva) to Paris; fastened Prometheus to
The skins of the slaughtered animals were Mount Caucasus; rescued Dionysus (Bacchus)
nailed to a rock, and part of their flesh was after his birth from the flames, or received him
cooked and eaten, and the rest burned. There- from the hands of Zeus (Jdpiter) to carry hir
upon he returned to Cyllene, where he found a to Athamas; sold Hercules to Omphale; and
tortoise at the entrance of his native cave. He was ordered by Zeus (Jupiter) to carry off lo,
took the animal's shell, drew strings across it, who was metamorphosed into a cow, and guardand thus invented the lyre, on which he imme- ed by Argus, whom he slew. Vid. ARGUS. From
diately played. Apollo, by his prophetic power, this murder he is very commonly called'Apyethad meantime discovered the thief, and went 6ovrcg. In the Trojan war Hermes (Mercury)
to Cyllene to charge Hermes (Mercury) with was on the side of the Greeks. His ministry
the crime before his mother Maia. She show- to Zeus (Jupiter) was not confined to the offices
ed to the god the child in its cradle; but Apollo of herald and messenger, but he was also his
carried the boy before Zeus (Jupiter), and de- charioteer and cup-bearer. As dreams are sent
manded back his oxen. Zeus (Jupiter) com- by Zeus (Jupiter), Hermes (Mercury) conducts
manded him to comply with the demand of them to man, and hence he is also described as
Apollo, but Hermes (Mercury) denied that he the god who had it in his power to send refreshhlad stolen the cattle. As, however, he saw  ing sleep or take it away. Another important
that his assertions were not believed, he con- function of Hermes (Mercury) was to conduct
ducted Apollo to Pylos, and restored to him his the shades of the dead from the upper into the
oxen; but when Apollo heard the sounds of lower world, whence he is called pvo'ro/nOlroc,
the lyre, he was so charmed that he allowed vespo7ro/jroC, ivXayyd6f, &c. The idea of his
Hermes (Mercury) to keep the animals. Her- being the herald and messenger of the gods, of
rnes (Mercury) now invented the syrinx, and his travelling fiom place to place and concludafter disclosing his inventions to Apollo, the ing treaties, necessarily implied the notion that
two gods concluded an intimate friendship with he was the promoter of social intercourse and
each other. Apollo presented his young friend of commerce among men. In this capacity he
with his own golden shepherd's staff, and was regarded as the maintainer of peace, and
361




HERMES TRISMEGISTUS.                             HERMIONE.
as the god of roads, who protected travellers, Hermes was identified with the Egyptian Thot
and punished those who refused to assist trav- or Theut as early as the time of Plato. The
ellers who had mistaken their way. Hence the New Platonists regarded the Egyptian Hermes
Athenian generals, on setting out on an expe- as the source of all knowledge and thought, or
dition, offered sacrifices to Hermes (Mercury), the Z6yof embodied, and hence called him Trissurnamed Hegemonius or Agetor; and numer- megistus. A vast number of works on philosous statues of the god were erected on roads, ophy and religion, written by the New Platonat doors and gates, from which circumstance ists, were ascribed to this Hermes, from whom
he derived a variety of surnames and epithets. it was pretended that Pythagoras and Plato had
As the god of commerce he was called ig/tro- derived all their knowledge.  Most of these
poe, eiyroalog, Tramzy/cidTrwo f, Kcep6teropo;, ayo- works were probably written in the fourth cenpatof, &c. As commerce is the source of tury of our era. The most important of them
wealth, he was also the god of gain and riches, is entitled Poemander (from r rottjzv, a shepherd,
especially of sudden and unexpected riches, pastor), apparently in imitation of the Pastor of
such as are acquired by commerce. As the Hermas. Vid. HERMAS. This work is in the
giver of wealth and good luck (7r.ovrod6orl), he form of a dialogue. It treats of nature, the
also presided over the game of dice. Hermes creation of the world, the deity, his nature and
(Mercury) was believed to be the inventor of attributes, the human soul, knowledge, &c.
sacrifices. Hence he not only acts the part of  HERMESIANAX ('Epvatdmva:), of Colophon, a
a herald at sacrifices, but is also the protector distinguished elegiac poet, lived in the time of
of sacrificial animals, and was believed in par- Alexander the Great. His chief work was an
ticular to increase the fertility of sheep. For elegiac poem, in three books, addressed to his
this reason he was especially worshipped by mistress Leontium, whose name formed the
shepherds, and is mentioned in connection with title of the poem. His fragments are edited by
Pan and the Nymphs. This feature in the char- Rigler and Axt, Colon., 1828, [by Hermann, in
aeter of Hermes (Mercury) is a remnant of the a university programme, Lips., 1828, 4to], and
ancient Arcadian religion, in which he was the by Bailey, London, 1839.
fertilizing god of the earth, who conferred his  HERMIAS or HERMIAS ('Ep/ueiaf or'Epuias).
blessing on man. Hermes (Mercury) was like- 1. Tyrant of Atarneus and Assos in Mysia, eelwise the patron of all the gymnastic games of ebrated as the friend and patron of Aristotle.
the Greeks.  This idea seems to be of late Aristotle remained with Hermias three years,
origin, for in Homer no trace of it is found. from B.C. 347 to 344, in the latter of which
Athens appears to have been the first place in years Hermias was seized by Mentor, the Greek
which he was worshipped in this capacity. At general of the Persian king, and sent as a capa later time almost all gymnasia were under his tive to the Persian court, where he was put to
protection; and the Greek artists derived their death. Aristotle married Pythias, the adopted
ideal of the god from the gymnasium, and rep- daughter of Hermias, and celebrated the praises
resented him as a youth whose limbs were of his benefactor in an ode addressed to Virtue,
beautifully and harmoniously developed by which is still extant.-2. A Christian writer,
gymnastic exercises. The most ancient seat who lived about A.D. 180, was the author of
of the worship of Hermes (Mercury) is Area- an extant work, entitled ALaavp/ou8 rctv E)o ~tdia, the land of his birth, where Lycaon, the  oaoo60ov, in which the Greek philosophers are
son of Pelasgus, is said to have built to him  held up to ridicule. Edited with Tatianus by
the first temple.  From  thence his worship Worth, Oxon., 1700.
was carried to Athens, and ultimately spread  HERMINIA GENS, a very ancient patrician
through all Greece. The festivals celebrated house at Rome, which appears in the first
in his honor were called Herceaa. Vid. Diet. of Etruscan war with the republic, B. C. 506, and
Ant., s. v. His temples and statues (vid. Dict. of vanishes from history in 448. T. Herminius
Ant., s. v. HERME ) were extremely numerous was one of the three heroes who kept the Subin Greece. Among the things sacred to him  lician bridge along with Horatius Cocles against
were the palm-tree, the tortoise, the number the whole force of Porsena.
four, and several kinds of fish; and the sacri-  HERMINIUS MONS (now Sierra de la Estrella),
fices offered to him consisted of incense, honey, the chief mountain in Lusitania, south of the
cakes, pigs, and especially lambs and young Durius, from seven thousand to eight thousand
goats.  The principal attributes of Hermes feet high, called in the Middle Ages Hermeno or
(Mercury) are, 1. A travelling hat with a broad Armina.
brim, which in later times was adorned with  HERMIONE ('Ep/ut'v7), the beautiful daughter
two small wings. 2. The staff (pid66o or aKtcr- of Menelaus and Helena. She had been promrpov), which he bore ag a herald, and had re- ised in marriage to Orestes before the Trojan
ceived from Apollo. In late works of art the war; but Menelaus, after his return home, marwhite ribbons which surrounded the herald's ried her to Neoptolemus (Pyrrhus). Thereupon
staff were changed into two serpents. 3. The Orestes claimed Hermione for himself; but
sandals (wrd2Ma).  They were beautiful and Neoptolemus haughtily refused to give her up.
golden, and carried the god across land and sea Orestes, in revenge, incited the Delphians
with the rapidity of wind; at the ankles of the against him, and Neoptolemus was slain. Hergod they were providedwith wings, whence he mione afterward married Orestes, whom she
is called 7rryvpo7rwd2Lod, or alipes. The Roman had always loved, and bore him a son TisameMERCURIUs is spoken of separately.        nus. The history of Hermione is related with
HERME.  TRISMIEGISTUS ('EpU7   TptgfeytaroT), various modifications. According to some,Menthe reputed author of a variety of works, some elaus betrothed her at Troy to Neoptolemus;
of which are still extant.  The Greek God but in the mean time her grandfather, Tyndare362




HERMIONE.                                HERMOPOLIS.:us, promised her to Orestes, and actually gave and lived in the reign of Marcus Aurelius, A.D.
her in marriage to him. Neoptolemus, on his 161-180. At the age of fifteen his eloquence
return, took possession of her by force, but was excited the admiration of Marcus Aurelius. He
slain soon after either at Delphi or in his own was shortly afterward appointed public teacher
home at Phthia.                           of rhetoric, and at the age of seventeen he began
HERMSIONE ('Epti6ov:'EpFjovEVc': nowKastri), his career as a writer; but, unfortunately, when
a town of Argolis, but originally independent of he was twenty-five, his mental powers gave
Argos, was situated on a promontory on the way, and he never recovered their full use, aleastern coast, and on a bay of the sea, which though he lived to an advanced age. After his
derived its name from the town (Hermionicus death his heart is said to have been found covSinus). Its territory was called HERMIONIS. ered with hair.  His works, five in number,
It was originally inhabited by the Dryopes; which are still extant, form together a complete
and, in consequence of its isolated position, it system of rhetoric, and were for a long time
became a flourishing city at an early period. used in all the rhetorical schools as manuals.
It contained several temples, and, among them, They are, 1. TdEXV p7rTopiKcj' repi r3v S ar a6ev.
a celebrated one of (Ceres) Demeter Chthonia. 2. IIepi e6peiweog (De Inventione). 3. Ilpi pidsv
At a later time it joined the Achaean league.  (De Formis Oratoriis). 4. Hepi e66I00ov d ev6rVHERMIONES. Vid. GERMANIA.               ro' (De apto et solerti genere dicendi Methodus).
HERMIPPUS ('Ep/lT7rrog). 1. An Athenian poet 5. Ilpoyvivdiayera. An abridgment of the latter
of the old comedy, vehemently attacked Pericles work was made by Aphthonius, in consequence
and Aspasia. [The fragments of Hermippus of which the original fell into oblivion. The
are published collectively by Meineke, Fragm. works of Hermogenes are printed in Walz's
Comic. Gr1ec., vol. i., p. 138-155, edit. minor.]-  Rhetor. Grac.-3. An architect of Alabanda, in
2. Of Smyrna, a distinguished philosopher, was Caria, who invented what was called the pseua disciple of Callinachus of Alexandrea, and dodipterus, that is, a form of a temple, with apflourished about B.C. 200. He wrote a great parently two rows of columns. His great object
biographical work (Bloc), which is frequently as an architect was to increase the taste for the
referred to by later writers.-3. Of Berytus, a Ionic form of temples, in preference to Doric
grammarian, who flourished under Trajan and temples.
Hadrian.                                    HERMOGENES, M. TIGELLIUS, a notorious deHERMISIUM, a town in the Tauric Chersone- tractor of Horace, who"calls him (Sat., i., 3, 129),
sus, on the Cimmerian Bosporus.           however, optimus cantor et modulator. He was
HERMOCRATES (E'EpUO/cpa6rT), a Syracusan of opposed to satires altogether, was a man withrank, and an able statesman and orator, was out talent, but yet had a foolish fancy for trying
chosen one of the Syracusan generals, B.C. 414, his hand at literature. It is conjectured that,
in order to oppose the Athenians. He after- under the fictitious name of Pantolabus (Sat.,
ward served under Gylippus, when the latter i., 8, 11; ii., 1, 21), Horace alludes to Hermogtook the command of the Syracusan forces; and enes, for the prosody of the two names is the
after the destruction of the Athenian armament same, so that one may be substituted for the
he attempted to save the lives of Nicias and other.
Demosthenes. He then employed all his influ-  HERMOGENIXNUS, the latest Roman jurist from
ence to induce his countrymen to support with whom there is an extract in the Digest, lived in
vigor the Lacedsemonians in the war in Greece the time of Constantine the Great. It is probitself. He was, with two colleagues, appointed able that he was the compiler of the Codex Herto the command of a small fleet, which the Syr- mogenianus, but so many persons of the same
acusans sent to the assistance of the Lacede- name lived nearly at the same time that this
monians; but, during his absence from home, can not be affirmed with certainty.
he was banished by the Syracusans (410). Hav-  HERMOLAUS ('Eppuo6aot), a Macedonian youth,
ing obtained support from the Persian satrap and a page of Alexander the Great. During a
Pharnabazus, he returned to Sicily, and endeav- hunting party in Bactria, B.C. 327, he slew a
ored to effect his restoration to his native city wild boar without waiting to allow Alexander
by force of arms, but was slain in an attack the first blow, whereupon the king ordered him
which he made upon Syracuse in 407.       to be flogged. Incensed at this indignity, HerHERsMODRUS ('Epyo6dpoc). 1. Of Ephesus, a molaus formed a conspiracy against the Iking's
person of distinction, was expelled by his fellow- life; but the plot was discovered, and Hermocitizens, and is said to have gone to Rome, and laus and his accomplices were stoned to death
to have explained to the decemvirs the Greek by the Macedonians.
laws, and thus assisted them in drawing up the  HERMONASSA. 1. A town of the Sindi at the
laws of the Twelve Tables, B.C. 451.-2. A dis- entrance of the Cimmerian Bosporus, founded
ciple of Plato, is said to have circulated the by the Mytilenaeans, called after Hermonassa,
works of Plato, and to have sold them in Sicily. the wife of the founder, who died during its
He wrote a work on Plato.-3. Of Salamis, the foundation, and left to her the sovereignty.-2.
architect of the temple of Mars in the Flaminian A town on the coast of Pontus, near Trapezus.
Circus.                                     HERMONTHIS ("EpyuvOtc: now Erment, ruins),
HERMOGENES ('EpioyeVjc). 1. A son of Hip- the chief city of the Nomos Hermonthites, in
ponicus, and a brother of the wealthy Callias, is Upper Egypt, on the west bank of the Nile, a
introduced by Plato as one of the speakers in little above Thebes.
his "( Cratylus," where he maintains that all the  HERMSOPLIS ('Epy/u'ro;tf,'Epfov rUj;t). 1l
words of a language were formed by an agree- PARvA (i fp.Kcpa: now Damaanhour), a city of
ment of men among themselves.-2. A celebra- Lower Egypt, the capital of the Nomos of Alexted Greek rhetorician, was a native of Tarsus, andrea, stood upon the canal which connected
363




HERMOS.                                 HERODES.
the Canopic branch of the Nile with the Lake mathematician, was a native of Alexandrea,
MAareotis.-2. MAGNA (,? /eyd2a: ruins near Esh- and lived in the reigns of the Ptolemies Philamotneitn), the capital of the Nomos Hermopo- delphus and Evergetes (B.C. 285-222). He is
lites, in the Heptanomis, or Middle Egypt, and celebrated on account of his mechanical invenone of the oldest cities in the land, stood on the tions, of which one of the best known is the
west bank of the Nile, a little below the con- common pneumatic experiment called tIero's
fines of Upper Egypt. At the boundary line it- fountain, in which a jet of water is maintained
self was a military station, or custom-house, by condensed air. We also find in his works
called'Ep/orO2LeTtK 0v2LeaKi, for collecting a toll a description of a steam-engine, and of a double
on goods entering the Heptanomis. Hermopo- forcing pump used for a fire-engine. The follis was a chief seat of the worship of Anubis lowing works of Hero are extant, though not in
(Cynocephalus), and it was the sacred burial- a perfect form: 1. XelpoeaXgif rpag KarTalCevr?
place of the Ibis.                        Kl avt cuErpia, de Constructione et ]'$ensitra 1iManHERl:MO (7r "Ep/io': "EPUELOC), a demus in At- ubalistc. 2. BerowoLrriZ, on the manufacture of
tica, belonging to the tribe Acamantis, on the darts. 3. IIvev/earetcd, or Spiritalia, the most
road from Athens to Eleusis.              celebrated of his works. 4. lept aViT7ouaToTrot1HERar.vIeTIMUS ('Ep1z6ryttOg). 1. A mathemati- recinv, de Automatorum Fabrica Libri duo. All
cian of Colophon, was one of the immediate these works are published in the Mathematici
predecessors of Euclid, and the discoverer of Veteres, Paris, 1693.-2. THE YOUNGER, a mathseveral geometrical propositions.-2. Of Cla- ematician, is supposed to have lived under He-zomenae, an early Greek philosopher of uncer- raclius (A.D. 610-641). The principal extant
tain date, belonged to the Ionic school. Some works assigned to him are, 1. De Machinis beltraditions represent him as a mysterious per- licis. 2. Geodcesia, on practical geometry. 3.
son, gifted with supernatural power, bywhich his De Obsidione reyellenda. Published in the Mathsoul, apart from the body, wandered from place ematici Veteres.
to place, bringing tidings of distant events in  TIERODES I. ('Hpdfj7C), commonly called HERincredibly short spaces of time. At length his onD. 1. Surnamed the Great, king of the Jews,
enemies burned his body, in the absence of the was the second son of Antipater, and consesoul, which put an end to his wanderings.  quently of Idumaean origin.  Vid. ANTIPATER,
HERMUNDu-RI, one of the most powerful na- No. 3. When his father was appointed by CGtions of Germany, belonged to the Suevic race, sar procurator of Judaea, in B.C. 47, Herod,
dwelt between the Main and the Danube, and though only twenty-five years of age, obtained
were bounded by the Sudeti Mountains in the the government of Galilee. In 46 he obtained
north, the Agri Decumates of the Romans in the government of Ccele-Syria. After the death
the west and south, the Narisci on the east, the of Czesar (44), Herod first supported Cassius;
Cherusci on the northeast, and the Catti on the but upon the arrival of Antony in Syria, in 41,
northwest. They were for a long time the allies he exerted himself to secureihis favor, and conmof the Romans; but along with the other Ger- pletely succeeded in his object. In 40 he went
man tribes they assisted the Marcomanni in the to Rome, and obtained from Antony and Octagreat war against the Romans in the reign of vianus a decree of the senate, constituting him
M. Aurelius. After' this time they are rarely king of Judaea. He supported Antony in the
mentioned as a separate people, but are in- civil war against Octavianus; but after the bateluded under the general name of Suevi.   tle of Actium (31) he was pardoned by OctaH-IERMUS ('Eppoc: now Ghiediz-Chai), a con- vianus and confirmed in his kingdom. During
siderable river of Asia Minor, rises in Mount the remainder of his reign he cultivated with
Dindymene (now lforad-Dagh)in Phrygia; flows assiduity the friendship of Augustus and his
through Lydia, watering the plain north of Sar- counsellor Agrippa, and enjoyed the highest fadis, which was hence called "Ep, ov irediov; pass- vor both of thp one and the other. He possesses by Magnesia and Temnus, and falls into the ed a jealous temper and ungovernable passions.
Gulf of Smyrna between Smyrna and Phocea. He put to death his beautiful wife Mariamne,
It formed the boundary between 2olis and whom he suspected, without cause, of adultery,
Ionia. Its chief tributaries were the Hyllus, and with' whom he was violently in love; and
Cogarnas, Pactolus, and Phrygnus.         at a later period he also put to death his two
HERNYlcI, a people in Latium, belonged to the sons by Mariamne, Alexander and Aristobulus.
Sabine race, and are said to have derived their His government, though cruel and tyrannical,
naime fi'om the Marsi6 (Sabine) word herna, was vigorous; and he was both feared and re-',rock.' According to this etymology, their spected by his subjects and the surrounding naname would signify'"mountaineers."  They tions. He especially loved to display his powinhabited the mountains of the Apennines be- er and munificence by costly and splendid pubtween the Lake Fucinus and the River Trerus, lie works.. He commenced rebuilding the temand were bounded on the north by the Marsi ple of Jerusalem; he rebuilt the city of Samaria,
and zEqui, and on the south by the Volsci. and bestowed on it the name of Sebaste; while
Their chief town was ANAGNIA. They were a he converted a small town on the sea-coast into
brave and warlike people, and long offered a a magnificent city, to which he gave the nalnme
formidable resistance- to the Rormans.  The of Casarea. He adorned these new cities withl
nomrans formed a league with them on equal temples, theatres, gymnasia, and other buildterms in the third consulship of Sp. Cassius, ings in the Greek style.; and he even ventured
B.C. 486. They were finally subdued by the to erect a theatre at Jerusalem itself, and an
romans, 306.                              amphitheatre withthout the walls, in which he exHcEO. Vid. LEAimDEc.                    hibited combats of wild beasts and gladiators.
Hro  ("Hpolv). I. TaHE ELDEPr, a celebrated In the last year of his reign JEsus Cncxsz'
364




HERODIANUS.                               HERODOTUS.
was born; and it must have been on his death- subjects now included in the etymological porbed that he ordered that massacre of the chil- tion of grammar. The estimation in which he
dren at Bethlehem which is recorded by the was held by subsequent grammarians was very
Evangelist (Matth., ii., 16). He died in the great. Priscian styles him maximus auctorartis
thirty-seventh year of his reign, and the seven- grammatice. He was a very voluminous writtieth of his age, B.C. 4.*-2. HERODES ANTIPAS, er; but none of his works have come down to
son of Herod the Great by Malthace, a Samar- us complete, though several extracts from them
itan, obtained the tetrarchy of Galilee and Perrea are preserved by later grammarians.
on his father's death, while the kingdom of Ju-  HERODISUS ('Hp6dzcoc). 1. Of Babylon, a
daea devolved on his elder brother Archelaus. grammarian, was one of the immediate sueHe married Herodias, the wife of his half-broth- cessors of Crates of Mallus, and an opponent of
er, Herod Philip, she having, in defiance of the the followers of Aristarchus, against whom he
Jewish law, divorced her first husband. He wrote an epigram, which is still extant and inhad been previously married to a daughter of eluded in the Greek Anthology.-2. A celebrated
the Arabian prince Aretas, who quitted him in physician of Selymbria in Thrace, lived in the
disgust at this new alliance. Aretas thereupon fifth century B.C., and was one of the tutors of
invaded the dominions of Antipas, and defeat- Hippocrates.
ed the army which was opposed to him. In    HEROSDORUS ('Hp6dopo), of Heraclea, in PonA.D. 38, after the death of Tiberius, Antipas tus, a contemporary of Hecateeus and Pherewent to Rome to solicit fi'om Caligula the title cydes, about B.C. 510, wrote- a work on Herof king, which had just been bestowed upon his cules and his exploits.
nephew, Herod Agrippa; but, through the in-  HERODOTUS ('Hp66oro). 1. A Greekhistorian,
trigues of Agrippa, who was high in the favor of and the father of history, was born at Halicarthe Roman emperor, Antipas was deprived of nassus, a Doric colony in Caria, B.C. 484. He
his dominions, and sent into exile at Lyons (39); belonged to a noble family at Halicarnassus.
he was subsequently removed to Spain, where He was the son of Lyxes and Dryo; and the
he died. It was Herod Antipas who imprison- epic poet Panyasis was one of his relations.
ed and put to death John the Baptist, who had Herodotus left his native city at an early age,
reproached him with his unlawful connection  in order to escape from the oppressive governwith Herodias. It was before him also that ment of Lygdamis, the tyrant of Halicarnassus,
CHRIST was sent by Pontius Pilate at Jerusa- who put to death Panyasis. He probably setlem, as belonging to his jurisdiction, on account tied at Samos for some time, and there became
of his supposed Galilean origin.-3. HERODES acquainted with the Ionic dialect; but he spent
AGRIPPA. Vid. AGRIPPA.-4. Brother of Herod many years in his extensive travels in Europe,
Agrippa I., obtained the kingdom of Chalcis Asia, and Africa, of which we shall speak presfrom Claudius at the request of Agrippa, 41. ently. At a later time he returned to HalicarAfter the death of Agrippa (44), Claudius be- nassus, and took a prominent part in expelling
stowed upon him the superintendence of the Lygdamis from his native city. In the contentemple of Jerusalem, together with the right of tions which followed the expulsion of the tyappointing the high priests. He died in 48, rant, Herodotus was exposed to the hostile atwhen his kingdom was bestowed by Claudius'tacks of one of the political parties, whereupon
upon his nephew, Herod Agrippa 1I.-5. HE- he again left Halicarnassus, andsettledatThurii,
RODES ATTICUS, the rhetorician. Vid. ATTICUS. in Italy, where he died. Whether he accomHERODIANUS ('Hp(rJoav6).  1. An historian, panied the first colonists to Thurii in 443, or
who wrote in Greek a history of the Roman followed them a few years afterward, is a disempire in eight books, from the death of M. puted point, and can not be determined with
Aurelius to the commencement of the reign of certainty, though it appears probable, from a
Gordianus III. (A.D. 180-238). He himself in- passage in his work, that he was at Athens at
forms us that the events of this period had oc- the commencement of the Peloponnesian war
curred in his own lifetime; but beyond this we (431). It is also disputed where Herodotus
know nothing respecting his life. He.appears wrote his history. Lucian.relates that Herodto have had Thucydides before him as a model, otus read his work to the assembled Greeks
both for style and for the general composition at Olympia, which was received with such uniof his work, like him, introducing here and versal applause that the nine books of the work
there speeches wholly or in part imaginary. were in consequence honored with the names
In spite of occasional inaccuracies in chronolo- of the nine muses. The same writer adds that
gy, his narrative is in the main truthful and im- the young Thucydides was present at this recipartial. Edited by Irmisch, Lips., 1789-1805, tation, and was moved to tears. But this cele5 vols., and by Bekker, Berlin, 1826.-2. EJULIUs brated story, which rests upon the authority of
HERODIANUS, one of the most celebrated gram- Lucian alone, must be rejected for many reamarians of antiquity, was the son of Apollonius sons. Nor is there sufficient evidence in favor
Dyscolus (vid. APOLLONIUs, No. 4), and was born of the tradition that Herodotus read his work at
at Alexandrea. From that place he removed the Panathenma at Athens in 446 or 445, and reto Rone, where he gained the favor of the em- ceived from the Athenians a reward of ten talperor M. Aurelius, to whom he dedicated his ents. It is far more probable that he wrote his
work on prosody. This work seems to have worc at Thurii, when he was advanced in years;
embraced not merely prosody, but most of those and it appears that he was engaged upon it, at
least in the way of revision, when he was sev* The death of Herod took place in the same year withenty-seven years of age, since he mentions the
the actual birth of Christ, as is mentioned above, but it is revolt of the Medes against Darius Nothus, and
well known thatithis is to be placed four years before the the  de s against Darius  Nothus, and
date in general use as the Christian era.  the death of Amyrteeus, events which belong to
365




HERODOTUS.                                HEROPHILUS.
the years 409 and 408. Though the work of gic's sentiment. Herodotus shows the most
Herodotus was probably not written till he was profound reverence for every thing which he
advanced in years, yet he was collecting mate- conceives as divine, and rarely ventures to exrials for it during a great part of his life. It press an opinion on what he considers a sacred
was apparently with this view that he under- or religious mystery. In order to form a fair
took his extensive travels through Greece and judgment of the historical value of the work of
foreign countries, and his work contains on Herodotus, we must distinguish between those
almost every page the results of his- personal parts in which he speaks from his own obserobservations and inquiries. There was scarce- vations and those in which he merely repeats
ly a town of any importance in Greece Proper what he was told by priests and others.  In
and on the coasts of Asia Minor with which he the latter case he was undoubtedly often dewas not perfectly familiar; and at many places ceived; but whenever he speaks from his own
in Greece, such as Samos, Athens, Corinth, and observations, he is a real model of truthfulness
Thebes, he seems to have stayed some time. and accuracy; and the more the countries which
The sites of the great battles between the he describes have been explored by modern
Greeks and barbarians, as Marathon, Thermop- travellers, the more firmly has his authority
yl, Salamis, and Platas, were well known to been established. Many things which used to
him; and on Xerxes's line of march from the be laughed at as impossible or paradoxical are
Hellespont to Athens, there was probably not a found now to be strictly in accordance with
place which he had not seen with his own eyes. truth. The dialect in which he wrote is the
He also visited most of the Greek islands, not Ionic, intermixed with epic or poetical expresonly in the.Egean, but even in the west of sions, and sometimes even with Attic an;l Doric
Greece, such as Zacynthus. Further north in forms. The excellences of his style consist in
Europe he visited Thrace and the Scythian its antique and epic coloring, its transparent
tribes on the Black Sea. In Asia he travelled clearness, and the lively flow of the narrative.
through Asia Minor and Syria, and visited the But, notwithstanding all the merits of Herodocities of Babylon, Ecbatana, and Susa. He tus, there were certain writers in antiquity who
spent some time in Egypt, and travelled as far attacked him both in regard to the form and
south as Elephantine. He saw with his own the substance of his work; and there is still
eyes all the wonders of Egypt, and the accuracy extant a work ascribed to Plutarch, entitled
of his observations and descriptions still excites " On the Malignity of Herodotus," full of the
the astonishment of travellers in that country. most futile accusations of every kind. The
From Egypt he appears to have made excur- best editions of Herodotus are by Schweighausions to the east into Arabia, and to the west ser, Argentor., 1806, often reprinted; by Gaisinto Libya, at least as far as Cyrene, which was ford, Oxon., 1824; and by Bahr, Lips., 1830.well known to him. The object of his work is 2. A Greek physician, who practiced at Rome
to give an account of the struggles between the with great reputation, about A.D. 100. He
Greeks and Persians. He traces the enmity wrote some medical works, which are several
between Europe and Asia to the mythical times. times quoted by Galen.-3. Also a Greek phyHe passes rapidly over the mythical ages to sician, a native either of Tarsus or Philadelcome to Crcesus, king of Lydia, who was known phia, taught Sextus Empiricus.
to have committed acts of hostility against the  HEROOPO6dIS or HERO ('Hp6oi)v r6?.to,'Hpj: in
Greeks. This induces him to give a full his- the Old Testament, Raamses or Rameses?:
tory of Croesus and of the kingdom of Lydia. ruins near Abou-Keshid?), the capital of the
The conquest of Lydia by the Persians under Nomos Herobpolites or ArsinoYtes in Lower
Cyrus then leads him to relate the rise ofthe Egypt, stood on the border of the Desert east
Persian monarchy, and the subjugation of Asia of the Delta, upon the canal connecting the Nile
Minor and Babylon. The nations which are with the western head of the Red Sea, which
mentioned in the course of this narrative are was called from it Sinus Heroopoliticus (K6or7rog
again discussed more or less minutely. The'Hpt3ov,'Hpwo7ro2trir  or -r,(6c). The country
history of Cambyses and his expedition into about itissupposed tobe the Goshen ofScripture.
Egypt induce him to enter into the details of  [HEROPHANTUS ('Hp6avi-ro), tyrant at PariEgyptian history. The expedition of Darius um in the time of Darius Hystaspis.]
against the Scythians causes him to speak of  HER6PHYI[US ('Hp6oLzoC), one of the most celeScythia and the north of Europe. In the mean brated physicians of antiquity, was born at Chaltime the revolt of the Ionians breaks out, which cedon in Bithynia, was a pupil of Praxagoras,
eventually brings the contest between Persia and lived at Alexandrea under the first Ptoland Greece to an end. An account of this in- emy, who reigned B.C. 323-285. Here he soon
surrection is followed by the history of the in- acquired a great reputation, and was one of the
vasion of Greece by the Persians; and the his- founders of the medical school in that city. He
tory of the Persian war now runs in a regular seems to have given his chief attention to
channel until the taking of Sestos by the Greeks, anatomy and physiology, which lie studied not
B.C. 478, with which event his work concludes. merely from the dissection of animals, but also
It will be seen from the preceding sketch that from that of human bodies. He is even said to
the history is full of digressions and episodes; have carried his ardor in his anatomical purbut those do not impair the unity of the work, suits so far as to have dissected criminals alive.
for one thread, as it were, runs through the He was the author of several medical and anawhole, and the episodes are only like branches tomical works, of which nothing but the titles
of the same tree. The structure of the work and a few fiagments remain. These have been
thus bears a strong resemblance to a grand epic collected and published by Marx, De Herophili
poem. The work is pervaded by a deep reli- Vita, &c., Getting., 1840.
366




HEROSTRATUS.                                 HESIONE.
H-EROTRATUS ('Hpo6-rparo7), an Ephesian, set is all that can be said with certainty about the life
fire to the temple of Diana (Artemis) at Ephe- of Hesiod.  Many of the stories related about
sus on the same night that Alexander the Great him refer to his school of poetry, and not to the
was born, B.C. 356. He was put to the torture, poet personally. In this light we may regard
and confessed that he had fired the temple to the tradition, that Hesiod had a poetical contest
immortalize himself. The Ephesians passed a with Homer, which is said to have taken place
decree condemning his name to oblivion; but at Chalcis during the funeral solemnities of King
it has been, as might have been expected, Amphidamas, or, according to others, at Aulis or
handed down by history.                   Delos. The story of this contest gave rise to a
HERsE ("Epo?), daughter ofCecrops and sister composition still extant under the title of'Ay(ov
of Agraulos, was beloved by Mercury (Hermes),'Ouyjpov tcai'HaL6ov, the work of a grammarian
by whom she became the mother of Cephalus. who lived toward the end of the first century
Respecting her story, vid. AGRAULOS. At Ath- of our era, in which the two poets are repreens sacrifices were offered to her, and the maid- sented as engaged in the contest, and answering
ens who carried the vessels containing the li- one another. The followingworks were attribbation (Gpor) were called etpppo6pot.     uted to Hesiod in antiquity: 1. "Epya or "Epya
HERSILIA, the wife of Romulus, was the only Kat eipat, Opera et Dies, Works and Days. It
married woman carried off by the Romans in is written in the most homely style, with scarcethe rape of the Sabine maidens. As Romulus ly any poetical imagery or ornament, and must
after death became Quirinus, so Hersilia his be looked upon as the most ancient specimen
wife became a goddess, Hora or Horta. Some of didactic poetry. It contains ethical, politiwriters, however, made Hersilia the wife of cal, and economical precepts, the last of which
Hostus, grandfather of Tullus Hostilius.  constitute the greater part of the work, consistHERTHA (containing probably the same ele- ing of rules about choosing a wife, the educaments as the words earth, erde), the goddess of tion of children, agriculture, commerce, and navthe earth arnong the ancient Germans.     igation. It would further seem that three disHERULI or ERULI, a powerful German race, tinct poems have been inserted in it, viz., 1. The
are said to have come originally from Scandi- fable of Prometheus and Pandora (47-105); 2.
navia, but they appear on the shores of the On the ages of the world, which are designated
Black Sea in the reign of Gallienus (A.D. 262), by the names of metals (109-201); and, 3. A
when, in conjunction with the Goths, they in- description of winter (504-558). 2. Oeoyovia, a
vaded the Roman empire. They were conquer- Theogony, was not considered by Hesiod's couned by the Ostrogoths, and afterward formed part trymen to be a genuine produfcion of the poet.
of the great army of Attila, with which he in- This work gives an account of the origin of the
vaded Gaul and Italy. After the death of Attila world and the birth of the gods, explaining the
(453) a portion of the Heruli united with other whole order of nature in a series of genealogies,
German tribes; and under the command of for every part of physical as well as moral naOdoacer, who is said to have been an Heru- ture there appears personified in the character
lian, they destroyed the Western Empire, 476. of a distinct being. The whole concludes with
Meantime the remainder of the nation formed an account of some of the most illustrious hea powerful kingdom on the banks of the Theiss roes. 3.'Hoial or 7i/oai yedyu2a/, also called
and the Danube, which was eventually destroy- KardioyoL yvvaeuv, Catalogue of Women. This
ed by the Langobardi or Lombards. Some of work is lost. It contained accounts of the
the Heruli were allowed by Anastasius to settle women who had been beloved by the gods, and
in Pannonia, and they served with great dis- had thus become the mothers of the heroes in
tinction in the armies of Justinian.      the various parts of Greece, from whom the
HESIOnDUs ('Haiofos), one of the earliest Greek ruling families derived their origin. 4.'Aa7rri
poets, of whose personal history we possess'Hpa2cEovc, Shield of Hercules, which is extant,
little authentic information. He is frequently probably formed part of the work last mention.
mentioned along with Homer; as Homer rep- ed. It contains a description of the shield of
resents the Ionic school of poetry in Asia Minor, Hercules, and is an imitation of the Homeric
so Hesiod represents the Boeotian school of description of the shield of Achilles. The best
poetry, which spread over Phocis and Euboa. edition of Hesiod is by Gottling, Gotha and ErThe only points of resemblance between the furt, 1843, 2d ed.
two schools consist in their versification and di-  HESIONE ('HcYo6v7), 1. daughter of Laomedon,
alect. In other respects they entirely differ. king of Troy, was chained by her father to a
The Homeric school takes for its subjects the rock, in order to be devoured by a sea-monster,
restless activity of the heroic age, while the that he might thus appease the anger of Apollo
Hesiodic turns its attention to the quiet pursuits and Neptune (Poseidon). Hercules promised
of ordinary life, to the origin of the world, the to save her if Laomedon would give him the
gods and heroes. Hesiod lived about a century horses which he had received from Jupiter
later than Homer, and is placed about B.C. 735. (Zeus) as a compensation for Ganymedes. HerWe learn from his own poem on Works and cules killed the monster, but Laomedon refused
Days that he was born in the village of Ascra to keep his promise. Thereupon Hercules took
in Bceotia, whither his father had emigrated Troy, killed Laomedon, and gave Hesione to
from the zEolian Cyme in Asia Minor. After his friend and companion Telamon, by whom
the death of his father he was involved in a she became the mother of Teucer. Her brother
dispute with his brother Perses about his small Priam sent Antenor to claim her back, and the
patrimony, which was decided in favor of his refusal on the part of the Greeks is mentioned
brother. I-He then emigrated to Orchomenos, as one of the causes of the Trojan war.-[2.
where hie spent the remainder of his life. This j Daughter of Oceanus, and wife of Prometheus.]
367




HESPERIA.                                  HIESYCHIUS.
HESPERIA ('Ea-repia), the Western land (from  and Neptune (Poseidon) sued for her hand, sih
alnrEpof, vesper), the name given by the Greek swore by the head of Jupiter (Zeus) to remain
poets to Italy, because it lay west of Greece, a virgin forever.  As the hearth was looked
In imitation of them, the Roman poets gave the upon as the centre of domestic life, so Hestia
name of Hesperia to Spa-in, which they some- was the goddess of domestic life and the giver
times called ultimra Hesperia (Hor., Carm., i., of all domestic happiness: as such she was be36, 4), to distinguish it from Italy, which they lieved to dwell in the inner part of every house,
occasionally called Hesperia, Maigna (Virg., An., and to have invented the art of building houses.
i., 569.)                                  In this respect she often appears together with
HEsriPRIDES ('E7repider), the celebrated guard- Mercury (Hermes), who was likewise a dens
ians of the golden apples which Ge (Earth) gave penetralis. Being the goddess of the sacred fire
to Juno (Hera) at her marriage with Jupiter of the altar, Hestia had a share in the sacrifices
(Zeus.) Their parentage is differently related. offered to all the gods. Hence, when sacrifices
They are called the daughters either of Night were offered, she was invoked first, and the
or Erebus, or of Phorcys and Ceto, or of Atlas first part of the sacrifice was presented to her.
and Hesperis (whence their names Atlantides Solemn oaths were sworn by the goddess of
or Hesperides), or of Hesperus, or of Jupiter the hearth; and the hearth itself was the sa(Zeus) and Themis. Some traditions mention- cred asylum where suppliants implored the proed three Hesperides, viz., igle, Arethusa, and tection of the inhabitants of the house. A town
Hesperia; others four, Igle, Erytheia, Hestia, or city is only an extended family, and thereand Arethusa; and others again seven. The fore had likewise its sacred hearth. This pubpoets describe them as possessing the power of lie hearth usually existed in the prytaneum of
sweet song. In the earliest legends, these a town, where the goddess had her especial
nymphs are described as living on the River sanctuary (i9Xapoc), under the name of PryOceanus, in the extreme west; but the later at- tanztis (Hpvravirfr), with a statue and the sacred
tempts to fix the geographical position of their hearth. There, as at a private hearth, Hestia
gardens led poets and geographers to'different protected the suppliants. When a colony was
parts of Libya, as the neighborhood of Cyrene, sent out, the emigrants took the fire which was
Mount Atlas, or the islands on the western coast to burn on the hearth of their new home from
of Libya, or even to the northern extremity of that of the mother town. If ever the fire of her
the earth, beyond the wind Boreas, among the hearth became extinct, it was not allowed to be
Hyperboreans. They were assisted in watch- lighted again with ordinary fire, but either by
ing the golden apples by the dragon Ladon. It fire produced by friction, or by burning glasses
was one of the labors of HIercules to obtain drawing fire fror the sun. The mystical specupossession of these apples. (Vid. p. 358, a.)  lations of later times took their origin from the
HESPERIDUMeI INSULEn. Vid. HESPERIUM.    simple ideas of the ancients, and assumed a saHESPaERIS. Vid. BERENICE, No. 5, p. 142.  cred hearth not only in the centre of the earth,
IHESPERIUM ('EafTrEpov,'Ectrrpov Itpac: now  but even in that of the universe, and confoundCape Verde or Cape Roxo), a headland on the ed Hestia in various ways with other divinities,
western coast of Africa, was one of the furthest such as Cybele, Terra (Gaea), Ceres (Demeter),
points to which the knowledge of the ancients Proserpina (Persephone), and Diana (Artemis).
extended along that coast. Near it was a bay There were but few special temples of Hestia
called Sinus Hesperius; and a day's journey in Greece, since every prytaneum was in realifrom it a group of islands called HESPERInUMn ty a sanctuary of the goddess, and since a porINSUL E, wrongly identified by some with the tion of the sacrifices, to whatever divinity they
Fortunate Insulse; they are either the Cape de were offered, belonged to her. The worship
Verde islands, or, more probably, the Bissagos, of the Roman Vesta is spoken of under VESTA.
at the mouth of the Rio Grande.              [HESTIAA ('EaraLa), a city in the island of
[HESPERIUS SINUS. Vid. HESPERIUM.]       EubIa, the later OREUS.]
HESPERUS ('"Eorepog), the evening star, is  [HESTI EA ('EcaTia), a learned lady of Alexcalled by Hesiod a son of Astreus and Aurora andrea, who wrote a work in explanation of the
(Eos). I-e was also regarded as the same as Iliad.]
the morning star, whence both Homer and He-  HESTIrOTIS ('EcramCJ7rc.) 1. The northwestsiod call him the bringer of light (EocPipor). A  ern part of Thessaly. Vid. THESSALIA.-2. Or
later account makes him a son of Atlas, who HISTIEA, a district in Eubcea. Vid. EunBA.
was fond of astronomy, and who disappeared   HESYCHIUS ('HaixjoC). 1. An Alexandrine
after ascending Mount Atlas to observe the grammarian, under whose name a large Greek
stars. He was worshipped with divine honors, dicti6nary has come down to us. Respecting
and was regarded as the fairest star in the his personal history nothing is known, but he
heavens. The Romans designated him by the probably lived about A.D. 380. The work is
names Lucifer and Hesperus, to characterize based, as the writer himself tells us, upon the
him as the morning or evening star.        lexicon of Diogenianus. Hesychius was probHESTIA ('EoTia, Ion.'Ita), called VESTA by ably a pagan: the Christian glosses and the
the Romans, the goddess of the hearth, or, rath- references to Christian writers in the work are
er, of the fire burning on the hearth, was one of interpolations by a later hand. The work is
the twelve great divinities of the Greeks. She one of great importance, not only on account of
was a daughter of Saturn (Cronus) and Rhea, its explaining the words of the Greek language,
and, according to common tradition, was the but also from its containing much literary and
first-born of Rhea, and consequently the first of archeological information, derived from earlier
the children swallowed by Saturn (Cronus). grammarians and commentators, whose works
She was a maiden divinity, and when Apollo are lost. The arrangement of the work, how368




HETRICULUM.                                  HIERON.
ever, is very defective. The best edition is ander, celebrated for its hot springs andits ternby Alberti, completed after Alberti's death by pie of Cybele. Like the neighboring cities of
Ruhnken, Lugd. Bat., 17461-1766, 2 vols. fol.-  Colosse and Laodicea, it was an early seat of
2.' Of Miletus, surnamed Illustris, from some Christianity, and it is mentioned in St. Paul's
office which he held, lived about A.D. 540, and Epistle to the Colossiaizs (iv., 13).-2. Formerly
wrote, 1. An Onomasticon, or account of illus- BAMBYCE (Ba1L6vSX7: now Bambuch or Membij),
trious men, published by Orelli, Lips., 1820. 2. a city in the northeast of Syria, one of the chief
A Chronicon, or synoptical view of universal his- seats of the worship of Astarte.
tory, in six parts, from the reign of Belus, the  [HIERAPYTNA ('I.epd6rTrva, in Dio Cass.'lep6reputed founder of the Assyrian empire, to the 7rvdva:'Iepaercrvtot: now Girapietra), a town
4death of the Byzantine emperor, Anastasius I., on the southern coast of Crete, fabled to have
A.D. 518. The work itself is lost, but an ac- been founded by the Corybantes.]
count of it is preserved by Photius.        [HIERO. Vid. HIERON.]
HETRICU1LUM, a town of the Bruttii.       HIEROCLES ('lepoKftC). 1. A Greek rhetoriHIBERNIA, also called IERNE, IVERNA or Ju- cian of Alabanda in Caria, lived about B.C. 100,
VERNA ('Iepv7,'Ispvif vjaof,'Iovepvia), the island and was distinguished, like his brother Meneof Ireland, appears to have derived its name cles, by the Asiatic style of oratory.-2. Govfrom the inhabitants of its southern coast, call- ernor of Bithynia, and afterward of Alexaned Juverni ('Iovepvot) by Ptolemy, but its orig- drea, is said to have been one of the chief insti-'inal name was probably Bergion or Vergion. It gators of the persecution of the Christians unis mentioned by Caesar, and is frequently spoken der Diocletian. He wrote a work against the
of by subsequent writers; but the Romans never Christians, entitled A6yoe OtXfaOecg trpio roTVe
made any attempt to conquer the island, though Xpecriavovd, of which we may form an idea from
they obtained some knowledge of it from the the account of Lactantius and the refutation
commercial intercourse which was carried on which Eusebius wrote against it. We see from
between it and Britain. We have no account these writers that Hierocles attacked the charof the island except from Ptolemy, who must acter of Jesus Christ and his apostles, and put
have derived his information from the state- him on an equality with Apollonius of Tyana.ments of the British merchants, who visited its 3. A New Platonist, who lived at Alexandrea
coasts. Ptolemy gives rather a long list of its about the middle of the fifth century. He wrote,
promontories, rivers, tribes, and towns.  1. A commentary on the golden verses of PyHIcESIA. Vid. JEOLIE INSULZE.           thagoras, in which he endeavors to give an in[HIcETION ('IKerTav), son of the Trojan king telligible account of the philosophy of PythagLaomedon, and brother of Priam.]          oras. Published by Needham, Cambridge, 1709,
HICETAS ('Ixe'ra or'I/eryf). 1. A Syracusan, and by Warren, London, 1742. 2. A work on
contemporary with the younger Dionysius and Providence, Fate, and the reconciliation of man's
Timoleon. He was at first a friend of Dion, free will with the divine government of the
after whose death (B.C. 353) his wife Arete world, in seven books. The work is lost, but
and his sister Aristomache placed themselves some extracts from it are preserved in Photius.
under the care of Hicetas; but he was per- 3. An ethical work on justice, on reverence tosuaded, notwithstanding, to consent to their de- ward the gods, parents, relations, &c., which
struction. A few years later he became tyrant bore the title Ta be2Loaooovueva. This work is
of Leontini. He carried on war against the also lost, but there are several extracts from it
younger Dionysius, whom he defeated, and had in Stobaeus. The extant work, entitled'Aare-a,
made himself master of the whole city, except a collection of ludicrous tales, is erroneously
the island citadel, when Timoleon landed in ascribed to Hierocles, the New Platonist. The
Sicily, 344. Hicetas then opposed Timoleon, work is of no merit.-4. A Greek grammarian,
and called in the aid of the Carthaginians, but the author of an extant work, entitled 1vveKr6he was defeated and put to death by Timoleon, /oc, that is, The Travelling Companion, intend339 or 338.-2. Tyrant of Syracuse, during the ed as a hand-book for travellers through the
interval between the reign of Agathocles and provinces of the Eastern empire. It was perthat of Pyrrhus. He defeated Phintias, tyrant haps written at the beginning of the sixth cenof Agrigentum, and was himself defeated by tury of our era. It contains a list of sixty epthe Carthaginians. After a reign of nine years archiae or provinces of the Eastern empire, and
(288-279), he was expelled from Syracuse.-3. of nine hundred and thirty-five different towns,
Of Syracuse, one of the earlier Pythagoreans.  with brief descriptions. Published by WesselHIEMPSAL. 1. Son of Micipsa, king of Nu- ing, in Veterum Romanorum Itineraria, Amstermidia, and grandson of Masinissa, was murder- dam, 1735.
ed by Jugurtha soon after the death of Micipsa,  HhIRON ('Ipev). 1. Tyrant of Syracuse (B.
B.C. 118. -2. King of Numidia, grandson or C. 478-467), was son of Dinomenes and brother
great-grandson of Masinissa, and father of Juba, of Gelon, whom he succeeded in the sovereignappears to have received the sovereignty of part ty. In the early part of his reign he became
of Numidia after the Jugurthine war. He was involved in a war with Theron of Agrigentum,
expelled from  his kingdom by Cn. Domitius who had espoused the cause of his brother
Ahenobarbus, the leader of the Marian party in Polyzelus, with whom he had quarrelled. ButAfrica, but was restored by Pompey in 81. Hieron afterward concluded a peace with TheHiempsal wrote some works in the Punic lan- ron, and became reconciled to his brother Polyguage, which are cited by Sallust (Jug., 17).  zelus. After the death of Theron in 472, he
HIERA. 1. Vid. _EOLLiLE.-2. Vid. LEGATES.  carried on war against his son Thrasydeets,..
HIERAPOLIS ('Ieppadro2t). 1. (Now Bambuk- whom he defeated in a great battle, and exkalessi?), a city of Great Phrygia, near the Me- pelled from Agrigentum. But by far the most-.
24:                                                             369




I-IERON.                               HIERONYMUS.
important event of his reign was the great Ion, who died shortly before his father.'He was
victory which he obtained over the Etruscan succeeded by his grandson, Hieronymus.
fleet near Cumie (474), and which appears to  HIhR6sNYMUS ('IpjvteOCf). 1. Of Cardia,probhave effectually broken the naval power of ably accompanied Alexander the Great to Asia,
that nation.  Hieron died at Catana in.the and after the death of that monarch (B.C. 323)
twelfth year of his reign, 467. His govern- served under his countryman Eumeneso  In the
ment was much more despotic than that of his last battle between Eumenes and Antigonus
brother Gelon. He maintained a large guard (316), Hieronymus fell into the hands of Antigof mercenary troops, and employed numerous onus, who treated him with kindness, and to
spies and informers. He was, however, a lib- whose service' he henceforth attached himself.
eral and enlightened patron of men of letters, After the death of Antigonus (301), Hieronymus
and his court became the resort of the most dis- continued to follow the fortunes of his son Detinguished poets and philosophers of the day. metrius, and was appointed by the latter govVEschylus, Pindar, and Bacchylides took up their ernor of Bceotia, after his first conquest of
abode with him, and we find him associating in Thebes, 292. He continued unshaken in his
friendly intercourse with Xenophanes, Epichar- attachment to Demetrius and to his son, Antigmus, and Simonides. His intimacy with the onus Gonatas, after him. It appears that he
latter-was particularly celebrated, and has been survived Pyrrhus, and died at the advanced age
made the subject by Xenophon of an imaginary of 104. Hieronymus wrote a history' of the
dialogue, entitled the Hieron. His love of mag- events from the death of Alexander to that of
nificence was especially displayed in the great Pyrrhus, if not later. This work has not come
contests of the Grecian games, and his victories down to us, but it is frequently cited by later
at Olympia and Delphi have been immortalized writers as one of the chief authorities for the
by Pindar.-2. King of Syracuse (B.C. 270-216), history of Alexander's successors. We are told
was the son of Hierocles, a noble Syracusan, that Hieronymus displayed partiality to Antigodescended from the great Gelon, but his moth- nus and Demetrius, and, in consequence, treated
er was a female servant. When Pyrrhus left Pyrrhus and Lysimachus with great injustice.
Sicily (275), Hieron, who had distinguished -2. King of Syracuse, succeeded his grandhimself in the wars of that monarch, was de- father, Hieron II., B.C. 216, at fifteen years of
dared general by the Syracusan army.  He age.   He was persuaded by the Carthaginian
strengthened his power by marrying the daugh- party to renounce the alliance with the Romans,
ter of Leptines, at that time the most influen- which his grandfather had maintained for so
tial citizen at Syracuse; and after his'defeat of many years. He was assassinated after a short
the Mamertines, he was saluted by his fellow- reign of only thirteen months.-3. Of Rhodes,
citizens with the title of king, 270. It was the commonly called a peripatetic, though Cicero
great object of Hieron to expel the Mamertines questions his right to the title, was a disciple of
from Sicily; and accordingly, when the Romans, Aristotle, and appears to have lived down to the
in 264, interposed in favor of that people, Hie- time of Ptolemy Philadelphus.  He held the
ron concluded an alliance with the Carthagini- highest good to consist in'freedom from pain
ans, and, in conjunction with them, carried on and trouble, and denied that pleasure was to be
war against the Romans. But having been de- sought for its own sake.-4. Commonly known
feated by the. Romans, he concluded a peace as SAINT JEROME, one ofthe most celebrated of
with them in the following year (263), in virtue the Christian fathers, was born at Stridon, a
of which he retained possession of the whole town upon the confines of Dalmatia and Pansoutheast of Sicily, and the eastern side of the nonia, about A.D. 340. His father sent him to
island as far as Tauromenium. From this time PR-ome for the prosecution of his studies, where
till his -death, a period of little less than half a he devoted himself with great ardor and succentury, Hieron continued the steadfast friend cess to the Greek and Latin languages, to rhetand ally of the Romans, a policy of which his oric, and to the different branches of philosophy,
subjects as well as himself reaped the benefits, enjoying the instructions of the most distinin the enjoyment of a state of uninterrupted' guished preceptors of that era, among whom
tranquillity and prosperity. Even the heavy was2Elius Donatus. Vid. DoNATUs. Aftercomlosses which the Romans sustained in the first pleting his studies he went to Gaul, where he
three years of the second Punic war did not remained some time, and subsequently travelled
shake his fidelity; and after their great defeats, through various countries in the East. At Anhe sent them large supplies of corn and auxiliary tioch he was attacked by a dangerous malady,
troops. He died in 216 at the age of ninety- and on his recovery he resolved to withdraw
two. His government was mild and equitable: from the world. In 374 he retired to the desert
though he did not refuse the title of king, he of Chalcis, lying between Antioch and the Euavoided all external display of the insignia of phrates, where he passed four years, adhering
royalty, and appeared in public in the garb of a strictly to the most rigid observances of monkprivate citizen. The care he bestowed upon ish ascetism, but at the same time pursuing the
the financial department of his administration study of Hebrew. In 379 he was ordained a
is attested by the laws regulating the tithes of presbyter at Antioch by Paulinus. Soon after
corn'and other agricultural produce, which, un- he went to Constantinople, where he lived for
der the name of Leges Hieronicce, were retained three years, enjoying the instructions and friiendby the Romans when they reduced Sicily to a ship of Gregory of Nazianzus. In 382 he acprovince. -He adorned the city of Syracuse companied Paulinus to Rome, where he formed
with many public works. His power and mag- a close friendship with the Pope Damasus.- He
nificence were celebrated by Theocritus in his remained at Rome three years, and there laborsixteenth Idyl. Hieron had only one son, Ge- ed in proclaiming the glory and merit of a con370




HIEROSOLYMA.                                 HIMILCO.
templative life and monastic discipline. He near Enna the water of a salt spring, and hence
had many enthusiastic disciples among the Ro- has salt water as far as its mouth.-2. A smallec
man ladies, but the influence which he exercis- river in the north of Sicily, flows into the sea
ed over them excited the hatred of their rela- between the towns of Himera and Therme.tions, and exposed him to attacks against his 3. ('Iyepapoe), a celebrated Greek city on the
character. Accordingly, he left Rome in 385, northern coast of Sicily, west of the mouth of
having lost his patron Damasus in the preceding the River Himera (No. 2), was founded by the
year, and, accompanied bythe rich widow Paula, Chalcidians of Zancle, B.C. 648, and afterward
her daughter Eustochium, and a number of de- received Dorian settlers, so that the inhabitants
vout maidens, he made a tour of the Holy Land, spoke a mixed dialect, partly Ionic (Chalcidian)
and finally settled at Bethlehem, where Paula and partly Doric. About 560, Himera, being
erected four monasteries, three for nuns and threatened by its powerful neighbors, placed itone for monks. Here he passed the remainder self under the protection of Phalaris, tyrant of
of his life. He died A.D. 420. Jerome wrote Agrigentum, in whose power it appears to have
a great number of works, most of which have remained till his death. At a later time (500)
come down to us. Of these the most celebrated we find Himera governed by a tyrant Terillus,
are his Commentaries on the various books of who was expelled by Theron of Agrigentum.
the Scriptures. He also translated into Latin Terillus thereupon applied for assistance to the
the Old and New Testaments: his translation Carthaginians, who, anxious to extend their inis in substance the Latin version of the Scrip- fluence in Sicily, sent a powerful army into
tures, known by the name of the Vulgate. The Sicily under the command of Hamilcar. The
translation of the Old Testament was made by Carthaginians were defeated with great slaughJerome directly from the Hebrew; but the ter at Himera by the united forces of Theron
translation of the New Testament was formed and Gelon of Syracuse on the same day that the
by him out of the old translations, carefully cor- battle of Salamis was fought (480). Himera
rected from the original Greek. Jerome like- was now governed by Thrasydaeus, the son of
wise translated from the Greek the Chronicle Theron, in the name of his father; but the inof Eusebius, which he enlarged, chiefly in the habitants having attempted to revolt, Theron put
department of Roman history, and brought down to death or drove into exile a considerable part
to A.D. 378. Jerome. was the most learned of of the population, and repeopled the city with
the Latin fathers. His profound knowledge of settlers from all quarters, but especially of Dothe Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages, his rian origin. After the death of Theron (472),
familiarity with ancient history and philosophy, Himera recovered its independence, and for the
and his personal acquaintance with the man- next sixty years was one of the most flourishners and scenery of the East, enabled him to ing cities in Sicily. It assisted Syracuse against
throw much light upon the Scriptures. In his the Athenians in 415. In 409 it was taken by
controversial works he is vehement and dog- Hannibal, the son of Gisco, who, to revenge the
matical.  His language is exceedingly pure, great defeat which the Carthaginians had sufbearing ample testimony to the diligence with fered before this town, levelled it to the ground
which he must have studied the choicest models. and destroyed almost all the inhabitants. HiThe best editions of the works of Jerome are mera was never rebuilt; but on the opposite
the Benedictine, Paris, 5 vols. fol., 1693-1706, bank of the River Himera, the Carthaginians
and that by Vallarsi, Veron., 11 vols. fol., 1734- founded a new town, which, from a warm me1742; reprinted Venet., 11 vols. 4to, 1766.  dicinal spring in its neighborhood, was called
HIEROSOLYIA. Vid. JERUSALEMI.           THERM n  (0eppEat: Oeptzilec, Thermitanus: now
HIIARIUS. 1. A Christian writer, was born Termini). Here the remains of the unfortunate
of pagan parents at Poitiers. He afterward be- inhabitants of Himera were allowed to settle.
came a Christian, and was elected bishop of his The Romans, who highly prized the warm
native place, A.D. 350. From this time he de- springs of Therma, permitted the town to retain
voted all his energies to check the progress of its own constitution; and Augustus made it a
Arianism, which was making rapid strides in colony. The poet Stesichorus was born at the
Gaul. lie became so troublesome to the Ari- ancient Himera, and the tyrant Agathocles at
ans, that they induced the Emperor Constantius Thermme.
in 356 to banish him to Phrygia. He was allow-  HIMERIUS ('IfzELoc), a celebrated Greek sophed to return to Gaul about 361, and died in his ist, was born at Prusa in Bithynia, and studied
diocese in 368. Several of his works have at Athens. He was subsequently appointed procome down to us. They consist chiefly of fessor of rhetoric at Athens, where he gave inpolemical treatises against the Arians and ad- struction to Julian, afterward emperor, and the
dresses to the Emperor Constantius. The best celebrated Christian writers, Basil and Gregory
edition of his works is by Constant, Paris, 1693, Nazianzen. In 362 the Emperor Julian invited
forming.one of the Benedictine series, and re- him to his court at Antioch, and made him his
printed by Scipio Maffei, Veron., 1730.-2. Bish- secretary. He returned to Athens in 368, and
op of Aries, succeeded his master Honoratus in there passed the remainder of his life. Himerithat diocese, A.D. 429, and died in 449. He us was a pagan; but he does not manifest in his
wrote the life of Honoratus and a few other writings any animosity against the Christians.
works.                                    There were extant in the time of Photius sevHILLEVINiES. Vid. GERMANIA, p. 327, a.  enty-one orations by Himerius; but of these
HIMERA ('Tiepa). 1. (Now Fiume Salso), one only twenty-four have come down to us comof the principal rivers in the south of Sicily, at plete. Edited by Wernsdorf, G6ttingen, 1790.
one time the boundary between the territories  HIMILco ('Ii;acov). 1. A Carthaginian, who
of the Carthaginians and Syracusans, receives condupted a voyage of discovery from Gades
371




HIPPANA.                              HIPPOCENTAURT.
toward the north, along the western shores of all lost with the exception of his commentary
Europe, at the same time that Hanno undertook on the phenomena of Aratus.
his voyage to the south along the coast of Afri-  HIPPARINUS ('In7rapfvo).  1. A Syracusan,
ca. Vid. HANNO, No. 10. Himilco represent- father of Dion and Aristomache, supported the
ed that his further progress was prevented by elder Dionysius, who married his daughter Aris,
the stagnant nature of the sea, loaded with sea- tomache.-2. Son of Dion, and grandson of the
weed, and by the absence of wind. Hisvoyage preceding, threw himself from the roof of a
is said to have lasted four months, but it is im- house, and was killed on the spot, when his
possible to judge how far it was extended. Per- father attempted, by restraint, to cure him of
haps it was intentionally wrapped in obscurity the dissolute habits which he had acquired while
by the commercial jealousy of the Carthagini under the power of Dionysius.-3. Son of the
ans.-2. Son of Hanno, commanded, together elder Dionysius by Aristomache, daughter of
with Hannibal, son of Gisco (vid. HANNIBAL, NO. 1, succeeded Callippus in the tyranny of
No. 1), a Carthaginian army in Sicily, and laid Syracuse, B.C. 352. He was assassinated after
siege to Agrigentum, B.C. 406. Hannibal died reigning only two years.
before Agrigentum of a pestilence, which broke  HIPPARIS ('ITraplc: now Camarina), a river
out in the camp; and Himilco, now left sole in the south of Sicily, which flows into the sea
general, succeeded in taking the place, after a near Camarina.
siege of nearly eight months. At a later period  HIPPASUS (ITQrrracao), of Metapontum or Crohe carried on war against Dionysius of Syra- ton, in Italy, one of the elder Pythagoreans,
cuse. In 395 he defeated Dionysius, and laid held the element of fire to be the cause of all
siege to Syracuse; but, while pressing the siege things. In consequence of his making known
of the city, a pestilence carried off a great num- the sphere, consisting of twelve pentagons,
ber of his men. In this weakened condition, which was regarded by the Pythagoreans as a
Himilco was attacked and defeated by Diony- secret, he is said to have perished in the sea as
sius, and was obliged to purchase his safety by an impious man.
an ignominious capitulation.  Such was his  HIPPIA and HIPPIus ('I7rr-ta and "Irrtnoc, or
grief and disappointment at this termination to "IrrreToc), in Latin Equester and Equestris, surthe campaign, that, on his return to Carthage, names of several divinities, as of Juno (Hera)
he put an end to his life by voluntary absti- and Minerva (Athena), of Neptune (Poseidon)
nence.-3. The Carthaginian commander at Lil- and of Mars (Ares); and at Rome also of Forybaeum, which he defended with skill and brav- tuna and Venus.
ery when it was attacked by the Romans, 250.  HIPPIAs ('IIr7ria). 1. Son of Pisistratus. Vid.
-4. Commander of the Carthaginian forces in PISISTRATIDE.-2. The Sophist, was a native
Sicily during a part of the second Punic war, of Elis, and the contemporary of Socrates. His
214-212.-5. Surnamed PHAM.EAS, commander fellow-citizens availed themselves of his abiliof the Carthaginian cavalry in the third Punic ties in political matters, and sent him on a dipwar. He deserted to the Romans, by whom he lomatic mission to Sparta. But he was in every
was liberally rewarded.                   respect like the other sophists of tfe time. He
HIPPANA (ra "IiaTrava), a town in the north of travelled through Greece for the purpose of acSicily, near Panormus.                    quiring wealth and celebrity by teaching and
HIPPARCHIA IT('ITTapxa), wife of Crates the public speaking. His character as a sophist,
Cynic. (For details, vid. CRATES, No. 3.)  his vanity, and his boastful arrogance, are well
HIPPARCHUS (IT7rnrapXor). 1. Son of Pisistra- described in the two dialogues of Plato, Hippias
tus. Vid. PISISTRATID.-2. AcelebratedGreek major and Hippias minor. Though his knowlastronomer, was a native of Nicea in Bithynia, edge was superficial, yet it appears that he had
and flourished B.C. 160-145. He resided both paid attention not only to rhetorical, philosophat Rhodes and Alexandrea. He was the true ical, and political studies, but also to poetry,
father of astronomy, which he raised to that music, mathematics, painting, and sculpture;
rank among the applications of arithmetic and and he must even have acquired some practical
geometry which. it has always since preserved. skill in the mechanical arts, as he used to boast
He was the first who gave and demonstrated of wearing on his body nothing that he had not
the means of solving all triangles, rectilinear made with his own hands, such as his seal-ring,
and spherical. He constructed a table ofchords, his cloak, and shoes. He possessed great faof which he made the same sort of use as we cility in extempore speaking; and once his vanmake of our sines. He made more observa- ity led him to declare that he would travel to
tions than his predecessors, and understood Olympia, and there deliver before the assembled
them better. He invented the planisphere, or Greeks an oration on any subject that might be
the mode of representing the starry heavens proposed to him.
upon a plane, and of producing the solutions of  HIPPO ('I-irTJv), in Africa. 1. H. REGIUS ('I.
problems of spherical astronomy. He is also iacLtKoir6: ruins near Bonah), a city on the coast
the father of true geography, by his happy idea of Numidia, west of the mouth of the Rubricaof marking the position of spots on the earth, tus; once a royal residence, and afterward celas was done with the stars, by circles drawn ebrated as the bishopric of St. Augustine.-2.
from the pole perpendicularly to the equator; H. DIARRHYTUS or ZARITUS ('I. &S6idvro0: now
that is, by latitudes andlongitudes. His method Bizerta), a city on the northern coast of the
of eclipses was the only one by which differ- Carthaginian territory (Zeugitana), west of Utiences of meridians could be determined. The ca, at the mouth of the Sinus Hipponensis.-3.
catalogue which Hipparchus constructed of the A town of the Carpetani in Hispania Tarracostars is preserved in the Almagest of Ptolemy. nensis, south of Toletum.
Hipparchus wrote numerous works, which are  HIPPOCENTAURI. Vid. CENTAURI.
372




HIPPOCOON.                                HIPPODAMUS.
HiPP6C6ON('I7rrTroK60Cv). 1. Son ofCEbalus and Acutorum. 5. Ilepi'A pCv,'Td7rov, T6rCav, De
Batea. After his father's death he expelled his AE-e, Aqu.is, et Locis.  6. Il;ep r&iv Ev KeaXO
brother Tyndareus, in order to secure the king- Tp&tcdrov, De Capitis Vulneribus. Some of the
dom. to himself; but Hercules led Tyndareus other works were perhaps written by Hippoback, and slew Hippocoon and his sons. Ovid crates; but the great majority of them were
(Mlet., viii., 314) mentions'the sons of Hippocoon composed by his disciples and followers, many
among the Calydonian hunters. —[2. A Thra- of whom bore the name of Hippocrates. The
cian, follower of Rhesus in the Trojan war.- ancient physicians wrote numerous comment3. Son of Hyrtacus, a companion of/Eneas, dis- aries on the works in the Hippocratic collection.
tinguished himself in the funeral games cele- Of these the most valuable are the commentbrated in honor of Anchises.]             aries of Galen. Hippocrates divided the causes
HIPPoCRATES ('IrrropadrVC). 1. Father of Pi- of disease into two principal classes; the one
sistratus, the tyrant of Athens.-2. An Athe- comprehending the influence of seasons, clinian, son of Megaclesj was brother of Clisthe- mates, water, situation, &c., and the other the
nes, the legislator, and grandfather, through his influence of food, exercise, &c. He considered
daughter Agariste, of the illustrious Pericles. that while heat and cold, moisture and dryness,
-3. An Athenian, son of Xanthippus and broth- succeeded one another throughout the year,
er of Pericles. He had three sons, who, as well the human body underwent certain analogous
as their father, are alluded to by Aristophanes changes, which influenced the diseases of the
as men of a mean capacity, and devoid of edu- period.  He supposed that the four fluids or
cation.-4. An Athenian, son of Ariphron, com- humors of the body (blood, phlegm, yellow bile,
manded the Athenians, B.C. 424, when he was and black bile) were the primary seat of disdefeated and slain by the Bceotians at the battle ease; that health was the result of the due
of Delium.-5. A Lacedaernonian, served under combination (or crasis) of these, and that, when
Mindarus on the Asiatic coast in 410, and, after this crasis was disturbed, disease was the conthe defeat of Mindarus at Cyzicus, became com- sequence; that, in the course of a disorder that
mander of the fleet.-6. A Sicilian, succeeded was proceeding favorably, these humors underhis brother Cleander as tyrant of Gela, 498. went a certain change in quality (or coction),
His reign was prosperous; and he extended his which was the sign of returning health, as prepower over several other cities of Sicily. He paring the way for the expulsion of the morbid
died in 491, while besieging Hybla.-7. A Sicil- matter, or crisis; and that these crises had a
ian, brother of EPIcYDss.-8. The most cele- tendency to occur at certain stated periods,
brated physician of antiquity. He was born in which were hence called" critical days." Hipthe island of Cos about B.C. 460. He belonged pocrates was evidently a person who not only
to the family of the Asclepiade, and was the had had great experience, but who also knew
son of Heraclides, who was also a physician. how to turn it to'the best account; and the
His mother's name was Phaenarete, who was number of moral reflections and apophthegms
said to be descended from Hercules,. He was that we meet with in his writings, some of
instructed in medical science by his father and which (as, for example, " Life, is short, and Art
by Herodicus, and he is said to have been also is long") have acquired a sort of proverbial noa pupil of Gorgias of Leontini.  He wrote, toriety, show him to have been a profound
taught, and practiced his profession at home; thinker. His works are written in the Ionic
travelled in different parts of the continent of dialect, and the style is so concise as to be
Greece; and died at Larissa in Thessaly, about sometimes extremely obscure. The best edi357, at the age of 104. He had two sons, Thes- tion of his works is by Littre(, Paris, 1839, seq.,
salus and Dracon, and a son-in-law, Polybus, with a French translation.
all of whom followed the same profession, and  HIPPOCRlNE ('Irr'rospmjvr), the " Fountain of
who are supposed to have been the authors of the Horse," called by Persius Fons Caballinus,
some of the works in the Hippocratic collec- was a fountain in Mount Helicon in Baeotia,
tion. These are the only certain facts which sacred to the Muses, said to have been producwe know respecting the life of Hippocrates; but ed by the horse Pegasus striking the ground
to these later writers have added a large collec- with his feet.
tion of stories, many of which are clearly fabu-  [HIPPODAMAS ('I7rrrodrCUat), son of Priam, slain
lous. Thus he is said to have stopped the plague by Achilles.]
at Athens by burning fires throughout the city,  HIPP6DXMiA ('Ir7-rodyueta).  1. Daughter of
by suspending chaplets of flowers, and by the  lEnomaus, king of Pisa in Elis. For details,
use of an antidote. It is also related that Ar- rid. CENOMAUS and PELOPS.-2. Wife of Pirithtaxerxes Longimanus, king of Persia, invited ous, at whose nuptials took place the celebrated
Hippocrates to come to his assistance during a battle between the Centaurs and Lapithae. For
time of pestilence, but that Hippocrates refused details, rid. PIRITHOUS.-3. Vid. BRISEIs.-[4.
his request on the ground of his being the en- Wife of Amyntor, and mother of Phcenix.-5.
emy of his country. The writings which have' Daughter of Anchises, and wife of Alcathous.
come down to us under the name of Hippocrates -6. One of the female attendants of Penelope.]
were composed by several different persons, and  HIPP6DXMUS ('Irrr6daLog). [1. A Trojan hero,
are of verydifferent merit. They are more than slain by Ulysses.]-2. A distinguished Greek
sixty in number, but of these only a few are architect, a native of Miletus, and the son of
certainly genuine. They are: 1. poyvoarLK6v, Euryphon or EurycoSn. His fame rests on his
Pr enotionesorPrognosticon. 2.'AMoptoauoi,Apho- construction, not of single buildings, but of
rismi. 3.'ErtdVdpiov Bt62 ia, De Morbis Popula- whole cities. His first great work was the town
ribus (or Epidemiorum). 4. HIlepi tAtamr'Ofev, of Piraeus, which he built under the auspices of
De Ratione Victus in Morbis Acutis, or De Diceta  Pericles. When the Athenians founded their
373




HIPPOLOCHUS.                               HIPPOTHOUS.
colony or Thurii (B.C. 443), Hippodamus went tails, vid. ATALANTA, NO. 2.-2. A descendant
out with the colonists, and was the architect of of Codrus, the fourth and last of the decennial
the new city. Hence he is often called a Thu- archons.  Incensed at the barbarous punishrian. He afterward built Rhodes (408-407).  ment which he inflicted on his daughter, the
HIPPOLOCHUS ('ITr7r6AoXof). Son of Bellero- Attic nobles deposed him.
phontes and Philonoe or Anticlea, and father of  HIPPON ("I7T7rro), of Rhegium, a philosopher
Glaucus, the Lycian prince.-[2. A Trojan, son of uncertain date, belonging to the Ionian school.
of Antimachus, slain by Agamemnon.-3. One He was accused of atheism, and so got the surof the thirty tyrants at Athens.]         name of the Melian, as agreeing in sentiment
HIPPOLYTE ('I7arroUrd).- 1. Daughter of Mars with Diagoras. He held water and fire to be
(Ares) and Otrera, was queen of the Amazons, the principles of all things, the latter springing
and sister of Antiope and Melanippe. She wore from the former, and developing itself by genera girdle given to her by her father; and when ating the universe.
Hercules came to fetch this girdle, she was  HIPPONAX ('ITrrrOva), of Ephesus, son of
slain by Hercules.  Vid. p. 357, b. According Pytheus and Protis, was, after Archilochus and
to another tradition, Hippolyte, with an army Simonides, the third of the Iambic poets of
of Amazons, marched into Attica, to take venge- Greece. He flourished B.C.. 546-520. He was
ance on Theseus for having carried off An- distinguished for his love of liberty, and having
tiope; but, being conquered by Theseus, she been expelled from his native city by the tyrants,
fled to Megara, where she died of grief, and was he took up his abode at Clazomena, for which
buried. In some accounts, Hippolyte, and not reason he is sometimes called a Clazomenian.
Antiope, is said to have been married to The- In person, Hipponax was little, thin, and ugly,
seus.-2. Or ASTYDAMIA, wife of Acastus, fell but very strong.  The two brothers Bupalus
in love with Peleus. Vid. ACAsTus.        and Athenis, who were sculptors of Chios, made
HIPPOLYTUS ('Ir7r62XvroT). 1. Son of Theseus statues of Hipponax, in which they caricatured
by Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons, or her his natural ugliness, and he, in return, directed
sister Antiope.  Theseus afterward married all the power of his satirical poetry against
Phaedra, who fell in love with Hippolytus; but, them, and especially against Bupalus. (Hor.,
as her offers were rejected by her step-son, she Epod., vi., 14.)  Later writers add that the
accused him to his father of having attempted sculptors hanged themselves in despair. Hipher dishonor. Theseus thereupon cursed his ponax was celebrated in antiquity for the severson, and requested his father,.Egeus or Nep- ity of his satires. He severely chastised the
tune (Poseidon), to destroy him. Accordingly, effeminate luxury of his Ionian brethren; he
as Hippolytus was riding in his chariot along did not spare his own parents; and he venturthe sea-coast, Neptune (Poseidon) sent forth a ed even to ridicule the gods. In his satires he
bull from the water. The horses were fiight- introduced a spondee or a trochee in the last
ened, upset the chariot, and dragged Hippoly- foot instead of an iambus. This change made
tus along the ground till he was dead. The- the verse irregular in its rhythm, and gave it a
seus afterward learned the innocence of his sort of halting movement, whence it was called
son, and Phaedra, in despair, made away with the Choliambus (Xa)atoti66, lame iambic), or Iamherself. Diana (Artemis) induced aEsculapius bus Scazon (acUa5(v, limping). He also wrote
to restore Hippolytus to life again; and, accord- a parody on the Iliad. He may be said to ocing to Italian traditions, she placed him, under cupy a middle place between Archilochus and
the name of Virbius, under the protection of Aristophanes. He is as bitter, but not so earnthe nymph Egeria, in the grove of Aricia, in La- est, as the former, while in lightness and jocosetium, where he was honored with divine wor- ness he more resembles the latter. The fragship. Horace, following the more ancient tra- ments of Hipponax are edited by Welcker, Gotdition, says that Diana could not restore Hip- ting., 1817, 8vo, and by Bergk in the Poete Lypolytus to life (Carm., iv., 7, 25).-2. An early rici Grceci.
ecclesiastical writer of considerable eminence,  HIPPNICUS. Vid. CALLIAS AND HIPPONICUS.
but whose real history is very uncertain. He  HIPPONIUM. Vid. VIBO.
appears to have lived early in the third century,  HIPPONOUS. Vid. BELLEROPHON.
and is said to have suffered martyrdom under  HIPPOTAZDES ('l7r7ror(Uic), i. e., son of HipAlexander Severus, being drowned in a ditch potes, that is, ZEolus.  Vid. 2EOLus, No. 2.
or pit full of water. Others suppose that he Hence the 2Eoliae Insulai are called Hippotada:
perished in the Decian persecution. He is said regnum. (Ov., Met., xiv., 86.)
to have been a disciple of Irenaeus and a teacher  HIPPOTES ('ITrrT6rv7). 1. Father of ~Eolus.
of Origen. His works, which are written in  Vid. XEoLUs, No. 2.-2. Son of Phylas by a
Greek, are edited by Fabricius, Hamb., 1716- daughter of Iolaus, great-grandson of Hercules,
1718, 2 vols. fol.                        and father of Aletes. When the Heraclidae in[HIPPOMACHUS ('IrTr6OaXof). 1. A Trojan war- vaded Peloponnesus, Hippotes killed the seer
rior, son of Antimachus, slain by Leonteus.-2. Carnus. The army, in consequence, began to
One of the thirty tyrants at Athens, fell in bat- suffer very severely, and Hippotes, by the corntie against the patriots under Thrasybulus.]  mand of an oracle, was banished for ten years.
HIPP6OMDON ('I7r7royeiuv), son of Aristoma-  HIPPOTH6ON ('I7riro6ojv), an Attic hero, son
chus, or, according to Sophocles, of Talaus, was of Neptune (Poseidon) and ALOPE, the daughter
one of the Seven against Thebes, where he was of Cercyon. He had a heroum at Athens; and
slain during the siege by Hyperbius or Ismarus. one of the Attic phyl, or tribes, was called
HIPP6OMNES ('I7Tw0oUVzf). 1. Son of Mega- after him Hippothoontis.
reus, and great-grandson of Neptune (Poseidon),  HIPPrTHrUS ('I7rir0ooC)o. 1. Son of Cercyo,
conquered Atalanta in the foot-race. For de- and father of LEpytus, succeeded Agapenor a~
374




HIPPOTION.                                 HISPAINIA.
king in Arcadia.-2. Son of Lethus, grandson man colony, under the name of Julia Romula
of Teutamus, and brother of Pylaeus, led a band or Romnilensis, and a conventus juridicus or
of Pelasgians from Larissa to the assistance of town of assize. Under the Goths and Vandals
the Trojans. He was slain by the Telamonian Hispalis was the chief town in the south of
Ajax.                                     Spain, and under the Arabs was the capital of
[HIPPOTION ('I7rToriwv),a Phrygian, slain by a separate kingdom.
Meriones in the Trojan war.]                HISPANIA or IBERIA ('Ioaravia,'16ypia: HisHIRPINI, a Samnite people, whose name is panus, Iberus: now Spain and Portugal), a pensaid to come from the Sabine word hirpus, "a insula in the southwest of Europe, is connectwolf," dwelt in the south of Samnium, between ed with the land only on the northeast, where
Apulia, Lucania, and Campania. Their chief the Pyrenees form its boundary, and is surtown was.ECULANUM.                       rounded on all other sides by the sea, on the
HIRTIUS, A., belonged to a plebeian family, east and south by the Mediterranean, on the
which came probably from Ferentinum in the west by the Atlantic, and on the north by the
territory of the Hernici. He was the personal Cantabrian Sea. The Greeks and Romans had
and political friend of Caesar the dictator. In no accurate knowledge of the country till the
B.C. 58 he was Casar's legatus in Gaul, and time of the Roman invasion in the second Puduring the civil war his name constantly ap- nic war. It was first mentioned by Hecataeus
pears in Cicero's correspondence. He was one (about B.C. 500) under the name of Iberia; but
of the ten prators nominated by Caesar for 46, this name originally indicated only the eastern
and during Caesar's absence in Africa he lived coast: the western coast beyond the Pillars of
principally at his Tusculan estate, which was Hercules was called Tartessis (Taprnaoc); and
contiguous to Cicero's villa. Though politi- the interior of the country Celtica (ij Ke;rTI/c).
cally opposed, they were on friendly terms, and At a later time the Greeks applied the name of
Cicero gave Hirtius lessons in oratory. In 44 Iberia, whicli is usually derived from the River
Hirtius received Belgic Gaul for his province, Iberus, to the whole country. The name Hisbut he governed it by deputy, and attended pania, by which the Romans call the country,
Caesar at Rome, who nominated him and Vibius first occurs at the time of the Roman invasion.
Pansa consuls for 43. After Caesar's assassi- It is usually derived from the Punic word Span,
nation (44) Hirtius first joined Antony, but, being "a rabbit," on account of the great number of
disgusted by the despotic arrogance of the latter, rabbits which the Carthaginians found in the
he retired to Puteoli, where he renewed his in- peninsula; but others suppose the name to be
tercourse with Cicero. Later in the year he of native origin, and to be the same as the
resided at his Tusculan villa, where he was at- Basque Ezpana, an edge or border. The poets
tacked by a dangerous illness, from which he also called it Hesperia, or, to distinguish it from
never perfectly recovered. On the first of Jan- Italy, Hesperia Ultima. Spain is a very mountuary, 43, Hirtius and Pansa entered on their ainous country. The principal mountains are,
consulship, according to Caesar's arrangement. in the northeast, the Pyrenees (vid. PYRENEUS
The two consuls were sent along with Octavi- MONS), and in the centre of the country the
anus against Antony, who was besieging Dec. IDUBEDA, which runs parallel with the Pyrenees
Brutus at Mutina. Pansa was defeated by An- from the land of the Cantabri to the Meditertony, and died of a wound which he had re- ranean, and the OROSPEDA or ORTOSPEDA, which
ceived in the battle. Hirtius retrieved this dis- begins in the centre of the Idubeda, runs southaster by defeating Antony, but he also fell on west throughout Spain, and terminates at Calpe.
the 27th of April, in leading an assault on the The rivers of Spain are numerous. The six
besieger's camp. Octavianus sent the bodies most important are the IBERUS (now Ebro),
of the slain consuls to Rome, where they were BJTIS (now Guadalquiver), and ANAS (now Guareceived with extraordinary honors, and pub- diana), in the east and south; and the TAGUS,
licly buried in the Field of Mars. To Octavia- DURIUS (now Douro), and MINIUS (now Minho),
nus their removal from the scene was so timely, in the west. Spain was considered by the anthat he was accused by many of murdering cients very fertile, but more especially the
them. Hirtius divides with Oppius the claim  southern part of the country, Betica and Lusito the authorship of the eighth book of the Gallic tania, which were also praised for their splendid
war, as well as that of the Alexandrean, African, climate. The central and northern parts of the
and Spanish. It is not impossible that he wrote country were less productive, and the climate in
the first three, but he certainly did not write the these districts was very cold in winter. In the
Spanish War.                              south there were numerous flocks of excellent
HIRTULEIUS, a distinguished general of Ser- sheep, the wool of which was very celebrated
torius in Spain. In B.C. 78 he was routed and in foreign countries. The Spanish horses and
slain near Italica, in Baetica, by Metellus.  asses were also much valued in antiquity; and
HISPALIS, more rarely HISPAL (now Seville), on the coast there was abundance of fish. The
a town of the Turdetani in Hispania Bsetica, country produced a great quantity of corn, oil,
iounded bythe Phoenicians, was situated on the wine, flax, figs, and other fruits. But the prinleft bank of the Baetis, and was in reality a cipal riches of the country consisted in its minsea-port, for, although five hundred stadia from  eral productions, of which the greatest quantity
the sea, the river is navigable for the largest was found in Turdetania. Gold was found in
vessels up to the town. Under the Romans abundance in various parts of the country; and
Hispalis was the third town in the province, there were many silver mines, of which the
Corduba and Gades being the two first. It was most celebrated were near Carthago Nova, I1patronised by Caesar, because Corduba had es- ipa, Sisapon, and Castulo. The precious stones,
pouaed the side of Pompey. He made it a Ro- copper, lead, tin, and other metals, were also
375




HISPANIA.                                HISPANIA.
Found in more or less abundance. The most thaginians excited the jealousy of the Romans;
ancient inhabitants of Spain were the Iberi, who, and a treaty was made between the two nations
as a separate people, must be distinguished from  about 228, by which the Carthaginians bound
the Iberi, a collective name of all the inhabit- themselves not to cross the Iberus. The town
ants of Spain. The Iberi dwelt on both sides of Saguntum, although on the west side of the
of the Pyrenees, and were found in the south river, was under the protection of the Romans;
of Gaul as far as the Rhone. Celts afterward and the capture of this town by Hannibal in 219
crossed the Pyrenees, and became mingled with was the immediate cause of the second Punic
the Iberi, whence arose the mixed race of the war. In the course of this war the Romans
Celtiberi, who dwelt chiefly in the high table- drove the Carthaginians out of the peninsula,
land in the centre of the country. Vid. CELTI- and became masters of their possessions in the
BERI. But besides this mixed race of the;Cel- south of the country. But many tribes in, the
tiberi, there were also several tribes, both of centre of the country, which had been only
Iberians and Celts, who were never united with nominally subject to Carthage, still retained
one another. The unmixed Iberians, from  their virtual independence; and the tribes in
whom the modern Basques are descended, the north and northwest of the country had
dwelt. chiefly in the Pyrenees and on the coasts, been hitherto quite unknown both to the Carand their most distinguished tribes were the thaginians and Romans. There now arose a
ASTURES, CANTABRI, VACClE, &c. The un- long and bloody struggle between the Romans
mixed Celts dwelt chiefly on the River Anas, and the various tribes in Spain, and it was
and in the northwest corner of the country or nearly two centuries before the Romans sucGallaecia.  Besides these inhabitants, there ceeded in subduing entirely the whole of the
were Phoenician and Carthaginian settlements peninsula. The Celtiberians were conquered
on the coasts, of which the most important were by the elder Cato (195), and Tib. Gracchus, the
GADES and CARTHAGo NOVA; there were like- father of the two tribunes (179). The Lusitawise Greek colonies, such as EMPORIm and SA- nians, who long resisted the Romans under
GUNTUM; and, lastly, the conquest of the coun- their brave leader Viriathus, were obliged to
try-by the Romans introduced many Romans submit, about the year 137, to D. Brutus, who
among the inhabitants, whose customs, civiliza- penetrated as far as Gallkecia; but it was not
tion, and language gradually spread over the till Numantia was taken by Scipio Africanus the
whole peninsula, and effaced the national char- younger, in 133, that the Romans obtained the
acteristics of the ancient population.  The undisputed sovereignty over the various tribes
spread of the Latin language in Spain seems to in the centre of the country, and of the Lusitahave been facilitated by the schools, established nians to the south of the Tagus. Julius Caesar,
by Sertorius, in which both the language and after his proetorship, subdued the Lusitanians
literature of Greece and Rome were taught. north of the Tagus (60). The Cantabri, AstuUnder the empire some of the most distinguish- res, and other tribes in the mountains of the
ed Latin writers were natives of Spain, such as north, were finally subjugated by Augustus and
the two Senecas, Lucan, Martial, Quintilian, his generals. The whole peninsula was now
Silius Italicus, Pomponius Mela, Prudentius, subject to the Romans; and Augustus founded
and others. The ancient inhabitants of Spain in it several colonies, and caused excellent roads
were a proud, brave, and warlike race; easily to be made throughout the country. The Roexcited and ready to take offence; inveterate mans had, as early as the end of the second Purobbers; moderate in the -use of food and wine; nic war, divided Spain into two provinces, sepfond of song and of the dance; lovers of their arated from one another by the Iberus, and
liberty, and ready at all times to sacrifice their called Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior,
lives rather than submit to a foreign master. the former being to the east, and the latter to
The Cantabri and the inhabitants of the mount- the west of the river. In consequence of there
ains in the north were the fiercest and most being two provinces, we frequently find the
uncivilized of all the tribes; the Vaccei and the country called Hispanice. The provinces were
Turdetani were the most civilized; and the governed by two proconsuls or two propraelatter people were not only acquainted with the tors, the latter of whom also frequently bore
alphabet, but possessed a literature which con- the title of proconsuls. Augustus made a new
tained records of their history, poems, and col- division of the country, and formed three
lections of laws composed in verse. The his- provinces Tarraconensis, Batica, and Lusitania.
tory of Spain begins with the invasion of the The province Tarraconensis, which derived its
country by the Carthaginians, B.C. 238; for up name from Tarraco, the capital of the province,
to that- time hardly any thing was known- of was by far the largest of the three, and comSpain except the existence of two powerful prehended the whole of the north, east, and
commercial states in the west, TARTESSUS and centre of the peninsula. The province Baetica,
GADES., After the first Punic war, Hamilcar, which derived its name from the River Baetis,
the son of Hannibal, formed the plan of conquer- was separated from Lusitania on the north
ing Spain, in order to obtain for the Carthagin- and west by the River Anas, and from Tarracoians possessions which might indemnify them  nensis on the east by a line drawn from the
for the loss of Sicily and Sardinia. Under his River Anas to the promontory Charidemus in
command (238-229), and that of his son-in-law  the Mediterranean. The province Lusitania,
and successor, Hasdrubal (228-221), the Car- which corresponded very nearly in extent to
thaginians conquered the greater part of the the modern Portugal, was separated from Tarsoutheast of the peninsula as far as the Iberus; raconensis on the north by the River Durius,
and Hasdrubal founded the important city of firom Batica on the east by the Anas, and fromi
Carthago Nova. These successes of the Car- Tarraconensis on the east by a line drawn from
376




HISPELLUM.                                 HOMERUS.
the Darius to the Anas, between the territories oner by Harpagus. Artaphernes, the satrap of
of the Vettones and Carpetani. Augustus made Ionia, caused him to be put to death by impaleBaetica a senatorial province, but reserved the ment, and sent his head to the king.
government of the two others for the Caesar;  HIST6NIUM (Histoniensis: now Vasto d'Amso that the former was governed by a procon- mone), a town of the Frentani on the coast, and
sul appointed by the senate, and the latter by subsequently a Roman colony.
imperial legati. In Baetica, Corduba or Hispalis  HOMERIT]E ('OUpplrat), a people of Arabia
was the seat of government; in Tarraconensis, Felix, who migrated from the interior to the
Tarraco; and in Lusitania, Augusta Emerita. southern part of the western coast, and estabOn the reorganization of the empire by Constan- lished themselves in the territory of the Sabaei
tine, Spain, together with Gaul and Britain, was (in El. Yemen), where they founded a kingdom,
under the general administration of the Prae- which lasted more than five centuries.
fectus Prcetorio Gallia, one of whose three vi-  H iMERUS ('"Oeypoc). 1. The great epic poet
carii had the government of Spain, and usually of Greece. His poems formed the basis of
residedat Hispalis. Atthe sametime, the coun- Greek literature. Every' Greek who had retry was divided into seven provinces: Bactica, ceived a liberal education was' perfectly well
Lusitania, Gallcecia, Tarraconensis, Carthagini- acquainted with them from his childhood, and
ensis, Baleares, and Mauretania Tingitana in had learned them by heart at school; but noAfrica (which was then reckoned part of Spain). body could state any thing certain about their
The capitals of these seven provinces were re- author. His date'and birth-place were equally
spectively Hispalis, Augusta Emerita, Bracara, matters of dispute. Seven cities claimed HoCcesaraugusta, Carthago Nova, Palma, and Tin- mer as their countryman (Smyrna, Rhodus, Colgis. In A.D. 409 the Vandals and Suevi, to- ophon, Salamis, Chios, Argos, Athenae); but
gether with other barbarians, invaded Spain, the claims of Smyrna and Chios are the most
and obtained possession of the greater part of plausible, and between these two we have to
the country. In 414 the Visigoths, as allies of decide. It is supposed by the best modern
the Roman empire, attacked the Vandals, and in writers that Homer was an Ionian, who settled
the course of four years (414-418) compelled a at Smyrna at the time when the Achaeans and
great part of the peninsula to submit again to  Holians formed the chief part of the populathe Romans. In 429 the Vandals left Spain, tion. We can thus explain how Homer beand-crossed over into Africa under their king came so well acquainted with the traditions of
Genseric; after which time the Suevi establish- the Trojan war, which had been waged by
ed a powerful kingdom in the south of the pen- Achaeans and zEolians, but in which the Ionians
insula. Soon afterward the Visigoths again in- had not taken part. We know that the Ionians
vaded Spain, and after many years' struggle, were subsequently driven out of Smyrna; and
succeeded in conquering the whole peninsula, it is further supposed either that Homer himwhich they kept for themselves, and continued self fled to Chios, or his descendants or discithe masters of the country for two centuries, ples settled there, and formed the famous famitill they were in their turn conquered by the ly of Homerids. According to this account, the
Arabs, A.D. 712.                          time of Homer would be a few generations after
HISPELLUM (Hispellas, -atis: Hispellensis: the Ionian migration; but, with the exception
now Spello), a town in Umbria, and a Roman of the simple fact of his being an Asiatic Greek,
colony, with the name of Colonia Julia His- all other particulars respecting his life are purepellum.                                   ly fabulous. The common tradition related that
HISTZEA.  Vid. HESTIEMOTIS.             he was the son of Maeon (hence called Mceonides
HIsuTI2us ('Iartauoc), tyrant of Miletus, was vates), and that in his old age he was blind and
left with the other Ionians to' guard the bridge poor. Homer was universally regarded by the
of boats over the Danube when Darius invaded ancients as the author of the two great poems
Scythia (B.C. 513). He opposed the proposal of the Iliad and the Odyssey. Otherpoems were
of Miltiades, the Athenian, to destroy the bridge, also attributed to Homer, the genuineness of
and leave the Persians to their fate, and was, which was disputed by some; but the Iliad and
in consequence, rewarded by Darius with the Odyssey were ascribed to him by the concurrule of Mytilene, and with a district in Thrace, rent voice of antiquity. Such continued to be
where he built a town called Myrcinus, appa- the prevalent belief in modern times, till 1795,
rently with a view of establishing an independ- when F. A. Wolf wrote his famous Prolegomena,
ent kingdom. This excited the suspicions of in which he endeavored to show that the Iliad
Darius, who invited Histiaeus to Susa, where he and Odyssey were not two complete poems, but
treated him kindly, but prohibited him from re- small, Separate, independent epic songs, celeturning. Tired of the restraint in which he brating single exploits of the heroes, and that
was kept, he induced his kinsman Aristagoras these lays were for the first time written down
to persuade the Ionians to revolt, hoping that a and united, as the Iliad and Odyssey, by Pisisrevolution in Ionia might lead to his release. tratus, the tyrant of Athens. This opinion gave
His design succeeded. Darius allowed His- rise to a long and animated controversy respecttiaeus to depart (496) on his engaging to reduce ing the origin of the Homeric poems, which is
Ionia., The revolt, however, was nearly put not yet settled, and which probably never will
down when Histiaeus reached the coast. Here be. The following, however, may be regarded
Histiaeus threw off the mask, and, after raising as the most probable conclusion. An abundance
a small fleet, carried on war against the Per- of heroic lays preserved the tales of the Trojan
sians for two years, and obtained possession of war. Europe must necessarily have been the
Chios. In 494 he made a descent upon the country where these songs originated, both beIoiian coast, but was defeated and taken pris- cause the victorious heroes dwelt in Europe
377




HOMERUS.                            HONORIUS, FLAVIUS.
and because so many traces in the poems still the poet Antimachus, and the other by Aristotle,
point to these regions. These heroic lays were which Alexander the Great used to carry about
brought to Asia Minor by the Greek colonies, with him in a splendid case (v(ipOrj) on all his
which left the mother country about three ages expeditions. But it was not till the foundation
after the Trojan war. These unconnected songs of the Alexandrine school that the Greeks poswere, for the first time, united by a great genius, sessed a really critical edition of Homer. Zecalled Homer, and he was the one individual who nodotus was the first who directed his attention
conceived in his mind the lofty idea of that po- to the study and criticism of Homer. He was
etical unity which we must acknowledge and ad- followed by Aristophanes and Aristarchus; and
mire in the Iliad and Odyssey. But as writing the edition of Homer by the latter has been the
was not known, or at least little practiced, in basis of the text to the present day. Aristarchus
the age in which Homer lived, it naturally fol- was the prince of grammarians, and did more
lowed that in such long works many interpola- for the text and interpretation of Homer than
tions were introduced, and that they gradually any other critic in modern times. He was opbecame more and more dismembered, and thus posed to Crates of Mallus, the founder of the
returned into their original state of separate in- Pergamene school of grammar. Vid. ARISTARdependent songs. They were preserved by the GHus, CRATES. In the time of Augustus; the
rhapsodists, who were minstrels,, and who sung great compiler, Didymus, wrote comprehensive
lays at the banquets of the great and at public commentaries on Homer, copying mostly the
festivals. A class of rhapsodists at Chios, the works of preceding Alexandrine grammarians,
Homerids, who called themselves the descend- which had swollen to an enormous extent. Unants of the poet, made it their especial business der Tiberius, Apollonius Sophista lived, whose
to sing the lays of the Iliad and Odyssey, and Lexicon Homericum is very valuable (ed. Bekto transmit them to their disciples by oral teach- ker, 1833). The most valuable scholia on the
ing, and not by writing. These rhapsodists Iliad are those which were published by Villoipreserved the knowledge of the unity of the son from a MSS. of the tenth century in the
Homeric poems; and this knowledge was never library of St. Mark at Venice, 1788, fol. These
entirely lost, although the public recitation of scholia were reprinted with additions, edited by
the poems became more and more fragmentary, I. Bekker, Berlin, 1825, 2 vols. 4to. The most
and the time at festivals and musical contests valuable scholia to the Odyssey are those pubformerly occupied by epic rhapsodists exclusive- lished by Buttmann, Berl., 1821. The extenly, was encroached upon by the rising lyrical sive commentary of Eustathius contains much
performances. Solon directed the attention of valuable information from sources which are
his countrymen toward the unity of the Ho- now lost. Vid. EUSTATHIUS, No. 3. The best
meric poems; but the unanimous voice of an- critical editions of Homer'are by Wolf, Lips.,
tiquity ascribed to Pisistratus the merit of hav- 1804, seq.; by Bothe, Lips., 1832, seq.; and by
ing collected the disjointed poems of Homer, Bekker, Berlin, 1843; of the Iliad alone, by
and of having first committed them to writing. Heyne, Lips., 1802, sqq. There is a very good
From the time of Pisistratus, the Greeks had a edition of the Iliad by Spitzner, Gotha, 1832,
written Homer, a regular text, which was the seq.; and a valuable commentary on the Odyssource and foundation of all subsequent edi- seybyNitzsch, Hannov., 1825, seq.-2. A gramtions. We have already stated that the an- marian and tragic poet of Byzantium in the
cients attributed many other poems to Homer time of Ptolemy Philadelphus.about B.C. 280),
besides the Iliad and the Odyssey; but the was the son of the grammarian Andromachus
claims of none of these to this honor can stand and the poetess Myro. He was one of the seven
investigation. The hymns, which still bear the poets who formed the tragic Pleiad.
name of Homer, probably owe their origin to  H6OMLE ('OtOt1y). 1. A lofty mountain in
the rhapsodists. They exhibit such a diversity Thessaly, near Tempe, with a sanctuary of Pan.
of language and poetical tone, that in all prob- -2. Or HSOMLIUM ('OU62zOtov:'O1zoUotev: now
ability they contain fragments from every cen- Lamina), a town in Magnesia in Thessaly, at
tury from the time of Homer to the Persian the foot of Mount Ossa, near the Peneus.
war. The Batrachomyomachia, the Battle of the  HONOR or HQNOS, the personification of honFrogs and Mice, an extant poem, and the Mar- or at Rome. Marcellus had vowed a temple,
gites, a poem which is lost, and which ridiculed which was to belong to Honor and Virtus in
a man who was said to know many things and common; but as the pontiffs refused to consewho knew all badly, were both frequently as- crate one temple to two divinities, he built two
cribed by the ancients to Homer, but were clear- temples, one of Honor and the other of Virtus,
ly of later origin. The Odyssey was evidently close together. C. Marius also built a temple
composed after the Iliad; and many writers to Honor, after his victory over the Cimbri and
maintain that they are the works of two differ- Teutones. There was also an altar of Honor
ent authors. But it has been observed in re- outside the Colline gate, which was more anply that there is not a greater difference in the cient than either of the temples. Honor is reptwo poems than we often find in the productions resented on coins as a male figure in armor,
of the same man in the prime of life and in old and standing on a globe, or with the cornucopia
age; and the chief cause of difference in the in his left and a spear in his right hand.
two poems is owing to the difference of the  HONORIA. Vid. GRATA.
subject. We must add a few words on the     HoNORIUS, FLAVIus, Roman emperor of the
literary history of the Iliad and Odyssey. From  West, A.D. 395-423, was the second son of
the time of Pisistratus to the establishment of Theodosius the Great, and was born 384. Oa
the Alexandrine school,' we read of two new  the death of Theodosius in 395, Honorius sueeditions (&iopO0ueGE) of the text, one made by ceeded peaceably to the sovereignty of the West
378




HORsE.                            HORATIUS FLACCUS.
which he had received from hlis father in the cian gentes at Rome. Three brothers of this
preceding year, while his elder brother obtain- race fought with the Curiatii, three brothers
*ed possession of the East. During the minority from Alba, to determine whether Rome or Alba
of Honorius, the government was entirely in was to exercise the supremacy.; The battle
the hands of the able and energetic Stilicho, was long undecided. Two of the Horatii fell;
whose daughter Maria the young emperor mar- but the three Curiatii, though alive, were severeried. Stilicho for a time defended Italy against ly wounded. Seeing this, the surviving Horathe attacks of the Visigoths under Alaric (402, tius, who was still unhurt, pretended to fly, and
403), and the ravages of other barbarians under vanquished his wounded opponents by encounRadagaisus; but after Honorius had put to tering them severally. He returned in triumph,
death Stilicho, on a charge of treason (408), bearing his threefold spoils. As he approached
Alaric again invaded Italy, and took and plun- the Capene gate, his sister Horatia met him, and
dered Rome (410). Honorius meantime lived recognized on his shoulders the mantle of one
an inglorious life at Ravenna, where he con- of the Curiatii, her betrothed lover. Her imtinued to reside till his death in 423.   portunate grief drew on her the wrath of HoraHOR.E ('ppat), originally the goddesses of the tius, who stabbed her, exclaiming, "So perish
order of nature and of the seasons, but in later every Roman woman who bewails a foe." For
times the goddesses of order in general and of this murder he was adjudged by the duumviri
justice.' In Homer, who neither mentions their to be scourged with covered head, and hanged
parents nor their number, they are the Olympian on the accursed tree. Horatius appealed to his
divinities of the weather and the ministers of peers, the burghers or populus; and his father
Jupiter (Zeus). In this capacity they guard the pronounced him guiltless, or he would have pundoors of Olympus, and promote the fertility of ished him by the paternal power. The populus
the earth, by the various kinds of weather which acquitted Horatius, but prescribed a form of
they give to mortals. As the weather, gener- punishment. With veiled head, led by his faally speaking, is regulated according to the sea- ther, Horatius passed under a yoke or gibbetsons, they are further described as the goddesses tigillum sororium, "sister's gibbet."
of the seasons.'The course of the seasons is  HOR.ATUS COCLES. Vid. COCLES.
symbolically described as the dance of the  HORATIUS FLACCUS, Q., the poet, was [bora
Horae. At Athens, two Hore, Thallo (the Hora December 8th, B.C. 65, at Venusia in Apulia.
of spring) and Cdrpo (the Hora of autumn), were His father was -/alibertinus or fieedman. He
worshipped from very early times. The Hora had received his manumission before the birth
of spring accompanied Proserpina (Persephone) of the poet, who was of ingenuous birth, but who
every year on her ascent from the lower world; did not altogether escape the taunt, which adand the expression of " The chamber of the hered to persons even of remote servile origin.
Horse opens" is equivalent to " The spring is His father's occupation was that of collector
coming." The attributes of spring-flowers, (coactor), either of the indirect taxes farmed by
fragrance, and graceful freshness-are accord- the publicans, or at sales by auction. With the
inglytransferred to the Hore. Thus theyadorn- profits of his office he had purchased a small
ed Venus (Aphrodite) as she rose from the sea, farm in the neighborhood of Venusia, where the
and made a garland of flowers for Pandora. poet was born. The father, either in his parentHence they bear a resemblance to and are men- al fondness for his only son, or discerning some
tioned along with the Charites, and both are fre- hopeful promise in the boy, determined to dequently confounded or identified. As they were vote his whole time and fortune to the educaconceived to promote the prosperity of every tion of the future poet. Though by no means
thing that grows, they appear also as the pro- rich, he declined to send the young Horace to
tectresses of youth and newly-born gods. Even the common school, kept in Venusia by one
in early times ethical notions were attached to Flavius, to which the children of the rural aristhe Horae; and the influence which these god- tocracy resorted. Probably about his twelfth
desses originally exercised on nature was sub- year, his father carried him to Rome, to receive
sequently transferred to human life in particu- the usual education of a knight's or senator's
lar. Hesiod describes them as giving to a state son. He frequented the best schools in the
good laws, justice, and peace; he calls them  capital. One of these was kept by Orbilius, a
the daughters of Jupiter (Zeus) and Themis, retired military man, whose flogging propenand gives them the significant names of Euno- sities have been immortalized by his pupil.
mia, Dice, and Irene: The number of the Horse (Epist., ii., 1, 71.)  The names of his other
is different in the different writers, though the teachers are not recorded by the poet. He was
most ancient number seems to have been two, instructed in the Greek and Latin languages:
as at Athens; but afterward their common the poets were the usual school books, Homer
number was three, like that of the Mcerae and in the Greek, and the old tragic writer,'Livius
Charites. In works of art the Horse were rep- Andronicus, in the Latin.  In his eighteenth
resented as blooming maidens, carrying the dif- year Horace proceeded to Athens, in order to
ferent produets of the seasons.           continue his studies at that seat of learning.
HORAPOLLO ('f2pa7rouhov), the name prefixed He seems chiefly to have attached himself to
to an extant work on hieroglyphics, which pur- the opinions which he heard in the Academy,
ports to be a Greek translation, made by one though later in life he inclined to those of Ep.iPhihppus from the Egyptian. The writer was curus. When Brutus came to Athens after the
a native of Egypt, and probably lived about the death of Caesar, Horace joined his army, and
beginning of the fifth century. The best edition received at once the rank of a military tribune
is by Leemans, Amsterdam, 1835.           and the command of a legion. He was present
HoRATIA GENS, one of the most ancient patri- at the battle of Philippi, and shared in the fight
379




HORATIUS FLACCUS.                              HORMISDAS.
of the republicanarmy. Inoneofhispoems he lative. Common-life wisdom was his study,
playfully alludes to his flight, and throwing away and to this he brought a quickness of observahis shield. (Carm.., ii., 7, 9.) He now resolved tion and a sterling common sense, which have
to devote himself to more peaceful pursuits, and, made his works the delight of practical men.
having obtained his pardon, he ventured at once The Odes of Horace want the higher inspirations
to return to Rome. He had lost all his hopes in of lyric verse. His amatory verses are exquilife; his paternal estate'had been swept away sitely graceful, but they have no strong ardor,
in the general forfeiture; but he was enabled, no deep tenderness, nor even much of light and
however, to obtain sufficient money to purchase joyous gayety. But as works of refined art, of
a clerkship in the quastor's office; and on the the most skillful felicities of language and of
profits of that place he managed to live with measure, of translucent expression, and of
the utmost frugality. Meantime some of his agreeable images, embodied in words which impoems attracted the notice of Varius and Virgil,'print themselves indelibly on the memory, they
who introduced him to Maecenas (B.C. 39). are unrivalled. According toQuintilian, Horace
Horace soon became the friend of Maecenas, was almost the only Roman lyric poet worth
and this friendship quickly ripened into inti- reading. In the Satires of Horace there is none
macy. In a year or two after the commence- of the lofty moral indignation, the fierce vehement of their friendship (37), Horace accom- mence of invective which characterized the
panied his patron on that journey to Brundi- later satirists. It is the folly rather than the
sium, so agreeably described in the fifth satire wickedness of vice which he touches with such
of the first book. About the year 34 Maecenas playful skill. Nothing can surpass the keenness
bestowed upon the poet a Sabine farm, sufficient of his observation, or his ease of expression:
to maintain him in ease, comfort, and even in it is the finest comedy of manners, in a descripcontent (satis beatus unicis Sabinis), during the tive instead of a dramatic form. In the Epodes
rest of his life. The situation of this Sabine there is bitterness provoked, it should seem, by
farm was in the valley of Ustica, within view  some personal hatred or sense of injury, and
of the mountain Lucretilis, and near the Di- the ambition of imitating Archilochus; but in
gentia, about fifteen miles from Tibur (now  these he seems to have exhausted all the maligTivoli). A site-exactly answering to the villa nity and violence of his temper. But the Episof Horace, and on which were found ruins of tles are the most perfect of the Horatian poetry,
buildings, has been discovered in modern times. the poetry of manners and society, the beauty
Besides this estate, his admiration of the beau- of which consists in a kind of ideality of comtiful scenery in the neighborhood of Tibur in- mon sense and practical wisdom. The Epistles
dined him either to hire or to purchase a small of Horace are, with the Poem of Lucretius, the
cottage in that romantic town; and all the later Georgics of Virgil, and perhaps the Satires of
years of his life were passed between these two Juvenal, the most perfect and most original
country residences and Rome. He continued form of Roman verse. The title of the Art of
to live on the most intimate terms with Maece- Poetry for the Epistle to the Pisos is as old as.nas; and this intimate friendship naturally in- Quintilian, but it is now agreed that it was not
troduced Horace to the notice of the other great intended for a complete theory of the poetic
men of his period, and at length to Augustus art. It is conjectured with great probability
himself, who bestowed upon the poet substantial that it was intended to dissuade one of the
marks of his favor. Horace died on November younger Pisos from devoting himself to poetry,
17th, B.C.-8, aged nearly fifty-seven. His death for which he had little genius, or at least to
was so sudden that he had not time to make suggest the difficulties of attaining to perfechis will, but he left the administration of his tion. The chronology of the Horatian poems
affairs to Augustus, whom he instituted as his is of great importance, as illustrating the life,
heir. He was buried on the slope of the Esqui- the times, and the writings of the poet. There
line Hill, close to his friend and patron Maece- has been great dispute upon this subject, but
nas, who had died before him in the same year. the following view appears the most probable:
Horace has described his own person. He was The first book of Satires, which was the first
of short stature, with dark eyes and dark hair, publication, appeared about B.C. 35, in the thirbut early tinged with gray. In his youth he tieth year of Horace. The second book of
was tolerably robust, but suffered from a com- Satires was published about 33, in the thirtyplaint in his eyes. In more advanced life he second year of Horace. The Epodes appeared
grew fat, and Augustus jested about his protu- about 31, in the thirty-fourth year of Horace.
berant belly. His health was not always good, The first three books of the Odes were published
and he seems to have inclined to be a valetudi- about 24 or 23, in the forty-first or forty-second
narian. When young he was irascible in tern- year of Horace. The first book of the Epistles
per, but easily placable. In dress he was rather was published about 20 or 19, in the forty-fifth
careless. His habits, even after he became or forty-sixth year of Horace. The Carmen
richer, were generally frugal and abstemious; Seculare appeared in 17, in the forty-eighth
though on occasions, both in youth and maturer year of Horace. The fourth book of the Odes
age, he seems to have indulged in conviviality. was published in 14 or 13, in his fifty-first or
He liked choice wine, and in the society of fifty-second year. The dates of the second
friends scrupled not to enjoy the luxuries of his book of Epistles, and of the Ars Poetica, are
time. He was never married. The philosophy admitted to be uncertain, though both appeared
of Horace was that of a man of the world. He before the poet's death, B.C. 8. One of the
playfully alludes to his Epicureanism, but it was best editions of Horace is by Orelli, Turici, 1843.
practical rather than speculative Epicureanism.  HORDEONIUS FLACCUS. Vid. FLACCUS.
His mind, indeed, was not in the least specu- I  HORMISDAS. Vid. SASsANIDOX.
380




HORTA.                                  HUNNERIC.
HORTA or HORTANUM (Hortanns: now Orte)  corded by ancient writers. But in all this there
a town in Etruria, at the junction of the Nar must have been a real grace and dignity, for we
and the Tiber, so called from the Etruscan god- read that _Esopus and Roscius, the tragedians,
dess Horta, whose temple at Rome always re- used to follow him into the forum to take a lesmained open.                              son in their own art. He possessed immense
[HORTALUS. Vid. HORTENSIUS, No. 2.]     wealth, and was keenly alive to all the enjoy[HORTENSIA. 1. Sister of the celebrated ora- ments which wealth can give. He had several
tor Hortensius, married to M. Valerius Messala. villas, the most splendid of which was the one
-2. Daughter of the orator Hortensius. She near Laurentum. Here he laid up such a stock
partook of her father's eloquence, and spoke of wine, that he left ten thousand casks of Chian
before the triumvirs on behalf of the wealthy to his heir. Here he had a park full of all sorts
matrons, when these were threatened with a of animals; and it was customary, during his
special tax to defray the expenses of the war sumptuous dinners, for a slave, dressed like
against Brutus and Cassius.]              Orpheus, to issue from the woods with these
HORTENSIUS. 1. Q., the orator, was born in creatures following the sound of his cithara.
B.C. 114, eight years before Cicero. At the At hisvilla at Bauli he had immense fish-ponds,
early age of nineteen he spoke with great ap- into which the sea came: the fish were so tame,
plause in the forum, and at once rose to emi- that they would feed from his hand; and he was
nence as an advocate. He served two campaigns so fond of them that he is said to have wept for
in the Social war (90, 89). In the civil wars the death of a favorite muraena. He was also
he joined Sulla, and was afterward a constant very curious in trees: he is said to have fed
supporter of the aristocratical party. His chief them with wine, and we read that he once begprofessional labors were in defending men of ged Cicero to change places in speaking, that
this party when accused of mal-administration he might perform this office for a favorite planeand extortion in their provinces, or of bribery tree at the proper time. It is a characteristic
and the like in canvassing for public honors. trait, that he came forward from his retirement
He had no rival in the forum till he encountered (55) to oppose the sumptuary law of Pompey
Cicero, and he long exercised an undisputed and Crassus, and spoke so eloquently and witsway over the courts of justice. In 81 he was tily as to procure its rejection. He was the
quaestor; in 75, aedile; in 72, praetor; and in 69, first person at Rome who brought peacocks to
consul with Q. CaeciliusMetellus. It was in the table.-2. Q., surnamed HORTALUS, son of the
year before his consulship that the prosecution preceding, by Lutatia, the daughter of Catulus.
of Verres commenced. Hortensius was the ad- In youth he lived a low and profligate life, and
vocate of Verres, and attempted to put off the appears to have been at last cast off by his
trial till the next year, when he would be able father. On the breaking out of the civil war in
to exercise all the consular authority in favor 49, he joined Caesar, and fought on his side in
of his client. But Cicero, who accused Verres, Italy and Greece. In 44 he held the province
baffled all the schemes of Hortensius; and the of Macedonia, and Brutus was to succeed him.
issue of this contest was to dethrone Horten- After Caesar's assassination, M. Antony gave
sius from the seat which had been already tot- the province to his brother Caius. Brutus, howtering, and to establish his rival, the despised ever, had already taken possession, with the asprovincial of Arpinum, as the first orator and sistance of Hortensius. When the proscription
advocate of the Roman forum. After his con- took place, Hortensius was in the list; and, in
sulship, Hortensius took a leading part in sup- revenge, he ordered C. Antonius, who had been
porting the optimates against the rising power taken prisoner, to be put to death. After the
of Pompey.   He opposed the Gabinian law, battle of Philippi, he was executed on the grave
which invested Pompey with absolute power on of his victim.
the Mediterranean, in order to put down the  HORUS (u12poC), the Egyptian god of the sun,
pirates of Cilicia (67); and the Manilian, by whose worship was also established in Greece,
which the conduct of the war against Mithra- and afterward at Rome. He was compared with
dates was transferred from Lucullus to Pompey the Greek Apollo, and identified with Harpocra(66). Cicero in his consulship (63) deserted tes, the last-born and weakly son of Osiris.
the popular party, with whom he had hitherto Both were represented as youths, and with the
acted, and became one of the supporters of the same attributes and symbols. He was believed
optimates. Thus Hortensius no longer appears to have been born with his finger on his mouth,
as his rival. We first find them pleading to- as indicative of secrecy and mystery. In the
gether for C. Rabirius, for L. Muraena, and for earlier period of his worship at Rome he seems
P. Sulla. After the coalition of Pompey with to have been particularly regarded as the god
Caesar and Crassus in 60, Hortensius drew back of quiet life and silence.
from public life, and confined himself to his ad-  HOSTILIA (now Ostiglia), a small town in Galvocate's duties. He died in 50. The eloquence lia Cisalpina, on the Po, and on the road from
of Hortensius was of the florid or (as it was Mutina to Verona; the birth-place of Cornelius
termed) " Asiatic" style, fitter for hearing than Nepos.
for reading. His voice was soft and musical,  HOSTILIUS MANCINUS. Vid. MANCINUS.
his memory so ready and retentive that he is  HOSTILIUS TULLUS. Vid. TULLUS HOSTILIUS.
said to have been able to come out of a sale-  HOSTYUS, the author of a poem on the Istrian
room and repeat the auction-list backward. His war (B.C. 178), which is quoted by the gramaction was very elaborate, so that sneerers call- marians. He was probably a contemporary of
ed him Dionysia-the name of a well-known Julius Caesar.
dancer of the day; and the pains he bestowed  HUNNERIC, king of the Vandals in Africa, A.D.
in arranging the folds of his toga have been re- 477-484, was the son of Genseric, whom he
381




HUNNI.                                   HYBREAS.
succeeded. His reign was chiefly marked by Their parents were Atlas and /Ethra, or Atlas
his savage persecution of the Catholics.  and Pleione, or Hyas and Bceotia: others call
HUNNI (O vvOL), an Asiatic race, who dwelt their father Oceanus, Melisseus, Cadinilus, or
for some centuries in the plains of Tartary, and Erechtheus.  Their number differs in various
were formidable to the Chinese empire long be- legends; but their most common number is
fore they were known to the Romans. It was seven, as they appear in the constellation which
to repel the inroads of the Huns that the Chinese bears their name, viz., Ambrosia, Eudora, Pebuilt their celebrated wall, one thousand five dile, Coronis, Polyxo, Phyto, and Thyene or Dione.
hundred miles in length. A portion of the na- They were intrusted by Jupiter (Zeus) with the
tion afterward migrated west, conquered the care of his infant son Bacchus (Dionysus), and
Alani, a warlike race between the Volga and were afterward placed by Jupiter (Zeus) among
theTanais, and then crossed into Europe about the stars. The story which made them the
A.D. 375. The appearance of these new bar- daughters of Atlas relates that their number
barians excited the greatest terror both among was twelve or fifteen, and that at first five of
the Romans and Germans. They are described them were placed among the stars as Hyades,
by the Greek and Roman historians as hideous and the seven (or ten) others afterward under
and repulsive beings, resembling apes, with the name of Pleiades, to reward them for the
broad shoulders, flat noses, and small black eyes sisterly love they had evinced after the death
deeply buried in their head, while their man- of their brother Hyas, who had been killed in
ners and habits were savage to the last degree. Libya by a wild beast. Their name, Hyades, is
They destroyed the powerful monarchy of the derived by the ancients from their father, Hyas,
Ostrogoths, who were obliged to retire before or from Hyes, a mystic surname of Bacchus
them, and were allowed by Valens-to settle in (Dionysus); or, according to others, from their
Thrace, A.D. 376. The Huns now frequently position in the heavens, where they formed a
ravaged the Roman dominions.   They were figure resembling the Greek letterT. The Rojoined by many other barbarian nations, and mans, who derived it from vk, a pig, translated
under their king Attila (A.D. 434-453) they de- the name by Sucule. The most natural derivavastated the fairest portions of the empire, both tion is from Vetv, to rain, as the constellation of
in the east and the west. Vid. ATTILA. On the the Hyades, when rising simultaneously with
death of Attila, the various nations which com- the sun, announced rainy weather. Hence Horposed his army dispersed, and his sons were ace speaks of the tristes Iyades (Carm., i.,'3, 14).
unable to resist the arms of the Ostrogoths. In  [HY[ A ('Taa:'Taos), a place in the country
a few years after the death of Attila, the em- of the Locri Ozole, northward from Amphissa.]
pire of the Huns was completely destroyed.  HYAMPEA. Vid. PARNASSUS.
The remains of the nation became incorporated  HYAMPOLIS (Tary7rotCr: TayTroRiryg), a town
with other barbarians, and never appear again in Phocis, east of the Cephisus, near Cleone,
as a separate people.                     was founded by the Hyantes when they were
HYACINTHUS ('YaKicvOoc). 1. Son of the Spar- driven out of Bceotia by the Cadmeans; was
tan king Amyclas and Diomede, or of Pierus destroyed by Xerxes; afterward rebuilt; and
and Clio, or of CEbalus or Eurotas. He was a again destroyed by Philip and the Amphictyons.
youth of extraordinary beauty, and was beloved Cleone, from its vicinity to Hyampolis, is callby Apollo and Zephyrus. He returned the love ed by Xenophon (Hell., vi., 4, ~ 2)'Ta/jTro2trWUv
of Apollo; and as he was once playing at quoit ro TrpoaarTeov. Strabo speaks of two towns of
with the god, Zephyrus, out of jealousy, drove the name of Hyampolis in Phocis, but it is
the quoit of Apollo with such violence against doubtful whether his statement is correct.
the head of the youth that he fell down dead.  HYANTES ("'avree), the ancient inhabitants of
From the blood of Hyacinthus there sprang the Bceotia, from which country they were expelled
flower of the same name (hyacinth), on the by the Cadmeans. Part of the Hyantes emileaves of which appeared-the exclamation of grated to Phocis (vid. HYAMPOLIS), and part to
woe AI, AI, or the letter Y, being the initial of 2Etolia. The poets use the adjective Hyantius'TYaKLvOo.  According to other traditions, the as equivalent to Boeotian.
hyacinth sprang from the blood ofAjax. Hya-  HYAS ("Ta), the name of the father and the
cinthus was worshipped at Amyclee as a hero, brother of the Hyades. The father was married
and a great festival, Hyacinthia, was celebrated to Bceotia, and was looked upon as the ancestor
in his honor. Vid. Dict. of Antiq., s. v.-2. A  of the ancient Hyantes. His son, the brother
Lacedaemonian, who is said to have gone to of the Hyades, was killed in Libya by a serpent,
Athens, and to have sacrificed his daughters for a boar, or a lion.
the purpose of delivering the city from a famine  HYBLA ("YT62r:'T62aoc, Hyblensis), three
and plague, under which it was suffering dur- towns in Sicily. 1. MAJOR (j 1eieZv or peya/uc),
ing the war with Minos. His daughters were on the southern slope of Mount AEtna and on
known in the Attic legends by the name of the the River Symasthus, was originally a town of
Hyacinthides, which they derived from their fa- the Siculi.-2. MINOR (p /ecpd), afterward callther. Some traditions make them the daughters ed Megara. Vid. MEGARA.-3. HERMEA, in the
of Erechtheus, and relate that they received their south of the island, on the road from Syracuse
name from the village of Hyacinthus, where to Agrigentum. It is doubtful from which of
they were sacrificed at the time when Athens these three places the Hyblaean honey came, so
was attacked by the Eleusinians and Thracians, frequently mentioned by the poets.
or Thebans.                                [HYBLON ('TY2c)v), an ancient king in Sicily,
HYADES ('Ta6eg), that is, the Rainy, the name under whose guidance the Megarians founded
of nymphs, whose parentage, number, and names Hybla.]
are described in various ways by the ancients.  HYBRsEAS ('T6pia), of Mylasa in Caria, a
382




HYBRIAS.                                     HYLAS.
celebrated orator, contemporary with the trium-  [HYDRUSSA ('Tdpovaca), an island in the Savir Antonius.                              ronic Gulf, off the coast of Attica.]
[HYBRIAS ('T6pif), an ancient lyric poet of  HYETTUS (/TYrro6c:'Trrrto~), a small town in
Crete, author of a celebrated scolion, which has Beeotia, on the Lake Copais, and near the fronbeen preserved in Atheneaus: edited by Graef- tiers of Locris.
enhan, MulhusEe, 1834.]                      HYGIEA (Tyetae), also called HYGEA or HYGIA,
HYCCXRA (ra "'TKicapa:'TtKKapev: now Mero the goddess of health, and a daughter of Escudi Carini), a town of the Sicani on the northern lapius, though some traditions make her the
coast of Sicily, west of Panormus, said to have wife of the latter. She was usually worshipderived its name from the sea-fish VKcat. It was ped in the temples of Esculapius, as at Argos,
taken by the Athenians, and plundered, and its where the two divinities had a celebrated sancinhabitants sold as slaves, B.C. 415. Among tuary, at Athens, at Corinth, &c. At Rome
the captives -was the beautiful Timandra, the there was a statue of her in the temple of Conmistress of Alcibiades' and the mother of Lais. cordia. In works of art she is represented as
HYDARNES ('YTdpVqC). 1. One of the seven a virgin dressed in a long robe, and feeding a serPersians who conspired against the Magi in B.C. pent from a cup. Although she was originally
521.-[2. Son of the foregoing, leader of the se- the goddess of physical health, she is sometimes
lect body in the army of Xerxes called the Im- conceived as the giver or protectress of mental
mortals.]                                  health; that is, she appears as vyieca ~pevSv
HYDASPES ('Tddavr/cr: now Jelumn), the north- (AEschyl., Eum., 522), and was thus identified
ernmost of the five great tributaries of the In- with Minerva (Athena), surnamed Hygiea.
dus, which, with the Indus itself, water the great  HYGINUS. 1. C. JULYUS, a Roman grammaplain of Northern India, which is bounded on rian, was a native of Spain, and lived at Rome
the north by the Himalaya range, and which is in the time of Augustus, whose freedman he
now called the Punjab, i. e., five rivers.  The was. He wrote several works, all of which
Hydaspes falls into the Acesines (now Chenab), have perished.-2. HYGINUS GROMTIYCUS, so
which also receives, from the south, first the called from gruma, an instrument used by the
Hydraotes (now Ravee), and then the Hyphasis Agrimensores. He lived in the time of Trajan,
(now Beeas, and lower down, Gharra), which and wrote works on land surveying. and cashas previously received, on the southern side, trametation, of which considerable fragments
the Hesidrus or Zaradrus (now Sutlej or Hesu- are extant.-3. IHYGINUS, the author of two exdru); and the Acesines itself falls into the In- tant works: 1. Fabularum Liber, a series of
dus. These five rivers all rise on the south- short mythological legends, with an introducwestern side of the Emodi Mountains (now   tory genealogy of divinities. Although the larHimalaya), except the Sutlej, which, like the ger portion of these narratives has been copied
Indus, rises on the northeastern side of the from obvious sources, they occasionally present
range. They became known to the Greeks by the tales under new forms or with new circumAlexander's campaign in India: his great vie- stances. 2. Poeticon Astronomicon Libri IV.
tory over Porus (B.C. 327) was gained on the We know nothing of the author of these two
left side ofthe Hydaspes, near, or perhaps upon, works. He is sometimes identified with C.
the scene of the recent battle of Chillianwallah; Julius Hyginus, the freedman of Augustus, but
and the Hyphasis formed the limit of his prog- hemust have lived at a much later period.
ress. The epithet " fabulosus," which Horace Both works are included in the Mythographi
applies to the Hydaspes (Carm., i., 22, 7), refers Latini of Muncker, Amst., 1681, and of Van
to' the marvellous stories current among the Staveren, Lugd. Bat., 1742.
Romans, who knew next to nothing about India;  HYLEA ('T2ai/l Herod.), a district in Scythia,
and the " Medus Hydaspes" of Virgil (Georg., covered with wood, is the peninsula adjacent
iv., 211) is merely an example of the vagueness to Taurica on the northwest, between the rivers
with which the Roman writers, especially the Borysthenes and Hlypacyris.
poets, refer to the countries beyond the eastern  HYLv US ('TaZofc), that is, the Woodman, the
limit of the empire.                       name of an Arcadian centaur, who was slain
[HYDE ("TY);, a town of Lydia, at the base by Atalante when he pursued her. According
of Mount Tmolus, according to the scholiast (on to some legends, Hylasus fell in the fight against
Il. xx., 385) the later Sardis.]           the Lapithae, and others, again, said that he was
HYDRA.,Vid. HERCULES, p. 356, b.        one of the centaurs slain by Hercules.
HYDRAOTES ('Tpaur7?f, Strab.'Tap(orif: now  HYLAS ('TACa), son of Theodamas, king of the
Ravee), a river of India, falling into the Ace- Dryopes, by the nymph Menodice; or, accordsines.  Vid. HYDASPEs.                     ing to others, son of Hercules, Euphemus, or
H-DREA ("Tdpea:'Tdpear g: now Hydra), a Ceyx. He was beloved by Hercules, whom he
small island in the gulf of Hermione off Argolis, accompanied in the expedition of the Argonauts.
of no importance in antiquity, but the inhabit- On the coast of Mysia, Hylas went on shore to
ants of which in modern times played a distin- draw water fiom a fountain; but his beauty
guished part in the war of Greek independence, excited the love of the Naiads, who drew him
and are some of the best sailors in Greece.  down into the water, and he was never seen
HYDRUNTUM or HYDRiUS (Tdpofg: Hydrunti- again. Hercules endeavored in vain to find
nus: now Otranto), one of the most ancient him; and when he shouted out to the youth,
towns of Calabria, situated on the southeastern the voice of Hylas was heard from the bottom
coast, with a good harbor, and near a mountain of the well only like a faint echo, whence some
Hydrus, was in later times a municipium. Per- say that he was actually metamorphosed into
sons frequently crossed over to Epirus from this an echo. While Hercules was engaged in seekport.                                      ing his favorite, the Argonauts sailed away,
383




HYLE.                                 HYPERBOREI.
leaving him and his companion, Polyphemus, montory Zoster, which was calIed in ancienit
behind.-[2. A famous pantomime at Rome, times ANHYDRUS (6 "AvvpoC, SC.'TrnZr7TT), or
in the time of Augustus, pupil of Pylades, ac- the Dry Hymettus, is now called Mavrovuni.
quired great reputation as well as wealth.]  HYPACYRIS, HYPACARIS, or PACARIS (now KaH-YLE ('YjT:, also'XaL), a small town in Bee- nilshak), a river in European Sarmatia, whicli
otia, situated on the HYLICE, which was called flows through the country of the nomad Scythafter this town, and into which the River Isme- ians, and falls into the Sinus Carcinites in the
nus flows.                                Euxine Sea.
[HYLEUS (fT2Yevi), a Greek hero engaged in  HYPE A. Vid. STCECHADES.
the hunt of the Calydonian boar, by which he  HYPvEPA ("TTratra: now Tapaya), a city of
was, killed.]                             Lydia, on the south slope of Mount Tmolus,
HYLIAS, a river in Bruttium, separating the near the north bank of the Cayster.
territories of Sybaris and Croton.          HYPANA r('CTir67: ra "Tirava: T'Travevg), a
HYLICE (4'TY;teC 4tivVy: now Lake of Livadhi town in Triphylian Elis, belonging to the Penor Senziza), a lake in Bceotia, south of the Lake tapolis.
Copais. Vid. HYLE.                          HYPANIs (now Bog), a river in European SarHYLIGUS ("TuYLto,'TfttcKOC), a small river in matia, rises, according to Herodotus, in a lake,
Argolis, near Troezen.                    flows parallel to the Borysthenes, has at first
HYLLUS ("Tioc), son of Hercules by Deianira. sweet, then bitter water, and falls into the EuxFor details, vid. HERACLIDnE.             ine Sea west of the Borysthenes.
HYLLUS ('TUY2t0o: now Demirji), a river of  HYPATA (ia "Trrara, v'YTrar':  Trrraaof,
Lydia, falling into the Hermus on its northern'Traaredf: now Neopatra, Turk. Batrajik), a
side.                                     town of the IEnianes in Thessaly, south of the
HYMEN or HYMENEUS  ('Tjfyv or'Tyevaog), Spercheus, belonged in later times to the /Etothe god of marriage, was conceived as a hand- lian league. The inhabitants of this town were
some youth, and invoked in the hymeneal or notorious for witchcraft.
bridal song. The names originally designated  HYPATIA ('Traria), daughter of Theon, by
the bridal song itself, which was subsequently whom she was instructed in philosophy and
personified. He is described as the son of mathematics. She soon made such immense
Apollo and a Muse, either Calliope, Urania, or progress in these branches of knowledge, that
Terpsichore. Others describe him only as the she is said to have presided over the Neoplafavorite of Apollo or Thamyris, and call him a tonic school of Plotinus at Alexandrea, where
son of Magnes and Calliope, or of Bacchus she expounded the principles of his system to
(Dionysus) and Venus (Aphrodite). The an- a numerous auditory. She appears to have
cient traditions, instead of regarding the god as been most graceful, modest, and beautiful, but
a personification of the hymeneal song, speak nevertheless to have been a victim to slander
of him as originally a mortal, respecting whom  and falsehood. She was accused of too much
various legends were related. The Attic le- familiarity with Orestes, prefect of Alexandrea,
gends described him as a youth of such delicate and the charge spread among the clergy, who
beauty that he might be taken for a girl. He took up the notion that she interrupted the
fell in love with a maiden, who refused to listen friendship of Orestes with their archbishop,
to him; but, in the disguise of a girl, he followed Cyril. In consequence of this, a number of
her to Eleusis to the festival of Ceres (Deme- them seized her in the street, and dragged her
ter). The maidens, together with Hymenaeus, into one of the churches, where they tore her
were carried off by robbers into a distant and to pieces, A.D. 415.
desolate country. On their landing, the robbers  HYPATSODRUS ('TiraToS6pog), a statuary of
laid down to sleep, and were killed by Hyme- Thebes, flourished B.C. 372.
naeus, who now returned to Athens, requesting  [HYPENOR ('T7retlOp), a Trojan warrior, slain
the citizens to give him his beloved in marriage by Diomedes.]
if he restored to them the maidens who had  HYPERBSLUS ('Trrp6o2Xor), an Athenian demabeen carried off by the robbers. His request gogue in the Peloponnesian war, was of servile
was granted, and his marriage was extremely origin, and was frequently satirized by Arishappy. For this reason he was invoked in the tophanes and the other comic poets. In order
hymeneal songs. According to others, he was to get rid either of Nicias orAlcibiades, Hypera youth who was killed by the fall of his house bolus called for the exercise of the ostracism.
on his wedding-day, whence he was afterward But the parties endangered combined to defeat
invoked in bridal songs, in order to be propitia- him, and the vote of exile fell on Hyperbolus
ted. Some related that at the wedding of himself: an application of that dignified punishBacchus (Dionysus) and Ariadne he sang the ment by which it was thought to have been so
bridal hymn, but lost his voice. He is repre- debased that the use of it was never recurred
sented in works of art as a youth, but taller and to. Some years afterward he was murdered by
with'a more serious expression than Eros, and the oligarchs at Samos, B.C. 411.
carrying in his hand a bridal torch.        HYPERBOREI-Or EI (7Trrcp66peot, TIep6OpEtot),
HYMETTUS (Tl77rr6f), a mountain in Attica, a fabulous people, the earliest mention of whom
celebrated for its marble (Hymettiew trabes, Hor., seems to have been in the sacred legends conCarm., ii., 18, 3), and more especially for its nected with the worship of Apollo, both at Delos
honey. It is about three miles south of Athens, and at Delphi. In the earliest Greek concepand forms the commencement of the range of tion of the Hyperboreans, as embodied by the
mountains which runs south through Attica. It poets, they were a blessed people, living beyond
is now called Telovuni, and by the Franks Monte the north wind (VTnp66peoL, fr. irEp and BopEat),
Matto: the part'of the mountain near the pro- and therefore not exposed to its cold blasts, in
384




HYPEFRBOREl MONTES.                             HYPSIPYLE.
a land of perpetual sunshine, which produced  HYPERiDES ('rn-epei6T7C or'TYreppi6^), one of
abundant fruits, on which the people lived, ab- the ten Attic orators, was the son of Glaucippus,
staining from animal food. In innocence and and belonged to the Attic demus of Collytus,
peace, free from disease, and toil, and care, ig- was a pupil of Plato in philosophy, and of Denorant of violence and war, they spent a long mosthenes in oratory. He was a friend of Deand happy life in the due and cheerful observ- mosthenes, and with him and Lycurgus was at
ance of the worship of Apollo, who visited their the head of the anti-Macedonian party. He is
country soon after his birth, and spent a whole first mentioned about B.C. 358, when he and
year among them, dancing and singing, before his sons equipped two triremes at their own
he returned to Delphi. The poets related fur- expense in order to serve against Eubcea, and
ther how the sun only rose once a year and set from this time to his death he continued a steadonce a year upon the Hyperboreans, whoseyear fast friend to the patriotic cause. After the
was thus divided, at the equinoxes, into a six death of Alexander (323), Hyperides took an
months' day and a six months' night, and they active part in organizing that confederacy of
were therefore said to sow in the morning, to the Greeks against Antipater which produced
reap at noon, to gather their fruits in the even- the Lamian war. Upon the- defeat of the coning, and to store them up at night; how, too, federates at the battle of Crannon in the followtheir natural life lasted one thousand years, but ing year (332), Hyperides fled to 2Egina, where
if any of them was satiated with its unbroken he was slain by the emissaries of Antipater.
enjoyment, he threw himself, crowned and The number of orations attributed to Hyperides
anointed, from a sacred rock into the sea. was seventy-seven, but none ofthem have come
The Delian legends told of offerings sent to down to us. His oratory was graceful and
Apollo by the Hyperboreans, first by the hands powerful, holding a middle place between, that
of virgins named Arge and Opis (or Hecaerge), of Lysias and Demosthenes.
and then by Laodice and Hyperoche, escorted  HYPERioN ('T7rpiov), a Titan, son of Ccelus
by five men called Perpherees; and, lastly, as (Uranus) and Terra (Ge), and married to -his
their messengers did not return, they sent the sister Thia or Euryphaessa, by whom he became
offerings packed in wheat-straw, and the sacred the father of Helios (Sol), Selene (Luna), and
package was forwarded from people to people Eos (Aurora). Homer uses the name as a patill it reached Delos. If these legends are based tronymic of Helios, so that it is equivalent to
on any geographical relations at all, the most Hyperionion or Hyperionides, and Homer's exprobable explanation is that which regards them  ample is imitated also by other poets. Vid.
as pointing to regions north of Greece (the north HELIOS.
part of Thessaly especially) as the original seat  HYPERMNESTRA ('T7repLzv7arpa). 1. Daughter
of the worship of Apollo. Naturally enough, as of Thestius and Eurythemis, wife of Oicles,
the geographical knowledge of the Greeks ex- and mother of Amphiaraus.-2. One of the
tended, they moved back the Hyperboreans fur- daughters of Danaus, and wife of Lynceus.
ther and further into the unknown parts of the  Vid. DANAUS, LYNCEUS.
earth; and of those who sought to fix their pre-  [HYPEROCHUS ('TYrpoXoC, Ep.'TTrEipoXoc). 1.
cise locality, some placed them in the extreme A Trojan warrior, slain by Ulysses.-2. Of
west of Europe, near the Pyrennan Mountains Cumae, author of a work entitled KvaatKd.]
and the supposed sources of the Ister, and thus  HYPHAiSIS, or HYPXSIS, or HYPXNIS ("Tbaota,
they came to be identified with the Celtae; "TYraatc, "Trrav g: now Beeas and Gharra), a
while others placed them in the extreme north river of India. Vid. HYDASPES.
of Europe, on the shores of the Hyperboreus  HYPiUS ('TYrot), a river and mountain in BiOceanus, beyond the fabulous Grypes and Ari- thynia.
maspi, who themselves lived beyond the Scyth-  HYPSAS ("Tdba'), two rivers on the southern
ians. The latter opinion at length prevailed; coast of Sicily, one between Selinus and Therand then, the religious aspect of the fable being mae Selinuntine (now Belici), and the other near
gradually lost sight of, the term Hyperborean Agrigentum (now Fiume drago).
came to mean only most northerly, as when Vir-  [HYPSENOR ('T/jzvop). 1. A Trojan warrior,
gil and Horace speak of the " Hyperboreae orae" son of Dolopion.-2. Son of Hippasus, a Greek,
and "Hyperborei campi."  The fable of the companion of Antilochus, slain by Deiphobus.]
Hyperboreans may probably be regarded as one  HYPSEUS ('TUeeV), son of Peneus and Creusa,
of the forms in which the tradition of an orig- was king of the Lapithae, and father of Cyrene.
inal period of innocence, happiness, and im-  HYPSICLEs ('TYflptcS), of Alexandrea, a Greek
mortality existed among the nations of the an- mathematician, who is usually said to have lived
cient world.                              about A.D. 160, but who ought not to be placed
HYPERBOREI MONTES was originally the myth- earlier than A.D. 550. The only work of his
ical name of an imaginary range of mountains extant is entitled Hepi rgp  T rcv ( Gliv avaqopdg,
in the north of the earth (vid. HYPERBOREI), and published with the Optics of Heliodorus atParis,
was afterward applied by the geographers to  1567. He is supposed, however, to have added
various chains, as, for example, the Caucasus, the fourteenth and fifteenth books to the Elethe Rhipaei Montes, and others.           ments. of Euclid.
[HYPERENOR ('TTrepovup), a Trojan, son of  HYPSIPYLE ('TIorT;2UL), daughter of Thoas,
Panthus, slain by Menelaus in battle.]    king of Lemnos. When the Lemnian. women
[HYPERIA ('Toripela). 1. A name of several killed all the men in the island because- they
fountains mentioned in Homer, in Thessaly; had taken some female Thracian slaves to their
one near the ancient Hellas, another in the city beds, Hypsipyle saved her father. Vid. TIIOAS.
Pherae.-2. The earlier place of residence of the She then became queen of Lemnos; and.when
Phneacians, whence they removed to Scheria.] I the Argonauts landed there shortly afterivaird,
25                                                             385




HYPSUS.                                 HYSTASPES.
she bore twin sons to Jason, Euneus and Ne- Aristobulus himself, escaped from Rome, and
brophonus, also called DeiphilusorThoas. The excited dangerous revolts, which were only
Lemnian women subsequently discovered that quelled by the assistance of the Romans. The
Thoas was alive, whereupon they compelled real government was now in the able hands of
Hypsipyle to quit the island. On her flight she Antipater, the father of Herod, who rendered
was taken prisoner by pirates and sold to the such important services to Caesar during the
Nemean king Lycurgus, who intrusted to her Alexandrean war (47) that Caesar made him
care his son Archemorus or Opheltes. Vid. procurator of Judaea, leaving to Hyrcanus the
ARCHEMORUS.                               title of high-priest. Although Antipater was
HHYPSUS ('Toovc, -ovroc), a town in Arcadia, poisoned by the contrivance of Hyrcanus (43),
on a mountain of the same name.           the latter was a man of such feeble character
HYRCANIA (TpKcavia: Tplicivtoc, Hyrcanus: that he allowed Herod to take vengeance on the
now lMaza.nderan), a province of the ancient murderer of his father, and to succeed to his faPersian empire, on the southern and southeast- ther's power and influence. The Parthians, on
ern shores of the Caspian or Hyrcanian Sea, their invasion of Syria, carried away Hyrcanus
and separated by mountains on the west, south, as prisoner (40). He was treated with much
and east from Media, Parthia, and Margiana. liberality by the Parthian king, and allowed to
Its valleys were very fertile; and it flourished live in perfect freedom at Babylofn. Here he
most under the Parthians, whose kings often remained for some years; but having at length
resided in it during the summer.          received an invitation from Herod, who had
HYRCANUM or -IUM MARE.    Vid. CASPIUM meanwhile established himself on the throne of
MARE.                                     Judaea, he returned to Jerusalem with the conHYRcANUS ('Tpav6g).  1. JOANNES, prince sent of the Parthian king. He was treated with
and high-priest of the Jews, was the son and respect by Herod till the battle of Actium,
successor of Simon Maccabaeus, the restorer when Herod, fearing lest Augustus might place
of the independence of Judaea. He succeeded Hyrcanus on the throne, accused him of a treato his father's power B.C. 135. He was at first sonable correspondence with the king of Arabia,
engaged in war with Antiochus VII. Sidetes, and on this pretext put him to death (30).
who invaded Judaea, and laid siege to Jerusa-  [HYRGIS ("Ypyt: now Donetz), a tributary of
lem. In 133 he concluded a peace with Antio- the Tanais in Asia.]
chus on the condition of paying an annual trib-  HYRIA ('Tpia:'Tptdev,'Tptirc). 1. A town
ute. Owing to the civil wars in Syria between in Bceotia, near Tanagra, was in the earliest
the several claimants to the throne, the power times a place of importance, but afterward sunk
of Hyrcanus steadily increased; and at length into insignificance.-2. A town in Apulia. Vid.
he took Samaria, and razed it to the ground URIA.
(109), notwithstanding the army which Antio-  HYRIEUS ('Tptec), son of Neptune (Poseidon)
chus IX. Cyzicenus had sent to the assistance and Alcyone, king of Hyria in Bceotia, husband
of the city. Hyrcanus died in 106. Although of Clonia, and father of Nycteus, Lycus, and
he did not assume the title of king, he may be Orion. Respecting his treasures, vid. AGAMEDES.
regarded as the founder of the monarchy of Ju-  HYRMINA ('Ypjiv), a town in Elis, mentiondaea, which continued in his family till the ac- ed by Homer, but of which all trace had disapcession of Herod.-2. High-priest and king of peared in the time of Strabo. Near it was the
the Jews, was the eldest son of Alexander Jan- promontory Hyrmina or Hormina (now Cape
naeus and his wife Alexandra. On the death  Chiarenza).
of Alexander (78) the royal authority devolved  HYRMINE ('Yp/uiv), daughter of Neleus, or
upon Alexandra, who appointed Hyrcanus to Nycteus, wife of Phorbas, and mother of Actor.
the high-priesthood. Alexandra reigned nine  HYRTXCUS ('YpTa/cof), a Trojan, to whom Priyears; and, upon her death in 69, Hyrcanus am gave his first wife Arisba, when he married
succeeded to the sovereignty, but was quickly Hecuba. Homer makes him the father of Asius,
attacked by his younger brother Aristobulus, hence called Hyrtacides. In Virgil, Nisus and
who possessed more energy and ambition than Hippocoon are also represented as sons of HyrHyrcanus. In the following year (68) Hyrcanus tacus.
was driven from the throne, and took refuge  [HYRTIUS ("YpTtof), a leader of the Mysians,
with Aretas, king of Arabia Petraea.  That slain in the Trojan war by Ajax, son of Telamonarch assembled an army, with which he in- mon.]
vaded Judaea in order to restore Hyrcanus. He  HYSIY ('Tcrta). 1. ('Tctratr), a town in Ardefeated Aristobulus, and blockaded him in the golis, south of Argos, destroyed by the Spartans
temple of Jerusalem.  Aristobulus, however, in the Peloponnesian war.-2. ('TYreij), a town
gained over by bribes and promises Pompey's in Boeotia, east of Plateae, called by Herodotus
lieutenant, M. Scaurus, who had arrived at Da- (v., 74) a demus of Attica, but probably belongmascus, and who now ordered Aretas and Hyr- ing to Platae.e.
canus to withdraw from Judaea (64). The next  HYSTASPES ('YUToT-ry-7c; in Persian, Goshtasp,
year Pompey himself arrived in Syria: he re- Gustasp, Histasp, or Wistasp). 1. Son of Arversed the decision of Scaurus, carried away sames, and father of Darius I., was a member
Aristobulus as a prisoner to Rome, and rein- of the Persian royal house of the Acheemenidae.
stated Hyrcanus in the high-priesthood, with He was probably satrap of Persis under Camthe authority, though not the name, of royalty. byses, and probably under Cyrus also.-2. Son
Hyrcanus, however, did not long enjoy his of Darius I. and Atossa, commanded the Bacnewly-recovered sovereignty in quiet. Alex- trians and Saca in the army of his brothel
ander, the son of Aristobulus, and subsequently Xerxes.
386




IABADII INSULA.                                  IAPIS.
ing to the earlier Neo-Platonists, Plotinus and
I.                     Porphyry; and he introduced into his system
many of the superstitions and mysteries of the
[IABADII INSULA ('Ta6adtov viaog: now prob- East, by means of which he endeavored to check
ably Java, though Von Humboldt and others re- the progress of Christianity. The extant works
gard it as Sumatra), a-large and fruitful island of lamblichus are, I. HIepi IHvOaypov alpecoEC,
of the Indian Sea, southeast of the Aurea Cher- on the philosophy of Pythagoras. It was insonesus, with a capital city called Argyre ('Ap- tended as a preparation for the study of Plato,,vpV7).]                                   and consisted originally of ten books, of which
IACCHUS ('tlaxoc), the solemn name of Bac- five only are extant. 1. The first book contains
chus in the Eleusinian mysteries, whose name an account of the life of Pythagoras, and though
was derived from the boisterous song called compiled without care, it is yet of value, as the
lacchus. In these mysteries Iacchus was re- other works, from which it is taken, are lost.
garded as the son of Jupiter (Zeus) and Ceres Edited by Kuster, Amsterd., 1707; and by
(Demeter), and was distinguished from the The- Kiessling, Lips., 1815. 2. IIpoTPErnTTTroLi 6yo
ban Bacchus (Dionysus), the son of Jupiter eiC ~taoaopiav, forms a sort of introduction to
(Zeus) and Semele. In some traditions lac- the study of Plato. Edited by Kiessling,'Lips.,
chus is even called a son of Bacchus, but in 1813, 8vo. 3. Iepi KOtVc Oi pLaOaTtKr EirIartTothers the two are identified. On the sixth day gyvj, contains many fragments of the works of
of the Eleusinian festival (the twentieth of Boe- early Pythagoreans. Edited by Fries, Copendromion), the statue of Iacchus was carried from  hagen, 1790. 4. TIepi r27 Nuco/aiXov aptOInp-tthe temple of Ceres (Demeter) across the Thri- Ksg Ekcayoyr~.  Edited by Tennulius, Deventer
asian plain to Eleusis, accompanied by a nu- and Arnheim, 1668. 5. Ti &eo'oyov/yeva rSg
merous and riotous procession of the initiated, &ptOfltrtuig. Edited by Ast, Lips., 1817.-II.
who sang the Iacchus, carried mystic baskets, Ilep/ Mvairplev, written to prove the divine oriand danced to the sound of cymbals and trump- gin of the Egyptian and Chaldaean theology.
ets.                                       Edited by Gale, Oxon., 1678. Iamblichus wrote
IADERA orIADER (Iadertinus: now Old Zara), other works which are lost.-3. A later Neoa town on the coast of Illyricum, with a good Platonic philosopher of Apamea, a contempoharbor, and a Roman colony under the name of rary of the Emperor Julian and of Libanius.
Colonia Claudia Augusta Felix."             [IAMENUS ('Ia/Uevoc), a Trojan warrior, slain by
[IAfRAi ('Ideepa).  1. A daughter of Nereus Leonteus during the attack of the Trojans on
and Doris.-2. A wood nymph, who reared the the camp of the Greeks.]
sons of Alcanor, Pandarus and Bitias.]       IAMIDMu.  Vid. IAMUS.
IALEMUS ('IdlXeOS), a similar personification  IAMNIA ('I(taveta;'Ia,avia:'Iaave7'qlri: in Old
to that of Linus, and hence called a son of Testament, Jabneel, Jabneh: now IbnehorGabApollo and Calliope, and the inventor of the nch), a considerable city of Palestine, between
song lalemus, which was a kind of dirge, and Diospolis and Azotus, near the coast, with a
is only mentioned as sung on most melancholy good harbor, was taken by King Uzziah from
occasions.                                 the Philistines. Pompey united it to the provIALMENUS ('Ia6d;evo~), son of Mars (Ares) and ince of Syria. After the destruction of JerusaAstyoche, and brother of Ascalaphus, was a lem it became the seat of the Sanhedrim, and
native of the Bceotian Orchomenos. He was of a celebrated school of Jewish learning.
one of the Argonauts and a suitor of Helena.  [IAMNO or TAMNA ("Iapuva: now Ciudadela), a
After the destruction of Troy, he wandered city in the smaller of the Balearic Islands (Miabout with the Orchomenians, and founded col- norca).]
onies in Colchis.                            [IAMPnoRINA, a strong place in the territory of
iALYSUS ('IdlyvotC: now lalyso), one of the the Mw2di in Macedonia.]
three very ancient Dorian cities in the island of  IAMUS ("Iayuo), son of Apollo and Evadne, reRhodes, and one of the six original members ceived the art of prophecy from his father, and
of the Dorian Hexapolis (vid. DORIs), stood on was regarded as the ancestor of the famous
the northwestern coast of the island, about sixty family of seers, the Iamidae at Olympia.
stadia southwest of Rhodes. It is said to have  [IANAssA ('Irivaaaa), one of the Nereids.]
derived its name from the mythical Ialysus, son  IANIRA ('IdvEtpa), one of the Nereids.
of Cercaphus, and grandson of Helios.        TANTHE ('Iav7). 1. Daughter of Oceanus and
IAMBE, ('Ii/6vq), a Thracian woman, daughter Tethys, and one of the playmates of Proserpina
of Pan and Echo, and a slave of Metanlra. (Persephone).-2. DaughterofTelestesofCrete,
When Ceres (Demeter), in search of her daugh- beloved by IPHIS.
ter, arrived in Attica, and visited the house of  IAPETUS ('Ia7rer6O), one of the Titans, son of
Metanira, Iambe cheered the mournful goddess Coelus (Uranus) and Terra (Ge), married Asia
by her jokes.                              or Clymene, the daughter of his-brother OceaIAMBLICHUS ('I6;aeXog). 1. A Syrian, who nus, and became by her the father of Atlas, Prolived in the time of the Emperor Trajan, wrote metheus, Epimetheus, and Mencetius. He was
a romance in the Greek language entitled Baby- imprisoned with Saturn (Cronus) in Tartarus.
lonica. The work itself is lost, but an epitome Being the father of Prometheus, he was regardof it is preserved by Photius.-2. A celebrated ed by the Greeks as the ancestor of the human
Neo-Platonic philosopher, was born at Chalcis race. His descendants, Prometheus, Atlas, and
in Coele-Syria. He resided in Syria during the others, are often designated by the patronymics
greater part of his life, and died in the reign  lapetida(es), Iapetionidce(es), and the feminine
of Constantine the Great, probably before A.D. lapetionis.
333. He was inferior in judgment and learn-  [IAPIs, son of Iasus, beloved by Apollo, and
387




IAPYDES.                                   IBYCUS.
received from him the knowledge of medicine  IASSUS or IAsus ('Iaccoa, "IaSoc:'Iaaev': ruins
and the prophetic art: he cured AEneas of the at Asyn-Kalessi), a cityof Caria, on the lassius
wound received by him in the war against La- Sinus, founded by Argives and further colonized
tinus.]                                   by Milesians.
IAPYDES ('IJrv6eg or'Iirode~'), a warlike and  IASUS ("Iaoco). 1. An Arcadian, son of Lybarbarous people in the north of Illyricum, be- curgus and Cleophile or Eurynome, brother of
tween the Rivers Arsia and Tedanius, were a Ancaeus, husband of Clymene, the daughter of
mixed race, partly Illyrian and partly Celtic, Minyas, and father of Atalante. He is likewise
who tattooed their bodies. They were subdued called Iasius and lasion.-2. Father of Amphion,
by Augustus. Their country was called IA- and king of the Minyans.-[3. Son of Triopas,
PYDIA.                                    grandson of Phorbas, brother of Agenor, and
IAPYGIA ('Iafrvyia:'Idrvyres), the name given father of Io, according to one account, was king
by the Greeks to the south of Apulia, from Ta- of Argos.-4. Son of Sphelus, a leader of the
rentum and Brundisium to the PROMONTORIUM  Athenians before Troy, slain by IEneas.]
[APYGIUM (now Cape Leuca), though it is some-  IAZYGES ('Ilavyec), a powerful Sarmatian peotimes applied to the whole of Apulia. Vid. APU- ple, Who originally dwelt on the coast of the
LIA. The name is derived from the mythical Pontus Euxinus and the Palus Masotis, but in
lapyx.                                    the reign of Claudius settled near the Quadi ir
IAPYX ('Id7rv5). 1. Son of Lycaon and brother Dacia, in the country bounded by the Danube,
of Daunus and Peucetius, who went as leaders the Theiss, and the Sarmatian Mountains. They
of a colony to Italy. According to others, he are generally called Sarmatce lazyges or simply
was a Cretan, and a brother of Icadius, or a son  Sarmate, but Ptolemy gives them the name of
of Daedalus and a Cretan woman, from whom  lazyges Metanastae, on account of their migrathe Cretans who migrated to Italy derived the tion. The Iazyges were in close alliance with
name of Iapyges.-2. The west-northwestern the Quadi, along with whom they frequently atwind, blowing off the coast of Iapygia (Apulia), tacked the Roman dominions, especially Mcesia
in the south of Italy, and, consequently, favor- and Pannonia. In the fifth century they were
able to persons crossing over to Greece. It was conquered by the Goths.
the same as the apyecTrTC of the Greeks.    IBERIA ('I6vpia: southern part of Georgia), a
IARBAS or HIARBAS, king of the Gaetulians, country of Asia, in the centre of the isthmus
and son of Jupiter Ammon by a Libyan nymph, between the Black and Caspian Seas, was
sued in vain for the hand of Dido in marriage. bounded on the north by the Caucasus, on the
For details, vid. DIDO.                   west by Colchis, on the east by Albania, and on
IARDANES ('IapdivyC), a king of Lydia, and the south by Armenia. It was surrounded on
father of Omphale, who is hence called lardanis. every side by mountains, through which there
IARDANES or IARDANUS ('IapdiuvTg,'ldpdavot). were only four passes.  Sheltered by these
1.. (Now Jardan), a river in Elis.-2. A river in mountains and watered by the Cyrus (now
the north of Crete, which flowed near the town Kour) and its upper tributaries, it was famed
Cydonia.                                  for a fertility of which its modern name (from
IASION or IASIUS ('Iaaiov,'IdaloO), son of Ju- reupy6o) remains a witness. Its inhabitants,
piter (Zeus) and Electra, the daughter of Atlas, IBEIRES ('ITpeC) or IBERI, were, and are still,
or son of Corythus and Electra. At the wed- among the most perfect specimens of the Cauding of his sister Harmonia, Ceres (Demeter) casian race. The ancients believed them to be
fell in love with him, and in a thrice-ploughed of the same family as the Assyrians and Medes,
field (rpi7roXog) she became by him the mother whom they were thought to resemble in their
of Pluton or Plutus in Crete;; Jupiter (Zeus), in customs. They were more civilized than their
consequence, killed Iasion with a flash of light- neighbors in Colchis and Albania, and were dining. Others represent him as living to an ad- vided into four castes: 1. The nobles, from
vanced age as the husband of Ceres (Demeter). whom two kings were chosen; 2. The priests,
In some traditions Iasion and his brother Dar- who were also the magistrates; 3. The soldiers
danus are said to have carried the palladium to and husbandmen; 4. The slaves, who performSamothrace, and there to have been instructed ed all public and mechanical work. The chief
in the mysteries of Ceres (Demeter) by Jupiter employment of the Iberians was agriculture.
(Zeus). Others relate that Iasion, being in- The Romans first became acquainted with the
spired by Ceres (Demeter) and Cora (Proser- country through the expedition of Pompey in
pina),, travelled about in Sicily and many other B.C. 65; and under Trajan it was subjected to
countries, and every where taught the people Rome. In the fifth century it was conquered
the mysteries of Ceres (Demeter).         by the Persian king Sapor.  No connection
IASIS, i. e., Atalante, the daughter of Iasius.  can be traced between the Iberians of Asia and
[IASIus ('IdUaot). 1. King of Orchomenos, those of Spain.
father of Amphion.-2. Vid. IASION.]        IBERUS (1I6^poc or'I6p: now Ebro), the prinIASO ('Iaa7), i. e., Recovery, a daughter of cipal river in the northeast of Spain, rises among
2Esculapius or Amphiaraus, and sister of Hy- the mountains of the Cantabri, near Juliobriga,
giea, was worshipped as the goddess of recovery. flows southeast through a great plain between
IXssIus or IASSICUS SINUS ('IaatKbof i6orrot: the Pyrenees and the Mons Idubeda, and falls
now Gulf of Mandeliyeh), a large gulf on the into the Mediterranean near Dertosa, after
western coast of Caria, between the peninsulas forming a Delta.
of Miletus and Myndus, named after the city  IBYCUS ("I6VKOC), a Greek lyric poet, was a
of lassus, and called also Bargylieticus Sinus native of Rhegium, and spent the best part of
(Bapyv2t7rteKob coiltro~) from another city which his life at Samos, at the court of Polycrates,
stood upon it, namely, Bargylia.         about B.C. 540. It is related that, travelling
388




ICARIA.                                   ICILIUS.
through a desert place near Corinth, he was karia), an island of the 2Egean Sea, one of the
murdered by robbers, but before he died he call- Sporades, west of Samos, called also Doliche
upon a flock of cranes that happened to fly over (do/t^X, i. e., long island). Its common name,
him to avenge his death.. Soon afterward, when and that of the surrounding sea, ICARIUM MARE,
the people of Corinth were assembled in the were derived from the myth of IcARUs. It was
theatre, the cranes appeared; and one of the first colonized by the Milesians, but afterward
murderers, who happened to be present, cried belonged to the Samians, who fed their herds
out involuntarily, "Behold the avengers of Iby- on its rich pastures.
cus:" and thus were the authors of the crime  IccIus. [1. A noble of Rheims in Gallia Beldetected. The phrase al'l6Ivcov yepavot passed gica, who headed a deputation of hl townsmen
into a proverb.  The poetry of Ibycus was to Caesar in B.C. 57, placing their state at Caechiefly erotic, and partook largely of the im- sar's disposal, and praying his aid against the
petuosity of his character. In his dialect there other Belgic communities.]-2. A friend of
was a mixture of the Doric and 2Eolic. In an- Horace, who addressed him an ode (Carm., i.,
tiquity there were seven books of his lyric 29) and an epistle (Ep., i., 12). The ode was
poems, of which only a few fragments now re- written in B.C. 25, when Iccius was preparing
main. [These fragments are collected in Schnei- to join zElius Gallus in his expedition to Arabia.
dewin's Ibyci Carminum Reliquice, Gottingen, The epistle was composed about ten years aft1833.]                                    erward, when Iccius had become Vipsanius
ICARIA or ICARIUS ('IKapia,'Icaplor:'Icaptevg), Agrippa's steward in Sicily. In both poems
a mountain and a demus in Attica, belonging to Horace reprehends pointedly, but delicately, in
the tribe 2Egeis, where Bacchus (Dionysus) is Iccius an inordinate desire for wealth.
said to have taught Icarius the cultivation of  ICENI, called SIMENI (ZqeVOi) by Ptolemy, a
the vine.                                 numerous and powerfil people in Britain, who
ICARIUS ('Idaptoc), also called ICARus or IcX- dwelt north. of the Trinobantes, in the modern
RION. 1. An Athenian, who lived in the reign counties of Suffolk and Norfolk. Their revolt
of Pandion, and hospitably received Bacchus from the Romans, under their heroic queen
(Dionysus) on his arrival in Attica. The god, Boadicea, is celebrated in history. Vid. BOAin return, taught him the cultivation of the vine. DICEA. Their chief town was VENTA ICENORUM
Icarius made a present of some wine to peas- (now Caister), about three miles from Norwich.
ants, who became intoxicated by it, and, think-  ICHNE ('Ixvac:'Ixvaalo). 1. A town in Boting that they were poisoned by Icarius, slew  tiea in Macedonia, near the mouth of the Axius.
him, and threw his body into a well, or buried -2. A town in Phthiotis in Thessaly, celebrated
it under a tree. His daughter Erigone, after a for its worship of Themis, who was hence surlong search, found his grave, to which she was named Ichncea.
conducted by his faithful dog Mara. From    ICHNE or ISCHNE ('IXval, "Icavat), a Greek
grief she hung herself on the tree under which city in the north of Mesopotamia, founded by the
he was buried. Jupiter (Zeus) or Bacchus (Di- Macedonians, was the scene of the first battle
onysus) placed her and Icarius among the stars, between Crassus and the Parthians, in which
making Erigone the Virgin,' Icarius Bootes or the former gained the victory. According to
Arcturus, and Meera Procyon or the little dog. Appian, the Parthians soon after defeated the
Hence the latter is called Icarius canis. The Romans near the same spot.
god then punished the ungrateful Athenians' [ICHNUSA ('IXvoiaa), the ancient name-of Sarwith madness, in which condition the Athenian dinia. Vid. SARDINIA.]
maidens hung themselves as Erigone had done.  ICHTHYOPHGI ('IX6vo0)dyol, i. e., Fish-eaters),
The Athenians propitiated Icarius and Erigone was a vague descriptive name given by the anby the institution of the festival of the  eora. cients to various tribes on the coasts of Asia
Vid. Diet. of Ant., s. v.-2. A Lacedeemonian, and Africa, of whom they knew but little. Thus
son of Perieres and Gorgophone, and brother we find Ichthyophagi: 1. In the extreme southof Tyndareus. Others called him grandson of east of Asia, in the country of the Sine. 2. On
Perieres, and son of CEbalus. When Icarius the coast of GEDROSIA. 3. On the northeastern
and Tyndareus were expelled from Lacedaemon coast of Arabia Felix. 4. In Africa, on the
by their half-brother Hippocoon, Icarius went coast of the Red Sea, above Egypt. 5. On the
to Acarnania, and there became the father of western coast of Africa.
Penelope, and of several other children. He  ICILIUS. 1. SP., was one of the three envoys
afterward returned to Lacedaemon. Since there sent by the plebeians, after their secession to
were many suitors for the hand of Penelope, he the Sacred Mount, to treat with the senate, B.
promised to give her to the hero who should C. 494. He was thrice elected tribune of the
conquer in a foot-race. Ulysses won the prize, plebs, namely, in 492, 481, and 471.-2. L., a
and was betrothed to Penelope. Icarius tried man of great energy and eloquence, was tribune
to persuade his daughter to remain with him, of the plebs 456, when he claimed for the niband not accompany Ulysses to Ithaca. Ulysses unes the right of convoking the senate, and also
allowed her to do as she pleased, whereupon carried the important law for the assignment
she covered her face with her veil to hide her of the Aventine (de Aventino pullicando) to the
blushes, and thus intimated that she would fol- plebs. In the following year (455) he was again
low her husband. Icarius then desisted from  elected tribune. He was one of the chief leadfurther entreaties, and erected a statue of Mod- ers in the outbreak against the decemvirs, 449.
esty on the spot.                         Virginia had been betrothed to him, and he boldIcXARU ('IKapoc), son of Daedalus. Vid. DAE- ly defended her cause before Appius Claudius;
ALUS.                                     and when at length she fell by her father's hand,
IcRIus or IcARIA ('Isapor,'Iuapia: now Ni- Icilius hurried to the army which was carrying
389




ICONIUM.                                  IDRIEUS.
on war against the Sabines, and prevailed upon maiden from him. The lovers fought for her
them to desert the government.            possession, but Jupiter (Zeus) separated them,
ICONIUM ('I\K6vtov:'IKovtlEV: now Koniyeh), and left the decision with Marpessa, who chose
the capital of Lycaonia, in Asia Minor, was, Idas, from fear lest Apollo should desert her if
when visited by St. Paul, a flourishing city, with she grew old. The Apharetidse also took part
armixed population of Jews and Greeks; under in the Calydonian hunt, and in the expedition
the later emperors, a colony; and in the Middle of the Argonauts. But the most celebrated part
Ages, one of the greatest cities of Asia Minor, of their story is their battle with the Dioscuri,
and important in the history of the crusades.  Castor and Pollux, which is related elsewhere
ICTINUS ('IKTcrvo), a contemporary of Pericles, (p. 266, b.).-[2. One of the guests at the marwas the architect of two of the most celebrated riage of Perseus, slain by Phineus.-3. One of
of the Greek temples, namely, the great temple the companions of Diomedes, changed by Venus
of Minerva (Athena) in the acropolis of Athens, (Aphrodite) into a bird.-4. A Trojan warrior,
called the Parthenon, and the temple of Apollo mentioned by Virgil, slain by Turnus in Italy.
Epicurius, near Phigalia in Arcadia. Calli- -5. Two heroes in the Theban war, the one
crates was associated with Ictinus in building from Onchestus, the other from Taenarus.]
the Parthenon.                              [IDE (Idi). 1. Daughter of Corybas and mothIDA ("16,?, Dor.'I6a). 1. (Now Ida or Kas- er of Minos.-2. A nymph, mother of Nisus by
Dagh), a mountain range of Mysia, in Asia Mi- Hyrtacus.]
nor, which formed the southern boundary of the  IDISTAVISUS CAMPUS, a plain in Germany near
Troad; extending from Lectum-Promotorium  the Weser, probably in the neighborhood of the
in the southwest corner of the Troad, eastward Porta Westphalica, between Rinteln and Hausalong the northern side of the Gulf of Adramyt- berge, memorable for the victory of Germanicus
tium, and further east into the centre of Mysia. over the Cherusci, A.D. 16.
Its highest summits were Cotylus on the north  IDMON ('i6/OU). 1. Son of Apollo and Asteria,
and Gargara on the south; the latter is about or Cyrene, was a soothsayer, and accompanied
five thousand feet high, and is often capped with the Argonauts, although he knew beforehand
snow. Lower down, the slopes of the mountain that death awaited him. He was killed in the
are well-wooded; and lower still, they form  country of the Mariandynians by a boar or a
fertile fields and valleys. The sources of the serpent; or, according to others, he died there
Seamander and the tEsepus, besides other riv- of a disease.-[2. A Rutulian, sent by Turnus
ers and numerous brooks, are on Ida. The to LEneas to propose to settle the dispute for
mountain is celebrated in mythology as the the hand of Lavinia by single combat between
scene of the rape of Ganymede, whom Ovid the heroes.]
(Fast., ii., 145) calls Idauspuer, and of the judg-  IDOMENEUS ('Io/ievesV). 1. Son of the Cretan
ment of Paris, who is called Ideus Judex by Deucalion, and grandson of Minos and Pasiphae,
Ovid (Fast., vi., 44), and Idcus pastor by Cicero was king- of Crete.  He is sometimes called
(ad Att., ii., 18). In Homer, too, its summit is Lyctius or Cnosius, from the Cretan towns of
the place from which the gods watch the bat- Lyctus and Cnosus. He was one of the suitors
ties in the plain of Troy. Ida was also an an- of Helen; and, in conjunction with Meriones,
cient seat of the worship of Cybele, who obtain- the son of his half-brother Molus, he led the
ed from it the name of Idaea Mater.-2. (Now  Cretans in eighty ships against Troy. He was
Psilorati), a mountain in the centre of Crete, one of the bravest heroes in the Trojan war,
belonging to the mountain range which runs and distinguished himself especially in the batthrough the whole length of the island. Mount tle near the ships. According to Homer, IdomIda is said to be seven thousand six hundred eneus returned home in safety after the fall of
and seventy-four feet above the level of the sea. Troy. Later traditions relate that once in a
It was closely connected with the worship of storm he vowed to sacrifice to Neptune (PoseiJupiter (Zeus), who is said to have been brought don) whatever he should first meet on his landup in a cave in this mountain.            ing, if the god would grant him a safe return.
IDnA MATER. Vid. IDA.                   This was his own son, whom he accordingly
ID.EI DACTYLI. Vid. DACTYLI.            sacrificed. As Crete was thereupon visited by
[IDEUS ('I6a~of). 1. A herald of the Trojans. a plague, the Cretans expelled Idomeneus. He
-2. Son of Dares, the priest of Vulcan (He- went to Italy, where he settled in Calabria, and
pha'stus), slain by Diomede.]             built a temple to Minerva (Athena).  From
IDXALUM ('I(ddtiov), a town in Cyprus, sacred thence he is said to have migrated again to
to Venus (Aphrodite), who hence bore the sur- Colophon, on the coast of Asia. His tomb,
name Idalia.                              however, was shown at Cnosus, where he and
[IDANTHYRSUS ('Id6avvpuog), a king of the Meriones were worshipped as heroes.-2. Of
Scythians, under whom they overran Asia, and Lampsacus, a friend and disciple of Epicurus,
advanced as far as Egypt.]               flourished about B.C. 310-270. He wrote sevIDAS ('Idas). 1. Son of Aphareus and Arene, eral philosophical and historical works, all of
the daughter of CEbalus, brother of Lynceus, which are lost. The latter were chiefly devoted
husband of Marpessa, and father of Cleopatra or to an account of the private life of the distinAlcyone. From the name of their father, Idas guished men of Greece.
and Lynceus are called Apharetidc or Apharidce.  IDOTHEA (EidoOEa), daughter of Proteus, taught
Apollo was in love with Marpessa, the daughter Menelaus how he might secure her father, and
of Evenus, but Idas carried her off in a winged compel him to declare in what manner he might
chariot which Neptune (Poseidon) had given reach home in safety.
him. Evenus could not overtake Idas, but   IDRIEUS or HIDnRIEUS('ILpeIvf, eptEV), king of
Apollo found him in Messene, and took the Caria, second son of Hecatomnus, succeeded to
390




IDUBEDA.                                  ILIONEUS.
the throne on the death of Artemisia, the widow  considered to be genuine; and even these seven
of his brother Maussolus, in B.C. 351. He died are much interpolated. The ancient Syriac verin 344, leaving the kingdom to his sister ADA, sion of some of these epistles, which has been
whom he had married.                      recently discovered, is free from many of the
IDUBEIDA (now Sierra de Oca and Lorenzo), a interpolations found in the present Greek text,
range of mountains in Spain, begins among the and was evidently executed when the Greek
Cantabri, forms the southern boundary of the text was in a state of greater purity than it is
plain of the Ebro, and runs southeast to the at present. The Greek text has been publishMediterranean.                            ed in the Patres Apostolici by Cotelerius, AmIDMifEIA ('Idovyia), is the Greek form of the sterd., 1724, and by Jacobson, Oxon., 1838; and
scriptural name EDOM, but the terms are not the Syriac version, accompanied with the Greek
precisely equivalent. In the Old Testament, text, by Cureton, Lond., 1849.
and in the time before the Babylonish captivity  IGUVIUM (Iguvinus, Iguvinas, -atis: now Gubof the Jews, Edom is the district of Mount Seir, bio or Eugubio), an important town in Umbria,_
that is, the mountainous region extending north on the southern slope of the Apennines. On a
and south from the Dead Sea to the eastern mountain in the neighborhood of this town was
head of the Red Sea, peopled by the descend- a celebrated temple of Jupiter (Zeus), in the
ants of Esau, and added by David to the Israel- ruins of which were discovered, four centuries
itish monarchy. The decline of the kingdom  ago, seven brazen tables, covered with Umbrian
of Judaea, and at last its extinction by Nebu- inscriptions, and which are still preserved at
chadnezzar, enabled the Edomites to extend Gubbio.  These tables, frequently called the
their power to the northwest over the southern Eugubian Tables, contain more than one thoupart of Judaea as far as Hebron, while their sand Umbrian words, and are of great importoriginal territory was taken possession of by ance for a knowledge of the ancient languages
the Nabathaean Arabs. Thus the Idumaea of of Italy. They-are explained byGrotefend, Ruthe later Jewish and of the Roman history is dimenta Linguae Umbricce, &c., Hannov., 1835,
the southern part of Judaea and a small portion seq., and by Lepsius, Inscriptiones Umbricca et
of the north of Arabia Petraea, extending north- Oscce, Lips., 1841.
west and southeast from the Mediterranean to  ILAIRA ('IT6etpa), daughter of Leucippus and
the western side of Mount Seir. Under the Philodice, and sister of Phcebe. The two sisMaccabees, the Idumaeans were again subject- ters are frequently mentioned by the poets uned to Judaea (B.C. 129), and governed, under der the name of Leucippids. Both were carthem, by prefects (aoparoyoi), who were very ried off by the Dioscuri, and Ilaira became the
probably descended from the old princes of wife of Castor.
Edom; but the internal dissensions in the As-  ILERCA'ONES, ILERCAONENSES, or ILLURGAVomonaean family led at last to the establishment NENSES, a people in Hispania Tarraconensis, off
of an Idumaean dynasty on the Jewish throne: the western coast, between the Iberus and Mons
Vid. ANTIPATER, NOS. 3, 4, HERODES. The Ro- Idubeda. Their chief town was DERTOSA..man writers of the Augustan age and later use  ILERDA (now Lerida), a town of the Ilergetes
Idumaea and Judeea as equivalent terms. Soon in Hispania Tarraconensis, situated on a height
after the destruction of Jerusalem the name of above the River Sicoris (now Segre), which was
Idumsea disappears from history, and is merged here crossed by a stone bridge. It was afterin that of Arabia. Both the old Edomites and ward a Roman colony, but in the time of Authe later Idumaeans were a commercial peo- sonius had ceased to be a place of importance.
pie, and carried on a great part of the traffic be- It was here that Afranius and Petreius, the letween the East and the shores of the Mediter- gates of Pompey, were defeated by Caesar (B.C.
ranean.                                   49).
IDYIA ('Id6va), daughter of Oceanus and Te-  ILERGETES, a people in Hispania Tarraconenthys, and wife of the Colchian king.EETES.  sis, between the Iberus and the Pyrenees.
IERNE. Vid. HIBERNIA.                     ILIA or RHEA SILVIA. Vid. ROMULUS.
IEdTE ('Ierai:'IerIvoc: now Jato), a town in   ILICI or ILLICE (now Elche), a town of the
the interior of Sicily, on a mountain of the same Contestani, on the eastern coast of Hispania
name, southwest of Macella.               Tarraconensis, on the road from Carthago Nova
[IGILGILI ('Iy7t2y;l: now Jigelli or Jigel), a to Valentia, was a colonia immunis. The modcity of Mauretania Casariensis, west of the ern Elche lies at a greater distance from the
River Ampsaga, between the rivers Audus and coast than the ancient town.
Guls.]                                      ILIENSES, an ancient people in SARDINIA.
IGYILIU  (now Giglio), a small island off the  ILIONA ('I;RoVyZ), daughter of Priam and HecEtruscan coast, opposite Cosa.            uba, wife of Polymnestor or Polymestor, king
IGNATIUS ('Iyvdzrto), one of the \apostolical of the Thracian Chersonesus, to whom she bore
fathers, was a hearer of the Apostle John, and a son Deipylus. At the beginning of the Trojan
succeeded Evodius as bishop of Antioch in A.D. war her brother Polydorus was intrusted to her
69. He was condemned to death by Trajan at care, and she brought him up as her own son.
Antioch, and was taken to Rome, where he was For details, vid. PoLYboRus. Iliona was the
thrown to the wild beasts in the amphitheatre. name of one of the tragedies of Pacuvius.
The date of his martyrdom is uncertain. Some (Hor., Sat., ii., 3, 61.)
place it in 107, but others as late as 116. On  ILIONEUS ('IX2OveCi). 1. Ason ofNiobe, whom
his Way from Antioch to Rome, Ignatius wrote Apollo would have liked to save, because he was
several epistles in Greek to various churches. praying; but the arrow was no longer under the
There are extant at present fifteen epistles control of the god. Vid. NIOBE;-[2. A Trojan,
ascribed to Ignatius, but of these only seven are son of Phorbas, slain in battle by Peneleus.391,




ILIPA.                                 ILLYRICUM.
8. One of the companions of 2Eneas.-4. A Tro- the valleys of the Savus and Dravus, and the
jan warrior, slain by Diomedes.]          junction of these rivers with the Danube. This
ILIPA (now Pennafor), a town in Hispania wide extent of country was inhabited by numerBaetica, on the right bank of the Baetis, which ous Illyrian tribes, all of whom were more or
was navigable to this place with small vessels. less barbarous.  They were probably of the
[ILIPULA ('IUTrov;Xa). 1. Called MAGNA, a same origin as the Thracians, but some Celts
city of Hispania Baetica, between the rivers were mingled with them. The country was diAnas and Baetis.-2. I. MINOR (now Lepe. divided into two parts: 1. ILLYRIS BARBARA or
Ronda), also in Hispania Betica, belonging to ROMANA, the Roman province of ILLYRICUM, exthe district of Astigi.]                  tended along the Adriatic Sea from Italy (Istria),
ILIssus ('Itca6go, more rarely Etizra6Co), a from which it was separated by the Arsia, to
small river in Attica, rises on the northern the River Drilo, and was bounded on the east
slope of Mount Hymettus, receives the brook by Macedonia and Moesia Superior, from which
Eridanus near the Lyceum, outside the walls of it was separated by the Drinus, and on the north
Athens, then flows through the eastern side of by Pannonia, from which it was separated by
Athens, and loses itself in the marshes in the the Dravus. It thus comprehended a part of
Athenian plain. The Ilissus is now usually dry, the modern Croatia, the-whole of Dalmatia, alas its waters are drawn off to supply the city.  most the whole of Bosnia, and a part of Albania.
ILITHYIA (Ei2LeiOvta), also called Elithyia, Ile- It was divided in ancient times into three disthyia, or Eleutho, the goddess of birth, who tricts, according to the tribes by which it was
came to the assistance of women in labor. inhabited: Iapydia, the interior of the country
When she was kindly disposed, she furthered on the north, from the Arsia to the Tedanius
the birth; but when she was angry, she pro- (rid. IAPYDES); Liburnia, along the coast from
tracted the labor. In the Iliad the Ilithyiae-(in the Arsia to the Titius (vid. LIBURNI); and Dalthe plural) are called the daughters of Hera matia, south of Liburnia, along the coast from
(Juno). But in the Odyssey and Hesiod, and the Titius to the Drilo. Vid. DALMATIA. The
in the later poets in general, there is only one Liburnians submitted at an early time to the
goddess of this name. Ilithyia was the servant Romans; but it was not till after the conquest
of Hera (Juno), and was employed by the latter of the Dalmatians, in the reign of Augustus, that
to retard the birth of Hercules. Vid. HERCULES. the entire country was organized as a Roman
The worship of Ilithyia appears to have been province. From this time the Illyrians, and
first established among the Dorians in Crete, especially the Dalmatians, formed an important
where she was believed to have been born in a part of the Roman legions.-2. ILLYRIS GRECA,
cave in the territory of Cnosus. From thence or ILLYRIA proper, also called EPIRUS NovA, exher worship spread over Delos and Attica. Ac- tended from the Drilo, along the Adriatic, to the
cording to a Delian tradition, Ilithyia was not Ceraunian Mountains, which separated it from
born in Crete, but had come to Delos from the Epirus proper: it was bounded on the east by
Hyperboreans, for the purpose of assisting Leto Macedonia. It thus embraced the greater part
(Latona). In an ancient hymn attributed to of the modern Albania. It was a mountainous
Olen, which was sung in Delos, Ilithyia was country, but possessed some fertile land on the
called the mother of Eros (Love). It is proba- coast. Its principal rivers were the Aous, APble that Ilithyia was originally a goddess of the sus, GENUSUs, and PANYASUS. In the interior
moon, and hence became identified with Arte- was an important lake, the LYCHNITIS. On the
mis or Diana. The moon was supposed to ex- coast there were the Greek colonies of Epidamercise great influence over growth in general, nus, afterward DYRRHACHIUM, and APOLLONIA.
and consequently over that of children.   It was at these places that the celebrated Via
ILIUM. Vid. TRUAS.                      Egnatia commenced, which ran through MaceILLIBERIS ('ISA6Ep1t). 1. (Now Tech), called donia to Byzantium. The country was inhabTICHIS or TECHUM by the Romans, a river in ited by various tribes, ATINTANES, TAULANTII,
Gallia Narbonensis, in the territory of the Sar- PARTHINI, DASSARETI, &C. In early times they
dones, rises in the Pyrenees, and falls, after a were troublesome and dangerous neighbors to
short course, into the Mare Gallicum.-2. (Now  the Macedonian kings. They were subdued by
Elne), a town of the Santones, on the above- Philip, the father of Alexander the Great, who
mentioned river, at the foot of the Pyrenees, defeated and slew in battle their king Bardylis,
was originally a place of importance, but after- B.C. 359. After the death of Alexander the
ward sunk into insignificance. It was restored Great, most of the Illyrian tribes recovered
by Constantine, who changed its name into their independence. At a later time, the injury
HELENA, after that of his mother, whence the which the Roman trade suffered from their pimodern Elne                               racies brought against them the arms of the reILLITURGIS or ILLITURGI (now Andujar), an public. The forces of their queen Teuta were
important town of the Turduli in Hispania Tar- easily defeated by the Romans, and she was
raconensis, situated on a steep rock near the obliged to purchase peace by the surrender of
Baetis, and on the road from Corduba to Cas- part of her dominions and the payment of an
tulo: it was destroyed by Scipio B.C. -210, but annual tribute, 229. The second Illyrian war
was rebuilt, and received the name of Forum  was finished by the Romans with the same ease.
Julium.                                   It was commenced by Demetrius of Pharos, who
ILLYRICUM or ILLYRIS, more rarely ILLYRIA  was guardian of Pineus, the son of Agron, but
(rT'Ia2vpLK6v,'IaavpiG,'I2avpia), included, in he was conquered by the consul 2Emilius Pauits widest signification, all the land west of lus, 219. Pineus was succeeded by Pleuratus,
Macedonia and east of Italy and Raetia, extend- who cultivated friendly relations with the Roing south as far as Epirus, and north as far as mans.  His son Gentius formed an alliance
392




ILUS.                                     INDIA.
with Perseus, king of Macedonia, against ty-two northeast of Lemnos. It is about twenRome; but he was conquered by the prwetor ty-five miles in circumference, and is hilly, but
L. Anicius, in the same year as Perseus, 168; contains many fertile valleys. Imbros, like the
whereupon Illyria, as well as Macedonia, be- neighboring island of Samothrace, was in ancame subject to Rome. In the new division of cient times one of the chief seats of the worthe empire under Constantine, Illyricum form- ship of the Cabiri and Mercury(Hermes). There
ed one of the great provinces of the empire. It was a town of the same name on the east of
was divided into ILLYRICUM OCCIDENTALE, which the island, of which there are still some ruins.
included Illyricum proper, Pannonia, and Nori-  INiCHIS ('IvaXic), a surname of Io, the daughcum, and ILLYRICUM ORIENTALE, which compre- ter of Inachus. The goddess Isis is also called
hended Dacia, Mesia, Macedonia, and Thrace. Inachis, because she was identified with Io;
ILUS (`'IjO). 1. Son of Dardanus by, Batea, and sometimes Inachis is used as synonymous
the daughter of Teucer. Ilus died without is- with an Argive or Greek woman. Inachides in
sue, and left his kingdom to his brother, Erich- the same way was used as a name of Epaphus,
thonius.-2. Son of Tros and Callirrhoa, grand- a grandson of Inachus, and also of Perseus, beson of Erichthonius, and great-grandson of Dar- cause he was born at Argos, the city of Inachus.
danus; whence he is called Dardanides. He   INXCHUS ("Ivaxor), son of Oceanus and Tethys,
was the father of Laomedon and the grandfather and father of Phoroneus and lEgialeus, to whom
of Priam. He was believed to be the founder others add Io, Argus Panoptes, and Phegeus or
of Ilion, which was also called Troy, after, his Pegeus.  He was the first king and the most
father. Jupiter (Zeus) gave him the palladium, ancient hero of Argos, whence the country is
a statue of three cubits high, with its feet close frequently called the land of Inachus; an'd he
together, holding a spear in its right hand, and a is said to have given his name to the River Inadistaff in its left, and promised that as long as chus. The ancients made several attempts to
it remained in Troy, the city should be safe. explain the stories about Inachus: sometimes
The tomb of Ilus was shown in the neighbor- they looked upon him as a native of Argos, who,
hood of Troy.-3. Son of Mermerus, and grand- after the flood of Deucalion,. led the Argives
son of Jason and Medea. He lived at Ephyra, from the mountains into the plains; and somebetween Elis and Olympia; and when Ulysses times they regarded him as the leader of an
came to him to fetch the poison for his arrows, Egyptian or Libyan colony, which settled on
Ilus refused it, from fear of the vengeance of the banks of the Inachus.
the gods.-[4. A Latin warrior, slain by Pallas,  INyCHUS (jIvaof). 1. (Now Planitza or Zeria),
son of Evander.]                          the chief river in Argolis, rises in the mountain
ILVA. Vid. ZETHALIA.                    Lyrceus, on the borders of Arcadia, flows in a
ILV!TES, a people in Liguria, south of the Po, southeasterly direction, receives near Argos the
in the modern Montferrat.                 Charadrus, and falls into the Sinus Argolicus
IMACHARA (Imacharensis: now Maccara), a south of Argos.-2. [Now Krikeli, or, according
town in Sicily, in the Herman Mountains.  to Leake, Ariadha], a river in Acarnania, which
[IMANUENTIUs, king of the Trinobantes, slain rises in Mount Lacmon, in the range of Pindus,
by Cassivelaunus.]                        and falls into the-Achelous.
[IMAON, a Latin warrior, whom Halesus pro-  INRYIME. Vid. zLENAIA.
tected when attacked by Pallas, son ofEvander.]  INXROS ('Ivdpwo, occasionally "Ivapoe), son of
IMiXus (rO I'Iaov hpop), the name of a great Psammitichus, a chief of some Libyan tribes
mountain range of Asia, is one of those terms to the west of Egypt, commenced hostilities
which the ancient geographers appear to have against the Persians, which ended in a revolt of
used indefinitely, for want of exact knowledge. the whole of Egypt, B.C. 461. In 460 Inaros
In its most definite application, it appears to called in the Athenians, who, with a fleet of
mean the western part of the Himalaya, between two hundred galleys, were then off Cyprus: the
the Paropamisus and the Emodi Montes; but ships sailed up to Memphis, and, occupying two
when it is applied to some great chain, extend- parts of the town, besieged the third. In the
ing much further to the north, and dividing same year Inaros defeated the Persians in a
Scythia into two parts, Scythia intra Imaum  great battle, in which Achoemenes, the brother
and Scythia extra Imaum, it must either be un- of the king Artaxerxes, was slain. But a new
derstood to mean the modern Moussour or Al- army, under a new commander, Megabyzus,
tai Mountains, or else some imaginary range, was more successful. The Egyptians and their
which can not be identified with any actually allies were defeated; and Inaros was taken by
existing mountains.                      treachery and crucified, 455.
IaMBRASUS ('I1y6paoSg), a river in the island of  INDIA (~'Ivnda:'Ivo6r, Indus) was a name
Samos, formerly called Parthenius, flowing into used by the Greeks and Romans, much as the
the sea not far from the city of Samos. The modern term East Indies, to describe the whole
celebrated temple of Juno (Hera) ('Hpaeoi) of the southeast part of Asia, to the cast, south,
stood near it, and it gave the epithet of Imbra- and southeast of the great ranges of mountains
sia both to Juno (Hera) and to Diana (Artemis). now called the Soliman and Himalaya Mount[IMBRIUS ('Ije6ptog), son of Mentor of Pedasus ains, including the two peninsulas of Hindusin Caria, married an illegitimate daughter of tan, and of Burmah, Cochin-China, Siam, and
Priam (named Medesicaste), and aided Priam  Malacca, and also the islands of the Indian Aragainst the Greeks: he was slain by Teucer.] chipelago. There is ample evidence that comIsMBROS ('YI6poC:'Iu6pLor: now Embro or Im- mercial intercourse was carried on, from a very
bres), an island in the north of the 2Egean Sea, early time, between the western coast of Hindusnear the Thracian Chersonesus, about eighteen tan and the western parts of Asia, by the way of
miles southeast of Samothrace, and about twen- the Persian Gulf, the Euphrates, and across the
393




INDIBILIS.                                 INDUS.
Syrian Desert to Phoenicia, and also by way of Indibilis received from P. Scipio When they
of the Red Sea and Idumaea, both to Egypt and fell into his hands, the two brothers deserted
to Phoenicia; and so on from Phoenicia to Asia the Carthaginian cause, and joined Scipio in
Minor and Europe. The direct acquaintance 209 with all the forces of their nation. But in
of the western nations with India dates from  206, the illness and reported death of Scipio
the reign of Darius, the son of Hystaspes, who gave them hopes of shaking off the yoke of
added to the Persian empire a part of its north- Rome, and they excited a general revolt not
west regions, perhaps only as far as the Indus, only among their own subjects, but the neighcertainly not beyond the limits of the Punjab; boring Celtiberian tribes also. They were deand the slight knowledge of the country thus feated by Scipio, and upon sueing for forgiveness
obtained by the Persians was conveyed to the were pardoned. But when Scipio left Spain in
Greeks through the inquiries of travellers, es- the next year (205), they again revolted. The
pecially Herodotus, and afterward by those Roman generals whom Scipio had left in Spain
Greeks who resided for some time in the Per- forthwith marched against them; Indibilis was
sian empire, such as CTESIAS, who wrote a spe- slain in battle, and Mandonius was taken soon
cial work on India ('IvtKdc). The expedition of afterward and put to death.
ALEXANDER into India first brought the Greeks  INDICETAE or INDIGETES, a people in the northinto actual contact with the country; but the east corner of Hispania Tarraconensis, close
conquests of Alexander only extended within upon the Pyrenees. Their chief town was E-E
Scinde, and the Punjab, as far as the River HY- PORIUM.
PHASIS, down which he sailed into the Indus,  INDICUS OCEANUS. Vid. ERYTHRAEUM MARE.
and down the Indus to the sea. The Greek    INDGEsTES, the name of those indigenous
king of Syria, Seleucus Nicator, crossed the gods and heroes at Rome, who once lived on
Hyphasis, and made war with the Prasii, a peo- earth as mortals, and were worshipped after
pie dwelling on the banks of the upper Ganges, their death as gods, such as Janus, Picus,
to whom he afterward sent ambassadors; na- Faunus,./Eneas, Evander, Hercules, Latinus,
med Megasthenes and Daimachus, who lived Romulus, and others. Thus lEneas, after his
for several years at Palibothra, the capital of disappearance on the banks of the Numicus,
the Prasii, and had thus the opportunity of ob- became a deus Indiges, pater Indiges, or Jupiter
taining much information respecting the parts Indiges; and in-like manner, Romulus became
of India about the Ganges. Megasthenes com- Quirinus, and Latinus Jupiter Latiaris. The
posed a work on India, which appears to have Indigetes are frequently mentioned together
been the chief source of all the accurate in- with the Lares and Penates; and many writers
formation contained in the works of later writ- connect the Indigetes with those divinities to
ers. After the death of Seleucus Nicator, B.C. whom a share in the foundation of the Latin
281, the direct intercourse of the Western na- and Roman state is ascribed, such as Mars,
tions. with India, except in the way of com- Venus, Vesta, &c.
merce, ceased almost entirely; and whatever  INDUS or SINDUS ('Iv0O: now Indus, Sind), a
new information the later writers obtained was great river of India, rises in the table-land of
often very erroneous. Meanwhile, the founda- Thibet, north of the Himalaya Mountains, flows
tion of Alexandrea had created an extensive nearly parallel to the great bend of that chain
commerce between India and the West, by way on its northern side, till it breaks through the
of the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, and Egypt, chain a little east of Attock, in the northwest
which made the Greeks better acquainted with corner of the Punjab, and then flows southwest
the western coast of the peninsula, and extended through the great plain of the Punjab into the
their knowledge further into the Eastern seas; Erythraeum Mare (now Indian Ocean), which
but the information they thus obtained of the it enters by several mouths, two according to
countries beyond Cape Comorin was extremely the earlier Greek writers, six according to the
vague and scanty. Another channel of inform- later. Its chief tributaries are the Cophen (now
ation, however, was opened, during this period, Cabul), which enters it from the northwest at
by the establishment of the Greek kingdom of Attock, and the Acesines on the east side. Vid.
Bactria, to which a considerable part of North- HYPHASIS. Like the Nile, the Indus overflows
ern India appears to have been subject. The its banks, but with a much less fertilizing relater geographers made two great divisions of suit, as the country about its lower course is
India, which are separated by the Ganges, and for the most part a sandy desert, and the deare called India intra Gangem and India extra posit it brings down is much less rich than that
Gangem, the former including the peninsula of of the Nile. The erroneous notions of the early
Hindustan, the latter the Burmese peninsula. Greeks respecting the connection between the
They were acquainted with the division of the southeastern parts of the continents of Africa
people of Hindustan into castes, of which they and Asia, led to a confusion between the Indus
enumerate seven. It is not necessary, for our and the Nile; but this and other mistakes were
object, to mention the other particulars which corrected by the voyage of Alexander's fleet
they relate concerning India and its people.  down the Hyphasis and the Indus. The anINDIBILIs and MANDONIUS, two brothers, and cient name of India was derived from the nachiefs of the Spanish tribe of the Ilergetes, who tive name of the Indus (now Sind).
played an important part in the war between  INDus ('Ivdos: now Dollomon-Chai), a conthe Romans and Carthaginians in Spain during siderable river of Asia Minor, rising in the
the second Punic war. For some years they southwest of Phrygia, and flowing through the
were faithful allies of the Carthaginians; but district of Cibyratis and the southeastern corner
in consequence of the generous treatment of Caria into the Mediterranean, opposite to
which the wife of Mandonius and the daughters Rhodes.
394




INDUTIOMARUS.                                    I0.
INDUTIOMARUS or INDUCIOMARUS, one of the of the same name.-2. A town in Latium, on
leading chiefs of the Treviri in Gaul. As he the Via Latina, and at the junction of the Cawas opposed to the Romans, Caesar induced sinus with the Liris, whence its inhabitants
the leading men of the nation to side with Cin- are called Interamnates Lirinates. It was made
getorix, the son-in-law but rival of Indutioma- a Roman colony B.C. 312, but subsequently
rus, B.C. 54. Indutiomarus, in consequence, sunk into insignificance.
took up arms against the Romans, but was de-  INTERCATIA, an important town of the Vacfeated and slain by Labienus.             cEei in Hispania Tarraconensis, on the road
INESSA. Vid. ETNA, No. 2.               from Asturica to Caesaraugusta.
INFERI, the gods of the Nether World, in  INTERCISA or PETRA. PERTUSA, a town in Umcontradistinction from the Superi, or the gods bria, so called because a road was here cut
of heaven. In Greek the Inferi are called ot through the rocks by order of Vespasian. An
KiTdr, ol XO6VLo, ol Vr7o yatav, ol ivep0e, or ol ancient inscription on the spot still commemV7TrvepOe to i; and the Superi, otl vu, 0iraroL orates this work.
and ovpdvlot. But the word Inferi is also fre-  INTERNUM MARE, the Mediterranean Sea, exquently used to designate the dead, in contra- tended on the west from the Straits of Hercudistinction from those living upon the earth; so les, which separated it from the Atlantic, to
that apud inferos is equivalent to " in Hades," the coasts of Syria and Asia Minor on the east.
or "in the lower world." The Inferi therefore In the northeast it was usually supposed to
comprise all the inhabitants of the lower world, terminate at the Hellespont. From the Straits
the gods, viz., Hades or Pluto, his wife Per- of Hercules to the furthest shores of Syria it is
sephone (Proserpina), the Erinnyes or Furies, two thousand miles in length; and, including
and others, as well as the souls of departed the islands, it occupies an area of seven hunmen. The gods of the lower world are treat- dred and thirty-four thousand square miles. It
ed of in separate articles.               was called by the Romans Mare Internum or
INFERUM MARE. Vid. TYRRHENUM MARE.      Intestinum; by the Greeks, ESouo i9a7rra or 4
INGEdVON-ES. Vid. GERMANIA, p. 327, a.  ievTObc 6i2arra, or, more fully, t EivTCr'HpaKceEiINGAUNI, a people in Liguria, on the coast, uv GTrrV v ~diaZarra, and by Herodotus j6e 4
whose chief town was ALBIUM INGAUNUM.     QdlaaTra; and from its washing the coasts both
[INGENA (now Avranches), a town of the Ab- of Greece and Italy, it was also called both by
rincatui in Gallia Lugdunensis.]          Greeks and Romans Our Sea (rj jepeerpa'9darINGENUUS, one of the Thirty Tyrants, was ra,  KaEO' /a C -a2GarTa, Mare Nostrum). The
governor of Pannonia when Valerian set out term Mare Mediterraneum is not used by the
upon his campaign against the Persians, A.D. best classical writers, and occurs first in Soli258. He assumed the purple in his province, nus. Most of the ancients believed that the
but was defeated and slain by Gallienus.  Mediterranean received its waters from the At[INGUIOMERUS, brother of Sigimer and of Ar- lantic, and poured them through the Hellespont
minius: he had been the adherent of Rome, and the Propontis into the Euxine; but others,
but afterward joined the party of Arminius. on the contrary, maintained that the waters
After having served for some time with them, came from the Euxine into the Mediterranean.
envy of the fame or power of Arminius led him  The ebb and flow of the tide are perceptible in
to abandon the cause of the Cheruscans: at the only a few parts of the Mediterranean, such as
head of his clients he deserted to the Suevians, in the Syrtes on the coast of Africa, in the
with whom he was defeated by Arminius.]   Adriatic, &c. The different parts of the MediINO ('Iv), daughter of Cadmus and Harmo- terranean are called by different names, which
vnia, and wife of Athamas. For details, vid. are spoken of in separate articles. Vid. MARE
ATHAMAS.                                  TYRRHENUM or INFERUM, ADRIA or M. ADRIATIIN6US, a name both of Melicertes and of Pa- CUM or M. SUPERUM,M. SICULUM, M.IEGnUM, &C.
laemon, because they were the sons of Ino.  [INTERCREA (now Introdoco), a town of the
INSUBRES, a Gallic people, who crossed the Sabines in the interior of Samnium.]
Alps, and settled in Gallia Transpadana, in the  INTONSUS, the Unshorn, a surname of Apollo
north of Italy. Their chief town was MEDIo- and Bacchus, in allusion to the eternal youth
LANUM. Next to the Boii, they were the most of these gods, since the Greek youths allowed
powerful and warlike of the' Gallic tribes in their hair to grow until they attained manhood.
Cisalpine Gaul. They were conquered by the  INUI CASTRUM. Vid. CASTRUM, No. 1.
Romans shortly before the commencement of   INYCUM (IvvIcov or -or:'IvvcIVOr: now Calda
the second Punic war.                     Bellota?), a small town in the south of Sicily,
INTAPHERNES ('IVra0EPvn7), one of the seven not far from Selinus, on the River Hypsas.
conspirators against the two Magi in Persia,  Io ('I), daughter of Inachus, the first king
B.C. 522. He was afterward put to death by of Argos, or, according to ethers, of Iasus or
Darius.                                   Piren. Jupiter (Zeus) loved-Io, but, on account
INTEMELII, a people in Liguria, on the coast, of Juno's (Hera) jealousy, he metamorphosed
whose chief town was ALBIUM INTEMELIUM.   her into a white heifer.  The goddess, who
INTERAMNA (Interamnas), the name of sev- was aware of the change, obtained the heifer
eral towns in Italy, so called from their lying from Jupiter (Zeus), and placed her under the
between two streams. 1. (Now Terni), an an- care of Argus Panoptes; but Jupiter (Zeus)
cient municipium in Umbria, situated on the sent Mercury (Hermes) to slay Argus and deNar, and surrounded by a canal flowing into liver Io. Vid. ARGUS. Juno (Hera) then torthis river, whence its inhabitants were called mented Io with a gad-fly, and drove her in a
Interamnates Nartes. It was the birth-place of state of phrensy from land to land over the
the historian Tacitus, as well as of the emperor whole earth, until at length she found rest on
395




IOBATES.                                   IONIA.
the banks of the Nile. Here she recovered her. at the period of his last illness. Those writers
original form, and bore a son to Jupiter (Zeus) who adopt the idea of the king having been
called Epaphus. Vid. EPAPHUS. This is the poisoned, represent Iollas as the person who
common story, which appears to be very an- actually administered the fatal draught.-2. Of
cient, since Homer constantly gives the epithet Bithynia, a writer on materia medica, flourished
of Argiphontes (the slayer of Argus) to Mercury in the third century B.C.
(Hermes).  The wanderings of Io were very  ION ('IYV). 1. The fabulous ancestor of the
celebrated in antiquity, and were extended and Ionians, is described as the son of Apollo by
embellished with the increase of geographical Creusa, the daughter of Erechtheus and wife
knowledge. Of these there is a full account in of Xuthus. The most celebrated story about
the Prometheus of zEschylus. The Bosporus Ion is the one which forms the subject of the
is said to have derived its name:from her swim- Ion of Euripides. Apollo had visited Creusa in
ming across it. According to some traditions a cave below the Propylaea, at Athens; and
Io married Telegonus, king of Egypt, and was when she gave birth to a son, she exposed him
afterward identified with Isis. The legend of in the same cave. The god, however, had the
Io is difficult to explain. It appears that Io child conveyed to Delphi, where he was eduwas identical with the moon, which is prob- cated by a priestess. Some time afterward
ably signified by her being represented as a Xuthus and Creusa came to consult the oracle
woman, with the horns of a heifer. Her con- about the means of obtaining an heir. They
nection with Egypt seems to be an invention received for answer that the first human being
of later times, and was probably suggested by which Xuthus met on leaving the temple should
the resemblance which- was found to exist be- be his son. Xuthus met Ion, and acknowledged
tween the Argive Io and the Egyptian Isis.  him as his son; but Creusa, imagining him to
IOBXTES, king of Lycia.  Vid. BELLEROPHON. be a son of her husband by a former mistress,
IOL. Vid. CIESAREA, NO. 4.              caused a cup to be presented to the youth,
IOLAENSES. Vid. IOLAUS.                 which was filled with the poisonous blood of a
IOLAUS ('I7t-aog), son of Iphicles and Autome- dragon. However, her object was discovered,
dusa. Iphicles was the half-brother of Hercu- for as Ion, before drinking, poured out a libales, and Iolaus was the faithful companion and tion to the gods, a pigeon which drank of it
charioteer of the hero. Vid. HERCULES. He died on the spot. Creusa.thereupon fled to the
assisted Hercules in slaying the Lernmean Hy- altar of the god. Ion dragged her away, and
dra. After Hercules had instituted the Olym- was on the point of killing her, when a priestess
pic games, Iolaus won the victory with the interfered, explained the mystery, and showed
horses of his master. Hercules sent him to that Ion was the son of Creusa. Mother and
Sardinia at the head of his sons whom he had son thus became reconciled, but Xuthus was
by- the daughters of Thespius. He introduced not let into the secret. Among the inhabitants
civilization among the inhabita.is of that island, of the JEgialus, i. e., the northern coast of Peland was worshipped by them. From Sardinia oponnesus, who were Ionians, there was anhe went to Sicily, and then returned to Hercu- other tradition current. Xuthus, when expelled
les shortly before the death of the latter. After from Thessaly, came to.the _Egialus. After
the death of the hero, Iolauls was the first who his death Ion was on the point of marching
offered sacrifices to him as a demigod. Ac- against the 2Egialeans, when their king Selicording to Pausanias, Iolaus died in Sardinia, nus gave him his daughter Helice in marriage.
whereas, according to others, he was buried On the death of Selinus, Ion' succeeded to the
in the tomb of his grandfather, Amphitryon. throne, and thus the 2Egialeans received the
His descendants in Sardinia were called'Io32a- name of Ionians, and the town of Helice was
eCZ and Iolaenses. Vid. S.RDINIA. Iolaus, after built in honor of Ion's wife. Other traditions
his death, obtained permission from the gods represent Ion as king of Athens between the
of the nether world to come to the assistance reigns of Erechtheus and Cecrops; for it is
of the children of Hercules. He slew Eurys- said that his assistance was called in by the
theus, and then returned to the shades.   Athenians in their war with the Eleusinians,
IOLCUS ('ItWK6C, Ep.'IaocdlXK, Dor.'Ia2Xc6c.: that he conquered Eumolpus, and then became'I5&LKLOC), an ancient town in Magnesia in Thes- king of Athens. He there became the father
saly, at the top of the Pagasaean Gulf, seven of four sons, Geleon,.LEgicores, Argades, and
stadia from the sea. It is said to have been Hoples, whose names were given to the four
founded by the mythical Cretheus, and to have Athenian classes.  After his death he was
been colonized by Minyans from Orchomenus. buried at Potamus.-2. Of Chios, son of OrthoIt was celebrated in mythology as the residence menes, was a celebrated tragic poet. He went
of Pelias and Jason, and as the place from which to Athens when young, and there enjoyed the
the Argonauts sailed in quest of the golden. society of zEschylus and Cimon. The number
fleece. At a later time it fell into decay, and of his tragedies is variously stated at twelve,
its inhabitants were removed to the neighbor- thirty, and forty. We have the titles and a few
ing town of Demetrias, which was founded by fragments of eleven. Ion also wrote other kinds
Demetrius Poliorcetes.                    of poetry, and prose works both in history and
I6,LE ('I2ns), daughter of Eurytus of CEchalia, philosophy. [The fragments of his tragedies
was beloved by Hercules.' For details, vid. p. are contained in W'agner's Fragm. Trag. GreEc.,
359, a. After the death of Hercules, she mar- p. 21-36.]-3. Of Ephesus, a rhapsodist in the
ried his son Hyllus.                     time of Socrates, from whom one of Plato's diIoLLAS or IoLIUS ('I62lacg or'I6;Oaog). 1. Son alogues is named.
of Antipater, and brother' of Cassander, king of  I6NIA ('Iwvia: ~Iovev) and ISNIS (Rom. poet.),
Macedonia. He was cup-bearer to Alexander a district on the western coast of Asia Minor,
396




IONIA.                                    IONIA.
so ealled from the Ionian Greeks who colonized were the worship of Apollo Didymmus at Branit at a time earlier than any distinct historical chidre, near Miletus, of Diana (Artemis) at
records. The mythical account of "the great Ephesus, and of Apollo Clarius at Colophon.
Ionic migration" relates that in consequence All these facts point to the conclusion that the
of the disputes between the sons of Codrus, Greek colonization of this coast was effected,
king of Athens, about the succession to his gov- not by one, but by successive emigrations from
ernment, his younger sons, Neleus and Andro- different states, but chiefly of the Ionic race.
clus, resolved-to seek a new home beyond the The central position of this district, its excelXEgean Sea. Attica was at the time overpeo- lent harbors, and the fertility of its plains, wapled by numerous exiles, whom the great rev- tered by the Meander, the Cayster, and the
olution, known as " the return of the Heracli- Hermus, combined with the energetic character
dae," had driven out of their own states, the of the Ionian race to confer a high degree of
chief of whom were the Ionians who had been prosperity upon these cities; and it was not
expelled from Peloponnesus by the Dorian in- long before they began to send forth colonies
vaders. A large portion of this superfluous to many places on the shores of the Mediterrapopulation went forth as Athenian colonists, nean and the Euxine, and even to Greece itself.
under the leadership of Androclus and Neleus, During the rise of the Lydian empire, the- cities
and of other chieftains of other races, and set- of Ionia preserved their independence until the
tled on that part of the western shores of Asia reign of Crcesus, who subdued those on the
Minor which formed the coast of Lydia and main land, but relinquished his design of attackpart of Caria, and also in the adjacent islands ing the islands. When Cyrus had overthrown
of Chios and Samos, and in the Cyclades. The Crcesus, he sent his general Harpagus to commythical chronology places this great move- plete the conquest of the Ionic Greeks, B.C.
ment one hundred and forty years after the 557.  Under the Persian rule they retained
Trojan war, or sixty years after the return of their political organization, subject to the govthe Heraclidae, that is, in B.C. 1060 or 1044, ernment of the Persian satraps, and of tyrants
according to the two chief dates imagined for who were set up in single cities, but they were
the Trojan war. Passing from mythology to required to render tribute and military service
history, the earliest authentic records show us to the king.  In B.C. 500 they revolted from
the existence of twelve great cities on the Darius Hystaspis, under the leadership of HIsabove-named coast, claiming to be (though TIEUS, the former tyrant of Miletus, and his
some of them only partially.) of Ionic origin, brother-in-law ARISTAGORAS, and supported by
and all united into one confederacy, similar to aid from the Athenians. The Ionian army adthat of the twelve ancient Ionian cities on the vanced as far as Sardis, which they took and
northern coast of the Peloponnesus. The dis- burned, but they were driven back to the coast,
trict they possessed formed a narrow strip of and defeated near Ephesus, B.C. 499. The recoast, extending between, and somewhat be- conquest of Ionia by the Persians was comyond, the mouths of the rivers Meander on the pleted by the taking of Miletus in 496, and the
south, and Hermus on the north. The names Ionians were compelled to furnish ships and
of the twelve cities, going from south to north, to serve as soldiers in the two expeditions
were MILETUS, MYUS, PRIENE, SAMOS (city and against Greece. After the defeat of Xerxes,
island), EIPHESUS, COLOPHON, LEBEDUS, TEOS, the Greeks carried the war to the coasts of
ERYTHRYE, CHIOS (city and island), CLAZOMEN.M, Asia, and effected the liberation of Ionia by the
and PHocmFA; the first three on the coast of victories of Mycale (479) and of the EurymCaria, the rest on that of Lydia: the city of edon (469). In 387 the peace of Antalcidas
Smyrna, which lay within this district, but was restored Ionia to Persia; and after the Maceoft olic origin, was afterward (about B.C. 700) donian conquest, it formed part, successively,
added to the Ionian confederacy. The com- of the kingdom of Pergamus, and of the Roman
mon sanctuary of the league was the Panio- province of Asia. For the history of the sevnium (sravtOvLov), a sanctuary of Neptune (Po- eral cities, see the respective articles. In no
seidon) Heliconius, on the northern side of the country inhabited by the Hellenic race, except
promontory of Mycale, opposite to Samos; and at Athens, were the refinements of civilization,
here was held the great national assembly the arts, and literature, more highly cultivated
(7ravyvptf) of the confederacy, called Panionia than in Ionia. The restless energy and free
(7ravivta: vid. Diet. of Antiq., s. v.). It is very spirit of the Ionic race, the riches gained by
important to observe that the inhabitants of commerce, and the neighborhood of the great
these cities were very far from being exclu- seats of Asiatic civilization, combined to adsively and purely of Ionian descent. The tra. vance with rapidity the intellectual progress
ditions of the original colonization and the ac- and the social development of its people; but
counts of the historians agree in representing  these same influences, unchecked by. the rigid
them as peopled by a great mixture, not only discipline of the Doric race, or the simple earnof Hellenic races, but also of these with the estness of the 1Eolic, imbued their social life
earlier inhabitants, such as Carians, Leleges, with luxury and licence, and invested their
Lydians, Cretans, and Pelasgians; their dia- works of genius with the hues of enchanting
lects, Herodotus expressly'tells us, were very beauty at the expense of severe good taste and
different, and nearly all of them were founded earnest purpose. Out of the long list of the
on the sites-of pre-existing native settlements. authors and artists of Ionia, we may mention
The religious rites, also, which the Greeks of Mimnermus of Colophon, the first poet of the
Ionia observed, in addition to their national, amatory elegy; Anacreon of Teos, who sang
worship of Neptune (Poseidon), were borrowed of love and wine to the music of the lyre;
in part from the native communities; such Thales of Miletus, Anaxagoras of Clazomenae,
397




IONIUM MARE.                               IPHICRATES.
and several other early philosophers; the early idae, and was carried to Pheneus, where he
annalists, Cadmus, Dionysius, and Hecataus,, died,-2. Son of Thestius by Laophonte, or Deall of Miletus; and, in the fine arts, besides idamia, or Eurythemis, or Leucippe. He took
being the home of that exquisitely beautiful part in the Calydonian hunt and the expedition
order of architecture, the Ionic, and possessing of the Argonauts.-3. Son of Phylacus, and
many of the most magnificent temples in the grandson of Deion and Clymene, or son of
world, Ionia was the native country of that re- I Cephalus and Clymene, the daughter of Minfined school of painting, which boasted the yas. He was married to Diomedia or Astynames ofZeuxis, Apelles, and Parrhasius. The oche, and was the father of Podarces and Promost flourishing period in the history of Ionia tesilaus. He was also one of the Argonauts;
is that during which it was subject to Persia; and he possessed large herds of oxen, which
but its prosperity lasted till the decline of the he gave to the seer Melampus. He was also
Roman empire, under. which its cities were celebrated for his swiftness in running.
among the chief resorts of the celebrated teach-  IPHICRATES ('I0tcpdr7c), the famous Athenian
ers of rhetoric and philosophy. The important general, was the son of a shoemaker. He displace which some of the chief cities of Ionia tinguished himself at an early age by his galoccupy in the early history of Christianity is lantry in battle; and in B.C. 394, when he was
attested by the Acts of the Apostles, and the only twenty-five years of age, he was'appointed
Epistles of St. Paul to the Ephesians, and of St. by the Athenians to the command of the forces
John to the seven churches of Asia.       which they sent to the aid of the Boeotians
IONIUM MARE ('I6vtLofS6vrof,'I6vLov Trgtayoo, after the battle of Coronea. In 393 he com-'ovio7 &idZarra,'I6otC S rpot), a part of the manded the Athenian forces at Corinth, and at
Mediterranean Sea between Italy and Greece, the same time introduced an important imwas south of the Adriatic, and began on the I proverient in military tactics, the formation of
west at Hydruntum in Calabria, and on the a body of targeteers ('re2raamra), possessing, to
east at Oricus in Epirus, or at the Ceraunian a certain extent, the advantages of heavy and
Mountains. In more ancient times the Adri- light-armed forces. This he effected by subatic was called'Io6vLoc pfvX6 or'IOvtog KO62LroC; stituting a small target for the heavy shield,
while at a later time the Ionium Mare itself adopting a longer sword and spear, and replawas included in the Adriatic. In its widest cing the old coat of mail by a linen corslet. At
signification, the lonium Mare included the the head of his targeteers he defeated and
Mare Sici2ulm, Creticum, and Icarium. Its nearly destroyed a Spartan Mora in the followname was usually derived by the ancients from  ing year (392), an exploit which became very
the wanderings of Io, but it was more probably celebrated throughout Greece. In the same
so called from the Ionian colonies, which set- year he was succeeded in the command at
tied in Cephallenia and the other islands off Corinth by Chabrias, In 389 he was sent to
the Western coasts of Greece.             the Hellespont to oppose Anaxibius, who was
[I1PAS, a bard at the court of Queen Dido, defeated by him  and slain in the following
who is represented by Virgil as singing at the year.  On the peace of Antalcidas in 387,
entertainment given by the queen to ZEneas.]  Iphicrates went to Thrace to assist Seuthes,
IOPHON (Ilo0Cv), son of Sophocles by Nicos- king of the Odrysae, but he soon afterward
trate, was a distinguished tragic poet. He formed an alliance with Cotys, who gave him,
brought out tragedies during the life of his his daughter in marriage.  In 377 Iphicrates
father, and was still flourishing B.C. 405, the was sent by the Athenians, with the command
year in which Aristophanes brought out the of a mercenary force, to assist Pharnabazus
Frogs. For the celebrated story of his unduti- in reducing Egypt to subjection; but th.e exful charge against his father, vid. SOPHOCLES.  pedition failed through a misunderstanding be[los ("IoS, now Nio), a small island in the tween Iphicrates and Pharnabazus. In 373
cluster of the Sporades, south of Naxos, said Iphicrates was sent to Corcyra, in conjunction
to have contained the tomb of Homer.]     with Callistratus and Chabrias, in the com[Ioxus ("IoCot), son of Melanippus, grandson mand of an Athenian force, and he remained
of Theseus, leader of a colony to Caria.]  in the Ionian Sea till the peace of 371 put an
[IPHEUS ('IiEe~), a Lycian warrior, slain by end to hostilities.  About 367 he was sent
Patroclus.]                               against Amphipolis, and after carrying on the
[IPHIANASSA ('Iatvaoaa). 1. Daughter of Prce- war against this place for three years, was
tus. Vid. PRCETUS.-2. Daughter of Agamem- superseded by Timotheus. Shortly afterward,
non and Clytaemnestra, same as IPHIGENIA.]  he assisted his father-in-law Cotys in his war
IPHIAS ('Ieltd), i. e., Evadne, a daughter of against Athens for the possession of the ThraIphis, and wife of Capaneus.              cian Chersonesus. But his conduct in this
IPHICLES, or IPHICLUS ('ILtUXcl,'I0tcKof, or matter was passed over by the Athenians.'I0lKertc). 1. Son of Amphitryon and Alcmene After the death of Chabrias (375), Iphicrates,
of Thebes, was one night younger than his Timotheus, and Menestheus were joined with
half-brother Hercules. He was first married Chares as commanders in the Social war, and
to Automedusa, the daughter of Alcathous, by were prosecuted by their unscrupulous colwhom he became the father of Iolaus, and af- league, because they had refused to risk an enterward to the youngest daughter of Creon. gagement in a storm. Iphicrates was acquitHe accompanied Hercules on several of his ted. From the period of his trial he seems to
expeditions, and also took part in the Calydo- have lived.quietly at Athens.'He died before
nian hunt. He fell in battle against the sons 348. Iphicrates has been commended for his
of Hippocoon, or, according to another account, combined prudence and energy as a general.
was wounded in the battle against the Molion- The worst words, he said, that a commander
398




IPHIDAMAS.                                    IRA.
could utter were,,, I should not have expected genia in early times. In place of these human
it:"  His services were highly valued by the sacrifices the Spartan youths were afterward
Athenians, and were rewarded by them with scourged at the festival of Diana (Artemis) Oralmost unprecedented honors.              thia. It appears probable that Iphigenia was
[IPHIDoMAS ('ILtdl/zae), son of Antenor and originally the same as Diana (Artemis) herTheano, brother of Coon, came with twelve self.
ships from Thrace to the assistance of the  IPHIMEDIA or IPHIMEDE ('Ib[E&em,'I0utEd),
Trojans; was slain, together with his brother, daughter of Triops, and wife of Aloeus. Being
by Agamemnon.]                            in love with Neptune (Poseidon), she often
IPHIGENIA ('IptyEveta), according to the most walked on the sea-shore, and collected its wacommon tradition, a daughter of Agamemnon ters in her lap, whence she became, by Neptune
and- Clytamnestra, but according to others, a (Poseidon), the mother of the Aloidae, Otus and
daughter of Theseus and Helena, and brought Ephialtes. While Iphimedia and her daughter
up by Clyteemnestra as a foster-child.  Aga- Pancratis were celebrating the orgies of Bacnmemnon had once killed a stag in the grove of chus (Dionysus) on Mount Drius, they were
Diana (Artemis); or he had boasted that the carried off by Thracian pirates to Naxos or
goddess herself could not hit better; or he had Strongyle; but they were delivered by the Alvowed in the year in which Iphigenia was born oide.
to sacrifice the most beautiful production of  [IPHIMEDON ('IJtuZe&v), a son of Eurystheus,
that year, but had afterward neglected to ful- slain in battle in the attempt to repel the invafill his vow. One of these circumstances is sion of Peloponnesus by the Heraclide.]
said to have been the cause of the calm which  [IPHINOUS ('I~fvoor), son of Dexius, a Greek,
detained the Greek fleet in Aulis when the slain by the Lycian Glaucus before Troy.]
Greeks wanted to sail against Troy. The seer  IPHIS (TI'r). 1. Son of Alector, and father
Calchas declared that the sacrifice of Iphigenia of Eteoclus and Evadne, the wife of Capaneus,
was the only means of propitiating Diana (Ar- was king of Argos. He advised Polynices to
temis). Agamemnon was obliged to yield, and give the celebrated necklace of Harmonia to
Iphigenia was brought to Chalcis under the Eriphyle, that she might persuade her husband
pretext of being married to'Achilles. When Amphiaraus to take part in the expedition against
Iphigenia was on the point of being sacrificed, Thebes. He lost his two children, and thereDiana (Artemis) carried her in a cloud to fore left his kingdom to Sthenelus, son of CapaTauris, where she became the priestess of the neus.-2. Son of Sthenelus, and brother of Eugoddess, and a stag was substituted for her by rystheus, was one of the Argonauts who fell in
Diana (Artemis). While Iphigenia was serv- the battle with.Eetes.-3. A youth in love with
ing Diana (Arte.mis) as priestess in Tauris, her Anaxarete. Vid. ANAXARETE.-4. Daughter of
brother Orestes and his friend Pylades-came to Ligdus and Telethusa, of Phoestus in Crete.
Tauris to carry off the image of the goddess at She was brought up as a boy, on the advice of
this place, which was believed to have fallen Isis, because her father, previous to her birth,
from heaven. As strangers, they were to be had ordered the child to be killed if it should
sacrificed in the temple of Diana (Artemis); be a girl. When Iphis had grown up, and was
but Iphigenia recognized her brother, and fled to be betrothed to lanthe, she was metamorphwith him and the statue of the goddess. In the osed by Isis into a youth.-[5. Daughter of Enymean time, Electra, another sister of Orestes, eus of Scyrus, celebrated for her beauty, prehad heard that he had been sacrificed in Tauris sented by Achilles to Patroclus.]
by the priestess of Diana (Artemis). At Delphi  [IPHITION ('ltiriov), son of Otrynteus and a
she met Iphigenia, whom  she supposed had Naiad, came from Hyde, at the foot of Tmolus
murdered Orestes. She therefore resolved to in Lydia, to the Trojan war; slain by Achilles.]
deprive Iphigenia of her sight, but was pre-  IPaHTUS (qItTro). 1. Son ofEurytus ofCEchavented by the interference of Orestes; and a lia, one of the Argonauts, was afterward killed
scene of recognition took place. All now re- by Hercules. (For details, vid. p. 358, b, 359,
turned to Mycenae; but Iphigenia carried the a.)-2. Son of Naubolus, and father of Schedius,
statue of Diana (Artemis) to the Attic town of Epistrophus, and Eurynome, in Phocis, likewise
Brauron, near Marathon. She there died as one of the Argonauts. —3. Son of Hamon, or
priestess of the goddess. As a daughter of Praxonides, or Iphitus, king of Elis, restored
Theseus, Iphigenia was connected with the he- the Olympic games, and instituted the cessation
roic families of Attica, and after her death the of all war during their celebration, B.C. 884.
veils and most costly garments which had been  [IPHTIHIME ('IO0iwL), daughter of Icarius, sister
worn by women who had died in childbirth of Penelope; under her form Minerva appeared
were dedicated to her. According to some tra- to Penelope to console her when disquieted at
ditions, Iphigenia never died, but was changed the departure of Telemachus from Ithaca.]
by Diana (Artemis) into Hecate, or was en-  IPsus ("Ibor), a small town in Great Phrygia,
dowed by the goddess with immortality and celebrated in history as the scene of the deeternal youth, and under the name of Orilochia cisive battle which closed the great contest bebecame the wife of Achilles in the island of tween the generals of Alexander for the sucLeuce. The Lacedaemonians maintained that cession to his empire, and in which Antigonus
the image of Diana (Artemis), which Iphigenia was defeated and slain; B.C. 301. Vid. ANTIGand Orestes had carried away from Tauris, was ONUS. The site is unknown, but it appears to
preserved in Sparta and not in Attica, and was have been about the centre of Phrygia, not far
worshipped in the former place under the name from SYNNADA.
of Diana (Artemis) Orthia. Both in Attica and  IRA (Etpa,'Ipd), a mountain fortress in Mesin Sparta human sacrifices were offered to Iphi- senia, memorable as the place where Aristom399




IRENIJUS.                                 ISATURIA,
enes defended himself for eleven years against where it receives the Lyous, and then flows
the Spartans. Its capture by the Spartans in north through the territory of Themiscyra into
B.C. 668 put an end to the second Messenian the Sinus Amisenus.  Xenophon states its
war. It is doubtful whether it is the same as breadth at three plethra (three hundred feet).
Ira (II., ix., 150), one of the seven cities which  IRUS ('IpoC). 1. Son of Actor, and father of
Agamemnon promised to Achilles.           Eurydamas and Eurytion. He purified Peleus
IRENEus (Elprpvato), one of the early Chris- when the latter had murdered his brother; but,
tian fathers, was probably born at Smyrna be- during the chase of the Calydonian boar, Peleus
tween A.D. 120 and-140. In his early youth he unintentionally killed Eurytion, the son of Irus.
heard. Polycarp. He afterward went to Gaul, Peleus endeavored to soothe him by offering
and in 177 succeeded Pothinus as bishop of him his flocks; but Irus would not accept them,
Lyon. He made many converts from heathen- and at the command of an oracle Peleus allowism, and was most active in opposing the Gnos- ed them to run wherever they pleased. A wolf
tics, especially the Valentinians. He seems to devoured the sheep, but was thereupon changed
have lived till about the end of the second cen- into a stone, which was shown, in later times,
tury. The only work of Ireneaus now extant, on the frontier between Locris and Phocis.-2.
Adversus Htereses, is intended to refute the The well-known beggar of Ithaca. His real
Gnostics. The original Greek is lost, with the name was Arnaeus, but he was called Irus beexception of a few fragments, but the work cause he was the messenger of the suitors of
exists in a barbarous but ancient Latin version. Penelope. He was slain by Ulysses.
Edited by Grabe, Oxon., 1702; [and by Stieren,  Is ("Ig: now Hit), a city on the south of MesLeipzig, 1848, seqq., 2 vols. 8vo.]       opotamia, eight days' journey from Babylon, on
IRENE (Eip vV), called PAX by the Romans, the western bank of the Euphrates, and upon a
the goddess of peace, was, according to Hesiod, little river of the same name. In its neighbora daughter of Jupiter (Zeus) and Themis, and hood were the springs of asphaltus, from which
one of the Horn. Vid. HORmS. After the vic- was obtained the bitumen that was used, instead
tory of Timotheus over the Lacedeemonians, of mortar, in the walls of Babylon.
altars were erected to her at Athens at the pub-  IsmEUS ('IaaTor). 1. One of the ten Attic oralie expense. Her statue at Athens stood by the tors, was born at Chalcis, and came to Athens
side of that of Amphiaraus, carrying in its arms at an early age. He was instructed in oratory
Plutus, the god of wealth, and another stood by Lysias and Isocrates.  He was afterward
near that of Hestia inthe Prytaneum. At Rome, engaged in writing judicial orations for others,
where peace was also worshipped as a goddess, and established a rhetorical school at Athens,
she had a magnificent temple, which was built in which Demosthenes is said to have been his
by the Emperor Vespasian. Pax is represented pupil. It is further said that Iseeus composed
on coins as a youthful female, holding in her for Demosthenes the speeches against his guardleft arm a cornucopia, and in her right hand an ians, or at least assisted him in the composition.
olive-branch or the staff of Mercury. Some- We have no particulars of his life. He lived
times she appears in the act of burning a pile between B.C. 420 and 348. Isaeus is said to
of arms, or carrying corn-ears in her hand or have written sixty-four orations, but of these
upon her head.                            only eleven are extant. They all relate to quesIRIS ('Ipte), daughter of Thaumas (whence tions of inheritance, and afford considerable inshe is called Thaumantias) and of Electra, and formation respecting this branch of the Attic
sister of the Harpies. In the Iliad she appears law. The style of Isaeus is clear and concise,
as the messenger of the gods, especially of Ju- and, at the same time, vigorous and powerful.
piter (Zeus) and Juno (Hera). In the Odyssey, His orations are contained in the collections of
Mercury (Hermes) is the messenger of the gods, the Greek orators. Vid. DEMOSTHENES. There
and Iris is never mentioned. Iris appears to have is a good separate edition by Schomann, Greifsbeen originally the personification of the rain- wald, 1831.-2. A sophist and rhetorician, a nabow, for this brilliant phenomenon in the skies, tive of Assyria, taught at Rome in the time of
which vanishes as quickly as it appears, was the younger Pliny.
regarded as the swift messenger of the gods.  ISAGORAs ('Ioayo6pa), the leader of the oligarSome poets describe Iris as the rainbow itself, chical party at Athens, in opposition to Clisbut other writers represent the rainbow as only thenes, B.C. 510. He was expelled fromAthens
the road on which Iris travels, and wvhich there- by the popular party, although supported by Clefore appears whenever the goddess wants it, omenes and the Spartans.
and vanishes when it is no longer needed. In  ISANDER ('Iaavdpor), son of Bellerophon, killed
the earlier poets Iris appears as a virgin god- by Mars (Ares) in the fight with the Solymi.
dess, but in the later she is the wife of Zephy-  ISARA (now Isere), a river in Gallia Narbonenrus and the mother of Eros. Iris is represent- sis, descends from the Graian Alps, flows west
ed in works of art dressed in a long and wide with a rapid stream, and flows into the Rhone
tunic, over which hangs a light upper garment, north of Valentia.  At its junction with the
with wings attached to her shoulders, carrying Rhone, Fabius 2Emilianus defeated the Allobrothe herald's staff in her left hand, and some- ges and Arverni, B.C. 121.
times also holding a pitcher.               ISAURIA (ij'Iaevpia, I'IavpLttd), a district of
IRIS (*Ipt: now Yeshil-Irmak), a considerable Asia Minor, on the northern side of the Taurus,
river of Asia Minor, rises on the northern side between Pisidia and Cilicia, of which the anof the northernmost range of the Anti-Taurus, cients knew little beyond the troublesome fact
in the south of Pontus, and flows first west past that its inhabitants, the Isauri ("Iaavpo,), were
Comana Pontica, then north to Amasia, where daring robbers, whose incursions into the surit turns to the east to Eupatoria (Megalopolis), rounding districts received only a temporary
400




ISCA.                                   ISMENUS.
check from the victory over them, which gain- the East, with which Egypt came into contact,
ed for Lucius Servilius the surname of Isau- and at a later time through the influence of the
ricus (B.C. 75).  Their chief city was called Greeks. Thus Osiris and Isis came gradually
Isaura.                                   to be considered as divinities of the sun and the
ISCA. 1I. (Now Axminzster, or Bridport, or Ex- moon. The Egyptian priests represented that
eter), the capital of the Damnonii or Dumnonli the principal religious institutions of Greece
in the southwest of Britain.-2. (Now Car Leon, came from Egypt; and, after the time of Heat the mouth of the Usk), a town of the Silures rodotus, this belief became established among
in Britain, and the head-quarters of the Legio the learned men in Greece.  Hence Isis wa'
II. There are many Roman remains at Cer identified with Ceres (Demeter), and Osiris with
Leon. The word Leon is a corruption of Legio: Bacchus (Dionysus), and the sufferings of Isis
Ccer is the old Celtic name for "city."   were accordingly modified to harmonize with
IscHYS. Vid..LESCULAPIUS.              the mythus of the unfortunate Ceres (Demeter).
IsIDORUS ('laidopG). 1. Of 2Ege, a Greek As Isis was the goddess- of the moon, she was
poet of uncertain age, five of whose epigrams also identified with Io. Vid. Io. The worship
are contained in the Greek Anthology.-2. Of of Isis prevailed extensivelyin Greece. It was
Charax,.a geographical writer, who probably introduced into Rome in the time of Sulla; and
lived under the early Roman emperors. His though the senate made many attempts to supwork, zTraOtol IlapOtoi, is printed in the edition press her worship, and ordered her temples to
of the minor geographers, by Hudson, Oxon., be-destroyed, yet the new religious rites took
1703.-3. Of Gaza, a Neo-Platonic philosopher, deep root at Rome, and became very popular.
the friend of Proclus and Marinus, whom he In B.C. 43 the triumvirs courted the popular
succeeded as chief of the school.-4. Of Pelu- favor by building a new temple of Isis and Sesium, a Christian exegetical writer, a native of rapis. Augustus forbade any temples to be
Alexandrea, who spent his life in a monastery erected to Isis in the city; but this command
near Pelusium, of which he was the abbot. He was afterward disregarded; and under the early
died about A.D. 450. As many as two thousand Roman emperors the worship of Isis and Seand thirteen of his letters are extant. They are rapis became firmly established. The most imalmost all expositions of Scripture. Published portant temple of Isis at Rome stood in the
at Paris, 1638.-5. Bishop of Hispalis (now Se- Campus Martius, whence she was called Isis
ville) in Spain, from A;D. 600 to 636, one of the Campensis. The priests and servants of the
most learned men of his age, and an, ardent goddess wore linen garments, whence she hercultivator of ancient literature. A great num- self is called linigera. Those initiated in her
ber of his works is still extant, but by far the mysteries wore in the public processions masks
most important of them is his Originum s. Ety- representing the heads of dogs. In works of
mologiarum Libri XX. This work is an Ency- art Isis appears in figure and countenance like
clopaedia of Arts and Sciences, and treats of all Juno (Hera): she wears a long tunic, and her
subjects in literature, science, and religion, upper garment is fastened on her breast by a
which were studied at that time. It was much knot: her head is crowned with a lotus flower,
used in the Middle Ages. Published in the and her right hand holds the sistrum. Her son
Corpus Grammaticorum Veterum, Lindemann, Horus is often represented with her as a fine
Lips., 1833. A complete collection of the works naked boy, holding the fore-finger on the mouth,
of Isidorus was published by Arevali, Rom., with a lotus flower on his head, and a cornuco1797-1803, 7 vols. 4to.-6. Of Miletus, the elder pia in his left hand. The German goddess Isis
and younger, were eminent architects in the mentioned by Tacitus is probably the same as
reign of Justinian.                       Hertha.
ISIGONUS ('lJayovo), a Greek writer, of uncer-  [ISMARIs. Vid. ISMARUS.]
tain date, but who lived before the time of Pliny,  ISMARUs ('Iapapog:'Ioiedpto), a town in Thrace,
wrote awork entitled "ATrara, a few fragments near Maronea, situated on a mountain of the
of which are extant.  Published in Wester- same name, which produced excellent wine. It
mann's Paradoxographi, Brunswick, 1839.   is mentioned in the Odyssey as a town of the
ISIONDA ('Ica6vda:'Iatovd6eg, Isiondensis), a Cicones. Near it was the Lake ISMXRIS ('IScity of Pisidia in Asia Minor, east of the district papit). The poets frequently use the adjective
of Cibyra, and five Roman miles northwest of Ismarius as equivalent to Thracian. Thus Ovid
Termessus. Mr. Fellows lately discovered con- calls Tereus, king of Thrace, Ismarius tyrannus
siderable ruins twelve miles from Perge, which (Am., ii., 6, 7), and Polymnestor, lIing of Thrace,
he supposes to be those of Isionda.       Ismarius rex (Met., xiii., 530).
Isis ('Ibte), one of the principal Egyptian di-  ISAIENE ('IE ovv).  1. Daughter of Asopus,
vinities. The ideas entertained about her un- wife of Argus, and mother of Iasus and Io.-2.
derwent very great changes in antiquity. She Daughter of CEdipus and Jocasta, and sister of
is described as the wife of Osiris and the mother Antigone.
of Horus. As Osiris, the god of the Nile, taught  ISMiENUS ('Ioqyyv6), a small river in Boeotia,
the people the use of the plough, so Isis invent- which rises in Mount Citheron, flows through
ed the cultivation of wheat and barley, which Thebes, and falls into the Lake Hylice. The
were carried about in the processions at her fes- brook Dirce, so celebrated in Theban story, flowtival. She was the goddess of the earth, which ed into theIsmenus. From this riverApollo was
the Egyptians called their mother: whence she called Ismenius. His temple, the Ismenium, at
and Osiris were the only divinities that were which the festival of the Daphnephoria was
worshipped by all the Egyptians. This simple celebrated, was situated outside the city. The
and primitive notion of the Egyptians was modi- river is said to have been originally called Lafied at an early period through the influence of don, and to have derived its subsequent name
26A                                                               401




ISOCRATES.                                    ISUS.
from Ismenus, a son of Asopns and Metope. early period by Greeks. It was inhabited by a
According to other traditions, Ismenus was a hardy race of sailors, whose barks (lembi Issei),son of Amphion and Niobe, who, when struck were much prized. The Isssei placed themby the arrow of Apollo, leaped into a river near selves under the protection of the Romans when
Thebes, which was hence called Ismenus.   they were attacked by the Illyrian queen Teuta,
ISOCRATES ('ICaoKpda f). 1. One of the ten Attic B.C. 229; and their town is spoken of as a place
orators, was the son of Theodorus, and, was of importance in Caesar's time.
born at Athens B.C. 436. Theodorus was a    ISSEDONES ('Iacd6vEle),y  a Scythian tribe, in
man of wealth, and educated his son with the Scythia extra Imaum, the easternmost people
greatest care. Among his teachers were Tisias, with whom the Greeks of the time of Herodotus
Gorgias, Prodicus, and also Socrates. Since had any intercourse. Their country was in
Isocrates was naturally timid, and of a weakly Great Tartary, near the Massagetne, whom they
constitution, he did not come forward as a pub- resembled in their manners. They are reprelic speaker himself, but devoted himself to giv- sented as extending as far as the borders of
ing instruction in oratory, and writing orations Serica.
for others. He first taught rhetoric in Chios,  Issicus SINUS (o'Iaaclcof K tc6ro: now Gulf
and afterward at Athens. At the latter place of Iskenderoon), the deep gulf at the northeast
he met with great success, and gradually ac- corner of the Mediterranean, between Cilicia
quired a large fortune by his profession. He and Syria, named after the town of Issus. The
had one hundred pupils, every one of whom paid width is about eight miles. The coast is much
him one thousand drachmae. He also derived altered since ancient times.
a large income from the orationswhich he wrote  IssORIA ('Icapia), a surname of Diana (Arfor others; thus he received twenty talents for temis), derived from Mount Issorion, in Laconia,
the speech which he composed for Nicocles, on which she had a sanctuary.
king of Cyprus. Although Isocrates took no  Issus ('Ioedr, also'Ilaoi, Xen.:'Iaaaeto), a
part in public affairs, he was an ardent lover of city in the southeastern extremity of Cilicia,
his country;'and, accordingly, when the battle near the head of the Issicus Sinus, and at. the
of Cheronea had destroyed the last hopes of northern foot of the pass of Mons Amanus callfreedom, he put an end to his life, B.C. 338, at ed the Syrian Gates; memorable for the great
the age of ninety-eight. The school ofIsocra- battle in which Alexander defeated Darius Cotes exercised the greatest influence upon the domannus (B.C. 333), which was fought in a
development of public oratory at Athens. No narrow valley near the town. It was at that
other rhetorician had so many disciples of ce- time large and flourishing, but its importance
lebrity.  The language of Isocrates forms a was much diminished by the foundation of Alexgreat contrast with the natural simplicity of andrea in its neighborhood. Its exact site is
Lysias, as well as with the sublime power of doubtful.
Demosthenes. His style is artificial. The care-  ISTTEVONES.  Vid. GERMANIA, p. 327, a.
fully-rounded periods, and the frequent applica-  ISTER. Vid. DANUBIUS.
tion of figurative expressions, are features which  ISTER, a Greek historian, was at first a slave
remind us of the sophists. The immense care of Callimachus, and afterward his friend, and
he bestowed upon the composition of his ora- accordingly lived in the reign of Ptolemy Evertions may be inferred from the statement that getes (B.C. 247-222). He wrote a large numhe was engaged for ten, or, according to others, ber of works, the most important of which was
fifteen years, upon his Panegyric oration alone, an Atthis, or history of Attica. His fragments
There were in antiquity sixty orations which are published by C. and Th. Mfiller, Fragmenta
went under the name of Isocrates, but they were Histor. Grcec., vol. i., p. 418-427.
not all recognized as genuine. Only twenty-  ISTRIA or HIsTRIA, a peninsula at the northone have come down to us. Of these, eight ern extremity of the Adriatic, between the Siwere written for the courts; all the others are nus Tergestinus on the west and the Sinus Flapolitical discourses, intended to be read by a naticus on the east. It was separated from
large public. The most celebrated is his Pane- Venetia on the northwest by the River Timagyric oration, in which he shows what services vus, and from Illyricum on the east by the River
Athens had rendered to Greece in every period Arsia. Its inhabitants, the ISTRI or HISTRI,
of her history, and contends that she, and not were a warlike Illyrian race, who carried on
Sparta, deserves the supremacy in Greece. The several wars with the Romans, till their final.orations are printed in the collections of the subjugation by the consul C. Claudius Puleber,
Greek orators. The best separate edition is by B.C. ] 77. Their chief towns were TERGESTE
Baiter and Sauppe, Turici, 1839.-[2. Of Apol- and PoLA. Istria was originally reckoned part
lonia, a disciple of the foregoing, enjoyed con- of Illyricum, but from the time of Augustus it
siderable reputation as an orator; the titles of formed one of the divisions of Upper Italy. In
five of his orations are mentioned, but none consequence of its nanle, it was believed at one
have come down to us. Some critics have as- time that a branch of the River Ister (Danube)
eribed to him the r-Exv1 pTropt/c, which was flowed into the Adriatic.
included among the works of Isocrates of Ath-  ISTROPOLIS, IsTROS or ISTRIA ('Iorp6orotc, VIoens.]                                     Tpoc,'Iorpir, Herod., ii., 33: now Istere), a town
ISSA (Coaa), daughter of Macareus of Lesbos, in Lower Mesia, not far from the mouth of the
and beloved by Apollo, from whom the Lesbian Danube, and at a little distance from the coast,
town-of Issa is said to have received its name. was a colony from Miletus.
IssA (Iss.us: now Lissa), a small island in  [Isus ('lor), a natural son of Priam, who,
the Adriatic Sea, with a town of the same name, with Antiphus, pastured their flocks on Mount.off the coast of Dalmatia, was colonized at an Ida: they were both captured by Achilles, but
402




ITALIA.                                    ITALIA.
were ransomed; afterward they were both slain in the country afterward called Campania:
by Agamemnon.]                            TYRRIENIA, properly the land of the Tyrrhleni,
ITALIA ('Iraia),' signified, from the time of also on the western coast, north of Ausonia or
Augustus, the country which we call Italy. It Opica, and more especially in the country afterwas bounded on the west by the Mare Ligusti- ward called Etruria: IAPYGIA, properly the land
-um and Tyrrhenum, Tuscum or Inferum; on of the Iapyges, on the eastern coast, in the.the south by the Mare Siculum or Ausonium; on country afterward called Calabria: and OMBRICA,
the east by the Mare Adriaticum or Superum; the land of the Umbri, on the eastern coast,
and on: the north by the Alps, which sweep alongside of Etruria. Italy was never inhabitround it in a semicircle, the River Varus (now  ed by one single race. It contained a great'Var, Varo) separating it on the northwest from  number of different races, who had migrated
Transalpine Gaul, and the River Arsia (now  into the country at a very early period. The
Arsa) on the northeast fiom Illyric'um.  The most ancient inhabitants were Pelasgians or
name Italia, however, was originally used to CEnotrians, a branch of the same great race
indicate a much more limited extent of country. who originally inhabited Greece and the coasts
Most of the ancients, according to their usual of Asia Minor. They were also called Aborigcustom, derived the name fiom an ancient king ines and Siculi, who, as we have already seen,
Italus; but others, still more absurdly, connect- were the same as the Vitali or Itali. At the
ed it with the old Italian word Italus (in Oscan, time when Roman history begins, Italy was invitlh or vitelu), an ox, because the country was habited by the following races. From the mouth
rich in oxen! But there can be no doubt that of the Tiber, between its right bank and the
Italia, or Vitalia, as it was also called, was the sea, dwelt the Etruscans, who extended as far
land of the Itali, Vitali; Vitelli, or Vituli, an an- north as the Alps. Alongside of these, between
cient race, who are better known under the the left bank of the Tiber and the Adriatic,
name of Siculi. This race was widely spread dwelt the Umbrians. To the south of the Etrusover the southern half of the peninsula, and may cans were the Sacrani, Casci, or Prisci, Oscan
be said to have been bounded on the north by a tribes, who had been driven out of the mountline drawn from Mount Garganus on the east ains by the Sabines, had overcome the Pelasto Terracina on the west. The Greeks were gian tribes of the Siculi, Aborigines, or Latins,
ignorant of this wide extent of the name. Ac- and, uniting with these conquered people, had
cording to them, Italia was originally only the formed the people called Prisci Latini, subsesouthernmost part of what was afterward called quently simply Latini. South of these again, as
Bruttium, and was bounded on the north by a far as the River Laus, were the Opici, who were
line drawn from the Lametic to the Scylletic also called Ausones or Aurunci, and to whom
Gulf. They afterward extended the name'to the Volsci, Sidicini, Saticuli, and _zEqui also besignify the whole country south of Posidonia on longed. The south of the peninsula was inthe west and Tarentum on the east. After the habited by the CEnotrians, who were subseRomans had conquered Tarentum and the south- quently driven into the interior by the numerern part of the peninsula, about B.C. 272, the ous Greek colonies founded along the coasts.,name Italia had a still further extension given South of the Umbrians, extending as far as
to it. It then signified the whole country sub- Mount Garganus, dwelt the various Sabellian
ject to the Romans, fiom the Sicilian Straits as or Sabine tribes, the Sabines proper, the Peligni,
far north as the Arnus and the Rubico. The Marsi, Marrucini, Vestini, and Hernici, front
country north of these rivers continued to be which tribes the warlike race of the Samnites
called Gallia Cisalpina and Liguria down to the subsequently sprung. From Mount Garganus
end of the republic. Augustus was the first to the southeastern extremity of the peninsula,
who extended the name of Italia, so as to com- the country was inhabited by the Daunians or
prehend the whole of the basin of the Po and Apulians, Peucetii, Messapii, and Sallentini. An
the southern part of' the Alps, from the Mari- account of these people is given in separate artime Alps to Pola in Istria, both inclusive. In tides. They were all eventually subdued by the
the later times of the empire, when Maximian  Romans, who became the masters of the whole
had transferred the imperial residence to Milan, of the peninsula. At the time of Augustus the
the name Italia was again used in a narrower following were the chief divisions of Italy, an
compass. As it had originally signified only the account of which is also given in separate arsouth of the country, so now it was restricted ticles: I. UPPER ITALY, which extended from
to the north, comprising the five provinces of the Alps to the Rivers Macra on the west and,Emilia, Liguria, Flaminia, Venetia, and Istria. Rubico on the east. It comprehended, 1. LIGUBesides Italia, the country was called by vari- RIA. 2. GALLIA CISALPINA. 3. VENETIA, includous other names, especially by the poets. These ing Carnia. 4. ISTRIA.-IT. CENTRAL ITALY,
were HESPERIA, a name which the Greeks gave sometimes called ITALIA PROPRIA (a term not
to it because it lay to the west of Greece, or used by the ancients), to distinguish it from GalHESPERIA MAGNA, to distinguish it from Spain lia Cisalpina or Upper Italy, and Magna Grecia
(vid. HESPERIA), and SATURNIA, because Saturn  or Lower Italy, extended from the Rivers Macra
was said to have once reigned in Latium. The on the west and Rubico on the east, to the Rivnames of separate parts of Italy were also ap- ers Silarus on the west and Frento onl the east.
plied by the poets to the whole country. Thus It comprehended, 1. ETRURIA. 2. IJMBRIA. 3.
it was called CENOTRIA, originally the land of PICENUM. 4. SAMNIUM, including the country
the CEnotri, in the country afterward called of the Sabini, Vestini, Marrucini, Marsi, Peligni,
Bruttium and Lucania: AusoNIA, or OPICA, or &c. 5.- LATIUM.  6. CAMPANIA. —I[I. LOWER 
OPICIA, originally the land of the Ausones or ITALY, or MAGNA GRE CIA, included the remainAusonii, Opici or Osci, on the western coast, ing part of the peninsula, south of the Rivers
403




ITALIA.                                  ITHOME.
Sihrus and Frento. It comprehended, 1. APU- near Rome. Speaking generally, then, Italy is
LIA, including Calabria. 2. LUCANIA. 3. BRUT- made up of an infinite multitude of valleys pent
TIUM. Augustus divided Italy into the follow- in between high and steep hills, each forming a
ing eleven Regiones. 1. Latium and Campania. country to itself, and cut offby natural barriers
2. The land of the Hirpini, Apulia and Calabria. from the others. Its several parts are isolated
3. Lucania and Bruttium. 4. The land of the by nature, and no art of man can thoroughly
Frentani, Marrucini, Peligni, Marsi, Vestini, and unite them. Hence arises the romantic charSabini, together with Samnium. 5. Picenum. acter of Italian scenery: the constant combina6. Umbria and the district of Ariminum, in what tion of a mountain outline, and all the wild featwas formerly called Gallia Cisalpina. 7. Etru- ures of a mountain country, with the wild vegeria. 8. Gtallia Cispadana. 9. Liguria. 10. The tation of a southern climate in the valleys."
eastern part of Gallia Transpadana, Venetia, More minute details respecting the physical
Carnia, and Istria. 11.'The western part of features of the different parts of Italy are given
Gallia Transpadana. The leading features of in the articles on the separate provinces into
the physical geography of Italy are so well de- which it is divided.
scribed by a modern writer, that we can not do  ITLICA.. 1. (Now Sevilla la vieja, near Sanbetter than quote his words. "The mere plan- tiponce), a municipium in Hispania Baetica, on
geography of Italy gives us its shape and the po- the western bank of the Baetis, northwest of
sition of its towns; to these it may add a semi- Hispalis, was founded by Scipio Africanus in
circle ofmountains round the northern boundary, the second Punic war, who settled here some
to represent the Alps; and another long line of his veterans. It was the birth-place of the
stretching down the middle of the country, to emperors Trajan and Hadrian.-2. The name
represent the Apennines. But let us carry this given to Corfinium by the Italian Socii during
on a little further, and give life and harmony to their war with Rome. Vid. CORFINIUM.
what is at present at once lifeless and confused.  ITALICUS, SILIUS. Vid. SILIUS.
Observe, in the first place, how the Apennine  ITALUs ('Irao6g), an ancient king of the Pelasline, beginning from the southern extremity of gians'&Siculians, or CEnotrians, from whom Italy
the Alps, runs across Italy to the very edge was believed to have derived its name. Some
of the Adriatic, and thus separates naturally call him a son of Telegonus by Penelope.
the Italy proper of the Romans from Cisal-  ITANUS (ltraevo), a town on the eastern coast
pine Gaul. Observe, again, how the Alps, after of Crete, near a promontory of the same name,
running north and south where they divide Italy founded by the Phoenicians.
from France, turn then away to the eastward,  ITHXCA ('106ilt:'IOaKJatoC: now Thiaki), a
running parallel to the Apennines, till they too small island in the Ionian Sea, celebrated as the
touch the head of the Adriatic, on the confines birth-place of Ulysses, lies off the coast of Epiof Istria. Thus between these two lines of rus, and is separated from Cephaloniaby a chanmountains there is inclosed one great basin or nel about three or four miles wide. The island
plain; inclosed on three sides by mountains, is about twelve miles long, and four in its greatopen only on the east to the sea. Observe how  est breadth. It is divided into two parts, which
widely it spreads itself out, and then see how  are connected by a narrow isthmus, not more
well it is watered. One great river (the Po) than half a mile across. In each of these parts
flows through it in its whole extent; and this there is a mountain ridge of considerable height;
is fed by streams almost unnumbered, descend- the one in the north called Neritum (Nir/prov,
ing toward it on either side, from the Alps on now Anoi), and the one in the south Neium
one side, and from the Apennines on the other. (NiZov, now Stefano). The city of Ithaca, the
Then, descending into Italy proper, we find the residence of Ulysses, was situated on a precipcomplexity of its geography quite in accordance itous conical hill, now called Aeto, or "eagle's
with its. manifold political divisions. It is not cliff," occupying the whole breadth of the'isthone simple central ridge of mountains, having mus mentioned above. The acropolis, or casa broad belt of level country on either side be- tle of Ulysses, crowned the extreme summit of
tween it and the sea, nor yet is it a chain rising the mountain, and is described by a modern
immediately from the sea on one side, like the traveller as " about as bleak and dreary a spot
Andes in South America, and leaving room  as can well be imagined for a princely resitherefore on the other side for wide plains of dence."  Hence Cicero (De Orat., i., 44) detable-land, and for rivers with a sufficient length scribes it, in asperrimis saxulis tanquam nidulus
of course to become at last great and navigable. affixa. It is at the foot of Mount Neium, and
It is a back-bone, thickly set with spines of un- is hence described by Telemachus as "Underequal length, some of them running out at reg- Neium" ('IOic^gY'Tnrovriov, Hom., Od., iii., 81).
ular distances parallel to each other, but others The walls of the ancient city are in many places
twisted so strangely that they often run for a well preserved. Ithaca is one of the seven lonilong way parallel to the back-bone, or main an islands under the protection of Great Britain.
ridge, and interlace with one another in a maze  [ITHAXUS (ItOaioc), son of Pterelaus, a hero,
almost inextricable. " And, as if to complete the from whom Ithaca was said to have derived its
disorder, in those spots where the spines of the name.]
Apennines, being twisted round, run parallel to  [ITH^EMENES ('lOaLujEvr), a Trojan or Lycian
the sea and to their own central chain, and thus warrior in the Iliad, father of Sthenelaus.]
leave an interval of plain between their bases  ITHOME ('I106(l:'IOsyotrj7,'IW0uaUog). 1. A
and the Mediterranean, volcanic agency has strong fortress in Messenia, situated on a mountbroken up the space thus left with other and ain of the same name, which afterward formed
distinbt groups of hills of its own creation, as the citadel of the town of Messene. On the
in the case of Vesuvius and of the Alban hills summit of the mountain stood the ancient tern404




ITIUS PORTUS.                                  JANA.
pie of Jupiter (Zeus), who was hence surnamed death in A.D. 37, it was united to the Roman
Ithometas ('J1/O1i/71, Dor.'I0oydida).  Ithome province of Syria, from which it was presently
was taken by the Spartans B.C. 723, at the end again separated, and assigned partly to jHerod
of the first Messenian war, after a heroic de- Agrippa I., and partly to Soaemus, the prince of
fence by Aristodemus, and again in 455, at the Emesa. In A.D. 50 it was finally reunited by
end of the third Messenian war.- 2. A mount- Claudius to the Roman province of Syria, and
ain fortress in Pelasgiotis, in Thessaly, near there are inscriptions which prove that the
Metropolis, also called THOME.            Ituraeans continued to serve with distinction
ITYUS PORTUS, a harbor of the Morini, on the in the Roman armies. There were no cities or
northern coast of Gaul, from which Caesar set large towns in the country, a fact easily explainsail for Britain. The position of this harbor is ed by the unsettled character of the people, who
much disputed. It used to be identified with lived in the Arab fashion, in unwalled villages
Gesoriacum or Boulogne, but it is now usually and tents, and even, according to some statesupposed to be some harbor near Calais, proba- ments, in the natural caves with which the
bly Vissant or Witsand.                   country abounds.
ITON. Vid. ITONIA.                        [ITYLUS ('Irva2o), son of Zethus and Addon.
ITONiA, "ITONYAS, or ITONIS ('Ilovia,'IrovtCa, Vid. AKDON.]
or'Irrvgi), a surname of Minerva (Athena), de-  [ITYMONEUS ('I-rvjovezvi), son of Hyperochus
rived from the town of Iton, in the south of of Elis, slain by Nestor.]
Phthiotis in Thessaly. The goddess there had  ITYS. 1. Vid. TEREUS.-[2. A Trojan hero,
a celebrated sanctuary and festivals, and hence accompanied.lEneas to Italy, and was slain by
is called Incola. Itoni.' From Iton her worship Turnus.]
spread into Bceotia and the country about Lake  IfLIS ('Iov;it:'Iov;t1rh'7,'lovLtc1r), the chief
Copais, where the Pambceotia was celebrated, town in Ceos; the birth-place of Simonides.
in the neighborhood of a temple and grove of Vid. CEOS.
Minerva (Athena). According to another tradi.  IuLUs.- 1. Son of _Eneas, usually called Astion, Minerva (Athena) received the surname canius. Vid. AscANIeU.-2. Eldest son of Asof Itonia from Itonus, a king or priest.  canius, who claimed-the government of Latium,
ITUCCI ('IrtaIcy, App.), a town in Hispania but was obliged to give it up to his brother SilBaetica, in the district of Hispalis, and a Roman vius.
colony under the name of Virtus Julia.      IxION ('ITiOv), son of Phlegyas, or of Antion
ITUNA (now Solway Frith), an aestuary on the and Perimela, or of Pasion, or of Mars (Ares).
western coast of Britain, between England and According to the common tradition, his mother
Scotland.                                 was Dia, a daughter of Deioneus. He was king
ITJRmEA, ITYR A ('ITrovpala:'IrovpaTot, Ituraei, of the. Lapithae or Phlegyes, and the father of
Ityraei: now El-Jeidur), a district'on the north- Pirithous. When Deioneus demandedof Ixion
eastern borders of Palestine, bdunded on the the bridal gifts he had promised, Ixion treachnorth by the plain of Damascus, on the west by the erously invited him to a banquet, and then conmountain-chain (now Jebel-Heish) which forms trived to make him fall into a pit filled with fire.
the eastern margin of the valley of the Jordan, As no one purified Ixion of this treacherous
on the southwest and south by Gaulanitis, and murder, Jupiter (Zeus) took pity upon him, purion the east by Auranitis and Trachonitis. It fied, him, carried him to heaven, and caused
occupied a part of the elevated plain into which him to sit down at his table. But Ixion was
Mount Hermon sinks down on the southeast, ungrateful to the father of the gods, and atand was inhabited by an Arabian people, of war- tempted to win the love of Juno (Hera). Julike and predatory habits, which they exercised piter (Zeus) thereupon created a phantom reupon the caravans from Arabia to Damascus, sembling Juno (Hera), and'by it Ixion became
whose great road lay through their country. In the father of a Centaur. Vid. CENTAURI. IXthe wars between the Syrians and Israelites, ion was fearfully punished for his impious inthey are found acting as allies of the kings of gratitude. His hands and feet were chained
Damascus. They are scarcely heard of again by Mercury (Hermes) to a wheel, which is said
till B.C. 105, when they were conquered by the to have rolled perpetually in the air or in the
Asmonaean king of Judah, Aristobulus, who lower world. He is further said to have been
compelled them to profess Judaism. Restored scourged, and compelled to exclaim,,"Beneto independence by the decline of the Asmo- factors should be honored."
naean house, they seized the opportunity offer-  IXIONYDES, i. e., Pirithous, the son of Ixion.
ed, on the other side, by the weakness of the The Centaurs are also called Ixionidae.
kings of Syria, to press their predatory incur-  Ixius (1I:toS), a surname of Apollo, derived
sions into Coele-Syria, and even beyond Leba- from a district of the island of Rhodes which
non, to Byblos, Botrys, and other cities on the was called Ixie or Ixia.
coast of Phcenice. Pompey reduced them again  IYNX ("Ivy7), daughter of Peitho and Pan, or
to order, and- many of their warriors entered of Echo.  She endeavored to charm Jupiter
the Roman army, in which they became cele- (Zeus), or make him fall in love with lo; but
brated for their skill in horsemanship and arch- she was metamorphosed by Juno (Hera) into
ery. They were not, however, reduced to com- the bird called Iynx.
plete subjection to Rome until after the civil
wars. Augustus gave Ituraea, which had been
hitherto ruled by its native princes, to the family of Herod. During the ministry of our Sa-  JACCETINI, a people in Hispania Tarraconenviour, it was governed by Philip, the brother sis, between the Pyrenees and the Iberus.,
of Herod Antipas, as tetrarch. Upon Philip's  JANA. Vid. JANUS.
405




JANICULUM.                                   JASON.
JANICULUM. Vid. RoMA.                   fetching the golden fleece and soothing the
JANUS and J-NA, a pair of ancient Latin di- spirit of Phrixus. Another tradition related
vinities, who were worshipped as the sun and that Pelias, once upon a time, invited all his
moon. The names Janus and Jana are only subjects to a sacrifice, which he intended to
other forms of Dianus and Diana, which words offer to Neptune (Poseidon). Jason came with
contain the same root as dies, day. Janus was the rest, but on his journey to Iolcus he lost
worshipped both by the Etruscans and Romans, one of his sandals in crossing the River Anauand occupied an important place in the Roman rus. Pelias, remembering the oracle about the
religion. He presided over the beginning of one-sandaled man, asked Jason what he would
every thing, and was therefore always invoked do if he were told by an oracle that he should
first in every undertaking, even before Jupiter. be killed by one of his subjects? Jason, on the
He opened the year and the seasons, and hence suggestion of Juno (Hera), who hated Pelias,
the first month of the year was called after him. answered, that he would send him to fetch the
He was the porter of heaven, and therefore bore golden fleece. Pelias accordingly ordered Jason
the surnames Patulcus or Patulcius, the "open- to fetch the golden fleece, which was in the poser," and Clusius or Clusivius, the " shutter." session of King _/Eetes, in Colchis, and was
In this capacity he is represented with a keyin guarded by an ever-watchful dragon. Jason
his left hand, and a staff or sceptre in his right. willingly undertook the enterprise, and set sail
On earth also he was the guardian deity of in the ship Argo, accompanied by the chief
gates, and hence is commonly represented with heroes of Greece. He obtained the fleece with
two heads, because every door looks two ways the assistance of Medea, whom he made his
(Janus bifrons). He is sometimes represented wife, and along with whom he returned to Iolwith four heads (Janus quadrifrons), because he cus. The history of his exploits on this mempresided over the four seasons. Most of the orable enterprise, and his adventures on his reattributes of this god, which are very numerous, turn home, are related elsewhere. Vid. ARare connected with his being the god who opens GONAUT. On his arrival at Iolcus, Jason, acand shuts; and this latter idea probably has cording to one account, found his aged father
reference to his original character as the god IEson still alive, and Medea made him young
of the sun, in connection with the alternations again; but, according to the more common traof day and night. At Rome, Numa is said to dition, 2Eson had been slain by Pelias during
have dedicated to Janus the covered passage the absence of Jason, who accordingly called
bearing his name, which was opened in times upon Medea to take vengeance on Pelias. Meof war, and closed in times of peace. This deathereupon persuaded the daughters of Pelias
passage is commonly, but erroneously, called a to cut their father to pieces and boil him, in ortemple. It stood close by the forum.. It ap- der to restore him to youth and vigor, as she
pears to have been left open in'war, to indicate had before changed a ram into a lamb by boiling
symbolically that the god had gone out to assist the body in a cauldron. But Pelias was never
the Roman warriors, and to have been shut in restored to life, and his son Acastus expelled
time of peace, that the god, the safeguard of the Jason and Medea from Iolcus. They then went
city, might not escape. A temple of Janus was to Corinth, where they lived happily for several
built by C. Duilius in the time of the first Punic years, until Jason deserted Medea, in order to
war: it was restored by Augustus, and dedi- marry Glance or Creusa, daughter of Creon, the
cated by Tiberius. On new year's day, which king of the country. Medea fearfully revenged
was the principal festival of the god, people this insult. She sent Glauceapoisoned garment,
gave presents to one another, consisting of which burned her to death when she put it on.
sweetmeats and copper coins, showing on one Creon likewise perished in the flames. Medea
side the double head of Janus, and on the other also killed her children by Jason, viz., Mermerus
a ship. The general name for these presents and Pheres, and then fled to Athens in a chariot
was strenca. The sacrifices offered to Janus drawn by winged dragons. Later writers repconsisted of cakes (called janual), barley, in- resent Jason as becoming in the end reconciled
cense, and wine.                          to Medea, returning with her to Colchis, and
JASON ('Idaov). 1. The celebrated leader of there restoring IEetes to his kingdom, of which
the Argonauts, was a son of AEson and Poly- he had been deprived. The death of Jason is
mede or Alcimede, and belonged to the family related differently.  According to some, he
of the IEolidae, at Iolcus in Thessaly. Cre- made away with himself from grief; according
theus, who had founded Iolcus, was succeeded to others, he was crushed by the poop of the
by his son:Esoh; but the latter was deprived ship Argo, which fell upon him ashle was lying
of the kingdom by his half-brother Pelias, who under it.-2. Tyrant of Pherm and Tagus of
attempted to take the life of the infant Jason. Thessaly (vid. Diet. of Antiq., art. TAGUS), was
He was saved by his friends, who pretended probably the son of Lycophron, who established
that he was dead, and intrusted him to the care a tyranny on the ruins of aristocracy at Pherie.
of the centaur Chiron. Pelias was now warn- He succeeded his father as tyrant of Pheree soon
ed by an oracle to be on his guard against the after B.C. 395, and in a few years extended his
one-sandaled man. When Jason had grown up, power over almost the whole of Thessaly. Pharhe came to claim the throne. As he entered salus was the only city in Thessaly which mainthe market-place, Pelias, perceiving he had only tained its independence under the government
one sandal, asked him who he was; whereupon of Polydamus; but even this place submitted to
Jason declared his name, and demanded the him in 375. In the following year (374) he was
kingdom. Pelias consented to surrender it to elected Tagus or generalissimo of Thessaly,,
him, but persuaded him to remove the curse His power was strengthened by the weakness
which rested on the family of the Eolidee by of the other Greek states, and by the exhausti
4Q6




JAVOLENUS PRISCUS.                             JERUSALEM.
ing contest in which Thebes and Sparta were Egypt till the conquest of Palestine by Antioengaged. He was now in a position which held chus III. the Great, king of Syria, B.C. 198.
out to him every prospect of becoming master Up to this time the Jews had been allowed the
of Greece; but when at the height of his pow- free enjoyment of their religion and their own
er, he was assassinated at a public audience, internal government, and Antiochus confirmed
370. Jason had an insatiable appetite for pow- them in these privileges; but the altered gover,' which he sought to gratify by any and every ernment of his son, Antiochus IV. Epiphanes,
means. With the chief men in the several provoked a rebellion, which was at first put
states of Greece, as, e. g., with Timotheus and down when Antiochus took Jerusalem and polPelopidas, he cultivated friendly relations. He luted the temple (B.C. 170); but the religious
is represented as having all the qualifications of persecution which ensued drove the people to
a great general and diplomatist-as active, tem- despair, and led to a new revolt under the Macperate, prudent, capable of enduring much fa- cabees, by whom Jerusalem was retaken, and
tigue, and skillful in concealing his own designs the temple purified in B.C. 163. Vid. MAccABnEI.
and penetrating those of his enemies. He was In B.C. 133 Jerusalem was retaken by Antioan admirer of the rhetoric of Gorgias; and chus VII. Sidetes, and its fortifications disman
Isocrates was one of his friends.-3. Of Argos, tied, but its government was left in the hands
an historian, lived under Hadrian, and wrote a of the Maccabee, John Hyrcanus, who tool adwork on Greece in four books.             vantage of the death of Antiochus in Parthia
JAVOLENUS PRIsCUS, an eminent Roman jurist, (B.C. 128) to recover his full power. His son
was born about the commencement of the reign Aristobulus assumed the title of king of Judea,
of Vespasian' (A.D. 79), and was one of the and Jerusalem continued to be the capital of
council of Antoninus Pius. He was a pupil of the kingdom till B.C. 63, wheh it was taken by
Caelius Sabinus, and a leader of the Sabinian Pompey, and the temple was again profaned.
or Cassian school. Vid. p. 170, b. There are For the events which followed, vid. HYRCANUS,
two hundred and six extracts from Javolenus HERODES, and PALTSTINA. In A.D. 70, the rein the Digest.                            bellion of the Jews against the Romans was
JAXARTES ('Iadpr-g: now Syr, Syderia, or put down, and Jerusalem was taken by Titus,
Syhoun), a great river of Central Asia, about after a siege of several months, during which
which the ancient accounts are very different the inhabitants endured the utmost horrors; the
and confused. It rises in the Comedi Montes survivors were all put to the sword or sold as
(now Moussour), and flows northwest into the slaves, and the city and temple.were utterly
Sea of Aral: the ancients supposed it to fall razed to the ground. In consequence of a new
into the northern side of the Caspian, not dis- revolt of the Jews, the Emperor Hadrian retinguishing between the two seas. It divided solved to destroy all vestiges of their national
Sogdiana from Scythia. On its banks dwelt a and religious peculiarities;, and, as one means
Scythian tribe called Jaxartea.           to this end, he established a new Roman coloJERICHO or HIERICHUS ('IepetX,'IeptIoPg: now  ny, on the ground where Jerusalem had stood,
Er-Riha? ruins), a city of the Canaanites, in a by the name of LELIA CAPITOLINA, and built a
plain on the western side of the Jordan, near its temple of Jupiter Capitolinus on the site of the
mouth, was destroyed by Joshua, rebuilt in the temple of Jehovah, A.D. 135. The establishtire of the Judges, and formed an important ment of Christianity as the religion of the Rofrontier fortress of Judaea. It was again de- man empire restored to Jerusalem its sacred
stroyed by Vespasian, rebuilt under Hadrian, character, and led to the erection of several
and finally destroyed during the crusades.  churches; but the various changes which have
JEROM. Vid. HIERONYMus.                 taken place in it since its conquest by the Arabs
JERUSALEM or HIEROSOLYMA ('Iepovau2Vlyu,'IE- under Omar in A.D. 638, have left very few vespoa6iRvya:'IepoaouvyiryTc: now Jerusalem, Arab. tiges even of the Roman city: Jerusalem stands
El-Kuds, i. e., the Holy City), the capital of Pal- due west of the head of the Dead Sea, at the
estine in Asia. At the time of the Israelitish distance of about twenty miles (in a straight
conquest of Canaan, under Joshua, Jerusalem, line), and about thirty-five miles from the Medithen called Jebus, was the chief city of the Jeb- terranean, on an elevated platform, divided, by
usites, a Canaanitish tribe, who were not en- a series of valleys, from hills which surround it
tirely driven out from it till B.C. 1050, when on every side. This platform has a general
David took the city, and made it the capital of slope from west to east, its highest point being
the kingdom of Israel. It was also established the summit of Mount Zion, in the southwestern
as the permanent centre of the Jewish religion, corner of the city, on which stood the original
by the erection of the temple by Solomon. Aft- " City of David." The southeastern part of the
er the division of the kingdom under Rehoboam, platform is occupied by the hill called Moriah,
it remained the capital of the kingdom of Judah on which the temple stood, and the eastern part
until it was entirely destroyed, and its inhabit- by the hill called Acra; but these two summits
ants were carried into captivity by Nebuchad- are now hardly distinguishable from the general
nezzar, king of Babylon, B.C. 588. In B.C. 536, surface of the platform, probably on account of
the Jewish exiles, having been permitted by Cy- the gradual filling up of the valleys between.
rus to return, began to rebuild the city and tem- The height of Mount Zion is two thousand five
pie; and the work was completed in about hundred and thirty-five feet above the level of
twenty-four years.  In B.C. 332 Jerusalem  the Mediterranean, and about three hundred
quietly submitted to Alexander. During the feet above the valley below. The extent of the
wars which followed his death, the city was, platform is five thousand four hundred feet from
taken by Ptolemy, the son of Lagus (B.C..320), north to south, and one thousand one hundred
and remained subject to the Greek kings of ifeet from east to B\ est.
407




JOCASTEo                            JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS,,JOCASTE ('To&arr7), Called EPICASTIE in Ho- which they inhabited. Edited by Lindenbrog,
mer, daughter of Menteceus, and wife of the Hamburg, 1611.
Theban king Lains, by whom she became the   JOSEPHUS, FLAvYUS, the Jewish historian, was
mother of (Edipus.  She afterward married born at Jerusalem A.D. 37. On his mother's
(Edipus, not knowing that he was her son; and side he was descended from the Asmnonaean
when she discovered the crime she had unwit- princes, while from his father, Matthias, he intingly committed, she put an end to her life. herited the priestly office. He enjoyed an exFor details, vid. CEDIPus.                cellent education; and at the age of twenty-six
JOPPE, JOPPA ('I67rrlr: in the Old Testament, he went to Rome to plead the cause of some
Japho: now Jaffa), a very ancient maritime city Jewish priests whom Felix, the procurator of
of Palestine, and, before the building of Caesa- Judaea, had sent thither as prisoners. After a
Tea, the only sea-port of the whale country, and narrow escape from death by shipwreck, he
therefore called by StrAbo the port of Jerusa- safely landed at Puteoli; and being introduced
lem, lay just south of the boundary between Ju- to Poppaa, he not only effected the release of
daea and Samaria, southwest of Antipatris, and his friends, but received great presents from
northwest of Jerusalem.                   the empress. On his return to Jerusalem he
JORDANES ('Iop6dvri,'I6pdavog: now Jordan, found his countrymen eagerly bent on a reArab. Esh-Sheriah el-Kebir, or el-Urdun), has volt from Rome, from which he used his best
its source at the southern foot of Mons Hermon endeavors to dissuade them; but failing in
(the southernmost part of Anti-Libanus), [about this, he professed to enter into the popular detwenty miles above] Paneas (afterward Cas- signs.  He was chosen one of the generals
area Philippi), whence it flows south into the of the Jews, and was sent to manage affairs
little lake Semechonitis (now Bahr el-Huleh), in Galilee. When Vespasian and his army enand thence [after a course of twelve miles] into tered Galilee, Josephus threw himself into Iothe Sea of Galilee (Lake of Tiberias), and thence tapata, which he defended for forty-seven days.
through a narrow plain, depressed below the When the place was taken, the life of Josephus
level of the surrounding country, into the Lake was spared by Vespasian through the intercesAsphaltites (now Dead Sea), where it is finally sion of Titus. Josephus thereupon assumed the
lost. Vid. PALJtSTINA. Its course, from the character of a prophet, and predicted to VespaLake of Tiberias to the Dead Sea, [in a dis- sian that the empire should one day be his and
tance of sixty miles, is, according to Lieutenant his son's. Vespasian treated him with respect,
Lynch, about two hundred miles, and within but did not release him from captivity till he
that distance there are no less than twenty- was proclaimed emperor nearly three years aftseven considerable rapids, with many others of erward (A.D. 70). Josephus was present with
less descent; thus giving an average of five feet Titus at the siege of Jerusalem, and afterward
descent to the mile in its whole extent]; the accompanied him to Rome. He received the
depression through which it runs consists, first, freedom of the city from Vespasian, who asof a saindy valley,- from five to ten miles broad, signed him, as a residence, a house formerly
within which is a lower valley, in width about occupied by himself, and treated him honorably
half a mile, and, for the most part, beautifully to the end of his reign. The same favor was
clothed with grass and trees; and, in some extended to him by Titus and Domitian as well.
places, there is still a lower valley within He assumed the name of Flavius, as a dependthis. The average width of the river itself ent of the Flavian family. His time, at Rtome
is calculated at thirty yards, and its average appears to have been employed mainly in the
depth at nine feet. It is fordable in many places composition of his works. He died about 100.
in summer, but in spring it becomes much The works of Josephus are written in Greek.
deeper, and often overflows its banks. Its bed They are, 1. The History of the Jewish War (nlepi
is considerably below the level of the Mediter- to0'Iov6aZoeO froX'ov vi'Iovudacr "iropica Trep
ranean.';aeEwr), in seven books, published about A.D.
JORNANDES or JoRDiNES, an historian, lived 75. Josephus first wrote it in Hebrew, and then
in the time of Justinian, or in the sixth century translated it into Greek. It commences with
of our era. He was a Goth by birth; was see- the capture of Jerusalem by Antiochus Epiphretary to the King of the Alani, adopted the anes in B.C. 170, runs rapidly over the events
Christian religion, took orders, and was made before Josephus's own time, and gives a detaila bishop in Italy. There is not sufficient evi- ed account of the fatal war with Rome. 2. The
dence for the common statement that he was Jewish Antiquities ('1ovdaEc7 U.pxato;2oyia), in
bishop of Ravenna. He wrote two historical twenty books, completed about A.D. 93, and
works in the Latin language: 1. De Getarum  addressed to Epaphroditus.: The title as well
(Gothorum) Origine et Rebus Gestis, containing' as the number of books may have been sugthe history of the Goths from the earliest times gested by the'Pol)uau:oi  apXatooioyia of Dionysius
down to their subjugation by Belisarius in 541. of Halicarnassus. It gives an account of JewThe work is abridged from the lost history ofl ish history from the creation of the world to
the Goths by Cassiodorus, to which Jornandes A.D. 66, the twelfth year of Nero, in which the
added various particulars; but it is compiled Jews were goaded- to rebellion by Gessius Flowithout judgment, and is characterized by par- rus. In this work Josephus seeks to accomtiality to the Goths. 2. De Regnorum ac Tern: modate the Jewish religion to heathen tastes
yorum Successione, a short compendium of his- and prejudices. Thus he speaks of Moses and
tory-from the creation down to the victory ob- his law in a tone which might be adopted bv
tained by Narses in 552 over King Theodatus. any disbeliever in his divine legation. He says
It is only valuable for some accounts of the bar- that Abraham went into Egypt (Gen., xii.), inbarous nations of the North, and the countries tending to adopt the Egyptian views of religion
408




JOVIANUS.                                 JUGURTHA.
should he find them better than his own. He Mauretania in exchange for Numidia, which
speaks doubtfully of the preservation of Jonah was reduced to a Roman province. He continby the whale. He intimates a doubt of there ued to reign in Mauretania till his death, which
having been any miracle in the passage of the happened about A.D. 19. He was beloved by
Red Sea, and compares it with the passage of his subjects, among whom he endeavored to inAlexander the Great along the shore of the sea troduce the elements of Greek and Roman civof Pamphylia. He interprets Exod., xxii., 28, ilization; and, after his death, they even paid
as if it conveyed a command to respect the idols him divine honors. Juba wrote a great number
of the heathen. Many similar instances might of works in almost every branch of literature.
be quoted from his work. 3. His own Life, in They are all lost, with the exception of a few
one book. This is an appendage to the Archae- fragments. They appear to have been all writologia, and is addressed to the same Epaphro- ten in Greek. The most important of them
ditus. It was not written earlier than A.D. 97, were, 1. A History of Africa (At6lvK), in which
since Agrippa II. is mentioned in it as no longer he made use of Punic authorities. 2. On the
living. 4. A treatise on the Antiquity of the Jews, Assyrians. 3. A History of Arabia. 4. A Roor Against Apion, in two books, also addressed man History ('Pwytoa'c laropia). 5. Oearptcij irato Epaphroditus. It is in answer to such as ropia, a general treatise on all matters connectimpugned the antiquity of the Jewish nation on ed with the stage. 6. Hepi, ypaucKif, or krept
the ground of the silence of Greek writers re- (rypdowv, seems to have been a general history
specting it. Vid. APION. The treatise exhibits of painting. He also wrote some treatises on
extensive acquaintance with Greek literature and botany and on grammatical subjects. [The few
philosophy. 5. Eig MaKKa6aiovC r),repi aViroKpd- fragments of Juba's historical:v s still extant
70opo Roytacto, in one book. Its genuineness is are collected in Miller's Frgmn. Hist. Grcec.,
doubtful. It is a declamatory account of the vol. iii., p. 465-484.]
martyrdom of Eleazar (an aged priest), and of  JUDYEA, JUDEI.. Vid. PALXSTINA.
seven youths and their mother, in, the persecu-  JUGUNTHI, a Germaqr people, sometimes detion under Antiochus Epiphanes. The best edi- scribed as a Gothic, and sometimes as an Aletions of Josephus are by Hudson, Oxon., 1720; mannic tribe.
by Havercamp, Amst., 1726; [and by W. Din-  JUGURTHA ('IovyodpOca or'Ioy6pOae), king of
dorf in Didot's Bibliotheca Graeca; the best-edi- Numidia, was an illegitimate son of Mastanabal,
tion of the Jewish War, separately, is by Card- and a grandson of Masinissa. He lost his father
well, Oxford, 1837, 2 vols.]              at an early age, but was adopted by his uncle
JovIANUS, FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS, was elected em- Micipsa, who brought him up with his own sons,
peror by the soldiers in June, A.D. 363, after the Hiempsal and Adherbal. Jugurtha quickly disdeath of Julian (vid. JULIANUS), whom he had tinguished himself both by his abilities and his
accompanied in his campaign against the Per- skill in all bodily exercises, and rose to so much
sians. In order to effect his retreat in safety, favor and popularity with the Numidians, that
Jovian surrendered to the Persians the Roman he began to excite the jealousy of Micipsa. In
conquests beyond the Tigris, and several for- order to remove him to a distance, Micipsa sent
tresses in Mesopotamia. He died suddenly at him, in B.C. 134, with an auxiliary force, to asa small town on the frontiers of Bithynia and sist Scipio against Numantia. Here his zeal,
Galatia, February 17, 364, after a reign of little courage, and ability gained for him the favor
more than seven months. Jovian was a Chris- and commendation of Scipio, and of all the leadtian, but he protected the heathens.      ing nobles in the Roman camp. On his return
JUBA ('I66oa). 1. King of Numidia, was son to Numidia he was received with honor by Miof Hiempsal, who was re-established on the cipsa, who was obliged to dissemble the fears
throne by Pompey. On the breaking out of the which he entertained of his ambitious nephew.
civil war between Caesar and Pompey, he act- Micipsa died in 118, leaving the kingdom to Juively espoused the cause of the latter; and, ac- gurtha and his two sons, Hiempsal and Adhereordingly, when Caesar sent Curio into Africa bal, in common. Jugurtha soon showed that
(B.C. 49), he supported the Pompeian general he aspired to the sole sovereignty of the counAttius Varus with a large body of troops. Curio try. In the course of the same year he found
was defeated by their united forces, and fell in an opportunity to assassinate Hiempsal at Thirthe battle. In 46 Juba fought along with Scipio mida, and afterward defeated Adherbal in batagainst Caesar himself, and was present at the tie. Adherbal fled to Rome to invoke the asdecisive battle of Thapsus. After this defeat sistance of the senate; but Jugurtha, by a lavhe wandered about for some time, and then put ish distribution of bribes, counteracted the just
an end to his own-life.-2. King of Mauretania, complaints of his enemy. The senate decreed
son of the preceding, was a mere child at his that the kingdom of Numidia should be equally
father's death (46), was carried a prisoner to divided between the two competitors; but the
Rome by Caesar, and compelled to grace the senators intrusted with the execution of this
conqueror's triumph. He was brought up in decree were also bribed by Jugurtha, who thus
Italy, where he received an excellent education, succeeded in obtaining the western division of
and applied himself with such diligence to study, the kingdom, adjacent to Mauretania, by far the
that he turned out one of the most learned men larger and richer portion of the two (117). But
of his day. After the death of Antony (30), this advantage was far from contenting him.
Augustus conferred upon Juba his paternal Shortly afterward he invaded the territories of
kingdom of Numidia, and, at the same time, Adherbal with a large army, and defeated him.
gave him in marriage Cleopatra, otherwise call- Adherbal made his escape to the strong fortress
ed Selene, the daughter ofAntony and Cleopatra. of Cirta, where he was closely blockaded by
At a subsequent period (25), Augustus gave him  Jugurtha. The Romans commanded Jugurtha
409




JULIA.                                  JULIANUS.
to abstain from further hostilities; but he paid ter of Augustus by Scribonia, and his only child,
no attention to their commands, and at length was born in 39. She was educated with great
gained possession of Cirta, and put Adherbal to strictness, but grew up one of the most profligate
death, 112. War was now declared against women of her age.   She was thrice married:
Jugurtha at Rome, and the consul, L. Calpur- first, to M.Marcellus, her first cousin, in 25; secnius Bestia, was sent into Africa, 111. Ju- ondly, after his death (23) without issue, to M.
gurtha had recourse to his customary arts; and, Agrippa, by whom she had three sons, C. and
by means of large sums of money given to Bes- L. Casar, and Agrippa Postumus, and two
tia and M. Scaurus, his principal lieutenant, he daughters, Julia and Agrippina; and thirdly,
purchased from them a favorable peace. The afterAgrippa's death in 12, to Tiberius Nero, the
conduct of Bestia excited the greatest indigna- future emperor. In B.C. 2 Augustus at length
tion at Rome, and Jugurtha was summoned to became acquainted with the misconduct of his
the city under a safe conduct, the popular party daughter, whose notorious adulteries had been
hoping to be able to convict the nobility by one reason why her husband Tiberius had quitmeans of his evidence. The scheme, however, ted Italy four years before. Augustus was infailed; since one of the tribunes, who had been censed beyond measure, and banished her to
gained over by the friends of Bestia and Scau- Pandataria, an island off the coast of Campania.
rus, forbade the king to give evidence. Soon At the end of five years she was removed to
afterward Jugurtha was compelled to leave Rhegium, but she was never suffered to quit
Italy, in consequence of his having ventured on the bounds of the city. Even the testament of
the assassination of Massiva, whose counter-in- Augustus showed the inflexibility of his anger.
fluence he regarded with apprehension. Vid. He bequeathed her no legacy, and forbade her
MAssIVA. The war was now renewed; but the ashes to repose in his mausoleum. Tiberius,
consul, Sp. Postumius Albinus, who arrived to on his accession (A.D. 14), deprived her of almost
conduct it (110), was able to effect nothing all the necessaries of life, and she died in the
against Jugurtha. When the consul went to course of the same year.-6. Daughter of the
Rome to hold the comitia, he left his brother preceding, and wife of L. Emilius Paulus. She
Aulus in command of the army. Aulus was de- inherited her mother's licentiousness, and was,
feated by Jugurtha; great part of his army was in consequence, banished by her grandfather
cut to pieces, and the rest only escaped a simi- Augustus to the little island Tremerus, on the
lar fate by the ignominy of passing under the coast' of Apulia, A.D. 9, where she lived nearly
yoke.  But this disgrace at once roused all twenty years. She diedin 28. It was probably
the spirit of the Roman people: the treaty con- this Julia whom Ovid celebrated as Corinna in
eluded by Aulus was instantly annulled; and his elegies and other erotic poems.; and his inthe consul Q. C2cilius Metellus was sent into trigues with her appear to have been the cause
Africa at the head of a new army (109). Metel- of the poet's banishment in A.D. 9.-7. Younglus was an able general and an upright man, est child of Germanicus and Agrippina, was
whom Jugurtha was unable to cope with in the born A.D. 18; was married to M. Vinicius in
field, or to seduce by bribes. In the course of 33; and was banished in 37 by her brother Catwo years Metellus frequently defeated Jugur- ligula, who was believed to have had an incesttha, and at length drove him to take refuge uous intercourse with her. She was recalled
among the Gaetulians. In 107 Metellus was by Claudius, but was afterward put to death by
succeeded in the command by Mariu; but the this'emperor at Messalina's instigation. The
cause of Jugurtha had meantime been espoused charge brought against her was adultery, and
by his father-in-law Bocchus, king of Maureta- Seneca, the philosopher, was banished to Cornia, who had advanced to his support with a sica as the partner of her guilt.-8. Daughter
large army. The united forces of Jugurtha and of Drusus and Livia, the sister of Germanicus.
Bocchus were defeated in a decisive battle by She was married, A.D. 20, to her first cousin,
Marius; and Bocchus purchased the forgive- Nero, son of Germanicus and Agrippina, and,
ness of the Romans by surrendering his son-in- after Nero's death, to Rubellius Blandus, by
law to Sulla, the quaestor of Marius (106). Ju- whom she had a son, Rubellius Plautus. She,
gurtha remained in captivity till the return of too, was put to death by Claudius, at the instiMarius to Rome, when, after adorning the tri- gation of Messalina, 59.-9. Daughter of Titus,
umph of his conqueror (Jan. 1, 104), he was the son of Vespasian, married Flavius Sabinus,
thrown into a dungeon, and there starved to a nephew of the Emperor Vespasian. Julia
death.                                    died of abortion, caused by her uncle Domitian,
JULIA. 1. Aunt of Caesar the dictator, and with whom she lived in criminal intercourse.
wife of C. Marius the elder. She died B.C. 68, - 10. DOMNA. Vid. DOMNA.- 11. DRUSILLA.
and her nephew pronounced her funeral'oration.  Vid. DRUSILLA.-12. MsESA. Vid. MESA.
-2. Mother of M. Antonius the triumvir. In  JULIA GENS, one of the most ancient patrician
the proscription of the triumvirate (43) she houses at Rome, was of Alban origin, and was
saved the life of her brother, L. Caesar. Vid. removed to Rome by Tullus Hostilius upon the
C  SAR, No. 5.-3. Sister of Caesar the dictator, destruction of Alba Longa. It claimed descent
and wife of M. Atius Balbus, by whom she had from the mythical Iulus, the son of Venus and
Atia, the mother of Augustus.  Vid. ATIA.-  Anchises. The most distinguished family in
4. Daughter of Caesar the dictator, by Cornelia, the gens is that of CESAR. Under the empire
and his only child in marriage, was married to we find an immense number of persons of the
Cn. Pompey in 59. She was a woman of beauty name of Julius, the most important of whom
and virtue, and was tenderly attached to her are spoken of under their surnames.
husband, although twenty-three years older than  JULIANUS DIDIUS. Vid. DIDIUS.
herself. She died in childbed in 54.-5. Daugh-  JULiNUS, FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS, usually called
410




JULIANUS, FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS.                     JULIANUS, SALVIUS.
JULIAN, and surnamed the APOSTATE, Roman the Tigris, that it might not fall into the hands
emperor A.D. 361-363. He was born at Con- of the enemy, he boldly marched into the instantinople A.D. 331, and was the son of Julius terior of the country in search of the Persian
Constantius by his second wife, Basilina, and king. His army suffered much from the heat,
the nephew of Constantine the Great. Julian want of water, and provisions, and he was at
and his elder brother, Gallus, were the only length compelled to retreat. The Persians now
members of the imperial family whose lives appeared and fearfully harassed his rear. Still
were spared by the sons of Constantine the the Romans remained victorious in many a
Great, on the death of the latter in 337. The bloody engagement; but in the last battle fought
two brothers were educated with care, and were on the 26th of June, Julian was mortally woundbrought up in the principles of the Christian re- ed by an arrow, and died in the course of the
ligion; but as they advanced to manhood, they day. Jovian was chosen enperor in his stead,
were watched with jealousy and suspicion by on the field of battle. Vid. JovIANUs. Julian
the Emperor Constantius. After the execution was an extraordinary character. As a monarch,
of Gallus in 354 (vid. GALLUS), the life of Julian he was indefatigable in his attention to busiwas in great peril; but he succeeded in pacify- ness, upright in his administration, and compreing the suspicions of the emperor, and was al- hensive in his views; as a man, he was virtulowed to go to Athens in 355 to pursue his stud- ous in the midst of a profligate age, and did not
ies. Here he devoted himself with ardor to the yield to the luxurious temptations to which he
study of Greek literature and philosophy, and was exposed. In consequence of his apostasy
attracted universal attention both by his attain- he has been calumniated by Christian writers;
ments and abilities. Among his fellow-students but, for the same reason, he has been unduly exwere Gregory of Nazianzus and Basil, both of tolled by heathen authors. He wrote a large
whom afterward became so celebrated in the number of works, many of which are extant.
Christian church. Julian had already abandon- He was a man of reflection and thought, but
ed Christianity in his heart and returned to the possessed no creative genius. He did not, howpagan faith of his ancestors, but fear of Con- ever, write merely for the sake of writing, like
stantius prevented him from making an open so many of his contemporaries; his works show
declaration of his apostasy. Julian did not re- that he had his subjects really at heart, and that
main long at Athens. In November, 355, he in literature as well as in business his extraorreceived from Constantius the title of Caesar, dinary activity arose from the wants of a powand was sent into Gaul to oppose the Germans, erful mind, which desired to improve itself and
who had crossed the Rhine, and were ravaging the world. The style of Julian is remarkably
some of the fairest provinces of Gaul. During pure, and is a close imitation of the style of the
the next five years (356-360) Julian carried on classical Greek writers. The following are his
war against the two German confederacies of most important works: 1. Letters, most of which
the Alemanni and Franks with great success, were intended for public circulation, and are of
and gained many victories over them. His in- great importance for the history of the time.
ternal administration was distinguished by jus- Edited by Heyler, Mainz, 1828. —2. Orations,
tice and wisdom, and he gained the good will on various subjects, as, for instance; On the
and affection of the provinces intrusted to his Emperor Constantius, On the worship of the
care. His growing popularity awakened the sun, On the mother of the gods (Cybele), On
jealousy of Constantius, who commanded him  true and false Cynicism, &c.-3. The Caesars, or
to send some of his best troops to the East, to the Banquet (Kaiaapee r ZEv/7rr6ooov), a satirical
serve against the Persians. His soldiers re- composition, which is one of the most agreeafused to leave their favorite general, and pro- ble and instructive productions of ancient wit.
claimed him emperor at Paris in 360. After Julian describes the Roman emperors approachseveral fruitless negotiations between Julian ing one after the other to take their seat round
and Constantius, both parties prepared for war. a table in the heavens; and as they come up,
In 361 Julian marched along the valley of the their faults, vices, and crimes are censured
Danube toward Constantinople; but Constan- with a sort of bitter mirth by old Silenus, wheretius, who had set out from Syria to oppose his upon each Caesar defends himself as well as he
rival, died on his march in Cilicia. His death can. Edited by Heusinger, Gotha, 1736, and by
left Julian the undisputed master of the empire. Harless, Erlangen, 1785.-4. Misopogon, or the
On the 11th of December Julian entered Con- Enemy of the Beard (Mloreiyov), a severe satire
stantinople. He lost no time in publicly avow- on the licentious and effeminate manners of the
ing himself a pagan, but he proclaimed that inhabitants of Antioch, who had ridiculed JuChristianity would be tolerated equally with lian, when he resided in the city, on account of
paganism. He did not, however, act impartial- his austere virtues, and had laughed at his ally toward the Christians. He preferred pagans lowing his beard to grow in the ancient fashion.
as his civil and military officers, forbade the -5. Against the Christians (Kaira Xptlreavev).
Christians to teach rhetoric and grammar in This work is lost, but some extracts from it are
the schools, and, in order to annoy them, allow- given in Cyrill's reply to it, which is still exed the Jews to rebuild the temple at Jerusalem. tant. The best edition of the collected works
In the following year (362) Julian went to Syria of Julian is by Spanheim, Lips., 1696.
in order to make preparations for the war against  JULIANUS, SALVIUS, an eminent Roman jurist,
the Persians. He spent the winter at Antioch, who flourished under Hadrian and the Antowhere he made the acquaintance of the orator nines. He was praefectus urbi, and twice conLibanius; and in the spring of 363 he set out sul, but his name does not appear in the Fasti,
against the Persians. He crossed the Euphrates By the order of Hadrian, he drew up the edictum
and the Tigris; and after burning his fleet on perpetuum, which forms an epoch in the history
411




JULIAS.                                  JUPITER.
of Roman jurisprudence. His work appears to of Moneta she had a temple on the Capitoline
have consisted in collecting and arranging the Hill, which contained the mint. The most imclauses which the praetors were accustomed to portant period in a woman's life is that of hei
insert in their annual edict, in condensing the marriage, and she was therefore believed esmaterials, and in omitting antiquated provisions. pecially to preside over marriage. Hence she
He was a voluminous legal writer, and his works was called Juga or Jugalis, and had a variety
are cited in the Digest.                  of other names, such as Pronuba, Cinxia, LuciJULIAS ('IovAtls: Bib. Bethsaida: ruins at Et- na, &c. The month of June, which is said to
Tell), a city of Palestine, on the eastern side of have been originallycalled Junonius, was considthe Jordan, north of the Lake of Tiberias, so ered to be the most favorable period for marrycalled by the tetrarch Philip, in honor of Julia, ing. Women in childbed invoked Juno Lucina
the daughter of Augustus.,                to help them, and newly-born children were likeJULIOBRIOA (now Retortillo, near Reynosa), a wise under her protection; hence she was sometown of the Cantabri in Hispania Tarraconen- times confounded with the Greek\Artemis or
sis, near the sources of the Iberus.      Ilithyia.  In Etruria.she was worshipped unJULIOMXGUS. Vid. ANDECAVI.              der the name of Cupra. She was also worJUL6OPOLIS ('Iov2L6ro27te). Vid. GODIUM, TAR- shipped at Falerii, Lanuvium, Aricia, Tibur,
sus.                                      Prasneste, and other places. In the representJULIUs. Vid. JULIA GENS.                ations of the Roman Juno that have come down
JUNCARIA (now Junquera), a town of the In- to us, the type of the Greek Hera is commonly
digetes in Hispania Tarraconensis, on the road adopted.
from Barcino to the frontiers of Gaul, in a plain  JUPITER, called ZEUS by the Greeks. The
covered with rushes ('1ovyKaplov nreiov).  Greek god is spoken of in a separate article.
JUNIA. 1. Half-sister of M. Brutus, the mur- Vid. ZEUS. Jupiter was originally an elemental
derer of Caesar, and wife of M. Lepidus, the divinity, and his name signifies the father or
triumvir.-2. TERTIA or TERTULLA, own sister lord of heaven, being a contraction of Diovis
of the preceding, was the wife of C. Cassius, pater or Diespiter. Being the lord of heaven,
one of Caesar's murderers. She survived her he was worshipped as the god-of rain, storms,
husband a long while, and did not die till A.D. thunder, and lightning, whence he had the epi22.                                       thets of Pluvius, Fulgurator, Tonitrualis, ToJUNIA GENS, an ancient patrician house at nans, and Fulminator. As the pebble or flint
Rome, to which belonged the celebrated M. stone was regarded as the symbol of lightning,
Junius Brutus, who took such an active part in Jupiter was frequently represented with such a
expelling the Tarquins. But afterward the gens stone in his hand instead of a thunderbolt. In
appears as only a plebeian one. Under the re- concluding a treaty, the Romans took the sapublic the chief families were those of BRUTUS, cred symbols of Jupiter, viz., the sceptre and
BUBULCUS, GRACCHANUS, NORBANUS, PULLUS,. flint stone, together with some grass from his
SILANUS. The Junii who lived under the em- temple, and the oath taken on such an occasion
pire are likewise spoken of under their various was expressed by per Joveem Lapidem jurare.
surnames.                                 In consequence of his possessing such powers
JUNO, called HERA by the Greeks. The Greek over the elements, and especially of his always
goddess is spoken of in a separate article. Vid. having the thunderbolt at his command, he was
HERA. The word Ju-no contains the same root regarded as the highest and most powerful
as Ju-piter. As Jupiter is the king of heaven among the gods. Hence he is called the Best
and of the gods, so Juno is the queen of heaven, and Most High (Optimus Maximus). His tem —
or the female Jupiter. She was worshipped at pie at Rome stood on the lofty hill of the CapiRome as the queen of heaven, from early times, tol, whence he derived the surnames of Capiwith the surname of Regina. At a later period tolinus and Tarpeius. He was regarded as the
her worship was solemnly transferred from Veii special protector of Rome. As such he was
to Rome, where a sanctuary was dedicated to worshipped by the consuls on entering upon
her on the Aventine. As Jupiter was the pro- their office; and the triumph of a victorious
tector of the male sex, so Juno watched over general was a solemn procession to his temple.
the female sex. She was supposed to accom- He therefore bore the surnames of Imperator,
pany every woman through life, from the mo- Victor, Invictus, Stator, Opitulus, Feretrius, Prcement of her birth to her death. Hence she bore dater, Triumphator, and the like. Under all
the special surnames of Virginalis and Matrona, these surnames he had temples or statues at
as well as the general ones of Opigena and Rome; and two temples, viz., those of Jupiter
Sospita, and under the last-mentioned name Stator and of Jupiter Feretrius, were believed
she was worshipped at Lanuvium. On their to have been built in the time of Romulus. Unbirth-day women offered sacrifices to Juno der the name of Jupiter Capitolinus, he presided
surnamed Natalis, just as men sacrificed to over the great Roman games; and under the
their genius natalis. The great festival, cele- name of Jupiter Latialis or Latiaris, over the
brated by all the women, in honor of Juno, was Ferie Latinae. Jupiter, according to the belief
called Matronalia (vid. Diet. of Antiq., s. v.), and of the Romans, determined the course of all
took place on the 1st of March. Her protection  human affairs. He foresaw the future, and the
of women, and especially her power of making events happening in it were the results of his
them fruitful, is further alluded to in the festival will. He revealed the future to man through
Populifutgia (Dict. of Antiq., s. v.), as well as in signs in the heavens and the flight of birds,
the surname of Februlis, Februata, Februta, or which are hence called the messengers of JuFebrualis. Juno was further, like Saturn, the piter, while the god himself is designated as
guardian of the finances, and under the name Prodigialis, that is, the sender of prodigies.
412




JURA.                                 JUSTINIANUS.
For the same reason the god was invoked at first work was the collection of the imperiae
the beginning of every undertaking, whether constitutions. This he commenced in 528, in
sacred or profane, together with Janus, who the second year of his reign. The task was
blessed the beginning itself. Jupiter was fur-. intrusted to a commission of ten, who completther regarded as the guardian of law, and as ed their labors in the following year (529); and
the protector of justice and virtue. He main- their collection was declared to be law under
tained the sanctity of an oath, and presided over the title of Justinianeus Codex. In 530, Triboall transactions which were based upon faithful- nian, who had been one of the commission of
ness and justice. Hence Fides was his com- ten employed in drawing up the Code, was aupanion on the Capitol, along with Victoria; and thorized by the emperor to select fellow-laborers
hence a traitor to his country, and persons to assist him in the other division of the underguilty of perjury, were thrown down from the taking. Tribonian selected sixteen coadjutors;
Tarpeian rock. As Jupiter was the lord of and this commission proceeded at once to lay
heaven, and consequently the prince of light, under contribution the, works of those jurists
the white color was sacred to him, white ani- who had received from former emperors " aucmals were sacrificed to him, his chariot was be- toritatem conscribendarum interpretandique lelieved to be drawn by four white horses, his gum." They were ordered to divide their mapriests wore white caps, and the consuls were terials into fifty books, and to subdivide each
attired in white when they offered sacrifices in book into Titles (Tituli).  Nothing that was
the Capitol the day they entered on their office. valuable was to be excluded, nothing that was
The worship of Jupiter at Rome was under the obsolete was to be admitted, and neither repespecial care of the Flamen Dialis, who was the tition nor inconsistency was to be allowed.,highest in rank of all the flamens. Vid. Dict. This work was to bear the name Digesta or
of Antiq., art. FLAME. T. The Romans, in their Pandecte. The work was completed, in accordrepresentations of the god, adopted the type of ance with the instructions that had been given,
the Greek Zeus.                           in the short space of three years; and on the
JURA or JURASSUS MONS (now Jura), a range 30th of December, 533, it received from the imof mountains, which run north of the Lake Le- perial sanction the authority of law. It commanus as far as Augusta Rauracorum (now Au- prehends upward of nine thousand extracts, in
gust, near Basle), on the Rhine, forming the the selection of which the compilers made use
boundary between the Sequani and Helvetii.  of nearly two thousand different books, conJUSTINIANA. 1. PRIMA, a town in Illyria, near taining more than three million lines.  The
Tauresium, was the birthplace of Justinian, and Code and the Digest contained a complete body
was built by that emperor; it became the resi- of law; but as they were not adapted to eledence of the archbishop of Illyria, and, in the mentary instruction, a commission was appointMiddle Ages, of the Servian kings.-2. SECUNDA, ed, consisting of Tribonian, Theophilus, and Doalso a town in Illyria, previously called Ulpiana, rotheus, to compose an institutional work, which
was enlarged and embellished by Justinian.  should contain the elements of the law (legum
JUSTINIANIS, surnamed the GREAT, emperor incunabula), and should not be encumbered with
of Constantinople A.D. 527-565. He was born useless matter. Accordingly, they produced a
near Tauresium, in Illyria, A.D. 483; was adopt- treatise under the title of Institutiones, which
ed by his uncle, the Emperor Justinus, in 520; was based on elementary works of a similar
succeeded his uncle in 527; married the beau- character, but chiefly on the Institutiones of
tiful but licentious actress, Theodora, who ex- Gains. Vid. GAIUS. The Institutiones consistercised great influence over him; and died in ed of four books, and were published with the
565, leaving the crown to his nephew, Justin II. imperial sanction at the same time as the DiHe was, during the greater part of his reign, a gest. After the publication of the Digest and
firm supporter of orthodoxy, and thus has re- the Institutiones, fifty decisiones and some new
ceived from ecclesiastical writers the title of constitutiones also were promulgated by the
Great; but toward the end of his life he became emperor. This rendered a revision of the Code
a heretic, being one of the adherents of Nesto- necessary; and, accordingly, a new Code was
rianism. His foreign wars were glorious, but promulgated at Constantinople on the 16th of
all his victories were won by his generals. The November, 534, and the use of the decisiones,
empire of the Vandals in Africa was overthrown of the new constitutiones, and of the first edition
by Belisarius, and their king Gelimer led a of the Code was forbidden. The second edition
prisoner to Constantinople; and the kingdom  (Codex Repetitce Prelectionis) is the Code that
of the Ostrogoths in Italy was likewise destroy- we now possess, in twelve books, each of which
ed by the successive victories of Belisarius and is divided into titles. Justinian subsequently
Narses. Vid. BELISARIUS, NARSES. Justinian published various new constitutiones, to which
adorned Constantinople with many public build- he gave the name of Novellce Constitutiones.
ings of great magnificence; but-the cost of their These Constitutiones form a kind of supplement
erection, as well as the expenses of his foreign to the Code, and were published at various times
wars, obliged him to impose many new taxes, from 535 to 565, but most of them appeared bewhich were constantly increased by the natural tween 535 and 539. It does not seem, howcovetousness and rapacity of the emperor. ever, that any official compilation of these NoThe great work of Justinian is his legislation. vellae appeared in the lifetime of Justinian. The
He resolved to establish a perfect system of four legislative works of Justinian, the Instituwritten legislation for all his dominions; and, tioees, Digesta or Pandectre, Codex, and Novelle,
for this end, to make two great collections, one are included under the general name of Corpus
of the imperial constitutions, the other of all Juris Civilis, and form the Roman law, as rethat was valuable in the works of jurists. His ceived in Europe. The best editions of the
413




JUSTINUS.                                  LABDA.
Corpus for general use are by Gothofredus and (now Salza), was a Roman colony founded by
Van Leeuwen; Amst., 1663. 2 vols. fil.; by Ge- Hadrian, and the residence of the Roman govbauer and Spangenberg, Getting., 1776-1797, 2 ernor of the province. It was destroyed by the
vols. 4to; and by Beck, Lips., 1836, 2 vols. 4to. Heruli in the fifth century, but was afterward
JUSTINUS.  1. The historian, of uncertain rebuilt.
date, but who did not live later than the fourth  JUVEN4LIS, DECIMUS JUNIUS, the great Roman
or fifth century of our era, is the author of an satirist, but of whose life we have few authentic
extant work entitled Historiarunm Philippicarum  particulars.  His ancient biographers relate
Libri XLIV. This work is taken from the His- that lie was either the son or the " alumnus" of
torice Philippicce of Trogus Pompeius, who lived a rich freedman; that he occupied himself, until
in the time of Augustus. The title Philippicce he had nearly reached the term of middle life,
was given to it, because its main object was to in declaiming; that, having subsequently comgive the history of the Macedonian monarchy, posed some clever lines upon Paris the pantowith all its branches; but in the execution of mime, he was induced to cultivate assiduously
this design, Trogus permitted himself to indulge satirical composition; and that, in consequence
in so many excursions, that the work formed a of his attacks upon Paris becoming, known to
kind of universal history from the rise of the the court, the poet, although now an old man of
Assyrian monarchy to the conquest of the East eighty, was appointed to the command of a body
by Rome. The original work of Trogus, which of troops, in a remote district of Egypt, where
was one of great value, is lost. The work of he died shortly afterward. It is supposed by
Justin is not so much an abridgment of that of some that the Paris who was attacked by JuTrogus, as a selection of such parts as seemed venal was the contemporary of Domitian, and
to him most worthy of being generally known. that the poet was accordingly banished by this
Edited by>Gravius, Lugd. Bat., 1683; by Gro- emperor. But thil-opinfon is clearly untenanovius, Lugd. Bat., 1719 and 1760; and by ble. 1. We know that Paris was killed in A.D.
Frotscher, Lips., 1827, 3 vols. -2. Surnamed 83, upon suspicion of an intrigue with the Emthe MARTYR, one of the earliest of the Christian press Domitia. 2. The fourth satire, as appears
writers, was born about A.D. 103, at Flavia Ne- from the concluding lines, was written after the
apolis, the Shechem of the Old Testament, a city death of Domitian, that is, not earlier than 96.
in Samaria. He was brought up as a heathen, 3. The first satire, as we learn from the fortyand in his youth studied the Greek philosophy ninth line, was written after the condernation
with zeal and ardor. He was afterward con- of Marius Priscus, that is, not earlier than 100.
verted to Christianity. He retained as a Chris- These positions admit of no doubt; and hence
tian the garb of a philosopher, but devoted him- it is established that Juvenal was alive at least
self to the propagation, by writing and other- seventeen years after the death of Paris, and
wise, of the faith which he had embraced. He that some of his satires were composed after
was put to death at Rome in the persecution the death of Domitian. The only facts with
under Marcus Antoninus, about 165. Justin regard to Juvenal upon which we can implicitly
wrote a large number of works in Greek, sev- rely are, that he flourished toward the close of
eral of which have come down to us. Of these the fiist century; that Aquinum, if not the place
the most important are, 1, An Apology for the of his nativity, was at least his chosen residence
Christians, addressed to Antoninus Pius, about (Sat., iii., 319); and that he is, in all probability,
139; 2. A Second Apology for the Christians, ad- the friend whom Martial addresses in three epidressed to the emperors M. Aurelius and L. grams.  There is, perhaps, another circumVerus; 3. A Dialo'gue vwith Tryphon the Jew, in stance which we may admit. We are told that
which Justin defends Christianity against the he declaimed for many years of his life; and
objections of Tryphon. The best edition of the every page in his writings bears evidence to
collected works of Justin is by Otto, Jena, 1842- the accuracy of this assertion. Each piece is
1844, 2 vols. 8vo; [second edition, Jena, 1848- a finished rhetorical essay, energetic, glowing,
50, 3 vols. 8vo.]                         and sonorous. He denounces vice in the most
JUSTUs, a Jewish historian of Tiberias in Gal- indignant terms; but the obvious tone of exagilsea, was a contemporary of the historian Jo- geration which pervades all his invectives
sephus, who was very hostile to him.      leaves us in doubt how far this sustained pasJUTURNA, the nymph of a fountain in Latium, sion is real, and how far assumed for show.
famous for its healing qualities. Its water was The extant works of Juvenal consist of sixteen
used in nearly all sacrifices; a chapel was ded- satires, the last being a fragment of very doubticated to its nymph at Rome in the Campus ful authenticity, all composed in heroic hexamMartius by Lutatius Catulus; and sacrifices eters. Edited by Ruperti, Lips., 1819; and by
were offered to her on the 11th of January. A  Heinrich, Bonn, 1839.
pond in the forum, between the temples of Cas-  JUVENTAS. Vid. HEBE.(
tor and Vesta, was called Lacus Juturne,    JUVENTIUS.  1. CELSUS. Vid. CELSUS.-2.
whence we must infer that the name of the LATERENSIS. Vid. LATERENSIS.-3. THALNA.nymph Juturna is not connected with jugis, but Vid. THALNA.
probably with juvare. She is said to have been  [JUVERNA, another name for Hibernia. Vid.
beloved by Jupiter, who rewarded her with im- HIBERNIA.]
mortality and the rule over the waters. Some
writers call her the wife of Janus and mother
of Fontus, but in the,Eneid she appears as the
affectionate sister of Turnus..            LABDA (A6d6a), daughter of the Bacchiad AmJUvivAM or JUVAvIA (now Salzburg), a town phion, and mother of Cypselus by Eetion. Vid.
in Noricum, on the River Jovavus or Isonta CYPSELUS.
414




LABDACIDTE                                   LABUS.
LABDACIDXE.. Vida LABDACUS.             on one of the hills of the Alban Mountain, fifteen
LABDXCUS (Ad6ciacof), son of the Theban king miles southeast of Rome, west of Praeneste,
Polydorus, by Nycteis, daughter of Nycteus. and northeast of Tusculum. It was an ally of
Labdacus lost his father at an early age, and the zEqui; it was taken and was colonized by
was placed under the guardianship of Nycteus, the Romans, B.C. 418.
and afterward under that of Lycus, a brother  LABIENUS. 1. T., tribune of the plebs B.C.
of Nycteus. Vhen Labdacus had grown up to 63, the year of Cicero's consulship. Under premanhood, Lycus surrendered the government tence of avenging his uncle's death, who had
to him; and on the death of Labdacus, which  joined Saturninus (100), and had perished along
occurred soon after, Lycus undertook the guard- with the other conspirators, he accused Rabirianship of his son Laius, the father of CEdipus. ius of perduellio or high treason. Rabirius was
The name Labdacida is frequently given to the defended by Cicero. Vid. RABIRIUS. In his
descendants of Labdacus-CEdipus, Polynices, tribuneship Labienus was entirely devoted to
Eteocles, and Antigone.                    Cesar's interests.  Accordingly, when Caesar
LABDaLrUM. Vid. SYRACUSE.               went into Transalpine Gaul in 58, he took LabiLABEATES, a warlike people in Dalmatia, enus with him as his legatus. Labienus conwhose chief town was Scodra, and in whose tinued with Caesar during the greater part of
territory was the LABEATIS PALUS (now Lake of  his campaigns in Gaul, and was the ablest offiScUtari), through which the River Barbana(now  cer he had. On the breaking out of the civil
Bog-ana) runs.                            war in 49, he deserted Caesar and joined PomLABBO, ANTISTIUS. 1. A Roman jurist, was pey. His defection caused the greatest joy
one of the murderers of Julius Caesar, and put among the Pompeian party; but he disappointan end to his life after the battle of Philippi, ed the expectations' of his new friends, and
B.C. 42.-2. Son of the preceding, and a still never performed any thing of importance. He
more eminent jurist. He adopted the republi- fought against his old commander at the battle
can opinions of his father, and was, in conse- of Pharsalia in Greece, 48, at the battle of Thapquence, disliked by Augustus. It is probable sus in Africa, 46, and at the battle of Munda in
that the Labeone insanior of Horace (Sat., i., 3, Spain, 45. He was slain in the last of these
80) was a stroke levelled at the jurist, in order battles.-2. Q., son of the preceding, joined the
to please the emperor. Labeo wrote a large party of Brutus and Cassius after the murder
number of works, which are cited in the Digest. of Caesar, and was sent by them into Parthia to
He was the founder of one of the two great seek aid from Orodes, the Parthian king. Belegal schools spoken of under CAPITO.      fore he could obtain any definite answer from
LABFIO, Q. FABIUS, quaestor urbanus B.C. 196; Orodes, the news came of the battle of Philippi,
praetor 189, when he commanded the fleet in 42. Two years afterward he persuaded Orodes
the war against Antiochus; and consul 183.  to intrust him with the command of a Parthian
LABERIUS, DECIMUS, a Roman eques, and a army; and Pacorus, the son of Orodes, was asdistinguished writer of mimes, was born about sociated with him in the command. In 40 they
B.C. 107, and died in 43 at Puteoli, in Campa- crossed the Euphrates and met with great sucnia. At Caesar's triumphal games in October, cess. They defeated Decidius Saxa, the lieu45, P. Syrus, a professional mimus, seems to tenant of Antony, obtained possession of the
have challenged all his craft to a trial of wit in two great towns of Antioch and Apamea, and
extemporaneous farce, and Caesar offered Labe- penetrated into Asia Minor. But in the followrius five hundred thousand sesterces to appear ing year, 39, P. Ventidius, the most able of Anon the stage. Laberius was sixty years old, tony's legates, defeated the Parthians. Labiand the profession of a mimus was infamous, enus fled in disguise into Cilicia, where he was
but the wish of the dictator was equivalent to apprehended, and put to death.-3. T., a celea command, and he reluctantly complied. He brated orator and historian in the reign of Auhad, however, revenge in his power, and took gustus, either son or grandson of No. 1. He
it.  His prologue awakened compassion, and retained all the republican feelings of his family,
perhaps indignation; and, during the perform- and never became reconciled to the imperial
ance, he adroitly availed himself of his various government, but took every opportunity to atcharacters to point his wit at Caesar. In the tack Augustus and his friends. His enemies
person of a beaten Syrian slave he cried out, obtained a decree of the senate that all his writ-' Marry! Quirites, but we lose our freedom" ings should be burned; whereupon he shut him(Porro, Quirites, libertatem perdidimus), and all self up in the tomb of his ancestors, and thus
eyes were turned upon the dictator; and in an- perished, about A.D. 12.
other mime he uttered the pregnant maxim,   LABRANDA (Tr Ad6pavda: Aag6pavde, Aa6pav" Needs must he fear who makes all else drv6f, Labrandenus), a town in Caria, sixtyadread" (Necesse est multos timeat quem multi eight stadia north of Mylasa, celebrated for its
timent).  Caesar, impartially or vindictively, temple of Jupiter (Zeus) Stratios or Labranawarded the prize to Syrus. The prologue of denus, on a hill near the city. Mr. Fellowes
Laberius has been preserved by Macrobius (Sat., considers somre ruins at Jakli to be those of the
ii., 7); and, if this may be taken as a specimen temple; but this is doubtful.
of his style, he would rank above Terence, and  LABRO, a sea port in Etruria, mentioned by
second only to Plautus, in dramatic vigor. La- Cicero along with Pisae, and supposed by some
berius evidently made great impression on his to be the Liburnum mentioned by Zosimus, and
contemporaries, although he is depreciated by the modern Livorno or Leghorn. Others, howHorace (Sat., i., 10, 6).                 ever, maintain that the ancient Portus Pisanus
LABIUM, LABIC I, LAvBICI, LAvICI (Labice- corresponds to Leghorn.
nus: now Colonna), an ancient town in Latium,  LABUS or LABUTAS (Adi6o: or Aa6ov7rax: now
415




LABYNETUS.                                LACTANTIUS.
Sobad Koh, part of the Elburz), a mountain of I (Now Lagoa), a town on the southwest of Lusi~
Parthia, between the Coronus and the Sariphi tania, east of the Promontorium Sacrum.
Montes.                                     LACONICA (AaKovttc), sometimes called LACOLABYNIETUS (Aa6dvv7ro), a name common to NIA by the Romians, a country of Peloponnesus,
several of the Babylonian monarchs, seems to was bounded on the north by Argolis and Arhave been a title rather than a proper name. cadia, on the west by Messenia, and on the east
The Labynetus mentioned by Herodotus (i., and south by the sea. Laconica was a long
74) as mediating a peace between Cyaxares and valley, running southward to the sea, and was
Alyattes is the same with Nebuchadnezzar. inclosed on three sides by mountains. On the
The Labynetus who is mentioned by Herodotus north it was separated by Mount Parnon from
(i., 77) as a contemporary of Cyrus and Crcesus Argolis, and by Mount Sciritis from Arcadia.
is the same with the Belshazzar of the prophet It was bounded by Mount Taygetus on the west,
Daniel. By other writers he is called Nabona- and by Mount Parnon on the east, which are
dius or Nabonidus. He wvas the last king of two masses of mountains extending from ArBabylon. Vid. CYRUS.                      cadia to the southern extremities of the PeloLABYRINTHUS. Vid. Dict. of Antiq., s. v.  ponnesus, Mount Taygetus terminating at the
LACED MON (AaKce(maiLov), son of Jupiter Promontorium Tienarum, and Mount Parnon,
(Zeus) and Taygete, was married to Sparta, the continued under the names of Thornax and
daughter of Eurotas, by whom he became the Zarex, terminating at the Promontorium Malea.
father of Amyclas, Eurydice, and Asine. He The River Eurotas flows through the valley
was king of the country which he called after lying between these mountain masses, and falls
his own name, Lacedaemon, while he called the into the Laconian Gulf. In the upper part of
capital Sparta after the name of his wife. Vid. its course the valley is narrow, and near Sparta
SPARTA.                                   the mountains approach so close to each other
LACEDMOjNIUS (Aa(cedatu6vtoc), son of Cimon, as to leave little more than room for the chanso named in honor of the Lacedaemonians.  nel of the river. It is for this reason that we
LACEDAS (AaKc(7da) or LEOCEDES (Herod., vi., find the vale of Sparta called the hollow Lace127), king of Argos, and father of Melas.  deermon. Below Sparta the mountains recede,
LACETANI, a people in Hispania Tarraconen- and the valley opens out into a plain of considsis, at the foot of the Pyrenees.         erable extent. The soil of this plain is poor,
ILACHARES (Aaxdp7C). 1. An Athenian dema- but on the slopes of the mountains there is land
gogue, made himself tyrant of Athens B.C. of considerable fertility. There were valuable
296, when the city was besieged by Demetrius. marble quarries near Twnarus. Off the coast
When Athens was on the point of falling into shell-fish were caught, which produced a purple
the hands of Demetrius, Lachares made his dye inferior only to the Tyrian. Laconica is
escape to Thebes.-2. An eminent Athenian well described by Euripides as difficult of access
rhetorician, who flourished in the fifth century to an enemy. On the north the country could
of our era.                               only be invaded by the valleys of the Eurotas
LACHES (AaX7yn), an Athenian commander in and the CEnus; the range of Taygetus formed
the Peloponnesian war, is first mentioned in an almost insuperable barrier on the west; and
B.C. 427. He fell at the battle of Mantinea, the want of good harbors on the eastern coast
418. In the dialogue of Plato which bears his protected it from invasion by sea on that side.
nameaje is represented as not over-acute in ar- Sparta was the only town of importance in the
gument, anid with temper on a par with his country. Vid. SPARTA. The most ancient inacuteness..                 habitants of the country are said to have been
LACHESIs, one of the Fates. Vid. MmCR.  Cynurians and Leleges. They were expelled
LACIA orLAciYXDE (AaKia, AaKctdata: Aalctidna, or conquered by tlie Achaeans, who were the
AaKlevc), a demus in Attica, belonging to the inhabitants of the country in the heroic age.
tribe ZEneis, west of, and near to Athens.  The Dorians afterward invaded Peloponnesus
LACINIUM (AaKcvtov Kclpov), a promontory on and became the ruling race in Laconica. Some
the eastern coast of Bruttium, a few miles south of the old Achean inhabitants were reduced to
of Croton, and forming the western boundary slavery; but a great number of them became
of the Tarentine Gulf. It possessed a cele- subjects of the Dorians under the name of Peribrated temple of Juno, who was worshipped ceci (jIepioucot). The general name for the inhere under the surname of Lacinia. The re- habitants is LAC6NES (A6oveCS) or LACEDEMONII
mains of this temple are still extant, and have (AatcEat6vLovot); but the Perieci are frequently
given the modern name to the promontory, Capo called Lacedaemonii, to distinguish them from
delle Colonne or Capo di Nao (vao6). Hannibal the Spartans.
dedicated in this temple a bilingual inscription  LAC6NICUS SINUS (cKOjTroS AaKO avKc6), a gulf
(in Punic and Greek), which recorded the his- in the south of Peloponnesus, into which the
tory of his campaigns, and of which Polybius Eurotas falls, beginning west at the Promontomade use in writing his history.          rium Teenarum, and east at the Promontorium
LACIPPO (now Alecippe), a town in Hispania Malea.
Baetica, not far from the sea, and west of Mal-  [LACRATIDES (Aalcparimlc), said to have been
aca.                                      an archon at Athens at the time of the Persian
LACMON or LACMUS (AdKywOV, AdKlCUO), the invasion: in.his archonship there was so heavy
northern part of Mount Pindus, in which the a fall of snow, and so intense cold, that the
River Aous has its origin.                epithet "Lacratidian" became proverbial for inLAcoBRIGA. 1. (Now Lobera), a town of the tense cold.]
Vaccaei in the north of Hispania Tarraconen-  LACTANTIUS, a celebrated Christian father,
sis, on the road from Asturica to Tarraco.-2. but his exact name, the place of his nativity,
416




LACTARIUS MONS.                                LELIUS.
and the date of his birth, are uncertain.  In placed by Jupiter (Zeus) among the stars.-[2.
modern works we find him denominated Lucius An Arcadian, companion and friend of iEneas,
CGlius Firmimianus Lactantius; but the two for- slain by Halesus.]
mer appellations, in the second of which Ccecil-  LADON (ACuOv). 1. A river in Arcadia, which
ins is often substituted for Coelius, are omitted rose near Clitor, and fell into the Alpheus bein many MSS., while the two latter are Ire- tween Herea and Phrixa. In mythology Ladon
quently presented in an inverted order. Since is the husband of Stymphalis, and the father of
he is spoken of as far advanced in life about Daphne and Metope.-2. A small river in Elis,
A.D. 315, he must have been born notlater'than  which rose on the frontiers of Achaia and fell
the middle of the third century, probably in into the Peneus.
Italy, possibly at Firmum, on the Adriatic, and  LE-TAXNI, a people on the eastern coast of
certainly studied in Africa, where he became Hispania Tarraconensis, near the mouth of the
the pupil of Arnobius, who taught rhetoric at River Rubricatus (now Llobregat), probably the
Sicca. His fame became so widely extended, same as the LALETANI, whose country, LALEthat about 301 he was invited by Diocletian to TANIA, produced good wine, and whose chief
settle at Nicomedia, and there to practice his town was BARCINO.
art. At this period he appears to have become  LELAPS (AaLi2.a), i. e., the storm wind, pera Christian. He was summoned to Gaul about sonified in the legend of the dog of Procris
2,12-318, when now an old man, to superintend which bore this name. Procris had received
the education of Crispus, son of Constantine, this swift animal from Diana (Artemis), and
and he probably died at Treves some ten or gave it to her husband Cephalus. When the
twelve years afterward (325-330).  ghe extant Teumessian fox was sent to punish the Theworks of Lactantius are, I. Divinarum Institu- bans, Cephalus sent the dog Lalaps against the
tionum Libri V1I., a sort of introduction to fox. The dog overtook the fox, but Jupiter
Christianity, intended to supersede the less per- (Zeus) changed both animals into a stone, which
feet treatises of Minucius Felix, Tertullian, and was shown in the neighborhood of Thebes.
Cyprian. Each of the seven books bears a sep-  LaLIANUS, one of the thirty tyrants, emperarate title: (1.) De Falsa Religionea (2.) De or in Gaul after the death of POSTUMUS, A.D.
Origine Erroris. (3.) De Falsa Sapientia. (4.) 267, was slain, after a few months, by his own
De Vera Sapientia et Religione. (5.) De Justitia. soldiers, who proclaimed VICTORINUS in his
(6.) De Vero Cultu. (7.) De Vita Beata.-n. An stead.
Epitome of the Institutions.-nI. De Ira Dei.-  LE, LUS. 1. C., was from early manhood the
iv. De Opificio Dci s. De Formatione Hominis.-v. friend and companion of Scipio Africanus the
De Morlibus Persecutorum.-vi. Various Poems, elder, and fought under him in almost all his
most of which were probably not written by campaigns. He was consul B.C. 190, and obLactantius.  The style of Lactantius, formed tained the province of Cisalpine Gaul.-2. C.,
upon the model of the great orator of Rome, has surnamed SAPIENS, son of the preceding. His
gained for him the appellation of the Christian intimacy with Scipio Africanus the younger was
Cicero, and not undeservedly. The best edition as remarkable as his father's friendship with the
of Lactantius is by Le Brun and Lenglet du elder, and it obtained an imperishable monument
Fresnoy, Paris, 1748.                     in Cicero's treatise Laslius sive de Amicitia. He
LACTARIUS MONS or LACTIS MONS, a mountain was born about 186, was tribune of the plebs
in Campania, belonging to the Apennines, four 151, praetor 145, and consul 140. Though not
miles east of Stabiae, so called because the cows devoid of military talents, as his campaign
which grazed upon it produced excellent milk. against the Lusitanian Viriathus proved, he
Here Narses gained'a victory over the Goths, was more of a statesman than a soldier, and
A.D. 553.                                 more of a philosopher than a statesman. From
[LACTODURUAM (now probably Towcester), a city Diogenes of Babylon, and afterward from Paof the Catyeuchlani in Britannia Romana, on netius, he imbibed the doctrines of the Stoic
the way from Londinium to Lindum.]        school; his father's friend Polybius was his
LAC-nDES (Aanvcs d), a native of Cyrene, sue- friend also; the wit and idiom of Terence
ceeded Arcesilaus as president of the Academy were pointed and polished by his and Scipio's
at Athens. The place where his instructions conversation; and the satirist Lucilius was his
were delivered was a garden, named the Lacy- familiar companion. The political opinions of
deum (AaocVielov), provided for the purpose by Laelius were different at different periods of his
his friend Attalus Philometor, king of Perga- life. He endeavored, probably during his tribmus.   This alteration in the locality of the unate, to procure a redivision of the public land,
school seems at least to have contributed to but he desisted from the attempt, and for his
the rise of the name of the New Academy. He forbearance received the appellation of the Wise
died about 215, from the effects, it is said, of or the Prudent. He afterward became a strenexcessive drinking.                       uous supporter of the aristocratical party. SevLADE (Addy), an island off the western coast eral of his orations were extant in the time of
of Caria, opposite to Miletus and to the bay into Cicero, but were characterized more by smoothwhich the Maeander falls.                 ness (lenitas) than by power. Lalius is the
[LADES, son of Imbrasus, a follower of./Eneas, principal interlocutor in Cicero's dialogue Da
slain by Turnus in Italy.]                Amicitia, and is one of the speakers in the De
LADON (Addwv). 1. The dragon who guard- Senectute and in the De Republica.  His two.
ed the apples of the Hesperides, was the off- daughters were married, the one to Q. Mucius.
spring of Typhon and Echidna, or of Terra (Ge), Scaevola, the augur, the other to C. Fanniua
or ofPhorcys and Ceto. He was slain by Her- Strabo. The opinion of his worth seems t(,
oules; and the representation of the battle was have been universal, and it is one of Seneca'!
27                                                              417




LLENAS, POPILIUS.                               LAIUS.
injunctions to his friend Lucilius "to live like Transpadana, on the River Ticinus, who in con,
Laslius."                                 junction with the Marici, built the town of TiLHNAS, POPILIUS, plebeians. The family was cinum (now Pavia).
unfavorably distinguished, even among the Ro-  L VINUS, VALERIUS. 1. P., consul B.C. 280,
mans, for their sternness, cruelty, and haughti- had the conduct of the war against Pyrrhus.
ness of character. 1. M., four times consul, B. The king wrote to Levinus, offering to arbitrate
C. 359, 356, 350, 348. In his third consulship between Rome and Tarentum; but Levinus
(350) he won a hard-fought battle against the bluntly bade him mind his own business, and
Gauls, for which he celebrated a triumph-the begone to Epirus. An Epirot spy having been
first ever obtained by a plebeian.-2. M., praetor taken in the Roman lines, Levinus showed him
176, consul 172, and censor 159. In his con- the legions under arms, and bade him tell his
sulship he defeated the Ligurian mountaineers; master, if he was curious about the Roman men
and when the remainder of the tribe surrender- and tactics, to come and see them himself. In
ed to him, he sold them all as slaves.-3. C., the battle which followed, Laevinus was defeatbrother of No. 2, was consul 172. He was aft- ed by Pyrrhus on the banks of the Siris.-2. M.,
erward sent as ambassador to Antiochus, king praetor 215, crossed over to Greece and carried
of Syria. whom the senate wished to abstain on war against Philip. He continued in the
from hostilities against Egypt. Antiochus was command in Greece till 211, when he was electjust marching upon Alexandrea when Popilius ed consul in his absence. In his consulship
gave him the letter of the senate, which the (210) he carried on the war in Sicily, and took
king read, and promised to take into considera- Agrigentum.  He continued as proconsul in
tion withhis friends. Popilius straightway de- Sicily forseveral years, and in 208 made a described with his cane a circle in the sand round scent upon the coast of Africa. He died 200,
the king, and ordered him not to stir out of it and his sons Publius and Marcus honored his
before he had given a decisive answer. This memory with funeral games and gladiatorial
boldness so frightened Antiochus, that he at combats, exhibited during four successive days
once yielded to the demand of Rome.-4. P., in the forum.-3. C., son of No. 2, was by the
consul 132, the year after the murder of Tib. mother'sside brother of M. Fulvius Nobilior,
Gracchus. He was charged by the victorious consul 1I9. Lavinus was himself consul in
aristocratical party with the prosecution of the 176, and carried on war against the Ligurians.
accomplices of Gracchus; and in this odious  LAGOS, a city in great Phrygia.
task he showed all the hard-heartedness of his  LAGUS (AdyoS), a Macedonian of obscure birth,
family. He subsequently withdrew himself, by was the father, or reputed father, of Ptolemy,
voluntary exile, from the vengeance of C. Grac- the founder of the Egyptian monarchy. He
chus, and did not return to Rome till after his married Arsinoe, a concubine of Philip of Macedeath.                                    don, who, was said to have been pregnant at the
[LAERCEs (Aapi/ceS). 1. Father ofAlcimedon, time of their marriage, on which account the
one of the chiefs of the Myrmidons under Achil- Macedonians generally looked upon Ptolemy as
les.-2. An artist employed by Nestor to gild the son of Philip.
the horns of the victims sacrificed to the gods.]  LAIS (AaQ'), the name of two celebrated
LAERTES (Aaeprr]), king of Ithaca, was son Grecian Hetaera or courtezans. 1. The elder,
of Acrisius and Chalcomedusa, and husband of a native probably of Corinth, lived in the time
Anticlea, by whom he became the father of Ulys- of the Peloponnesian war, and was celebrated
ses and Ctimene. Some writers call Ulysses as the most beautiful woman of her age. She
the son of Sisyphus. Vid. ANTICLEA. Laertes was notorious also for her avarice and caprice.
took part in the Calydonian hunt, and in the -2. The younger, was the daughter of Timanexpedition of the Argonauts. He was still alive dra, and was probably born at Hyccara in Sicily.
when Ulysses returned to Ithaca after the fall According to some accounts she was brought
of Troy.                                  to Corinth when seven years old, having been
LAERTIUS, DIOGENES. Vid. DIOGENES.      taken prisoner in the Athenian expedition to
L^STRYGONES (AaLCtpvy6vef), a savage race Sicily, and bought by a Corinthian. This story,
of cannibals, whom Ulysses encountered in his however, involves numerous difficulties, and
wanderings. They were governed by ANTIPH- seems to have arisen fiom aconfusion between
ATES and LAMus.  They belong, however, to this Lais and the elder one of the same name.
mythology rather than to history. The modern She was a contemporary and rival of Phryne.
interpreters of Homer place them on the north- She became enamored of a Thessalian named
western coast of Sicily. The Greeks them- Hippolochus or Hippostratus, and accompanied
selves placed them on the. eastern coast of the him to Thessaly. Here, it is said, some Thesisland, in the plains of Leontini, which are there- salian women, jealous of her beauty, enticed
fore called Lcestrygonii Campi. The Romans, her into a temple of Venus (Aphrodite), and
however, and more especially the Roman poets, there stoned her to death.
who regarded the Promontorium Circeium as   [LAISPODIAS (Aatmirodiat), an Athenian comthe Homeric island of Circe, transplanted the mander in the Peloponnesian war. In B.C. 411
Laestrygones to the southern coast of Latium, one of the envoys sent by the Four Hundred to
in the neighborhood of Formie, which they sup- Sparta.]
posed to have been built by Larnus, the king of  LAIUS (AdeoC), son of Labdacus, lost his father
this people. Hence Horace (Carm., iii., 16, 34) at an early age, and was brought up by Lycus.
speaks of Lcestrygonia Bacchus in amphora, that Vid. LABDACUS. When Lycus was slain by Amis, Formian wine; and Ovid (Met., xiv., 233) phion and Zethus, Laius took refuge with Pecalls Formia Laestrygonis Lami Urbs.      lops in Peloponnesus. After the death of Am-.Lsrvi or LEVI, a Ligurian people in Gallia phion and Zethus, Laius returned to Thebes,
418




LALA.                                    LAMPUS.
and ascended the throne of his father. He Craterus; and, thus strengthened, he gained a
married Jocasta, and became by her the father decisive victory over the confederates at the
of CEdipus, by whom he was slain. For details, battle of Cranon, which put an end to the Lavid. EDIPus.                              mian war.
[LALA, of Cyzicus, a female painter, who  LAMINIUM (Laminitanus), a town of the Carlived at Rome about B.C. 74; celebrated espe- petani in Hispania Tarraconensis, ninety-five
cially for her portraits of women.]       miles southeast of Toletum.
LXOGE, a common name of courtezans, from  LAMPA or LAPPA (Ad/ywrr, Aadrron: AaLi-ratoc,
the Greek 2atlayO, prattling, used as a term of Aane7rEi), a town in the north of Crete, a little
endearment, "little prattler.             inland, south of Hydramum, said to have been
LALETANI. Vid. L EETANI.                built by Agamemnon, but to have been called
LAMXCH3S (A(4zgxoyc), an Athenian, son of after Lampus.
Xenophanes, was the colleague of Alcibiades  LAMPEA (A AdUzreta), or LAMPEUS MONS, a part
and Nicias in the great Sicilian expedition, B. of the mountain range of Erymanthus, on the
C. 415. He fell under the walls of Syracuse, frontiers of Achaia and Elis.
in a sally of the besieged. He appears among  LAMPETIA (Aae7mrif-?), daughter of Helios by
the dramatis persone of Aristophanes as the the nymph Neaera. She and her sister Phaebrave and somewhat blustering soldier, delight- thusa tended the flocks of their father in Sicily.
ing in the war, and thankful, moreover, for its In some legends she appears as one of the sispay. Plutarch describes him as brave, but so ters of Phaethon.
poor, that on every fresh appointment he used  LAMPON (A(nuruov). 1. An.Eginetan, son of
to beg for money from the government to buy Pytheas, urged Pausanias, after the battle of
clothing and shoes.                       Plataeae, to avenge the death of Leonidas by in[LAMBRUS (now Lambro), a river in Gallia sulting the corpse of Mardonius.-2. An AtheTranspadana, which rose in the Lake Eupilis nian, a celebrated soothsayer and interpreter of
(now Lago di Pusiano), and fell into the Po be- oracles. In conjunction with Xenocritus, he
tween Ticinum and Placentia.]             led the colony which founded Thurii in Italy, B.
LA'METUS (now Lamata), a river inaBruttium, C. 443.
near Croton, which falls into the LAMETICUS  LAMPONIA or -iuM (Aafmirrveia, -Uvtov), an
SINUS. Upon it was the town LAMETINI (now  important city of Mysia, in the interior of the
St. Eufemia).                             Troad, near the borders of _Eolis.
LAMIA (AaOIa). 1. A female phantom. Vid.  [LAMPONIUS, M., a Lucanian, one of the prinEMPUSA.-2. A celebrated Athenian courtezan, cipal captains of the Italians in the war of the
was a favorite mistress for many years of De- allies with Rome, B.C. 90-88.]
metrius Poliorcetes.                        LAMPRA, LAMPRE, or LAMPTRM     (auarrpa,
LAMIA, E.ILus. This family claimed a high Alazrpai, Aaercrpai: AamrpevS: now Lamorica),
antiquity, and pretended to be descended from  a demus on the western coast of Attica, near
the mythical hero I,AMUS. 1. L., a Roman the promontory Astypalaa, belonging to the
eques, supported Cicero in the suppression of tribe Erechtheis. It was divided into an upper
the Catilinarian conspiracy, B.C. 63, and was and a lower city.
accordingly banished by the influence of the  LAMPRIDIUS, AbLIUs, one of the Scriptores
consuls Gabinius and Piso in 58. He was sub- Historie Augustce, lived in the reigns of Dioclesequently recalled from exile, and during the tian and Constantine, and wrote the lives of
civil wars espoused Caesar's party.-2. L., son the emperors: 1. Commodus; 2. Antoninus Diof the preceding, and the friend of Horace, was adumenus; 3. Elagabalus; and, 4. Alexander
consul A.D. 3. He was made praefectus urbi Severus. It is not improbable that Lampridius
in 32, but he died in the following year.-3. L., is the same as Spartianus, and that the name
was married to Domitia Longina, the daughter of the author in full was JElius Lampridius
of Corbulo; but during the lifetime of Vespa- Spartianus. For the editions of Lampridius,
sian he was deprived of her by Doritian, who vid. CAPITOLINUS.
first lived with her as his mistress, and subse-  [LAMPRocL.ES (AaurpoKXC).. 1. The eldest
quently married her. Lamia was put to death son of Socrates.-2. An Athenian dithyrambic
by Domitian after his accession to the throne.  poet and musician, who probably flourished at
LAMIA (Aatlpa: Aaytemd, Aa(lulTrl: now Zeitun the end of the sixth or beginning of the fifth
or Zeituni), a town in Phthiotis in Thessaly, century B.C.]
situated on the small river Achelous, and fifty  LAMPSICUS (AdPibcoc: Aaltaloi/cv6c:' ruins at
stadia inland from the Maliac Gulf, on which it Lapsaki), an important city of Mysia, in Asia
possessed a harbor, called Phalara. It has given Minor, on the coast of the Hellespont, possessits name to the war, which was carried on by ed a good harbor. It was celebrated for its
the confederate Greeks against Antipater after wine; and hence it was one of the cities asthe death of Alexander, B.C. 323. The con- signed by Xerxes to Themistocles for his mainfederates under the command of Leosthenes, tenance. It was the chief seat of the worthe Athenian, defeated Antipater, who took ref- ship of Priapus, and the birth-place of the hisuge in Lamnia, where he was besieged for some torian Charon, the philosophers Adimantus and
months.  Leosthenes was killed during the Metrodorus, and the rhetorician Anaximenes.
siege; and the confederates were obliged to Lampsacus was a colony of the Phocaeans:
raise it in the following year (322), in conse- the name of the surrounding district, Bebrycia,
quence of the approach of Ieonnatus.  The connects its old inhabitants with the Thracian
confederates under the command of Antiphilus BEBRYCES.
defeated Leonnatus, who was slain in the ac-  [LAMPUS (Adaro). 1. A son of Laomedon,
tion. Soon afterward Antipater was joined by and father of Dolops, was one of the Trojan
419




LAMUS.                                  LAODAMIA.
elders.-2. The name of two horses, one be-  LANUVYIM (Lanuvinus: now Lavigrna), an
longing to Aurora (Eos), the othe'r to Hector.] ancient city in Latium, situated on a hill of the
LAMUS (A61/o).; 1. Son of Neptune (Poseidon), Alban Mount, not far from the Appia Via, and
and king of the Laestrygones, was said to have subsequently a Roman municipium. It posfounded Formire in Italy.  Vid. FORMII.-  sessed an ancient and celebrated. temple of
[2. A Rutulian leader, slain by Nisus.]   Juno Sospita. Under the empire it obtained
LAMUS (Aeoc': now Lamas), a river of Cili- some importance as the birth-place of Antonicia, the boundary between Cilicia Aspera and nus Pius. Part of the walls of Lanuvium and
Cilicia Campestris; with a town of the same the substructions of the temple of Juno are still
name.                                     remaining.
[LANASSA (Advaaaa). 1. Grand-daughter of  LA6ScoN (Aaowo6v), a Trojan, who plays a
Hercules, carried away from the temple of prominent part in the post-Homeric legends,
Jupiter (Zeus) at Dodona by Pyrrhus, son of was a son of Antenor or Accetes, and a priest
Achilles, bore him eight children.-2. Daughter of the Thymbrwean Apollo. He tried to disof Agathocles, wife of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus; suade his countrymen from drawing into the
left him to marry Demetrius Poliorcetes.]  city the wooden horse, which the Greeks had
LANCIA (Lancienses). 1. (Now Sollanco or left behind them when they pretended to sail
Sollancia, near Leon), a town of the Astures away from Troy; and, to show the danger
in Hispania Tarraconensis, nine miles east of from the horse, he hqrled a spear into its side.
Legio, was destroyed by the Romans.-2. Sur- The Trojans, however, would not listen to his
named OPPIDANA, a town of the Vettones in advice; and as he was preparing to sacrifice a
Lusitania, not far from the sources of the bull to Neptune (Poseidon), suddenly two fearRiver Munda.-[3. L. TRANSCUDANA (now Ci- ful serpents were seen swimming toward the
udad Rodrigo), a town of Hispania, east of No. Trojan coast from  Tenedos. They rushed
2, so called from lying on the other side of the toward Laocoon, who, while all the people
river Cuda (now Coa).]                    took to flight, remained with his two sons
LANGOBARDI or LONGOPARDI; corrupted into standing by the altar of the god. The serpents
LOMBARDs, a German tribe of the Suevic race. first coiled around the two boys, and then
They dwelt originally on the left bank of the around the father, and thus all three perished.
Elbe, near the River Saale; but they afterward The serpents then hastened to the acropolis of
crossed the Elbe, and dwelt on the eastern Troy, and disappeared behind the shield of
bank of the river, where they were for a time Tritonis. The reason why Laocoon suffered
subject to Maroboduus in the reign of Tiberius. this fearful death is differently stated.  AcAfter this they disappear from history for four cording to some, it was because he had run
centuries.  Like most of the other German his lance into the side of the horse; accordtribes, they migrated southward; and in the ing to others, because, contrary to the will of
second half of the fifth century we find them  Apollo, he had married and begotten children;
again on the northern bank of the Danube, in or, according to others again, because Neptune
Upper Hungary. Here they defeated and al- (Poseidon), being hostile to the Trojans, wantmost annihilated the Heruli. In the middle of ed to show to the Trojans in the person of Lathe sixth century they crossed the Danube, at ocoon what fate all of them deserved. The
the invitation of Justinian, and settled in Pan- story of Laocoon's death was a fine subject for
nonia.  Here they were engaged for thirty epic and lyric as well as tragic poetry, and was
years in a desperate conflict with the Gepidae, therefore frequently related by ancient poets,
which only ended with the extermination of such as by Bacchylides, Sophocles, Euphorion,
the latter people.  In A.D. 568, Alboin, the Virgil, and others. His death also formed the
king of the Lombards, under whose command subject of many ancient works of art; and a
they had defeated the Gepidse, led his nation magnificent group, representing the father and
across tlee Julian Alos, and conquered the his two sons entwined by the two serpents, is
plains of Northern Italy, which received and still extant, and preserved in the Vatican. Vid.
have ever since retained the name of Lom- AGESANDER.
bardy. Here he founded the celebrated king-  [LAocoosA (AaoJcoaa), wife of Aphareus,
dom of the Lombards, which existed for up- and mother of Idas and Lynceus in Theocritus.]
ward of two centuries, till its overthrow by  LA6ODMAS (Aaoddaca). 1. Son ofAlcinous,
Charlemagne.  Paulus Diaconus, who was a king of the Phseacians, and Arete.-2. Son of
Lombard by birth, derives their name of Lan- Eteocles, and king of Thebes, in whose reign
gobardi from their long beards; but modern the Epigoni marched against Thebes. In the
critics reject this etymology, and suppose the battle against the Epigoni, he slew their leader
name to have -reference to their dwelling on AEgialeus, but was himself slain by Alcmaeon.
the banks of the Elbe, inasmuch as Borde signi- Others related, that after the battle was lost,
fies in low German a fertile plain on the bank Laodamas fled to the Encheleans in Illyricum.
of a river, and there is still a district in Magde- -[3. A son of Antenor, slain before Troy by
burg called the lange Birde. Paulus Diaconus Ajax, son of Telamon.]
also states that the Lombards came original-  LAODAMIA (Aaod6etae). 1. Daughter of Acasly from Scandinavia, where they were called tus, and wife of Protesilaus. When her husVenili, and that they did not receive the name band was slain before Troy, she begged the
of Langobardi or Long-Beards till they settled gods to be allowed to converse with him for
in Germany; but this statement ought prob- only three hours. The request was granted.
ably to be rejected.                      Mercury (Hermes) led Protesilaus back to the
LANICE (AavirK), nurse of Alexander the upper world, and when Protesilaus died a.secGreat, and sister of Clitus.              ond time, Laodaria died with him. A later
420




L     IC                                  LAODIE.LAODICEA.
tradition states that, after the second death of town, and named in honor of his wife Laodice.
Protesilaus, Laodarnia made an image of her It passed from the kings of Syria to those of
husband, to which she paid divine honors; but Pergamus, and from them to the Romans, to
as her father Acastus interfered, and cor- whom Attains III. bequeathed his kingdom.
manded her to burn the image, she herself Under the Romans it belonged to the province
leaped into the fire.-2. Daughter of Bellero- of Asia. At first it was comparatively an inphontes, became by Jupiter (Zeus) the mother significant place, and it suffered much from
of Sarpedon, and was killed by Diana (Artemis) the frequent earthquakes to which its site
while she was engaged in weaving.-3. Nurse seems to be more exposed than that of any
of Orestes, usually called AnSINOE.       other city of Asia Minor, and also from the
LADODICE (Aaodifcr).  1. Daughter of Priam  Mithradatic War. Under the later Roman re,
and Hecuba, and'wife of Helicaon. Some re- public and the early emperors, it rose to imlate that she fell in love with Acamas, the son portance; and, though more than once almost
of Theseus, when he came with Diomedes as destroyed by earthquakes, it was restored by
ambassador to Troy, and that she became by the aid of the emperors and the munificence of
Acamas the mother of Munitus. On the death its own citizens, and became, next to Apamea,
of this son she leaped down a precipice, or the greatest city in Phrygia, and one of the
was swallowed up by the earth.-2. Daughter most flourishing in Asia Minor. In an inscripof Agamemnon and Clytaemnestra (Hom., II., tion it is called "the most splendid city of
ix., 146), called Electra by the tragic poets. Asia," a statement confirmed by the magnifVil. ELECTRA.-3. Mother of Seleucus Nicator, icent ruins of the city, which comprise an aquethe founder of the Syrian monarchy.-4. Wife duct, a gymnasium, several theatres, a stadium
of Antiochus II. Theos, king of Syria, and almost perfect, besides remains of roads, pormother of Seleucus Callinicus. For details, vid. ticoes, pillars, gates, foundations of houses,
p. 66, b.-5. Wife of Seleucus Callinicus, and and sarcophagi. This great prosperity was
mother of Seleucus Ceraunus and Antiochus owing partly to its situation, on the high road
the Great.-6. Wife of Antiochus the Great, for the traffic between the east and west of
was a daughter of Mithradates IV., king of Asia, and partly to the fertility and beauty of
Pontus, and grand-daughter of No. 4.-7. Wife the country round it. Already in the apostolic
of Acheus, the cousin and adversary of An- age it was the seat of a flourishing Christian
tiochus the Great, was a sister of No. 6.-  Church, which, however, became very soon
8. Daughter of Antiochus the Great by his wife infected with the pride and luxury produced by
Laodice (No. 6). She was married to her eld- the prosperity of the city, as we learn from St.
est brother Antiochus, who died in his father's John's severe Epistle to it (Revel., iii., 14-22).
lifetime, 195.-9. Daughter of Seleucus IV. St. Paul also addresses it in common. with the
Philopator, was married to Perseus, king of neighboring church of ColossIe (Coloss., ii., 1;
Macedonia.-10. Daughter of Antiochus IV. iv., 13, 16).-2. L. COMBUSTA (A. i7 KarTaCeKaavjLev
Epiphanes, was married to the impostor Alex- or Kieavievy, i. e., the burned; the reason of the
ander Balas.-ll. Wife and also sister of epithet is doubtful: ruins at Ladik), a city of
Mithradates Eapator (commonly called the Lycaonia, north of Iconium, on the high road
Great), king of Pontus. During the absence from the western coast of Asia Minor to the
of her husband, and deceived by a report of Euphrates.-3. L. AD MARE (A. E'n Tir a'fuuTT'y:
his death, she gave free scope to her amours; now Ladikiyeh), a city on the coast of Syria,
and, alarmed for the consequences, on his re- about fifty miles south of Antioch, was built
turn attempted his life by poison. Her designs by Seleucus I. on the site of an earlier city,
were, however, betrayed to Mithradates, who called Ramitha, or AevKrd'AKiT?. It had the
immediately put her to death.-12. Another best harbor in Syria, and the surrounding
sister of Mithradates Eupator, married to Ari- country was celebrated for its wine and fruits,
arathes VI., king of Cappadocia.  After the which formed a large part of the traffic of the
death of her husband she married Nicomedes, city. In the civil contests during the later peking of Bithynia.                         riod of the Syrian kingdom, Laodicea obtained
LAkODICEA (AaodiKiae: Aao&iKcevc, Laodicensis, virtual independence, in which it was confirmLaodicenus), the name of six Greek cities in ed probably by Pompey, and certainly by Julius
Asia, four of which (besides another now un- Cesar, who greatly favored the city. In the
known) were founded by Seleucus I. Nicator, civil wars, after Caesar's death, the Laodiceans
and named in honor of his mother Laodice, were severely punished by Cassius for their
the other two by Antiochus II. and Antiochus adherence to Dolabella, and the city again sufI. or III.  Vid. Nos. 1. and 5.  1. L. AD LY- fered in the Parthian invasion of Syria, but
CUi (A. rrpoq T(r AVJt), ruins at Eski-Hissar), a was recompensed by Antony with exemption
city of Asia Minor, stood on a ridge of hills from taxation. Herod the Great built the Lanear the southern bank of the River Lycus odiceans an aqueduct, the ruins of which still
(now Choruk-St), a tributary of the Maeander, exist. It is mentioned occasionally as an ima little to the west of Colosse and to the south portant city under the later Roman empire;
of Hierapolis, on the borders of Lydia, Caria, and, after the conquest of Syria by the Arabs,
and Phrygia, to each of which it is assigned by it was one of those places on the coast which
different writers but, after the definitive divi- still remained in the hands of the Greek emsion of the provinces, it is reckoned as belong- perors, and with a Christian population. It
ing to Great Phrygia, and under the later Ro- was taken and destroyed by the Arabs in 1188.
man emperors it was the capital of Phrygia It is now a poor Turkish village, with very
Pacatiana. It was founded by Antiochus II. considerable ruins of the ancient city, the chief
Theos, on the site of a previously existing of which are a triumphal arch, the remains of
421




LAODOCUS.                                   LARES.
the mole of the harbor, of a portico near it, of  LAPfiETiUS or LAPATHUS (Adri0oc, Adcraoof
catacombs on the sea-coast, of the aqueducts Aan7i0to(, Aawrr/OeJf: now Lapitho or Lapta), anl
and cisterns, and of pillars where the Necrop- important town on the northern coast of Cyprus,
olis is supposed to have stood.-4. L. AD Li- on a river of the same name, east of the PromBANUM (A. At6avo5, irpoc At6av)), a city of Cele- ontorium Cromm-yon.
Syria, at the northern entrance to the narrow  LAPHRIA (Aa0pia), a surname of Diana (Artevalley (avuXv), between Libanus and Antilib- mis) among the Calydonians, from whom the
anus, appears to have been, through its favor- worship of. the goddess was introduced into
able situation, a place of commercial import- Naupactus and Patre, in Achaia. The name
ance.  During the possession of Ccele-Syria was traced back to a hero, Laphrius, son of
by the Greek kings of Egypt, it was the south- Castalius, who was said to have instituted her
western border fortress of Syria. It was the worship at Calydon.
chief city of a district called Laodicene.-5. A  LAPHYSTIUS (Aapvarito), a mountain in Bceocity in the southeast of Media, near the bound- tia, between Coronea, Lebadea, and Orchomeary of Persis, founded either by Antiochus I. nus, on which was a temple of Jupiter (Zeus),
Soter, or Antiochus II. the Great: site un- who hence bore the surname Laphystius.
known.-6. In Mesopotamia: site unknown.     L LAPIDEI CAMPI  Vi. V. CAMPI LAPIDEI.
LAODODCUS (Aa6do:cog). 1. Son of Bias and  LXPITHES (AawriOn), son of Apollo and Stilbe,
Peio, and brother of Talaus, took part in the ex- brother of Centaurus, and husband of Orsinome,
peditions of the Argonauts, and of the Seven the daughter of Eurynornus, by whom he beagainst Thebes.-2. Son of Antenor.-[3. A  came the father of Phorbas, Triopas, and PeriGrecian, companion and charioteer of Antilo- phas. He was regarded as the ancestor of the
chus in the Trojan war.]                  LAPITHA  in the mountains of Thessaly. The
LA6OMEDON (Aao/Ludov). 1. King of Troy, son Lapithae were governed by Pirithous, who, being
of Ilus and Eurydice, and father of Priam, He- a son of Ixion, was a half-brother of the Censione, and other children. His wife is called taurs. The latter, therefore, demanded their
Strymo, Rhceo, Placia, Thoosa, Zeuxippe, or share in their father's kingdom, and, as their
Leucippe.  Neptune (Poseidon) and Apollo, claims were not satisfied, a war arose between
who had displeased Jupiter (Zeus), were doom- the Lapithae and Centaurs, which, however, was
ed to serve Laomedon for wages. Accordingly, terminated by a peace. But when Pirithous
Neptune (Poseidon) built the walls of Troy, married Hippodamia, and invited the Centaurs
while Apollo tended the king's flocks on Mount to the marriage feast, the latter, fired by wine,
Ida. When the two gods had done their work, and urged on by Mars (Ares), attempted to carry
Laomedon refused them  the reward he had off the bride and the other women. Thereupon
promised them, and expelled them from his do- a bloody conflict ensued, in which the Centaurs
minions.  Thereupon Neptune (Poseidon) in were defeated by the Lapithae. The Lapithae
wrath let loose the sea over the lands, and also are said to have been the inventors of bits and
sent a marine monster to ravage the country. bridles for horses. It is probable that they were
By the command of an oracle, the Trojans were a Pelasgian people, who defeated the less civobliged, from time to time, to sacrifice a maiden ilized Centaurs, and compelled them to abandon
to the monster; and on one occasion it was de- Mount Pelion,
cided by lot that Hesione, the daughter of La-  [LAPURDUM (now Bayonne), a city of the Taromedon himself, should be the victim. But it belli in Gallia Aquitanica, on the River Aturhappened that Hercules was just returning from  rus.]
his expedition against the Amazons, and he  LAR or LARS, was an Etruscan praenomen,
promised to save the maiden if Laomedon borne, for instance, by Porsena and Tolumnius.
would give him the horses which Tros had once From the Etruscans it passed over to the Roreceived from Jupiter (Zeus) as a compensation mans, whence we read of Lar Herminius, who
for Ganymedes. Laomedon promised them to was consul B.C. 448.. This word signified lord,
Hercules, but again broke his word, when Her- king, or hero in the Etruscan.
cules had killed the monster and saved Hesione.  LARA. Vid. LARUNDA.
Hereupon Hercules sailed with a squadron of  LARANDA (rT Adpavda: now Larenda or Carasix ships against Troy, killed Laomedon, with man), a considerable town in the south of Lyall his sons, except Podarces (Priam), and gave caonia, at the northern foot of Mount Taurus,
Hesione to Telamon. Hesione ransomed her in a fertile district: taken by storm by Perdicbrother Priam with her veil. Priam, as the son cas, but afterward restored. It was used by
of Laomedon, is called LAOMEDONTIXDES; and the Isaurian robbers as one of their strongholds.
the Trojans, as the subjects of Laomedon, are  LARENTIA. Vid. ACCA LARENTIA.
called LAOMEDONTIXADE.-2. Of Mytilene, was  LARES, inferior gods at Rome. Their worone of Alexander's generals, and after the king's ship was closely connected with that of the
death (B.C. 323) obtained the government of Manes, and was analogous to the hero worship
Syria. He was afterward defeated by Nicanor, of the Greeks. The Lares may be divided into
the general of Ptolemy, and deprived of Syria.  two classes, the Lares domestici and Lares pub[LAOTHOE (Aao6or), daughter of Altes, the lici. The former were the Manes of a house
king of the Leleges, and mother of Lycaon by raised to the dignity of heroes. The Manes
Priam.]                                   were more closely connected with the place of
[LAPATHUS, a village in Pieria in Macedonia, burial, while the Lares were more particularly
at the pass of Tempe, with a fortress adjacent the divinities presiding over the hearth and the
named Charax (the modern Carisso) on the whole house. It was only the spirits of good
south side and at the narrowest part of the pass.] men that were honored as Lares. All the do[LAPERSA. Vid. LAS.]                    mestic Lares were headed by the Lar familis422




LARES.                                LARIUS LACUS.
ris, who was regarded as the founder of the thology the daughter ofPelasgus. I. In Europe.
family. He was inseparable from the family; 1. (Now Larissa or Larza), an important town
and' when the latter changed their abode, he of Thessaly, in Pelasgiotis, situated on the Pewent with them. Among the Lares publici we neus, in an extensive plain. It was once the
have mention made of Lares prestites and Lares capital of the Pelasgi, and had a democratical
compitales, who are in reality the same, and constitution, but subsequently became subject
differ only in regard to the place or occasion of to the Macedonians. It retained its importance
their worship. Servius Tullius is said to have under the Romans, and after the time of Coninstituted their worship; and when Augustus stantine the Great became the capital of the
improved the regulations of the city, he also re- province of Thessaly.'-2. Surnamed CREMASTR
newed the worship of the-public Lares. Their ('(i Kpe1aacT), another important town of Thesname, Lares prcestites, characterizes them as the saly, in Phthiotis, situated on a height, whence
protecting spirits of the city, in which they had probably its name, and distant twenty stadia
a temple in the uppermost part of the Via Sacra, from the Malian Gulf.-II. In Asia. 1. An anthat is, near a compitum, whence they might cient city on the coast of the Troad, near Habe called Compitales. This temple (Sacellum  maxitus; ruined at the time of the Persian war.
Larum or cedes Larunm) contained two images, -2. L. PHRICONIS (A. t dp1KIcvif, also al Apetawhich were probably those of Romulus and Re- act), a city on the coast of Mysia, near Cyme
mus. Now, while these Lares were the gen- (hence called x7i rept T7iv Kiy/zv), of Pelasgian
eral protectors of the whole city, the Lares corn- origin, but colonized by the AEolians, and made
pitales must be regarded as those who presided a member of the,Eolic confederacy. It was
over the several divisions of the city, which also called the Egyptian Larissa (// Alyvmrria),
were marked by the compita or the points where because Cyrus the Great settled in it a body of
two or more streets crossed each other, and his Egyptian mercenary soldiers.-3. L. EPHEwhere small chapels (axdiculae) were erected to SIA (A. i'ECeria), a city of Lydia, in the plain
them. In addition to the Lares prwestites and of the Cajster, on the northern side of Mount
compitales, there are other Lares which must Messogis, northeast of Ephesus; with a temple
be reckoned among the public ones, viz., the of Apollo Larisseus. -4. In Assyria, an ancient
Lares rurales, who were worshippedin the coun- city on the eastern bank of the Tigris, some
try; the Lares viales, who were worshipped on distance north of the mouth of the River Zabathe high roads by travellers; and the Lares ma- tas or Lycus, described by Xenophon (Anab.,
rini orpermat ini, to whom P. iEmilius dedicated iii., 4). It was deserted when Xenophon saw
a sanctuary in remembrance of his naval vic- it; but its brick walls still stood, twenty-five
tory over Antiochus. The worship of the do- feet thick, one hundred feet high,'and two paramestic Lares, together with that of the Penates sangs (=sixty stadia=six geographical miles)
and Manes, constituted what are called the in circuit, and there was a stone pyramid near
sacra privata. The images of the Lares, in it. Xenophon relates the tradition that,when
great houses, were usually in a separate com- the empire passed from the Medes to the Perpartment, called ediculte or lararia. They were sians, the city resisted all the efforts of the
generally represented in the cinctus Gabinus. Persian king (i. e., Cyrus) to take it, until the
Their worship was very simple, especially in inhabitants, terrified at an obscuration of the
early times and in the country. The offerings sun, deserted the city. Mr. Layard identifies
were set before them in patellw, whence they the site-of Larissa with that of the ruins near
themselves are called patellarii. Pious people Nimroud, the very same site as that of Nineveh.
made offerings to them every day; but they The name Larissa is no doubt a corruption of
were more especially worshipped on the calends, some Assyrian name (perhaps Al- Assur), which
nones, and ides of every month. When the in- Xenophon naturally fell into through his familhabitants of the house took their meals, some iarity with the word as the name of cities in
portion was offered to the Lares, and on joy- Greece.-5. In Syria, called by the Syrians Siful family occasions they were adorned with zara (Zi~apa: now Kulat Seijar), a city in the
wreaths, and the lararia were thrown open. district of Apamene, on the western bankof the
When the young bride entered the house of her'Orontes, about half way between Apamea and
husband, her first duty was to offer a sacrifice Epiphania.
to'the Lares. Respecting the public worship  LARIsss or LAInsvs (Acptacaog, Ac'pwao: now
of the Lares, and the festival of the Larentalia, Risso), a small river forming the boundary bevid. Diet. of Ant., art. LARENTALIA, COMPITALIA.  tween Achaia and Elis, rises in Mount Scollis,
LARES (Acpyr]: now Alarbous), a city of North- and flows into the Ionian Sea.
ern Africa, in the Carthaginian territory (Byza-  LARiUS LAcUS (now Lake of Como), a beauticena), southwest of Zarna; a place of some im- ful lake in Gallia Transpadana, running from
portance at the time of the war with Jugurtha. north to south, through which the River Adda
LARGUS, SCRIBONYUS. Vid. SCRIBONIUS.   flows. After extending about fifteen miles, it
LAARINUM (Larlnas, atis: now Larino), a town is divided into two branches, of which the one
of the Frentani (whence the inhabitants are to the southwest is about eighteen miles in
sometimes called Frentani Larinates), on the length, and the one to the southeast about
River Tifernus, and near the borders of Apulia, twelve miles. At the extremity of the southsubsequently a Roman municipium, possessed western branch is the town of Comurn; and at
a considerable territory extending down to the the extremity of the southeastern branch the
Adriatic Sea.  The town of Clitoria, on the River Adda issues out of the lake. The beauty
coast, was subject to Larinumn.           of the scenery of this lake is praised by Pliny.
LARISSA (ACpc6aaa), the name of several Pelas- He had several villas on the banks of the lake,
gian places, whence Larissa is called in my- of which he mentions two particularly; one
423




'LARS TOLUMNIUS.                                LATIUM.
called Comoedia, and the other Tragoedia. (Plin., metic character; and that the subjects of his
Ep., ix., 7.) Some believe Comncedia to have poetry embraced a far wider range than had
been situated at the modern Bellagio, on the been customary.
promontory which divides the two branches of  [LATAGUS, a Trojan warrior, slain by Mezenthe lake; and Tragoedia at Lenno, on the west- tius in the wars of LEneas in Italy.]
ern bank, where the scenery is more wild. The  LATiERA STAGNUM (now Etang de Maguelone
intermitting fountain, of which Pliny gives an et de Perols), a lake in the territory of Nemauaccount in another letter (Ep., iv., 30), is still sus in Gallia Narbonensis, connected with the
called Pliniana.                          sea by a canal. On this lake was a fortress of
LARS TOLUMNIUS. Vid. TOLUMNIUS.         the same name (Chateau de la Latte).
LARTIA GENS, patrician, distinguished at the  [LATERANUS, L. SEXTIUS. 1. The friend and
beginning of the republic through two of its supporter of C. Licinius Stolo in his attempt to
members, T. Lartius, the first dictator, and Sp. throw open the consulship to the plebeians he
Lartius, the companion of Horatius on the was tribune of the plebs with Licinius B.C. 376
wooden bridge. The name soon after disap- to 367, and was elected consul B.C. 366, being
pears entirely from the annals. The Lartii the first plebeian who had obtained that dignity.
were of Etruscan origin, as is clearly shown by -2. PLAUTIUS, one of the lovers of Messalina,
their name, which comes from the Etruscan wife of the Emperor Claudius, and was, in conword Lar or Lars. Vid. LAR.               sequence, condemned to death by the emperor
[LARTOLAET T  (AapTroatifjaLt), a people in the A.D. 48, but afterward pardoned: he subsenortheast of Hispania Tarraconensis.]     quently took part in the conspiracy of Piso
L.ARUNDAor LARA, daughter of Almon, was a against Nero, but was seized and put to death.]
nymph who informed Juno of the connection   LATERENSIS, JUVENTIUS, was one of the acbetween Jupiter and Juturna; hence her name cusers of Plancius, whom Cicero defended, B.C.
is connected with;a;elv. Jupiter deprived her 54. Vid. PLANCIUS. Hewasprwtorin51. He
of her tongue, and ordered Mercury to conduct served as legate in the army ofM. Lepidus, and
her into the lower world. On the way thither, when the soldiers of Lepidus passed over to
Mercury fell in love with her, and she afterward Antony, Laterensis put an end to his life.
gave birth to two Lares.                    LATHON, LETHON, LETHES, LETHIUS (AdaOWv
LARVAE. Vid. LEMURES.                   Doric, Arj&ov, AyOao^c), a river of Cyrenaica in
LARYMNA (Adpvyva), the name of two towns Northern Africa, falling into a Lacus Hesperion the River Cephisus, on the borders of Bceo- dum, near the city of Hesperis or Berenice, in
tia and Locris, and distinguished as Upper and the region which the early Greek navigators
Lower Larymna. The latter was at the mouth identified with the gardens of the Hesperides.
of the river, and the former a little way inland.  LATIALIS or LATILRIS, a surname of Jupiter
[LARYsIUs MONS (AapVatov Opog, r6), a mount- as the protecting divinity of Latium. The Latin
ain of Laconia sacred to Bacchus (Dionysus).] towns and Rome celebrated to him every year
LAS (Adg: Ep. Adar: now Passava), an an- the feriae Latinae, on the Alban Mount, which
cient town of Laconia, on the eastern side of were conducted by one of the Roman consuls.
the Laconian Gulf, ten stadia from the sea, and Vid. LATINUS.
south of Gytheum. It is said to have been once  [LATINI. Vid. LATIUM.]
destroyed by the Dioscuri, who hence received  LATINUS. 1. King of Latium, son of Faunus
the surname of Lapersc, or the Destroyers of and the nymph Marica, brother of Lavinius, husLas. In the time of the Romans it had ceased band of Amata, and father of Lavinia, whom he
to be a place of irportance.              gave in marriage to,Eneas.  Vid. LAVINIA.
LASEA (Aaata), a town in the east of Crete, This is the common tradition; but, according
not far from the Promontorium Samonium, men- to Hesiod, he was a son of Ulysses and Circe,
tioned in the Acts of the Apostles (xxvii., 8).  and brother of Agrius, king of the Tyrrhenians;
LASION (Aa/oiv: Aaatrvtor: now Lala), a according to Hyginus, he was a son of Telemfortified town in Elis, onthe frontiers of Area- achus and Circe; while others describe him
dia, and not far from the confluence of the Ery- as a son of Hercules by a Hyperborean wommanthus and the Alpheus. The possession of an, who was afterward married to Faunus, or
this town was a constant source of dispute be- as a son of Hercules by a daughter of Faunus.
tween the Eleans and Arcadians.           According to one account, Latinus, after his
LASTHENES (Aaa0evfc).  1. An Olynthian, death, became Jupiter Latiaris, just as Romulus
who, together with Euthycrates, betrayed his became Quirinus. —2. A celebrated player in
country to Philip of Macedon, by whom he had the farces called mimes (vid. Diet. of Ant., s. v.)
been bribed, B.C. 347.-2. A Cretan, one of the in the reign of Domitian, with whom he was a
principal leaders of his countrymen in their war great favorite, and whom he served as a delator.
with the Romans. He was defeated and taken He frequently acted as mimus with Thymele as
prisoner by Q. Metellus, 67.. mima.
LAsus (Adnao), one of the principal Greek lyr-  LXTIU (I Aarivn), a country in Italy, inhabic poets, was a native of Hermione in Argolis. ited by the LXTINI. The origin of the name is
He is celebrated as the founder of the Athenian uncertain. Most of the ancients derived it from
school ofdithyrambic poetry, and as the teacher a king Latinus, who was supposed to have been
of Pindar. He was contemporary with Simon- a contemporary of 2Eneas (vid. LATINUS); but
ides, like whom he lived at Athens, under the there can be no doubt that the name of the people
patronage of Hipparchus. It would appear that was transferred to this fictitious king. Other
Lasus introduced a greater freedom, both of ancient critics connected the name with the
rhythm and of music, into the dithyrambic Ode; verb latere, either because Saturn had been
that he gave it a more artificial and more mi- hidden in the country, or because Italy is hidden
424




LATIUTIUM.
between the Alps and the Apennines! But towns. Ancus Marcius and Tarquinius Priscus
neither of these explanations deserves a serious carried on war successfully with several other
refutation. A modern writer derives Latium  Latin towns. Under ServiusTullius Rome was
from latus (like Campania from campus), and admitted into the Latin league; and his sucsupposes it to mean the "flat land;" but the cessor Tarquinius Superbus compelled the other
quantity of the a in latus is opposed to this ety- Latin towns to acknowledge Rome as the head
mology. The boundaries of Latium varied at of the league, and to become dependent upon
different periods. 1. In the most ancient times the latter city. But upon the expulsion of the
it reached only from the River Tiber on the kings the Latins asserted their independence,
north, to the River Numicus and the town of and commenced a struggle with Rome, which,
Ardea on the south, and from the sea-coast on though frequently suspended and apparently
the west to the Alban Mount on the east. 2. terminated by treaties, was as often renewed,
The territory of Latium was subsequently ex- and was not brought to a final close till B.C.
tended southward; and long before the con- 340, when the Latins were defeated by the Roquest of the Latins by the Romans, it stretched mans at the battle of Mount Vesuvius. The
from the Tiber on the north, to the Promonto- Latin league was now dissolved, and the Latins
rium Circeium and Anxur or Tarracina on the became the subjects of Rome. The following
south. Even in the treaty of peace made be- were the most important institutions of the
tween Rome and Carthage in B.C. 509, we find Latins during the time of their independence:
Antium, Circeii, and Tarracina mentioned as The towns of Latium were independent-of one
belonging to Latium. The name of Latium an- another, but formed a league for purposes of
tiquum or vetus was subsequently.given to the mutual protection. This league consisted, as
countryfrom the Tiber to the Promontorium Cir- we have already seen, of thirty cities, a number
ceium. 3. The Romans still further extended which could not be exceeded. Each state sent
the territories of Latium by the conquest of the deputies to the meetings of the league, which
Hernici,.Equi, Volsci, and Aurunci, as far as the were held in a sacred grove at the foot of the
Liris on the south, and even beyond this river Alban Mount, by the fountain ofFerentina. On
to the town Sinuessa and to Mount Massicus. the top of the mountain was a temple of Jupiter
This new accession of territory was called La- Latiaris, and a festival was celebrated there in
tium novum or. adjectum. Latium, therefore, in honor of this god from the earliest times. This
its widest signification, was bounded by Etruria festival, which was called the Ferice Latince, is
on the north, from which it was separated by the erroneously said to have been instituted by TarTiber; by Campania on the south, from which it quinius Superbus, in commemoration of the alwas separated by the Liris; by the Tyrrhene Sea liance between the Romans and Latins. It is
on the west, and by the Sabine and Samnite true, however, that the festival was raised into
tribes on the east. The greater part of this one of much greater importance when Rome
country is an extensive plain of volcanic origin, became the head of the league; for it was now
out of which rises an isolated range of mountains a festival common both to Rome and Latium,
known by the name ofMoNs ALBANUS, of which and served to unite the two nations by a relithe Algidus and the Tusculan hills are branches. gious bond. Having thus become a Roman as
Part of this plain, on the coast between Antium  well as a Latin festival, it continued to be celeand Tarracina, which was at one time well culti- brated by the Romans after the dissolution of
vated, became a marsh in consequence of the the Latin league. Vid. Dict. of Ant., art. FERIE.
rivers Nymphmus, Ufens, and Amasenus find- The chief magistrate in each Latin town appears
ing no outlet for their waters (vid. POMPTINE to have borne the title of dictator. He was
PALUDES); but the remainder of the country elected annually, but might be re-elected at the
was celebrated for its fertility in antiquity. The close of his year of office. Even in the time
Latini were some of the most ancient inhabit- of Cicero we find dictators in the Latin towns,
ants of Italy. They appear to have been a Pe- as, for instance, in Lanuvium. (Cic., pro Mil.,
lasgian tribe, and are frequently called Aborigi- 10.) In every Latin town there was also a sennes. At a period long anterior to the founda- ate and a popular assembly, but the exact nation of Rome, these Pelasgians or Aborigines ture of their powers is unknown. The old Latin
descended into the narrow plain between the towns were built for the most part on isolated
Tiber and the Numicus, expelled or subdued hills, the sides of which were made by art very
the Siculi, the original inhabitants of that dis- steep and almost inaccessible. They were
trict, and there became known under the name surrounded by walls built of great polygonal
of Latini. These ancient Latins, who were stones, the remains of which still excite our
called Prisci Latini, to distinguish them from  astonishment. On the conquest of the Latins
the later Latins, the subjects of Rome formed in 340, several of the Latin towns, such as Laa league or confederation, consisting of thirty nuvium, Aricia, Nomentum, Pedum, and Tusstates. The town of Alba Longa subsequently culum, received the Roman franchise. All the
became the head of the league.  This town, other towns became Roman Socii, and are menwhich founded several colonies, and among tioned in history under the general name of Noothers Rome, boasted of a Trojan origin; but men Latinumr or Latini. The Romans, however,
the whole story of a Trojan settlement in Italy granted to them from time to time certain rights
is probably an invention of later times. Al- and privileges, which the other Socii did not
though Rome was a colony from Alba, she be- enjoy; and, in particular, they founded many
eame powerful enough in the reign of her third colonies, consisting of Latins, in various parts
king, Tullus Hostilius, to take Alba and raze it of Italy. These Latin colonies formed a part
to the ground. In this war Alba seems to have of the Nomen Latinum, although they were not
received no assistance from the other Latin situated in Latium.  Thus the Latini came
425




LATMICUS.                                  LAVINIUM.
eventually to hold a certain status intermediate tables of the Romans with excellent boars. Tn
between that of Roman citizens and peregrini. the time of the Antonines Laurentum was united
(For details, vid. Diet. of Ant., art. LATINI).  with Lavinium, from which it was only six miles
LATMICUS SINUS (O AaT#lUIKS   K6ti0ro;), a gulf distant, so that the two formed only one town,
on the coast of Ionia, in Asia Minor, into which  which was called LAUROLAVINIUM, and its inthe River Maeander fell, named from Mount habitants were named Laurentes Lavinates.
Latmus, which overhangs it. Its width from  LAURETANUS PORTUS, a harbor of Etruria, on
Miletus, which stood on its southern side, to the road from Populonia to Cosa.
Pyrrha, was about thirty stadia. Through the  LAURIACUM. Vid. LAUREACUM.
changes effected on this coast by the Meeander,  LAURIUM (Aavptov, AajpeLov), a mountain in
the gulf is now an inland lake, called Akees- the south of Attica, a little north of the PromonChai or Ufa-Bassi.                        torium Sunium, celebrated for its silver mines,
LATMUS (Aar/zor: now Monte di Palatia), a which in early times were so productive that
mountain in Caria, extending in a southeastern  every Athenian citizen received annually ten
direction from its commencement on the south- drachmae. On the advice of Themistocles, the
ern side of the Mseander, northeast of Miletus Athenians applied this money to equip two
and the Sinus Latmicus. It was the mytholog- hundred triremes shortly before the invasion
ical scene of the story of Luna and Endymion, of Xerxes. In the time of Xenophon the prowho is hence called by the Roman poets " Lat- duce of the mines was one hundred talents.
mius heros" and " Latmius venator:" he had They gradually became less and less productive,
a temple on the mountain, and a cavern in its and in the timeof Strabo they yielded nothing.
side was shown as his grave.                [LAUROLAVINIUM. Vid. LAVINIUM.]
LATOBRIGI, a people in Gallia Belgica, who  LAURON (now Laury, west of Xucar in Valenare mentioned, along with the Tulingi and Rau- cia), a town in the east of Hispania Tarraconenraci, as neighbors of the Helvetii. They prob- sis, near the sea and the River Sucro, celebratably dwelt near the sources of the Rhine, in ed on account of its siege by Sertorius, and as
Switzerland.                              the place where Cn. Pompey, the younger, was
LATONA. Vid. LETO.                      put to death after the battle of Munda.
LAT6OPLIS (AAar6nro;tl: ruins at Esneh), a city  LAus (AdoC: Aarvoc), a Greek city in Lucania,
of Upper Egypt, on the west bank of the Nile, situated near the mouth of the River Laus,
between Thebes and Apollonopolis; the seat of which formed the boundary between Lucania
the worship of the Nile-fish called latus, which and Bruttium. It was founded by the Sybarites,
was the symbol of the goddess Neith, whom the after their own city had been taken by the inGreeks identified with Athena.            habitants of Croton, B.C. 510, but it had disapLATOVICI, a people in the southwest of Pan- peared in the time of Pliny.  The gulf into
nonia, on the River Savus, in the modern Illyria which the River Laus flowed was also called
and Croatia.                              the Gulf of Laus.
LATRO, M. PORCYUS, a celebrated Roman rhet-  LAUS POMPEII (now Lodi Vecchio), a town in
orician in the reign of Augustus, was a Spaniard  Gallia Cisalpina, northwest of Placentia, and
by birth, and a friend and contemporary of the southeast of Mediolanum.  It was founded by
elder Seneca, by whom he is frequently men- the Boii, and was afterward made a municipium
tioned. His school was one of the most fre- by Pompeius Strabo, the father of Pompeius
quented at Rome, and he numbered among his Magnus, whence it was called by his name.
pupils the poet Ovid. He died B.C. 4. Many  LAUSUS.  1. Son of Mezentius, king of the
modern writers suppose that he was the author Etruscans, slain by Eneas.-2. Son of Numitor
of the Declamations of Sallust against Cicero, and brother of Ilia, killed by Amulius.
and of Cicero against Sallust.              LAUTUL E, a village of the Volsci in Latium,
[LATYMNUS MONS (AdTrvIvog), a mountain of in a narrow pass between Tarracina and Fundi.
Bruttium, near Croton.]                     LAVERNA, the Roman goddess of thieves and
LAUREACUM or LAURIACUM (now Lorch, near impostors. A grove was sacred to her on the
Ens), a strongly fortified town on the Danube, Via Salaria, and she had an altar near the Porta
in Noricum Ripense, the head-quarters of the Lavernalis, which derived its name from her.
second legion, and the station of a Roman fleet.  LAVICUM  Vid. LABICUM.
LAURENTIA, ACCA. Vid. ACCA LAURENTIA.     LAVINIA, daughter of Latinus and Amata, was
LAURENTYUS LYDUS. Vid. IYDUS.           betrothed to Turnus (rid. TURNUS), but was aftLAURENTUMt (Laurens, -ntis: now Casale di erward given in marriage to 2Eneas, by whom
Copocotta, not Paterno), one of the most ancient she became the mother of 2Eneas Silvius.
towns of Latium, was situated on a height be-  LAVINYUM (Laviniensis: now Pratica), an antween Ostia and Ardea, not far from the sea, cient town of Latium, three miles from the sea
and was surrounded by a grove of laurels, from  and six miles east of Laurentum, on the Via
which the place was supposed to have derived Appia, and near the River Numicus, which diits name. According to Virgil, it was the resi- vided its territory from that of Ardea. It is said
dence of King Latinus and the capital of Lati- to have been founded by.Eneas, and to have
um; and it is certain that it was a place of in- been called Lavinium in honor of his wife Laportance in the time of the Roman kings, as it vinia, the daughter of Latinus. It possessed a
is mentioned in the treaty concluded between temple of Venus, common to all the Latins, of
Rome and Carthage in B.C. 509. The younger which the inhabitants of Ardea had the overPliny and the Emperor Commodus had villas sight. It was at Lavinium that the king Titus
at Laurentum; which appears to have been a Tatius wassaid to have been murdered. Lahealthy place, notwithstanding the marshes in vinium was at a later time united with Lauren.the neighborhood. These marshes supplied the tum; respecting which, vid. LAURENTUM.
426




LAZAE.                                   LELEGES.
LhzJE or LAZI (Auiat, Aahbo), a people of Col-  LESTBTHUS (A6ev0oce: now Lebitha), an island
ehis, south of the Phasis.                in the;Egaean Sea, one of the Sporades, west
[LEIA (now probably Piana or Pianosa), a of Calymna, east of Amorgos, and north of Assmall island in the southern part of the XEgean typalea.
Sea.]                                       LECHEUM (ro Aexaov: Aexalof), one of the
[LEADES (Aer(1d), son of Astacus, according two harbors of Corinth, with which it was conto Apollodorus slew Eteocles at the attack on nected by two long walls. It was twelve stadia
Thebes, while /Eschylus makes Eteocles to from Corinth, was situated on the Corinthian
have fallen by tile hand of Megareus.]    Gulf, and received all the ships which came'LEANA (Aeatva), an Athenian hetesra, beloved from Italy and Sicily. It possessed a temple
by Aristogiton or Harmodius. On the murder of Neptune (Poseidon), who was hence surof Hipparchus she was put to the torture; but named Lechaeus.
she died under her sufferings without making  LECTUM (ro AeETOV: now Cape Babaor S. Maany disclosure, and, if we may believe one ac- ria), the southwestern promontory of the Troad,
count, she bit off her tongue that no secret is formed where the western extremity of Mount
might be wrung from her. The Athenians hon- Ida juts out into the sea, opposite to the northored her memory greatly, and, in particular, by ern side of the island of Lesbos. It was the
a bronze statue of a lioness (deatva) without a southern limit of the Troad; and, under the
tongue, in the vestibule of the Acropolis.  Byzantine emperors, the northern limit of the
[LEAGRUS (Aeaypog), son of Glaucon, one of province of Asia. An altar was shown here in
the commanders of the Athenians in the at- Strabo's time, which was said to have been
tempt to colonize Amphipolis, B.C. 465, perish- erected by Agamemnon to the twelve chief gods
ed in a battle with the Thracians at Drabescus of Greece.
or Datus.]                                  LEDA (Avda), daughter of Thestius, whence
LEANDER (Aeiavdpof or Aeavdpog), the famous she is called Thestias, and wife of Tyndareus,
youth of Abydos, who was in love with Hero, king of Sparta. One night she was embraced
the priestess of Venus (Aphrodite) in Sestus, both by her husband and by Jupiter (Zeus); by
and swam every night across the Hellespont to the former she became the mother of Castor
visit her, and returned before daybreak. Once and Clytaemnestra, by the latter of Pollux and
during a stormy night he perished in the waves. Helena. According to Homer (Od., xi., 298),
Next morning his corpse was washed on the both Castor and Pollux were sons of Tyndareus
coast of Sestus, whereupon Hero threw herself and Leda, while Helena is described as a daughinto the sea. This story is the subject of the ter of Jupiter (Zeus). Other traditions reverse
poem of Musaeus, entitled De Amore Heries et the story, making Castor and Pollux the sons
Leandri (vid. Mussus), and is also mentioned of Jupiter (Zeus), and Helena the daughter of
by Ovid (Her., xviii., 19) and Virgil (Georg., iii., Tyndareus. According to the common legend,
258).                                     Jupiter (Zeus) visited Leda in the form of a
LEARCHUS (AeapxoC). 1. Vid. ATHAMAS.-2. swan; and she brought forth two eggs, from
Of Rhegium, one of those Daedalean artists who the one of which issued Helena, and from the
stand on the confines of the mythical and his- other Castor and Pollux. The visit of Jupiter
torical periods, and about whom we have ex- (Zeus) to Leda in the form of a swan was fretremely uncertain information.  One account quently represented by ancient artists. The
made him a pupil of Daedalus, another of Dipce- Roman poets sometimes call Helena Ledcea, and/
nus and Scyllis.                          Castor and Pollux Ledcei Dii.
LEBADEA (Aed6idela: now Livadhia), a town  LEDON (AEdo,), a town in Phocis, northwest
in Bceotia, west of the Lake Copais, between of Tithorea; the birth-place of Philomelus, the
Chaeronea and Mount Helicon, at the foot of a commander of the Phocians in the Sacred war;
rock from which the River Hercyna flows. In it was destroyed in this war.
a cave of this rock, close to the town, was the  LEDUS or LEDUM (now Les or Lez, near Montcelebrated oracle of Trophonius, to which the pellier), a small river in Gallia Narbonensis.
place owed its importance.                  LEGIE (A^yat or Aiyef), a people on the south[LEBsA  (Ae6air), an ancient city in Upper ern shore of the Caspian Sea, belonging to the
Macedonia, mentioned only by Herodotus (viii., same race as the Cadusii. A branch of them
137); not a trace of it now exists.]      was found by the Romans in the northern
LEBiDOS (Ai6edoC: Ae6ECtog), one of the twelve mountains of Albania, at the time of Pompey's
cities of the Ionian confederacy, in Asia Minor, expedition into those regions.
stood on the coast of Lydia; between Colophon  LEGIO SEPTIMA GEMINA (now Leon), a town in
and Teos, ninety stadia east of the promontory Hispania Tarraconensis, in the country of the
of Myonnesus. It was said to have been built Astures, which was originally the head-quarters
at the time of the Ionian migration, on the site of the legion so called.
of an earlier Carian city; and it flourished,  LEITUS (ATroS), son of Alector or Aleetryon
chiefly by commerce, until Lysimachus trans- by Cleobule, and father of Peneleus, was one
planted most of its inhabitants to Ephesus. of the Argonauts, and commanded the BceoNear it were some mineral springs, which still tians in the war against Troy.
exist near Ekiklesia, but no traces remain of the  LELANTUS CAMPUS (ro A'XavroV're-iov), a
city itself.                              plain in Euboea, between Eretria and Chalcis,
LEBEN or LEBENA (Ae6iv, Ae65va), a town on for the possession of which these two cities
the southern coast of Crete, ninety stadia south- often contended. It contained warm springs
east of Gortyna, of which it was regarded as and mines of iron and copper, but was subject
the harbor. It possessed a celebrated temple to frequent earthquakes.
of.Esculapius.                             LELEGES (AOleytE), an ancient race which in427




LELEX.                                 LENTIENSES.
habited Greece before the Hellenes. They are appears to have arisen from the volcanic nature
frequently mentioned along with the Pelasgians of Lemnos, which possessed in antiquity a volas the most ancient inhabitants of Greece. cano called Mosychlus (M6ov;x2o). The island
Some writers erroneously identify them with still bears traces of having been subject to the
the Pelasgians, but their character and habits action of volcanic fire, though the volcano has
were essentially different: the Pelasgians were long since disappeared. The most ancient ina peaceful and agricultural people, whereas the habitants of Lemnos, according to Homer, were
Leleges were a warlike and migratory race. the Thracian Sinties; a name, however, which
They appear to have first taken possession of probably only signifies robbers (ZivrZtE, from
the coasts and the islands of Greece, and after- aivo/at). When the Argonauts landed at Lemward to have penetrated into the interior. Pi- nos, they are said to have found it inhabited
racy was probably their chief occupation; and only by women, who had murdered all their
they are represented as the ancestors of the husbands, and had chosen as their queen HypTeleboans and the Taphians, who sailed as far sipyle, the daughter of Thoas, the king of the
as Phoenicia, and were notorious for their pira- island. Vid. HYPSIPYLE. Some of the Argocies. The coasts of Arcarnania and.Etolia ap- nauts settled here, and became by the Lemnian
pear to have been inhabited by Leleges at the women the fathers of the Minye, the later inearliest times, and from thence they spread habitants of the island. The Minyae are said
over other parts of Greece. Thus we find them  to have been driven out of the island by the
in Phocis and Locris, in Boeotia, in Megaris, in Pelasgians, who had been expelled from Attica.;
Laconia, which is said to have been more an- These Pelasgians are further said to have carciently called Lelegia, in Elis, in Euboea, in sev- ried away from Attica some Athenian women;
eral of the islands of the AEgaean Sea, and also but, as the children of these women despised
on the coasts of Asia Minor, in Caria, Ionia, their half-brothers, born of Pelasgian women,
and the south ofTroas. The origin of the Lel- the Pelasgians murdered both them and their
eges is uncertain. Many of the ancients con- children. In consequence of this atrocity, and
nected them with the Carians, and, according of the former murder of the Lemnian-husbands
to Herodotus (i., 171), the Leleges were the by the wives, Lemnian Deeds became a proverb
same as the Carians; but whether there was in Greece for all atrocious acts. Lemnos was
any real connection between these people can afterward conquered by one of the generals of
not be determined. The name of the Leleges Darius; but Miltiades delivered it from the Perwas derived, according to the custom of the an- sians, and made it subject to Athens, in whose
cients, from an ancestor Lelex, who is called power it remained for a long time. Pliny speaks
king either of Megaris or of Lacedaemon. Ac- of a remarkable labyrinth at Lemnos, but no
cording to some traditions, this Lelex came traces of it have been discovered by modern
from Egypt, and was the son of Neptune (Posei- travellers. The principal production of the isldon) and Libya; but the Egyptian origin of the and was a red earth called terra Lemnia or sigilpeople was evidently an invention of later times. lata, which was employed by the ancient physiThe Leleges must be regarded as a branch of cians as a remedy for wounds and the bites of
the great Indo-Germanic race, who became serpents, and which is still much valued by the
gradually incorporated with the Hellenes, and Turks and Greeks for its supposed medicinal
thus ceased to exist as an independent people. virtues.
LELEX. Vid. LELEGES.                      LEMONIA, one of the country tribes of Rome,
LEMANNUS or LEMANUS LACUS (now Lake of named after a village Lemonium, situated on
Geneva), a large lake formed by the River Rhod- the Via Latina, before the Porta Capena.
anus, was the boundary between the old Roman  LEMovICEs, a people in Gallia Aquitanica, beprovince in Gaul and the land of the Helvetii. tween the Bituriges and Arverni, whose chief
Its greatest length is fifty-five miles, and its town was Augustoritum, subsequently called
greatest breadth six miles.               Lemovices, the modern Limoges.
[LEMANUS PORTUS, a harbor on the southern  LEMOVY, a people of Germany, mentioned
coast of Britain, directly south of Durovernum, along with the Rugii, who inhabited the shores
and supposed to correspond to the modern of the Baltic in the modern Pomerania.
Lymne.]                                     LEMURES, the spectres or spirits of the dead.
LEMNOS (Ayevo: A'rveon, fem. AVevtaC: now  Some writers describe Lemures as the common
Stalimene, i. e., el' riv A/i}/vov), one of the larg- name for all the spirits of the dead, and divide
est islands in the iEgwaan Sea, was situated them into two classes; the Lares, or the souls
nearly midway between Mount Athos and the of good men, and the Larva, or the souls of
Hellespont, and about twenty-two miles south- wicked men. But the common idea was that
west of mbros. Its area is about one hundred the Lemures and Larva were the same. They
and forty-seven square miles. In the earliest were said to wander about at night as spectres,
times it appears to have contained only one and to torment and frighten the living.  In
town, which bore the same name as the island order to propitiate them, the Romans celebra(Hom., II., xiv., 299); but at a later period we ted the festival of the Lemuralia or Lemuria.
read of two towns, Myrina (now Palao Castro) Vid. Diet. of Antiq., s. v.
on the west of the island, and Hephaestia or  LENEUS (Aqvaaio), a surname of Bacchus
Hephaestias (near Rapanidi) on the northwest, (Dionysus), derived from?^vol6, the wine-press
with a harbor. Lemnos was sacred to Hephaes- or the vintage.
tus (Vulcan), who is said to have fallen here  LENTIA (now Linz), a town in Noricum, on
when Zeus (Jupiter) hurled him down from  the Danube.
Olympus. Hence the workshop of the god is   LENTIENSES, a tribe of the Alemanni, who
Sometimes placed in this island. The legend lived on the northern shore of the Lacus Brig428




LENTO, CzESENNIUS.                       LENTULUS, CORNELIUS.
antinus (now Lake of Constance), in the modern his place in the senate, he became praetor again
Linzgeauz.                                in 63. When Catiline quitted the city for EtruLENTO, C.. SENNIUS, a follower of M. Antony. ria, Lentulus was left as chief of the home conHe was one of Antony's seven agrarian corn- spirators, and his irresolution probably saved
missioners (septembiratus) in B.C. 44, for ap- the city from being fired, for it was by his
portioning the Campanian and Leontine lands, over-caution that the negotiation with the amwhence Cicero terms him divisor Italice.  bassadors of the Allobroges was entered into:
LENTULUS, CORNELIUS, one of the haughtiest these unstable allies revealed the secret to. the
patrician families at Rome; so that Cicero coins consul Cicero, who directed them to feign conthe words Appietas and Lentulitas to express the pliance with the conspirators' wishes, and thus
qualities of the high aristocratic party (ad Fam., to obtain written documents which might be
iii., 7). The name was derived from lens, like brought in evidence against them. The wellCicero from cicer. 1. L., consul B.C. 327, le- known sequel will be found under the life of
gate in the Caudine campaign 321, and dictator Catiline. Lentulus was deposed from the prTe320, when he avenged the disgrace of the Fur- torship, and was strangled in the Capitoline
cule Caudinae. This was indeed disputed (Liv., prison on the 5th of December. His step-son
ix., 15); but his descendants at least claimed Antony pretended that Cicero refused to deliver
the honor for him, by assuming the agnomen of up his corpse for burial.-10. P., surnamed SPINCaudinus.-2. L., surnamed CAUDInmrs, pontifex THER. He received this nickname from his remaximus, and consul 237, when he triumphed semblance to the actor Spinther. Casar conover the Ligurians. He died 213.-3. P., sur- monly calls him by this name: not so Cicero;
named CAUDINus, served with P. Scipio in Spain but there could be no harm in it, for he used it
210, praetor 204, one of the ten ambassadors on his coins when propraetor in Spain, simply to
sent to Philip of Macedon 196.-4. P., praetor distinguish himself from the many of the same
in Sicily 214, and continued in his province for family; and his son bore it after him. He was
the two following years. In 189 he was one curule adile in 63, the year of Cicero's consulof ten ambassadors sent into Asia after the ship, and was intrusted with the care of the
submission of Antiochus.-5. CN., quaestor 212, apprehended conspirator, P. Sura (vid. No. 9).
curule aedile 204, consul 201, and proconsul in His games were long remembered for their
Hither Spain 199.-6. L., praetor in Sardinia 211, splendor; but his toga, edged with Tyrian pursucceeded Scipio as proconsul in Spain, where pie, gave offence. He was praetor in 60, and by
he remained for eleven years, and on his return Caesar's interests he obtained Hither Spain for
was only allowed an ovation, because he only his next year's province, where he remained
held proconsular rank. He was consul 199, and into part of 58. In 57 he was consul, which
the next year proconsul in Gaul.-7. L., curule dignity he also obtained by Caesar's support. In
aedile 163, consul 156, censor 147.-8. P., curule his consulship he moved for the immediate reaedile with Scipio Nasica 169, consul suffectus call of Cicero, brought over his colleague Mewith C. Domitius 162, the election of the former tellus Nepos to the same views, and his servconsuls being declared informal. He became ices were gratefully acknowledged by Cicero.
princeps senatus, and must have lived to a good Now, therefore, notwithstanding his obligations
old age, since he was wounded in the contest to Caesar, he had openly taken part with the
with C. Gracchus in 121.-9. P., surnamed aristocracy. He received Cilicia as his provSURA, the man of chief note in Catiline's crew. ince, but he attempted in vain to obtain a deHe was quaestor to Sulla in 81: before him and cree of the senate charging him with the office
L. Triarius, Verres had to give an account of of restoring Ptolemy Auletes, the exiled king
the moneys he had received as quaestor in Cisal- of Egypt. He remained as proconsul in Cilicia
pine Gaul. He was soon after himself called from 56 till July, 53, and obtained a triumph,
to account for the same matter, but was ac- though not till 51. On the breaking out of the
quitted. It is said that he got his cognomen of civil war in 49 he joined the Pompeian party.
Sura from his conduct on this occasion; for He fell into Caesar's hands at Corfinium, but
when Sulla called him to account, he answer- was dismissed by the latter uninjured. He then
ed by scornfully putting out his leg, "like boys," joined Pompey in Greece; and after the battle
says Plutarch, "when they make a blunder in of Pharsalia, he followed Pompey to Egypt, and
playing at ball." Other persons, however, had got safe to Rhodes.-11. P., surnamed SPINborne the name before, one perhaps of the Len- THER, son of No. 10, followed Pompey's fortulus family. In 75 he was praetor; and Hor- tunes with his father. He was pardoned by
tensius, pleading before such a judge, had no Caesar, and returned to Italy. In 45 he was
difficulty in procuring the acquittal of Terentius divorced from his abandoned wife, Metella.
Varro when accused of extortion.  In 71 lie (Comp. Hor., Serma., ii., 3, 239.) After the murwas consul. But in the next year he was eject- der of Caesar (44) he joined the conspirators.
ed from the senate,\with sixty;three others, for He served with Cassius against Rhodes; with
infamous life and manners. It was this, prob- Brutus in Lycia.-12. CN., surnamed CLODIably, that led him to join Catiline and his crew. ANUS, a Claudius adopted into the Lentulus famFrom his distinguished birth and high rank he ily. He was consul in 72 with L. Gellius Pubcalculated on becoming chief of the conspiracy; licola. In the war with Spartacus both he and
and a prophecy of the Sibylline books was ap- his colleague were defeated, but after their conplied by flattering haruspices to him. Three sulship. With the same colleague he held the
Cornelii were to rule Rome, and he was the censorship in 70, and ejected sixty-three memthird after Sulla and Cinna; the twentieth year bers from the senate for infamous life, among
after the burning of the Capitol, &c., was to be whom were Lentulus Sura (vid. No. 9) and C.
fatal to the city. To gain power, and recover Antonius, afterward Cicero's colleague in the
429




LEO.                                  LEOCHARES.
consulship. Yet the majority of those expelled (many of them borrowed from Homer, Agathias
were acquitted by the courts, and restored; and the historian, and the Septuagint), in the place
Lentulus supported the Manilian law, appoint- of simple and common ones; and he abounds in
ing Pompey to the command against Mithra- tautological phrases. His history, however, is
dates. As an orator, he concealed his want of a valuable contemporary record of a stirring
talent by great skill and art. and by a good voice. time, honestly and fearlessly written. Edited
-13. L., surnamed CRUs, appeared in 61 as the for the first time by Hase, Paris, 1818.-4. Gramchief accuser of P. Clodius for violating the maticus, one of the continuators of Byzantine
mysteries of the Bona Dea. In 58 he was pre- history from the period when Theophanes leaves
tor, and in 49 consul with C. Marcellus.. He off. His work, entitled Chronographia, extends
was raised to the consulship in consequence of from the accession of Leo V. the Armenian,
his being a known enemy of Caesar. He did all 813, to the death of Romanus Lecapenus, 944.
he could to excite his wavering party to take Edited with Theophanes by Comb6fis, Paris,
arms and meet Caesar: he called Cicero cow- 1655; [reprinted in the collection of the Byzanardly; blamed him for seeking a triumph at tine Historians with an emended text by Beksuch a time; urged war at any price, in the ker, Bonn., 1842.]-5. Archbishop of Thessahope, says Caesar (B. C., i., 4), of retrieving his lonica, an emiment Byzantine philosopher and
ruined fortunes, and becoming another Sulla. ecclesiastic of the ninth century. His works
It was mainly at Lentulus's instigation that are lost, but he is fiequently mentioned in terms
the violent measures passed the senate early of the highest praise by the Byzantine writers,
in the year, which gave -the tribunes a pretence especially for his knowledge of geometry and
for flying to Caesar at Ravenna. He himself astronomy.-6. Magentenus, a commentator on
fled from the city at the approach of Caesar, Aristotle, flourished during the first half of the
and afterward crossed over to Greece. After fourteenth century. He was a monk, and afterthe battle of Pharsalia he fled to Egypt, and ward archbishop of Mytilene. Several of his
arrived there the day after Pompey's murder. commentaries on Aristotle are extant, and have
On landing he was apprehended by young Ptole- been published.-7. Leo was also the name of
my's ministers, and put to death in prison.-14. six Byzantine emperors. Of these, Leo VI., surL., surnamedi NIGER, flamen of Mars. In 57 he named the- philosopher, who reigned 886-911,
was one of the priests to whom was referred is celebrated in the history of the later Greek
the question whether the site of Cicero's house literature. He wrote a treatise on Greek tacwas consecrated ground. In 56 he was one of tics, seventeen oracles, thirty-three orations,
the judges in the case of P. Sextius, and he died and several other works, which are still extant.
in the same year, much praised by Cicero.-15. He is also celebrated in the history of legislaL., son of the last, and also flamen of Mars. tion. As the Latin language had long ceased
He defended M. Scaurus in 54, when accused to be the official language of the Eastern emof extortion; he accused Gabinius of high trea- pire, Basil,- the father of Leo, had formed and
son about' the same time, but was suspected of partly executed the plan of issuing an authorized
collusion. In the Philippics he is mentioned as Greek version of Justinian's legislation. This
a friend of Antony's.-16. Cossus, surnamed plan was carried out by Leo. Tile Greek verG  TULICUS, consul B.C. 1, was sent into Africa sion is known under the title of BaeoLoai Atain A.D. 6, where he defeated the Gaetuli; hence rdiet,  or, shortly, Baaclttcai; in Latin Basilihis surname. On the accession of Tiberius, A. ca, which means "Imperial Constitutions" or
D. 14, he accompanied Drusus, who was sent " Laws." It is divided into sixty books, subto quell the mutiny of the legions in Pannonia. divided into titles, and contains the Institutes,
He died 25, at a very great age, leaving behind the Digest, the Codex, and the Novellae; and
him an honorable reputation.-17. CN., sur- likewise such constitutions as were issued by
named G(,ETULICus, son of the last, consul A. the successors of Justinian down to Leo VI.
D. 26. H-le afterward had the command of the There are, however, many laws of the Digest
legions of Upper Germany for ten years, and omitted in the Basilica, which contain, on the
was very popular among the troops. In 39 he other hand, a considerable number of laws or
was put to death by order of Caligula, who fear- extracts from ancient jurists which are not in
ed his influence with the soldiers. He was an the Digest. The publication of this authorized
historian and a poet; but we have only three body of law in the Greek language led to the
lines of his poems extant, unless he is the au- gradual disuse of the original compilations of
thor of nine epigrams in the Greek Anthology, Justinian in the East. But the Roman law was
inscribed with the name of Gaetulicus.    thus more firmly established in Eastern Europe
LEO or L:EON (Anv). 1. Also called LF.NIDES and Western Asia, where it has maintained it(Aeruvidrq(), of Heraclea on the Pontus, disciple self among the Greek population to the present
of Plato, was one of the conspirators who, with day. The best edition of the Basilica is the
their leader, Chion, assassinated Clearchus, ty- one now publishing by Heimbach, Lips., 1833,
rant of Heraclea, B.C. 353.-2. Of Byzantium, seq.
a rhetorician and historical writer of the are of  LEOBOTES. Vid. L.ABOTAS.
Philip and Alexander the Great.-3. Diaconus  [LEoCEDES (AreWK&dmC), son of Phidon. Vid.
or the Deacon, Byzantine historian of the tenth PHIDoN.]
century. His history, in ten books, includes,  LEOCHXRES (AerOydpr), an Athenian statuary
the period from the Cretan expedition of Ni- and sculptor, was one of the great artists of the
cephorus Phocas, in the reign of the Emperor later Athenian school, at the head of which
Romanus It., A.D. 9.59, to the death of Joannes were Scopas and Praxiteles. He flourished B.
I. Zimisces, 975. The style of Leo is vicious: C. 352-338. The master-piece of Leochares
he employs unusual and inappropriate words seems to have been his statue of the rape of
430




LEOCORIUM.                                 LEONTINI.
-anymede. The original work was in bronze. 236, and was succeeded by his son, Cleomenes
Of the extant copies in marble, the best is one, III.-3. A kinsman of Olympias, the mother of
half the size of life, in the Museo Pio-Clemen- Alexander the Great, was intrusted with the
tino.                                     main superintendence of Alexander's education
LEocORIitM (Aero(6pl.ov), a shrine in Athens, in in his earlier years, before he became the pupil
the Ceramicus, erected in honor of the daugh- of Aristotle. Leonidas was a man of austere
ters of Leos. Hipparchus was murdered here. character, and trained the young prince in hardy
LEODAMAS (Aerrd/zag), a distinguished Attic and self-denying habits. There were two exorator, was educated in the school of Isocrates, cellent cooks (said Alexander afterward) with
and is greatly praised by JEschines.      which Leonidas had furnished him-a night's
[LE0DArAS (Ae.odudtac), one of the Theban march to season his breakfast, and a scanty
chieftains who defended Thebes against the breakfast to season his dinner.-4. Of Tarenattack of the Argives; he slew _Egialeus, and turn, the author of upward of one hundred epiwas himself slain by Alcmaeon.]           grams in the Doric dialect. His epigrams form[LEON (AEo(), a village on the eastern coast ed a part of the Garland of Meleager. They
of Sicily, near Syracuse, occupied by both the are chiefly inscriptions for dedicatory offerings
Athenians and the Romans in their respective and works of art, and, though not of a very high
operations against that city.]            order of poetry, are usually pleasing, ingenious,
[LEODEs (Aetl(As), son of CEnops, one of the and in good taste. Leonidas probably lived in
suitors of Penelope, hated by the rest as an un- the time of Pyrrhus.-5. OfAlexandrea, also an
welcome warner; he was slain by Ulysses.]  epigrammatic poet, flourished under Nero and
LEONICA, a town of the Edetani in the west Vespasian. In the Greek Anthology, forty-three
of Hispania Tarraconensis.                epigrams are ascribed to him: they are of a
LEONYDAS (Aevi4aora). 1. I. King of Sparta very low order of merit.
B.C. 491-480, was one of the sons of Anaxan-  LEONNiATUS (AeovvTroc). 1. A Macedonian of
drides by his first wife, and, according to some Pella, one of Alexander's most distinguished
accounts, was twin-brother to Cleombrotus. officers. His father's name is variously given,
He succeeded his half-brother Cleomenes I., as Anteas, Anthes, Onasus, and Eunus.  He
B.C. 491, his elder brother Dorieus also having saved Alexander's life in India in the assault on
previously died. When Greece was invaded the city of the Malli. After the death of Alexanby Xerxes, 480, Leonidas was sent with a small der (B.C. 323), he obtained the satrapy of the
army to make a stand against the enemy at the Lesser or Hellespontine Phrygia, and in the folpass of Thermopylae. The number of his army lowing year he crossed over into Europe, to asis variously stated: according to Herodotus, it sist Antipater against the Greeks; but he was
amounted to somewhat more than five thousand defeated by the Athenians and their allies, and
men, of whom three hundred were Spartans; fell in battle. —[2. Another officer in the service
in all probability, the regular band of (so called) of Alexander, a native of _Egag, and son of Anknig'hts (iTrrreTC). The Persians in vain attempt- tipater.-3. A Macedonian officer in the service
ed( to force their way through the pass of Ther- of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, who saved the lift
rmopyla. They were driven back by Leonidas of that monarch at the battle of Heraclea, B.C.
and his gallant band with immense slaughter. 280.]
At length the Malian Ephialtes betrayed the  [LEONORIUS (AeovOplo), one of the leaders of
mountain path of the Anopaea to the Persians, the Gauls in their invasion of Macedonia and
who were thus able to fall upon the rear of the the adjacent countries.]
Greeks. When it became known to Leonidas    [LEONTEUS (Aeovreds), son of Coronus, led the
that the Persians were crossing the mountain, Lapithae to Troy in forty ships; one of the comlie dismnissed all the other Greeks except the batants at the funeral games in honor of PaTlhespian an(l Theban forces, declaring that he troclus.]
and the Spartans under his command must     LEONTIADES (Aeov7tS(iy). 1. A Theban, comneeds remain in the post they had been sent to manded at Thermopylae the forces supplied by
guard. Then, before the body of Persians, who Thebes to the Grecian army, B.C. 480 -2. A
were crossing the mountain under Hydarnes, Theban, assisted the Spartans in seizing the
could arrive to attack him in the rear, he ad- Cadmea, or citadel of Thebes, in 382. He was
vanced from the narrow pass and charged the slain by Pelopidas in 379, when the Theban exmyriads of the enemy with his handful of troops, iles recovered possession of the Cadmea.
hopeless now of preserving their lives, and anx-  LEONTINI (Ol AEOv7lvot: ArovpTvoc: now Lenious only to sell them dearly. In the desperate tini), a town in the east of'Sicily, about five
battle which ensued, Leonidas himself fell soon. miles from the sea, northwest of Syracuse, was
His lboly was rescued by the Greeks, after a situated upon the small river Lissus. It was
violent struggle. On the hillock in the pass, built upon two hills, which were separated from
where the remnant of the Greeks made their one another by a valley, in which were the folast stand, a lion of stone was set up in his rum, the senate-house, and the other public
honor.-2. II. King of Sparta, was son of the buildings, while the temples and the private
traitor Cleonymus.  He acted as guardian to houses occupied the hills. The rich plains
his infant relative, Areus II., on whose death north of the city, called Leontini Campi, were
he ascended the throne, about 256. Being op- some of the most fertile in Sicily, and produced
posed to the projected reforms of his contem- abundant crops of most excellent wheat. Leporary. Agis IV., he was deposed, and the throne ontini was founded by Chalcidians from Naxos,
was transferred to his son-in-law Cleombrotus; B.C. 730, only six years after the foundation of
but he was soon afterward recalled, and caused Naxos itself. It never attained much political
Agis to be put to death, 240. He died about importance in consequence of its proximity to
431




LEONTIS.                             LEPIDUS     MILIJS.
Syracuse, to which it soon became subject, and 180; censor 179 with M. Fulvius Nobilior; and
whose fortunes it shared. At a later time it consul a second time 175. He was six times
joined the Carthaginians, and was, in conse- chosen by the censors princeps senatus, and he
quence, taken and plundered by the Romans. died 152, full of years and honors..Lepidus the
Under the Romans it sunk into insignificance. triumvir is called by Cicero (Phil., xiii., 7) the
Gorgias was a native of Leontini.         pronepos of this Lepidus; but he would seem
[LEONTIS (Aeovrif), one of the ten Attic tribes more probably to have been his abncpos, or
formed by Clisthenes, and deriving its name great-great-grandson.-2. M., consul 137, carfrom the hero Leos. Vid. Los.]            ried on war in Spain against the Vaccaei, but
LEONTIUM (Ae6vrtov), an Athenian hetaera, the unsuccessfully. Since he hadattacked the Vacdisciple and mistress of Epicurus, wrote a trea- caei in opposition to the express orders of the
tise against Theophrastus. She had a daughter, senate, he was deprived of his command, and
Danad, who was also an hetasra of some noto- condemned to pay a fine. He was a man of
riety.                                    education and refined taste. Cicero, who had
LEONTYUM (Ae6vriov), a town in Achaia, be- read his speeches, speaks of him as the greatest
tween Pharae and.iEgium.                 orator of his age. He helped to form the style
LEONTOPOLIS (AeovT6rTrolt, AeOVTrv T7r6?,t). of Tiberius Gracchus and C. Carbo, who were
1. A city in the Delta of Egypt, south of accustomed to listen to him with great care.Thmuis, and northwest of Athribis, was the 3. M., the father of the triumvir, was prastor in
capital of the Nomos Leontopolites, and proba — Sicily in 81, where he earned a character by
bly of late foundation, as no writer before Strabo his oppressions only second to that of Verres.
mentions it. Its site is uncertain.-2. Vid. Ni- In the civil wars between Marius and Sulla he
CEPHORIUMo.                               belonged at first to the party of the latter, but
LEOPREPIDES, i. e., Simonides, the son of Leo- he afterward cane forward as a leader of the
prepes.                                   popular party. In his consulship, 78, he atLEOS (ArOg), one of the heroes eponymi of tempted to rescind the laws of Sulla, who had
the Athenians, said to have been a son of Or- lately died, but he was opposed by his colleague
pheus. The phyle or tribe of Leontis derived Catulus, who received the powerful support of
its name from him. Once, when Athens was Pompey. In the following year (77) Lepidus
suffering from famine or plague, the Delphic took up arms and marched against Rome. He
oracle demanded that the daughters of Leos was defeated by Pompey and Catulus, under
should be sacrificed, and the father complied the walls of the city, in the Campus Martius,
with the command of the oracle. The maidens and was obliged to take to flight. Finding it
were afterward honored by the Athenians, who impossible to hold his ground in Italy, Lepidus
erected the Leocorium (from Aeo6 and K6pat) to sailed with the remainder of his forces to Sarthem. Their names were Praxithea, Theope, dinia; but repulsed even in this island by the
and Eubule.                               proprator, he died shortly afterward of chagrin
LEOSTHENES (AesGO6vgl), an Athenian com- and sorrow, which is said to have been increasmander of the combined Greek army in the ed by the discovery of his wife's infidelity.Lamian war. In the year after the death of 4. MAM., surnamed LIVIANUS, because he beAlexander (B.C. 323), he defeated Antipater longed originally to the Livia gens, consul 77,
near Thermopylae; Antipater thereupon threw  belonged to the aristocratical party, and was
himself into the small town of Lamia. Leos- one of the influential persons who prevailed
thenes pressed the siege with the utmost vigor, upon Sulla to spare the life of the young Julius
but was killed by a blow from a stone. His Casar.-5. M., consul 66, with L. Volcatius Tulloss was mourned by the Athenians as a public lus, the same year in which Cicero was praetor.
calamity. He was honored with a public burial He belonged to the aristocratical party, but on
in the Ceramicus, and his funeral oration was the breaking out of the civil war in 49, he repronounced by. Hyperides.                 tired to his Formian villa to watch the progress
LEOTYCHIDES (Ae0TvXfld7c, AevrvXiSJg, He- of events.-6. L. ZEMILIUS PAULUS, son of No.
rod.). 1. King of Sparta, B.C. 491-469.  He 3, and brother of M. Lepidus, the triumvir. His
commanded the Greek'fleet in 479, and defeated surname of Paulus was probably given him by
the Persians at the battle of Mycale. He was his father, in honor of the celebrated lEmilius
afterward sent with an army into Thessaly to Paulus, the conqueror of Macedonia; but, since
punish those who had sided with the Persians; he belonged to the family of the Lepidi, and not
but, in consequence of his accepting the bribes to that of the Pauli, he is inserted in this place,
of the Aleuadee, he was brought to trial on his and not under PAULUS. JEmilius Paulus did
return home, and went into exile to Tegea, 469, not follow the example of his father, but cornwhere he died. He was succeeded by his grand- menced his public career by supporting the arisson, Archidamus II.-2. Grandson of Archida- tocratical party. His first public act was the
mus II., and son of Agis II. There was, how- accusation of Catiline in 63. He was queTstor
ever, some suspicion that he was, in reality, the in Macedonia 59; awdile 55; pretor 53; and
fruit of an intrigue of Alcibiades with Timaea, consul 50, along with M. Claudius Marcellus.
the queen of Agis; in consequence of which he Paulus was raised to the consulship on account
was excluded from the throne, mainly through of his being one of the most determined enethe influence of Lysander, and his uncle, Agesi- mies of Caesar, but Caesar gained him over to
laus II., was substituted in his room.    his side by a bribe of fifteen hundred talents,
LEPIDUS AEMILIUS, a distinguished patrician which he is said to have expended on the cornfamily.  1. M., aedile B.C. 192; praetor 191, pletion of a magnificent basilica which he had
with Sicily as his province; consul 187, when commenced in his edileship. After the murder
he defeated the Ligurians; pontifex maximus of Caesar (44), Paulus joined the senatorial par432




LEPIDUS LEMILIUS.                             LEPREUM.
ty. He was one of the senators who declared given by the ancient writers, _/Emilius Paulus,
M. Lepidus a public enemy on account of his or Paulus Xmilius, or _IEmilius Lepidus Paulus,
having joined Antony; and, accordingly, when but Paulus _iEmilius Lepidus seems to be the
the triumvirate was formed, his name was set most correct form. He probably fled with his
down first in the proscription list by his own father to Brutus, but he afterward, made his
brother. The soldiers, however, who were ap- peace with the triumvirs. He accompanied
pointed to kill him, allowed him to escape. He Octavianus in his campaign against Sex. Pompassed over to Brutus in Asia, and after the pey in Sicily in 36. -In 34 he was consul sufdeath of the latter repaired to Miletus. Here fectus. In 22 he was censor with L. Munatius
he remained, and refused to go to Rome, al- Plancus, and died while holding this dignity.though he was pardoned by the triumvirs.-7. 9. M. /MEILIUS LEPIDUS, son of the triumvir
M. 2E1mILIUS LEPIDus, the TlUiMVIR, brother of (No. 7) and Junia, formed a conspiracy in 30
the last. On the breaking out of the civil war for the purpose of assassinating Octavianus on
(49), Lepidus, who was then praetor, joined his return to Rome after the battle of Actium.
Cmesar's party; and as the consuls had fled Maecenas, who had charge of the city, became
with Pompey from Italy, Lepidus, as preetor, acquainted with the plot, seized Lepidus, and
was the highest magistrate remaining in Italy. sent him to Octavianus in. the East, who put
During Caesar's absence in Spain, Lepidus pre. him to death. His father was ignorant of the
sided at the comitia in which the former was conspiracy, but his mother was privy to -it.
appointed dictator. In the following year (48) Lepidus was married twice: his first wife was
he received the province of Nearer Spain. On Antonia, the daughter of the triumvir, and his
his return to Rome in 47, Caesar granted him  second Servilia, who put an end to her life by
a triumph, and made him his magister equiturn; swallowing burning coals when the conspirand in the next year (46), his colleague in the acy of her husband was discovered.-10. Q.
consulship. In 44 he received from Caesar the LEMILIUS LEPIDUS, consul in 21 with M. Lollius.
government of Narbonese Gaul and Nearer (Hor.,Ep., i., 20, 28.) —11. L. LEMILIUS PAULUS,
Spain, but had not quitted the neighborhood of son of No. 8 and Cornelia, married Julia, the
Rome at the time of the dictator's death. Hav- grand-,daughter of Augustus. Vid. JULIA, No. 6.
ing the command of an army near the city, he Paulus is therefore called the progener of Auwas able to render M. Antony efficient assist- gustus. He was consul A.D. 1, with C. Caesar,
ance; and the latter, in consequence, allowed his wife's brother. He entered into a conspirLepidus to be chosen pontifex maximus, which acy against Augustus, of the particulars of
dignity had become vacant by Caesar's death. which we are not informed.-12. M. iEMILIUS
Lepidus soon afterward, repaired to his provin- LPIDus, -brother of the last, consul A.D. 6
ces of Gaul and Spain. He remained neutral with L. Arruntius. He lived on the most intiin the struggle between Antony and the senate; mate- terms with Augustus, who employed him
but he subsequently joined Antony, when the in the war against the Dalmatians in A.D. 9.
latter fled to him in Gaul after his defeat at After the death of Augustus, he was also held
Mutina. This was in the end of May, 43; and in high esteem by Tiberius.-13. M. LEMILIUS
when the news reached Rome, the senate pro- LEPIDUS, consul with T. Statilius Taurus in
claimed Lepidus a public enemy. In the au- A.D. 11, must be carefully distinguished from
tumn Lepidus and Antony crossed the Alps at the last. In A.D. 21 he obtained the province
the head of a powerful army. Octavianus (aft- of Asia.-14. zEsMILIUS LEPIDUS, the son of No.
erward Augustus) joined them; and in the 11 and Julia, the grand-daughter of Augustus,
"month of October the celebrated triumvirate was and consequently the great-grandson of Augusformed, by which the Roman world was divid- tus. He was one of the minions of the Empered between Octavianus, Antony, and Lepidus. or Caligula, with whom he had the most shame-.Vid. p. 129, b. In 42 Lepidus remained in Italy ful connection.  He married Drusilla, the faas consul, while the two other triumvirs pros- vorite sister of the emperor; but he was, notecuted the war against Brutus and Cassius. withstanding, put to death by Caligula, A.D. 39.
In the fresh division of the provinces after the  LEPONTII, a people inhabiting the Alps, in
battle of Philippi, Lepidus received Africa, whose country Caesar places the sources cf the
where he remained till 36. In this year Oc- Rhine, and Pliny the sources of the Rhone.
tavianus summoned him to Sicily to assist him  They dwelt on the southern slope of the St.
in the war against Sextus Pompey.  Lepidus Gothard and the Simplon, toward the Lago
obeyed, but, tired of being treated as a subor- ilaggiore, and their name is still retained in
dinate, he resolved to make an effort to acquire the Val Leventina. Their chief town was OsSicily for himself and to regain his lost power. cela (now Domo d'Ossola).
IHe was easily subdued by Octavianus, who   LEPREA (Ae rpa), daughter of Pyrgeus, from
spared his life, but deprived him of his trium- whom the town of Lepreum in Elis was said to"
virate, his army, and his provinces, and com- have' derived its name. Vid. LEPREUuM. Anmanded that he should live at Circeii, under other tradition derived the name from Lepreus,
strict surveillance. He allowed him, however, a son.of Caucon, Glaucon, or Pyrgeus, by Asto retain his dignity of pontifex maximus. He tydamia. He was a grandson of Neptune (Podied B.C. 13.  Augustus succeeded him as seidon), and a rival of Hercules both in his
pontifex maximus. Lepidus was fond of ease strength and his powers of eating, but he was
and repose, and it is not improbable that he conquered and'slain by the latter. His tomb
possessed abilities capable of effecting much was believed to exist at Phigalia.
more than he ever-did.-8. PAULUS IEMILIUS  LEPRi RUM (AirpeOV, MArrpeor: AE7rpear7g: now
LEPIDUS, son of No. 6, with whom he is fie- Strovitzi), a town of Elis in Triphylia, situated
quently confounded.  His name is variously i forty stadia from the sea, was said to have been
28                                                             433




LEPREUS.                                    LESBOS.
founded in the time of Theseus by Minyans possessed no harbor. With Abrotonum    and
from Lemnos. After the Messenian wars it CEa it formed the African Tripolis. The Rowas subdued by the Eleans with the aid of mans made it a colony: it was the birth-place
Sparta; but it recovered its independence in of the Emperor Septimius Severus and it conthe Peloponnesian war, and was assisted by tinned to flourish till A.D. 366, when it was althe Spartans against Elis. At the time of the most ruined by an attack from a Libyan tribe.
Achaean league it was subject to Elis.     Justinian did something toward its restoration;
[LEPREUS (AeTrper). Vid. LEPREA.]        but theArabian invasion completed its destrucLEPTA, Q., a native of Cales in Campania, tion. Its ruins are still considerable.-2. LEPand praefectus fabrum to Cicero in Cilicia, B.C. TIS MINOR or PARVA (AeTriTC  f1Kcpaid: ruins at
51. He joined the Pompeian party in the civil Lamta), usually called simply Leptis, a Phceniwar,. and is frequently mentioned in Cicero's cian colony on the coast of Byzacium, in Northletters.                                   ern Africa, between Hadrumetum and ThapLEPTINES (AETrr/iV).i 1. A Syracusan, son sus: an important place under both the Carof Hermocrates, and brother of Dionysius the thaginians and the Romans.
Elder, tyrant of Syracuse. He commanded his  LERINA (now St. Honorat), an island off the
brother's fleet in the war against the Cartha- coast of Gallia Narbonensis, opposite Antipolis
ginians, B.C. 397, but was defeated by Mago (now Antibes).
with great loss., In 390 he was sent by Dionys-  LERNA or LERNE (Aipvn), a district in Argoius with a fleet to the assistance of the Luca- lis, not far from Argos, in which was a marsh
nians against the Italian Greeks. Some time and a small river of the same name. It was
afterward he gave offence to the jealous term- celebrated as the place where Hercules killed
per of the tyrant by giving one of his daugh- the Lernean Hydra. Vid. p. 357, a.
ters in marriage to Philistus, without any pre-  LERO (now St. Marguerite), a small island
vious intimation to Dionysius, and on this ac- off the coast of Gallia Narbonensis.
count he was banished from Syracuse, together  LERos (AMpof: AEptog), a small island, one of
with Philistus. He thereupon retired to Thurii, the Sporades, opposite to the mouth of the Sibut was subsequently recalled by Dionysius to nus lassius, on the coast of Caria. Its inhabSyracuse. Here he was completely reinstated itants, who came originally from Miletus, bore
in his former favor, and obtained one of the a bad character. Besides a city ofthe same
daughters of Dionysius in marriage.  In 383 name, it had in, it a temple of Diana (Artemis),
he again took an active part in the war against where the transformation of the sisters of Melthe Carthaginians, and commanded the right eager into Guinea-fowls was said to have taken
wing of the Syracusan army in the battle near place, in memory of which Guinea-fowls were
Cronium, in which he was killed.-2. A Syra- kept in the court of that temple.
cusan, who joined with Calippus in expelling  LESBONAX (Aec6Bvra). 1. Son of Potamon
the garrison of the younger Dionysius from  of Mytilene, a philosopher and sophist in the
Rhegium, 351. Soon afterward he assassin- time of Augustus. He was the father of Poleated Calippus, and then crossed over to Sicily, mon, the teacher and friend of the Emperor Tiwhere he made himself tyrant of Apollonia and berius. Lesbonax wrote several political oraEngyum. He was expelled in common with tions, of which two have come down to us,
the other tyrants by Timoleon; but his life one entitled nepi ro- 7ro2i, uov KopLvOiwv, and
was spared, and he was sent into exile at the other,rporpenrrtitc?ioyoC, both of which are
Corinth, 342.-3. An Athenian, known only as not unsuccessful imitations of the Attic orators
the proposer of a law taking away all special of the best times. They are printed in the colexemptions from the burden of public charges lections of the Greek orators (vid. DEMOSTHE(aTeXetaI rCv 2eiTrovpytjv), against which the NES), and separately by Orelli, Lips., 1820.celebrated oration of Demosthenes is directed, 2. A Greek grammarian, of uncertain age, but
usually known as the oration against Leptines. later than No. 1, the author of an extant work on
This speech was delivered 355; and the law  grammatical figures (7rept aCX7a-rov), published
must have been passed above a year before, by Valckenaer in his edition of Ammonius.
as we are told that the lapse of more than that  LESBOS (Aea6ot: Aa6to-f, Lesbius: now Mytperiod had already exempted Leptines from all ilene, Metelin), the largest, and by far the most
personal responsibility. Hence the efforts of important, of the islands of the _Egean along
Demosthenes were directed solely to the re- the coast of Asia Minor, lay opposite to the
peal of the law, not to the punishment of its Gulf of Adramyttium, off the coast of Mysia,
proposer. His arguments were successful, and the direction of its length being northwest and
the law was repealed.-4. A Syrian Greek, who  southeast. It is intersected by lofty mountassassinated with his own hand, at Laodicea, ains, and indented with large bays, the chief
Cn. Octavius, the chief of the Roman deputies, of which, on the western side, runs more than
who had been sent into Syria, 162. Demetrius halfway across the island. It had three chief
caused Leptines to be seized, and sent as a headlands, Argennum on the northeast, Sigriprisoner to Rome; but the senate refused to urn on the west, and Malea on the south. Its
receive him, being desirous to reserve this valleys were very fertile, especially in the
cause of complaint as a public grievance.  northern part, near Methymna; and it proLEPTIS (Ac7rrni). 1. LEPTIS MAGNA orNEAPO- duced corn, oil, and wine renowned for its exLIS (rI AeenriC eyk-rZ, Neairotsc), a city on the cellence. In early times it was called by vacoast of Northern Africa, between the Syrtes, rious names, the chief of which were Issa,
east of Abrotonum, and west qf the mouth of Pelasgia, Mytanis, and Macaria: the late Greek
the little river Cinyps, was a Phoenician col- writers called it Mytilene, from its chief city,
ony, with a flourishing commerce, though it and this name has been preserved to modern
434




LESBOTHEMIS.                                 LEUCE.
times. The earliest reputed inhabitants were called by Hesiod a daughter of Eris. A river
Pelasgians; the next, an Ionian colony, who in the lower world was likewise called Lethe.
were said to have settled in it two generations The souls of the departed drank of this river,
before the Trojan war; lastly, at the time of and thus forgot all they had said or done in
the great AEolic migration (one hundred and the upper world; [and, according to Virgil (,En.,
thirty years after the Trojan war, according vi., 713), the souls destined by the Fates to into the mythical chronology), the island was habit new bodies on earth also drank of its
colonized by.Eolians, who founded in it an waters, to remove the remembrance of the joys
Hexapolis, consisting of the six cities, Myti- of Elysium.]
lene, Methymna, Eresus, Pyrrha, Antissa, and  LETHE, a river in Spain. Vid. LIM^A.
Arisbe, afterward reduced to five through, the  LETO (Ayr6), called LATONA by the Romans,
destruction of Arisbe by the Methyrnneans. is described by Hesiod as a daughter of the
The.Eolians of Lesbos afterward founded Titan COeus and Phebe, a sister of Asteria, and
numerous settlements along the coast of the the mother of Apollo and Diana (Artemis) by
Troad and in the region of Mount Ida, and at Jupiter (Zeus), to whom she was married beone time a great part of the Troad seems to fore Juno (Hera). Homer likewise calls her
have been subject to Lesbos. The chief facts the mother of Apollo and Diana (Artemis) by
in the history of the island are connected with Jupiter (Zeus); he mentions her in the story
its principal city, Mytilene,, which was the of Niobe, who paid so dearly for her conduct
scene of the struggles between the nobles and toward Latona (Leto) (rid. NIOBE), and he also
the commons, in which ALC.EUS and PITTACUS describes her as the friend of the Trojans in the
took part. At the time of the Peloponnesian  war with the Greeks. In later writers these
war, Lesbos was subject to Athens.  After elements of her story are variously embellishvarious changes, it fell under the power of ed, for they do not describe her as the lawful
Mithradates, and passed from him to the Ro- wife of Jupiter (Zeus), but merely as his mismans. The island is most important in the tress, who was persecuted byJuno(Hera) during
early history of Greece, as the native region her pregnancy., All the world being afraid of
of the /Eolian school of lyric poetry. It was receiving Latona (Leto) on account of Juno
the birth-place of the musician and poet TmE- (Hera), she wandered about till she came to
PANDER, of the lyric poets ALCe3US, SAPPHO, Delos, which was then a floating island, and
and others, and of the dithyrambic poet AnIN. bore the name of Asteria or Ortygia. When
Other forms of literature and philosophy early Latona (Leto) arrived there, Jupiter (Zeus) fasand long flourished in it: the sage and states- tened it by adamantine chains to the bottom of
man PIrTAcus, the historians HELLANIcUS and the sea, that it might be a secure resting-place
Theophanes, and the philosophers Theophras- for his beloved, and here she gave birth to Apollo
tus and Phanias, were all Lesbians.       and Diana (Artemis). The tradition is also reLESBOTHEImIS (Aea66OeztC), a statuary of an- lated with various other modifications. Some
cient date, and a native of Lesbos.       said that Jupiter (Zeus) changed Latona (Leto)
LEscrES or LEscHEUS (A~oXylf, AeoXeS'), one into a quail (iiprv,), and that in this state she
of the so-called cyclic poets, son of 2Eschylinus, arrived in the floating island, which was hence
a native of Pyrrha, in the neighborhood of Myt- called Ortygia.  Others related that Jupiter
ilene, and hence called a Mytilenean or a Les- (Zeus) was enamored with Asteria, but that she,
bian. He flourished about B.C. 708, and was being metamorphosed into a bird, flew across
usually regarded as the author of the Little II- the sea; that she was then changed into a rock,
iad ('ITLUa  m e'ldaoouv or'Ilahc eticp6), though which for a long time lay under the surface
this poem was also ascribed to various other of the sea; and that this rock arose from the
poets. It consisted of four books, and was in- waters and received Latona (Leto) when she
tended as a supplement to the Homeric Iliad. was pursued by Python. Latona (Leto) was
It related the events after the death of Hector, generally worshipped only in conjunction with
the fate of Ajax, the exploits of Philoctetes, her children. Delos was the chief seat of her
Neoptolemus, and Ulysses, and the final cap- worship. Vid. APOLLO. It is probable that the
ture and destruction of Troy, which part of the name of Leto belongs to the same class of words
poem was called The Destruction of Troy ('I2- as the Greek 20jy1 and the Latin lateo. Leto
yov 7repae). There was no unity in the poem, would therefore signify "the obscure" or " conexcept that of historical and chronological suc- cealed," not as a physical power, but as a dicession. Hence Aristotle remarks that the little vinity yet quiescent and invisible, from whom
Iliad furnished materials for eight tragedies, issued the visible divinity with all his splendor
while only one could be based upon the Iliad or and brilliancy. This view is supported by the
Odyssey of Homer.                         account of her genealogy given by Hesiod.
[LEssA. (Aaoa: ruins at Lycurio), a village From their mother Apollo is frequently called
of Argolis, eastward from Argos, on the west- Letoius or Latoius, and Artemis (Diana) Letoia,
ern confines of the territory of Epidaurus, and Letois, Latois, or Latoe.
at the base of Mount Arachnaeus: it contained  LEUCA (ri Aevrc(), a town at the extremity of
a temple of Minerva (Athena).]            the Iapygian promontory in Calabria, with a
[LETANDROS, a small island of the IEgean Sea, fetid fountain, under which the giants who were
classed among the Cyclades, lying near Gyaros.] vanquished by Hercules are said to have been
LETHaEUS (ArQ0aaoC). 1. A river of Ionia, in buried. The promontory is still called Capo di
Asia Minor, flowing south past Magnesia into Leuca.
the Maeander.-2. A river in the south of Crete,  [LEUCADIA. Vid. LEUCAS.]
flowing past Gortyna. —3. Vid. LATHON.      LEUC^, LEUCA (AEriac, Ae6VK: now Lefice), a
LETHE (0AijO), the personification of oblivion, small town on the coast of Ionia, in Asia Minor,
435




LEUCAS.                               LEUCOPHRYNE.
near Phocsea, built by the Persian general Ta-  [LEUCE COME (AervK KwpIO ), a fortified place
chos in B.C. 352, and remarkable as the scene in the north of Arabia Felix, on the Arabicus
of the battle between the consul Licinius Cras- Sinus, which served as a depot for goods sent
sus and Aristonicus in 131.               to Petra and Northern Arabia:]
LEUCAS or LEUCADIA (ASvicdc, AnevKcia: Arv-  LEUCI, a people in the southeast of Gallia Beltcadtof: now Santa Maura), an island in the gica, south of the Mediomatrici, between the
Ionian Sea, off the western coast of Acarnania, Matrona and Mosella. Their chief town was
about twenty miles in length, and from five to Tullum (now Toul).
eight miles in breadth. It has derived its name  LEUCI MONTES, called by the Romans Albi
from the numerous calcareous hills which cover Montes, a range of mountains in the west of
its surface.  It was originally united to the Crete. Vid. ALBI MONTES.
main land at its northeastern extremity by a  LEUCIPPE. Vid. ALCATHOE.
narrow isthmus. Homer speaks of it as a pen-  LEUCIPPIDES (AevKcurTrideg), i. e., Phcebe and
insula, and mentions its well-fortified town Ne- Hilazra, the daughters of Leucippus. They
ricus (NptK/cof). It was at that time inhabited were priestesses of Minerva (Athena) and Diby the Teleboans and Leleges. Subsequently ana (Artemis), and betrothed to Idas and Lynthe Corinthians under Cypselus, between B.C. ceus, the sons of Aphareus; but Castor and
665 and 625, founded a new town, called Leu- Pollux, being charmed with their beauty, carcas, in'the northeast of the country, near the ried them off and married them.
isthmus, in which they settled one thousand of  LEUCIPPUS (AevIjCTrTmro). 1. Son of CEnomaus.
their citizens, and to which they removed the For details, rid. DAPHNE.-2. Son of Perieres
inhabitants of Nericus, which lay a little to the and Gorgophone, brother of Aphareus, and prince
west of the new town. The Corinthians also of the Messenians, was one of the Calydonian
cut a canal through the isthmus, and thus con- hunters. By his wife Philodice he had two
verted the peninsulainto an island. This canal daughters, Phoebe and Hilaira, usually called
was afterward filled up by deposits of sand; and L1UCIPPIDES. -3. A Grecian philosopher, the
in the Peloponnesian war it was no longer avail- founder of the atomic theory of the ancient
able for ships, which during that period were philosophy, which was more fully developed by
conveyed across the isthmus on more than one Democritus. Where and when he was born
occasion (Thuc., iii., 81; iv., 8). The canal was we have no data for deciding. Miletus, Abdera,
opened again by the Romans. At present the and Elea have been assigned as his birth-place;
channel is dry in some parts, and has from three the first, apparently, for no other reason than
to four feet of water in others. The town of that it was the birth-place of several natural
Leucas was a place of importance, and during philosophers; the second, because Democritus
the war between Philip and the Romans was at came from that town; the third, because he
the head of the Acarnanian league, and the was looked upon as a disciple of the Eleatic
place where the meetings of the league were school. The period when he lived is equally
held. It was, in consequence, taken and plun- uncertain. He is called the teacher of Democdered by the Romans, B.C. 197. The remains ritus, the disciple of Parmenides, or, according
of this town are still to be seen. The other to other accounts, of Zeno, of Melissus, nay,
towns in the island were Hellomnenum ('EUX6u6/e- even of Pythagoras. With regard to his philovov) on the southeastern coast, and Phara (4~apa) sophical system it is impossible to speak with
on the southwestern coast. At the southern ex- certainty, since the writers who mention him
tremity of the island, opposite Cephallenia, was either mention him in conjunction with Democthe celebrated promontory, variously called Leu- ritus, or attribute to him doctrines which are in
cas, Leucatas, Leucates, or Leucdte (now Cape like manner attributed to Democritus. Vid. DEDucato), on which was a temple of Apollo, who MOCRITUS.
hence had the surname of Leucadius. At the  LEUCON (AeJ/cOv). 1. Son of Neptune (Poseiannual festival of the god it was the custom to don) or Athamas and Themisto, and father of
cast down a criminal from this promontory into Erythrus and Evippe.-2. A powerful king of
the sea: to break his fall, birds of all kinds weie Bosporus, who reigned B.C. 393-353. He was
attached to him, and if he reached the sea un- in close alliance with the Athenians, whom he
injured, boats were ready to pick him up. This supplied with corn in great abundance, and
appears to have been an expiatory rite; and it who, in return for his services, admitted him
gave rise to the well-known story that lovers and his sons to the citizenship of Athens.-3.
leaped from this rock in order to seek relief An Athenian poet, of the old comedy, a confrom the pangs of love. Thus Sappho is said temporary and rival of Aristophanes. [A fragto have leaped down from this rock when in ment preserved in Hesychius is given in Meilove with Phaon; but this well-known story neke's Comic. Grcec. Fragm., vol. i., p. 423.]
vanishes at the first approach of criticism.  LEUCONiUM (AEVevov)OV, a place in the island
[LEUCASIA (Aevtcacia). Vid. LEUCOSIA.]  of Chios. (Thuc., viii., 24.)
[LEUCATAS (now Akrita), also called ACRITAS,  LEUC6ONOE (AEVKOO6i), daughter of Minyas,
a promontory of Bithynia, west of Nicomedia.] usually called Leucippe. Vid. ALEATIHOE.
LEUCE (AevKj).. 1. An island in the Euxine  LEUCOPETRA (Aevic6rerpa: now  Cape dell'
Sea, near the mouth of the Borysthenes, sacred Armi), a promontory in the southwest of Brutto Achilles. Vid. ACHILLEUS DIROos.-[2. A  tium, on the Sicilian Straits, and a few miles
small island on the eastern coast of Crete, south south of Rhegium, to whose territory it belongof the Promontory Itanum.]                ed. It was regarded by the ancient writers as
[LEUCE ACTE (AevKc'AKTrij now- St. Georgio), the termination of the Apennines, and it derived
a town and roadstead of Thrace, on the Pro- its name from the white color of its rocks.
pontis.]                                    LEucoPiRYNrM. Vid. LEUCOPmiRYS.
4-oa




LEUCOPHRYS.                                  LIBANUS.
LEUCOPHRYS (Aevcdoqpvr). 1. A city of Caria, Constantinople about 346. He then went to
in the plain of the Mnaander, close to a curious Nicomedia, where he taught with equal success,
lake of warm water, and having a renowned but also drew upon himself an equal degree of
temple of Diana (Artemis) Leucophryne.-2. A  malice from his opponents. After a stay of five
name given to the island of TENEDOS, from its years at Nicomedia, he was recalled to Conwhite cliffs.                             stantinople. Eventually he took up his abode
LEuc6sIA or LEUCASIA (now Piana), a small at Antioch, where he spent the remainder of
island in the south of the Gulf of Paestum, off his life. Here he received the greatest marks
the coast of Lucania, and opposite tlie Promon- of favor from the Emperor Julian, 362. In the
tory Posidium, said to have been called after reign of Valens he was at first persecuted, but
one of the Sirens.                        he afterward succeeded in winning the favor of
IEUCOSYRI (AevcKOcvpot, i. e., White Syrians), that monarch also. The Emperor Theodosius
was a name early applied by the Greeks to the likewise showed him marks of respect, but his
inhabitants of Cappadocia, who were of the enjoyment of life was disturbed by ill health, by
Syrian race, in contradistinction to the Syrian misfortunes in his family, and more especially
tribes of a darker color beyond the Taurus. by the disputes in which he was incessantly inAfterward, when Cappadoces came to be the volved, partly with rival sophists, and partly
common name for the people of Southern Cap- with the prefects. It can not, however, be depadocia, the word Leucosyri was applied spe- nied, that he himself was as much to blame as
cifically to the people in the north of the coun- his opponents, for he appears to have provoked
try (afterward Pontus) on the coast of the Eux- them by his querulous disposition, and by the
ine, between the rivers Halys and Iris: these pride and vanity which every where appear in
are the White Syrians of Xenophon (Anab., v., his orations, and which led him to interfere in
6). After the Macedonian conquest the name political questions which it would have been
appears to have fallen into disuse.       wiser to have left alone. He was the teacher
LEUCSTHEA (AevKcoOa), a marine goddess, was of St. Basil and Chrysostom, with whom he alpreviously Ino, the wife of Athamas. For de- ways kept up a friendly connection. The year
tails, vid. ATHAMAS.                      of his death is uncertain, but from one of his
LEUCOTHOE, daughter of the Babylonian king epistles it is evident that he was alive in 391,
Orchamus and Eurynome, was beloved by Apol- and it is probable that he died a few years after,
lo. Her amour was betrayed by the jealous in the reign of Arcadius. The extant works of
Clytia to her father, who buried her alive; Libanius are, 1. Models for rhetorical exercises
whereupon Apollo metamorphosed her into an (IlpoyvJuvaejuai-rv 7rapaseiyeuara).  2. Orations
incense shrub. Leucothoe is in some writers (A6yot), sixty-seven in number. 3. Declamaonly another form for Leucothea.          tions (Me2iraLe), i. e., orations on fictitious subLEUCTRA (r( AeriKpa: now Lefka or Lefkra). jects, and descriptions of various kinds, fifty in
1. A small town in Bceotia, on the road from  number. 4. A life of Demosthenes, and arguPlataeae to Thespiae, memorable for the victory ments to the speeches of the same orator. 5.
which Epaminondas and the Thebans here gain- Letters ('Ertorro/ai), of which a very large numed over Cleombrotus and the Spartans, B.C. ber is still extant. Many of these letters are
371.-[2. Vid. LEUCTRUM.]                  extremely interesting, being addressed to the
LEUCTRUMN (AevKpov). 1. Or LEUCTRA (now  most eminent men of his time, such as the EmLeftro), a town in Messenia, on the eastern side peror Julian, Athanasius, Basil, Gregory of Nysof the Messenian Gulf, between Cardamyle and sa, Chrysostom, and others. The style of LiThalama, on the small river Pamisus. The banius is superior to that of the other rhetoriSpartans and Messenians disputed for the pos- cians of the fourth century. He took the best
session of it.-2. A small town in Achaia, de- orators of the classic age as his models, and we
pendent on Rhypee.                        can often see in him the disciple and happy imi[LEucus (AerVoc) a companion of Ulysses in tator of Demosthenes; but he is not always
the Trojan war, slain by Antiphus.]       able to rise above the spirit of his age, and we
[LEUCYANIAS (Aevvavivar), a small river of rarely find in him that natural simplicity which
Elis, that flows from Mount Pholoe, and emp- constitutes the great charm of the best Attic
ties into the Alpheus. On its banks was a tem- orators. His diction is a curious mixture of
pie of Bacchus (Dionysus) Leucyanites.]   the pure old Attic with what may be termed
LExovh or LExoBII, a people in Gallia Lug- modern. Moreover, it is evident that, like all
dunensis, on the Ocean, west of the mouth of other rhetoricians, he is more concerned about
the Sequana. Their capital was Noviomagus the form than the substance. As far as the
(now Lisieu).                             history of his age is concerned, some of his oraLIBA (i Ai6a), a city of Mesopotamia, between tions, and still more his epistles, are of great
Nisibis and the Tigris.                   value, such as the oration in which he relates
LIBANIUS (A6dvieog), a distinguished Greek the events of his own life, the eulogies on Consophist and rhetorician, was born at Antioch, stantius and Constans, the orations on Julian,
on the Orontes, about A.D. 314. He studied at several orations describing the condition of AnAthens, where he imbibed an ardent love for tioch, and those which he wrote against his prothe great classical writers of Greece; and he fessional and political opponents. There is no
afterward set up a private school of rhetoric at complete edition of all the works of Libanius.
Constantinople, which was attended by so large The best edition of the orations and declamaa number of pupils that the classes of the pub- tions is by Reiske, Altenburg, 1791-97, 4 vols.
lie professors were completely deserted. The 8vo, and the best edition of the epistles is by
latter, in revenge, charged Libanius with being Wolf, Amsterdam, 1738, tol.
a magician, and obtained his expulsion from  LInANUS (6 Ai6avo, rb A6avov: Heb. Leb437




LIBARNA                                     LIBO.
anon, i. e., the White Mountazn: now Jehel Lib- or a wreath of laurel. Sometimes she appears
nan), a lofty and steep mountain range on the holding the Phrygian cap in her hand.
confines of Syria and Palestine, dividing Phce-  LBETIHRIDES. Vid. LIBETHRUM.
nice from Ccele-Syria.'It extends from above  LIBETHRIUS MONS (rTAt6O6ptov Opog), a mountSidon, about latitude 331-~ north, in a direction ain in Bceotia, a branch of Mount Helicon, forty
north northeast as far as about latitude 34-~.'stadia from Coronea, possessing a grotto of the
Its highest summits are covered with perpetual Libethrian nymphs, adorned with their statues,
snow; its sides were in ancient times clothed and two fountains Libzthrias and Petra.
with forests of cedars, of which only scattered  LIBETHRUM (Aert6Opov, rt Ae6O70pa, ra Ait6trees now remain, and on its lower slopes grow  Opa), an ancient Thracian town in Pieria in Macvines, figs, mulberries, and other fruits: its edonia, on the slope of Olympus, and southwest
wines were highly celebrated in ancient times. of Dium, where Orpheus is said to have lived.
It is considerably lower than the opposite range This town and the surrounding country were
of ANTILIBANUS. In the Scriptures the word sacred to the Muses, who were hence called
Lebanon is used for both ranges, and for either Libelhrides; and it is probable that the worship
of them; but in classical authors the names of the Muses under this name was transferred
Libanus and Antilibanus are distinctive terms, from this place to Boeotia.
being applied to the western and eastern ranges  [LIBISSONIS TUR RIs (Ai6OaauvoC rrvpyo), a city
respectively.                             on the northern coast of Sardinia, and, according
LIBARNA or LIBARNUM, a town of Liguria, on to Pliny, the only Roman colony in the island;
the Via Aurelia, northwest of Genua.      probably the usual landing place for ships comLIBENTINA, LUBENTINA, LUBENTIA, a surname ing from Corsica. Its ruins are now seen on a
of Venus among the Romans, by which she is height near a harbor which still bears the name
described as the goddess of sexual pleasure (dea Porto Torre.]
libidinis).                                 LIBITINA, an ancient Italian divinity, who was
LIBER, or LIBER PATER, a name frequently identified by the later Romans sometimes with
given by the Roman poets to the Greek Bacchus Persephone (Proserpina), on account ofher conor Dionysus, who was accordingly regarded as nection with the dead and their burial, and someidentical with the Italian Liber. But the god times with Aphrodite (Venus). The latter was
LIBER and the goddess LIBERA were ancient probably the consequence of etymological specuItalian divinities, presiding over the cultivation lations on the name of Libitina, which people
of the vine and the fertility of the fields. Hence connected with libido.  Her temple at Rome
they were worshipped even in early times in was a repository of every thing necessary for
conjunction with Ceres. A temple to these burials, and persons might there either buy or
three divinities was vowed by the dictator A. hire those things. Hence a person undertaking
Postumius in B.C. 496, and was built near the the burial of a person (an undertaker) was callCircus Flaminius; it was afterward restored ed libitinarius, and his business libiina; hence
by-Augustus, and dedicated by Tiberius. The the expressions libitiama cxercere or facere, and.
name Liber is probably connected with liberare. libilina funeribus non sujficiebat, i. e.,they could
Hence Seneca says, Liber dictus est quia liberat not all be buried. It is related that King Serservitio curarum animi; while others, who were vius Tullius, in order to ascertain the number
evidently thinking of the Greek Bacchus, found of deaths, ordained that for every person who
in the name an allusion to licentious drinking died, a piece of money should be deposited in
and speaking. Poets usually called him Liber the temple of Libitina. Owing to this connecPater, the latter word being very commonly tion of Libitina with the dead, Roman poets
added by the Italians to the names of gods. frequently employ her name in the sense of
The female Libera was identified by the Ro- death itself.
mans with Cora or Proserpina, the daughter of  LIBO, ScRIBONIUs, a plebeian family. 1. L.,
Demeter (Ceres); whence Cicero calls Liber tribune of the plebs, B.C. 149, accused Ser.
and Libera children of Ceres; whereas Ovid Sulpicius Galba on account of the outrages
calls Ariadne Libera. The festival of the Libe- which he had committed against the Lusitaralia was celebrated by the Romans every year nians. Vid. GALBA, No. 6. It was perhaps this
on the 17th of March.                     Libo who consecrated the Puteal Scribonianum
LIBERA. Vid. LIBER.                     or Puteal Libonis, of which we so frequently
[LIBERALIS. Vid. ANTONINUS LIBERALIS.]  read in ancient writers. The Puteal was an
LIBERTAS, the personification of Liberty, was inclosed place in the forum, near the Arcus
worshipped at Rome as a divinity. -A temple Fabianus, and was so called from its being open
was erected to her on the Aventine by Tib. at the top, like a puteal or well. It appears that
Sempronius Gracchus. Another was built by there was only one such puteal at Rome, and
Clodius on the spot where Cicero's house had not two, as is generally believed. It was dedistood. A third was erected after Caesar's vic- cated in very ancient times either on account
tories in Spain. From these temples we must of the whetstone of the augur Navius (comp.
distinguish the Atrium Libertatis, which was in Liv., i., 36), or because the spot had been struck
the north of the forum, toward the Quirinal. by lightning; it was subsequently repaired and
This building, under the republic, served as an re-dedicated by Libo; who erected in its neigbh
office of the censors, and also contained tables borhood a tribunal for the praetor, in conse.with laws inscribed upon them. It was rebuilt quence of which the place was frequented by
by Asinius Pollio, and then became the reposi- persons who had lawsuits, such as money-lend.
tory of the first public library at Rome. Liber- ers and the like. (Comp. Hor., Sat., a i., 6, 35;
tas is usually represented in works of art as a Epist., i., 19, 8.)-2. L., the father-in-law of Sex.
matron, with the pileus, the symbol of liberty, Pompey, the son of Pompey the Great. On the
438




LIBON.                                  LICINIUS.
breaking out of the civil war in 49 he naturally called because it once formed an Egyptian Nosided with Pompey, and was intrusted with the mos. It is sometimes called Libya Exterior.
command of Etruria. Shortly afterward he ac-  LIBYBCI MONTES (ro At6vcbYv pogf: now Jebel
companied Pompey to Greece, and was actively  Selseleh), the range of mountains which form
engaged in the war that ensued. On the death the western margin of the valley of the Nile.
of Bibulus (48) he had the chief command of Vid. zEGYPTUS.
the Pompefan fleet. In the civil wars which  LIBYCUM MARE (ro At6vicbv Ti;Layoc), the part
followed Caesar's death, he followed thefortunes of the Mediterranean between the island of
of his son-in-law Sex. Pompey. In 40 Octavi- Crete and the northern coast of Africa.
anus married his sister Scribonia, and this mar-  LIBYPHCENICES (At6vAUoioVfco, At6ooi'v(cef), a
riage was followed by a peace between the tri- term  applied to the people of those parts of
umvirs and Pompey (39). When the war was Northern Africa in which the Phenicians had
renewed in 36, Libo for a time continued with founded colonies, and especially to the inhabitPompey, but, seeing his cause hopeless, he de- ants of the Phoenician cities on the coast of the
serted him in the following year. In 34 he was Carthaginian territory: it is derived from the
consul with M. Antony.                    fact that these people were a mixed race of the
LIBON (Ai6wv), an Elean, the architect of the Libyan natives with the Picenician settlers.
great temple of Jupiter'(Zeus) in the Altis at  LIBYSSA (A6voaca: now Herekeh? according
Olympia, flourished about B.C. 450.       to Leake, Malsum), a town of Bithynia, jn Asia
[LIBORA (Ai6opa), a town of the Carpetani, Minor, on the northern coast of the Sinus Astasame as the ZEBURA (q. v.) of Livy.]      cenus, west of Nicomedia, celebrated as the
LIBUI, a Gallic tribe in Gallia Cispadana, to place where the tomb of Hannibal was to be
whom the towns of Brixia and Verona formerly seen.
belonged, from which they were expelled by the  LICATES or LICATii, a people of Vindelicia, on
Cenomani. They are probably the same people the eastern bank of the River Licus or Licia
whom we afterward find in the neighborhood (now Lech), one of the fiercest of the Vindeliof Vercellae under the name of Lebecii or Libici. cian tribes.
LIBURNIA, a district of Illyricum, along the  LICHXDES (AlXdeeg: now Ponticonesi), three
coast of the Adriatic Sea, was separated from  small islands between Euboea and the coast of
Istria on the northwest by the River Arsia, and Locris, called Scarphia, Caresa, and Phocaria.
from Dalmatia on the south by the River Titius, Vid. LICHAS, No. 1.
thus corresponding to the western part of Croa-  LICHAS (AiXac). 1. An attendant of Hercules,
tia and the northern part of the modern Dal- brought his master~the poisoned garment which
matia. The country is mountainous and unpro- destroyed the hero. (Vid. p. 359, a.)  Herductive, and its inhabitants, the LIBURNI, sup- cules, in anguish and wrath, threw Lichas into
ported themselves chiefly by commerce and nav- the sea, and the Lichadian islands were believigation. They were celebrated at a very early ed to have derived their name from him.-2. A
period as bold and skillful sailors, and they ap- Spartan, son of Arcesilaus, was proxenus of
pear to have been the first people who had the Argos, and is frequently mentioned in the Pelsway of the waters of the Adriatic. They took oponnesian war. He was famous throughout
possession of most of the islands of this sea as Greece for his hospitality, especially in his enfar as Corcyra, and had settlements even on the tertainment of strangers at the Gymnopredia.
opposite coast of Italy. Their ships were re-  LICIA or Licus. Vid. LICATES.
markable for their swift sailing, and hence ves-  LICINIA. 1. A Vestal virgin, accused of insels built after the same model were called cest, together with two other Vestals, 2Emilia
Liburnicac or Liburnoe naves.  It was to light and Marcia, B.C. 114. L. Metellus, the pontifex
vessels of this description that Augustus was maximus, condemned 2Emilia, but acquitted Limainly indebted for his victory over Antony's cinia and Marcia.  The acquittal of the two
fleet at the battle of Actium.'The Liburnians last caused such dissatisfaction that the people
were-the first Illyrian people who submitted to appointed L. Cassius Longinus to investigate
the Romans. Being hard pressed by the Iapydes the matter, and he condemned both Licinia and
on the north and by the Dalmatians on the Marcia.-2. Wife of C. Sempronius Gracchus,
south, they sought the protection of Rome at a the celebrated tribune.-3. Daughter of Crassus
comparatively early period. Hence we find that the orator, and wife of the younger Marius.
many of their towns were immunes, or exempt  LICINIA GENS, a celebrated plebeian house,
from taxes. The islands off the coast were to which belonged C. Licinius Calvus Stolo,
reckoned a part of Liburnia, and are known by whose exertions threw open the consulship to
the general name of Liburnides or Liburnicca In- the plebeians. Its most distinguished families
sulae. Vid. ILLYRICUAM.                   at a later time were those of CRAssus, LucULLIBYA (ALt6V), daughter of Epaphus and Mem- LUS, and MURENA. There were likewise numerphis, from whom Libya (Africa) is said to have ous other surnames in the gens, which are also
derived its name. By Neptune (Poseidon) she given in their proper places.
became the mother ofAgenor, Belus, and Lelex.  LICINIUS. 1. C. LICINIUS CALVUS, surnamed
LIBYA (At6w:  Ai6vef, Libyes). 1. The Greek STOLO, which he derived, it is said, from the
name for the continent of Africa in general. care with which he dug up the shoots that sprang
Vid. AFRICA.-2. L. INTERIOR (A.  h Evr6C), the up from the roots of his vines. He brought the
whole interior of Africa, as distinguished from  contest betwveen the patricians and plebeians to
the well-known regions on the northern and a happy termination, and thus became the foundnortheastern coasts.-3. LIBYA, specifically, or er of Rome's greatness. He was tribune of
LIEYRY  NoMOS (Ati'6r/ vo/,6f), a district of North- the people from B.C. 376 to 367, and was faithern Africa, between Egypt and Marmarica, so fully supported in his exertions by his colleague
439




LICINIUS.                                LICYNNIUS.
L. Sextius. The laws which he proposed were: to form the boundary of the two empires. I
1. That in future no more consular tribunes 313 he married at Milan, Constantia, the sister
should be appointed, but that consuls should be of Constantine, and in the same year set out to
elected, one of whom should always be a ple- encounter Maximinus, who had invaded his dobeian.  2. That no one should possess more minions. Maximinus was defeated by Licinius
than five hundred jugera of the public land, or near Heraclea, and died a few months afterkeep upon it more than one hundred head of ward at Tarsus.  Licinius and Constantine
large and five hundred of small cattle. 3. A  were now the only emperors, and each was
law regulating the affairs between debtor and anxious to obtain the undivided sovereignty.
creditor. 4. That the Sibylline books should be Accordingly, war broke out between them in
intrusted to a college of ten men (decemviri), 315. Licinius was defeated at Cibalis in Panhalf of whom should be plebeians. These ro- nonia, and afterward at Adrianople, and was
gations were passed after a most vehement op- compelled to purchase peace by ceding to Conposition on the part of the patricians, and L. stantine Greece, Macedonia, and Illyricum.
Sextius was the first plebeian who-obtained the This peace lasted about nine years, at the end of
consulship, 366. Licinius himself was elected which time hostilities were renewed. The great
twice to the consulship, 364 and 361. Some battle of Adrianople (July, 323), followed by the
years later he was accused by M. Popilius reduction of Byzantium, and a second great
Laenas of having transgressed his own law re- victory achieved near Chalcedon (September),
specting the amount of public land which a per- placed Licinius at the mercy of Constantine,
son might possess. He was condemned and who, although he spared his life for the moment,
sentenced to pay a heavy fine.-2. C. LICINIUs and merely sentenced him to an honorable imMACER, an annalist and an orator, was a man prisonment at Thessalonica, soon found a conof praetorian dignity, who, when impeached (66) venient pretext for putting him to death, 324.
of extortion by Cicero, finding that the verdict  LCINUS. 1. A Gaul by birth, was taken priswas against him, forthwith committed suicide oner in war, and became a slave of Julius Csebefore the formalities of the trial were com- sar, whose confidence he gained so much as to
pleted, and thus averted the dishonor and loss be made his dispensator or steward. Caesar
which would have been entailed upon his family gave him his freedom. He also gained the
by a public condemnation and by the confisca- favor of Augustus, who appointed him, in B.C.
tion of property which it involved. HisAnnales 15, governor of his native country, Gaul. By
commenced with the very origin of the city, the plunder of Gaul and by other means, he acand extended to twenty-one books at least; but quired enormous wealth, and hence his name is
how far he brought down his history is un- frequently coupled with that of Crassus. He
known.-3. C. LICINIUS MACER CALVUS, son of lived to see the reign of Tiberius. —2. The barthe last, a distinguished orator and poet, was ber (tonsor) Licinus spoken of by Horace (Ars
born in 82, and died about 47or 46, in his thirty- Poet., 301) must have been a different person
fifth or thirty-sixth year. His most celebrated from the preceding, although identified by the
oration was delivered against Vatinius, who was Scholiast.-3. CLODIUS LICINUs, a Roman andefended by Cicero, when he was only twenty- nalist, who lived about the beginning of the
seven years of age. So powerful was the ef- first century B.C., wrote the history of Rome
feet produced by this speech, that the accused from its capture by the Gauls to his own time.
started up in the midstof the pleading, and pas- This Clodius is frequently confounded with Q.
sionately exclaimed, " Rogo vos, judices, num, Claudius Quadrigarius. Vid. QUADIARIGAUS.si iste disertus est, ideo me damnari oporteat 1" 4. L. PoRCIus LiciNUS, plebeian aedile 210, and
His poems were full of wit and grace, and pos- praetor 207, when he obtained Cisalpine Gaul
sessed sufficient merit to be classed by the an- as his province.-5. L. PoRcIus LICINUS, praetor
cients with those of Catullus. His elegies, espe- 193, with Sardinia as his province, and consul
cially that on the untimely death of his mis- 184, when he carried on war against the Ligutress Quintilia, have been warmly extolled by rians.-6. PORCIUS LICINUS, an ancient Roman
Catullus, Propertius, and Ovid.  Calvus was poet, who probably lived in the latter part of
remarkable for the shortness of his stature, and the second century B.C.
hence the vehement action in which he in-   [Licus, ariverofVindelicia.  Vid. LICATES.]
dulged while pleading was in such ludicrous  LICYMNIA, spoken of by Horace (Carm., ii.,
contrast with his insignificant person, that even 12, 13, seq.), is probably the same as Terentia,
his friend Catullus has not been able to resist the wife of Maecenas.
a joke, and has presented him to us as the  LICYMNYUS (Ati#Lrtof). 1. Son of Electryon
" Salaputium disertum,"," the eloquent Tom  and the Phrygian slave Midea, and consequentThumb."                                  ly half-brother of Alcmene. He was married
LICINIUS, Roman emperor A.D. 307-324, to Perimede, by whom he became the father of
whose full name was PUBLIUS FLAVIUS GALE- (Eonus, Argeus, and Melas. He was a friend
BIUS VALERIUS LICINIANUS LICINIUS. He was of Hercules, whose son Tlepolemus slew him,
a Dacian peasant by birth, and the early friend according to some unintentionally, and accordand companion in arms of the Emperor Gale- ing to others in a fit of anger.-2. Of Chios, a
rius, by whom he was raised to the rank of Au- distinguished dithyrambic poet, of uncertain
gustus, and invested with the command of the date. Some writers place him before SimonIllyrian provinces at Carmentum, bn the 11th ides; but it is perhaps more likely that he beof November, A.D. 307. Upon the death of longed to the later Athenian dithyrambic school
Galerius in 3il, he concluded a peaceful ar- about the end of the fourth century B.C.-3. Of
rangement with MAXIMINUS. II., in virtue of Sicily, a rhetorician, the pupil of Gorgias, and
which the Hellespont and the Bosporus were the teacher of Polus.
440




LIDE.                                 LILYBEUM.
LIDE (Aisr6), a mountain of Caria, above Pe- with the Scythians and Ethiopians, as one of
dasus.                                    the chief people of the earth. Tradition also
LIGARIUS, Q., was legate, in Africa, of C. Con- related that Hercules fought with the Ligurians
sidius Longus, who left him in command of the on the plain of stones near Massilia; and even
province, B.C. 50. Next year (49) Ligarius re- a writer so late as Eratosthenes gave the name
signed the government of the province into the of Ligystice to the whole of the western penhands of L. Attius Varus. Ligarius fought un- insula of Europe. So widely were they believder Varus against Curio in 49, and against ed to be spread, that the Ligyes in Germany and
Caesar himself in 46. After the battle of Thap- Asia were supposed to be a branch of the same
sus, Ligarius was taken prisoner at Adrume- people. The Ligurian tribes were divided by
turn; his. life was spared, but he was banished the Romans into Ligures Transalpini and Cisalby Caesar. Meantime, a public accusation was pini. The tribes which inhabited the Maritime
brought against Ligarius by Q..Elius Tubero. Alps were called in general Alpini, and also CaThe case was pleaded before Caesar.himself in pillati or Comati, from their custom of allowing
the forum.  Cicero defended Ligarius in a their hair to grow long. The tribes which inspeech, still extant, in which he maintains that habited the Apennines were called Montani.
Ligarius had as much claims to the mercy of The names of the principal tribes were: on the
Caesar, as Tubero and Cicero himself. Liga- western side of the Alps, the SALYES or SALLUrius was pardoned by Caesar, who was on the vII, OXYBII, and DECIATES; on the eastern side
point of setting out for the Spanish war. The of the Alps, the INTEMELII, INGAUNI, and APU.NI
speech which Cicero delivered in his defence near the coast, the VAGIENNI, SALASSI, and TAUwas subsequently published, and was much ad- RINI on the upper course of the Po, and the
mired.  Ligarius joined the conspirators who LEvI and MARISCI north of the Po. The Liguriassassinated Caesar in 44. Ligarius and his ans were small of stature, but strong, active,
two brothers perished in the proscription of the and brave. In early times they served as mertriumvirs in 43.                          cenaries in the armies of the Carthaginians,
[LIGEA, a daughter of Nereus and Doris, one and subsequently they carried on a long and
of the nymphs in the train of Cyrene.]    fierce struggle with the Romans. Their counLIGER or LIGERIS (now Loire), one of the try was invaded for the first time by the Rolargest rivers in Gaul, rises in Mount Cevenna, mans in B.C. 238; but it was not till after the
flows through the territories of the Arverni, termination of the second Punic war, and the
lEdui, and Carnutes, and falls into the ocean defeat of Philip and Antiochus, that the Romans
between the territories of the Namnetes and were able to devote their energies to the subPictones.                                 jugation of Liguria. It was many years, howLIGURIA (' AtyvartKc, ij AtLyv9cTiv), a district ever, before the whole country was finally subof Italy, was, in the time of Augustus, bounded dued. Whole tribes, such as the Apuani, were
on the west by the River Varus and the Mari- transplanted to Samnium, and their place suptime Alps, which separated it from Transalpine plied by Roman colonists.  The country was
Gaul, on the southeast by the River Macra, divided between the provinces of Gallia Narbowhich separated it from Etruria, on the north nensis and Gallia Cisalpina; and in the time
by the River Po, and on the south by the Mare of Augustus and of the succeeding emperors,
Ligusticum. The country is very mountainous the tribes in the mountains were placed under
and unproductive, as the Maritime Alps and the the government of an imperial procurator, called
Apennines run through the greater part of it. Procurator or Prcefectus Alpium Maritimarnm.
The mountains run almost down to the coast,  LIGUSTICUM MARE, the name originally of the
leaving only space sufficient for a road, which whole sea south of Gaul and of the northwest
formed the highway from Italy to the south of of Italy, but subsequently only the eastern part
Gaul. The chief occupation of the inhabitants of this sea, or the Gulf of Genoa, whence later
was the rearing and feeding of cattle. The writers speak only of a Sinus Ligusticus.
numerous forests on the mountains produced  [LIGYES (AiyveC), the inhabitants of Liguria.
excellent timber, which, with the other pro- Vid. LIGURIA.]
ducts of the country, was exported from Genua,  LILEA (A&ataca: Atl2atev), an ancient town in
the principal town of the country. The inhab- Phocis, near the sources of the Cephisus.
itants were called by the Greeks LIGYES (Ai-  LILYBAUM (AlW6atov: now Marsala), a town
yveg) and LIGYSTINI (ALyva9rvoi), and by the Ro- in the west of Sicily, with an excellent harbor,
mans LIGURES (sing. Ligus, more rarely Ligzr). situated on a promontory of the same name
They were in early times a powerful and widely- (now Cape Beo or di Marsala), opposite to the
extended people; but their origin is uncertain, Promontorium Hermaeumor Mercurii (now Cape
some writers supposing them to be Celts, others Bon) in Africa, the space between the two beIberians, and others, again, of the same race as ing the shortest distance between Sicily and
the Siculians, or most ancient inhabitants of Africa. The town of Lilybaeum was founded
Italy. It is certain that the Ligurians at one by the Carthaginians about B.C. 397, and was
time inhabited the southern coast of Gaul as made the principal Carthaginian fortress in Siciwell as the country afterward called Liguria, ly. It was surrounded by massive walls and by
and that they had possession of the whole coast a trench sixty feet wide and forty feet deep.
from the mouth of the Rhone to Pisae in Etru- On the destruction of Selinus in 249, the inhabria. The Greeks probably became acquainted itants of the latter city were transplanted to
with them first from the Samians and Phocae- Lilybaeum, which thus became still more powans, who visited their coasts for the purposes of erful. Lilybeum was besieged by the Romans
commerce; and so powerful were they consid- in the first Punic war, but they were unable to
ered at this time, that Hesiod names them, along take it; and they only obtained possession of
441




LIM2EA.                                   LIPARIS.
it by the treaty of peace. Under the Romans Asiatic coast. It is mentioned by Homer (7.,
Lilybaeum continued to be a place of importance. ii., 656), with its kindred cities Ialysus and Ca.
At Marsala, which occupies only the southern mirus. These three cities, with Cos, Cnidus, and
half of the ancient town, there are the ruins of Halicarnassus, formed the original Hexapolis, in
a Roman aqueduct, and a few other ancient the southwestern corner of Asia Minor. Linremains.                                  dus stood upon a mountain in a district aboundLIMEA, LIMIA, LImIUs, BELION (now Lima), a ing in vines and figs, and had two celebrated
river in Gallaecia in Spain, between.the Duriustemples, one of Minerva (Athena) surnamed
and the Minius, which flowed into the Atlantic Atvda, and one of Hercules. It was the birthOcean. It was also called the river of Forget- place of Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men.
fulness (o rflc AijOgC, Flumen Oblivionis); and it It retained much of its consequence even after
is said to have been so called because the Tur- the foundation of Rhodes. Inscriptions of some
duli and the Celts on one occasion lost here importance have lately been found in its Acroptheir commander, and forgot the object of their olis.
expedition. This legend was so generally be-  LINGONES. 1. A powerful people in Translieved that it was with difficulty that Brutus alpine Gaul, whose territory extended from the
Callaicus could induce his soldiers to cross the foot of Mount Vogesus and the sources of the
river when he invaded Gallascia, B.C. 136. On Matrona and Mosa, north as far as the Treviri,
the banks of this river dwelt a small tribe called and south as far as the Sequani, from whom
LIMICI.                                  they were separated by the River Arar. The
LIMITES ROMiNI, the name of a continuous Emperor Otho gave them the Roman franchise.
series of fortifications, consisting of castles, Their chief town was Andematunnum, afterwalls, earthen ramparts, and the like, which the ward Lingones.(now Langres). —2. A branch
Romans erected along the Rhine and the Dan- of the above-mentioned people, who migrated
ube, to protect their possessions from the at- into Cisalpine Gaul along with the Boii, and
tacks of the Germans.                     shared the fortunes of the latter. Vid. BoII.
LIMNA (AiuvaL, At/Ivalog). 1. A town in Mes- They dwelt east of the Boii, as far as the Adrisenia, on the frontiers of Laconia, with a temple atic Sea, in the neighborhood of Ravenna.
of Diana (Artemis), who was hence surnamed  LINTERNUM. Vid. LITERNUM.
Limnatis. This temple was common to the     LINUS (AiVOl), the personification of a.dirge
people of both countries; and the outrage which or lamentation, and therefore described as a son
the Messenian youth committed against some of Apollo by a Muse (Calliope, or by Psamathe
Lacedaemonian maidens, who were sacrificing or Chalciope), or of Amphimarus by Urania.
at this temple, was the occasion of the first Both Argos and Thebes claimed the honor of
Messenian war.  Limnnm was situated in the his birth.  An Argive tradition related that
Ager Dentheliatis, which district was a subject Linus was exposed by his mother after his birth,
of constant dispute between the Lacedaemoni- and was brought up by shepherds, but was aftans and Messenians after the re-establishment erward torn to pieces by dogs. Psamathe's
of the Messenian independence by Epaminon- grief at the occurrence betrayed her misfortune
das.-2. A town in the Thracian Chersonesus to her father, who condemned her to death.
on the Hellespont, not far from Sestus, founded Apollo, indignant at the father's cruelty, visited
by the Milesians.-3. Vid. SPARTA.         Argos with a plague; and, in obedience to an
LIMN~EA (AtyLvaia: Atvaco~), a town in the oracle, the Argives endeavored to propitiate
north of Acarnania, on the road from Argos Psamathe and Linus by means of sacrifices.
Amphilochicum to Stratos, and near the Am- Matrons and virgins sang dirges which were
bracian Gulf, on which it had a harbor.   called Xivot. According to a Beeotian tradition,
LIMNEA, L. IMNETES, LIMNEGENES (Atlvaia Linus was killed by Apollo because he had ven(o), A/vr/T/r7 (Ir), At/v]yevpj), i. e., inhabiting tured upon a musical contest with the god; and
or born in a lake or marsh, a surname of sev- every year before sacrifices were offered to the
eral divinities who were believed either to have Muses, a funeral sacrifice was offered to him,
sprung from a lake, or who had their temples and dirges (2ivot) were sung in his honor. His
near a lake. Hence we find this surname given tomb was claimed by Argos Land by Thebes, and
to Bacchus (Dionysus) at Athens, and to Diana likewise by Chalcis in Euboea. It is probably
(Artemis) at various places.              owing to the difficulty of reconciling the differLIMONUM. Vid. PICTONES.                 ent mythuses about Linus that the Thebans' LIMYrRA (ri Ajuvpa: ruins north of Phineka?), thought it necessary to distinguish between an
a city in the southeast of Lycia, on the River earlier and later Linus; the latter is said to
LIMYRUS, twenty stadia from its mouth.    have instructed Hercules in music, but to have
LiMiYRUS (Aiuvpog: now Phineka?), a river of been killed by the hero. In the time of the
Lycia, flowing into the bay west of the Sacrum  Alexandrine grammarians, Linus was considerPromontoriurm (now Phineka Bay): navigable ed as the author of apocryphal works, in which
as far up as LIMYRA. The recent travellers the exploits of Bacchus (Dionysus) were dediffer as to whether the present River Phineka scribed.
is the Limyrus or its tributary the Arycandus.  [LIOCRITUS (Act6Kcprof). 1. Son of Arisbas,
LINDUM. (now Lincoln), a town od the Coritani, a Greek, slain by.Eneas. —2. Son of Euenor,
in Britain, on the road fiom Londinium to Ebor- one of the suitors of Penelope.]
acum, and a Roman colony. The modern name   LIPXRA and LIPARENSES INSULAE. Vid. AEoLincoln has been formed out of Lindum Colonia. LIM.
LINDUS (Aivdoo: Aivdto: ruins at Lindo), on  LIPXRIS (Atrapt), a small river of Cilicia,
the eastern side of the island of Rhodes, was flowing past Soloi, [deriving its name from the
one of the most ancient Dorian colonies on the unctuous character of its waters.]
442




LIPAXUS.                                   LIVIUS.
[LIPAXUS (AiTrazoe), a city on the coast of and L. Cssar, the two grandsons of Augustus,
Crossaea, in Macedonia.]                 to be poisoned, in order to secure the succesLiQUENTI.A (now Livenza), a river in Venetia, sion for her own children; and she was even
in the north of Italy, between Altinum and Con- suspected of having hastened the death -of Aucordia, which flowed into the Sinus Terges- gustus. On the accession of her son Tiberius
tinus. -to the throne, she at first attempted to gain an
[LIRIOPE, an ocean nymph, who became by equal share in the government; but this the
Cephisus the mother of the beautiful Narcis- jealous temper of Tiberius would not brook.
sus.]                                     He commanded her to retire altogether from
LIRIS (now Garigliano), more anciently called public affairs, and soon displayed even hatred toCLANIS or GLANIS, one of the principal rivers ward her. When she was on her death-bed he
in central Italy, rises in the Apennines west of refused to visit her. She died in A.D. 29, at the
Lake Fucinus, flows first through the territory age of eighty-two or eighty-six. Tiberius took no
of the Marsi in a southeasterly direction, then part in the funeral rites, and forbade her conseturns southwest near Sora, and at last flows cration, which had been proposed by the senate.
southeast into the Sinus Caietanus near Min- -3. Or LIVILLA, the daughter of Drusus senior
turnae, forming the boundary between Latium  and Antonia, and the wife of Drusus junior, the
and Campania. Its stream was sluggish, whence son of the Emperor Tiberius. She was seducthe " Liris quieta aqua" of Horace (Carm., i., 31). ed by Sejanus, who persuaded her to poison her
Lissus (AeiaC: AiaaioC, AeaaeV 1.. 1. (Now  husband, A.D. 23. Her guilt was not discoverAlessio), a town in the south of Dalmatia, at the ed till the fall of Sejanus eight years afterward,
mouth of the River Drilon, founded by Dionys- 31.-4. JULIA LIVILLA, daughter of Germanicus
ius of Syracuse, B.C. 385. It was situated on and Agrippina. Vid. JULIA, No. 7.
a hill near the coast, and possessed a strongly  LivIA GENS, plebeian, but one of the most
fortified acropolis, called AcROLISSUS, which illustrious houses among the Roman nobility.
was considered impregnable. The town after- The Livii obtained eight consulships, two cenward fell into the hands of the Illyrians, and sorships, three triumphs, a dictatorship, and a
was eventually colonized by the Romans.-2. mastership of the horse. The most distinguishA small river in Thrace, west of the Hebrus.  ed families are those-of DRUSUs and SALINATOR.
LISTA (now S. Anatoglia), a town of the Sa-  Livius, T., the Roman historian, was born at
bines, south of Reate, is said to have been the Patavium (now Padua), in the north of Italy,
capital of the Aborigines, from which they were B.C. 59. The greater part of his life appears
driven out by the Sabines, who attacked them  to have been spent at Rome, but he returned to
in the night.                             his native town before his death, which hapLITANA SILVA (now Silva di Luge), a large pened at the age of seventy-six, in the fourth
forest on the Apennines, in Cisalpine Gaul, year of Tiberius, A.D. 17. We know that he
southeast of Mutina, in which the Romans were was married, and that he had at least two childefeated by the Gauls, B.C. 216.          dren, a son and a daughter, married to L. MaLITERNUM or LINTERNUM (now Patria), a town gius, a rhetorician. His literary talents secured
on the coast of Campania, at the mouth of the the patronage and friendship of Augustus; he
River Clanius or Glanis, which in the lower became a person of consideration at court, and
part of its course takes the name of LITERNUS by his advice Claudius, afterward emperor, was
(now Patria or Clanio), and which flows through induced in early life to attempt historical coma marsh to the north of the town called LITERNA position; but there is no ground for the asserPALUs. The town was made a Roman colony tion that Livy acted as preceptor to the young
B.C. 194, and was re-colonized by Augustus. It prince. Eventually his reputation rose so high
was to this place that the elder Scipio Africanus and became so widely diffused, that a Spaniard
retired when the tribunes attempted to bring travelled from Cadiz to Rome solely for the
him to trial, and here he is said to have died. purpose of beholding him, and, having gratified
His tomb was shown at Liternum; but some his curiosity in this one particular, immediately
maintained that he was buried in the family returned home. The great and only extant
sepulchre near the Porta Capena at Rome.  work of Livy is a History of Rome, termed by
[LITERNUS. Vid. LITERNUM.]              himself Annales (xliii., 13), extending from the
LIVIA. 1. Sister of M. Livius Drusus, the foundation of the city to the death of Drusus,
celebrated tribune, B.C. 91, was married first B.C. 9, comprised in one hundred and forty-two
to M. Porcius Cato, by whom she had Cato Uti- books. Of these thirty-five have descended to
censis, and subsequently to Q. Servilius Csepio, us; but of the whole, with the exception of two,
by whom she had a daughter, Servilia, the we possess Epitomes, which must have been
mother of M. Brutus, who killed Caesar. - 2. drawn up by one who was well acquainted with
LIVIA DRUSILLA, the daughter of Livius Drusus his subject. By some they have been ascribed
Claudianus (vid. DRUSUS, No. 3), was married to Livy himself, by others to Florus; but there
first to Tib. Claudius Nero, and afterward to is nothing in the language or context to warAugustus, who compelled her husband to di- rant either of these conclusions, and externa,
vorce her, B.C. 38. She had already borne her evidence is altogether wanting. From the cirhusband one son, the future emperor Tiberius, cumstance that a short introduction or preface
and at the time of her marriage with Augustus is found at the beginning of books one, twentyw as si months pregnant with another, who one, and thirty-one, and that each of these marks
subsequently received the name of Drusus. She the commencement of an important epoch, the
never had any children by Augustus, but she whole work has been divided into decades, conretained his affections till his death. It was taining ten books each; but the grammarians
generally believed that she caused C. Cesar Priscian and Diomedes, who quote repeatedly
443




LIVIUS.                                   LIVIUS.
from particular books, never allude to any such their want of harmony, and occasionally to offer
distribution. The commencement of book forty- an opinion on their comparative credibility.
oness lost, but there is certainly no remarkable But in no case did he ever dream of ascefiding
crisisNat this place which invalidates one part to the fountain head. He never attempted to
of the argument in favor of the antiquity of the test the accuracy of his authorities by examinarrangement. The first decade (books one to oing monuments of remote antiquity, of which
ten) is entire. It embraces the period from the not a few were accessible to every inhabitant
foundation of the city to the year B.C. 294, of the metropolis.- Thus it is perfectly clear
when the -subjugation of the Samnites may be that he had never read the Leges Regiae, nor
said to have been completed. The second de- the Commentaries of Servius Tullius, nor even
cade (books eleven to twenty) is altogether lost. the L- icinian Rogations; and that he had nevIt embraced the period from 294 to 219, com- er consulted the vast collection of decrees of
prising an account, among other matters, of the the senate, ordinances of the. plebs, treaties
invasion of Pyrrhus and of the first Punic war. and other state papers, which were preserved
-The third decade (books twenty-one to thirty) in the city. Nay, more, he did not consult even
is entire. It embraces the period from 219 to all the authors to whom he might have resorted
201, comprehending the whole of the second with advantage, such as the Annals and AntiPunic war. The fourth decade (books thirty- quities of Varro, and the Origines of Cato. And
one to forty) is entire, and also one half of the even those writers whose authority he followed
fifth (books forty-one to forty-five). These frf- he did not use in the most judicious manner.
teen books embrace the period from 201 to 167; He seems to have performed his task piecemeal.
and develop the-progress of the Roman arms A small section was taken in hand, different acin Cisalpine Gaul, in Macedonia, Greece, an  counts were compared, and the most plausible
Asia, ending with the triumph of F~milius Pau- was adopted; the same system was adhered to
lus. Of the remaining books nothing remains- in the succeeding portions, so that each, conexcept inconsiderable fragments, the most not'- sidered by itself, without reference to the rest,
able being a few chapters of the ninety-fist was executed with care; but the witnesses
book, concerning the fortunes of Sertorius. who were rejected in one place were admitted
The composition of such a vast work neces- in another; without sufficient attention being
sarily occupied many years; and we find indi- paid to the dependence and the connection of
cations which throw somelight upon the epochs the events. Hence the numerous contradicwhen different sections were composed. Thus, tions and inconsistencies which have been dein book first (c. 19), it is stated that the temple tected by sharp-eyed critics. Other mistakes
of Janus had been closed twice only since the also are found in abundance, arising from-h'is
reign of Numa, for the first time in the consul- want of any thing like practical knowledge of
ship of T. Manlius (B.C. 235), a few years after the world, from his never having acquired even
the termination of the first Punic war; for the the elements of the military art, of jurisprusecond time by Augustus Caesar, after the bat- dence, or of political economy, and, above all,
tile of Actium, in 29. But we know that it was from his singular ignorance of geography. But
shut again by Augustus, after the conquest of while we fully acknowledge these defects in
the Cantabrians, in 25; and hence it is evident Livy, we can not admit that his general good
that the first book must have been written be- faith has ever been impugned with any show
tween the years 29 and 25. Moreover, since of justice. We are assured (Tacit., Ann., iv.,
the last book contained an account of the death 34) that he was fair and liberal upon matters of
of Drusus, it is evident that the task must have contemporary history; we know that he praisbeen spread over seventeen years, and probably ed Cassius and Brutus, that his character of
occupied a much longer time. The style of Cicero was a high eulogium, and that he spoke
Livy may be pronounced almost faultless  The so warmly of the unsuccessful leader in the
narrative flows on in a calm, but strong cur- great civil war, that he was sportively styled a
rent; the diction displays richness without Pompeian by Augustus. It is true that, in reheaviness, and simplicity without tameness. counting the domestic strife which agitated the
There is, moreover, a distinctness of outline republic for nearly two centuries, he represents
and a warmth of coloring in all his delineations, the plebeians and their leaders in the most unwhether of living men in action, or of things favorable light. But this arose, not from any
inanimate, which never fail to call up the whole wish to pervert the truth, but from ignorance
scene before our eyes. In judging of the merits of the exact relation of the contending parties.
of Livy as an historian, we are bound to ascer- It is manifest that he never can separate in his
tain, if possible, the end which he proposed to own mind the spirited plebeians of the infant
himself. No one who reads Livy with attention commonwealth from the base and venal rabble
can suppose that he ever conceived the project which thronged the forum in the days of Marius
of drawing up a critical history of Rome. His and Cicero; while, in like manner, he confounds
aim was to offer to his countrymen a clear and those bold and honest tribunes, who were the
pleasing narrative, which, while it gratified their champions of liberty, with such men as Saturvanity, should contain no startling improbabili- ninus or Sulpicius, Clodius or Vatinius. There
ties nor gross amplifications. To effect-this pur- remains one topic to which we must advert.
pose, he studied with care the writings of some We are told by Quintilian (i., 5, ~ 56; viii., 1, ~
of his more celebrated predecessors on Roman 3) that Asinius Pollio had remarked a certain
history. Where his authorities were in accord- Patavinity in Livy. Scholars have given themance with each other, he generally rested satis- selves a vast deal of trouble to discover what
fied with this agreement; where their testimony this term may indicate, and various hypotheses
vas irreconeilable, he was content to point out have been propounded; but if there is any truth
4 4




LIVIUS ANDRONICUS.                             LOLLIANUS.
in the story, it is evident that Pollio must have try is mountainous, and for the most part unprointended to censure some provincial peculiari- ductive. Mount Corax from AEtolia, and Mount
ties of expression, which we, at all events, are Parnassus from Phocis, occupy the greater part
in no position to detect. The best edition of of it. The Locri Ozolae resembled their neighLivy is by Drakenborch, Lugd. Bat., 1738-46, bors, the _Etolians, both in their predatory habits
7 vols. 4to. There is also a valuable edition, and in their mode of warfare. They were dinow in course of publication, by Alchefski, vided into several tribes, and are described by
Berol., 8vo, 1841, seq.                   Thucydides as a rude and barbarous people,
Livius ANDRONICUS. Vid. ANDRONICUS.     even in the time of the Peloponnesian war.
LX, LIXA, LIxus (Add, AMia, Aeoc': now Al- From B.C. 315 they belonged to the JEtolian
Araislh), a city on the western coast of Maure- league. Their chief town was AMPHIssA.
tania Tingitana, in Africa, at the mouth of a  LocRI EPIZEPHYRII (AocPOi'`Erlre0'ptoL: now
river of the same name: it was a place of some Motta di Burzano), one of the most ancient
commercial importance.                    Greek cities. in Lower Italy, was situated in the
LocRI (AoKpoi), sometimes called LocRENSES southeast of Bruttium, north of the promontory
by the Romans, the inhabitants of LocRIs (  of Zephyrium, from which it was said to have
-Aoepif), were an ancient people in Greece, de- derived its surname Epizephyrii, though others
scended from the Leleges, with which some suppose this name given to the place simply
Hellenic tribes were intermingled at a very because it lay to the west of Greece. It was
early period. Theywere, however, in Homer's founded by the Locrians from Greece, B.C. 683.
time regarded as Hellenes; and, according to Strabo expressly says that it was founded by
tradition, even Deucalion, the founder of the the Ozolae, and not by the Opuntii, as most wriHellenic race, was said to have lived in Locris, ters related; but his statement is not so probin the town of Opus or Cynos. In historical able as the common one. The inhabitants retimes the Locrians were divided into two dis- garded themselves as descendants of Ajax
tinct tribes, differing from one another in cus- Oileus; and as he resided at the town of Naryx
toms, habits, and civilization.  Of these, the among the Opuntii, the poets gave the name of
Eastern Locrians, called Epicnemidii and Opun- Narycia to Locris (Ov., Met., xv., 705), and
tii, who dwelt on the eastern coast of Greece, called the founders of the town the Nrawycii Loopposite the island of Eubcea, were the more cri (Virg., XEn., iii., 399). For the same reason,
ancient and more civilized, while the Western the pitch of Bruttium is frequently called NaryLocrians, called Ozolae, who dwelt on the Co- cia (Virg., Georg., ii., 438).  Locri was celerinthian Gulf, were a colony of the former, and brated for the excellence of its laws, which
were more barbarous. Homer mentions only were drawn up by Zaleucus soon after the founthe Eastern Locrians. At a later time there dation of the city. Vid. ZALEUCUS. The town
was no connection between the Eastern and enjoyed great prosperity down to the time of
Western Locrians; and in the Peloponnesian the younger Dionysius, who resided here for
war we find the former siding with the Spar- some years after his expulsion from Syracuse,
tans, and the latter with the Athenians. 1. and committed the greatest atrocities against
EASTERN LocRIS, extended from Thessaly and the inhabitants. It suffered much in the wars
the pass of ThermopylEe along the coast to the against Pyrrhus, and in the second Punic war.
frontiers of Bceotia, and was bounded by Doris The Romans allowed it to retain- its freedom
and Phocis on the west. It was a fertile and and its own constitution, which was democratwell-cultivated country.  The northern part ical; but it gradually sunk in importance, and
was inhabited by the LocRI EPICNIEMnDI ('ErL- is rarely mentioned in later times. Near the
Ievid&oiLOL), who derived their name from Mount town was an ancient and wealthy temple of
Cnemis. The southern part was inhabited by Proserpina.
the LOCRI OPUNThI ('07rovivr-ot), who derived  [LocRus (Aoicp6g), son of Physcius and grandtheir name from their principal town, Opus. son of Amphictyon, became by Cabya the father
The two tribes were separated by Daphnus, a of Locrus, the mythical ancestor of the Locri
small slip of land, which at one time belonged Ozolae.]
to Phocis. These two tribes are frequently con-  LocusTA, or, more correctly, LucUSTA, a womfounded with one another; and ancient writers an celebrated for her skill in concocting poisons.
sometimes use the name either of Epicnemidii She was employed by Agrippina in poisoning
or of Opuntii alone, when both tribes are in- the Emperor Claudius, and by Nero for dispatchtended. The Epicnemidii were for a long time ing Britannicus. She was rewarded by Nero
subject to the Phocians, and were included un- with ample estates, but under the Emperor
der the name of the latter people, whence the Galba she was executed with other malefactors
name of the Opuntii occurs more frequently in of Nero's reign.
Greek history. -2-. WESTERN LoCRIS, or the  LOLLIA PAULINA, grand-daughter of M. Lollius,
country of the LocRI Oz6LA  ('06fal), was' mentioned below, and heiress of his immense
bounded on the north by Doris, on the west by wealth. She was married to C. Memmius Reg-Atolia, on the east by Phocis, and on the south ulus; but, on the report of her grandmother's
by the Corinthian Gulf. The origin of the name beauty, the Emperor Caligula sent for her, diof Ozolae is uncertain. The ancients derived vorced her from her husband, and married her,
it either from the undressed skins worn by the but soon divorced her again. After Claudius
inhabitants, orfrom Odetv, "to smell," on account had put to death his wife Messalina, Lollia was'of the great quantity of asphodel that grew in one of the candidates for the vacancy, but she
their country, or from the stench arising from  was put to death by means of Agrippina.
mineral springs, beneath which the centaur  LOILLIiNUS (Ao~t2av.6c), a celebrated Greek
Nessus is said to have been buried. The coun- sophist in the time of Hadrian and Antoninus
445




LOLLIUS.                                  LORIUM.
Pius, was a native of Ephesus, and taught at sius Longinus, probably because either he or one
Athens.                                   of his ancestors had received the Roman franLOLLTUS. 1. M. LOLLiUS PALICCANUS, tribune chise through the influence of some Cassius
of the plebs B.C. 71, and an active opponent of Longipus. The place of his birth is uncertain;
the aristocracy.-2. M. LOLLIUS, consul 21, and he was brought up with care by his uncle
governor of Gaul in 16. He was defeated by Fronto, who taught rhetoric at Athens, whence
some German tribes who had crossed the Rhine. it has been conjectured that he was a native of
Lollius was subsequently appointed by Angus- that city. He afterward visited many countries,
tus as tutor to his grandson, C. Caesar, whom  and became acquainted with all the illustrious
he accompanied to the East, B.C. 2. Here he philosophers of his age, such as Ammonius Sacincurred the displeasure of C. Caesar, and is said, cas, Origen, the disciple of Ammonius, not to be
in consequence, to have put an end to his life confounded with the Christian writer; Plotinus,
by poison. Horace addressed an Ode (iv., 9) andAmelius. Hewas a pupil ofthe two former,
to Lollius, and two Epistles (i., 2, 18) to the and was an adherent of the Platonic philosophy;
eldest son of Lollius.                    but instead of following blindly the system of
LONDINIUM, also called OPPIDUM LONDINIENSE, Ammonius, he went to the fountain-head, and
LUNDINIUM. or LONDINUM (now London), the cap- made himself thoroughly familiar with the works
ital of the Cantii in Britain, was situated on the of Plato. On his return to Athens he opened
southern bank of the Thames, in the modern a school, which was attended by numerous
Soulthlwark, though it afterward spread over the pupils, among whom the most celebrated was
other side of the river. It is not mentioned by Porphyry. -He seems to have taught philosophy
Cesar, probably because his line of march led and criticism, as well as rhetoric and grammar;
him in a different direction; and its name first and the extent of his information was so great,
occurs in the reign of Nero, when it is spoken that he was called "a living library" and "a
of as a flourishing and populous town, much walking museum." After spending a considfrequented by merchants, although neither a erable part of his life at Athens he went to the
Roman colony nor a municipium. On the re- East, where he became acquainted with Zenovolt of the Britons under Boadicea, A.D. 62, the'bia of Palmyra, who made him her teacher of
Roman governor Suetonius Paulinus abandoned Greek literature. On the death of her husband
Londinium to the enemy, who massacred the Odenathus,,Longinus became her principal adinhabitants and plundered the town. -From the viser. It was mainly through his advice that
effects of this devastation it gradually recover- she threw off her allegiance to the Roman emed, and it appears again as an important place pire. On her capture by Aurelian in 273, Lonin the reign of Antoninus Pius. It was sur- ginus was put to death by the emperor. Lonrounded with a wall and ditch by Constantine ginus was unquestionably the greatest philosothe Great or Theodosius, the Roman governor pher of his age. He was a man of excellent
of Britain; and about this time it was distin- sense, sound judgment, and extensive knowlguished by the surname of Augusta, whence edge.  His work on the Sublime (H1epi 5poivs),
some writers have conjectured that it was then a great part of which is still extant, surpasses
mare a colony. Londinium had now extended in oratorical power every thing written after
so much on the northern bank of the Thames, the time of the Greek orators. There is scarcethat it was called at this period a town of the ly any work in the range of ancient literature
Trinobantes, from which we may infer that the which, independent of its excellence of style,
new quarter was both larger and more populous contains so many exquisite remarks upon drathan the old part on the southern side of the tory, poetry, and good taste in general. The
river. The wall built by Constantine or The- best edition of this work is by Weiske, Lips.,
odosius was on the northern side of the river, 1809, 8vo, reprinted in London, 1820. Longi-'and is conjectured to have commenced at a fort nus wrote many other works, both rhetorical
near the present site of the tower, and to have and philosophical, all of which have perished.
been continued along the Minories, to Cripple-  LONGINUS, CASSIUS. Vid. CASSIUS.
gate, Newgate, and Ludgate. London was the  LONGOBARDI. Vid. LANGOBARDI.
central point, from which all the Roman roads  LONGULA (Longulanus: now Buon Riposo), a
in Britain diverged. It possessed a Milliarium  town of the Volsci in Latium, not far from CoAureum, from which the miles on the roads rioli, and belonging to the territory of Antium,
were numbered; and a fragment of this Millia- but destroyed by the Romans at an early period.
Tium, the celebrated London Stone, may be seen  LONGUS (A6yyoc), a Greek sophist, of unceraffixed to the wall of Saint Swithin's Church in tain date, but not earlier than the fourth or fifth
Cannon Street. This is almost the only monu- century of our era, is the author of an erotic
ment of the Roman Londinium still extant, with work, entitled HoIevucKiV  rCTv Katcr A60VtV lac
the exception. of coins, tesselated pavements, Xao6v, or Pastoralia de Daphnide et Chloe, writand the like, which have been found buried un- ten in pleasing and elegant prose. The best
der the ground.    -                      editions ar6 by Villoison, Paris, 1778; Schaefer,
LoNGANUS (now Saint Lucia), a river in the Lips., 1803; and Passow, Lips., 1811.
northeast of Sicily, between Mylk and Tyndaris,  [LONGUS.ESTUARIUM (A6yyo0C efiXvact), a bay
on the banks of which Hieron gained a victory of Britannia Barbara, on the western coast, now
over the Mamertines.                      Linnhe Loch in Scotland.]
LONGINUS. a distinguished Greek philosopher  LOPADUSA (Aorra6doaa: now Laiempedusa), an
and grammarian of the third century of our era. island' in the Mediterranean, between Melita
His original name seems to have been Dionys- (now Malta) and the coast of Byzacium in Africa.
ius; but he also bore the name of Dionysius  LORIUM or LoRII, a small place in Etruria,
Longinus, Cassius Longinlus, or Dionysius Cas- with an imperial villa, twelve miles northwest
446




LORYIMA.                                 LUCANUS.
of Rome, on the Via Aurelia, where Antoninus was bounded on the north by. Campania and
Pius was brought up, and where he died.   Samnium, on the east by Apulia and the Gulf
LORYMA (rT ArSpv/za: ruins at Aplotheki), a of Tarentum, on the south by Bruttium, and on
city on the southern coast of Caria, close to the the west by the Tyrrhene Sea, thus correspondpromontory of Cynossema (now Cape Aloupo), ing, for the most part, to the modern provinces
opposite to Ialysus in Rhodes, the space be- of Principato, Citeriore, and Basilicata, in the
tween the two being about the shortest distance kingdom of Naples. It was separated from
between Rhodes and the coast of Caria.    Campania by the River Silarus, and from BrutLOTIS, a nymph, who, to escape the embraces tium by the River Laus, and it extended along
of Priapus, was metamorphosed into a tree, the Gulf of Tarentum from Thurii to Metaponcalled after her Lotus. (Ov., Met., ix., 347.)  turn. The country is mountainous, as the ApLOTOPHAGI (Aurori0YOe, i. e., lotus-eaters). Ho- ennines run through the greater part of it; but
mer, in the Odyssey, represents Ulysses as com- toward the Gulf of Tarentum there is an extening in his wanderings to a coast inhabited by a sive and fertile plain. Lucania was celebrated
people who fed upon a fruit called lotus, the for its excellent pastures (Hor., Ep., i., 28), and
taste of which was so delicious that every one its oxen were the finest and largest in Italy.
who ate it lost all wish to return to his native Hence the elephant was at first called by the
country, but desired to remain there with the Romans a Lucanian ox (Lucas bos). The swine,
Lotophagi, and to eat the lotus (Od., ix., 94). also, were very good; and a peculiar kind of
Afterward, in historical times, the Greeks found sausages was celebrated at Rome under the
that the people on the northern coast of Africa, name of Lucanica. The coast of Lucania was
between the Syrtes, and especially about the inhabited chiefly by Greeks, whose cities were
Lesser Syrtis, used to a great extent, as an ar- numerous and flourishing. The most importticle of food, the fruit of a plant, which they ant were METAPONTUM, HERACLEA, THURII, Buxidentified with the lotus of Homer, and they ENTUM, ELEA or VELIA, POSIDONIA or PIESTUM.
called these people Lotophagi. To this day, The interior of the country was originally inthe inhabitants of the same part of the coast of habited by the Chones and CEnotrians. The
Tunis and Tripoli eat the fruit of the plant Lucanians proper were Samnites, a brave and
which is supposed to be the lotus of the an- warlike race, who left their mother-country and
cients, and drink a wine made from its juice, settled both in Lucania and Bruttium. They
as the ancient Lotophagi are also said to have not only expelled or subdued the CEnotrians,
* done. This plant, the Zizyphus lotus of the but they gradually acquired possession of most
botanists (or jujube-tree), is a prickly branching of the Greek cities on the coast. They are first
shrub, with fruit of the size of a wild plum, of mentioned in B.C. 396 as the allies of the elder
a saffron color and a sweetish taste. The an- Dionysius in his war against Thurii.  They
cient geographers also place the Lotophagi in were subdued by the Romans after Pyrrhus had
the large island of Meninx or Lotophagitis (now  left Italy. Before the second Punic war their
Jerbah), adjacent to this coast. They carried forces consisted of thirty thousand foot and three
on a commercial intercourse with Egypt and thousand horse; but in the course of this war
with the interior of Africa by the very same their country was repeatedly laid waste, and
caravan routes which are used to the present never recovered its former prosperity.
day.                                        LUCANUS, M. ANN EUS, usually called LUCAN,
LoxIAs (AoSIac), a surname of Apollo, deriv- a Roman poet, was born at Corduba in Spain,
ed by some from his intricate and ambiguous A.D. 39. His father was L. Annaeus Mella, a
oracles (S6oa), but better from;tyetv, as the brother of M. Seneca, the philosopher. Lucan
prophet or interpreter of Jupiter (Zeus).  was carried to Rome at an early age, where his
Loxo (Ao5'), daughter of Boreas, one of the education was superintended by the most emiHyperborean maidens, who brought the wor- nent preceptors of the day. His talents develship of Diana (Artemis) to Delos, whence the oped themselves at a very early age, and exname is also used as a surname of Diana (Ar- cited such general admiration as to awaken the
temis) herself.                           jealousy of Nero, who, unable to brook compeLUA, also called LUA MATER or LUA SATURNI, tition, forbade him to recite in public. Stung
one of the early Italian divinities, whose wor- to the quick by this prohibition, Lucan embarked
ship was forgotten in later times. It may be in the famous conspiracy of Piso, was betrayed,
that she was the same as Ops, the wife of Sat- and, by a promise of pardon, was induced to
urn; but all we know of her is, that sometimes turn informer. He began by denouncing his
the arms taken from a defeated enemy were own mother Acilia (or Atilia), and then revealdedicated to her, and burned as a sacrifice, with ed the rest of his accomplices without reserve.
a view of averting calamity.              But he received a traitor's reward. After the
LUCA (Lucensis: now Lucca), a Ligurian city more important victims had been dispatched,
in Upper Italy, at the foot of the Apennines and the emperor issued the mandate for the death
on the River Ausus, northeast of Pisas. It was of Lucan, who, finding escape hopeless, caused
included in Etruria by Augustus, but in the his veins to be opened. When, from the rapid
time of Julius Caesar it was the niost southerly effusion of blood, he felt his extremities becomcity in Liguria, and belonged to Cisalpine Gaul. ing chill, he began to repeat aloud some verses
It was made a Roman colony B.C. 177. The which he had once composed, descriptive of a
amphitheatre of Lucca may still be seen at the wounded soldier perishing by a like death, and,
modern town in a state of tolerable preserva- with these lines upon his lips, expired, A.D. 65,
tion, and its great size proves the importance in the twenty-sixth year of his age. Lucan
and populousness of the ancient city.     wrote various poems, the titles of which are
LUC.NIA (Lucanus), a district in Lower Italy, preserved, but the only extant production is an
447




LUCANUS.                                 LUCIANUS.
heroic poem, in ten books, entitled Pharsalia, tribes of the Callaici or Galleci, on the northin which the progress of the struggle between ern coast of Hispania Tarraconensis, derived
Caesar and Pompey is fully detailed, the events, their name from their town Lucus Augusti.
commencing with the passage of the Rubicon,  LUCENTUM (now Alicante), a town of the Conbeing arranged in regular chronological order. testani, on the coast of Hispania Tarraconensis.
The tenth book is imperfect, and the narrative  LUCERIA (Lucerinus: now Lucera), sometimes
breaks off abruptly in the middle of the Alex- called NTUC:ERIA, a town in Apulia, on the borders
andrean war, but we know not whether the con- of Samnium, southwest of Arpi, was situated on
elusion has been lost, or whether the author a steep hill, and possessed an ancient temple
ever completed his task. The whole of what of Minerva. In the war between Rome and
we now possess was certainly not composed at Samnium, it was first taken by the Samnites
the same time, for the different parts do not by (B.C. 321), and next by the Romans (319); but,
any means breathe the same spirit. In the ear- having revolted to the Samnites in 314, all the
tier portions we find liberal sentiments expressed inhabitants were massacred by the Romans,
in very moderate terms, accompanied by open and their place supplied by two thousand five
and almost fulsome flattery of Nero; but, as hundred Roman colonists. Having thus become
we proceed, the blessings of freedom are loudly a Roman colony, it continued faithful to Rome
proclaimed, and the invectives against tyranny in the second Punic war. In the time of Auare couched in language the most offensive, gustus it had declined greatly in prosperity;
evidently aimed directly at the emperor. The but it was still of sufficient importance in the
work contains great beauties and great defects. third century to be the residence of the pretor
It is characterized by copious diction, lively of Apulia.
imagination, and a bold and masculine tone of  LUCIANUs (Aovctiav6c), usually called LUCIAN,
thought; but it is, at the same time, disfigured a Greek writer, born at Samosata, the capital
by extravagance, far-fetched conceits, and un- of Commagene, in Syria. The date of his birth
natural similes. The best editions are by Ou- and death is uncertain; but it has been conjectdendorp, Lugd. Bat., 1728; by Burmann, 1740; ured, with much probability, that he was born
and by Weber, Lips., 1821-1831.           about A.D. 120, and he probably lived till toLUCANUS, OCELLUS. Vid. OCELLUS.         ward the end of this century. We know that
LuCCEIUS. 1. L., an old friend and neighbor some of his more celebrated works were writof Cicero. His name frequently occurs at the ten in the reign of M. Aurelius. Lucian's parcommencement of Cicero's correspondence with ents were poor, and he was at first apprenticed
Atticus, with whom Lucceius had quarrelled. to his maternal uncle, who was a statuary. He
Cicero attempted to reconcile his two friends. afterward became an advocate, and practiced at
In B.C. 63 Lucceius accused Catiline; and in Antioch. Being unsuccessful in this calling,
60 he became a candidate for the consulship, he employed himself in writing speeches for
along with Julius Caesar, who agreed to support others instead of delivering them himself. But
him; but he lost his election in consequence he did not remain long at Antioch; and, at an
of the aristocracy bringing in Bibulus as a early period of his life, he set out upon his travcounterpoise to Caesar's influence. Lucceius els, and visited the greater part of Greece, Italy,
seems now to have withdrawn from public life and Gaul. At that period it was customary for
and to have devoted himself to literature. He professors of the rhetorical art to proceed to difwas chiefly engaged in the composition of a ferent cities, where they attracted audiences by
contemporaneous history of Rome, commenc- their displays, much in the same manner as muing with the Social or Marsic war. In 55 he sicians or itinerant lecturers in modern times.
had nearly finished the history of the Social and He appears to have acquired a good deal of monof the first Civil war, when Cicero wrote a most ey as well as fame. On his return to his native
urgent letter to his friend, pressing him to sus- country, probably about his fortieth year, he
pend the thread of his history, and to devote a abandoned the rhetorical profession, the artifices
separate work to the period from Catiline's con- of which, he tells us, were foreign to his temspiracy to Cicero's recall from banishment (ad per, the natural enemy of deceit and pretension.
Fam., v., 12). Lucceius promised compliance He now devoted most of his time to the comwith his request, but he appears never to have position of his works. He still, however, occawritten the work. On the breaking out of the sionally travelled; for it appears that he was in
civil war in 49, he espoused the side of Pom- Achaia and Ionia about the close of the Parpey. He was subsequently pardoned by Caesar thian war, 160-165; on which occasion, too,
and returned to Rome, where he continued to he seems to have visited Olympia, and beheld
live on friendly'terms with Cicero.-2. C., sur- the self-immolation of Peregrinus. About the
named HIRRUS, of the Pupinian tribe, tribune year 170, or a little previously, he visited the
of the plebs 53, proposed that Pompey should false oracle of the impostor Alexander, in Paphbe created dictator. In 52 he was a candidate lagonia. Late in life he obtained the office of
with Cicero for the augurship, and in the fol- procurator of part of Egypt, which office was
lowing year a candidate with M. Cmelius for the probably bestowed upon him by the Emperor
edileship, but he failed in both. On the break- Commodus. The nature of Lucian's writings
ing out of the civil war in 49, he joined Pon- inevitablyprocured him many enemies, by whom
pey. He was sent by Pompey as ambassador he has been painted in very black colors. Acto Orodes, king of Parthia, but he was thrown cording to Suidas, he was surnamed the Blasinto prison by the Parthian king. He was par- phemer, and was torn to pieces by dogs as a
doned by Cesar after the battle of Pharsalia, punishment for his impiety; but on this account
and returned to Rome.                     no reliance can be placed. Other writers state
LUcENSES CALLAICI, one of the two chief that Lucian apostatized from Christianity; but
448




LUCIANUTS.                                 LUCILIUS.
there is no proof in support of this charge; and 1 gusted with the disputes and pretensions of the
the dialogue entitled Philopatris, which would philosophers, resolves on a visit to the stars, for
appear to prove that the author had once been the purpose of seeing how far their theories are
a Christian, was certainly not written by Luci- correct. By the mechanical aid of a pair of
an, and was probably composed in the reign of wings he reaches the moon, and surveys thence
Julian the Apostate. As many as eighty-two the miserable passions and quarrels of men.
works have come down to us under the name Hence he proceeds to Olympus, and is introof Lucian; but some of these are spurious. duced to the Thunderer himself. Here he is
The most important of them are his Dialogues. witness of the manner in which human prayers
They are of very various degrees'of merit, and are received in heaven. They ascend by enorare treated in the greatest possible variety of mous vent-holes, and become audible when Justyle, from seriousness down to the broadest piter removes the covers. Jupiter himself is
humor and buffoonery.  Their subjects and represented as a partial judge, and as influenced
tendency, too, vary considerably; for, while by the largeness of the rewards promised to
some are employed in attacking the heathen him.  At the end he pronounces judgment
philosophy and religion, others are mere pictures against the philosophers, and threatens in four
of manners without any polemic drift. Our days to destroy them all. Charonis avery elelimits only allow us to mention a few of the gant dialogue, but of a graver turn than the premore important of these dialogues. The Dia- ceding. Charon visits the earth to see the
logues of the Gods, twenty-six in number, con- course of life there, and what it is that always
sist of short dramatic narratives of some of the makes men weep when they enter his boat.
most popular incidents in the heathen mytholo- Mercury acts as his cicerone. Lucian's merits
gy. The reader, however, is generally left-to as a writer consist in his knowledge of human
draw his own conclusions from the story, the nature; his strong common sense; the fertility
author only taking care to put it in the most of his invention; the raciness of his humor;
absurd point of view. In the Jupiter Convicted and the simplicity and Attic grace of his diction.
a bolder style of attack is adopted; and the There was abundance to justify his attacks in
cynic proves to Jupiter's face, that, every thing the systems against which they were directed.
being under the dominion of fate, he has no Yet he establishes nothing in their stead. His
power whatever. As this dialogue shows Ju- aim is only to pull down-to spread a universal
piter's want of power, so the Jupiter the Trage- skepticism. Nor were his assaults confined to
dian strikes at his very existence, andthat of religion and philosophy, but extended to every
the other deities. The Vitarum Auctio, or Sale thing old and venerated, the poems of Homer
of the Philosophers, is an attack upon the ancient and Hesiod, and the history of Herodotus. The
philosophers. In this humorous piece the heads best editions of Lucian are by Hemsterhuis and
of the different sects are put up to sale, Hermes Reitz, Amst., 1743, 4 vols. 4to; by Lehmann,
being the auctioneer. The Fisherman is a sort Lips., 1821-1831, 9 vols. 8vo; and by Dindorf,
of apology for the preceding piece, and may be with a Latin version, but without notes, Paris,
reckoned among Lucian's best dialogues. The  1840, 8vo.
philosophers are represented as having obtained  LUCIFER or PHOSPHORUS (rofo-6por; also by the
a day's life for the purpose of taking vengeance poets'Eo)gf6pof or (,aeCopof), that is, the bringupon Lucian, who confesses that he has bor- er of light, is the name of the planet Venus,
rowed the chief beauties of his writings from  when seen in the morning before sunrise. The
them. The Banquet, or the Lapithce, is one of same planet was called Hesperus, Vesperugo,
Lucian's most humorous attacks on the philos- Vesper, Noctifer, or Nocturnus, when it appeared
ophers. The scene is a wedding feast, at which in the heavens after sunset. Lucifer, as a pera representative of each of the principal philo- sonification, is called a son of Astrseus and Ausophic sects is present. A discussion ensues, rora or Eos, of Cephalus and Aurora, or of Atwhich sets all the philosophers by the ears, and las. By Philonis he is said to have been the
ends in a pitched battle. The Nigrinus is also father of Ceyx. He is also called the father of
an attack on philosophic pride; but its main Dedalion and of the Hesperides. Lucifera is
scope is to satirize the Romans, whose pomp, also a surname of several goddesses of light, as
vain-glory, and luxury are unfavorably contrast- Diana (Artemis), Aurora, and Hecate.
ed with the simple habits of the Athenians.  LUCILIUS. 1. C., was born at Suessa of the
The more miscellaneous class of Lucian's dia- Aurunci, B.C. 148. He served in the cavalry
logues, in which the attacks upon mythology under Scipio in the Numantine war; lived upon
and philosophy are not direct, but incidental, or terms of the closest familiarity with Scipio and
which are mere pictures of manners, contains Lelius; and was either the maternal grandsome of his best. At the head must be placed uncle, or, which is less probable, the maternal
Timon, which may, perhaps, be regarded as Lu- grandfather of Pompey the Great. He died at
cian's master-piece. The Dialogues of the Dead Naples, 103, in the forty-sixth year of his age.
are perhaps the best known of all Lucian's Ancient critics agree that, if not absolutely' the
works.  The subject affords great scope for inventor of Roman satire, he was the first to
moral reflection, and for satire on the vanity mould it into that form which afterward receivof human pursuits. Wealth, power, beauty, ed full development in the hands of Horace,
strength, not forgetting the vain disputations of Persius, and Juvenal. The first of these three
philosophy, afford the materials. Among the great masters, while he censures the harsh vermoderns these dialogues have been imitated by sification and the slovenly haste with whichL.u:Fontenelle and Lord Lyttleton. The Icaro-M/e- cilius threw off his compositions, acknowledges
nipplus is in Lucian's best vein, and a master- with admiration the fierceness and boldness of
piece of Aristophanic humor. Menippus, dis- his attacks upon the vices and follies of his con29                                                             449




LUCILLA, ANNIA.                          LUCRINUS LACUS.
temporaries. The Satires of Lucilius were di-  LUCiRTYLIS, a pleasant mountain in the count
vided into thirty books. Upward of eight hund- try of the Sabines, overhanging Horace's villa,
red fragments from these have been preserved, a part of the modern Monte Gennaro.
but the greatest number consist of isolated coup-  LUcRETIUS CARUS,-T., the Roman poet, relets or single lines.'It is clear from these frag- specting whose persoial history our informaments that his reputation for caustic-pleasantry tion is both scanty and suspicious. The Eusewas by no means unmerited, and that in coarsae- bian Chronicle fixes B.C. 95 as the date of his
ness and broad personalities he in n.o respect  tirth, adding that he was driven mad by a love
fell short of the license of the old comedy, potion-;that during his lucid intervals he comwhich would seem to have been, to a certain posed several works which were revised by
extent, his model.! The fragments were pub- Cicero, and that he perished by his own hand
lished separately, by Franciscus Dousa, Lugd. in his forty-fourth year, B.C. 52 or 51. Another
Bat., 4to, 1597, reprinted by the brothers Volpi, ancient authority places his death in 55. From
8vo, Patav., 1735; and, along with Censorinus, what source the tale about the philtre may have
by the two sons of Havercamp, Lugd. Bat., 8vo, been derived, we know not, but it is not im1743.-2. LUCILIUS JUNIOR, probably the author probable that the whole story was an invention
of an extant poem in six hundred and forty hex- of some enemy of the Epicureans. Not a hint
ameters, entitled lEtna, which exhibits through- is to be found any where which corroborates the
out great command -of language, and contains assertion with regard to the editorial labors of
not a few brilliant passages. Its object is to Cicero. The work, which has immortalized the
explain upon philosophical principles, after the name of Lucretius, is a philosophical didactic
fashion of Lucretius, the causes of the various poem, composed in heroic hexameters, divided
physical phenomena presented by the volcano. into six books, containing upward of seven thouLucilius Junior was the procurator of Sicily, sand four hundred lines, addressed to C. Memand the friend to whom Seneca addresses his mius Gemellus, who was prator in 58, and is
Epistles, his Natural Questions, and his tract on entitled De Rerum Natura.  It was probably
Providence, and whom he strongly urges to published about 57 or 56; for, from the way in
select this very subject of,Etna as a theme for which Cicero speaks of it in a letter to his
his muse.                                 brother, written in 55, we may conclude that it
LUCILLA, ANNYA, daughter of M. Aurelius and had inly recently appeared. The poem has
the younger Faustina, was born about A.D. 147. been sometimes represented as a complete exShe was married to the Emperor L. Verus, and positions of the religious, moral, and physical
after his death (169) to Claudius Pompeianus. doctrines of Epicurus, but this is far from being
In 183 she engaged in a plot against the life of a correct description.  Epicurus maintained
her brother Commodus, which having been de- that the unhappiness and degradation of mantected, she was banished to the island of Ca- kind arose in a great degree from the slavish
preae, and there put to death.            dread which they entertained of the power of
[LucILLIUS (AoviAfLtAor), a Greek poet, who the gods, and from terror of their wrath; and
published two books of epigrams; in the Greek the fundamental doctrine of his system was,
Anthology there are one hundred and twenty- that the gods, whose existence he did not deny,
four epigrams ascribed to him, but some of these lived in the enjoyment of absolute peace, and
in certain MSS. are credited to other poets: he totally indifferent to the world and its inhabitprobably lived under Nero.]               ants. To prove this position, Epicurus adopted
LucINA, the goddess of light, or, rather, the the atomic theory of Leucippus, according to
goddess that brings to light, and hence the god- which the material universe was not created
dess that presides over the birth of children. by the Supreme Being, but was formed by the
It was therefore used as a surname of Juno and union of elemental particles which had existed
Diana. Lucina corresponded to the Greek god- from all eternity, governed by certain simple
dess ILITHYIA.                            laws. H-e further sought to show that all those
[LUCINxE OPPIDUM (EleiOQvtia~ iro;ic, now El- striking phenomena which had been regarded
Kab), a city of the Thebaid, on the eastern bank by the vulgar as direct manifestations of divine
of the Nile, with a temple of Bubastis.]  power were the natural results of ordinary pro[Lucius (Aoiulog), of Patra, a Greek writer cesses. To state clearly and develop fully the
of uncertain date, author of Metamorphoseon leading principle of this philosophy, in such a
Libri Diversi, which are now lost: Lucian bor- form as might render the study attractive to
rowed from him, and, at the same time, ridiculed his countrymen, was the object of Lucretius,
him in a piece called from him Lucius.]   his work being simply an attempt to show that
LUCRETIA, the wife of L. Tarquinius Collati- there is nothing in the history or actual condinus, whose rape by Sextus Tarquinius led to the tion of the world which does not admit of exdethronement of Tarquinius Superbus and the planation without having recourse to the active
establishment of the republic. For details, vid. interposition of divine beings. The poem of
TARQUINIUS.                               Lucretius has been admitted by all modern
LUCRETIA GENS, originally patrician, but sub- critics to be the greatest of didactic poems.
sequently plebeian also. The surname of the The most abstruse speculations are clearly expatrician Lucretii was Tricipitinus, one of whom, plained in majestic verse, while the subject,
Sp. Lucretius Tricipitinus, the father of Lucre- which in itself was dry and dull, is enlivened by
tia, was eleeted consul, with L. Junius Brutus, on digressions of matchless power and beauty.
the establishment of the republic, B.C. 509. The The best editions are by Wakefield, London,
plebeian families are known by the surnames of 1796, 3 vols. 4to, reprinted at Glasgow, 1813,
Gallus, Ofella, and Vespillo, but none of them is 4 vols. 8vo; and by Forbiger, Lips., 1828, 12mo.
of sufficient importance to require notice.  LUCRINTJS LACUS, was properly the inner part
450




LUCTERIUS.                                 LUCULLUS.
of the Sinus Cumanus or Puteolanus, a bay on 1 defeated Mithradates with great slaughter, and
the coast of Campania, between the promontory drove him out of his hereditary dominions, and
Misenum and Puteoli, running a considerable compelled him to take refuge in Armenia with
way inland. But at a very early period the his son-in-law Tigranes (71). He afterward
Lucrine Lake was separated from the remain- invaded Armenia, defeated Tigranes, and took
der of the bay by a dike eight stadia in length, his capital Tigranocerta (69). In the next camwhich was probably formed originally by some paign (68)he again defeated the combined forces
volcanic change, and was subsequently render- of Mithradates, and laid siege to Nisibis; but
ed more complete by the work of man. Being in the spring of the following year (67) a mutiny
thus separated from the rest of the sea, it as- among his troops compelled him to raise the
sumed the character of an inland lake, and is siege of Nisibis and return to Pontus.  Miththerefore called Lacus by the Romans.  Its radates had already taken advantage of his abwaters still remained salt, and were celebrated  sence -to invade Pontus, and had defeated his
for their oyster beds. Behind the Lucrine Lake lieutenants Fabius and Triarius in several sucwas another lake called LACUs AVERNUS. In cessive actions. But Lucullus, on his arrival,
the time of Augustus, Agrippa made a commu- was unable to effect any thing against Mithranication between the Lake Avernus and the dates, in consequence of the mutinous disposiLucrine Lake, and also between the Lucrine tion of his troops. The adversaries of LuculLake and the Sinus Cumanus, thus forming out lus availed themselves of so favorable an occaof the three the celebrated Julian Harbor. The sion, and a decree was passed to transfer to
Lucrine Lake was filled up by a volcanic erup- Acilius Glabrio, one of the consuls for the year,
tion in 1538, when a conical mountain rose in the province of Bithynia and the command
its place, called Monte Nuovo.  The Avernus against Mithradates. But Glabrio was wholly
has thus become again a separate lake, and no incompetent for the task assigned him: on artrace of the dike is to be seen in the Gulf of riving in Bithynia, he made no attempt to asPozzuoli.                                 sume the command, but remained quiet within
[LUCTERIUS, the Cadurcan, described by Ca- the confines of the Roman province. Mithrasar as a man of the greatest daring, was sent'dates meanwhile ably availed himself of this
into the country of the Ruteni by Vercingetorix position of affairs, and Lucullus had the mortion the breaking out of the great Gallic insur- fication of seeing Pontus and Cappadocia occurection in B.C. 52. He at first met with great pied by the enemy before his eyes, without besuccess, but was compelled by Caesar's advance ing able to stir a step in their defence. But it
to retire; he was afterward defeated by C. was still more galling to his feelings when, in
Caninius Rebilus.]                        66, he was called upon to resign the command
LUCULLUS, LICINIUS, a celebrated plebeian to his old rival Pompey, who had been appointfamily. 1. L., the grandfather of the conqueror ed by the Manilian law to supersede both him
of Mithradates, was consul B.C. 151, together and Glabrio. Lucullus did not obtain his triwith A. Postumius Albinus, and carried on war umph till 63, in consequence of the opposition
in Spain against the Vacctei.-2. L., son of the of his enemies. He was much courted by the
preceding, was praetor 103, and carried on war aristocratical party, who sought in Lucullus a
unsuccessfully against the slaves in Sicily. On rival and antagonist to Pompey; but, instead
his return to Rome he was accused, condemned, of putting himself prominently forward as the
and driven into exile.-3. L., son of the preced- leader of a party, he soon began to withdraw
ing, and celebrated as the conqueror of Mithra- gradually from public affairs, and devote himdates. He was probably born about 110. He self more and more to a life of indolence and
served with distinction in the Marsic or Social luxury. He died in 57 or 56. Previous to his
war, and accompanied Sulla as his quaestor into death he had fallen into a state of complete
Greece and Asia, 88. When Sulla returned to dotage, so that the management of his affairs
Italy after the conclusion of peace with Mithra- was confided to his brother Marcus. The name
dates in 84, Lucullus was left behind in Asia, of Lucullus is almost as celebrated for the luxwhere he remained till 80. In 79 he was curule ury of his latter years as for his victories over
adile with his younger brother Marcus. So Mithradates.  He amassed vast treasures in
great was the favor at this time enjoyed by Asia; and these supplied him the means, after
Lucullus with Sulla, that the dictator, on his his return to Rome, of gratifying his natural
death-bed, not only confided to him the charge taste for luxury, together with an ostentatious
of revising and correcting his Commentaries, display of magnificence.  His gardens in the
but appointed him guardian of his son Faustus, immediate suburbs of the city were laid out in
to the exclusion of Pompey; a circumstance a style of extraordinary splendor; but still more
which is said to have first given rise to the en- remarkable were his villas at Tusculum and in
mity and jealousy that ever after subsisted be- the neighborhood of Neapolis. In the constructween the two. In 77 Lucullus was praetor, tion of the latter, with its parks, fish-ponds, &c.,
and at the expiration of this magistracy obtain- he had laid out vast sums in cutting through
ed the government of Africa, where he distin- hills and rocks, and throwing out advanced
guished himself by the justice of his adminis- works into the sea. So gigantic, indeed, was
tration. In 74 he was consul with M. Aurelius the scale of these labors for objects apparently
Cotta. In this year the v.ar with Mithradates so insignificant, that Pompey called him, in dewas renewed, and Lucullus received the con- rision, the Roman Xerxes. His feasts at Rome
duct of it. He carried on this war for eight itself were celebrated on a scale'of inordinate
years with great success. The details are given magnificence: a single sdpperiin the hall, callunder MITHRADATES, and it is only necessary to ed that of Apollo, was said to have cost the sum
mention here the leading outlines. Lucullus of fifty thousand denarii. Even during his cam451




LUCUMO.                           LUN1E PROMONTORIUM.
paigns the pleasures of the table had not been!soon rebuilt, and continued to be a place of
forgotten; and it is well known that he was the great importance till A.D. 197, when it was
first to introduce cherries into Italy, which he plundered and the greater part of it destroyed
had brought with him from Cerasus in Pontus. by the soldiers of Septimius Severus, after his
Lucullus was an enlightened patron of litera- victoryover his rival Albinus in the neighborture, and had from his earliest years devoted hood of the town. From this blow it never remuch attention to literary pursuits. He col- covered, and was more and more thrown into
lected a valuable library, which was opened to the shade by Vienna. Lugdunum possessed a
the free use of the literary public; and here he vast aqueduct, of which the remains may still
himself used to associate with the Greek phi- be traced for miles, a mint, and an imperial
losophers and literati, and would enter warmly palace, in which Claudius was born, and in
into their metaphysical and philosophical dis- which many of the other Roman emperors recussions. Hence the picture drawn by Cicero sided. At the tongue of land between the Rhone
at the commencement of the Academics was and the Arar stood an altar dedicated to Auprobably, to a certain extent, taken from the gustus by the different states of Gaul; and here
reality. His constant companion from the time Caligula instituted contests in rhetoric, prizes
of his quastorship had been Antiochus of Asca- being given to the victors, but the most ridicuIon, fiom whom he imbibed the precepts of the lous punishments inflicted on the vanquished.
Academic school of. philosophy, to which he (Comp. Juv., i., 44.) Lugdunum is memorable
continued through life to be attached. His pat- in the history of the Christian Church as the
ronage of the poet Archias is well known. He seat of the bishopric of Irenaeus, and on accomposed a history of the Marsic war in Greek. count of the persecutions which the Christians
-4. L. or M., son of the preceding and of Ser- endured here in the second and third centuries.
vilia, half-sister of M. Cato, was a mere child -2. L. BATAV ORUM (now Leyden), the chief town
at his father's death. His education was super- of the Batavi.  Vid. BATAVI.-3. CONVENARUBI
intended by Cato and Cicero. After Cwsar's (now Saint Bertrand de Comminges), the chief
death he joined the republican party, and fell town of the Convenae in Aquitania. Vid. CoNat the battle of Philippi, 42.-5. M., brother of VENZE.
No. 3, was adopted by M. TERENTIUS VARRO    [LUGUVALLUM (now Carlisle), a place in the
LuCULLUS. He fought under Sulla in Italy, 82; north of Britain, near the wall of Hadrian.]
was curule aedile with his brother, 79; praetor,'  LUNA. Vid. SELENE.
77; and consul, 73. After his consulship he  LrNA (Lunensis: now Luni), an Etruscan
obtained the province of Macedonia. He car- town, situated on the left bank of the Macra,
ried on war against the Dardanians and Bessi, about four miles from the coast, originally formand penetrated as far as the Danube. On his ed part of Liguria, but became the most northreturn to Rome he obtained a triumph, 71. He erly city of Etruria when Augustus extended
was a strong supporter of the aristocratical the boundaries of the latter country as far as
party. He pronounced the funeral oration of the Macra. The town itself was never a place
his brother, but died before the commencement of importance, but it possessed a large and
of the civil war, 49.                     commodious harbor at the mouth of the river,
Luc MO. Vid. TARQUINIUS.                called LUNXE PORTUS (now Gulf of Spezzia). In
[Lucus occurs frequently in appellations of B.C. 177 Luna was made a Roman colony,
places, from connection with some grove in the and two thousand Roman citizens were settled
vicinity. 1. L. ANGITIL, a grove in the terri- there. In the civil war between Cesar and
tory of the Marsi, near the Lacus Fucinus. Vid. Pompey it had sunk into utter decay, but was
ANGITIA.-2. L. AUGUSTI, the second capital of colonized a few years afterward.  Luna was
the Vocontii, in the interior of Gallia Narbonen- celebrated for its white marble, which now takes
sis, on the military road leading from Mediola- its name from the neighboring town of Carrara.
num over the Cottian Alps to Vienna and Lug- The quarries from which this marble was obdunum.]                                  tained appear not to have been worked before
LUDIAS. Vid. LYDIAS.                    the time of Julius Caesar, but it was extensively
LUGDUNENSIS GALLIA. Vid. GALLIA.        employed in the public buildings erected in the
LUGDUNUM (Lugdunensis).  1. (Now Lyon), reign of Augustus. The wine and the cheeses
the chief town of Gallia Lugdunensis, situated of Luna also enjoyed a high reputation: some
at the foot of a hill at the confluence of the Arar of these cheeses are said to have weighed one
(now Sa6ne) and the Rhodanus (now Rhone), is thousand pounds: The ruins of Luna are few
said to have been founded by some fugitives and unimportant, consisting of the vestiges of
from the town of Vienna, further down the an amphitheatre, fragments of columns, &c.
Rhone. In the year after Cesar's death (B.C.  LUNM MONTES (rb TOr ZeOjvrjg opof), a range
43) Lugdunum was made a Roman colony by of mountains which some of the ancient geogL. Munatius Plancus, and became under Au- raphers believed to exist in the interior of Africa,
gustus the capital of the province and the resi- covered with perpetual snow, and containing
dence of the Roman governor. Being situated the sources of the Nile. Their actual existon two navigable rivers, and being connected ence is neither proved nor disproved.
with the other parts of Gaul by roads, which  [LUNsE PORTUS. Vid. LUNA.]
met at this town as their central point, it soon  [LUNE PROMONTORIUM (fe;vrv aKpov). 1. A
became a wealthy and populous place, and is promontory on the coast of Etruria, somewhat
described by Strabo as the largest city in Gaul to the southeast of LuNA.-2. A promontory on
next to Narbo. It received many privileges the west coast of Lusitania; according to Ukfrom the Emperor Claudius; but it was burned ert, in the neighborhood of Cintra, but accorddown in the reign of Nero. It was, however, ing to others, Cap Rocco or CuabOeyro.]
452




LUPERCA.                                   LYCAON.
LTJPEROA or LUPA, an ancient Italian divinity,  [Lusius QUIETUS. Vid. QUIETUS.]
the wife of Lupercus, who, in the shape of a  LUSONES, a tribe of the Celtiberi in Hispania
she-wolf, performed the office of nurse to Rom- Tarraconensis, near the sources of the Tagus.
ulus and Remus. In some accounts she is iden-  LUTATIUS CATULUS. Vid. CATULUS.
tified with AcCA LAURENTIA, the wife of Faus-  LUTATIUS CERCO. Vid. CERCO.
tulus.                                      LUTETIA, or, more commonly, LUTETIA PARILUPERCUS, an ancient Italian divinity, who SIORUM (now Paris), the capital of the Parisii
was worshipped by the shepherds as the pro- in Gallia Lugdunensis, was situated on an isltector of their flocks against wolves. On the and in the Sequana (now Seine), and was connorthern side of the Palatine Hill there had nected withthe banks of the river by two woodbeen in ancient times a cave, the sanctuary of en bridges. Under the emperors it became a
Lupercus, surrounded by a grove, containing an place of importance, and the chief naval station
altar of the god and his figure clad in a goat- on the Sequana. Here Julian was proclaimed
skin, just as his priests, the Luperci. The Ro- emperor, A.D. 360.
mans sometimes identified Lupercus with the  [LUTEVA (now Lodeve), a city of the Volcwe
Arcadian Pan. Respecting the festival cele- Arecomici in Gallia Narbonensis; also called
brated in honor of Lupercus and his priests, the Forum Neronis.]
Luperci, vid. Diet. of Ant., art. LUPERCALIA and  [LUTIA (Aovria), a considerable town of the
LUPERCI.                                  Arevaci in Hispania Tarraconensis, the site of
[LUPERCUS, a friend of the younger Pliny, to which is not determined.]
whom the latter occasionally sent his orations  [LYvEUS (Avato), an epithet of Bacchus (Diofor revision.]                            nysus), who frees men from cares and anxiety.]
LUPIA. Vid. LUPPIA.                       LYCABETTUS (Avca6TrTr6c: now St. George),
LUPINE or LUPPIm, a town in Calabria, be- a mountain in Attica, belonging to the range of
tween Brundisium and Hydruntum.           Pentelicus, close to the walls of Athens on the
LUPODUNUM (now Ladenburg?), a town in northeast of the city, and on the left of the road
Germany, on the River Nicer (now Neckar).  leading to Marathon. It is commonly, but erLUPPIA or LUPIA (now Lippe), a navigable riv- roneously, supposed that the small hill north of
er in the northwest of Germany, which falls into the Pnyx is Lycabettus, and that St. George is
the Rhine at Wesel in Westphalia, and on which the ancient Anchesmus.
the Romans built a fortress of the same name.  LciEUS (AvKator) or LYCEUS, a lofty mountThe River Eliso (now Alme) was a tributary of ain in Arcadia, northwest of Megalopolis, from
the Luppia, and at the confluence of these two the summit of which a great part of the counrivers was the fortress of Aliso.         try could be seen.  It was one of the chief
LUPUS, RUTILIUS. 1. P., consul with L. Ju- seats of the worship of Jupiter (Zeus), who was
lius Caesar in B.C. 90, was defeated by the hence surnamed Lycceus. Here was a temple
Marsi, and slain in battle.-2. P., tribune of the of this god; and here, also, was celebrated the
plebs 56, and a warm partisan of the aristocra- festival of the Lyceca (vid. Diet. of Ant., s. v.).
cy. He was praetor in 49, and was stationed at Pan was likewise called Lyeaus, because he
Terracina with three cohorts. He afterward was born and had a sanctuary on this mountain.
crossed over to Greece.-3. Probably a son of  LYCAMBES. Vid. ARCHILOCHUS.
the preceding, the author of a rhetorical treat-  LYCioN (Av/cdvo). 1. King of Arcadia, son of
ise in two books, entitled De Figzris Sententia- PelasgusbyMelibceaorCyllene. The traditions
rum et Elocutionis, which appears to have been about Lycaon represent him in very different
originally an abridgment of a work by Gorgias lights. Some describe him as the first civilizer
of Athens, one of the preceptors of young M. of Arcadia, who built the town of Lycosura,
Cicero, but which has evidently undergone and introduced the worship of Jupiter (Zeus)
many changes. Its chief value is derived from  Lycaeus. But he is more usually represented
the numerous translations which it contains of as an impious king, with a large number of
striking passages from the works of Greek ora- sons as impious as himself. Jupiter (Zeus)
tors now lost. Edited by Ruhnken along with visited the earth in order to punish them. The
Aquila and Julius Ruffinianus, Lugd. Bat., 1768, god was recognized and worshipped by the Arreprinted by Frotscher, Lips., 1831.      cadian people. Lycaon resolved to murder
LuRco, M. AUFIDIUS, tribune of the plebs B.C. him; and, in order to try if he were really a
61, the author of a law on bribery (De Ambitu). god, served before him a dish of human flesh.
He was the maternal grandfather of the Em- Jupiter (Zeus) pushed away the table which
press Livia, wife of Augustus. He was the bore the horrible food, and the place where this
first person in Rome who fattened peacocks for happened was afterward called Trapezus. Lysale, and he derived a large income from this caon and all his sons, with the exception of the
source.                                   youngest (or eldest), Nyctimus, were killed by
LUSCINUS, FABRICIUS. Vid. FABRICIUS.    Jupiter (Zeus) with a flash of lightning, or, ac[Luscius LAVINIUS, a Latin comic poet, the cording to others, were changed into wolves.
contemporary and rival of Terence, who men- Callisto, the daughter of Lycaon, is said to have
tions him several times in the prologues to his been changed into the constellation of the Bear,
plays.]                                   whence she is called by the poets Lycaonis Arc[Luscus, AUFIDIUS, chief magistrate at Fun- tos, Lycaonia Arctos, or Lycuonia Virgo, or by
di, ridiculed by Horace on account of the ridic- her patronymic Lycaonis. -[2. Ruler in Lyulous and pompous airs he gave himself when cia, father of the celebrated Pandarus.-3. Son
Ma'cenas and.his friends passed through Fundi of Priam and Laothoe, was taken captive by
in their celebrated journey to Brundisium.]  Achilles, who sold him in Lemnos; he escaped
LUSITANIA, LUSITANI. Vid. HISPANIA.     thence, returned to Troy, and was finally slain
453




LYCAONIA.                                   LYCIA.
by Achilles.-4. An artisan of Cnosus, men- many springs within its walls. In the Middle
tioned in the zEneid (ix., 304) as having made Ages it was the residence of the Bulgarian
a beautiful sword for Iulus, which he gave to kings, and was called Achris or Achritd, whence
Euryalus.]                                its modern name.
LYCAONIA (Aviaovia: AvKciove~: part of IKa-  LYCIA (AvidaC: AVKeo, Lycius: now Meis), a
raman), a district of Asia Minor, assigned, un- small but most interesting district on the south
der the Persian Empire, to the satrapy of side of Asia Minor, jutting out into the MediCappadocia, but considered by the Greek and terranean in a form approaching to a rough
Roman geographers the southeastern part of semicircle, adjacent to parts of Caria and ParnPhrygia; bounded on the north by Galatia, on phylia on the west and east, and on the north
the east by Cappadocia, on the south by Cilicia to the district of Cibyratis in Phrygia, to which,
Aspera, on the southwest by Isauria (which under the Byzantine emperors, it was considwas sometimes reckoned as a part of it) and ered to belong. It was bounded on the northby Phrygia Paroreios, and on the northwest by west by the little river Glaucus and the gulf
Great Phrygia. Its boundaries, however, va- of the same name, on the northeast by the
ried much at different times. It was a long, mountain called CLIMAX (the northern part of
narrow strip of country, its length extending in the same range as that called Solyma), and on
the direction of northwest and southeast. Xen- the north its natural boundary was the Taurus,
ophon, who first mentions it, describes its width but its limits in this direction were not strictly
as extending east of Iconium (its chief city) to defined. The northern parts of Lycia and the
the borders of Cappadocia, a distance of thirty district of Cibyratis form together a high tableparasangs, about one hundred and ten miles. land, which is supported on the north by the
It forms a table-land between the Taurus and Taurus, on the east by the mountains called
the mountains of Phrygia, deficient in good wa- Solyma (now Taktalu-Dag'h), which run from
ter, but abounding in flocks of sheep. The peo- north to south along the eastern coast of Lycia,
pie were, so far as can be traced, an aboriginal far out into the sea, forming the southeastern
race, speaking a language which is mentioned promontory of Lycia, called Sacrum Promontoin the Acts of the Apostles as a distinct dialect. rium (now Cape Khelidonia); the summit of this
They were warlike, and especially skilled in range is seven thousand eight hundred feet high,,archery. After the overthrow of Antiochus the and is covered with snow;* the sotithwestern
Great by the Romans, Lycaonia, which had be- and southern sides of this table-land are formed
longed successively to Persia and to Syria, was by the range called Massicytus (now Aktar
partly assigned to Eumenes and partly govern. Dag'h), which runs southeast from the eastern
ed by native chieftains, the last of whom, An- side of the upper course of the River Xanthus:
tipater, a contemporary of Cicero, was conquer- its summits are about four thousand feet high.
ed by Amyntas, king of Galatia, at whose death, and its southern side descends toward the sea
in B.C. 25, it passed, with Galatia, to the Ro- in a succession of terraces, terminated by bold
mans, and was finally united to the province cliffs. The mountain system of Lycia is comof Cappadocia. Lycaonia was the chief scene pleted by the Cragus, which fills up the space
of the labors of the Apostle Paul on his first between the western side of the Xanthus and
mission to the Gentiles (Acts, xiv ).     the Gulf of Glaucus, and forms the southwest[LYCARETUS (AvKdcpirog), brother of Maean- ern promontory of Lycia: its summits are neardrius, tyrant of Samos, the successor of Poly- ly six thousand feet high. The chief rivers are
crates, was governor of Lemnos under the Per- the Xanthus (now Echen-Chai), which has its
sians, and died in this office.]          sources in the table-land south of the Taurus,
LYCEfUM (Tr Aletuov), the name of one of the and flows fiom north to south between the
three ancient gymnasia at Athens, called after Cragus and Massicytus, and the Limyrus, which
the temple of Apollo Lyceus in its neighbor- flows from north to south between the Massihood. It was situated southeast of the city, cytus and the Solyma Mountains. The valleys
outside the walls, and just above the River Ilis- of these and the smaller rivers, and the terraces
sus. Here the polemarch administered justice. above the sea in the south of the country, were
It is celebrated as the place where Aristotle and fertile in corn, wine, oil, and fruits, and the
the Peripatetics taught.                  mountain slopes were clothed with splendid
LYcEus (AvKetoe), a surname of Apollo, the cedars, firs, and plane-trees: saffron also was
meaning of which is not quite certain. Some one chief product of the land. The total length
derive it from 2a6Kor, a wolf, so that it would of the coast, from Telmissus on the west to
mean "the wolf-slayer;" others from 2uVK, Phaselis on the east, including all windings, is
light, according to which it would mean "the estimated by Strabo at one thousand seven hungiver of light;" and others, again, from the dred and twenty stadia (one hundred and sevcountry of Lycia.                         enty-two geographical miles), while a straight
LYCHNITES. Vid. LYCHNIDUS.              line drawn across the country, as the chord of
LYCHNIDUS, more rarely LYCHNIDIUM or LYCH- this arc, is about eighty geographical miles in
NIS (AVXvt6oc, AvXvi6ov, AvXvig: AvXviltoS: length. The general geographical structure of
now Achrita, Ochrida), a town of Illyricum, was the peninsula of Lycia, as connected with the
the ancient capital of the Dessaretii, but was in rest of Asia Minor, bears no little resemblance
the possession of the Romans as early as their to that of the peninsula of Asia Minor itself, as
war with King Gentius. It was situated in the connected with the rest of Asia. According to
interior of the country, on a height on the north the tradition preserved by Herodotus, the most
bank of the Lake LYCHNITIS (AvXvT7tcO or j AvXvtdla 2fuvr), from which the River Drilo rises.
svitae iv7)}, from which tihe River Drilo rises. * According to many of the ancients the Taurus mbeg
The town was strongly fortified, and contained at this range.
454




LYCIDAS.                                LYCOPHRON.
ancient name of the country was Milyas (A7 MR-  LYYus (Avictof). 1. The Lycian, a surname
2Avdc), and the earliest inhabitants (probably of of Apollo, who was worshipped in several places
the Syro-Arabian race) were called Milye, and of Lycia, especially at Patara, where he had an
afterward Solymi: subsequently the Termile, oracle. Hence the Lyciac sortes are the refrom Crete, settled in the country; and lastly, sponses of the oracle at Patara (Virg., En., iv.,
the Athenian Lycus, the son of Pandion, fled 346).-2. Of Eleuthere in Beotia, a distinguishfiom his brother zEgeus to Lycia, and gave his ed statuary, the disciple or son of Myron, flourname to the country. Homer, who gives Lycia ished about B.C. 428.
a prominent place in the Iliad, represents its  LYCOMEDES (AvKco/d67C).  1. A king of the
chieftains, Glaucus and Sarpedon, as descended Dolopians, in the island of Scyros, near Eubcea.
from the royal family of Argos (SEolids): he It was to his court that Achilles was sent disdoes not mention the name of Milyas; and he guised as a maiden by his mother Thetis, who
speaks of the Solymi as a warlike race, inhab- was anxious to prevent his going to the Trojan
iting the mountains, against whom the Greek war. Here Achilles became by Deidamia, the
hero Bellerophontes is sent to fight, by his rela- daughter of Lycomedes, the father of Pyrrhus
tive the King of Lycia. Besides the legend of orNeoptolemus. LycomedestreacherouslykillBellerophon and the chimera, Lycia is the ed Theseus by thrusting him down a rock.scene of another popular Greek story, that of 2. A celebrated Arcadian general, was a native
the Harpies and the daughters of Pandarus  of Mantinea, and one of the chief founders of
and memorials of both are preserved on the Megalopolis, B.C. 370. He afterward showed
Lycian monuments now in the British Museum. great jealousy of Thebes, and formed a separate
On the whole, it is clear that Lycia was colo- alliance between Athens and Arcadia in 366.
nized by the Hellenic race (probably from Crete) He was murdered in the same year, on his reat a very early period, and that its historical turn from Athens, by some Arcadian exiles.
inhabitants were Greeks, though with a mixture  [LYcoN (Avicov). 1. Son of Hippocoon, slain
of native blood. The earlier names were pre- by Hercules.-2. A Trojan, slain before Troy
served in the district in the north of the country by Peneleus.]
called Milyas, and in the mountains called So-  LYCoN (AVicvr). 1. An orator and demagogue
lyma. The Lycians always kept the reputation  at Athens, was one of the three accusers of
they have in Homer as brave warriors. They Sqcrates, and prepared the case against him.
and the Cilicians were the only people west of When the Athenians repented of their condemthe Halys whom Crcesus did not conquer, and nation of Socrates, they put Meletus to death,
they were the last who resisted the Persians. and banished Anytus and Lycon.-2. Of Troas,
Vid. XANTHUS. Under the Persian empire they a distinguished Peripatetic philosopher, and the
must have been a powerful maritime people, as disciple of Straton, whom he succeeded as the
they furnished fifty ships to the fleet of Xerxes. head of the Peripatetic school, B.C. 272. He
After the Macedonian conquest, Lycia formed held that post for more than forty-four years,
part of the Syrian kingdom, from which it was and died at the age of seventy-four. He enjoytaken by the Romans after their victory over ed the patronage of Attalus and Eumenes. He
Antiochus III. the Great, and given to the Rho- was celebrated for his eloquence and for his
dians. It was soon restored to independence, skill in educating boys.  He wrote on the
and formed a flourishing federation of cities, boundaries of good and evil (De Finibus).-[3.
each having its own republican form of govern- A celebrated comic actor of Scarphea, who perment, and the whole presided over by a chief formed before Alexander the Great, and receivmagistrate, called AvKlaCPXnc. There was a fed- ed from him on one occasion a present of ten
eral council, composed of deputies from the talents.]
twenty-three cities of the federation, in which  [LYCOPrONTES (AvicovOvrTf). 1. Son of Authe six chief cities, Xanthus, Patara, Pinara, tophonus, a Theban, who, in conjunction with
Olympus, Myra, and Tlos, had three votes each, Maeon, lay in ambush with fifty men against
certain lesser cities two each, and the rest one Tydeus, but was slain by him. —2. A Trojan
each: this assembly determined matters relat- warrior, slain by Teucer.]
ing to the general government of the country,  LYC6PHRON (AvKc6opcv).. Younger son of
and elected the Lyciarches, as well as the judges Periander, tyrant of Corinth, by his wife Meand the inferior magistrates. Internal dissen- lissa. For details, vid. PERIANDER.-2. Acitizen
sions at length broke up this constitution, and of Pherae, where he put down the government
the country was united by the Emperor Clau- of the nobles and established a tyranny about
dius to the province of Pamphylia, from which B.C. 405. He afterward endeavored to make
it was again separated by Theodosius, who himself master of the whole of Thessaly, and
made it a separate province, with Myra for its in 404 he defeated the Larissaeans and others of
capital. Its cities were numerous and flourish- the Thessalians who opposed him. He was
ing (vid. the articles), and its people celebrated probably the father of JASON of Phere. —3. A
for their probity. Their customs are said to son, apparently, of Jason, and one of the brothers
have resembled those both of the Carians and of Thebe, wife of Alexander, the tyrant of Pheof the Cretans. Respecting the works of art rae, in whose murder he took part, together with
found by Mr. Fellows in Lycia, and now in the his sister and his two brothers, Tisiphonus and
British Museum, vid. XANTHUS.             Pitholaus, 367. On Alexander's death the pow[LvYIDAS (AvstdlC), an Athenian, one of the er appears to have been wielded mainly by Ticouncil of the five hundred, stoned to death by siphonus, though Lycophron had an important
his fellow-citizens because he advised them to sharein the government. Lycophronsucceeded
listen to the proposals of peace offered by Mar- to the supreme power on the death of Tisiphodonus, B.C. 479.]                        ans, but in 352 he was obliged to surrender
455




LYCOPOLIS.                                LYCURGUS.
Pheree to Philip, and withdraw from Thessaly. island, and is mentioned in the Iliad. It was
-4. A grammarian and poet, was a native of generally considered to be a Spartan colony,
Chalcis in Eubcea, and lived at Alexandrea, un- and its inhabitants were celebrated for their
der Ptolemy Philadelphus (B.C. 285-247), who bravery. At a later time it was conquered and
intrusted to him the arrangement of the works destroyed by the Cnosians, but it was afterward
of the comic poets, in the Alexandrean library. rebuilt, and was extant in the seventh century
In the execution of this commission Lycophron  of our era.
drew up an extensive work on comedy. Noth-  LYURGUS (AvKoipyof). 1. Son of Dryas, and
ing more is known of his life. Ovid (Ibis, 533) king of the Edones in Thrace. He is famous
states that he was killed by an arrow. As a for his persecution of Dionysus (Bacchus) and
poet, Lycophron obtained a place in the Tragic his worship in Thrace. Homer relates that, in..
Pleiad. He also wrote a satyric drama. But order to escape from Lycurgus, Bacchus (Diothe only one of his poems which has come down nysus) leaped into the sea, where he was kindly
to us is the Cassandra or Alexandra. This is received by Thetis; and that Jupiter (Zeus)
neither a tragedy nor an epic poem, but a long thereupon blinded the impious king, who died
iambic monologue of one thousand four hundred soon afterward, hated by the immortal gods.
and seventy-four verses, in which Cassandra is This story has received many additions from
made to prophesy the fall of Troy, the advent- later poets and mythographers.  Some relate
ures of the Grecian and Trojan heroes, with that Bacchus (Dionysus), on his expeditions,
numerous other mythological and historical came to the kingdom of Lycurgus, but was
events, going back as early as the fables ofIo expelled by the impious king. Thereupon the
and Europa, and ending with Alexander the god drove Lycurgus mad, in which condition he
Great. The work has no pretensions to poet- killed his son Dryas, and also hewed off one of
ical merit. It is simply a cumbrous store of his legs, supposing that he was cutting down
traditional learning. Its obscurity is proverbial. vines. The country now produced no fruit;
Its author obtained the epithet of the Obscure and the oracle declaring that fertility should
(acOreIv6o). Its stores of learning and its ob- not be restored unless Lycurgus were killed,
scurity alike excited the efforts of the ancient the Edonians carried him to Mount Pangaeus,
grammarians, several of whom wrote comment- where he was torn to pieces by horses. Acaries on the poem.  The only one of these cording to Sophocles (Antig., 955), Lycurgus
works which survives is the Scholia of Isaac was entombed in a rock.-2. King in Arcadia,
and John Tzetzes, which are far more valuable son of Aleus and Neaera, brother of Cepheus
than the poem itself. The best editions are and Auge, husband of Cleophile, Eurynome, or
by Potter, Oxon., 1697, folio; Reichard, Lips., Antinoe, and father of Ancoeus, Epochus, Am1788, 2 vols. 8vo; and Bachmann, Lips., 1828, phidamas, and Iasus. Lycurgus killed Are2 vols. 8vo.                              thous, who used to fight with a club. Lycurgus
LYCOPOLIS (4 AVKiev r6o'Lr: ruins at Siout), a bequeathed this club to his slave Ereuthalion,
city of Upper Egypt, on the western bank of his sons having died before him.-3. Son of
the Nile, between Hermopolis and Ptolemais, Pronax and brother of Amphithea, the wife of
said to have derived its name from the circum- Adrastus. He took part in the war of the Seven
stance that an _Ethiopian army was put to flight against Thebes, and fought with Amphiaraus.
near it by a pack of wolves.              He is mentioned among those whom _EsculaLYCOREA (AvKSpela: Avicupev', AvKcjptof, Av- pius called to life again after their death.-4.
K.peiT-fc), an ancient town at the foot of Mount King of Nemea, son of Pheres and Periclymene,
Lycorea (now Liakura), which was the south- brother of Admetus, husband of Eurydice or
ern of the two peaks of Mount Parnassus. Vid. Amphithea, and father of Opheltes.
PARNASSUS. Hence Apollo derived the surname  LYCURGUs. 1. The Spartan legislator. Of
of Lycoreus. The town Lycorea is said to have his personal history we have no certain inforbeen the residence of Deucalion, and Delphi is mation; and there are such discrepancies realso reported to have been colonized by it.  specting him in the ancient writers, that many
LYCORIS. Vid. CYTHERIS.                 modern critics have denied his real existence
LYcoRTAS (Aw6praaC), of Megalopolis, was the altogether.  The more generally received acfather of Polybius the historian, and the close count about him was as follows: Lycurgus was
friend of Philopcemen, whose policy he always the son of Eunomus, king:of Sparta, and brother
supported. He is first mentioned, in B.C. 189, of Polydectes. The latter succeeded his father
as one of the ambassadors sent to Rome; and as king of Sparta, and afterward died, leaving
his name occurs for the last time in 168.  his queen with child.  The ambitious woman
LYcosURA (Avi6oaovpa: AVK4oaovpEVd: now Pa- proposed to Lycurgus to destroy her offspring
leokrambavos orSidhirokastro, nearStala), a town if he would share the throne with her. He
in the south of Arcadia, and on the northwest- seemingly consented; but when she had given
ern slope of Mount Lycaeus, and near the small birth to a son (Charilaus), he openly proclaimed
river Plataniston, said by Pausanias to have him king, and as next of kin acted as his guardbeen the most ancient town in Greece, and to ian. But, to avoid all suspicion of ambitious
have been founded by Lycaon, the son of Pelas- designs, with which the opposite party charged
gus.                                      him, Lycurgus left Sparta, and set out on his
LYCTus (AtlvTor: AVKTtLos), sometimes called celebrated travels, which have been magnified
LYTTUS (Ai7TTOr), an important town in the east to a fabulous extent. He is said to have visitof Crete, southeast of Cnosus, was situated on ed Crete, and there to have studied the wise
a height of Mount Argaeus, eighty stadia from  laws of Minos.  Next he went to Ionia and
the coast. Its harbor was called Chersonesus. Egypt, and is reported to have penetrated into
It was one of the most ancient cities in the Libya, Iberia, and even India. In Ionia he is
456




LYCURGUS.                                  LYCURGUS.
said to have met either with Homer himself, not chosen either for property qualification or
or at least with the Homeric poems, which he for noble birth. The senate was open to the
introduced into the mother country. The re- poorest citizen, who, during sixty years, had
turn of Lycurgus to Sparta was hailed by all been obedient to the laws and zealous in the
parties. Sparta was in a state of anarchy and performance of his duties. The mass of the
licentiousness, and he was considered as the people, that is, the Spartans of pure Doric deman who alone could cure the growing diseases scent, formed the sovereign power of the state.
of the state. He undertook the task; yet, be- The popular assembly consisted of every Sparfore he set to work, he strengthened himself tan of thirty years of age and of unblemished
with the authority of the Delphic oracle, and character; only those were excluded who had
with a strong party of influential men at Sparta. not the means of contributing their portion to
The reform seems not to have been carried al- the syssitia. They met at stated times, to detogether peaceably. The new division of the cide on all important questions brought before
land among the citizens must have violated them, after a previous discussion in the senate.
many existing interests.  But all opposition They had no right of amendment, but only that
was overborne, and the whole constitution, mil- of simple approval or rejection, which was given
itary and civil, was remodelled. After Lycur- in the rudest form possible, by shouting. The
gus had obtained for his institutions an approv- popular assembly, however, had neither freing oracle of the national god of Delphi, he ex- quent nor very important occasions for directly
acted a promise from the people not to make exerting their sovereign power. Their chief
any alteration in his laws before his return. activity consisted in delegating it; hence arose
And now he left Sparta to finish his life in vol- the importance of the ephors, who were the
untary exile, in order that his countrymen might representatives of the popular element of the
be bound by their oath to preserve his-consti- constitution. The ephors answer in every chartution inviolate forever. Where and how he acteristic feature to the Roman tribunes of the.died nobody could tell. He vanished from the people. Their origin was lost in obscurity and
earth like a god, leaving no traces behind but insignificance; but at the end they engrossed
his spirit; and he was honored as a god at the whole power of the state. With reference
Sparta with a temple and yearly sacrifices down to their subjects, the few Spartans formed a
to the latest times. The date of Lycurgus is most decided aristocracy. On the conquest of
variously given, but it is impossible to place it Peloponnesus by the Dorians, part of the anlater than B.C. 825. Lycurgus was regarded cient inhabitants of the country, under name
through all subsequent ages as the legislator of the Periceci, were allowed, indeed, to retain
of Sparta, and therefore almost all the Spartan their personal liberty, but lost all civil rights,
institutions were ascribed to him as their author. and were obliged to pay to the state a rent for
We therefore propose to give here a sketch of the land that was left them. But a great part
the Spartan constitution, referring for details to of the old inhabitants were reduced to a state
the Dict. of Antiq.; though we must not imag- of perfect slavery, different from that of the
ine that this constitution was entirely the work slaves of Athens and Rome, and more similar
of Lycurgus. The Spartan constitution was to the villanage of the feudal ages. These were
of a mixed nature: the monarchical principle called Helots. They were allotted with patches
was represented by the kings, the aristocracy  of land to individual members of the ruling
by the senate, and the democratical element by class. They tilled the land, and paid a fixed
the assembly of the people, and subsequently by rent to their masters, not, as the periceci, to the
their representatives, the ephors. The kings state. The numnber of these miserable creathad originally to perform the common functions ures was large. They were treated with the
of the kings of the heroic age. They were utmost cruelty by the Spartans, and were frehigh priests, judges, and leaders in war; but in quently put to death by their oppressors. The
all of these departments they were in course Spartans formed, as it were, an army of invadof time superseded more or less. As judges ers in an enemy's country, their city was a
they retained only a particular branch of juris- camp, and every man a soldier. At Sparta, the
diction, that referring to the succession of prop- citizen only existed for the state; he had no
erty. As military commanders, they were re- interest but the state's, and no property but
stricted and watched by commissioners sent by what belonged to the state. It was a fundathe senate; the functions of high p'riest were mental principle of the constitution, that all citicurtailed least, perhaps because least obnoxious. zens were entitled to the enjoyment of an equal
In compensation for the loss of power, the kings portion of the common property.  This was
enjoyed great honors, both during their life and done in order to secure to the commonwealth
after their death. Still the principle of mon- a large number of citizens and soldiers, free
archy was very weak among the Spartans. The from labor for their sustenance, and able to depowers of the senate were very imp6rtant: they vote their whole time to warlike exercises, in
had the right of originating and discussing all order thus to keep up the ascendency of Sparta
measures before they could be submitted to the over her periceci and helots. The Spartan.s were
decision of the popular assembly; they had, in to be warriors, and nothing but warriors. Thereconjunction with the ephors, to watch over the fore, not only all mechanical labor was thought
due observance of the laws and institutions; to degrade them; not only was husbandry deand they were judges in all criminal cases, spised and neglected, and commerce prevented,
without being bound by any written code. For or at least impeded, by prohibitive laws and by
all this they were not responsible, holding their the use of iron money, but also the nobler arts
office for life. But with all these powers, the'and sciences were so effectually stifled, that
elders forned no real aristocracy. They were Sparta is a blank in the history of the arts and
457




LYCUS.                                    LYDIA.
literature of Greece. The state took care of a ship of Labdacus. He surrendered the king.
Spartan from his cradle to his grave, and super- dom to Labdacus when the latter had grown up.
intended his education in the minutest points. On the death of Labdacus, soon afterward, LyThis was not confined to his youth, but extend- cus again succeeded to the government of
ed throughout his whole life. The syssitia, or, Thebes, and undertook the guardianship of
as they were called at Sparta, phiditia, the corn- Laius, the son of Labdacus. Lycus marched
mon meals, may be regarded as an educational against Epopeus, whom he put to death (acinstitution; for at these meals subjects of gen- cording to other accounts, Epopeus fell in the
eral interest were discussed and political ques- war with Nycteus), and he carried away Antiotions debated. The youths and boys used to pe to Thebes. She was treated with the greateat separately from the men, in their own divi- est cruelty by Dirce, the wife of Lycus; in resions.-2. A Lacedaemonian, who, though not venge for which, her sons by Jupiter (Zeus),
of the royal blood, was chosen king in B.C. Amphion and Zethus, afterward put to death
220, together with Agesipolis III., after the both Lycus and Dirce. Vid. AMPHION.-3. Son
death of Cleomenes. It was not long before he of No. 2, or, according to others, son of Nepdeposed his colleague and made himself sole tune (Poseidon), was also king of Thebes. In
sovereign, though under the control of the the absence of Hercules, Lycus attempted to
ephori. He carried on war against Philip V. kill his wife Megara and her children, but was
of Macedon and the Acheans. He died about afterward put to death by Hercules.-4. Son of
210, and Machanidas then made himself tyrant. Pandion, and brother of _.Egeus, Nisus, and
-3. An Attic orator, son of Lycophron, who Pallas. He was expelled by AEgeus, and took
belongedto the noble family of the Eteobutadse, refuge in the country of the Termili, which was
was born at Athens about B.C. 396. He was called Lycia after him. He was honored at
a disciple of Plato, and Isocrates. In public life Athens as a hero, and the Lyceum derived its
he was a warm supporter of the policy of De- hame from him. He is said to have introduced
mosthenes, and was universally admitted to be the Eleusinian mysteries into Andania in Mesone of the most virtuous citizens and upright senia. He is sometimes, also, described as an
statesmen of his age. He was thrice appointed ancient prophet, and the family of the LycomeTamias or manager of the public revenue, and doe, at Athens, traced their name and origin
held this office each time for five years, begin- from him.-5. Son of Dascylus, and king of the
ning with.337. He discharged the duties of Mariandynians, who received Hercules and the
this office with such ability and integrity, that Argonauts with hospitality.-[6. A companion
he raised the public revenue to the sum of twelve of 2Eneas in his voyage from Troy to Italy: he
hundred talents. One of his laws enacted that was slain by Turnus'in Italy.]-7. Of Rhegibronze statues should be erected to Eschylus, um, the father, real or adoptive, of the poet LySophocles, and Euripides, and that copies of cophron, was an historical writer in the time of
their tragedies should be preserved in the pub- Demetrius Phalereus.
lie archives. He often appeared as a success-  LYcus (AVKcoc), the name of several rivers,
ful accuser in the Athenian courts, but he him- which are said to be so called from the impetuself was as often accused by others, though he osity of their current. 1. (Now Kilij), a little
always succeeded in silencing his enemies. He river of Bithynia, falling into the sea south of
died while holding. the office of president of the Heraclea Pontica.-2. (Now Germeneh-Chai),
theatre of Dionysus in 323. A fragment of an a considerable river of Pontus, rising in the
inscription, containing an account of his admin- mountains on the north of Armenia Minor, and
istration of the finances, is still extant. There flowing west into the Iris at Eupatoria. -3.
were fifteen orations of Lycurgus extant in an- (Now Choruk-Su), a considerable river of Phrygtiquity; but only one has come down to us en- ia, flowing from east to west past Colossme and
tire, the oration against Leocrates, which was Laodicea into the Maeander. —4. (Now Nahr-eldelivered in 330. The style is noble and grand, Kelb), a river of Phoenicia, falling into the sea
but neither elegant nor pleasing. The oration north of Berytus.-5. (Now Great Zab or Uluis printed in the various collections of the Attic Su), a river of Assyria, rising in the mountains
orators. [Separately by A. G. Becker, Magde- on the south of Armenia, and flowing southburg, 1821; and by Meetzner, Berlin, 1836. The west into the Tigris, just below Larissa (now
fragments of his other orations are collected Nimroud). It is undoubtedly the same as the
by Kiessling, Lycurgi Deperd. Oratt. Fragmenta, Zabatus of Xenophon.
Halle, 1847.]  Vid. DEMOSTHENES.            LYDDA (ra Avd6a, n Av'66d: now Lud), a town
LYcus (AvKoC). 1. Son of Neptune (Posei- of Palestine, southeast of Joppa and northwest
don) and Celeno, who was transferred by his of Jerusalem, at the junction of several roads
father to the islands of the blessed. By Alcy- which lead from the sea-coast, was destroyed
one, the sister of Celano, Neptune (Poseidon) by the Romans in the Jewish war, but soon aftbegot Hyrieus, the father of the following.-2. er rebuilt, and called Diospolis.
Son of Hyrieus and Clonia, and brother of Nyc-  [LYDE (Avdi), the wife or mistress of the poet
teus. Polydorus, king of Thebes, married the Antimachus, dearly beloved by him: he followdaughter of Nycteus, by whom he had a son, ed her to Lydia, but she appears to have died
Labdacus; and on his death he left the gov- early, and the poet sought to allay his grief by
ernaent of Thebes and the guardianship of the composition of an elegy, which he named,
Labdacus to his father-in-law. Nycteus after- from her, Lyde.]
ward fell in battle against Epopeus, king of Si-  LYDIA (Avdia:' Avdof, Lydus), a district of
cyon, who had carried away his beautiful daugh- Asia Minor, in the middle of the western side of
ter Antiope. Lycus succeeded his brother in the peninsula, between Mysia on the north and
the government of Thebes and in the guardian- Caria on the south, and between Phrygia on
458




LYDIA.                                    LYDUS.
the east and the 2Egean Sea on the west. Its names and computed dates were: (1.) GYGs,
boundaries varied so much at different times B.C. 716-678; (2.) ARDYS, 678-629; (3.) SADYthat they can not be described with any ap- ATTES, 629-617; (4) ALYATTES, 617-560; (5.)
proach to exactness till we come to the time CRcEsus, 560 (or earlier)-546; under whose
of the Roman rule over Western Asia. At that names an account is given of the rise of the
time the northern boundary, toward Mysia, was Lydian empire in Asia Minor, and of its overthe range of mountains which form the northern throw by the Persians under Cyrus. Under
margin of the valley of the Hermus, called Sar- these kings, the Lydians appear to have been a
dene, a southwestern branch of the Phrygian highly civilized, industrious, and wealthy peoOlympus; the eastern boundary, toward Phryg- ple, practicing agriculture, commerce, and mania, was an imaginary line; and the southern ufactures, and acquainted with various arts;
boundary, toward Caria, was the River Maean- and exercising, through their intercourse with
der, or, according to some authorities, the range the Greeks of Ionia, an important influence on
of mountains which, under the name of Messo- the progress of Greek civilization. Among the
gis (now Kastane Dagh), forms the northern inventions or improvements which the Greeks
margin of the valley of the Maeander, and is a are said to have derived from them were the
northwestern prolongation of the Taurus. From  weaving and dyeing of fine fabrics; various
the eastern part of this range, in the southeast- processes of metallurgy; the use of gold and
ern corner of Lydia, another branches off tothe silver money, which the Lydians are said first
northwest, and runs to the west far out into the to have coined, the former from the gold found
JEgean Sea, where it forms the peninsula oppo- on Tmolus and from the golden sands of the
site to the island of Chios. This chain, which Pactolus; and various metrical and musical
is called Tmolus (now Kisilja Musa Dagh), di- improvements, especially the scale or mode of
vides Lydia into two unequal valleys, of which music called the Lydian, and the form of the
the southern and smaller is watered by the Riv- lyre called the magadis. (Vid. Diet. of Antiq.,
er C.vYSTER, and the northern forms the great art. MusICA.) The Lydians had, also, public
plain of the HERnMUs: these valleys are very games similar to those of the Greeks. Their
beautiful and fertile, and that of the Hermus, high civilization, however, was combined with
especially, is one of the most delicious regions a lax morality, and, after the Persian conquest,
of the earth. The eastern part of Lydia, and when they were forbidden by Cyrus to carry
the adjacent portion of Phrygia, about the up- arms, they sank gradually into a by-word for efper course of the Hermus and its tributaries, is feminate luxuriousness, and their very name
an elevated plain, showing traces of volcanic and language had almost entirely disappeared
action, and hence called Catacecaumene (Kara- by the commencement of our era. Under the
KceKavuEvyn). In the boundaries of Lydia, as just Persians, Lydia and Mysia formed the second
described, the strip of coast belonging to IONIA satrapy. After the Macedonian conquest, Lydia
is included, but the name is sometimes used in belonged first to the kings of Syria, and next
a narrower signification, so as to exclude Ionia. (after the defeat of Antiochus the Great by the
In early times the country had another name, Romans) to those of Pergamus, and so passed,
Maeonia (Mfyovi, Matovia), by which alone it is by the bequest of Attalus III., to the Romans,
known to Homer; and this name was after- under whom it formed part of the province of
ward applied specifically to the eastern and Asia.
southern part of Lydia, and then, in contradis-  LYDIADES (AvdlidSi), a citizen of Megalopotinction to it, the name Lydia was used for the lis, who, though of an obscure family, raised
northwestern part. In the mythical legends, himself to the sovereignty of his native city
the common name of the people and country, about B.C. 244. In 234 he voluntarily abdicaLydi and Lydia, is derived from Lydus, the son ted the sovereignty, and permitted Megalopolis
of Atys, the first king. The Lydians appear to to join the Achaean league as a free state.
have been a race closely connected with the He was elected several times general of the
Carians and the Mysians, with whom they ob- Achean league, and became a formidable rival
served a common worship in the temple of Ju- to Aratus. He fell in battle against Cleomepiter (Zeus) Carius at Mylasa: they also prac- nes, 226.
ticed the worship of Cybele and other Phrygian  LYDYAS or LUDIAS (Avniac, Ion. Av6irl, Aovcustoms. Amid the uncertainties of the early d61a: now Karasmak or Mavronero), a river in
legends, it is clear that Lydia was a very early Macedonia, rises in Eordaea, passes Edessa,
seat of Asiatic civilization, and that it exerted a and, after flowing through the lake on which
very important influence on the Greeks. The Pella is situated, falls into the Axius a short
Lydian monarchy, which was founded at Sar- distance from the Thermaic Gulf. In the updis before the time of authentic history, grew  per part of its course it is called the Eord2ean
up into an empire, under which the many dif- River ('Eopd6a/coc 7roTa/cO) by Arrian. Herodoferent tribes of Asia Minor west of the River tus (vii., 127), by mistake, makes the Lydias
Halys were for the first time united. Tradition unite with the Haliacmon, the latter of which
mentioned three dynasties of kings: the Atya- is west of the former.
doe, which ended (according to the backward  LYDUS (Avd6O), son of Atys and Callithea, and
computations ofchronologers) about B.C. 1221; brother of Tyrrhenus, said to have been the
the Heraclidae, which reigned five hundred and mythical ancestor of the Lydians.
five years, down to 716; and the Mermnade,  LYDUS, JOANNES LAURENTIUS, was born at
one hundred and sixty years, down to 556. Philadelphia, in Lydia (whence he is called LyOnly the last dynasty can be safely regarded dus or the Lydian), in A.D. 490. He held vaas historical, and the fabulous element has a rious public offices, and lived to an advanced
large place in the details of their history: their age. He wrote, 1. Ilepti prvfW  cvyypa<?, De
459




LYGDAMIS.                                 LYSANDER.
l/ensibus Liber, of which there are two epito- of Egyptus, whose life was saved by his wife
mae, or summaries, and a fragment extant. 2. Hypermnestra, when all his other brothers were
Tiept (pXWv, Ic. r. A., De Magistratibus Reipublicce murdered by the daughters of Danaus on their
Romance. 3. Iespl dioa7/eLjtv, De Ostentis. The wedding night. Vid..lGYPTUS. Danaus therework De Mensibus is an historical commentary upon kept Hypermnestra in strict confinement,
on the Roman calendar, with an account of the but was afterward prevailed upon to give her
various festivals, derived from a great number to Lynceus, who succeeded him on the throne
of authorities, most of which have perished. of Argos. According to a different legend, LynOf the two summaries of this curious work, the ceus slew Danaus and all the sisters of Hypermlarger one is by an unknown hand, the shorter nestra in revenge for his brothers. Lynceus
one by Maximus Planudes. The work DeMa- was succeeded as king of Argos by his son
g'istratibus was thought to have perished, but ABAs.-2. Son of Aphareus and Arene, and
was discovered by Villoison in the suburbs of brother of Idas, was one of the Argonauts, and
Constantinople, in 1785. The best edition of famous for his keen sight.  He is also menthese works is by Bekker, Bonn, 1837.     tioned among the Calydonian hunters, and was
LYGDAMIS (Avsyd(ayt). 1. Of Naxos, a distin- slain by Pollux.  For details respecting his
guished leader of the popular party of the island death, vid. p. 266, b.-[3. A Trojan, companion
in the struggle with the oligarchy. He con- of.Eneas, slain byTurnus in Italy.]-4. Of Saquered the latter, and obtained thereby the mos, the disciple of Theophrastus, and the brothchief power in the state. He assisted Pisistra- er of the historian Duris, was a contemporary
tus in his third return to Athens; but, during of Menander, and his rival in comic poetry. He
his absence, his enemies seem to have got the survived Menander, upon whom he wrote a
upper hand again; for Pisistratus afterward book.  He seems to have been more distinsubdued the island, and made Lygdamis tyrant guished as a grammarian and historian than as
of it, about B.C. 540. In 532 he assisted Poly- a comic poet.
crates in obtaining the tyranny of Samos.-2.  LYNcus, king of Scythia, or, according to othFather of Artemisia, queen of Halicarnassus, ers, of Sicily, endeavored to murder Triptolethe contemporary of Xerxes.-3. Tyrant of Hal- mus, who came to him with the gifts of Ceres
icarnassus, the son of Pisindelis, and the grand- (Demeter), but he was metamorphosed by the
son of Artemisia. The historian Herodotus is goddess into a lynx.
said to have taken an active part in delivering  [LYNCUS (AvyIOcc), capital of Lyncestis. Vid.
his native city from the tyranny of this Lygda- LYNCESTIS.]
mis.                                        LYRCEA or LYRCEUM (Avpiceia, AvpKceeov), a
LYGII or LIGYI, an important people in Ger- small town in Argolis, situated on a mountain
many, between the Viadus (now Oder) and the of the same name.
Vistula, in the modern Silesia and Posen, were  LYRNEssus (Avpvnc6rg), a town in the intebounded by the Burgundiones on the north, the rior of Mysia, in Asia Minor, frequently menGoths on the east, the Bastarnae and Osi on the tioned by Homer: destroyed before the time of
west, and the Marsingi, Silingae, and Semnones Strabo.
on the south. They were divided into several  LYSANDER (Avicavdpof), a Spartan, was of
tribes, the chief of which were the Manimi, servile origin, or, at least, the offspring of a
Duni, Elysii, Burii, Arii, Naharvali, and Helve- marriage between a freeman and a woman of
conae. They first appear in history as mem- inferior condition. He obtained the citizenship,
bers of the great Marcomannic league formed and became one of the most distinguished of
by Maroboduus in theJreigns of Augustus and the Spartan generals and diplomatists. In B.C.
Tiberius. In the third century some of the 407, he was sent out to-succeed Cratesippidas
Lygii migrated with the Burgundians westward, in the command of the fleet off the coasts of
and settled in the country bordering on the Asia Minor.  He fixed his head-quarters at
Rhine.                                    Ephesus, and soon obtained great influence, not
[LYGINUS (Avy7vOc), a river of Thrace in the only with the Greek cities, but also with Cyrus,
territory of the Triballi, emptying into the Pon- who supplied him with large sums of money to
tus Euxinus.]                             pay his sailors. Next year, 406, he was suc[LYMAx (Avuaf), a small river in the south- ceeded by Callicratidas. In one year the repwest of Arcadia, which empties into the Neda utation and influence of Lysander had become
near Phigalea.]                           so great, that Cyrus and the Spartan allies in
LYNCESTIS (AvyKicq(ri), a district in the south- Asia requested the Lacedamonians to appoint
west of Macedonia, north of the River Erigon, Lysander again to the command of the fleet.
and upon the frontiers of Illyria. Its inhabit. The Lacedeemonian law, however, did not alants, the LYNCESTmE, were Illyrians, and were low the office of admiral to be held twice by the
originally an independent people, who were same person; and, accordingly, Aracus was sent
governed by their own princes, said to be de- out in 405 as the nominal commander-in-chief,
scended from the family of the Bacchiade. while Lysander, virtually invested with the suThe Lyncesta appear to have become subject preme direction of affairs, had the title of viceto Macedonia by a marriage between the roy- admiral (ricLroElSVf). In this year he brought
al families of the two countries. The ancient the Peloponnesian war to a conclusion by the
capital of the country was LYNCUS (m AnYCYoc), defeat and capture of the Athenian feet off
though HERACLEA, at a later time, became the JEgospotami. Only eight Athenian ships made
chief town in the district. Near Lyncus was a their escape under the command of Conon. He
river, the waters of which are said to have been afterward sailed to Athens, and in the spring of
as intoxicating as wine. (Ov., Met., xv., 329.). 404 the city capitulated; the long walls and
LYNCEJs (Avy7eVg). 1. One of the fifty sons the fortifications of the Piraus were destroyed,
469




LYSANDRA.                                  LYSICLES.
and an oligarchical form of government estab- 1 at Athens B.C. 458. He was the son of Cephalished, known by the name of the Thirty Ty- lus, who was a native of Syracuse, and had takrants. Lysander was now by far the most pow- en up his abode at Athens on the invitation of
erful man in Greece, and he displayed more Pericles. At the age of fifteen, Lysias and his
than the usual pride and haughtiness which dis- brothers joined the Athenians who went as coltinguished the Spartan commanders in foreign onists to Thurii in Italy, 443. He there comcountries. He was passionately fond of praise, pleted his education under the instruction of two
and took care that his exploits should be cele- Syracusans, Tisias and Nicias. He afterward
brated by the most illustrious poets of his time. enjoyed great esteem among the Thurians, and
He always kept the. poet Chemrilus in his ret- seems to have taken part in the administration
inue, and his praises were also sung by Antilo- of the city. After the defeat of the Athenians
chus, Antimachus of Colophon, and Niceratus in Sicily, he was expelled by the Spartan party
of Heraclea. He was the first of the Greeks to from Thurii as a partisan of the Athenians.
whom Greek cities erected altars as to a god, He now returned to Athens, 411. During the
offered sacrifices, and celebrated festivals. His rule of the Thirty Tyrants (404), he was looked
power and ambition caused the Spartan gov- upon as an enemy of the government, his large
ernment uneasiness, and, accordingly, the eph- property was confiscated, and he was thrown
ors recalled him from Asia Minor, to which he into prison; but he escaped, and took refuge at
had again repaired, and for some years kept him  Megara. He joined Thrasybulus and the exwithout any public employment. On the death iles, and, in order to render them effectual asof Agis II. in 397, he secured the succession sistance, he sacrificed all that remained of his
for Agesilaus, the brother of Agis, in opposition fortune.  He gave the patriots two thousand
to Leotychides, the reputed son of the latter. drachmas and two hundred shields, and engaged
He did not receive from Agesilaus the gratitude a band of three hundred mercenaries. Thrasybhe had expected. He was one of the members ulus procured him the Athenian franchise, which
of the council, thirty in number, which was ap- he had not possessed hitherto, since he was the
pointed to accompany the new king in his ex- son of a foreigner; but he was afterward depedition into Asia in 396. Agesilaus purposely prived of this right because it had been conferthwarted all his designs, and refused all the red without a probuleuma. Henceforth he lived
favors which he asked. On his return to Spar- at Athens as an isoteles, occupying himself, as
ta, Lysander resolved to bring about the change it appears, solely with writing judicial speeches
he had long meditated in the Spartan constitu- for others, and died in 378, at the age of eighty.
tion, by abolishing hereditary royalty, and mak- Lysias wrote a great number of orations, and
ing the throne elective. He is said to have at- among those which were current under his
tempted to obtain the sanction of the gods in name, the ancient critics reckoned two hundfavor of his scheme, and to have tried in suc- red and thirty as genuine. Of these, thirty-five
cession the oracles of Delphi, Dodona, and Ju- only are extant, and even some of these are inpiter (Zeus) Ammon, but without success. He complete, and others are probably spurious.
does not seem to have ventured upon any overt Most of these orations were composed after his
act, and his enterprise was cut short by his return from Thurii to Athens. The only one
death in the following year., On the breaking which he delivered himself is that against Eraout of the Bceotian war in 395, Lysander was tosthenes, 403. The language of Lysias is perplaced at the head of one army and the king fectly pure, and may be regarded as one of the
Pausanias at the head of another. Lysander best specimens of the Attic idiom. All the anmarched against Haliartus, and perished in bat- cient writers agreed that his orations were distie under the walls, 395.                 tinguished by grace and elegance. His style is
LYSANDRA (Avadvdpa), daughter of Ptolemy always clear and lucid, and his delineations of
Soter and Eurydice, the daughter of Antipater. character striking and true to life. The oraShe was married first to Alexander, the son of tions of Lysias are contained in the collections
Cassander, king of Macedonia, and after his of the Attic orators.  Vid.DEIOSTHENES. The
death to Agathocles, the son of Lysimachus. best separate editions are by Foertsch, Lips.,
After the murder of her second husband, B.C. 1829; and by Franz, Monac., 1831.-[2. One of
284 (vid. AGATHOCLES, NO. 3), she fled to Asia, the Athenian generals at the battle of the Arand besought assistance. from Seleucus. The ginuss islands: on his return to Athens he was
latter, in consequence, marched against Lysim- accused of having neglected to carry off the
achus, who was defeated and slain in battle, 281. bodies of the dead, was condemned and exeLYSANIAS (Avaavial).  1. Tetrarch of Abi- cuted.-3. A general and minister of Antiochus
lene, was put to death by Antony to gratify Epiphanes, who was charged with the prosecuCleopatra, B.C. 36.-2. A descendant of the tion of the war against the Jews, but his armies
last, who was tetrarch of Abilene at the time were totally defeated by Judas Maccabaeus: he
when our Saviour entered upon his ministry subsequently compelled Maccab us to retire to
(Luke, iii., 1).                          Jerusalem, and there shut him up, till the ap[LYSANIAS (AvaavLa), a Greek grammarian, proach of his rival, Philip, made him grant the
of Cyrene, author of a work nepi'Iu6o7rsotwv. Jews favorable terms. Lysias subsequently fell
Suidas speaks of him as the instructor of Era- into the hands of the young prince Demetrius,
tosthenes.]                               whom he had opposed, and was by him put to
[LYSIADES, an Epicurean philosopher of Ath- death.3
ens, son of the celebrated philosopher Phaedrus,  [LYSICLES (Avatclc).). 1. Sent out by the
contemporary with Cicero, who attacks his ap- Athenians with four colleagues, in command of
pointment by Antony as a judge.]         twelve ships, for raising money among the alLYSIAS (Avtia). 1. An Attic orator, was born lies, B.C. 428. He was attacked, in an expedi461




LYSIMACHIA.                                LYSIPPUS.
tion up the plain of the Mmander, by some Ca- stored him to liberty. In 288 Lysimachus united
rians and Samians of Anea, and fell, with many with Ptolemy, Seleucus, and Pyrrhus in a cornof his men.-2. One of the commanders of the mon league against Demetrius, who had for
Athenian army at the battle of Chaeronea, B.C.' some years been in possession of Macedonia,
338, was subsequently condemned to death on and was now preparing to march into Asia.
the accusation of the orator Lycurgus.]   Next year, 287, Lysimachus and Pyrrhus inLYSIMACHIA or -EA (AvouayXia, AvaiydXeta: vaded Macedonia. Demetrius was abandoned
AvaCxe^s6C). 1. (Now Eksemil), an important by his own troops, and was compelled to seek
town on the northeast of the Gulf of Melas, and safety in flight. Pyrrhus for a time obtained
on the isthmus connecting the Thracian Cher- possession of the Macedonian throne, but he
sonesus with the main land, was founded B.C. was expelled by Lysimachus in 286. Lysim309 by Lysimachus, who removed to his new  achus was now in possession of all the domincity the greater part of the inhabitants of the ions in Europe that had formed part of the Maceneighboring town of Cardia.  It was subse- donian monarchy, as well as of the greater part
quently destroyed by the Thracians, but was of Asia Minor.  He remained in undisturbed
restored by Antiochus the Great. Under the possession of these vast dominions till shortly
Romans it greatly declined; but Justinian built before his death. His downfall was occasioned
a strong fortress on the spot, which he called by a dark domestic tragedy. His wife Arsinoe,
HEXAMILIUM ('Efa/2utov), doubtless from the daughter of Ptolemy Soter, had long hated her
width of the isthmus, under which name it is step-son Agathocles, and at length, by false acmentioned in the Middle Ages.-2. A town in cusations, induced Lysimachus to put his son to
the southwest of AJhtolia, near Pleuron, situated death. This bloody deed alienated the minds
on a lake of the same name, which was more of his subjects, and many cities of Asia broke
anciently called Hydra.                   out into open revolt. Lysandra, the widow of
LYSIMACHUS (Avouyaxof), king of Thrace, was Agathocles, fled with her children to the court
a Macedonian by birth, and one of Alexander's of Seleucus, who forthwith invaded the domingenerals, but of mean origin, his father Agath- ions of Lysimachus. The two monarchs met
odes having been originally a Penest or serf in in the plain of Corus (Corupedion), and LysimSicily. He was early distinguished for his un- achus fell in the battle that ensued, B.C. 281.
daunted courage, as well as for his great activ- He was in his eightieth year at the time of his
ity and strength of body. We are told by Q. death.  Lysimachus founded LYSIMACHIA, on
Curtius that Lysimachus, when hunting in Syr- the Hellespont, and also enlarged and rebuilt
ia, had killed a lion of immense size single- many other cities.
handed; and this circumstance that writer re-  LYSIMELIA (\ AvaijtyEea Xtieivr), a marsh near
gards as the origin of a fable gravely related by Syracuse in Sicily, probably the same as the
many authors, that, on account of some offence, marsh more anciently called Syraco, from which
Lysimachus had been shut up by order of Alex- the town of Syracuse is said to have derived its
ander in the same den with a lion; but, though name.
unarmed, had succeeded in destroying the ani-  LYSINE (Avatvol: now Agelan?), a town in
mal, and was pardoned by the king in consid- Pisidia, south of the Lake Ascania.
eration of his courage. In the division of the  LYSIPPUS (ArrwTTOc). 1. OfSicyon,oneofthe
provinces after the death of Alexander (B.C. most distinguished Greek statuaries, was a con323), Thrace, and the neighboring countries as temporary of Alexander the Great. Originally
far as the Danube, were assigned to Lysima- a simple workman in bronze (faber erarius), he
chus. For some years he was actively engaged rose to the eminence which he afterward obin war with the warlike barbarians that border- tained by the direct study of nature. He reed his province on the north. At length, in 315, jected the last remains of the old conventional
he joined the league which Ptolemy, Seleucus, rules which the early artists followed. In his
and Cassander had formed against Antigonus, imitation of nature the ideal appears almost to
but he did not take any active part in the war have vanished, or perhaps it should rather be
for some time. In 306 he took the title of king, said that he aimed to idealize merely human
when it was assumed by Antigonus, Ptolemy, beauty. He made statues of gods, it is true;
Seleucus, and Cassander. In 302 Lysimachus but even in this field of art his favorite subject
crossed over into Asia Minor to oppose Antigo- was the human hero Hercules; while his pornus, while Seleucus also advanced against the traits seem to have been the chief foundation
latter from the East. In 301 Lysimachus and of his fame. The works of Lysippus are said to
Seleucus effected a junction, and gained a de- have amounted to the enormous number of one
cisive victory at Ipsus over Antigonus and his thousand five hundred. They were almost all, if
son Demetrius.  Antigonus fell on the field, not all, in bronze; inconsequence of which, none
and Demetrius became a fugitive. The con- of them are extant. He made statues of Alexquerors divided between them the dominions ander at all periods of life, and in manydifferof the vanquished, and Lysimachus obtained for ent positions. Alexander's edict is well known,
hissshare all that part of Asia Minor extending that no one should paint him but Apelles, and
from the Hellespont and the 2Egean to the heart no one make his statue but Lysippus. The most
of Phrygia. In 291 Lysimachus crossed the celebrated of these statues was that in which
Danube and penetrated into the heart of the Alexander was represented with a lance, which
country of the Getae; but he was reduced to was considered as a sort of companion to the
the greatest distress by want of provisions, and picture of Alexander wielding a thunderbolt, by
was ultimately compelled to surrender with his Apelles.-[2. A Lacedaemonian, harmost for a
whole army. Dromichates, king of the Getse, time at Epitalium in Elis: he devastated the
treated him with the utmost generosity, and re- Elean territory, and compelled them to sue for
462




LYSIS.                                 MACCABJEI.
peace, B.C. 399.-3. An Arcadian, a comic poet father of Judas Maccabaeus, or, in a shorter
of the old comedy, gained the first prize B.C. form, Asmoncei or Hasmonzmi. This family first
434: a few fragments of his comedies are pre- obtained distinction from the attempts which
served in Meineke, Fragm. Comic. Grcec., vol. i., were made by Antiochus IV. Epiphanes, king of
p. 421-3, edit. minor.]                   Syria, to root out the worship of Jehovah, and
LYSIS (AVoe,), an eminent Pythagorean philos- introduce the Greek religion among the inhabopher, who, driven out of Italy in the persecu- itants of Judaea. Antiochus published an edict,
tion of his sect, betook himself to Thebes, and which enjoined uniformity of worship throughbecame the teacher of Epaminondas, by whom  out his dominions. At Modin, a town not far
he was held in the highest esteem.        from Lydda, lived Mattathias, a man of the
LYSIs, a river of Caria, only mentioned by priestly line and of deep religious feeling, who
Livy (xxxviii., 15).                      had five sons in the vigor of their days, John,
LYSISTRATUS, of Sicyon, the brother of Lysip- Simon, Judas, Eleazar, and Jonathan. WMhen
pus, was a statuary, and devoted himself to the the officer of the Syrian king visited Modin to
making of portraits. He was the first who took enforce obedience to the royal edict, Mattathias
a cast of the human face in gypsum; and from  not only refused to desert the religion of his
this mould he produced copies by pouring into forefathers, but with his own hand struck dead
it melted wax.                            the first renegade who attempted to offer sacri[LYso. 1. A Sicilian of rank at Lilybaeum, fice on the heathen altar. He then put to death
plundered by Verres while praetor of Sicily in the king's officer, and retired to the moentains
B.C. 73-71.-2. A native of Patree, an intimate with his five sons (B.C. 167). Their numbers
friend of Cicero's, who intrusted to his care daily increased; and as opportunities occurred,
Tullius Tiro during his illness at that place: they issued from their mountain-fastnesses, cut
when Lyso subsequently visited Rome, he re- off detachments of the Syrian army, destroyed
ceived great attention from both Tiro and Ci- heathen altars, and restored in many places the
cero.]                                    synagogues and the open worship of the Jewish
LYSTRA (? Avdarpa, ra Avarpa: ruins probably religion. Within a few months the insurrecat KIcracdagh, called Bin Bir Kilisseh), a city of tion at Modin had grown into a war for national
Lycaonia, on the confines of Isauria, celebrated independence.  But the toils of such a war
as one chief scene of the preaching of Paul and were too much for the aged frame of Mattathias,
Barnabas.(Acts, xiv.).                    who died in the first year of the revolt, leaving
the conduct of it to Judas, his third son. 1. JuDAs, who assumed the surname of Maccabaeus,
as has been mentioned above, carried on the
MACm (Metcat). 1. A people on the eastern war with the same prudence and energy with
coast of Arabia Felix, probably about Muscat. — which it had been commenced. After meeting
2. An inland people of Libya, in the Regio Syr- with great success, he at length fell in battle
tica, that is, the part of Northern Africa be- against the forces of Demetrius I. Soter, 160.
tween the Syrtes.                         He was succeeded in the command by his broth-,MACALLA, a town on the eastern coast of er,-2. JONATHAN, who maintained the cause of
Bruttium, which was said to possess the tomb Jewish independence with equal vigor and sucand a sanctuary of Philoctetes.           cess, and became recognized as high-priest of
MACAR or MACAREUS (Mdtcap or Maecapepv). the Jews. He was put to death by Tryphon,
1. Son of Helios (or Crinacus) and Rhodos, fled the minister of Antiochus VI., who treacherfrom Rhodes to Lesbos after the murder of ously got him into his power, 144. Jonathan
Tenages.-2. Son of Alolus. Vid. CANACE.-  was succeeded in the high-priesthood by his
3. Son of Jason and Medea, also called Merme- brother,-3. SIMON; who was the most fortunate
rus or Mormorus.-[4. One of the Lapitha, slew  of the sons of Mattathias, and under whose govthe centaur Erigdupus at the nuptials of Pirith- ernment the country became virtually independous.-5. Of Nericus, one of the companions of ent of Syria. He was murdered by his son-inUlysses.]                                 law Ptolemy, the governor of Jericho, together
MACXRIA (MaKapia), daughter of Hercules and with two of his sons, Judas and Mattathias, 135.
Deianira.                                 His other son, Joannes Hyrcanus, escaped, and
MA.CARIA (Meacapia). I. A poetical name of succeeded his father.-4. JOANNES HYRCANUS I.
several islands, such as Lesbos, Rhodes, and was high-priest 135-105. He did not assume
Cyprus.-2. An island in the southern part of the title of king, but was to all intents and purthe Sinus Arabicus (now Red Sea), off the coast poses an independent monarch.  Vid. HYRCAof the Troglodyte.                        NUS. He was succeeded by his son Aristobu[MACARIUS (Macdptog), a Spartan, was one of lus I.-5. ARIsToBULUS I., was the first of the
the three commanders of the Peloponnesian Maccabees who assumed the kingly title, which
force sent to aid the zEtolians in the reduction was henceforth borne by his successors. His
of Naupactus, B.C. 426, which, however, was reign. lasted only a year, 106-105. Vid. ARIssaved by Demosthenes; he was afterward slain TOBULUS. He was succeeded by his brother,at the battle of Olpe.]                   6. ALEXANDER JANNSEUS, who reigned 105-78.
MACCABEI (MacKKa6alot), the descendants of Vid. ALEXANDER, p. 42, b. He was succeeded
the family of the heroic Judas Maccabi or Mac- by his widow,-7. ALEXANDRA, who appointed
cabaeus, a surname which he obtained from his her son Hyrcanus II. to the priesthood, and held
glorious victories. (From the Hebrew makkab, the supreme power 78-69. On her death in the
"a hammer.") They were also called Asamo- latter year, her son,-8. HYRCANUS II., obtained
nai ('Aaa/uvalot), from Asamonaeus, or Chas- the kingdom, 69, but was supplanted almost immon, the great-grandfather of Mattathias, the mediately afterward by his brother,-9 ARIS
463




MACEDONIA.                                 MACESTUS.
roBULUs II., who obtained the throne 68. Vid. erly direction, forming the boundary between
ARISTOBULUS. For the remainder of the history iMacedonia and Thrace. On the southern fronof the house of the Maccabees; vid. HYRCANUS tier were the CAMBIrNI MONTES and OLYMPUS.
II. and HERODES I.                        The chief rivers were in the direction of east
MACEDONIA (MaKcCeovcta: Matcer66ve), a coun- to west, the NESTUS, the STRYMON, the Axus,
try in Europe, north of Greece, which is said to the largest of all, the LUDIAS or LYDIAS, and the
have derived its name from an ancient King HALIAcMON. The great bulk of the inhabitMacedon, a son of Jupiter (Zeus) and Thyia, a ants of Macedonia consisted of Thracian and
daughter of Deucalion. The name first occurs Illyrian tribes. At an earlyperiod some Greek
in Herodotus, but its more ancient form appears tribes settled in the southern part of the counto have been Macetia (Maerina); and, accord- try. They are said to have come from Argos,
ingly, the Macedonians are sometimes called and to have been led by Gauanes, Aeropus, and
Macetc.  The country is said to have been Perdiccas, the three sons of Temenus the Heraoriginally named Emathia. The boundaries of dlid. Perdiccas, the youngest of the brothers,
Macedonia differed at different periods. In the was looked upon as the founder of the Macedotime of Herodotus the name Macedonis desig- nian monarchy. A later tradition, however, renated only the country to the south and west garded Caranus, who was also a Heraclid from
of the River Lydias.  The boundaries of the Argos, as the founder of the monarchy. These
ancient Macedonian monarchy, before the time Greek settlers intermarried with the original
of Philip, the father of Alexander, were on the inhabitants of the country. The dialect which
south Olympus and the Cambunian Mountains, they spoke was akin to the Doric, but it conwhich separated it from Thessaly and Epirus, tained many barbarous words and forms; and
on the east the River Strymon, which separated the Macedonians were accordingly never reit from Thrace, and on the north and west II- garded by the other Greeks as genuine Hellenes.
lyria and Paeonia, from which it was divided by Moreover, it was only in the south of Macedonia
no Well-defined limits. Macedonia was greatly that the Greek language was spoken; in the
enlarged by the conquests of Philip. He- added north and northwest of the country the Illyrian
to his kingdom Peeonia on the north, so that the tribes continued to speak their own language,
mountains Scordus and Orbelus now separated and to preserve their ancient habits and cusit from Mesia; a part of Thrace on the east as toms. Very little is known of the history of
far as the River Nestus, which Thracian district Macedonia till the reign of Amyntas I., who
was usually called Macedonia adjecta; the pen- was a contemporary of Darius Hystaspis; but
insula Chalcidice on the south; and on the fiom that time their history is more or less inwest a part of Illyria, as far as the Lake Lych- timately connected with that of Greece, till at
nitis. On the conquest of the country by the length Philip, the father of Alexander the Great,
Romans, B.C. 168, Macedonia was divided into became the virtual master of the whole of
four districts, which were quite independent of Greece. The conquests of Alexander extendone another: 1. The country between the Stry- ed the Macedonian supremacy over a great part
mon and the Nestus, with a part of Thrace east of Asia; and the Macedonian kings continued
of the Nestus, as far as the Hebrus, and also to exercise their sovereignty over Greece till
including the territory of Heraclea Sintica and the conquest of Perseus by the Romans, 168,
Bisaltice, west of the Strymon; the capital of brought the Macedonian monarchy to a close.
this district was Amphipolis. 2. The country The details of the Macedonian history are given
between the Strymon and the Axius, exclusive in the lives of the separate kings.
of those parts already named, but including  MACELLA (now Maccllaro), a small fortified
Chalcidice; the capital Thessalonica. 3. The town in the west of Sicily, southeast of Segesta.
country between the Axius and Peneus; the   MACER, JEMILIUS. 1. A Roman poet, a native
capital Pella. 4. The mountainous country in of Verona, died in Asia B.C. 16. He wrote a
the west; the capital Pelagonia. After the poem or poems upon birds, snakes, and mediconquest of the Achaeans in 146, Macedonia cinal plants, in imitation, it would appear, of the
was formed into a Roman province, and Thes- Theriaca of Nicander. (Ov., Trist., iv., 10, 44.)
saly and Illyria were incorporated with it; but, The work nowextant, entitled " 2Emilius Macer
at the same time, the district east of the Nestus de Herbarum Virtutibus," belongs to the Middle
was again assigned to Thrace. The Roman Ages.-2. We must carefully distinguish from
province of Macedonia accordingly extended'Emilius Macer of Verona, a poet Macer, who
from the Jgaean to the Adriatic Seas, and was wrote on the Trojan war, and who must have
bounded on the south by the province of Achaia. been alive in A.D. 12, since he is addressed by
It was originally governed by a proconsul; it Ovid in that year (ex Pont., ii., 10, 2).-3. A
was made by Tiberius one of the provinces of Roman jurist, who lived in the reign of Alexthe Caesar; but it was restored to the senate ander Severus. He wrote several works, exby Claudius. Macedonia may be described as tracts from which are given in the Digest.
a large plain, surrounded on three sides by lofty  MACER, CLODIUS, was governor of Africa at
mountains. Through this plain, however, run Nero's,death, A.D. 68, when he laid claim to the
many smaller ranges of niountains, between throne. He was murdered at the instigation
which are wide and fertile valleys, extending of Galba by the procurator Trebonius Garucifrom the coast far into the interior. The chief anus.
mountains were SCORDUS or SOARDUS, on the   MACER, LICINIUS. Vid. LICINIUS.
northwestern frontier, toward Illyria and Dar-  MACESTUS (M6dci-Croe: now Sinmaul-Su, and
dania; further east, ORBELUS and ScoMIus, lower Susugherli), a considerable river of Mysia,
which separated it from Moesia; and RHODOPE, rises in the northwest of Phrygia, and flows
which extended from Scomius in a southeast- north through Mysia into the Rhyndacus. It
464




MACHAEREUS.                                MACROBIUS.
is probably the same river which Polybius (v., tinguished general, who accompanied Valerian
77) calls Megistus (MVytcroe).            in his expedition against the Persians, A.D.
[iMACEA RsUS (MaLXape'Vf), son of Dsetas of 260. On the capture of that monarch, MacriDelphi, is said to have slain Neoptolemus, the anus was proclaimed emperor, together with
son of Achilles, in a quarrel about the sacrifi- his two sons Macrianus and Quietus. He ascial meat at Delphi.]                     signed the management of affairs in the East
MACHsiRcS (MaxaOpo~v: Maa;tpar7c), a strong to Quietus, and set out with the younger Macborder fortress in the south of Peraea, in Pales- rianus for Italy.  They were encountered by
tine, on. the confines of the Nabathaei: a strong- Aureolus on the confines of Thrace and Illyria,
hold of the Sicarii in the Jewish war. Atradi- defeated and slain, 262. Quietus was shortly
tion made it the place where John the Baptist afterward slain in the East by Odenathus.
was beheaded.                               MACRI CAMPI. Vid. CAMPI MACRI.
MACHANIDAS, tyrant of Lacedsemon, succeed-  MACRINUS, M. OPILIUS SEVERUS, Roman emed Lycurgus about B.C. 210. Like his prede- peror, April, A.D. 217-June, 218. He was born
cessor, he had no hereditary title to the crown, at Caesarea in Mauretania, of humble parents,
but ruled by the swords of his mercenaries A.D. 164, and rose at length to be praefect of the
alone. He was defeated and slain in battle by praetorians under Caracalla. He accompanied
Philopcemen, the general of the Achaean league, Caracalla in his expedition against the Parthiin 207.                                   ans, and was proclaimed emperor after the death
MACHAON (MaXasv), son of 2Esculapius, was of Caracalla, whom he had caused to be assasmarried to Anticlea, the daughter of Diocles, by sinated. He conferred the title of Caesar upon
whom he became the father of Gorgasus, Nico- his son Diadumenianus, and at the same time
machus, Alexanor, Sphyrus, and Polemocrates. gained great popularity by repealing some obTogether with his brother Podalirius, he went noxious taxes. But in the course of the same
to Troy with thirty ships, commanding the men year he was defeated with great loss by the
who came from Tricca, Ithome, and (Echalia. Parthians, and was obliged to retire into Syria.
In this war he acted as the surgeon of the While here, his soldiers, with whom he had beGreeks, and also distinguished himself in battle. come unpopular by enforcing among them order
He was himself wounded by Paris, but was car- and discipline, were easily seduced from their
ried from the field by Nestor. Later writers allegiance, and proclaimed Elagabalus as emmention him as one of the Greek heroes who peror. WVith the troops which remained faithwere concealed in the wooden horse, and he is ful to him, Macrinus marched against the usurpsaid to have cured Philoctetes. He was killed er, but was defeated, and fled in disguise. He
by Eurypylus, the son of Telephus, and he re- was shortly afterward seized in Chalcedon, and
ceived divine honors at Gerenia, in Messenia.  put to death, after a reign of fourteen months.
[MACHARES (MaXdp7Cg), son of Mithradates the  [MACRIs (MaKpif), another name for the islGreat, was appointed by his father king of Bos- and Helena. Vid. HELENA.]
porus. After the repeated defeats of Mithradates  MACRO, N^vius SERTORYUS, a favorite of the
by the Romans, Machares proved a traitor, and Emperor Tiberius, was employed to arrest the
sent supplies to Lucullus: his father, though powerful Sejanus in A.D. 31. On the death of
hard pressed by the Roman troops, marched the latter he was made praefect of the praetoriagainst Machares, and te' latter put himself to ans, an office which he continued to hold for
death to avoid falling into his enraged father's the remainder of Tiberius's reign and during
hands.]                                   the earlier part of Caligula's. Macro was as
MACHLYES (MdCEXvec), a people of Libya, near cruel as Sejanus.  He laid informations; he
the Lotophagi, on the western side of the Lake presided at the rack; and he lent himself to the
Triton, in what was afterward called Africa most savage caprices of Tiberius during the
Propria.                                  last and worst period of his government. DurMACHON (MdXov), of Corinth or Sicyon, a ing the lifetime of Tiberius he paid court to the
comic poet, flourished at Alexandrea, where he young Caligula; and he promoted an intrigue
gave instructions respecting comedy to the between his wife Ennia and the young prince.
grammarian Aristophanes of Byzantium. [Two It was rumored that Macro shortened the last
or three fragments remain, which are given by moments of Tiberius by stifling him with the
Meineke, Fragm. Comic. Grcec., vol. ii., p. 1133- bedding as he recovered unexpectedly from a
4, edit. minor.]                          swoon. But Caligula soon became jealous of
MACISTUS or MACISTUM (MaIVcaro, MaKicGro: Macro, and compelled him to kill himself with
Matiartof), an ancient town of Elis in Triphylia, his wife and children, 38.
northeast of Lepreum, originally called Plata-  MACRoBII (Malcp6tot, i. e., Long-lived), an
nistus (HIIaraLvrovc), and founded by the Cau- _Ethiopian people in Africa, placed by Herodotus
cones.                                    (iii., 17) on the shores of the Southern Ocean..
MACORABA (Marcop(d6a: now Mecca), a city in It is in vain to attempt their accurate identifithe west of Arabia Felix; probably the sacred cation with any known people.
city of the Arabs, even before the time of Mo-  MACROBIUS, the grammarian, whose full name
hammed, and the seat of the worship of Alitat was Ambrosius Aurelius Theodosius Macrobius.
or Alitta under the emblem of a meteoric stone. All we know about him is that he lived' in the
MACRA (now Magra), a small river rising in age.of Honorius and Theodosius, that he was
the Apennines and flowing into the Ligurian probably a Greek, and that he had a son named
Sea near Luna, which, from the time of Au- Eustathius. He states in the preface to, his
gustus, formed the boundary between Liguria Saturnalia that Latin was to him a foreign
and Etruria.                              tongue, and hence we may fairly conclude that
MA cRImANS, one of the thirty tyrants, a dis- he was a Greek by birth, more especially as we
33                                                             465




MACRONES.                                 MzfECENAS.
find numerous Greek idioms in his style. He mountain called Aulocrenas, above Celezen, ia
was probably a pagan. His extant works are, the south of Phrygia, close to the source of the
1. Saturnaliorum Conviviorum Libri VII., con- Marsyas, which immediately joins it. Vid. CEsisting of a series of dissertations on history, LM N E. It flows in a general western direction,
mythology, criticism, and various points of an- with various changes of direction, but on the
tiquarian research, supposed to have been de- whole with a slight inclination to the south.
livered during the holidays of the Saturnalia at After leaving Phrygia, it flows parallel to Mount
the house of Vettius Praetextatus, who was ir- Messogis, on its southern side, forming the
vested with the highest offices of state under boundary between Lydia and Caria, and at last
Valentinian and Valens. The form of the work falls into the Icarian Sea between Myus and
is avowedly copied from the dialogues of Plato, Priene. Its whole length is above one hundred
especially the Banquet: in substance it bears a and seventy geographical miles. The Meeanstrong resemblance to the Noctes Atticae of A. der is deep, but narrow, and very turbid, and
Gellius. The first book treats of the festivals therefore not navigable far up. Its upper course
of Saturnus and Janus, of the Roman calendar, lies chiefly through elevated plains, and partly
&c. The second book commences with a col- in a deep rocky valley: its lower course, for
lection of bon mots, ascribed to the most cele- the last one hundred and ten mniles, is through
bratedwits of antiquity; to these are appended a beautiful wide plain, through which it flows
a series of essays on matters connected with in those numerous windings that have made its
the pleasures of the table. The four following name a descriptive verb (to meander), and which
books are devoted to criticisms on Virgil. The it often inundates. The alteration made in the
seventh book is of a more miscellaneous char- coast about its mouth by its alluvial deposit was
acter than the preceding. 2. Commentarius ex observed by the ancients, and it has been conCicerone in Somnium Scipionis, a tract much tinually going on. Vid. LATMICUS SiNus and
studied during the Middle Ages. The Dream  MILETUS. The tributaries of the Maanderxwere,
of Scipio, contained in the sixth book of Cic- on the right or northern side, the Marsyas,
ero's De Republica, is taken as a text, which Cludrus, Lethweus, and Gaeson, and on the left
suggests a succession of discourses on the or southern side, the Obrimas, Lycus, Harpaphysical constitution of the universe, according sus, and another Marsyas. As a god, Meander
to the views of the New Platonists, together is described as the father of the nymph Cyane,
with notices of some of their peculiar tenets who was the mother of Caunus.  Hence the
on mind as well as matter. 3. De Differentiis latter is called by Ovid (jMet., ix., 573) Meaaxnet Societatibus Grcei Latinique Verbi, a treatise drius juvenis.
purely grammatical, of which only an abridg-  [M~ ANDRIUS (MatSivdptoe), secretary to Polyment is extant, compiled by a certain Joannes. crates, tyrant of Samos, through whose treachThe best editions of the works of Macrobius'ery or incompetency Polycrates was induced to
are by Gronovius, Lugd. Bat., 1670, and by place himself in the power of Orcetes, and was
Zeunius, Lips., 1774: [the first volume of a by him put to death. Maeandrius, upon this, renew and rqore copious critical edition was pub- tained in his own hands the tyranny, until the
lished at Quedlinburg and Leipzig, 1848, edited advance of the Persians under Otanes to place
by Lud. Janus.]                          Syloson, brother of Polycrates, on the throne,
I MACRoNEs (MdarKpvec), a powerful and war- when he capitulated: having brought about the
like Caucasian people on the northeastern shore assassination of the chief Persians, he made his
of the Pontus Euxinus.                    escape to Sparta; the ephori, however, banishMAcTOR1iUM (Macr6ptov: Malcrwpivo~), a town ed him from the Peloponnesus.]
in the south of Sicily, near Gela.          MASCkNAS, C. CILcNIUS, was born some time
MACiNNIA (Matcvvia: MaKvvemc), a town in the between B.C. 73 and 63; and we learn from.south ofzEtolia, near the mountain Taphiassus, Horace (Carm., iv., 11) that his birth-day was
east of Calydon and the Evenus.           the thirteenth of April. His family, though be-,MADAURA or MADURUS (Mde6ovpoc), a town longing wholly to the equestrian order, was of
in northern Numidia, near Tagaste, not to be high antiquity and honor, and traced its descent
confounded with MEDAURA.]                 from the Lucunones of Etruria. His paternal
MADIANITE (MadtavErat, Maclntvaiot, Maclvo[: ancestors, the Cilnii, are mentioned by'Livy (x.,
in the Old Testament, Midianirnm), a powerful 3, 5) as having attainedgreat power and wealth
nomad people in the south of Arabia Petreea, at Arretium about B.C. 301. The maternal
about the bhead of the Red Sea. They carried branch of the family was likewise of Etruscan
on a caravan trade between Arabia and Egypt, origin, and it was from them that the name
and were troublesome enemies of the Israelites of MIecenfs was derived, it being customary
until they were conquered by Gideon. They among the Etruscans to assume the mother's
do not appear in history after the Babylonish as well as the father's name. It is in allusion
captivity.                                to this circumstance that Horace (Sat., i., 6, 3)
[MADOAS (MeadnaC, lon. Madvdp), a king of the mentions both his avus maternus atque paternus
Scythiais, under whom they overran Asia and as having been distinguished by commanding
advanced as far as Egypt: he is called by numerous legions; a passage, by the way, from
Strabo IDANTsuYRSUS.]                     which we are not to infer that the ancestors of
MADiTUS (MduerVTog: MadnSr'o: now lMlaito), Maecenas had ever led the Roman legions. Ala sea-port town on the Thracian Chersonesus. though it is unknown where Mwcenas received
MJEANDER (Maiatvpo~: nowvMenderehorMlein- his education, it must doubtless have been a
der, or Boyuk-.Mendereh, i. e., the Great Men- carefuil one. We learn firom Horace that he
dereh, in contradistinction to the Little Mendereh, was versed both in Greek and Roman literature;
the ancient Cayster), has its source in the and his taste for literary pursuits was shown,
466




MJECENAS.                               MIELIUS, SP.
not only by his patronage of the most eminent cenas that he undertook the Georgics, the most
poets of his time, but also by several perform- finished of all his poems. To Horace he was a
ances of his own, both in verse and prose. It still greater benefactor. He presented him with
has been conjectured that he became acquaint- the means of a comfortable subsistence, a farm
ed with Augustus at Apollonia before the death in the Sabine country. If the estate was but
of Julius Caesar; but he is mentioned for the a moderate one, we learn fiom Horace himself
first time in B.C. 40, and from this year his that the bounty of Mecenas was regulated by
name constantly occurs as one of the chief his own contented views, and not by his pafriends and ministers of Augustus. Thus we tron's want of generosity. (Carm., iii., 16, 38.)
find him employed in B.C. 37 in negotiating Of Maecenas's own literary productions only a
with Antony; and it was probably on this oc- few fragments exist. From these, however,
casion that Horace accompanied him to Brun- and from the notices which we find of his writdisium, a journey which he has described in ings in ancient authors, we are led to think that
the fifth satire of the first book. During the we have not suffered any great loss by their
war with Antony, which was brought to a close destruction; for, although a good judge of litby the battle of Actiumn, Maecenas remained at erary merit in others, he does not appear to
Rome, being intrusted with the administration have been an author of much taste himself. In
of the civil affairs of Italy. During this time his way of life Maecenas was addicted to every
he suppressed the conspiracy of the younger species of luxury. We find several allusions
Lepidus. M-ecenas was not present at the bat- in the ancient authors to the effeminacy of his
tie of Actium, as some critics have supposed; dress. He was fond of theatrical entertainand the first epode of Horace probably-does not ments, especially pantomimes, as may be inrelate at all to Actium, but to the Sicilian ex- ferred from his patronage of Bathyllus, the celpedition against Sextus Pompeius. On the re- ebrated dancer, who was a freedman of his..turn of Augustus from Actium, Maecenas en- That moderation of character which led him to
joyed a greater share of his favor than ever, be content with his equestrian rank, probably
and, in conjunction with Agrippa, had the man- arose from his love of ease and luxury, or it
agement of all public affairs. It is related that might have been the result of more prudent and
Augustus at this time took counsel with Agrip- politic views. As a politician, the principal
pa and Maecenas respecting the expediency of trait in his character was fidelity to his master,
restoring the republic; that Agrippa advised  and the main end of all his cares was the conhim to pursue that course, but that Maecenas solidation of the empire; but, at the same
strongly urged him to establish the empire. time, he recommended Augustus to put no check
For many years Macenas continued to preserve on the free expression of public opinion, and,
the uninterrupted favor of Augustus; but, be- above all, to avoid that cruelty which for so
tween B.C. 21 and 16, a coolness, to say the many years had stained the Roman annals with
least, had sprung up between the emperor and blood.
his faithful minister, and after the latter year  M]cYIus TARPA. Vid. TARPA.
he retired entirely from public life. The cause  MEDICA (Mald^o), the country of the Madi,
of this estrangement is enveloped in doubt. a powerful people in the west of Thrace, on the
Dion Cassius positively attributes it to an in- western bank of the Strymon, and the southern
trigue carried on by Augustus with Terentia, slope of Mount Scomius. They frequently made
Maecenas's wife. Maecenas died B.C. 8, and inroads into the countryof the Macedonians, till
was buried on the Esquiline. He left no chil- at length they were conquered by the latter peodren, and he bequeathed his property to Augus- ple, and their land incorporated with Macedonia,
tus. Msecenas had amassed an enormous for- of which it formed the northeastern district.
tune. He had purchased a tract of ground on  MELIUS, Sp., the richest of the plebeian
the Esquiline Hill, which had formerly served knights, employed his fortune in buying up corn
as a burial-place for the lower orders. (Hor., in Etruria in the great famine at Rome in B.C.
Sat., i., 8, 7.) Here he had planted a garden, 440. This corn he sold to the poor at a small
and built a house, remarkable for its loftiness, price, or distributed it gratuitously. Such libon account of a tower by which it was sur- erality gained him the favor of the plebeians,
mounted, and from the top of which Nero is but, at the same time, exposed him to the hatred
said to have afterward contemplated the burn- of the ruling class. Accordingly, in the following of Rome. In this residence he seems to ing year he was accused of having formed a
have passed the greater part of his time, and conspiracy for the purpose of seizing the kingto have visited the country but seldom. His ly power. Thereupon Cincinnatus was appointhouse was the rendezvous of all the wits of ed dictator, and C. Servilius Ahala the master
Rome; and whoever could contribute to the of the horse. Malius was summoned to appear
amusement of the company was always wel- before the tribunal of the dictator; hut as he
come to a seat at his table. But his really in- refused to go, Ahala, with an armed band of
timate friends consisted of the greatest gen- patrician youths, rushed into the crowd and
iuses and most learned men of Rome; and if slew him. His property was confiscated, and
it was from his universal inclination toward  his house pulled down; its vacant site, which
men of talent that he obtained the reputation was called the Equinmelium, continued to subof a literary patron, it was by his friendship for sequent ages a memorial of his fate. Later
such poets as Virgil and Horace that he de- ages fully believed the story of Meelius's conserved it. Virgil was indebted to him for the spiracy, and Cicero repeatedly praises the glorirecovery of his farm, which had been appro- ous deed of Ahala. But his guilt is very doubtpriated by the soldiery in the division of lands ful. None of the alleged accomplices of Maein B.C. 41; and it was at the request of Mae- I lius were punished; and Ahala was brought to
467




M.ENACA.                                    MAGAS.
trial, and only escaped condemnation by a vol-  MnOTInDEs (Matovid7c), i. e., Homer, eithes
untary exile.                              because he was a son of Mmon, or because he
MAINACA (Matva'S,), a town in the south of was a native of Meonia, the ancient name of
Hispania Baetica, on the coast, the most west- Lydia. Hence he is also called Meonius senex,
erly colony of the Phocaeans.              and his poems the Mceonice chartce, or Mzonium
M  NADES (MatvadEd), a name of the Bac- carmen. M.S6NIs also occurs as a surname of
chantes, from  aifvo/zat, "to be mad," because Omphale, and of Arachne, because both were
they were phrensied in the worship of Dionysus Lydians.
or Bacchus.                                  MEOTMI. Vid. MAMOTIS PALUS.
M  NALUS (ro'MatvaZov~ or Mativd2ov opoc'  MMrSTIs PXLUS (i MatCrTL XivV:.ow Sea of
now Roinon), a mountain in Arcadia, which ex- Azov), an inland sea on the borders of Europe
tended from Megalopolis to Tegea, was cele- and Asia, north of the Pontus Euxinus (novw
brated as the favorite haunt of the god Pan. Black Sea), with which it communicates by the
From this mountain the surrounding country BosPORUS CIMMERIUS. Its form may be dewas called Mceniilia (Matva~ia); and on the scribed roughly as a triangle, with its vertex at
mountain was a town Meenalus. The mountain its northeastern extremity, where it receives
was so celebrated that the Roman poets fre- the waters of the great river Tanals (now Don):
quently use the adjectives Meanalius and Maena- it discharges its superfluous water by a constant
lis as equivalent to Arcadian.             current into the Euxine. The ancients had. very
MA.NIUS. 1. C., consul B.C. 338, with L. Fu-vague notions of its true form and size: the earrius Camillus. The two consuls completed the lier geographers thought that both it and the
subjugation of Latium; they were both reward- Caspian Sea were gulfs of the great Northern
ed with a triumph; and equestrian statues were Ocean. The Scythian tribes on its banks were
erected to their honor in the forum. The statue called by the collective name of Mseatae or Mweeof Menius was placed upon a column, which is tici (MaIoSrat, Maw)rtfcol). The sea had also the
spoken of by later writers under the name of names of Cimmerium or Bosporicum Mare.
Columna Mamnia, and which appears to have AEschylus (Prom., 731) applies the name of
stood near the end of the forum, on the Capi- Mueotic Strait to the Cimmerian Bosporus (avtoline. Maenius was dictator in 320, and cen- 2dv' Matortcv6v).
sor in 318. In his censorship he allowed bal-  MmRA (Maipa). 1. The dog of Icarius, the
conies to be added to the various buildings sur- father of Erigone. Vid. ICARIUs, No. 1.-2.
rounding the forum, in order that the spectators Daughter of Prcetus and Antea, a companion of
might obtain more room for beholding the games Diana (Artemis), by whom she was killed, after
which were exhibited in the forum; and these she had become by Jupiter (Zeus) the mother
balconies were called after him Mceniana (sc. of Locrus. Others state that she died a virgin.
&gdificia).-2. The proposer of the law, about -3. Daughter of Atlas, was married to Tege286, which required the patres to give their ates, the son of Lycaon. Her tomb was shown
sanction to the election of the magistrates be- both at Tegea and Mantinea in Arcadia.
fore they had been elected, or, in other words,  MESA, JULIA, sister-in-law of Septimius Seto confer, or agree to confer, the imperium on verus, aunt of Caracalla, and grandmother of
the person whom the comitia should elect.-3. Elagabalus and Alexander Severus. She was
A contemporary of Lucilius, was a great spend- a native of Emesa in Syria, and seems, after
thrift, who squandered all his property, and aft- the elevation of Septimius Severus, the husband
erward supported himself by playing the buffoon. of her sister Julia Domna, to have lived at the
He possessed a house in the forum, which Cato imperial court until the death of Caracalla, and
in his censorship (184) purchased of him, for to have accumulated great wealth. She conthe purpose of building the basilica Porcia. trived and executed the plot which transferred
Some of the scholiasts on Horace ridiculously the supreme power from Macrinus to her grandrelate, that when Masenius sold his house, he re- son ELAGABALUS. When she foresaw the downserved for himself one column, the Columna fall of the latter, she prevailed on him to adopt
Maenia, from which he built a balcony, that he his cousin ALEXANDER SEVERUS. By Severus
might thence witness the games. The true she was always treated with the greatest reorigin of the Columna Maenia, and of the balco- spect; she enjoyed the title of Augusta during
nies called Masniana, has been explained above. her life, and received divine honors after her
(Hor., Sat., i., 1, 101; i., 3, 21; Epist., i., 15, death.
26.)                                         MEvlus. Vid. BAVIUs.
MzENoBA, a town in the southeast of Hispania  MAGXBA, a mountain in Galatia, ten Roman
Bletica, near the coast, situated on a river of miles east of Ancyra.
the same name, and twelve miles east of Malaca.  MAGAS (Mayag), king of Cyrene, was a step[MmNus. Vid. MCENUS.]                    son of Ptolemy Soter, being the offspring of
MaEON (MajIv). 1. Son of Hasmon of Thebes. Berenice by a former marriage. He was a
He and Lycophontes were the leaders of the Macedonian by birth; and he seems to have
band that lay in ambush against Tydeus, in the accompanied his mother to Egypt, where he
war of the Seven against Thebes. Maeon was soon rose to a high place in the favor of Ptolethe only one whose life was spared by Tydeus. my. In B.C. 308 he was appointed by that
Maeon, in return, buried Tydeus when the latter monarch to the command of the expedition deswas slain.-2. Husband of Dindyme, the moth- tined for the recovery of Cyrene after the death
er of Cybele.-[3. A Latin warrior, who was of Ophellas. The enterprise was completely
wounded by AEneas in the wars between zEneas successful, and Magas obtained from his stepand Turnus in Italy.]                     father the government of the province. At first
MEO6NIA. Vid. LYDIA.he ruled over the province only as a dependency
468




MAGDALA.                                 MAGNENTIUS.
of Egypt, but after the death of Ptolemy Soter who tried to hinder the conversion of Sergius
he not only assumed the character of an inde- Paulus at Cyprus (Acts, xiii.), are both called
pendent monarch, but even made war on the Magians; but in these cases the words yudyo'
King of Egypt. He married Apama, daughter and yayevowv are used in a secondary sense, for
of Antiochus Soter, by whom he had a daughter, a person who pretends to the wisdom, or pracBerenice, afterward the wife of Ptolemy Euer- tices the arts of the Magi. This use of the
getes. He died 258.                       name occurs very early among the Greeks, and
[MAGDcXLA (M(iyda~a: Mifa)'6aLrvo~, probably from it' we get our word magic (ir /ayc rj, i. e.,
the Old Testament Migdal-El: now El-Meydel), the art or' science of the Mluagi). The constitua village of Palestine, on the Sea of Galilee, tion of the Magi as an order is ascribed by traprobably on the western shore, where the mod- dition to Zoroastres, or Zoroaster as the Greeks
ern El-Meydel stands.]                    and Romans called him, the Zarathustra of the
MAGcOLUAM (MydOoXov, MEy&uXwov: in the Old Zendavesta (the sacred books of the ancient
Testament, IMigdol), a city of Lower Egypt, Persians), and the Zerdusht of the modern Pernear the northeastern frontier, about twelve sians;but whether he was their founder, their
miles southwest of Pelusium: where Pharaoh reformer, or the mythical representative of their
Necho defeated the Syrians, according to He- unknown origin, can not be decided. He is said
rodotus (ii., 159).                       to have restored the true knowledge of the suMAGETOBRIA (now 1Moigte de Broie, on the preme good principle (Ormuzd), and to have
Saone), a town on the western frontiers of the taught his worship to the Magi, whom he dividSequani, near which the Gauls were defeated ed into three classes, learners, masters, and perby the Germans shortly before Ciesar's arrival fect scholars. They alone could teach the truths
in Gaul.                                  and perform the ceremonies of religion, foretell
MAGI (Mdyot), the name of the order of priests the future, interpret dreams and omens, and asand religious teachers among the Medes and certain the will of Ormuzd by the arts of diviPersians, is said to be derived from the Persian nation. They had three chief methods of diviword mag, meg, or nzugh, i. e., a priest. There nation, by calling up the dead, by cups or dishes,
is strong evidence that a class similar to the and by waters. The forms of worship and divMagi, and in some cases bearing the same name, ination were strictly defined, and were handed
*existed among other Eastern nations, especially down among the Magi by tradition. Like all
the.Chaldoeans of Babylon; nor is it at all prob- early priesthoods, they seem to have: been the
able that either the Magi, or their religion, were sole possessors of all the science of their age.
of strictly Median or Persian origin; but, in To be instructed in their learning was esteemed
classical literature, they are presented to us the highest of privileges, and was permitted,
almost exclusively in connection with Medo- with rare exceptions, to none but, the princes
Persian history. Herodotus represents them  of the royal family. Theirlearning became celas one of the six tribes into which the Median ebrated at an early period in Greece, by the
people were divided. Under the Median em- name of payeta, and was made the subject of
pire, before the supremacy passed to the Per- speculation by the philosophers, whose knowlsians, they were so closely connected with the edge of it seems, however, to have been very
throne, and had so great an influence in the limited; while their. high pretensions, and the
state, that they evidently retained their posi- tricks by which their knowledge of science ention after the revolution; and they had power abled them to impose upon the ignorant, soon
enough to be almost successful in the attempt attached to their name among the Greeks and
they made to overthrow the Persian dynasty Romans that bad meaning which is still comafter the death of Cambyses,. by putting forward monly connected with the words derived from
one of their own number as a pretender to the it. Besides being priests and men of learning,
throne, alleging that he was Smerdis, the'son the Magi appear to have discharged judicial
of Cyrus, who had been put to death by his functions.
brother Cambyses. It is clear that this was a  [MAGIUS, DECIUS, one of the most distinguishplot to restore the Median supremacy; but ed men at Capua in the time of the second Puwhether it arose from mere ambition, or from  nic war, and leader of the Roman party in that
any diminution of the power of the Magi under town in opposition to Hannibal: on the surrenthe vigorous government -of Cyrus, can not be der of the town Hannibal required him to be desaid with certainty. The defeat of this Magian livered up to him.]
conspiracy by Darius the son of Hystaspes and  MAGNA GReECiA. Vid. GRACIA.
the other Persian nobles was followed by a gen-  MAGNA MATER. Vid. RHEA.
eral massacre of the. Magi, which was celebrated  MAGNENTiUS, Roman emr.eror in. the West,
by an annual festival (ra Mayo66vta), during A.D. 350-353, whose full name was FLAVIUS
which no Magian was permitted to appear in POPILIUS MAGNENTIUS. He was a German by
public. Still their position as the only ministers birth, and after serving as a common soldier
of religion remained unaltered. The breaking was eventually intrusted by Constans, the son
up of the Persian empire must have greatly of Constantine the Great, with the command of
altered their condition; but they still continue the Jovian and Herculian battalions who had
to appear in history down to the time of the replaced the ancient pretorian guards when the
later Roman empire. The " wise men" who empirewas remodelled byDiocletian. Heavailcame fiorm the East to Jerusalem at the time ed himself of his position to organize a conspirof our Saviour's birth were Magi (uiyos is their acy against the weak and profligate Constans,
name in the original, Matt., ii., 1). Simon, who who was put to death by his emissaries. Maghad deceived the people of Samaria before nentius thereupon was acknowledged as emperPhilip preached to them (Acts, viii.), and Elymas, or in all the Western provinces except Illyria,
469




MAGNES.                                     MAGO
where Vetranio had assumed the purple. Con- of the north coast of Hispania Tarraeonensas,
stantius hurried from the frontier of Persia to among the Callaici Lucenses.-3. (Meyas;tcrush the usurpers. Vetranio submitted to Con-,uv), a haven-on the south coast of Britain, op
stantius at Sardica in December, 350. Mag- posite the island Vectis (now Isle of Wight),
nentius was first defeated by Constantius at the now probably the Gulf of Portsmouth.]
sanguinary battle of Mursa on the Drave, in the  [MAGNUS SINUS (O6 fyaf Kc6?rof, now Gulf
autumn of 351, and was obliged to fly into Gaul. of Siam), the great gulf on the east coast of InHe was defeated a second time in the passes dia extra Gangem, or the Chersonesus Aurea,
of the Cottian Alps, and put an end to his own separating this from the opposite coast of the
life about the middle of August, 353. Magnen- Sinw.l
tins was a man of commanding stature and;MAGo)(MayWo). 1. A Carthaginian, said to
great bodily strength; but not one spark of have been the founder of the military power of
virtue relieved the blackness of his career as a that city, by introducing a regular discipline
sovereign. The power which he obtained by and organization into her armies.  He flourtreachery and murder he maintained by extor- ished from B.C. 550 to 500, and was probably
tion and cruelty.                         the father of Hasdrubal, who was slain in the
MAGNES (M6iyvrC), one of the most important battle against Gelo at -limera.  Vid. HAMILof the earlier Athenian comic poets of the old CAR, No. 1.-2. Commander of the Carthaginian
comedy, was a native of the demus of Icaria or fleet under H-imilco in the war against DionysIcarius in Attica. He flourished B.C. 460 and ins, 396. When Himilco returned to Africa
onward, and died at an advanced age, shortly after the disastrous termination of the expedibefore the representation of the Knights of Aris- tion, Mago appears to have been invested with
tophanes, that is, in 423. (Aristoph., Equit., the chief command in Sicily. He carried on the
524.) His plays contained a great deal of coarse war with Dionysius, but in 392 was compelled
buffoonery. [A few fragments of his plays are to conclude a treaty of peace, by which he abancollected by Meineke, Fragm. Corn. Groec., vol. doned his allies the Sicilians to the power of Dioi., p. 5-6.]                              nysius. In 383 he again invaded Sicily, but was
MAGNESIA (AMayvao:a: -Mdyvm^, pi. Mayvr7re). defeated by Dionysius and slain in battle.-3.
1. The most easterly district of Thessaly, was a Commanderof the Carthaginian army in Sicily in
long, narrow slip of country, extending from the 344. He assisted Hicetas in the war against TiPeneus on the north to the Pagasaaan Gulf on moleon; but, becoming apprehensive of treachthe south, and bounded on the west by the great ery, he sailed away to Carthage. Here he put
Thessalian plain. It was a mountainous coun- an end to his own life, to avoid a worse fate at
try, as it comprehended the Mounts Ossa and the hands of his countrymen, who nevertheless
Pelion. Its inhabitants, the Magnetes, are said crucified his lifeless body.-4. Son of Hamilcar
to have founded the two cities in Asia mention- Barca, and youngest brother of the famous Haned below.-2. M. AD SIPYLUM (M. Irp6O RVr~t;  nibal. He accompanied Hannibal to Italy, and
or viro 2 t7rta: ruins at Manissa), a city in the after the battle of Cannse (216) carried the news
northwest of Lydia, in Asia Minor, at the foot of this great victory to Carthage; but, instead
of the northwest declivity of Mount Sipylus, of returning to Italy, he was sent into Spain
and on the south bank of the Hermus, is famous with a considerable force to the support of his
in history as the scene of the victory gained by other brother Hasdrubal, who was hard pressed
the two Scipios over Antiochus the Great, which by the two Scipios (215). He continued in this
secured to the Romans the empire of the East, country for many years; and after his brother
B.C. 190. After the Mithradatic war, the Ro- Hasdrubal quitted Spain in 208, in-order to
mans made it a libera civitas. It suffered, with march to the assistance of Hannibal in Italy,
other cities of Asia Minor, from the great earth- the command in Spain devolved upon him and
quake in the reign of Tiberius; but it was still upon Hasdrubal, the son of Gisco. After their
a place of importance in the fifth century.-3. decisive defeat by Scipio at Silpia in 206, Mago
M. AD M.NANDRUM (M. 7 Trphc Mauiv6p), M. En  retired to Gades, and subsequently passed the
Maidv6p): ruins at Inek-bazar), a city in the winter in the lesser of the Balearic Islands,
southwest of Lydia, in Asia Minor, was situated where the memory of his sojourn is still preon the River Lethoeus, a northern tributary of served in the name of the celebrated harbor,
the Mneander. It was destroyed by the Cim- Portus Magonis, or Port Mahon. Early in the
merians (probably about B.C. 700) and rebuilt ensuing summer (205) Mago landed in Liguria,
by colonists from Miletus, so that it became an where he surprised the town of Genoa. Here
Ionian city by race as well as position. It was he maintained himself for two years, but in 203
one of the cities given to Themistocles by Ar- he was defeated with great loss. in Cisalpine
taxerxes. It was celebrated for its temple of Gaul by' Quintilius Varus, and was himself se..
Artemis Leucophryne, one of the most beauti- verely wounded. Shortly afterward he emful in Asia Minor, the ruins of which still exist. barked his troops in order to return to Africa,
MAGNOPOLIS (Mayv6rotCr), or EUPATORIA MAG- but he died of his wound before reaching Africa.
NOPOLIS, a city of Pontus, in Asia Minor, near Cornelius Nepos, in opposition to all other ailthe confluence of the rivers Lycus and Iris, be- thorities, represents Mago as surviving the batgun by Mithradates Eupator and finished by tie of Zama, and says that he perished in a shipPompey, but probably destroyed before very wreck, or was assassinated by his slaves.-5
long.                                     Surnamed the Samnite, was one of the chief of
[MAGNUS PORTUS. 1. (Now Gulfof Almera), a ficers of Hannibal in Italy, where he held for a
harbor of Hispania Baetica, on the Iberian Gulf, considerable time the chief command in Brutbetween Abdera and the promontory Charide- tium.-6. Commander of the garrison of New
mus.-2. (MtyaSg 2ljv), a harbor on the west Carthage when that city was taken by Sipsa
470




MAGONIS PORTUS.                              MAMERCUS.
Africanus, 209. Mago was sent a prisoner to with Dexippus by Bekker and Niehuhr, Bonn,
Rome.-7. A Carthaginian of uncertain date, 1829.-[2. King of Arabia Petraea, was contemwho wrote afwork upon agriculture in the Pu- porary with Herod the Great, who fled to him
nic language, in twenty-eight books. So great for refuge when he was driven out of Jerusawas the reputation of this work even at Rome, lem by Antigonus and the Parthians, B.C. 40.
that after the destruction of Carthage, the sen- This was probably the same Malchus who is
ate ordered that it should be translated into mentioned by Hirtius as sending an auxiliary
Latin by competent persons, at the head of force of cavalry to Caesar in Egypt.]
whom was D. Silanus.   It was subsequently  MALE.A (Ma2la R cpa: now Cape Maria), the
translated into Greek, though with some abridg- southern promontory of the island of Lesbos.
ment and alteration, by Cassius Dionysius of  MALEA (Ma;ia or Ma2eat: now Cape St. AnUtica. Mago's precepts on agricultural matters gelo or Malio di St. Angelo), a promontory on
are continually cited by the Roman writers on the southeast of Laconia, separating the Argolic
those subjects in terms of the highest commen- and Laconic Gulfs; the passage round it was
dation.                                   much dreaded by sailors. Here was a temple
MAGONIS PORTUS. Vid. MAGO, No. 4.       of Apollo, who hence bore the surname Maledtes.
MACONrTIiAUM. Vid. MOGONTIACUMM. MALELAS or MALXLAS, JOANNES ('IJadivvS 
[MAGRADA (now Urumea, or, according to oth- Mace la or Ma(i2a), a native of Antioch, and a
ers, Bidassoa), a small river on the northern Byzantine historian, lived shortly after Justincoast of Hispania Tarraconensis.]         ian the Great. The word Malalas signifies in
MAHARBAL (Madp6ar), son of Himileo, and one Syriac an orator. He wrote a chronicle of uniof the most distinguished officers of Hannibal versal history from the creation of the world to
in the second Punic war. He is first mention- the reign of Justinian inclusive. Edited by Dined at the siege of Saguntum. After the battle dorf, Bonn, 1831.
of Canne he urged Hannibal to push on at once  MALENE (MaiZrvr), a city of Mysia, only menwith his cavalry upon Rome itself; and on the tioned by Herodotus (vi., 29).
refusal of his commander, he is said to have ob-  [MALEVENTUM. Vid. BENEVENTUM.]
served, that Hannibal knew indeed how to gain  MALYACUS SINUS (MaLtakcoS c6Oi2roC: now Bay
victories, but not how to use them.       of Zeitun), a narrow bay in the south of ThesMAIA (Mlaa or Matic), daughter of Atlas and saly,'running west from the northwest point of
Pleione, was the eldest of the Pleiades, and the the island of Eubcea. On one side of it is the
most beautiful of the seven sisters. In a grotto Pass of Thermopylae. It derived its name from
of Mount Cyllene in Arcadia she became by Ju- the Malienses, who dwelt on its shores. It is
piter (Zeus) the mother of Mercury (Hermes). sometimes called the Lamiac'us Sinus, from the
Areas, the son of Jupiter (Zeus) by Callisto, town of Lamia in its neighborhood.
was given to her to be reared. Vid. PLEIADES.  MALIS (MatKi y7, Ionic and Attic MR1?i y:
Maia was likewise the name of a divinity wor- Maeteve or MRaZeevc, Maliensis, a district in the
shipped at Rome, who was also called Majesta. south of Thessaly, on the shores of the MaliaShe is mentioned in connection with Vulcan, cus Sinus, and opposite the northwest point of
and was regarded by some as the wife of that the island of Eubcea. It extended as far as the
god, though it seems for no other reason but Pass of Thermopylae. Its inhabitants, the Mabecause a priest of Vulcan offered a sacrifice to lians, were Dorians, and belonged to the Amher on the first of May. In the popular super- phictyonic league.
stition of later times she was identified with  MALLI (MaUtoi), an Indian people on both
Maia, the daughter of Atlas.              sides of the HYDRAOTES: their capital is supMAJORIANUS, JULIus VALERIUS, Roman em- posed to have been on the site of the celebrated
peror in the West, A.D. 457-461, was raised to fortress of Mooltan.
the empire by Ricimer. His reign was chiefly  MALLUS (Ma2.L6o), a very ancient city of Cioccupied in making preparations to invade the licia, on a hill a little east of the mouth of the
Vandals in Africa; but the immense fleet which River Pyramus, was said to have been founded
he had collected for this purpose in the harbor at the time of the Trojan war by Mopsus and
of New Carthage in Spain was destroyed by the Amphilochus. It had a port called Magarsa.
Vandals in 460. Thereupon he concluded a    [MAL(ETAS (Ma2oilra), a small river of Areapeace with Genseric. His activity and popu- dia, on which Orchomenus founded the colony
larity excited the jealousy of Ricimer, who com- Methydrium.]
pelled him to abdicate, and then put an end to  MALUGINENSIS, a celebrated patrician family
his life.                                 of the Cornelia gens in the early ages of the
AIAJUMA. Vid. CONSTANTIA, No. 3.        republic, the members of which frequently held
MALACA (now Malaga), an important town on the consulship. It disappears from history bethe coast of Hispania Baetica. and on a river of fore the time of the Samnite wars.
the same name (now Guadalmedina), was found-  MALVA. Vid. MULUCHA.
ed by the Phoenicians, and has always been a  MAMXA, JULIA, a native of Emesa in Syria,
Nfourishing place of commerce from the earliest was daughter of Julia Maesa, and mother of
times to the present day.                 Alexander Severus. She was a woman of in.
MALALAS. Vid. MALELAS.                  tegrity and virtue, and brought up her son with
MfALANGA (MMafdyya), a city of India, probably the utmost care. She was put to death by the
the modern Madras.                        soldiers along with her son, A.D. 235.
MALCHus (M6RZXOr). 1. Of Philadelphia in Syr-  MAMERCUS. 1. Son of King Numa accordia; a Byzantine historian and rhetorician, wrote ing to one tradition, and son of Mars and Sila history of the empire from A.D. 474 to 480, via according to another.-2. Tyrant of Cataof which we have some extracts, published alorg na, when Timoleon landed in Sicily, B.C. 344,
471




MAMERCUS.                                   MANES.
After his defeat by Timoleon he fled to Messa- violently attacked by Catullus in his poems, who
na, and took refuge with Hippon, tyrant of that called him decoctor Formianus. Mamurra seems
city. But when Timoleon laid siege to Messa- to have been alive in the time of Horace, who
na, Hippon took to flight, and Mamercus sur- calls Formiae, in ridicule, Mamurrarum urbs
rendered, stipulating only for a regular trial be- (Sat., i., 5, 37), from which we may infer that
fore the Syracusans. But as soon as he was his name had become a by-word of contempt.
brought into the assembly of the people there,  [MANASTABAL. Vid. MASTANABAL.]
he was condemned by acclamation, and exe-   MANCIA, HELVIUS, a Roman orator about B.C.
cuted like a common malefactor.           90, who was remarkably ugly, and whose name
MAMERCUS or MAMERCINUS, EMILIYuS, a dis- is recorded chiefly in consequence of a laugh
tinguished patrician family which professed to being raised against him on account of his dederive its name from Mamercus in the reign of formity by C. Julius Caesar Strabo, who was opNuma. 1. L., thrice consul, namely, B.C. 484, posed to him on one occasion in some lawsuit.
478, 473. —2. TIB., twice consul, 470 and 467.  MANCINUS,HOSTIIIUS. 1. A,, was praetor ur-3. MAM., thrice dictator, 437, 433, and 426. banus B.C. 180, and consul 170, when he had
In his first dictatorship he carried on war against the conduct of the war against Perseus, king of
theVeientines and Fidena. LarTolumnius, the Macedonia. He remained in Greece for part of
king of Veii, is said to have been killed in sin- the next year (169) as proconsul.-2. L., was
gle combat in this year by Cornelius Cossus. legate of the consul L. Calpurnius Piso (148) in
In his second dictatorship iEmilius carried a the siege of Carthage, in the third Punic war.
law limiting to eighteen months the duration of He was consul 145.-3. C., consul 137, had the
the censorship, which had formerly lasted for conduct of the war against Numantia. He was
five years. This measure was received with defeated by the Numantines, and purchased the
great approbation by the people; but the cen- safety of the remainder of his army by making
sors then in office were so enraged at it that a peace with the Numantines. The senate rethey removed him from his tribe, and reduced fused to recognize it, and went through the
him to the condition of an aerarian.-4. L., a hypocritical ceremony of delivering him over to
distinguished general in the Samnite wars, was the enemy by means of the fetiales. This was
twice consul, 341 and 329, and once dictator, done with the consent of Mancinus, but the en335. In his second consulship he took Priver- emy refused to accept him. On his return to
num, and hence received the surname of Pri- Rome Mancinus took his seat in the senate as
vernas.                                   heretofore, but was violently expelled from it
MAMERS, the Oscan name of the god MARS.  by the tribune P. Rutilius, on the ground that
MAMERTINI. Vid. MESSANA.                he had lost his citizenship. As the enemy had
MAMERTIUM (Mamertini), a town in Bruttium, not received him, it was a disputed question
of uncertain site, founded by a band of Sam- whether he was a citizen or not by the Jus
nites, who had left their mother country under Postliminii (vid. Dict. of Ant., s. v. POSTLIMINIthe protection of Mamers or Mars to seek a new  uM), but the better opinion was that he had lost
home.                                     his civic rights, and they were accordingly. reMAMILIA GENS, plebeian, was originally a dis- stored to him by a lex.
tinguished family in Tusculum. They traced  [MANCUNIUM (now Manchester), a city of the
their name and origin to Mamilia, the daughter Brigantes in Britannia, on the road from Clanoof Telegonus, the founder of Tusculum, and the venta to Mediolanum.]
son of Ulysses and the goddess Circe. It was  MANDANE. Vid. CYRUS.
to-a member of this family, Octavius Mamilius,  [MANDELA (now Bardela), a village to the
that Tarquinius betrothed his daughter; and on southeast of Cures, near which stood Horace's
his expulsion from Rome he took refuge with Sabine villa.]
his son-in-law, who, according to the beautiful  [MANDROCLES (MavCpoie2,C), an architect of
lay preserved by Livy, roused the Latin people Samos, who constructed the bridge on which
against the infant republic, and perished in the Darius led his army over the Thracian Bospogreat battle at the Lake Regillus. In B.C. 458, rus: he also made a painting commemorating
the Roman citizenship was given to L. Mamil- this labor.]
ius, the dictator of Tusculum, because he had  MANDONIUS. Vid. INDIBILIS.
two years before marched to the assistance of  MANDRUPIUM, MANDROPUS, or MANDRrPOLIS
the city when it was attacked by Herdonius. (Mavdpo7Jroltt), a town in the south of Phrygia,
The gens was divided into three families, Lim- on the Lake Caralitis.
etanus, Turrinus, and Vitulus, but none of them  MANnUBII, a people in Gallia Lugdunensis, in
became -of much importance.               the modern Burgundy, whose chief town was
MAMMUZLA, the name of a patrician family of ALESIA.
the Cornelia gens, which never became of much  MANDURIA (Mavdvpiov in Plut.: now Casal
importance in the state.                  Nuovo), a town in Calabria, on the road from
MAMURIUS VETURIUs. Vid. VEiTURIU. ETarentum to Hydruntum, and near a small lake,
MAMURRA, a Roman eques, born at Formiae, which is said to have been always full to the
was the commander of the engineers (prefectus edge, whatever water was added to or taken
fabrum) in Julius Caesar's army in Gaul. He from it. Here Archidamus III., king of Sparta,
amassed great riches, the greater part of which, was defeated and slain in battle by the Messahowever, he owed to Caesar's liberality. He plans and Lucanians, B.C. 338.
was the first person at Rome who covered all  MANES, the general name by which the Rothe walls of his house with layers of marble, mans designated the souls of the departed; but
and also the first all of the columns in whose as it is a natural tendency to consider the souls
house were made of solid marble. He was of departed friends as blessed spirits,.the Manes
472




MANETHO                                   MANTINEA.
were regarded as gods, and were worshipped end of his year Manilius was brought to trial by
with divine honors. Hence on Roman sepul- the aristocratical party, and was condemned;
chres we find D. M. S., that is, Dis Mlanibus but we do not know of what offence he was
Sacrum. Vid. LARES. At certainseasons, which accused.-3. Also called MANLIUS or MALLIUS,
were looked upon as sacred days (ferie deni- a Roman poet of uncertain age, but is conjecturcales), sacrifices were offered to the spirits of ed to have lived in the time of Augustus. He
the departed. An annual festival, which be- is the author of an astrological poem in five
longed to all the Manes in general, was cele- books, entitled Astronomica. The style, of this
brated on the nineteenth of February, under the poem is extremely faulty, being harsh and obname of Feralia or Parentalia, because it was scure, and abounding in repetitions and in forced
the duty of children and heirs to offer sacrifices metaphors. But the author seems to have conto the shades of their parents and benefactors. suited the best authorities, and to have adopted
MANETHO (MaveeOS or MavcOev), an Egyptian their most sagacious views. The best edition
priest of the town of Sebennytus, who lived in is by Bentley, Lond., 1739.
the reign of the first Ptolemy. He was the first  MANLIA GENS, an ancient and celebrated patriEgyptian who gave in the Greek language an cian gens at Rome. The chief families were
account of the religion and history of his coun- those of ACIDINUS, TORQUATUS, and VULso.
try. IIe based his information upon the ancient  MANLIANA (Mavilava: ruins at Mliliana). 1.
works of the Egyptians themselves, and more A city of importance in Mauretania Caesariensis,
especially upon their sacred books. The work where one of Pompey's sons died.-[2. A city
in which he gave an account of the theology of of Etruria, on the road leading from Rome over
the Egyptians, and of the origin of the gods and the Alpes Maritimae to Arelate: it corresponds
the world, bore the title of TiCv 4DvarKCv'Ert- to the modern Magliana, near Siena.]
ro0if. His historical work was entitled a His-  MANLIUS, M., consul B.C. 392, took refuge in
tory of Egypt. It was divided into three parts the Capitol when Rome was taken by the Gauls
or books. The first contained the history of in 390. One night, when the Gauls endeavored
the country previous to the thirty dynasties, or to ascend the Capitol, Manlius was roused from
what may be termed the mythology of Egypt, his sleep by the cackling of his geese; collectand also of the first dynasties. The second ing hastily a body of men, he succeeded in drivopened with the eleventh, twelfth, and conclu- ing back the enemy, who had just reached the
ded with the nineteenth dynasty. The third summit of the hill. From this heroic deed he
gave the history of the remaining eleven dynas- is said to have received the surname of CAPIties, and concluded with an account of Necta- TOLINUS. In 395 he defended the cause of the
nebus, the last of the native Egyptian kings. plebeians, who were suffering severely from
The work of Manetho is lost; but a list of the their debts, and from the harsh and cruel treatdynasties is preserved in Julius Africanus and ment of their patrician creditors. The patriEusebius (most correct in the Armenian ver- cians accused him of aspiring to royal power,
sion), who, however, has introduced various in- and he was thrown into prison by the dictator
terpolations. According to the calculation of CorneliusCossus. Theplebeiansputon mournManetho, the thirty dynasties, beginning with ing for their champion, and were ready to take
Menes, filled a period of three thousand five up arms in his behalf. The patricians, in alarm,
hundred and fifty-five years. The lists of the liberated Manlius; but this act of concession
Egyptian kings and the duration of their sev- only made him bolder, and he now did not
eral reigns were undoubtedly derived by him  scruple to instigate the plebeians to open viofrom genuine documents, and their correctness, lence. In the following year the patricians
so far as they are not interpolated, is said to be charged him with high treason, and brought him
confirmed by the hieroglyphic inscriptions on before the people assembled in the Campus Marthe monuments. There exists an astrological tius; but as the Capitol which had once been
poem, entitled'A7roTEeOGaZ7tl/cal, in six books, saved by him could be seen fiom this place, the
which bears the name of Manetho; but this court was removed to the Petelinian grove, outpoem is spurious, and can not have been written side the Porta Nomentana. Here Manlius was
before the fifth century of our era. Edited by condemned, and the tribunes threw him down
Axt and Rigler, Cologne, 1832.            the Tarpeian Rock. The members of the ManMANIA, a formidable Italian, probably Etrus- lia gens accordingly resolved that none of them
can, divinity of the lower world, called the moth- should ever bear in future the prnanomen of
er of the Manes or Lares. The festival of the Marcus.
Compitalia was celebrated as a propitiation to  MANNUS, a son of Tuisco, was regarded by
Mania in common with the Lares.           the ancient Germans, along with his father, as
MANILIUS. 1. M., was consul B.C. 149, the the founders of their race. They further asfirst year of the third Punic war, and carried on scribed to Mannus three sons, from whom the
war against Carthage. He was celebrated as three tribes of the Ingeevones, Hermiones, and
a jurist, and is one of the speakers in Cicero's Istaevones derived their names.
De Republica (i., 12).-2. C., tribune of the  MANTIANA PALUS. Vid. ARSISSA PALUS.
plebs B.C. 66, proposed the law granting to  MANTINEA (Mavriveta: Mavrmvet': now PaPompey the command of the war against Mith- leopoli), one of the most ancient and important
radates and Tigranes, and the government of towns in Arcadia, situated on the small river
the provinces of Asia, Cilicia, and Bithynia. Ophis, near the centre of the eastern frontier of
This bill was warmly opposed by Q. Catulus, the country. It is celebrated in history for tbe
Q. Hortensius, and the leaders of the aristocrat- great battle fought under its walls between the
ical party, but was supported by Cicero in an Spartans and Thebans, in which Epaminondas
oration which has come down to us. At the fell, B.C. 362. According to tradition, Manti473




MANTINORUM.                                MARCELLA.
nea was founded by Mantineus, the son of Ly- was here that Alexander the Great killed his
caon, but it was formed in reality out of the friend CLITUS.
union of four or five hamlets. Till the founda-  MARAPHII (Mapa<lot), one of the three noblest
tion of Megalopolis, it was the largest city in tribes of the Persians, standing, with the MasArcadia, and it long exercised a kind of suprem- pii, next in honor to the Pasargadum.
acy over the other Arcadian towns; but in the  [MARATHA (MdpaOa: now Atzikolo), a small
Peloponnesian war the Spartans attacked the town of Arcadia, at the sources of the Buphacity, and destroyed it by turning the waters of gus, and in the neighborhood of Gortys.]
the Ophis against its walls, which were built of  MARATHESIUM (MapaOrjatov), a town on the
bricks. After the battle of Leuctra the city re- coast of Ionia,_between Ephesus and Neapolis:
covered its independence. At a later period it it belonged to the Samians, who exchanged it
joined the Achaean league, but, notwithstanding, with the Ephesians for Neapolis, which lay
formed a close connection with its old enemy nearer to their island. The modern Scala Nova
Sparta, in consequence of which it was severely marks the site of one of these towns, but it is
punished by Aratus, who put to death its lead- doubtful which.
ing citizens and sold the rest of its inhabitants  MARATHON (Mapa6sv: MapaOivi'o^), a demus
as slaves. It never recovered the effects of in Attica, belonging to the tribe Leontis, was
this blow. Its name was now changed into situated near a bay on the eastern coast of AtAntigonia, in honor of Antigonus Doson, who tica, twenty-two miles from Athens by one
had assisted Aratus in his campaign against the road, and twenty-six miles by another. It origtown. The Emperor Hadrian restored to the inally belonged to the Attic tetrapolis, and is
place its ancient appellation, and rebuilt part of said to have derived its name from the hero Marit in honor of his favorite Antinous, the Bithyn- athon. This hero, according to one account,
ian, who derived his family from Mantinea.  was the son of Epopeus, king of Sicyon, who,
[MANTINORUM OPPIDUM (Mavrivwuv Tr6Otl, very having been expelled from Peloponnesus by. the
probably the modern Bastia), a place in Corsica violence of his father, settled in Attica; while,
on the northwest coast, east of the River Va- according to another account, he was an Arcalerius.]                                  dian, who took part in the expedition of the
[MANTITHEUS (Mdavrsoc), an Athenian, the Tyndaridce against Attica, and devoted himcompanion of Alcibiades in his escape from Sar- self to death before the battle. The site of the
dis B.C. 411: in B.C. 408 he was one of the ancient town of Marathon was probably not at
ambassadors sent from Athens to Darius; but the modern village of Marathon, but at a place
he and his colleagues were given up to Cyrus, called Vrana, a little to the south of Marathon.
and kept in custody three years.]         Marathon was situated in a plain, which exMANTIUS (Mavriog), son of Melampus, and tends along the sea-shore, about six miles in
brother of Antiphates. Vid. MELAMPUS.     length, and from three miles to one mile and a
MANTO (MavrJU, -ov~).  1. Daughter of the half in breadth. It is surrounded on the other
Theban soothsayer Tiresias, was herself proph- three sides by rocky hills and rugged mountetess of the IsmenianApollo at Thebes. After ains. Two marshes bound the extremity of
the capture of Thebes by the Epigoni, she was the plain; the northern is more than a square
sent to Delphi with other captives, as an offer- mile in extent, but the southern is much smalling to Apollo, and there became the prophetess er, and is almost dry at the conclusion of the
of.this god. Apollo afterward sent her and her great heats. Through the centre of the plain
companions to Asia, where they founded the runs a small brook. In this plain was fought
sanctuary of Apollo near the place where the the celebrated battle between the Persians and
town of Colophon was afterward built. Rha- Athenians, B.C. 490. The Persians were drawn
cius, a Cretan, who had settled there, married up on the plain, and the Athenians on some
Manto, and became by her the father of Mopsus. portion of the high ground above the plain; but
According to Euripides, she had previously be- the exact ground occupied by the two armies
come the mother ofAmphilochus and Tisiphone, can not be identified, notwithstanding the inby Alcmaon, the leader of the Epigoni. Being vestigations of modern travellers. The tumua prophetess of Apollo, she is also called Daphne, lus raised over the Athenians who fell in the
i. e., the laurel virgin.-2. Daughter of Hercu- battle is still to be seen.
les, was likewise a prophetess, and the person  MARXTHUS (MdpaOoc), an important city on the
from whom the town of Mantua received its coast of Phcenicia, opposite to Aradus and neat
name. (Virg., Xn., x., 199.)              Antaradus: it was destroyed by the people of
MANTUA (Mantuanus: now Mantua). 1. A Aradus in the time of the Syrian Iing, Alexantown in GalliaTranspadana, on an island in the der Balas, a little before B.C. 150.
River Mincius, was not a place of importance,  [MARATHUSA (Mapcdovaa). 1. A small island
but is celebrated because Virgil, who was born of the JEgean Sea, on the coast of Ionia, near
at. the neighboring village of Andes, regarded Clazomene.-2. A city in the western part of
Mantua as his birth-place. It was originally an Crete; according to Hoeck, probably on the
Etruscan city, and is said to have derived its Promontorium Drepanum.]
name from Manto, the daughter of Tiresias.-  MARCELLA. 1. Daughter of C. Marcellus and
[2. Now probably Mondejar), a town of the Car- Octavia, the sister of Augustus. She was thrice
petani in Hispania Tarraconensis, by some er- married: first to M. Vipsanius Agrippa, who
roneously regarded as Madrid.]            separated from her in B.C. 21, in order to marry
MARACANDA (ra Mapdlcavda: now Samarkand), Julia, the daughter of Augustus; secondly, to
the capital of the Persian province of Sogdiana, Julus Antonius, the son of the triumvir, by whon
in the northern part of the country, was seventy she had a son Lucius; thirdly, to Sextus Apstadia (seven geographical miles) in circuit. It puleius, consul A.D. 14, by whom she had a
474




MARCELLINUS.                         MARCELLUS, CLAUDIUS.
daughter, AppuleiaVarilia. -2. Wife of the poet upon Marcellus by the Roman historians are
Martial, to whom he has addressed two epi- certainly undeserved, and probably found their
grams (xii., 21, 31). She was a native of Spain, way into history from his funeral oration by his
and brought him as her dowry an estate. As son, which was used as an authority by some
Martial was married previously to Cleopatra, of the earlier annalists.-2. M., son of the prehe espoused Marcella probably after his return ceding, accompanied his father as military tribto Spain about A.D. 96.                   une in 208, and was present with him at the
MARCELLINUS, the author of the life of Thu- time of his death. In 204 he was tribune of
eydides. Vid. THUCYDIDES.                 the people; in 200, curule aedile; in 198, praetor;
MARCELLUS, CLAUDIUS, an illustrious plebeian and in 196, consul. In his consulship he carried
family. 1..M., celebrated as five times consul, on the war against the Insubrians and Boii in
and the conqueror of Syracuse. In his first con- Cisalpine Gaul. He was censor in 189.-3. M.,
sulship, B.C. 222, Marcellus and his colleague consul 183, carried on the war against the Liconquered the Insubrians in Cisalpine Gaul, and gurians.-4. M., son of No. 2, was thrice consul,
took their capital Mediolanum. Marcellus dis- first in 166, when he gained a victory over the
tinguished himself by slaying in battle with his Alpine tribes of the Gauls; secondly in 155,
own hand Britomartus or Viridomarus, the king when he defeated the Ligurians; and thirdly in
of the enemy, whose spoils he afterward dedi- 152, when he carried on the war against the
cated as spolia opima in the temple of Jupiter Celtiberians in Spain.  In 148 he was sent
Feretrius. This was the third and last instance ambassador to Masinissa, king of Numidia, but
in Roman history in which such an offering was was shipwrecked on the voyage, and perished.
made. In 216 Marcellus was appointed praetor, -5. M., an intimate friend of Cicero, is first
and rendered important service to the Roman mentioned as curule eedile with P. Clodius in
cause in the south of Italy after the disastrous 56. He was consul in 51, and showed himself
battle of Canne. In 215 he remained in the a bitter enemy to Caesar. Among other ways
south of Italy, with the title of proconsul. In in which he displayed his enmity, he caused a
the course of the same year he was elected citizen of Comum to be scourged, in order to
consul in the place of Postumius Albinus, who show his contempt for the privileges lately behad been killed in Cisalpine Gaul; but as the stowed by Caesar upon that colony. But the
senate declared that the omens were unfavor- animosity of Marcellus did not blind him to the
able, Marcellus resigned the consulship. In imprudence of forcing on a war for which his
214 Marcellus was consul a third time, and still party was unprepared; and at the beginning of
continued in the south of Italy, where he car- 49 he in vain suggested the necessity of makried on the war with ability, but without ob- ing levies of troops, before any open steps were
taining any decisive results. In the summer taken against Caesar. His advice was overof this year he was sent into Sicily, since the ruled, and he was among the first to fly from
party favorable to the Carthaginians had ob- Rome and Italy. After the battle of Pharsalia
tained the upper hand in many of the cities in (48) he abandoned all thoughts of prolonging
the island. After taking Leontini, he proceed- the contest, and withdrew to Mytilene, where
ed to lay siege to Syracuse, both by sea and. he gave himself up to the pursuits of rhetoric
land. His attacks were vigorous and unremit- and philosophy.  Marcellus himself was unting; but, though he brought many powerful willing to sue to the conqueror for forgiveness,
military engines against the walls, these were but his friends at Rome were not backward in
rendered wholly unavailing by the superior skill their exertions for that purpose. At length, in
and science of Archimedes, who directed those 46, in a full assembly of the senate, C. Marof the besieged. Marcellus was at last com- cellus, the cousin of the exile, threw himself at
pelled to give up all hopes of carrying the city Caesar's feet to implore the pardon of his kinsby open force, and to turn the siege into a block- man, and his example was followed by the
ade. It was not till 212 that he obtained pos- whole body of the assembly. Caesar yielded to
session of the place. It was given up to plun- this demonstration of opinion, and Marcellus
der, and Archimedes was one of the inhabitants was declared to be forgiven. Cicero thereupon
slain by the Roman soldiers. The booty found returned thanks to Caesar, in the oration Pro
in the captured city was immense; and Mar- Marcello, which has come down to us. Marcelcellus also carried off many of the works of lus set out on his return; but he was murderart with which the city had been adorned,' to ed at the Piraeus by one of his own attendants,
grace the temples at Rome. This was the first P. Magius Chilo.-6. C., brother of the precedinstance of a practice which afterward became ing, was consul 49. He is constantly confoundso general. In 210 hewas consul a fourth time, ed with his cousin, C. Marcellus (No. 8), who
and again had the conduct of the war against was consul in 50. He accompanied his colHannibal. He fought a battle with the Cartha- league, Lentulus, in his flight from Rome, and
ginian general near Numistro in Lucania, but eventually crossed over to Greece. In the folwithout any decisive result. In 209 he retain- lowing year (48) he commanded part of Pomed the command of his army with the rank of pey's fleet; but this is the last we hear of him.
proconsul. In 208 he was consul for the fifth -7. C., uncle of the two preceding, was praetime. He and his colleague were defeated by tor in 80, and afterward succeeded M. Lepidus
Hannibal near Venusia, and Marcellus himself in the government of Sicily. His administrawas slain in the battle. He was buried with tion of the province is frequently praised by
all due honors by order of Hannibal. Marcel- Cicero in his speeches against Verres, as af:
ius appears to have been a rude, stern soldier, fording the most striking contrast to that of the
brave and daring to excess, but harsh, unyield- accused. Marcellus himself was present on
mag, and cruel.  The great praises bestowed that occasion, as one of the judges of Verres,
475




MARCELLUS, EPRIUS.                           MARCIA.GENS.
-8. C., son of the preceding, and first cousin distinction at Rome in the reigns of Claudius,
of M. Marcellus (No. 5), whom he succeeded in Nero, and Vespasian. He was one of the prinr
the consulship, 50. He enjoyed the friendship cipal delators under Nero, and accused many
of Cicero from an early age, and attached him- of the most distinguished men of his time. He
self to the party of Pompey, notwithstanding was brought to trial in the reign of Vespasian,
his connection with Caesar by his marriage but was acquitted, and enjoyed the patronage
with Octavia. In his consulship he was the ad- and favor of this emperor as well. In A.D. 69,
vocate of all the most violent measures against however, he was convicted of having taken part
Caesar; but when the war actually broke out, in the conspiracy of Alienus Caecina, and therehe displayed the utmost timidity and helpless- fore put an end to his own life.
ness. He could not make up his mind to join  MARCELLUS, NONIUS, a Latin grammarian, the
the Pompeian party in Greece; and after much author of an important treatise, entitled De
hesitation, he at length determined to remain in  Compendiosa Doctrina per iitteras ad Filium,
Italy. He readily obtained the forgiveness of sometimes, but erroneously, called De ProprieCaesar, and thus was able to intercede with the tate Sermonis.  He must have lived between
dictator in favor of his cousin, M. Marcellus the second and sixth centuries of the Christian
(No. 5). He must have lived till near the close era. His work is divided into eighteen chapof 41, as his widow, Octavia, was pregnant by ters, but of these the first twelve are in reality
him when betrothed to Antony in the following separate treatises on different grammatical subyear.-9. M., son of the preceding and of Oc- jects. The last six are in the style of the Onotavia, the daughter of C. Octavius and sister of masticon of Julius Pollux, each containing a
Augustus, was born in 43. As early as 39 he series of technical terms in some one departwas betrothed in marriage to the daughter of ment.  The whole work contains numerous
Sextus Pompey; but the marriage never took quotations from the earlier Latin writers. The
place, as Pompey's death in 35 removed the oc- best edition is by Gerlach andRoth, Basil., 1842.
casion for it. Augustus, who had probably des-  MARCELLUS SIDETES, a native of Side in Pamtined the young Marcellus as his successor, phylia, lived in the reigns of Hadrian and Antoadopted him as his son in 25, and, at the same ninus Pius, A.D. 117-161. He wrote a long
time, gave him his daughter Julia in marriage. medical poem in Greek hexameter verse, conIn 23 he was curule Eedile, but in the autumn sisting of forty-two books, of which two fragof the same year he was attacked by the disease Inents remain, [and are found in the Corpus
of which he died shortly after at Baiae, notwith- Poetarum of Maittaire.]
standing all the skill and care of the celebrated  MARCELLUS, ULPIUS, a jurist, lived under Anphysician Antonius Musa. He was in the twen- toninus Pius and M. Aurelius. He is often
tieth year of his age, and was thought to have cited in the Digest.
given so much promise of future excellence  MARCIA. 1. Wife of M. Regulus, who was
that his death was mourned as a public calam- taken prisoner by the Carthaginians.-2. Wife
ity; and the grief of Augustus, as well as that of M. Cato Uticensis, daughter of L. Marcius
of his mother Octavia, was for a time unbound- Philippus, consul B.C. 56. It was about 56
ed. Augustus himself pronounced the funeral that Cato is related to have ceded her to his
oration over his remains, which were deposited friend Q. Hortensius, with the approbation of
in the mausoleum lately erected for the Julian her father. She continued to live with Horfamily. At a subsequent period (14) Augustus tensius till the death of the latter in 50, after
dedicated in his name the magnificent theatre which she returned to Cato.-3. Wife of Fabius
near the Forum Olitorium, of which the re- Maximus, the friend of Augustus, learned from
mains are still visible. But the most durable her husband the secret visit of the emperor to
monument to the memory of Marcellus is to be his grandson Agrippa, and informed Livia of it,
found in the well-known passage of Virgil (zEn., in consequence of which she became the cause
vi., 860-886), which must have been recited to of her husband's death, A.D. 13 or 14. She is
Augustus and Octavia before the end of 22.-  mentioned on two or three occasions by Ovid.
10. M., called by Cicero, for distinction's sake, -4. Daughter of Cremutius Cordus. Vid. CORthe father of zEserninus (BBrt., 36), served un- Dus.-5. The favorite concubine of Commodus,
der Marius in Gaul in 102, and as one of the organized the plot by which the emperor perishlieutenants of L. Julius Caesar in the Marsic ed. Vid. COMMODUS. She subsequently became
war, 90.-11. M. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS 2ESER- the wife of Eclectus, his chamberlain, also a
NINUS, son or grandson of No! 10, quaestor in conspirator, and was eventually put to death by
Spain in 48, under Q. Cassius Longinus, took Julianus, along with Lsetus, who also had been
part in the mutiny of the soldiers against Cas- actively engaged in the plot.
sius. -12. P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS MARCEEL-   [MARCIA AQUA, a Roman aqueduct commencLINUS, son of No. 10, must have been adopted ed by the prator Marcius Rex 145 B.C., and finby one of the Cornelii Lentuli. He was one ished by him in the following year, his term of
of Pompey's lieutenants in the war against the office having been renewed for that purpose. It
pirates, B.C. 67.-13. CN. CORNELIUS LENTULUS passed near Tibur, and through the country of
MARCELLINUS, son of the preceding, was praetor the Peligni and Marsi, and supplied Rome with
59, after which he governed the province of its best water: vid. RoMA p. 753 b.,
Syria for nearly two years, and was consul 56,  MARCIA GENS, claimed to be descended from
when he showed himself a friend of the aristo- Ancus Marcius, the fourth king of Rome. Vid.
cratiecal party, and opposed all the measures of ANcUS MARCIUS. Hence one of its families subthe triumvirate.                          sequently assumed the name of Rex, and the
MARCELLUS, EPRnIs, born of an obscure fam- heads of Numa Pompilius and Ancus Marcius
i y at Capua, rose by his oratorical talents to were placed uDon the coins of the Marcii. But,
476




MARCIANA.                                  MARDUS.
notwithstanding these claims to such high an- ed by M. Atilius, the praetor, in B.C. 213. They
tiquity, no patricians of this name, with the ex- were written in Latin, and two extracts from
ception of Coriolanus, are mentioned in the ear-' them are given by Livy, one containing a prophly- history of the republic (vid. CORIOLANUS); ecy of the defeat of the Romans at Cannie, and
and it was not till after the enactment of the the second, commanding the institution of the
Licinian laws that any member of the gens ob- Ludi Apollinares.  The Marcian prophecies
tained the consulship. The names of the most were subsequently preserved in the Capitol
distinguished families are CENSORINUS, PHILIP- with the Sibylline books. Some writers menPus, REX, and RUTILUS.                    tion only one person of this name, but others
MARCIANA, the sister of Trajan, and mother speak of two brothers, the Marcii.
of Matidia, who was the mother of Sabina, the  MARCIUS. Vid. MARCIA GENS.
wife of the Emperor Hadrian.                [MARcoDuRuM (now Diiren), a city of the
MARcIANOPOLIS (Maplctavovrot~c), an import- Ubii in Germania Inferior.]
ant city in the interior of Moasia Inferior, west  MARCOMANNI, that is, men of the mark orborof Odessus, founded by Trajan, and named after der, a powerful German people of the Suevie
his sister Marciana. It was situated on the high race, originally dwelt in the southwest of Gerroad from Constantinople to the Danube. It many, between the Rhine and the Danube, on
subsequently became the capital of the Bulga- the banks of the Main; but under the guidance
rians, who called it Pristhlava (flpcaO626a), of their chieftain Maroboduus, who had been
whence its modern name Presthlaw, but the brought up at the court of Augustus, they miGreeks still call it Marcenopoli.         grated into the land of the Boii, a Celtic race,
MARCIANUS. 1. Emperor of the East A.D. who inhabited Bohemia and part of Bavaria.
450-457, was a native of Thrace or Illyricum, Here they settled after subduing the Boil, and
and served for many years as a common-soldier founded a powerful kingdom, which extended
in the imperial army. Of his early history we south as far as the Danube. Vid. MAROBODUUS.
have only a few particulars; but he had attain- At a later time, the Marcomanni, in conjunced such distinction at the death of Theodosius tion with the Quadi and other German tribes,
II. in 450, that the widow of the latter, the eel- carried on a long and bloody war with the Emebrated Pulcheria, offered her hand and the im- peror M. Aurelius, which lasted during the greatperial title to Marcian, who thus became Em- er part of his reign, and was only brought to a
peror of the East. Marcian was a man of res- conclusion by his son Commodus purchasing
olution and bravery; and when Attila sent to peace of the barbarians as soon as he ascended
demand the tribute which the younger Theodo- the throne, A.D. 180.
sius had engaged to pay annually, the emperor  MARDENE or MARDzYENE (Mapdpvi, Map6vyvr7),
sternly replied, " I have iron for Attila, but no a district of Persis, extending north from Taogold."  Attila swore vengeance; but he first cene to the western frontier and to the seainvaded the Western Empire, and his death, coast. It seems to have taken its name from
two years afterward, saved the East. In 451 some branch of the great people called Mardi or
Marcian assembled the council of Chalcedon, in Amardi, who are found in various parts of westwhich the doctrines of the Eutychians were con- ern and central Asia; for example, in Armedemned. He died in 457, and was succeeded  nia, Media, Margiana, and, under the same form
by Leo.-2. Of Heraclea in Pontus, a Greek of name as those in Persis, in Sogdiana.
geographer, of uncertain date, but who perhaps  MARDI. Vid. AMARDI, MARDENE.
lived in the fifth century of the Christian era.  MARDONiUS (Mapovito), a distinguished PerHe wrote a work in prose, entitled "A Periplus sian, was the son of Gobryas, and the son-inof the External Sea, both eastern and western, law of Darius Hystaspis. In B.C. 492 he was
and of the largest Islands in it." The External sent by Darius with a large armament to punSea he used in opposition to the Mediterranean. ish Eretria and Athens for the aid they had
This work was in two books-; of which the for- given to the Ionians. But his expedition was
mer, on the East and South Seas, has come an entire failure. His fleet was destroyed by a
down to us entire; but of the latter, which storm off Mount Athos, and the greater part of
treated of the West and North Seas, we pos- his land forces was destroyed on his passage
sess only the three last chapters on Africa, and through Macedonia by the Brygians, a Thraa mutilated one on the distance from Rome to cian tribe. In consequence of his failure, he
the principal cities in the world. In this work was superseded in the command by Datis and
he chiefly follows Ptolemy. He also made an Artaphernes, 490. On the accession of Xerxes,
epitome of the Periplus of Artemidorus of Eph- Mardonius was one of the chief instigators of
esus (vid. ARTEMIDORUS, No. 4), of which we the expedition against Greece, with the govpossess the introduction, and the periplus of ernment of which he hoped to be invested after
Pontus, Bithynia, and Paphlagonia. Marcianus its conquest; and he was appointed one of the
likewise published an edition of Menippus with generals of the land army. After the battle of
additions and corrections. Vid. MENIPPUS. The Salamis (480) he became alarmed for the conworks of Marcianus are edited by Hudson, in sequences of the advice he had given, and perthe Geographi Graeci Minores, and separately by suaded Xerxes to return home with the rest
Hoffmann, Marciani Periplus, &c., Lips., 1841. of the army, leaving three hundred thousand
MARCnXNUS, ELIUS, a Roman jurist, who lived men under his command for the subjugation of
under Caracalla and Alexander Severus. His Greece. He was defeated in the following year
works are frequently cited in the Digest.  (470 B.C.), near Plataee, by the combined Greek
MARCIANUS CAPELLA. Vid. CAPELLA.        forces under the command of Pausanias, and
MARcIUs, an Italian seer, whose prophetic was slain in the battle.
verses (Carmina Mlarciana) were first discover-  MARDUS. Vid. AMARDUS.
477




MARDYENE.                                   MARIUS.
MARDYENE, MARDYENI. ViaI. MARDENBE.       MARGTrES. Vid. HOMERUS, p. 378, a.
MARiEA, -EA, -IA (Mapgr, Mapeia, Mapia: Ma-  MARGUiT or MARGUS, a fortified place in Moe.
pectrT, Mareota: ruins at Mariouth), a town of sia Superior, west of Viminacium, situated on
Lower Egypt, in the district of Mareotis, on the the River Margus (now Morava), att.it,dnflusouthern side of the Lake Mareotis, at the mouth ence with the Danube. Here Diocletian. gaihed
of a canal.                               a decisive victory over Carinus..:,Thiilivyer
MARXOTIS (Mapecrt^). 1. Also called Mape- Margus, which is one of the southern txihbuta6r7jC NoriC, a district of Lower Egypt, on the ries of the Danube, rises in Mount Orbel:u-s.: 
extreme northwest, on the borders of the Lib-  MARGUS. Vid. MARGIANA.
ya Nomos: it produced good wine.-2. A town  MARIA. Vid. MAREA, MAREOTIS.
in the interior of the Libye Nomos, between  MARIABA. Vid. SABA.
the Oasis of Ammon and the Oasis Minor.     MARIAMMA (Maptdup#i, -t(id, -tdpv,17), a city of
MA6 ROTIS or MAREA or (-IA) LACUS (;7 Mape- Ccele-Syria, some miles west of Emesa, assignrt~, Mapeia, Mapia 2./iyvl: now Birket-Mariouth, ed by Alexander the Great to the territory of
or El-Kreit), a considerable lake in the north- Aradus.
west of Lower Egypt, separated from the Med-  MARIAMNE. Vid. HERODES.
iterranean by the neck of land on which Alex-  MARIAMNE TURRIS, a tower at Jerusalem,
andrea stood, and supplied with water by the built by Herod the Great.
Canopic branch of the Nile, and by canals. It  [MARIANA (Maptavi), a colony established by
was less than three -hundred stadia (thirty geo- C. Marius on the east coast of Corsica, the secgraphical miles) long, and more than one hund- ond chief city of the island, with a good harred and fiftywide. It was surrounded with vines, bor: its ruins still exist at the mouth of the
palms, and papyrus. It served as the port of Golo (the ancient Tavola), in a district called
Alexandrea for vessels navigating the Nile.  the plain of Mariana.]
MARES (MofpeF), a people of Asia, on the north-  MARIANE FossE. Vid. FossA.
ern coast of the Euxine, who served in the army  MARIANDYNI (Maptavdvvoi), an'ancient people
of Xerxes, being equipped with helmets of wick- of Asia Minor, on the northern coast, east of
er-work, leathern shields, and javelins.  the River Sangarius, in the northeast part of
MARESA, MARESCHA (MapVac, Maptad, Mapia- Bithynia. With respect to their ethnical affinad, MapeoXyi: probably ruins southeast of Beit ities, it seems doubtful whether they were conJibtin), an ancient fortress of Palestine, in the nected'with the Thracian tribes (the Thyni and
south of Judaa, of some importance in the his- Bithyni) on the west, or the Paphlagonians on
tory of the early kings of Judah and of the Mac- the east; but the latter appears the more probcabees. The Parthians had destroyed it before able.
the time of Eusebius; and it is probable that  MARIRNUS MONS (now  Sierra Morena), a
its ruins contributed to the erection of the city mountain in Hispania Bastica, properly only a
of Eleutheropolis (now Beit Jibrin), which was western offshoot of the Orospeda. The eastafterward built on the site of the ancient Baeto- ern part of it was called Saltus Castulonensis,
gabra, two Roman miles northwest of Maresa. and derived its name from the town of Castulo.
M.ARESCHA.  i.. MARESA.                  MARICA, a Latin nymph, the mother of LaMARGIANA (?' Mapytav7: the southern part of tinus by Faunus, was worshipped by the inhabKthiva, southwest part of Bokhara, and north- itants of Minturna in a grove on the River Lieast part of Khorassan), a province of the an- ris.  Hence the country round Minturnae is
cient Persian empire, and afterward of the Gre- called by Horace (Carim., iii., 17, 7) Maricx
co-Syrian, Parthian, and Persian kingdoms in litora.
Central Asia, north of the mountains called  MARINUS (Maptivo).  1. Of Tyre, a Greek
Sariphi (now Ghoor), a part of the chain of the geographer, who lived in the middle of the secIndian Caucasus, which divided it from Aria; ond century of the Christian era, and was the
and bounded on the east by Bactfiana, on the immediate predecessor of Ptolemy. Marinus
northeast and north by the River Oxus, which was undoubtedly the founder of mathematical
divided it fiom Sogdiana and Scythia, and on geography in antiquity; and Ptolemy based his
the west by Hyrcania. It received its name whole work upon that of Marinus. Vid. PTOLfrom the River Margus (now Moorg'hab), which EMEUS. The chief merit of Marinus was, that
flows through it, from southeast to northwest, he put an end to the uncertainty that had hithand is lost in the sands of the Desert of Khiva. erto prevailed respecting the positions of places,
On this river, near its termination, stood the by assigning to each its latitude and longitude.
capital of the district, Antiochia Margiana (now  -2. Of Flavia Neapolis, in Palestine, a philosMe2r). NWith the exception of the districts opher and rhetorician, was the pupil and sueround this and the minor rivers, which produced cessor of Proclus, whose life he wrote, a work
excellent wine, the country was for the most which is still extant, edited by Boissonade,
part a sandy desert. Its chief inhabitants were Lips., 1814.
the Derbices, Parni, Tapuri, and branches of  MARISUS (now Marosch), called MARIS (Mdthe great tribes of the Massagetae, Dahli, and pti) by Herodotus, a river of Dacia, which, acMardi.  The country became known to tlje cording to the ancientwriters, falls into the DanGreeks by the expeditions of Alexander and ube, but which in reality falls into the Theiss,
Antiochus I., the first of whom founded, and and, along with this river, into the Danube.
the second rebuilt, Antiochia; and the Romans  MARITMA, a sea-port town of the Avatici, and
of the age of Augustus obtained further infor- a Roman colony in Gallia Narbonensis.
mation about it from the returned captives who  MARIUS. 1. C., the celebrated Roman, who
had been taken bythe Parthians and had resided was seven times consul, was born in B.C. 157,
at Antiochia.                             near Arpinum, of an obscure and humble family,
478




MARIUS.                                   MARIUS
His father's name was 0. Marius, and his moth- progress. The utmost alarm prevailed througher's Fulciniap; and his prents, as well as Mari- out Italy; all party quarrels were hushed.
us Ij    f, were clients of the noble plebeian Every one felt that Marius was the only man
h         e Herennii. So indigent, indeed, is capable of saving the state, and he was accordresented to have been, that young ingly elected consul a second time during his
id to have worked as a common absence in Africa. Marius entered Rome in
ages, before he entered the ranks triumph on the first of January, 104, the first
an army. (Comp. Juv., viii., 246.) day of his second consulship. Meanwhile, the
nness of his origin has probably been threatened danger was for a while averted. Insomewhat exaggerated; but, at all events, he stead of crossing the Alps, the Cimbri marched
distinguished himself so much by his valor at into Spain, which they ravaged for the next two
the siege of Numantia in Spain (134) as to at- or three years. But as the return of the bartract the notice of Scipio Africanus, who is said barians was constantly expected, Marius was
to have foretold his future greatness. His name elected consul a third time in 103, and a fourth
does not occur again for fifteen years; but in time in 102. In the latter of these years the
119 he was elected tribune of the plebs, when Cimbri returned into Gaul. The barbarians
he was thirty-eight years of age. In this office now divided their forces. The Cimbri marched
he came forward as a popular leader, and pro- round the northern foot of the Alps, in order to
posed a law to give greater freedom to the peo- enter Italy by the northeast, crossing the Tyrople at the elections; and when the senate at- lese Alps by the defiles of Tridentum (now
tempted to overawe him, he commanded one Trent). The Teutoni and Ambrones, on the
of his officers to, carry the consul Metellus to' other hand, marched against Marius, who had
prison. He now became a marked man, and taken up a position in a fortified camp on the
the aristocracy opposed him with all their might. Rhone. The decisive battle was fought near
He lost his election to the edileship, and with Aquae Sextia (now Aix). The carnage was
difficulty obtained the praetorship; but he ac- dreadful. The whole nation was annihilated,
quired influence and importance by his marriage for those who did not fall in the battle put an
with Julia, the sister of C. Julius Caesar, who end to their own lives. The Cimbri, meantime,
was the father of the future ruler of Rome. In had forced their way into Italy. Marius was
109 Marius crossed over into Afiica as legate elected consul a fifth time (101), and joined the
of the consul Q. Metellus. Here, in the war proconsul Catulus in the north of Italy. The
against Jugurtha, the military genius of Marius two generals gained a great victory over the
had ample opportunity of displaying itself, and enemy on a plain called the Campi Raudii, near
he was soon regarded as the most distinguish- Vercellae (now Vercelli). The Cimbri met with
ed officer in the army. He also ingratiated the same fate as the Teutoni;. the whole nation
himself with the soldiers, who praised him in was destroyed. Marius was received at Rome
the highest terms in their letters to their friends with unprecedented honors. He was hailed as
at Rome. His popularity became so great that the saviour of the state; his name was coupled
he resolved to return to Rome, and become at with the gods in the libations and at banquets,
once a candidate for the consulship; but it was and he received the title of third founder of
with great difficulty that he obtained from Me- Rome. Hitherto the career of Marius had been
tellus permission to leave Africa. On his arri- a glorious one; but the remainder of his life is
val at Rome he was elected consul with an full of horrors, and brings out the worst features
enthusiasm which bore down all opposition be- of his character. In order to secure the confore it; and he received from the people the sulship the sixth time, he entered into close conprovince of Numidia, and the conduct of the nection with two of the worst denmagogues that
war against Jugurtha (107). On his return to ever appeared at Rome, Saturninus and Glaucia.
Numidia he carried on the war with great vigor; He gained his object, and was consul a sixth
and in the following year (106) Jugurtha was time in 100. In this year he drove into exile
surrendered to him by the treachery of Bocchus, his old enemy Metellus; and shortly afterward,
king of Mauretania.  Vid. JUGURTHA. Marius when Saturninus and Glaucia took up arms
sent his quaestor Sulla to receive the Numidian against the state, Marius crushed the insurrecking from Bocchus. This circumstance sowed tion by command of the senate. Vid. SATURNIthe seeds of the personal hatred which after- Nus. His conduct in this affair was greatly
ward existed between Marius and Sulla, since blamed by the people, who looked upon him as
the enemies of Marius claimed for Sulla the a traitor to his former friends. For the next
merit of bringing the war to a close by obtain- few years Marius took little part in public affairs.
ing possession of the person of Jugurtha. Mean- He possessed none of the qualifications which
time Italy was threatened by a vast horde of were necessary to maintain influence in the
barbarians, who had migrated from the north state during a time of peace, being an unletterof Germany. The two leading nations of which ed soldier, rude in manners, and arrogant in conthey consisted were called Cimbri and Teutoni, duct. The Social war again called him into
the former of whom are sufpposed to have been active service (90). He served as legate of the
Celts, and the latter Gauls.:To these two great consul P. Rutilius Lupus; and after the latter
races were added the Ambr ones, and some of had fallen in battle, he defeated the Marsi in
the Swiss tribes, such as lie T'igurini. The two successive engagements. Marius was now
whole host is said to have co stained three hund- sixty-seven, and his body had grown stout and
red thousand fighting meci, besides a much unwieldy; but he was still as greedy of honor
larger number of women and children. They and distinction as he had ever been. He had
had defeated one Roman army after another, set his heart upon obtaining the command of
and it appeared that nothing could check their the war against Mithradates, which the senate
479




MARIUS.                                 MARMARICA.
had bestowed upon the consul Sulla at the end  consuls for the following year (86).; But he did
of the Social war (88). In order to gain his ob- not long enjoy the hon'or: he was nohw in his
ject, Maiius allied himself to the tribune P. seventy-first year; his body was wor  at by
Sulpicius Rufus, who brought forward a law for the fatigues and sufferings he had tr.
distributing the Italian allies, who had just ob- dergone; and on the eighteenth da;
tained the Roman franchise, among all the Ro- sulship he died of an attack of pli
man tribes. As those new citizens greatly ex- seven days' illness.-2. C., the son
ceeded the old citizens in number, they would, ceding, but only by adoption. He,;
of course, be able to carry whatever they pleased the footsteps of his father, and was equin the comitia. The law was carried, notwith- tinguished by merciless severity againss
standing the violent opposition of the consuls; enemies. He was consul in 82, when he was
and the tribes, in which the new citizens now  twenty-seven years of age.;.In this year he
had the majority, appointed Marius to the cor- was defeated by Sulla near -Scriportus on the
mand of the war against Mithradates. Sulla frontiers of Latium, whereupon he took refuge
fled to his army, which was stationed at Nola; in the strongly-fortified;tovwn of Preeneste.
and when Marius sent thither two military trib- Here tle was besieged for some time; but after
unes to take the command of the troops, Sulla Sulla's great victory at the Colline gate of Rome
not only refused to surrender the command, but over Pontius Telesinus, Marius put an end to
marched upon Rome at the head of his army. his own life, after making an unsuccessful atMarius was now obliged to take to flight. After tempt to escape.-3. The false Marius. Vid.
wandering along the coast of Latium, and en- AMATIUS.-[4. M. GRATIDIENUS MARIUS, son of
countering terrible sufferings and privations, M. Gratidius, but adopted by one of the Maria
which he bore with unflinching fortitude, he gens, probably a brother of the celebrated Mawas at length taken prisoner in the marshes rius: he was a popular speaker, and in high
formedby the RiverLiris, near Minturns. The favor with the people. During the proscripmagistrates of this place resolved to put him to tions of Sulla he was killed by Catiline in a
death, in accordance with a command which brutal manner, and his head was carried in triSulla had sent to all the towns in Italy. A  umph through the city.]-5. M. AURELIUS MAGallic or Cimbrian soldier undertook to carry  RIUS, one of the thirty tyrants, was the fourth
their sentence into effect, and with a drawn of the usurpers who in succession ruled Gaul,
sword entered the apartment where Marius was in defiance of Gallienus. He reigned only two
confined. The part of the room in which Ma- or three days, but there are coins of his extant.
rius lay was in the shade; and to the frightened -6. MARIUS CELSUS. Vid. CELSUS.-7. MARIbarbarian the eyes of Marius seemed to dart out u5 MAXIMUS, a Roman historian, who is repeatfire, and from the darkness a terrible voice ex- edly cited by the Augustan historians.  He
claimed, " Man, durst thou murder C. Marius?" probably flourished under Alexander Severus,
The barbarian immediately threw down his and appears to have written the biographies of
sword, and rushed out of the-house. Straight- the Roman emperors, beginning with Trajan
way there was a revulsion of feeling among the and ending with Elagabalus.-8. MARIUS MERinhabitants of Minturnae. They got ready a CATOR, an ecclesiastical writer, distinguished as
ship, and placed Marius on board. He reached a zealous antagonist of the Pelagians and the
Africa in safety, and landed at Carthage; but Nestorians. He appears to have commenced
he had scarcely put his foot on shore before the his literary career during the pontificate of ZosiRoman governor sent an officer to bid him leave mus, A.D. 418, at Rome, and he afterward rethe country. This last blow almost unmanned paired to Constantinople. Mercator seems unMarius; his only reply was, "Tell the prae- doubtedly to have been a layman, but we are
tor that you have seen C. Marius a fugitive sit- ignorant of every circumstance connected with
ting on the ruins of Carthage."  Soon after- his origin and personal history. The works of
ward Marius was joined by his son, and they Mercator refer exclusively to the Pelagian and
took refuge in the island of Cercina. During Nestorian heresies, and consist, for the most
this time a revolution had taken place at Rome, part, of passages extracted and translated from
in consequence of which Marius was enabled the chief Greek authorities. The best edition
to return to Italy. The consul Cinna (87), who is by Baluze, Par., 1684.
belonged to the Marian party, had been driven  MARMXRICA (n MayaiapKt: Map/tapMa'i: now
out of Rome by his colleague Octavius, and had eastern part of Tripoli and northwestern part of
subsequently been deprived by the senate of the Egypt), a district of Northern Africa, between
consulate. Cinna collected an army, and re- Cyrenaica and Egypt, but by some ancient ge-'solved to recover his honors by force of arms. ographers reckoned as a part of Cyrenaica, and
As soon as Marius heard of these changes, he by others as a part of Egypt; while others,
left Africa, and joined Cinna in Italy. Marius again, call only the western part of it, from the
and Cinna now laid siege to Rome. The failure borders of Cyrenaica to the Catabathmus Magof provisions compelled the senate to yield, and nus, by the name of Marmarica, and the eastMarius and Cinna entered Rome as conquerors. ern part, from the Catabathmus Magnus to the
The most frightful scenes followed. The guards Sinus Plinthinetes, Libyae Nomos. Inland it
of Marius stabbed every one whom he did not extended as far as the Oasis of Ammon. It
salute, and the streets ran with the blood of the was, for the most part, a sandy desert, internoblest of the Roman aristocracy. Among the sected with low ranges of hills. Its inhabitvictims of his vengeance were the great orator ants were called by the general name of MarM. Antonius and his former colleague Q. Catu- maridwe. Their chief tribes were the Adyrlus. Without going through the form of an machida and Giligammai on the coast, and the
election, Marius and Cinna named themselves Nasamones and Augila in the interior.
480




MARMAARIIUTM.                               MARSI.
MxRARxAUM' (lMapiaptLov: Maplcptog:: now  750), situated on the eastern bank of the Lake
/Tarmari), a place on the southwestern coas  Fucinus, and on the road between Corfinium
of Eubca., with a temple of Apollo Marmarius, and Alba Fucentia.-2. (Now Morro), an anand celebrated marble quarries, which belonged cient town of the Aborigines in the country of
to:Carystu's.                            the Sabines, not to be confounded with the MarI.MoAO, VIRG.LYUts. Vid. VIRGILIUS,      sic Marruvium.
M\AROBODvs, the Latinized form of the Ger- MARS, an ancient Roman god, who was at an
man, MARBOD, king of the Marcomanni, was a early period identified by the Romans with the
Suevian by birth, and was born about B.C. 18. Greek Ares, or the god delighting in bloody
He was sent in his boyhood with other host- war. Vid. AREs. The name of the god in the
ages to Rome, where he attracted the notice Sabine and Oscan was Mamers; and Mars itof Augustus, and received a liberal education. self is a contraction of Mavers or Mavors. Next
After his return to his native country he suc- to Jupiter, Mars enjoyed the highest honors at
ceeded in establishing a powerful kingdom in Rome. He is frequently designated as Father
central Germany, along the northern bank of Mars, whence the forms Marspitcr and Maspiter,
the Danube, from Regensberg nearly to the bor- analogous to Jupiter. Jupiter, Mars, and Quiders of Hungary, and which stretched far into rinus were the three tutelary divinities of Rome,
the interior. His power excited the jealousy to each of whom King Numa appointed a flaof Augustus, who had determined to send a for- men. He was worshipped at Rome as the god
inidable army to invade his dominions; but the of war, and war itself was frequently designatrevolt of the Pannonians and Dalmatians (A.D. ed by the name of Mars. His priests, the Salii,
6) prevented the emperor from carrying his de- danced in full armor, and the place dedicated
sign into effect. Maroboduus eventually be- to warlike exercises was called after his name
came an object of suspicion to the other Ger- (Campus lartius). But, being the father of the
man tribes, and was at length expelled from  Romans, Mars was also the protector of the
his dominions by Catualda, a chief of the Go- most honorable pursuit, i. e., agriculture; and,
thones, about A.D. 19. He took refuge in Italy, under the name of Silvanus, he was worshipwhere Tiberius allowed him to remain, and he ped as the guardian of cattle. Mars was also
passed the remainder of his life at Ravenna. identified with Quirinus, who was the deity
He died in 35, at the age of fifty-three years.  watching over the Roman citizens in their civil
MARON (MdpuV). 1. Son of Evanthes, and capacity as Quirites. Thus Mars appears ungrandson of Bacchus (Dionysus) and Ariadne, der three aspects. As the warlike god, he was
priest of Apollo at Maronea in Thrace. He was called Gradivus; as'the rustic god, he was callthe hero of sweet wine, and is mentioned ed Silvanus; while, in his relation to the state,
among the companions of Bacchus (Dionysus). he bore the name of Quirinus. His wife was
-[2. One of the brave Spartan band who fought called Neria or lNeriene, the feminine of Nero,
and fell with Leonidas at Thermopylma.]   which in the Sabine language signified "strong."
MARONEA (Mapdvea: MapwoveTir7l: now Ma- The wolf and the woodpecker (picus) were sarogna), a town on the southern coast of Thrace, cred to Mars. Numerous temples were dedicatsituated on the northern bank of the Lake Is- ed to him at Rome, the most important of which
maris and on the River Sthenas, more anciently was that outside th6 Porta Capena, on the Apcalled Ortagurea. It belonged originally to the pian road, and that of Mars Ultor, which was
Cicones, but afterward received colonists from  built by Augustus in the forum.
Chios. It was celebrated for its excellent wine,  [MARSAcI,  a people in Gallia Belgica, on one
which even Homer mentions.                of the islands formed by the Rhine, which first
MARPESSA (MdpTryaua), daughter of Evenus became known to the Romans through the war
and Alcippe. For details, vid. IDAS.      with Civilis.]
MARPESSA (Mapir?77ca), a mountain in Paros,  MARSI. 1. A brave and warlike people of the
from which the celebrated Parian marble was Sabellian race, dwelt in the centre of Italy, in
obtained. Hence Virgil (En., vi., 471) speaks the high land surrounded by the mountains of
of Marpesia cautes.  -the Apennines, in which the Lake Fucinus is
[MARPESSUS (MdpTnargoc), a city of Troas, be- situated. Along with their neighbors the Pelonging to the territory of Lampsacus, the na- ligni, Marrucini, &c., they concluded a peace
tive city of one of the -Sibyls.]         with Rome, B.C. 304. Their bravery was proMARRUCINI, a brave and warlike people in verbial; and they were the prime movers of
Italy of the Sabellian race, occupying a narrow  the celebrated war waged against Rome by the
slip of country along the right bank of the River Socii or Italian allies in order to obtain the RoAternus, and bounded on the north by the Ves- man franchise, and which is known by the name
tini, on the west by the Peligni and Marsi, on of the Marsic or Social war. Their chief town
the south by the Frentani, and on the east by was MARRUVIUM. The Marsi appear to have
the Adriatic Sea. Their chief town was TEATE, been acquainted with the medicinal properties
and at the mouth of the Aternus they possess- of several of the plants growing upon their
ed, in common with the Vestini, the sea-port mountains, and to have employed them as remATERNsu.. Along with the Marsi, Peligni, and edies against the bites of serpents, and in other
the other Sabellian tribes, they fought against cases.  Hence they were regarded as magiRome; and, together with them, they submit- cians, and were said to be descended from a
ted to the Romans in B.C. 304, and concluded son of Circe. Others, again, derived their oria peace with the republic                 gin from the Phrygian Marsyas simply on acMTARRVIUMI olr MA5RUVIuM. 1. (Now S. Ben- count of the resemblance of the name.-2. A
cdetto), the chief town of the Marsi (who are people in Germany, appear to have dwelt origtherefore called gens,I ear:via, Virg., zn., vii., inally on both banks of the Ems, and to have
31                                                              481




MARSIGNI.                                MARTIALIS.
been only a tribe of the Cherusci, although Tac- titles of which are given by Suidas.-3. Of
itus makes them one of the most ancient tribes Philippi, commonly called the younger, to disin Germany. They joined the Cherusci in the tinguish him from the preceding, was also a
war against the Romans, which terminated in Greek historian. The period at which he flourthe defeat of Varus, but they were subsequently ished is uncertain: the earliest writers by whom
driven into the interior of the country by Ger- he is cited are Pliny and Athenaeus.
manicus.                                    MARSYAS (Mapacva).  1. A small and rapid
MARSIGNI, a people in the southeast of Ger- river of Phrygia, a tributary of the MaRander,
many, of Suevic extraction.              took its rise, according to Xenophon, in the palMARSUS, DOMITIUS, a Roman poet of the Au- ace of the Persian kings at Celanae, beneath the
gustan age. He wrote poems of various kinds, Acropolis, and fell into the Maeander outside of
but his epigrams were the most celebrated of the city. Pliny, however, states that its source
his productions. Hence he is frequently men- was in the valley called Aulocrene, about ten
tioned by Martial, who speaks of him in terms miles from Apamea Cibotus (which city was oon
of the highest admiration. He wrote a beauti- or near the site of Celsenae), and that after a
ful epitaph on Tibullus, which has come down subterraneous course it first came out to light
to us.                                    at Apamea. Colonel Leake reconciles these
MARSh-AS (Mapcava). 1. A mythological per- statements by.the natural explanation that the
sonage, connected with the earliest period of place, where the river first broke forth from its
Greek music. He is variously called the son subterraneous course was regarded as its true
of Hyagnis, or of (Eagrus, or of Olympus. origin. Tradition ascribed its name to the faSome make him a satyr, others a peasant. All ble of MARSYAS.-2. (Now Chinar- Chai), a conagree in placing him in Phrygia. The follow- siderable river of Caria, having its source in the
ing is the outline of his story: Minerva (Athena) district called Idrias, flowing northwest and
having, while playing the flute, seen the reflec- north through the middle of Caria, past Stration of herself in water, and observed the dis- tonicea and Alabanda, and falling into the southtortion of her features, threw away the instru- ern side of the Maeander nearly opposite to
ment in disgust. It was picked up by Marsyas, Tralles.-3. In Syria, a small tributary of the
who no sooner began to blow through it, than Orontes, into which it falls on the eastern side,
the flute, having once been inspired by the near Apamea.-4. A name given to the extenbreath of a goddess, emitted of its own accord sive plain in Syria through which the upper
the most beautiful strains. Elated by his sue- course of the Orontes flows, lying between the
cess, Marsyas was rash enough to challenge ranges of Casius and Lebanon, and reaching
Apollo to a musical contest, the conditions of from Apamea on the north to Laodicea ad Libawhich were that the victor should do what he num on the south.
pleased with the vanquished. The Muses, or,  MARTIALIS.  1. M. VALTRIUS, the epigramaccording to others, the Nysaans, were the matic poet, was born at Bilbilis in Spain in the
umpires. Apollo played upon the cithara, and third year of Claudius, A.D. 43. He came to
Marsyas upon the flute; and it was not till the Rome in the thirteenth year of Nero, 66; and
former added his voice to the music of his lyre after residing in the metropolis thirty-five years,
that the contest was decided in his favor. As he returned to the place of his birth in the third
a just punishment for the presumption of Mar- year of Trajan, 100. He lived there for upward
syas, Apollo bound him to a tree, and flayed of three years at least, on the property of his
him alive. His blood was the source of the wife, a lady named Marcella, whom he seems
River Marsyas, and Apollo hung up his skin in to have married after his return to Bilbilis. His
the cave out of which that river flows. His death can not have taken place before 104. His
flutes (for, according to some, the instrument fame was extended, and his books were eagerly
on which he played was the double flute) were sought for, not only in the city, but also in Gaul,
carried by the River Marsyas into the Msean- Germany, and Britain; he secured the patronder, and again emerging in the Asopus, were age of the emperors Titus and Domitian, ohthrown on land by it in the Sicyonian territory, tained by his influence the freedom.of the state
and were dedicated to Apollo in his temple at for several of his friends, and received for himSicyon. The fable evidently refers to the strug- self, although apparently with.out family, the
gle between the citharcedic and aulcedic styles privileges accorded to those who were the faof music, of which the former was connected thers of three children (jus trium libcrorum), towith the worship of Apollo among the Dorians, gether with the rank of tribunus and the rights
and the latter with the orgiastic rites of Cybele of the equestrian order. His circumstances apin Phrygia. In the fora of ancient cities there pear to have been easy during his residence at
was frequently placed a statue of Marsyas, Rome, for he had a mansion in the city whose
which was probably intended to hold forth an situation he describes, and a suburban villa near
example of the severe punishment of arrogant Nomentum, to which he frequently alludes with
presumption. The statue of Marsyas in the pride. The extant works of Martial consist of
forum of Rome is well known by the allusions a collection of short poems, all included under
of Horace (Sat., i., 6, 120), Juvenal (ix., 1, 2), the general appellation Epigrammata, upward
and Martial (ii., 64, 7).-2. A Greek historian, of fifteen hundred in number, divided into fourwas the son of Periander, a native of Pella in teen books. Those which form the two last
Macedonia, a contemporary of Alexander, with books, usually distinguished respectively as Xewhom he is said to have been educated. His nia and Apophoreta, amounting to three hundprincipal work was a history of Macedonia, in red and fifty, consist of distichs, descriptive of
ten books, fiom the earliest timesito the wars a vast variety of small objects, chiefly articles
of Alexander. He also wrote other works, the of food or clothing, such as were usually sent
482




MARTIALIS.                                MASINISSA.
as presents among friends during the Saturna-  [MARTIANUS. Vid. MARCIANUS.]
lia, and on other festive occasions. In addition  MIARTINIANUS, was elevated to the dignity of
to the above, nearly all the printed copies in- Caesar by Licinius when he was making prepclude thirty-three epigrams, forming a book arations for the last struggle against Constanapart from the rest, which has been commonly tine. After the defeat of Licinius, Martinianus
known as Liber de Spectaculis, because the con- was put to death by Constantine, A.D. 323.
tents relate to the shows exhibited by Titus  MARTIUS CAMPUS. Vid. CAMPUS MARTIUS.
and Domitian, but there is no ancient authority  MARTYR6OPLIS (MapTvpo7ro&Ae: now Meia Farfor the title. The different books were collect- ekin), a city of Sophene, in Armenia Major, on
ed and published by the author, sometimes sin- the River Nymphus, a tributary of the Tigris;
gly and sometimes several at one time. The under Justinian, a strong fortress, and the resLiber de Spectaculis and the first nine'books of idence of the first Dux Armeniae.
the regular series involve a great number of  MARULLUS, C. EPIDIUS, tribune of the plebs
historical allusions, extending from the games B.C. 44, removed, in conjunction with his colof Titus (80) down to the return of Domitian league L. Caesetius Flavus, the diadem which
from the Sarmatian expedition in January, 94. had been placed upon the statue of C. Julius
All these books were composed at Rome ex- Caesar, and attempted to bring to trial the percept the third, which was written during a tour sons who had saluted the dictator as king. Caein Gallia Togata. The tenth book was publish- sar, in consequence, deprived him of the tribued twice: the first edition was given hastily to nate, and expelled him from the senate.
the world; the second, that which we now read  [MARUs (now Marosch), mentioned by Tac(x., 2), celebrates the arrival of Trajan at Rome, itus as a tributary of the Danube on the north,
after his accession to the throne (99). The elev- probably the same as the MARIsus.]
enth book seems to have been published at   MARUVIUM. Vid. MARRUVIUM.
Rome early in 100, and at the close of the year  [MASADA (Maiaada), a fortress on the shore of
he returned to Bilbilis. After keeping silence the Dead Sea, built by Jonathan Maccabaeus,
for three years (xii., procem.), the twelfth book and afterward greatly strengthened by Herod,
was dispatched from Bilbilis to Rome (xii., 3, as a place of refuge for himself. It fell into the
18), and must therefore be assigned to 104. hands of the Romans after the capture of JeruBooks xiii. and xiv., Xenia and Apophoreta, salem, the garrison having devoted themselves
were written chiefly under Domitian, although to self-destruction.]
the composition may have been spread over   MASCAS (MdaocaC, MaoicaC: now Wady-el-Sethe holidays of many years. It is well known ha), an eastern tributary of the Euphrates in
that the word Epigram, which originally denoted Mesopotamia, mentioned onlybyXenophon (Ansimply an inscription, was, in process of time, ab., i., 5), who describes it'as surrounding the
applied to any brief metrical effusion, what- city of Corsote, and as being thirty-five paraever the subject might be, or whatever the sangs from the Chaboras. It appears to be the
form under which it was presented. Martial, same river as the Saocoras of Ptolemy.
however, first placed the epigram upon the nar-  MASES (Mda1: Maair/tno), a town on the
row basis which it now occupies, and from his southern coast of Argolis, the harbor of Hertime the term has been in a great measure re- mione.
stricted to denote a short poem, in which all  MASINIssA (Maaaavdaar7C), king of the Nuthe thoughts and expressions converge to one midians, was the son of Gala, king of the Massharp point, which forms the termination of the sylians, the easternmost of the two great tribes
piece. Martial's epigrams are distinguished by into which the Numidians were at that time disingular fertility of imagination, prodigious flow  vided; but he was brought up at Carthage,
of wit, and delicate felicity of language; and where he appears to have received an educafrom no source do we derive more copious in- tion superior to that usual among his countryformation on the national customs and social men. In B.C. 213 the Carthaginians persuaded
habits of-the Romans during the first century Gala to declare war against Syphax, king of
of the empire- But, however much we may the neighboring tribe of the Massaesylians, who
admire the genius of the author, we feel no re- had lately entered into an alliance with Rome.
spect for the character of the man. The servil- Masinissa was appointed by his father to comity of adulation with which he loads Domitian, mand the invading force, with which he attackproves that he was a courtier of the lowest ed and totally defeated Syphax. In the next
class; and his works are defiled by the most year (212) Masinissa crossed over into Spain,
cold-blooded filth, too clearly denoting habitual and supported the Carthaginian generals there
impurity of thought, combined with habitual im- with a large body of Numidian horse.  He
purity of expression. The best edition is by fought on the side of the Carthaginians for
Schneidewinn, Grem., 1842. —   GARGILIUS, a some years; but after their great defeat by
Roman historian, and a contemporary of Alex- Scipio in 206, he secretly promised the latter to
anderSeverus,whoiscitedbyVopiscus. There support the Romans as soon as they should
is extant a short fragment on veterinary sur- send an army into Africa. In his desertion of
gery bearing the name of Gargilius Martialis; the Carthaginians he is said to have been also
and Angelo Mai discovered on a palimpsest in actuated by resentment against Hasdrubal, who
the royal library at Naples part of a work De had previously betrothed to him his beautiful
Hortis, also ascribed to Gargilius Martialis; daughter Sophonisba, but violated his engagebut whether Gargilius Martialis the horticul- ment in order to bestow her hand upon Syphax.
turist, and Gargilius Martialis the veterinarian, During the absence of Masinissa in Spain his
are all, or any two of them, the same, or all dif- father Gala had died, and the throne had been
ferent personages, can not be determined.  seized by a usurper; but Masinissa, on his re483




MASISTES.                                MASSICYTUS.
turn, soon expelled the usurper and obtained  MAsYUs MONs (r6 M tdIov 6por: now Karaijt
possession of the kingdom. He was now at- Dagh), a mountain chain in the north of Meson
tacked by Syphax and the Carthaginians, who potamia, between the upper course of the Tiwere anxious to crush him before he could re- gris and the Euphrates, running from the main
ceive assistance from Rome. He was repeat- chain of the Taurus southeast along the border
edly defeated by Syphax and his generals, and of Mygdonia.
with difficulty escaped falling into the hands of  MASO, C. PAPIRIUS, consul B.C. 231, carried
his enemies. But the arrival of Scipio in Af- on war against the Corsicans, whomn he subrica (204) soon changed the posture of affairs. dued; and from the booty obtained in this war,
He instantly joined the Roman general, and ren- he dedicated a temple to Fons. Maso was the
dered the most important services to him dur- maternal grandfather of Scipio Africanus the
ing the remainder of the war. He took a prom- younger, his daughter Papiria marrying /EGmilinent part in the defeat of the combined forces ius Paulus.
of Syphax and Hasdrubal, and, in conjunction  [MASPII (MdaCrtot), mentioned by Herodotus
with Luelius, he reduced Cirta, the capital of as one of the most distinguished races of the
Syphax. Among the captives that fell into Persian nation.]
their hands on this occasion was Sophonisba,  MAssA, B.MBIUs or BEBIUS, was accused by
the wife of Syphax, and the same who had been Pliny the younger and Herennius Senecio of
formerly promised in marriage to Masinissa plundering the province of Bzetica, of which he
himself. The story of his hasty marriage with had been governor, A:D. 93. He was condemnher, and its tragical termination, is related else- ed, but escaped punishment by the favor of Dowhere. Vid. SOPHONISBA. In the decisive bat- mitian; and from this time he became one of
tle of Zama (202), Masinissa commanded the the informers and favorites of the tyrant.
cavalry of the right wing, and contributed in no  [MAssA (Mdaaa) or MASASAT (Maceaar). 1. A
small degree to the successful result of the day. river on the west coast of Libya Interior, northOn the conclusion of the final peace between ward of the stream Daradus. —2. M. VETERNENRome and Carthage, he was rewarded with the sis, a city of Etruria, northeast of Populoniurnm
greater part of the territories which had be- and northwest of Rusellke, perhaps the modern
longed to Syphax, in addition to his hereditary Massa.]
dominions. For the next fifty years Masinissa  MAssiEsVLI or -II.  Vid. MAUxRETANIA, Nureigned in peace, though constantly making ag- MIDIA.
gressions upon the Carthaginian territory. At  MAssXGA (Tri Md6aaya), the capital city of the
length, in 150, he declared open war against Car- Indian people AssACE.NI.
thage, and these hostilities led to the outbreak  MASSXGET.M (Maaaay7ral), a wild and warlike
of the third Punic war. Masinissa died in the people of Central Asia, in Scythia intra Imauim,
second year of the war, 148. On his death-bed north of the Jaxartes (the Araxes of Herodohe had sent for Scipio Africanus the younger, tus) and the Sea of Aral, and on the peninsuat that time serving in Africa as a military trib- la between this lake and the Caspian. Their
une, but he expired before his arrival, leaving country corresponds to that of the IKirghiz Tarit to the young officer to settle the affairs of his tars in the north of Independent Tartary. Some
kingdom. He died at the advanced age of nine- of the ancient geographers give them a greater
ty, having retained in an extraordinary degree extent toward the southeast, and Herodotus aphis bodily strength and activity to the last, so pears to include under the name all the nomad
that in the war against the Carthaginians, only tribes of Asia east of the Caspian. They aptwo years before, he not only commanded his pear to have been of the Turkoman race; their
army in person, but was able to go through all manners and customs resembled those of the
his military exercises with the agility and vig- Scythians in general; but they had some pecuor of a young man. His character has been ex- liarities, such as the killing and eating of their
tolled by the Roman writers far beyond his true aged people.  Their chief appearance in anmerits. He possessed, indeed, unconquerable cient history is in connection with the expedienergy and fortitude; but he was faithless to tion undertaken against them by Cyrus the
the Carthaginians as soon as fortune began to Great, in which' Cyrus was defeated and slain.
turn against them; and though he afterward  Vid. CYRUS.
continued steady to the cause of the Romans,  [MASSALA, a city of the Homeritee, on the
it was because he found it uniformly his inter- southern coast of Arabia Felix.]
est to do so. He was the father of a very nu-  [MASSALIOTICUI OSTIUM. Vid. RHODANUS.]
merous family; but it appears that three only  MAssiNI (Maaaavol), a people of India intra
of his legitimate sons survived him, Micipsa, Gangem, on the lower course of the Indus, near
Mastanabal, and Gulussa. Between these three the island of Pattalene.
the kingdom was portioned out by Scipio, ac-  [MAssIcus, an Etrurian prince, who came with
cording to the dying directions of the old king. one thousand men from Clusium and Cosa to
[MASISTES (MaCic7r1g), son of Darius and the aid of _Eneas in his war with Turnus in
Atossa, accompanied his brother Xerxes in his Italy.]
expedition against Greece.]                 MAssIcus MONS, a mountain in the northwest
[MASISTIUS (MaaicTLog), commander of the.of Campania, near the frontiers of Latium, eelcavalry in the army of Xerxes in the invasion,ebrated for its excellent wine, the produce of
of Greece, distinguished for his bravery and the vineyards on the southern slope of the
commanding appearance; he was slain in a mountain. The celebrated Falernian vine canme
skirmish before the battle of Platea: the from the eastern side of this mountain.
Greeks, says Herodotus (ix, 20), called him  MASSiciTUS or MASSicY-TES (Macci, rpC), one
Macistius (Mactrloe).]                    of the principal mountain chains of LvcsI.
484




MASSILIA.                                 MATRONA.
MASSILIA (Maoaaaoia: MauaatL6Srif, Massili-  MASTAURA (ra Mdiaravpa: now ruins of Masensis: now Marseilles), a Greek city in Gallia taura-Kalesi), a city of Lydia, on the borders of
Narbonensis, on the coast of the Mediterranean, Caria, near Nysa.
in the country of the Salyes. It was situated  [MASTOR (MCearop). 1. Father of Lycophron
on a promontory, which was connected with of Cythera. —2. Father of the diviner Halithe main land by a narrow isthmus, and was therses, mentioned in the Odyssey.]
washed on three sides by the sea. Its excel-  MASTRAMELA, a town on the southern coast
lent harbor, called Lacydon, was formed by a of Gallia Narbonensis, east of the Rhone, and
small inlet of the sea, about half a mile long and a lake of the same name, called by Mela Avata quarter of a mile broad. This harbor had only'icorum stagnum.
a narrow opening, and before it lay an island  MASTUSIA.  1. The southwest point of the
where ships had good anchorage. Massilia was Thracian Chersonesus, opposite Sigeum.-2. A
founded by the Phocaeans of Asia Minor about mountain of Lydia, on the southern slope of
B.C. 600, and soon became a very fourishing which Smyrna lay.
city. It'extended its dominion over the barba-  MATERNUS, CURIATIUS, a Roman rhetorician
rous tribes in its neighborhood, and planted sev- and tragic poet, one of the speakers in the Diaeral colonies on the coast of Gaul and Spain, logus.de Oratoribus ascribed to Tacitus.
such as ANTIPOLIS, NIOcEA, and EMPORIUM. Its  MATERNUS FIRMICUS. Vid. FIRMICUS.
naval power and commercial greatness soon   MATHO. 1. One of the leaders of the Carthaexcited the jealousy of the Carthaginians, who ginian mercenaries in their war against Carmade war upon the city, but the Massilians not thage, after the conclusion of the first Punic
only maintained their independence, but defeat- war, B.C. 241. He was eventually taken prised the Carthaginians in a sea-fight. At an early oner and put to death.-2. A pompous, blusterperiod they cultivated the friendship of the Ro- ing advocate, ridiculed by Juvenal and Martial.
mans, to whom they always continued faithful  MATHO, PoiPONIUs., 1. M'., consul B.C. 233,
allies. Accordingly, when the southeast corner carried on war against the Sardinians, whom
of Gaul was made a Roman province, the Ro- he defeated. In 217 he was magister equitum,
mans allowed Massilia to retain its independ- in 216 praetor, and in 215 propraetor in Cisalence and its own constitution. This constitu- pine Gaul.-2. M., brother of the preceding,
tion was aristocratic. The city was governed consul 231, also carried on war against the Sarby a senate of six hundred persons called Timu- dinians. He was likewise praetor in 217. He
chi. From these were selected fifteen presi- died in 204.-3. M., probably son of No. 2, aedile
dents, who formed a sort of committee for car- 206, and praetor 204, with Sicily as his province.
rying on the ordinary business of the govern-  MATIXNA (Mareav7j, MartavoE, -rviv, -#ivot, Hement, and three of these were intrusted with rod.), the southwesternmost district of Media
the executive power. The inhabitants retain- Atropatene, along the mountains separating
ed the religious rites of their mother country, Media from Assyria, which were also called
and they cultivated with especial reverence the Matiani. The great salt lake of Spaura (Mareworship of the Ephesian Artemis or Diana. avi A/izvy: now Lake of Urmi) was in this disMassilia was for many centuries one of the trict. Herodotus also mentions a people on the
most important commercial cities in the an- Halys in Asia Minor by the name of Matieni.
cient world. In the civil war between Caesar  MATINUS, a mountain in Apulia running out
and Pompey (B.C. 49) it espoused the cause of into the sea, was one of the offshoots of Mount
the latter, but after a prbtracted siege, in which Garganus, and is frequently mentioned by Horit lost its fleet, it. was obliged to submit to Cae- ace in consequence of his being a native of
sar. From the effects of this blow it never fully Apulia.
recovered. Its inhabitants had long paid atten-  MATISCO (now Macon), a town of the ZEdui
tion to literature and philosophy; and under in Gallia Lugdunensis, on the Arar, and on the
the early emperors it became one of the chief road from Lugdunum to Augustodunum.
seats of learning, to which the sons of many il-  MATIUS CALVENA, C., a Roman eques, and a
lustrious Romans resorted to complete their friend of Caesar and Cicero. After Caesar's
studies. The modern Marseilles occupies the death he espoused the side of Octavianus, with
site of the ancient town, but contains no re- whom he became very intimate. [This is probmains of ancient buildings.               ably the same C. Matius who translated the
MAssivA. 1. A Numidian, grandson of Gala, Iliad into Latin verse, and was the author of
king of the Massylians, and nephew of Masinis- several other works. Matius also wrote " Mimsa, whom he accompanied into Spain.-2. Son iambi," which were as celebrated as his transof Gulussa, and grandson of Masinissa, was as- lation of the Iliad, and paid great attention to
sassinated at Rome by order of Jugurtha be- economics and agriculture. He also wrote a
cause he had put in his claim to the kingdom of work on the whole art and science of cookery,
Numidia.                                  in three books, entitled respectively Cocus, Ce[MAssUGRADA, a son of Masinissa, king of Nu- taris, Salnmagarims. The fragments are given
midia, by a concubine. Vid. DABAR.]       by Bothe, Poet. Seen. Lat. Vet., vol. vi., p. 265MAssURIUS SABINUS. Vid. SABINUS.        268; and by Zell, Stuttgard, 1829.]
MASsYrLI or -ii. Vid. MAURETANIA, NUMIDIA.  MATRON (M(rpov), of Pitana, a celebrated wriMASTANABAL or MANASTABAL, the youngest of ter of parodies upon Homer, probably lived a
the three legitimate sons of Masinissa, between little before the time of Philip of Macedon.
whom the kingdom of Numidia was divided by  MATRONA (now Marne), a river in Gaul, which
Scipio after the death of the aged king (B.C. formed the boundary between Gallia Lugdunen148). He died before his brother Micipsa, and sis and Belgica, and which falls into the Seeft two sons, Jugurtha and Gauda.         quana a little south of Paris.
485




MATTIACI.                                 MAUSOLUS.
MATTIACI, a people in Germany, who dwelt on' corresponded to the later district of Mauretania
the eastern bank of the Rhine, between the Tingitana, and to the modern empire of IMaMain and the Lahn, and were a branch of the rocco, except that the latter extends further
Chatti. They were subdued by the Romans, south; the ancient boundary on the south was
who, in the reign of Claudius, had fortresses the Atlas. The Romans first became acquaintand silver mines in their country. After the ed with the country during the war with Jugurdeath of Nero they revolted against the Ro- tha, B.C. 106; of their relations with it till it
mans, and took part with the Chatti and other became a Roman province, about 33, an account
German tribes in the siege of Moguntiacum. is given under BOCCHTs. During this period
From this time they disappear from history; the kingdom of Mauretania had been increased
and their country was subsequently inhabited by the addition of the western part of Numidia,
by the Alemanni.  Their chief towns. were as far as Saldae, which Julius Casar bestowed
Aquae Mattiaca (now Wiesbaden), and Mattia- on Bogud, as a reward for his services in the
cum (now Marburg), which must not be con- African war. A new arrangement was made
founded with Mattium, the capital of the Chatti. about 25, when Augustus gave Mauretania to
MATTIUM (now Maden), the chief town of the Juba II., in exchange for his paternal kingdom
Chatti, situated on the Adrana (now Eder), was of Numnidia. Upon the murder of Juba's son,
destroyed by Germanicus.                  Ptolemoeus, by Caligula (A.D. 40), Mauretania
MATUTA, commonly called MATER MATUTA, is became finally a Roman province, and was forusually considered as the goddess of the dawn mally constituted as such by Claudius, who
of morning, and her name is considered to be added to it nearly half of what was still left of
connected with maturus or matutinus. It seems, Numidia, namely, as far as the Ampsaga, and
however, to be well attested that Matuta was divided it into two parts, of which the western
only a surname of Juno; and it is probable that was called Tingitana, from its capital Tingis
the name is connected with mater, so that Ma- (now Tangier), and the eastern Caesariensis,
ter Matuta is an analogous expression with from its capital Julia Caesarea (now Zershell),
Hostus Hostilius, Faunus Fatuus, Aius Locuti- the boundary between them  being the River
us, and others. Her festival, the Matralia, was Malva, the old limit of the kingdom of Boecelebrated on the 11th of June (rid. Diet. of Ant., chus I. The latter corresponded to the westart. MATRALIA). The Romans identified Matuta ern and central part of the modern regency (and
with the Greek Leucothea. A temple was dedi- now French colony) of Algiers. These " Maucated to Matuta at Rome by King Servius, and retaniae dua" were governed by an equestrian
was restored by the dictator Camillus, after the procurator. In the later division of the empire
taking of Veii. There was also a temple of under Diocletian and Constantine, the eastern
Matuta at Satricum.                       part of M. Caesariensis, from Saldae to the AmpMAURETANIA or MAURITANIA (M Mavpovaca: saga, was erected into a new province, and callMavpovoaot, Mai)poz, Mauri), the westernmost of ed M. Sitifensis, from the inland town of Sitifi
the principal divisions of Northern Africa, lay (now Setif); at the same time, the western
between the Atlantic on the west, the Mediter- province, M. Tingitana, seems to have been
ranean on the north, Numidia on the east, and placed under the same government as Spain, so
Gaetulia on the south; but the districts em- that we still find mention of the "Mauretaniae
braced under the names of Mauretania and Nu- duae," meaning now, however, Caesariensis and
midia respectively were of very different extent Sitifensis. From A.D. 429 to 534 Mauretania
at different periods. The earliest known in- was in the hands of the Vandals, and in 650
habitants of all Northern Africa west of the and the following years it was conquered by the
Syrtes were the Gaetulians, who weredisplaced Arabs. Its ancient inhabitants still exist as
and driven inland by tribes of Asiatic origin, powerful tribes in lMarocco and Algier, under
who are found in the earliest historical ac- the names of Berbers, Schillus, Kalyles, and Tuacounts, settled along the northern coast under riks. Its chief physical features are described
various names; their chief tribes being the under AFRIcA and ATLAS. Under the later RoMauri or Maurusii, west of the River Malva or man emperors it was remarkable for the great
Malucha (now Muluia or Mohalou); thence the number of its episcopal sees.
Massasylii to (or nearly to) the River Ampsaga  MAURI. Vid. MAURETANIA.
(now Wady-el-Kebir), and the Massylii between  MAURICIANUS, JUNIUS, a Roman jurist, lived
the Ampsaga and the Tusca (now Wady-Zain), under Antoninus Pius (A.D. 138-161).  His
the western boundary of the Carthaginian ter- works are cited a few times in the Digest.
ritory. Of these people, the Mauri, who pos-  MAuRIOcUS, Ju'Nus, an intimate friend of Pliny,
sessed a greater breadth of fertile country be- was banished by Domitian, but recalled from extween the Atlas and the coasts, seem to have ile by Nerva.
applied themselves more to the settled pursuits  MAURITANIA. Vid. MAURETANIA.
of agriculture than their kindred neighbors on  MAURUS, TERENTIANUS. Vid. TERENTIANrUS
the east, whose unsettled warlike habits were  MAURUSII. Vid. MAURETANfA.
moreover confirmed by their greater exposure  MAUsSLUS (Mav'tooC or Mawao'aXo), king of
o the intrusions of the Phoenician settlers. Caria, was the eldest son of Hecatomnus, whom
ience arose a difference, which the Greeks he succeeded in the sovereignty B.C. 377. In
marked by applying the general name of Noya- 362 he took part in the general revolt of the
deS to the tribes between the Malva and the satraps against Artaxerxes Mnemlon, and availTusca; whence came the Roman names of ed himself of that opportunity to extend his
Numidia for the district, and Numidae for its dominions. In 358 he joined with the Rhod1people. Vid. NUMIDIA. Thus Mauretania was ans and others in the war waged by them
at first only the country west of the Malva, and against the Athenians, known by the natme of
486




MAYORS.                                 MAXIMINUS.
the Social war. He died in 353, leaving no Testament, HadadRimmon), acity ofPalestine,
children, and was succeeded by his wife and in the valley of Megiddo, a little to the southsister Artemisia. The extravagant grief of the west of Megiddo.
latter for his death, and the honors she paid to  MAXIMINUS. I. Roman emperor A.D. 286his memory-especially by the erection of the 305, whose full name was M. AURELIUS VALEcostly monument, which was called from him  RIUS MAXIMIANUS. He was born of humble pathe Mausoleum-are related elsewhere. Vid. rents in Pannonia, and had acquired such fame
ARTEMISIA.                                by his services in the army, that Diocletian seMAVORS. Vid. MARS.                     lected this rough soldier for his colleague, as
MAXENTYUS, Roman emperor A.D. 306-312, one whose abilities were likely to prove valuawhose full name was M. AURELIUS VALERIUs ble in the disturbed state of public affairs, and
IAXENTIUS. He was the son of Maximianus accordingly created him first Caesar (285), and
and Eutropia, and received in marriage the then Augustus (286), conferring at the same
daughter of Galerius; but he was passed over time the honorary appellation of Herculius, while
in the division of the empire which followed the he himself assumed that of Jovins. The subabdication of his father and Diocletian in A.D. sequent history of Maximian has been fully de305. Maxentius, however, did not tamely ao- tailed in former articles. Vid. DIOCLETIANUS,
quiesce in this arrangement, and, being support- CONSTANTINUS I., MAXENTIUS. It is sufficient
ed by the praetorian troops, who had been re- to relate here, that after having been reluctantcently deprived of their exclusive privileges, he ly compelled to abdicate, at Milan (305), he was
was proclaimed emperor at Rome in 306. He again invested with the imperial title by his son
summoned his father, Maximianus, from his re, Maxentius, in the following year (306), to whom
tirement in Lucania, who again assumed the he rendered the most important services in the
purple. The military abilities of Maximianus war with Severus and Galerius. Having been
were of great service to his son, who was of expelled from Rome shortly afterward by his
indolent and dissolute habits.  Maximianus son, he took refuge in Gaul with Constantine,
compelled the Caesar Severus, who had march- to whom he had previously given his daughter
ed upon Rome, to retreat in haste to Ravenna, Fausta in marriage. Here he again attempted
and soon afterward put the latter to death when to resume the imperial crown, but was easily
he had treacherously got him into his power deposed by Constantine (308). Two years aft(307). The Emperor Galerius now marched in erward, he endeavored to induce his daughter
person against Rome, but Maximianus compel- Fausta to destroy her husband, and was, in conled him likewise to retreat. Maxentius, relieved sequence, compelled by Constantine to put an
from these imminent dangers, proceeded to dis- end to his own life.-II., Roman emperor A.D.
entangle himself from the control which his 305-311, usually called GALERIUS.  His full
father sought to exercise, and succeeded in name was GALERIUS VALERIUS MAXIMIANUS.
driving him from his court. Soon afterward He was born near Sardica in Dacia, and was
Maxentius crossed over to Africa, which he rav- the son of a shepherd. He rose from the ranks
aged with fire and sword, because it had sub- to the highest commands in the army, and was
mitted to the independent authority of a certain appointed Caesar by Diocletian, along with ConAlexander. Upon his return to Rome Maxen- stantius Chlorus, in 292. At the same time he
tius openly aspired to dominion over all the was adopted by Diocletian, whose daughter VaWestern provinces; and soon afterward de- leria he received in marriage, and was intrustclared war against Constantine, alleging, as a ed with the command of Illyria and Thrace.
pretext, that the latter had put to death his In 297 he undertook an expedition against the
father Maximianus. He began to make prepa- Persian monarch Narses, in which he was unrations to pass into Gaul; but Constantine an- successful, but in the following year (298) he
ticipated his movements, and invaded Italy. defeated Narses with great slaughter, and comThe struggle was brought to a close by the de- pelled him to conclude a peace. Upon the abfeat of Maxentius at Saxa Rubra, near Rome, dication of Diocletian and Maximian (305), GaOctober 27th, 312. Maxentius tried to'escape lerius became Augustus or emperor. In 307 he
over the Milvian bridge into Rome, but perished made an unsuccessful attempt to recover Italy,
in the river. Maxentius is represented by all which had owned the authority of the usurper
historians as a monster of rapacity, cruelty, and Maxentius. Vid. MAXENTIUS. He died in 311,
lust. The only favored class was the military, of the disgusting disease known in modern
uponevhom he depended for safety; and in or- times by the name of morbus pediculosus. He
der to secure their devotion and to gratify his was a cruel persecutor of the Christians; and
own passions, all his other subjects were made it was at his instigation that Diocletian issued
the victims of the most revolting licentiousness, the fatal ordinance (303), which for so many
and ruined by the most grinding exactions.  years deluged the world with innocent blood.
MAXILUA, a town in Hispania Baetica, where  MAXIMINUS.  I., Roman emperor A.D. 235bricks were made so light as to swim upon wa- 238, whose full name was C. JULIUS VERUS MAXter. Vid. CALENTUM.                       IMINUS. He was born in a village on the conMAXIMA CIESARIENSIS.  Vid. BRITANNIA, p. fines of Thrace, of barbarian parentage, his father
149, b.                                   being a Goth, and his mother a German fiom
MAXIMrIANOPLIS, previously called PORSULM, the tribe of the Alani. Brought up as a shepa town in Thrace, on the Via Egnatia, east of herd, he attracted the attention of Septimius
Abdera, probably the same place as the town Severus by his gigantic stature and marvellous
called Mosynopolis (MoavvoViro2tS) by the By- feats of strength, and was permitted to enter the
zantin.e writers.                         army. He eventually rose to the highest rank
MAXLIMTANOPOLIS (Matitaavov'rof: in the Old in the service; and on the murder of Alexander
487




MAXIMUS.                                  MAXIMUS.
Severus by the mutinous troops in Gaul (235), was accused of taking part in a conspiracy
he was proclaimed emperor. He immediately against Valens, and was put to death.-2. Of
bestowed the title of Caesar on his son Maxi- Epirus, or perhaps of Byzantium, was also an
mus. During the three years of his reign he instructor of the Emperor Julian in philosophy
carried on war against the Germans with sue- and heathen theology. He wrote in Greek, De
cess; but his government was characterized by insolubilibus Oppositionibus, published by H. Stea degree of oppression and sanguinary excess phanus, Paris, 1554, appended to the edition of
hitherto unexampled. The Roman world be- Dionysius of Halicarnassus, as well as other'
came at length tired of this monster. The works.
senate and the provinces gladly acknowledged  MAXIMUS, FABIUS.  1. Q. FABIUS MAXIMUS
the two Gordiani, who had been proclaimed em- RULLIANUS, was the son of M. Fabius Ambusperors in Africa; and after their death the tus, consul B.C. 360. Fabius was master of the
senate itself proclaimed Maximus and Balbinus horse to the dictator L. Papirius Cursor in 325,
emperors (238). As soon as Maximinus heard whose anger he incurred by giving battle to the
of the elevation of the Gordians, he hastened Samnites during the dictator's absence, and
from his winter-quarters at Sirmium. Having contrary to his orders. Victory availed Fabius
crossed the Alps, he laid siege to Aquileia, and nothing in exculpation. A hasty flight to Rome,
was there slain by his own soldiers, along with where the senate, the people, and his aged
his son Maximus, in April. The most extraor- father interceded for him with Papirius, barely
dinary tales are related of the physical powers rescued his life, but could not avert his degraof Maximinus, which seem to have been almost dation from office. In 322 Fabius obtained his
incredible. His height exceeded eight feet. first consulship. It was the second year of the
The circumference of his thumb was equal to second Sarmnite war, and Fabius was the most
that of a woman's wrist, so that the bracelet of eminent of the Roman generals in that long and
his wife served him for a ring. It is said that arduous struggle for the empire of Italy. Yet
he was able single-handed to drag a'loaded nearly all authentic traces are lost of the seat
wagon, could with his fist knock out the grin- and circumstances of his numerous campaigns.
ders, and with a kick break the leg of a horse; His defeats have been suppressed or extenuatwhile his appetite was such, that in one day he ed, and the achievements of others ascribed to
could eat forty pounds of meat, and drink an him alone. In 315 he was dictator, and was
amphora of wine.-II., Roman emperor 305- completely defeated by the Samnites at Lautulae.
314, originally called DAZA, and subsequently In 310 he was consul for the second time, and
GALERIUS V      SLERIS MAXIMINUS.  He was the carried on the war against the Etruscans. In
nephew of Galerius by a sister, and in early life 308 he was consul a third time, and is said to
followed the occupation of a shepherd in his na- have defeated the Samnites and Umbrians. He
tive Illyria. Having entered the army, he rose was censor in 304, when he seems to have conto the highest rank in the service; and upon fined the libertini to the four city tribes, and to
the abdication of Diocletian in 305, he was have increased the political importance of the
adopted by Galerius, and received the title of equites. In 297 he was consul for the fifth time,
Caesar. In 308 Galerius gave him the title of and in 296 for the sixth time. In the latter
Augustus; and on the death of the latter in 311, year he commanded at the great battle of SenMaximinus and Licinius divided the East be- tinum, when the combined armies of the Samtween them. In 313 Maximinus attacked the nites, Gauls, Etruscans, and Umbrians were
dominions of Licinius, who had gone to Milan defeated by the Romans. —2. Q. FABIUS MAXIfor the purpose of receiving in marriage the MUS GURGES, or the Glutton, from the dissolutesister of Constantine. He was, however, de- ness of his youth, son of the last. His mature
feated by Licinius near Heraclea, and fled to manhood atoned for his early irregularities.
Tarsus, where he soon after died. Maximinus He was consul 292, and was completely defeatpossessed no military talents. He owed his ed by the Pentrian Samnites. He escaped degelevation to his family connection. He sur- radation from the consulate only through his
passed all his contemporaries in the profligacy father's offer to serve as his lieutenant for the
of his private life, in the general cruelty of his remainder of the war. In a second battle the
administration, and in the furious hatred with consul retrieved his reputation, and was rewhich he persecuted the Christians.       warded with a triumph, of which the most reMAXIMUS. 1. Of Ephesus or Smyrna, one of markable feature was old Fabius riding beside
the teachers of the Emperor Julian, to whom he his son's chariot. He was consul the second
was introduced by zEdesius. Maximus was a time 276. Shortly afterward he went as legaphilosopher of the New Platonic school, and, tus from the senate to Ptolemy Philadelphus,
like many others of that school, both believed king of Egypt. He was consul a third time,
in and practiced magic. It is said that Julian, 265.-3. Q. FABIUS MAXIMUS, with the agnomens
through his persuasion, was induced to abjure VERRUCOSUS, from a wart on his upper lip, OviChristianity. On the accession of Julian, Max- CULA, or the Lamb, from the mildness or apathy
imus was held in high honor at the court, and of his temper, and CUNCTATOR, from his caution
accompanied the emperor on his fatal expedi- in war, was grandson of Fabius Gurges. He
tion against the Persians, which he had proph- was consul for the first time 233, when Liguria
esied would be successful. In 364 he was ac- was his province; censor 230; consul a seccused of having caused by sorcery the illness ond time 228; opposed the agrarian law of C.
of the Emperors Valens and Valentinian, and Flaminius 227; was dictator for holding the
was thrown into prison, where he was exposed comitia in 221; and in 218 was legatus from
to cruel tortures. He owed his liberation to the senate to Carthage, to demand reparation
the philosopher Themistius. In 371 Maximus for the attack on Saguntum. In 217, immedi488




MAXIMUS, MAGNUS CLEMENS.                             MIAZEUS.
ately after the defeat at Thrasymenus, Fabius A.D. 383-388, in Gaul, Britain, and Spain, was
was appointed dictator. From this period, so a native of Spain. Hewas proclaimed emperor
long as the war with Hannibal was merely de- by the legions in Britain in 383, and forthwith
fensive, Fabius became the leading man at crossed over to Gaul to oppose Gratian, who
Rome. On taking the field he laid down a sim- was defeated by Maximus, and was shortly aftple and immutable plan of action. He avoided erward put to death. Theodosius found it exall direct encounter with the enemy; moved pedient to recognize Maximus as emperor of
his camp from highland to highland, where the Gaul, Britain, and Spain, in order to secure
Numidian horse and Spanish infantry could not Valentinian in the possession of Italy. Maxifollow him; watched Hannibal's movements mus, however, aspired to the undivided empire
with unrelaxing vigilance, and cut off his strag- of the West, and accordingly, in 387, he invaded
glers and foragers.  His inclosure of Hannibal Italy at the head of a formidable army. Valenin one of the upland valleys between Cales and tinian was unable to resist him, and fled to Thethe Vulturnus, and the Carthaginian's adroit odosius in the East. Theodosius forthwith preescape by driving oxen with blazing fagots pared to avenge his colleague. In 388 he forced
fixed to their horns up the hill-sides, are well- his way through the Noric Alps, which had been
known facts. But at Rome and in his own guarded by the troops of Maximus, and shortly
camp the caution of Fabius was misinterpreted; afterward took the city of Aquileia by storm,
and the people, in consequence, divided the com- and there put Maximus to death. Victor, the
mand between him and M. Minucius Rufus, his son of Maximus, was defeated and slain in
master of the horse. Minucius was speedily Gaul by Arbogates, the general of Theodosius.
entrapped, and would have been destroyed by  MAXIMus, PETRONIUS, Roman emperor A.D.
Hannibal had not Fabius generously hastened 455, belonged to a noble Roman family, and ento his rescue. Fabius was consul for the third  joyed some of the highest offices of state under
time in 215, and for the fourth time in 214. In Honorius and Valentinian III. In consequence
213 he served as legatus to his own son, Q. of the violence offered to his wife by ValentinFabius, consul in that year, and an anecdote is ian, Maxinmus formed a conspiracy against this
preserved which exemplifies the strictness of emperor, who was assassinated, and Maximus
the Roman discipline. On entering the camp himself proclaimed emperor in his stead. His
at Suessula, Fabius advanced on horseback to reign, however, lasted onlytwo or three months.
greet his son. He was passing the lictors when Having forced Eudoxia, the widow of Valentinthe consul sternly bade him dismount. " My ian, to marry him, she resolved to avenge the
son," exclaimed the elder Fabius, alighting, " I death of her former husband, and accordingly
wished to see whether you would remember Genseric was invited to invade Italy. When
that you were consul." Fabius was consul for Genseric landed at the mouth of the Tiber,
the fifth time in 209, in which year he retook Maximnus prepared to fly from Rome, but was
Tarentum. In the closing years of the second slain by a band of Burgundian mercenaries,
Punic war Fabius appears to less advantage. commanded by some old officers of Valentinian.
The war had become aggressive under a new   MAXIMUS PLANUDES. Vid. PLANUDES.
race of generals. Fabius disapproved of the  MAxIMxUS TYRIUs, a native of Tyre, a Greek
new tactics; he dreaded the political suprem- rhetorician and Platonic philosopher, lived duracy of Scipio, and was his uncompromising op- ing the reigns of the Antonines and of Component in his scheme of invading Africa. He modus. Some writers suppose that he was one
died in 203.-4. Q. FABIUS MAXIMUS, elder son of the tutors of M. Aurelius; but it is more
of the preceding, was prator 214, and consul probable that he was a different person from
213. He was legatus to the consul M. Livius Claudius Maximus, the Stoic, who was the
Salinator 207. He died soon after this period, tutor of this emperor. Maximus Tyrius apand his funeral oration was pronounced by his pears to have spent the greater part of his life
father.-5. Q. FABIus MAXIMUS.'EMILIANUS, was in Greece, but he visited Rome once or twice.
by birth the eldest son of L. lEmilius Paulus, There are extant forty-one Dissertations (Atathe conqueror of Perseus, and was adopted by 2AsetCs or A6yoI) of Maximus Tyrius on theologNo. 3. Fabius served under his father (_IEmil- ical, ethical, and other philosophical subjects,
ius) in the Macedonian war, 168, and was dis- written in an easy and pleasing style, but not
patched by him to Rome with the news of his characterized by much depth of thought. The
victory at Pydna. He was praetor in Sicily 149 best edition is by Reiske, Lips., 1774-5, 2 vols.
-148, and consul in 145. Spain was his prov- 8vo.
ince, where he encountered, and at length de-  MAXIMUS, VALERIUS. Vid. VALERIUS.
feated Viriathus. Fabius was the pupil and  MAXULA. Vid. ADIs.
patron of the historian Polybius.-6. Q. FABIUS  MAXYES (Mdcivg), a people of Northern AfMAxmIMus ALLOBROGICUS, son of the last. He rica, on the coast of the Lesser Syrtis, on the
was consul 121; and he derived his surname western bank of the River Triton, who claimed
from the victory which he gained in this year descent from the Trojans. They allowed their
over the Allobroges and their ally, Bituitus, hair to grow only on the left side of the head,
king of the Arverni in Gaul. He was censor in and they painted their bodies with vermilion;
108. He was an orator and a man of letters. customs still preserved by some tribes in the
-7. Q. FABIUS MAXIMUS SERVILIANUS, was same regions.
adopted from the gens Servilia by No. 5. He  MAZXCA. Vid. CESAREA, No. 1.
was uterine brother of Cn. Servilius Caepio,  [MAZ.zUS (MacaioS).  1. Satrap of Cilicia,
consul'in 141. He himself was consul in 142) who, with Belesys, satrap of Syria, made head
when he carried on war with Viriathus.    against the revolted Phoenicians in the reign of
MAxisM; s, MAGNUS CLEMENS, Roman emperor Ochus, while the latter was preparing to riarch
489




MAZARA.                                    MEDIA.
against them. —2. A Persian officer under Da- her by promising immortality to her children.
rius, sent to guard the passage of the Euphrates Her children are, according to some accounts,
on the approach of Alexander the Great; he Mermerus, Pheres, or Thessalus, Alcimenes,
behaved subsequently with great bravery at the and Tisander; according to others, she had
battle of Gaugamela, in which he commanded seven sons and seven daughters, while others
the Persian cavalry. After the flight of Darius mention only two children, Medus (some call
he retired to Babylon, but surrendered himself him Polyxenus) and Eriopis, or one son Argus.
to Alexander, who appointed him satrap of Respecting her flight from Corinth there are
Babylon B.C. 331.]                        different traditions. Some say, as we remarkMAZARA (Magcpa: MaTapa'or: now Mazzara), ed above, that she fled to Athens, and married
a town on the western coast of Sicily, situated zEgeus, but when it was discovered that she
on a river of the same name, between Lily- had laid snares for Theseus, she escaped and
beum and Selinus, and founded by the latter went to Asia, the inhabitanis of which were
city, was taken by the Romans in the first Punic called after her Medes. Others relate that she
war.                                      first fled from Corinth to Hercules at Thebes,
[MAZARES (Maedprg), a Median officer in the who had promised her his assistance while yet
service of Cyrus the Great; he compelled the in Colchis, in case of Jason being unfaithful to
Lydians to submit to the terms imposed on them  her. She cured Hercules, who was seized with
by Cyrus at the suggestion of Crcesus, and re- madness; and, as he could not afford her the
duced and enslaved the city of Priene.]   assistance he had promised, she went to Athens.
MAZYCES (MdCtce~), a people of Northern Af- She' is said to have given birth to her son Merica, in Mauretania Cmesariensis, on the southern  dus after her arrival in Asia, where she had
slope of Mount Zalacus. They, as well as the married a king; whereas others state that her
MAxYEs, are thought to be the ancestors of the son Medus accompanied her from Athens to
Amazirghs.                                Colchis, where her son slew Perses, and re[MECISTRUS (M71/CL67rTE ). 1. A son of Talaus stored her father _Eetes to his kingdom. The
and Lysimache, brother of Adrastus, and father restoration of iEetes, however, is attributed by
of Euryalus of Thebes.-2. A son of Echius, some to Jason, who accompanied Medea to
and one of the companions of Teucer at Troy, Colchis. At length Medea is said to have bewas slain by Polydamas.]                  come immortal, to have been honored with diMECYBERNA (M7f6Ki,6epva: MrKv6epvaioc: now  vine worship, and to have married Achilles in
Molivo), a town of Macedonia in Chalcidice, at Elysium.
the head of the Toronaic Gulf, east of Olynthus,  MPEDEON (Me8dev: Me6deJvto). 1. Or MEDION
of which it was the sea-port. From this town (now Katuna), a town in the interior of Acarpart of the Toronaic Gulf was subsequently nania, near the road which led from Limnmea
called Sinus Mecybernaus.                 to Stratos.-2. A town on the coast of Phocis,
MEDABA (Md6a6a), a city of Peraea in Pales- near Anticyra, destroyed in the sacred war, and
tine.                                     never rebuilt.-3. An ancient town in Bceotia,
MEDXAMA, MEDMA, or MESMA, a Greek town on mentioned by Homer, situated at the foot of
the western coast of Bruttium, founded by the Mount Phcenicus, near Onchestus and the Lake
Locrians, with a celebrated fountain and a har- Copais.-4. A town of the Labeates in Dalmabor called Emporium.                      tia, near Scodra.
MEDAURA, AD MEDERA, or AMErDRA (ruins at  MEDIA ( Mndia: Ma6oc, Medus), an importAyedrah), a flourishing city of Northern Africa, ant country of Western Asia, occupying the exon the borders of Numidia and Byzacena, be- treme west of the great table-land of Iran, and
tween Lares and Theveste; a Roman colony, lying between Armenia on the north and northand the birth-place of Appuleius.         west, Assyria and Susiana on the west and
MEDEA (MsdeLa), daughter of zEtes, king of southwest, Persis on the south, the great desColchis, by the Oceanid Idyia, or, according to ert of Aria on the east, and Parthia, Hyrcania,
others, by Hecate, the daughter of Perses. She and the Caspian on the northeast. Its boundawas celebrated for her skill in magic. The prin- ries were, on the north the Araxes, on the west
cipal parts of her story are given under ABSYR- and southwest the range of mountains called
TUS, ARGONAUTs, and JASON. It is sufficient to Zagros and Parachoatras (now Mountains of
state here that, when Jason came to Colchis to Kurdistan and Louristan), which divided it from
fetch the golden fleece, she fell in love with the the Tigris and Euphrates valley, on the east
hero, assisted him in accomplishing the object the desert, and on the northeast the Caspii
for which he had visited Colchis, and afterward Montes (now Elburz Mountains), the country befled with him as his wife to Greece; that, hav- tween which and the Caspian, though reckoned
ing been deserted by Jason for the youthful as a part of Media, was possessed by the Gela,
daughter of Creon, king of Corinth, she took Mardi, and other independent tribes. Media thus
fearful vengeance upon her faithless spouse by corresponded nearly to the modern province of
murdering the two children which she had had Irak-Ajemi. It was for the most part a fertile
by him, and by destroying his young wife by a country, producing wine, figs, oranges, and citpoisoned garment; and that she then fled to rons, and honey, and supporting an excellent
Athens in a chariot drawn by winged dragons. breed of horses. It was well peopled, and was
So far her story has been related elsewhere. altogether one of the most important provinces
At Athens she is said to have married King of the ancient Persian empire. After the Mac-.Egeus, or to have been beloved by Sisyphus. edonian conquest it was divided into two parts,
Jupiter (Zeus) himself is said to have sued for Great Media (v uesycdv Mydia) and Atropatene.
her, but in vain, because Medea dreaded, the  Vid. ATROPATENE. The earliest history of Meanger of Juno (Hera); and the latter rewarded dia is involved in much obscurity. Herodotus
490




MEDLEA MURUS.                                 MEDON.
and Ctesias (in Diodorus) give different chro- was the seat of an archbishopric. It is celenologies for its early kings. Ctesias makes AR- brated in ecclesiastical history as the see of St.
BACES the founder of the monarchy, about B.C. Ambrose. On the fall of the Western empire,
842, and reckons eight kings from him to the it became the residence of Theodoric the Great
overthrow of the kingdom by Cyrus. Herodo- and the capital of the Ostrogothickingdom, and
tus reckons only four kings of Media, namely, surpassed even Rome itself in populousness
1. DEIOCES, B.C. 710-657; 2. PHRAORTES, 657- and prosperity. It received a fearful blow in
635; 3. CYAxARES, 635-595; 5. ASTYAGES, 595- A.D. 539, when, in consequence of having sided
560. The last king was dethroned by a revolu- with Belisarius, it was taken by the Goths untion, which transferred the supremacy to the der Vitiges, a great part of it destroyed, and its
Persians, who had formerlybeen the subordinate inhabitants put to the sword. It, however, gradpeople in the unitedMedo-Persian empire. Vid. ually recovered from the effects of this blow,
CYRUS. The Medes made more than one at- and was a place of importance under the Lontempt to regain their supremacy; the usurpa- bards, whose capital, however, was Pavia. The
tion oftheMagian Pseudo-Smerdiswas no doubt modern Milan contains no remains of antiquity,
such an attempt (vid. MAGI); and another oc- with the exception of sixteen handsome fluted
curred in the reign of Darius II., when the pillars near the Church of S. Lorenzo.-2.
Medes revolted, but were soon subdued (B.C. (Now Saintes), a town of the Santones in Aqui408). With the rest of the Persian empire, tania, northeast of the mouth of the Garumna;
Media fell under the power of Alexander; it subsequently called Santones after the people,
next formed a part of the kingdom of the Se- whence its modern name.-3. (Now Chateau
leucide, from whom it was conquered by the Meillan), a town of the Bituriges Cubi in AquiParthians inthesecondcenturyB.C., fromwhich tania, northeast of the town last mentioned.time it belonged to the Parthian, and then to 4. (Now Evreux), a town of the Aulerci Ebuthe later Persian empire. The people of Me- rovices in the north of Gallia Lugdunensis,
dia were a branch of the Indo-Germanic fam- south of the Sequana, on the road from Rotomily, and nearly allied to the Persians; their lan- agus to Lutetia Parisiorum; subsequently callguage was a dialect of the Zend, and their re- ed Civitas Ebroicorum, whence its modern
ligion the Magian. They called themselves Arii, name.-5. A town of the Segusiani in the south
which, like the native name of the Persians of Gallia Lugdunensis.-6. A town in Gallia
(Artaei), means noble. They were divided, ac- Belgica, on the road from Colonia Trajana to
cording to Herodotus, into six tribes, the Buzee, Colonia Agrippina.
Parataceni, Struchates, Arizanti, Budii, and  MEDIOMATRICI, a people in the southeast of
Magi. In the early period of their history they Gallia Belgica, on the Mosella, south of the Trewere eminent warriors, especially as horse- viri. Their territory originally extended to the
archers; but the long prevalence of peace, Rhine, but in the time of Augustus they had
wealth, and luxury reduced them to a by-word been driven from the banks of this river by the
for effeminacy. It is important to notice the Vangiones, Nemetes, and other German tribes.
use of the names MEDUS and MEDI by the Ro- Their chief town was Divodurum (now Metz).
man poets for the nations of Asia east of the  MEDITERRANEUM MARE. TVi. INTERNUMMARE.
Tigris in general, and the Parthians in partic-  MEDITRINA, a Roman divinity of the art of
ular.                                     healing, in whose honor the festival of the MedMEDIJE MURUS (rT Md1riar at Kto'Vevov rTEof), itrinalia was celebrated in the month of Octoan artificial wall which ran from the Euphrates ber. (Vid. Dict. of Ant., art. MEDITRINALIA.)
to the Tigris, at the point where they approach  [MEDIUS (M?/d&or), son of Onythemis, a native
nearest, a little above 33~ north latitude, and of Larissa in Thessaly, and a friend of Alexandivided Mesopotamia from Babylonia. It is de- der the Great, whom he accompanied in his exscribed by Xenophon (Anab., ii., 4) as being pedition into India. After the death of Alextwenty parasangs long, one hundred feet high, ander he espoused the side of Antigonus, and
and twenty thick, and as built of baked bricks, was one of his most useful and successful naval
cemented with asphalt. Its erection was as- officers.]
cribed to Semiramis, and hence it was also  MEDMA. Vid. MEDAMA.
called ro eLpjILnl0og diareLxec8Lia.        MEDOicus or MEDUXCUs, a river inVenetia, in
MEoDIOLANUM (Mediolanensis), more frequent- the north of Italy, formed by the union of two
ly called by Greek writers MEDIOLa.NIUM (MeIo- rivers, the Medoacus Major (now Brenta) and.dvieov), the name of several cities founded by Medoacus Minor (now Bacchiglione), which falls
the Celts. 1. (Now Milan), the capital of the into the Adriatic Sea near Edron, the harbor of
Insubres in Gallia Transpadana, was situated Patavium.
in an extensive plain between the rivers Tici-  MEDOBRIGA (now Marvao, on the frontiers of
nus and Addua. It was taken by the Romans Portugal), a town in Lusitania, on the road from
B.C. 222, and afterward became both a muni- Emerita to Scalabis.
cipium and a colony. On the new division of  MEDOcus. Vid. AMAnocus.
the empire made by Diocletian, it became the  MEDON (MEIov). 1. Son of Oileus, and brothresidenee of his colleague Maximianus, and con- er of the lesser Ajax, fought against Troy, and
tinued to be the usual residence of the emper- was slain by ZEneas.-2. Son of Codrus. Vid.
ors of the West till the irruption of Attila, who CODRUS.-[3. A herald in the house of Ulysses}
took and plundered the town, induced them to in the suite of the suitors, disclosed to Penelope
transfer the seat of government to the more the danger of her son Telemachus, and was on
strongly-fortified town of Ravenna. Mediola- this account preserved by the latter when the
num was at this time one of the first cities of suitors were slain. —4. Son of Pylades and Electhe empire; it possessed an imperial mint, and tra.-5. A Lacedaemonian statuary, brother of
491




MEDULI.                                  MEGARA.
Dorycleidas, and the disciple of Dipcenus and cities of Arcadia, was founded on the advice of
Scyllis, made the gold and ivory statue of Mi- Epaminondas, after the battle of Leuctra, B.C.
nerva (Athena) in the Hermum at Olympia.]  371, and was formed out of the inhabitants of
MIEDuLI, a people in Aquitania, on the coast of thirty-eight villages.  It was situated in the
the ocean, south of the mouth of the Garumna, district Maenalia, near the frontiers of Messein the modern Mcdoc. There were excellent nia, on the River Helisson, whichflowed through
oysters found on their shores             the city, dividing it into nearly two equal parts.
MEDULLI, a people on the eastern frontier of It stood on the site of the ancient town OresGallia Narbonensis and in the Maritime Alps, tion or Orestia, was fifty stadia (six miles in
in whose country the Druentia (now Durance) circumference, and contained, when it was beand Duria (now Doria Minor) took their rise.  sieged by Polysperchon, about fifteen thousand
MEDULLIA (Medullinus: now St. Angelo), a men capable of bearing arms, which would give
colony of Alba, in the land of the Sabines, was us a population of about seventy thousand insituated between the Tiber and the Anio, in habitants. Megalopolis was for a time subject
the neighborhood of Corniculum and Ameriola. to the Macedonians, but soon after the death
Tarquinius Priscus incorporated their territory of Alexander the Great it was governed by a
with the Roman state.                     series of native tyrants, the last of whom, LydMEDULLINUS, FURIUS, an ancient patrician iades, voluntarily resigned the government and
family at Rome, the members of which held the united the city to the Achaean league, B.C. 234.
highest offices of state in the early times of the It became, in consequence, opposed to Sparta,
republic.                                 and was taken and plundered by Cleomenes,
MEDULLUS, a mountain in Hispania Tarraco- who either killed or drove into banishment all
nensis, near the Minius.                  its inhabitants, and destroyed a great part of the
MEDUs, a son of Medea. Vid. MEDEA.      city, 222. After the battle of Sellasia in the
MEDUS (M/d0oc: now Farwar or Schamior), a following year it was restored by Philopcemen,
small river of Persis, flowing from the confines who again collected its inhabitants, but it never
of Media and falling into the Araxes (now Bend- recovered its former prosperity, and gradually
Emir) near Persepolis.                    sunk into insignificance. Philopemen and the
MEDUSA. Vid. GORGONES.                  historian Polybius were natives of Megalopolis.
MEGABAZUS or MEGAXBYZUS.  1. One of the The ruins of its theatre, once the largest in
seven Persian nobles who conspired against the Greece, are the only remains of the ancient
magian Smerdis, B.C. 521. Darius left himbe- town to be seen in the village of Sinano.-2. A
hind with an army in Europe when he himself town in Caria. Vid. APHRODISIAs.-3. A town
recrossed the Hellespont on his return from  in Pontus. Vid. SEBASTIA.-4. A town in the
Scythia, 506. Megabazus subdued Perinthus north of Africa, was a Carthaginian city in the
and the other cities on the Hellespont and along interior of Byzacena, in a beautiful situatiqn;
the coast of Thrace.-2. Son of Zopyrus, and it was taken and destroyed by the troops of
grandson of the above, was one of the com- Agathocles.
manders in the army of Xerxes, 480. He after-  MEGANIRA (Meya'vetpa), wife of Celeus, usuward commanded the army sent against the ally called METANIRA.
Athenians in Egypt, 458.                    [MEGANITAS (Meyavirat), a small river of
MEGACLES (Meyac20O). 1. A namrne borne by Achaia, in the territory of.Egium, flows into
several of the Athenian family of the Alcmse- the sea west of that city.]
onidae. The most important of these was the  MEGAPENTHES (Meyarci0vr). 1. Son of PrceMegacles who put to death Cylon and his ad- tus, father of Anaxagoras and Iphianira, and
herents after they had taken refuge at the altar king of Argos. He exchanged his dominion for
of Minerva (Athena), B.C. 612.  Vid. CYLON. that of Perseus, so that the latter received
-[2. Son of Alcmrnon, son-in-law of Clisthenes, Tiryns instead of Argos.-2. Son of Menelaus
leader (f the Alcmeeonidae in the time of Solon. by an.Etolian slave, Pieris or Teridae. MeneAt first he was opposed to Pisistratus, and ex- laus brought about a marriage between Megapelled him fiom Athens; but afterward he be- penthes and a daughter of Alector. According
came reconciled to him, gave him his daughter to a Rhodian tradition, Megapenthes, after the
Cresyra in marriage, and assisted in his resto- death of his father, expelled Helen from Argos,
ration to Athens. Pisistratus not having treat- who thereupon fled to Polyxo at Rhodes.
ed his wife in a proper manner, Megacles re-  [MEGAPHERNES (Meya0Ppvr), a Persian satrap
sented the affront, and again drove the former put to death by Cyrus on the charge of having
out of Athens: with the aid of large sums from  conspired against that prince.]
the Thebans and other states, Pisistratus again  MEGARA (Meyapa), daughter of Creon, king of
raised an army, defeated his opponents, and Thebes, and wife of Hercules.. Vid. p. 356, b.
drove Megacles and the partisans of the Ale-  MEGRA (ra Meyapa, in Lat. Megara, -as, and
mseonida into exile.]-3. A Syracusan, brother pl. Megara, -orum: Meyapev, Megarensis). 1.
of Dion, and brother-in-law of the elder Dio- (Now Megara), the capital of MEGARIS, was sitnysius. He accompanied Dion in his flight from  uated eight stadia (one mile) from the sea opSyracuse, 358, and afterward returned with him  posite the island Salamis, about twenty-six
to Sicily.                                miles from Athens and thirty-one miles from
MEGIERA. Vid. ERINNYES.                 Corinth. It consisted of three parts: 1. The
iEGALIA or ME-GARIS, a small island in the ancient Pelasgian citadel, called Caria, said to
Tyrrhene Sea, opposite Neapolis.          have been built by Car, the son of Phoroneus,
MEGALOPOLIS (I MeyDai? T-Oi6g, Meya2Lro?2ug: which was situated on a hill northwest of the
MeyailomowAr?7C). 1. (Now Sinano or Sinanu), later city. This citadel contained the ancient
the most recent but the most important of the and celebrated Megaron (teyapov) or temple Of
4892




MEGARA.                                  MEGISTIAS.
Ceres (Demeter), from which the town is sup-'TS2aEot). From the time of Gelon it belonged
posed to have derived its name. 2. The rmod- to Syracuse. It was taken and plundered by
ern citadel, situated on a lower hill to the south- the Iomans in the second Punic war, and from
west of the preceding, and called Alcathous, that time sunk into insignificance, but it is still
from its reputed founder Alcathous, son of Pe- mentioned by Cicero-under the name of Megaris.
lops. 3. The town properly so called, situated  MEGAREUS (Meyapevp ), son of Onchestus, also
at the foot of the two citadels, said to have been called a son of Neptune (Poseidon) and CEnope,
founded by the Pelopidae under Alcathous, and of Hipporenes, of Apollo, or of /Egeus. He
subsequently enlarged by a Doric colony under was a brother of Abrote, the wife of Nisus, king
Alethes and Athemenes at the time of Codrus. of Megara, and the father of Evippus, Timalcus,
It appears to have been originally called Polich- Hippomenes, and Evaechme. Megara is said to
ne (IIoaXvy). The town contained many public have derived its name from him.
buildings, which are described at length by Pau-  MEGRIS (IS  Meyapif or r Meyaptc, sc. yb), a
sanias. Its sea-port was Nisca (Nicata), which small district in Greece, between the Corinthian
was connected'with Megara by two walls, eight and Saronic gulfs, originally reckoned part of
stadia in length, built by the Athenians when Hellas proper, but subsequently included in the
they had possession of Megara, 1.C. 461-445. Peloponnesus. It was bounded on the north
Nisea is said to have been built by Nisus, the by Bceotia, on the east and northeast by Attica,
sonof Pandion; and the inhabitants of Megara and on the south by the territory of Corinth.
are sometimes called Nissean Megarians. (oi It contained about seven hundred and twenty
Nlaalot MeyapefS) to distinguish them from the square miles. The country was very mountHyblaean Megarians (oi'Talaol MeyapeZr) in ainous; and its only plain was the one in which
Sicily. In front of Nisnea lay the small island the city of Megara was situated. It was sepMinoa (Mivwa), which added greatly to the secu- arated from Bceotia by Mount Cithweron, and
rity of the harbor. In the most ancient times from Attica by the mountains called the Horns
Megara and the surrounding country was inhab- (ra Kpara), on account of their two projecting
ited by Leleges. It subsequently became an- summits. The CEnean Mountains extended
nexed to Attica; and Megaris formed one of through the greater part of the country, and
the four ancient divisions of Attica. It was formed its southern boundary toward Corinth.
next conquered by the Dorians, and was for a There are two roads through these mountains
time subject to Corinth; but it finally asserted from Corinth, one called the Scironian pass,
its independence, and rapidly became a wealthy which ran along the Saronic Gulf, passed by
and powerful city. To none of these events Crommyon and Megara, and was the direct road
can any date be assigned with certainty. Its firom Corinth to Athens; the other ran along the
power at an early period is attested by the flour- Corinthian Gulf, passed by Geranea and Pegse,
ishing colonies which it founded, of which Se- and was the road from Corinth into Bceotia.
lymbria, Chalcedon, and Byzantium, and the The only town of importance in Megaris was
Hyblaean Megara in Sicily, were the most im- its capital Megara. Vid. MEGARA.
portant. Its navy was a match for that of   MEGASTHIENES (MeyacEOivr), a Greek writer,
Athens, with which it contested the island of who was sent by Seleucus Nicator as ambassaSalamis; and it was not till after a long strug- dor to Sandracottus, king of the Prasii, where
gle that the Athenians succeeded in obtaining he resided some time. He wrote a work on
possession of this island. The government was India, in four books, entitled Indica (rac'Ivclicd),
originally an aristocracy, as in most of the Doric to which later Greek writers were chiefly incities; but Theagenes, who put himself at the debted for their accounts of the country. [The
head of the popular party, obtained the supreme fragments of Megasthenes have been collected
power about B.C. 620. Theagenes was after- by Schwanbeck, Megasth. Fragm., &c., Bonn,
ward expelled, and a democratical form of 1846; and by Muller, Hist. Grcec. Fragmn., vol.
government established.  After the Persian ii., p. 397-439.]
wars, Megara was for some time at war with  MEGES (MEyrI?), son of Phyleus, and grandson
Corinth, and was thus led to form an alliance of Augeas, was one of the suitors of Helen, and
-with Athens, and to receive an Athenian gar- led his bands from Dulichium and the Echinarison into the city, 461; but the oligarchical des against Troy.
party having got the upper hand, the Athenians  MEGIDDO (MayeSc(5, Mayeso: now Lejjun?),
were expelled, 441. Megara is not often men- a considerable city of Palestine, on the River
ioned after this period. It was taken and its Kishon, in a valley of the same name, which
walls destroyed by Demetrius Poliorcetes; it formed a part of the great plain of Jezreel or
was taken again by the Romans under Q. Me- Esdraelon, on the confines of Galilee and Samatellus; and in the time of Augustus it had ceas- ria. It was a residence of the Canaanitish
ed to be a place of importance. Megara is eel- kings before the conquest of Palestine by the
ebrated in the history of philosophy as the seat Jews. It was fortified by Solomon. It was
of a philosophical school, usually called the Me- probably the same place which was called LEGIO
garian, which was founded by Euclid, a native under the Romans.
of the city, and a disciple of Socrates. Vid.  [MEGISTA (MIeyG7ay), an island on the coast of
EUCLIDES, No. 2. There are no remains of any Lycia, between Rhodes and the Chelidonian islimportance of the ancient city of Megara.-2. A  ands, with a city of the same name, which, actown in Sicily, on the eastern coast, north of cording to Strabo, was also called Cisthene.
Syracuse, founded by Dorians from Megara in Vid. CISTHENE, NO. 2.]
Greece, B.C. 728, on the site of a small town  MEGISTANI, a people of Armenia, in the disHybla, and hence called MEGARA HYBLaA, and trict of Sophene, near the Euphrates.]
its inhabitants Megarenses Hyblvei (Mrfy/apes  [MEGISTIAS (Mcyleriaf) of Acarnania, cf the
483




MELA.                                  MELANIPPE.
race of Meelampus, a celebrated seer, fought and tims that were offered to the gods; and, after
fell at the battle of Thermopylae.]       having an interview with Apollo on the banks
MELA, river. Vid. MELLA.                of the Alpheus, he became a most renowned
MELA, FABIUS, a Roman jurist, who is often soothsayer. During his residence at Pylos his
cited in the Digest, probably lived in the time brother Bias was one of the suitors for the hand
of Antoninus Pius.                        of Pero, the daughter of Neleus. The latter
MELA or MELLA, M. ANNAUS, the youngest promised his daughter to the man who should
son of M. Annaeus Seneca the rhetorician, and bring him the oxen of Iphiclus, which were
brother of L. Seneca the philosopher, and Gallio. guarded by a dog whom neither man nor animal
By his wife Acilia he had at least one son, the could approach. Melampus undertook the task
celebrated Lucan. After Lucan's death, A.D. of procuring the oxen for his brother, although
65, Mela laid claim to his property; and as he he knew that the thief would be caught and
-was rich, he was accused of being privy to kept in imprisonment for a year, after which he
Piso's conspiracy, and anticipated a certain sen- was to come into possession of the oxen.
tence by suicide.                         Things turned out as he had said; Melampus
MELA, POMPONIUS, the first Roman authorwas thrown into prison, and in his captivity he
who composed a formal treatise upon Geogra- learned from the wood-worms that the building
phy, was a native of Spain, and probably flour- in which he was imprisoned would soon break
ished under the Emperor Claudius. His work down. He accordingly demanded to be let out,
is entitled De Siiu Orbis Libri III. It contains and as Phylacus and Iphiclus thus became aca brief description of the whole world as known quainted with his prophetic powers, they asked
to the Romans. The text is often corrupt, but him in what manner Iphielus, who had no chilthe style is simple, and the Latinity is pure; dren, was to become father. Melampus, on the
and although every thing is compressed within suggestion of a vulture, advised Iphiclus to take
the narrowest limits, we find the monotony of the rust from the knife with which Phylacus
the catalogue occasionally diversified by ani- had once cut his son, and drink it in water durmated and pleasing pictures. The best edition ing ten days. This was done, and Iphiclus beis.by Tzschucke, seven parts, 8vo, Lips., 1807. came the father of Podarces. Melampus now
MELA;NA AcRA (j MeXatva iupa).  1. (Now  received the oxen as a reward for his good
Kara Burnu, which means the same as the services, drove them to Pylos, and thus gained
Greek name, i. e., the Black Cape), the north- Pero for his brother. Afterward Melampus obwestern promontory of the great peninsula of tained possession of a third of the kingdom of
Ionia: formed by Mount Mimas; celebrated for Argos in the following manner: In the reign
the millstones hewn from it.-2. (Now Cape of Anaxagoras, king of Argos, the women of
San Nicolo), the northwestern promontory of the kingdom were seized with madness, and
the island of Chios.-3. (Now Kara Burne), a roamed about the country in a frantic state.
promontory of Bithynia, a little east of the Bosu- Ielampus cured them of their phrensy, on conporus, between the rivers Rhebas and Artanes; *ition that he and his brother Bias should realso called KaeivaKpov and Bitvviag uapov.  4\feive an equal share with Anaxagoras in the
MELNENAE (Meeatvai: MeaeLvevm). 1. Or ME- kingdom of Argos. Melampus and Bias marL]ENEMA (Me-caLveai), a town in the west of Ar- ried the two daughters of Proetus, and ruled
cadia, on the Alpheus, northwest of Buphagium, over two thirds of Argos.-2. The author of two
and southeast of Hersea.-2. A demus in Attica, little Greek works still extant, entitled Divinatio
on the frontiers of Bceotia, belonging to the tribe ex palpitatione and De Ncevis Oleaceis in Corpore.
Antiochis.                                He lived probably in the third century B.C. at
MELAMBIUM (MeaCi6rov), a town of Thessaly Alexandrea. Both the works are full of superin Pelasgiotis, belonging to the territory of Sco- stitions and absurdities. Edited by Franz in
tussa.                                    his Scriptores Physiognomies Veteres, Altenburg,
MELAMPUS (MeacTcU-rov). 1. Son of Amythaon 1780.
by Idomene, or, according to others, by Aglaia  MELANCHLENI (Me2d'yXcatvot), a people in the
or Rhodope, and a brother of Bias. He was north of Sarmatia Asiatica, about the upper
looked upon by the ancients as the first mortal course of the River Tanais (now Don), resemwho had been endowed with prophetic powers, bling the Scythians in manners, though of aas the person who first practiced the medical different race. Their Greek name was derived
art, and who established the worship of Bac- from their dark clothing.
chus (Dionysus) in Greece. He is said to have  [MELANDEPT(E (Me2avd'rrraL) or MELANDITAE
been married to Iphianassa (others call her (Me-XavsTnia), a people of Thrace, in the mountIphianira or Cyrianassa), by whom he became ains northwest of Byzantium, along the coast of
the father of Mantius and Antiphates. Abas, the Pontus Euxinus.]
Bias, Manto, and Pronoe are also named by some  [MELANEUS (Me2avev').  1. Son of Apollo,
writers as his children. Before his house there king of the Dryopes, was a famous archer; he
stood an oak tree containing a serpent's nest. obtained from Perieres, king of Messenia, a
The old serpents were killed by his servants, town which he named after his wife fEchalia.but Melampus took care of the young ones and 2. Father of Amphimedon in Ithaca.]
fed them carefully. One day, when he was    MELANIPPE(Metavi-Tr7r). 1. Daughter ofChiasleep, they cleaned his ears with their tongues. ron, also called Evippe. Being with child by
On his waking, he perceived, to his astonish-  Eolus, she fled to Mount Pelion; and in order
ment, that be now understood the language of that her condition might not become known, she
birds, and that with their assistance he could prayed to be metamorphosed into a mare. Diforetell the future. In addition to this, he ac- ana (Artemis) granted her prayer, and in the
quired the power of prophesying from the vic- form of a horse she was placed among the stars.
494




MELANIPPIDES.                               MELEAGER.
Another account describes her metamorphosis rncetes declined the challenge on the ground of
as a punishment for having despised Diana (Ar- age and infirmity. So ran the story, which
temis), or for having divulged the counsels of strove afterward to disguise the violent change
the gods.-[2. A queen of the Amazons, taken of dynasty; and Melanthus undertook it on
captive by Hercules; she obtained her freedom  condition of being rewarded with the throne in
by surrendering her girdle to the hero.   the event of success. He slew Xanthus, and
MELANIPPIDES (MeLavTTurTr~ilf), ofMelos, a eel- became king, to the exclusion of the Thesidae.
ebrated lyric poet in the departmentlofthe dithy- According to Pausanias, the conqueror of Xanramb. He flourished about B.C. 440, and lived thus was Andropompus, the father of Melanfor some time at the court of Perdiccas, of Ma- thus; according to Aristotle, it was Codrus,
cedonia, and there died. His high reputation his son.-[2. One of the Tyrrhenian pirates,
as a poet is intimated by Xenophon, who makes who wished to carry off Bacchus (Dionysus),
Aristodemus give him the first place among but were changed into dolphins.]
dithyrambic poets, by the side of Homer, Soph-  [MELAS (Meiaf). 1. A son of Phrixus and
ocles, Polycletus, and Zeuxis, as the chief mas- Chalciope, married Euryclea. by whom he beters in their respective arts; and by Plutarch, came father of Hyperes.-2. A son of Porthaon
who mentions him, with Simonides and Eurip- and Euryte, and brother of CEneus.]
ides, as among the most distinguished masters  MELAS (M3lag), the name of several rivers,
of music. Several verses of his poetry are still whose waters were of a dark color. 1. (Now
preserved. Vid. Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Grec., p. 847- Mauro Nero or Mauro Potano), a small river in
850. Some writers, following the authority of Beotia, which rises seven stadia north of OrSuidas, make two poets of this name.      chomenus, becomes navigable almost from its
MELANIPPUS (Me2ivLt7irroS). 1. Son of Astacus source, flows between Orchomenus and Aspleof Thebes, who, in the attack of the Seven on don, and loses the greater part of its waters
his native city, slew Tydeus and Mecisteus. in the marshes connected with Lake Copais.
His tomb was shown in the neighborhood of A small portion of its waters fell in ancient
Thebes, on the road to Chalcis.-[2. A Trojan, times into the River Cephisus.-2. A river of
slain by Teucer.-3. Another Trojan warrior, Thessaly, in the district Malis, flows near Herason of Hicetaon, slain by Antilochus.-4. An- clea and Trachis, and falls into the Maliac Gulf.
other Trojan warrior, slain by Patroclus.-5. A  -3. A river of Thessaly in Phthiotis, falls into
son of Theseus and Perigune, gained the prize the Apidanus.-4. A river of Thrace, flows first
in running at the games celebrated by the Epig- southwest, then northwest, and falls north of
oni after the capture of Thebes.]         Cardia into the Melas Sinus.-5. A river in the
MELANOGCETULI. Vid. GlETULIA.           northeast of Sicily, which flows into the sea beMELANTHIUS (Me(dv0yIO). 1. Also called Me- tween Mylae and Naulochus, through excellent
lantheus, son of Dolius, was a goat-herd of meadows, in which the oxen of the sun are
Ulysses, who sided with the suitors of Penelope, said to have fed.-6. (Now Manaugat-SSu), a
and was killed by Ulysses.-2. An Athenian navigable river, fifty stadia (five geographical
tragic poet, of whom little is known beyond the miles) east of Side, was'the boundary between
attacks made on him by Aristophanes and the Pamphylia and Cilicia.-7. (Now Kara-Su, i. e.,
other comic poets. The most important pas- the Black River), in Cappadocia, rises in Mount
sage respecting him is in the Peace of Aristoph- Argseus, flows past Mazaca, and, after forming
anes (796, &c.).  He was celebrated for his a succession of morasses, falls into the Halys,
wit, of which several specimens are preserved and not (as Strabo says) into the Euphrates.
by Plutarch. -3. Or Melanthus, an eminent   MELAS SINUS (MeIaf a c K6roC: now Gulf of
Greek painter of the Sicyonian school, was con- Saros), a gulf of the 2E gaan Sea, between the
temporary with Apelles (B.C. 332), with whom  coast of Thrace on the northwest and the Thrahe studied under Pamphilus. He was one of cian Chersonesus on the southeast, into which
the best colorists of all the Greek painters.- the River Melas flows.
[4. Leader of the twenty ships sent by the Athe-  MELDI or MELDE, a people in Gallia Lugdunians to the aid of Aristagoras of Miletus in his nensis, on the borders of Belgica, and upon the
revolt against the Persian government.]   River Sequana (now Seine), in whose territory
MELANTHIUS (MeadvOto, now probably Melet- Cesar built forty ships for his expedition against
Irma), a river of Pontus, in Asia Minor, east Britain.
of the Promontorium Jasonium; the boundary  MELEXGER (MeXieaypog). 1. Son of CEneus
between Pontus Polemoniacus and Pontus Cap- and Althaa, the daughter of Thestius, husband
padocius.                                 of Cleopatra, and father of Polydora. Others
[MELANTHO (MeeavO6), daughter of Dolius, call him a soi of Mars (Ares) and Althaea. He
sister of the goat-herd Melanthius (vid. MELAN- was one of the most famous _Etolian heroes of
THIUS), female attendant upon Penelope, was Calydon, and distinguished himself by his skill
put to death by Ulysses because she had aided in throwing the javelin. He took part in the
the suitors.]                             Argonautic expedition. On his return home,
MELANTHUS or MELANTIIIUS (MMd2avOo). 1. the fields of Calydon were laid waste by a monOne of the Nelide, and king ofMessenia, whence strous boar, which Diana (Artemis) had sent
he was driven out by the Heraclidae, on their against the country as a punishment, because
conquest of the Peloponnesus; and, following  CEneus, the king of the place, once neglected
the instructions of the Delphic oracle, took to offer up a sacrifice to the goddess. No one
refuge in Attica. In a war between the Athe- dared encounter the terrible animal, till at length
nians and Bceotians, Xanthus, the Boeotian king, Meleager, with a band of other heroes, went out
challenged Thymcetes, king of Athens and the to hunt the boar. He slew the animal; but the
last of the Theside, to single combat. Thy- Calydonians and Curetes quarrelled about the
495




MELES.                                   MELISSA.
head and hide, and at length waged open war ing by Smyrna, on the banks of which Homer
against each other.  The Calydonians were is said to have been born;(according to anoth
always victorious, so long as'Meleager went er account, he composed his poems in a grotout with them. But when his mother Althea to at its source) and hence was called Melepronounced a curse upon him, enraged at the sigenes (ME;,iGLyEvr/r): from this also was dedeath of her brother who had fallen in the fight, rived the phrase Meletece charte in Tibullus.
Meleager stayed at home with his wife Cleopa- Another account makes Meles, the god of this
tra. The Curetes now began to press Calydon stream, to have been the father of Homer.]
very hard. It was in vain that the old men of  [MELESANDER (MeWiaavdpoc), an Athenian
the town made him the most brilliant promises general, who was sent out with six ships in the
if he would again join in the fight, and that his year 430 B.C. against Caria and Lycia; fell in
father, his sisters, and his mother supplicated battle in Lycia.]
him. At length, however, he yielded to the  [MIELEsIPPUS (Me;2#TiTTro), a Lacediemnian,
prayers of his wife Cleopatra: he put the Cu- one of the ambassadors sent to Athens B.C.
retes to flight, but he never returned home, for 432, and again the next year to demand the
the Erinnys, who had heard the curse of his restoration of the independence of the Greek
mother, overtook him. Such is the more an- states, but without success.]
cient form of the legend, as we find it in Homer.  M.ELtEvus or MELITUS (METnLroc: Mt7Lrof), an
(II., ix., 527, seq.) in the later traditions Me- obscure tragic poet, but notorious as one of the
leager collects the heroes from all parts of accusers of Socrates, was an Athenian, of the
Greece to join him in the hunt. Among others Pitthean demus. He is represented by Plato
was the fair maiden Atalanta; but the heroes and Aristophanes and their scholiasts as a frigid
refused to hunt with her, until Meleager, who and licentious poet, and a worthless and profliwas in love with her, overcame their opposition. gate man. In the accusation of Socrates it was
Atalanta gave the animalthe first wound, which Meletus who laid the indictment before the
was at length slain by Meleager. He present- archort Basileus; but, in reality, he was the
ed the hide to Atalanta, but the sons of Tlies- most insignificant of the accusers; and, accordtius took it from her, whereupon Meleager in a ing to one account, he was bribed by Anytus
rage slew them. This, however, was the cause and Lycon to take part in the affair. Soon after
of his own death, which came to pass in the the death of Socrates, the Athenians repented
following way. When he was seven days old of their injustice, and Meletus was stoned to
the Mmere appeared, declaring that the boy death as one of the authors of their folly.
would die as soon as the piece of wood which  MfLIA (iMe2Ra), a nymph, daughter of Oceanus,
was burning on the hearth should be consumed. became by Inachus the mother of Phoroneus
Althea, upon hearingthis, extinguished the fire- and JEgialeus or Pegeus; and by Silenus the
brand, and concealed it in a chest. Meleager mother of the centaur Pholus; and by Nephimself became invulnerable; but after he had tune (Poseidon) of Amycus. She was carried
killed the brothers of his mother, she lighted off by Apollo, and became by him the mother
the piece of wood, and Meleager died. Althea, of Ismenius and of the seer Tenerus. She was
too late repenting of what she had done, put an worshipped in the Ismenium, the sanctuary of
end to her life; and Cleopatra died of grief. Apollo, near Thebes. In the plural form, the
The sisters of Meleager wept unceasingly after Melice or leliades (Mentat, Me/-L^2C) are the
his death, until Diana (Artemis) changed them  nymphs who, along with the Gigantes and
into Guinea-hens (ueresaypider), which were Erinnyes, sprang from the drops of blood that
transferred to the island of Leros.  Even in fell from Ccelus (Uranus) and were received by
this condition they mourned during a certain Terra (Gwa). The nymphs that nursed Jupiter
part of the year for their brother.  Two of (Zeus) are likewise called Melime.
them, Gorge and Deianira, through the media-  MELIBCEA (Me6ieota: Melb6oeii). 1. A town
tion of Bacchus (Dionysus), were not meta- on the coast of Thessaly, in Magnesia, between
morphosed.-2. Son of Neoptolemus, a Mace- Mount Ossa and Mount Pelion, is said to have
donian officer in the service of.Alexander the been built by Magnes, and to have been named
Great. After the death of Alexander the Great Melibcea in honor of his wife. It is mentioned
(B.C. 323) Meleager resisted the claims of Per- by Homer as belonging to the dominions of
diccas to the regency, and was eventually asso- Philoctetes, who is hence called by Virgil (dn.,
ciated with the latter in this office. Shortly iii., 401) dux Meliboeus. It was celebrated for
afterward, however, he was put to death by its purple dye. (Lucret., ii., 499; Virg., _n.,
order ofPerdiccas.-[3. Commander of a squad- v., 251.)-2. A small island at the mouth of the
ron of cavalry in the army of Alexander the River Orontes, in Syria.
Great at the battle of Arbela. He was after-  MELICERTES. Vid. PALiMON.
ward slain in an insurrection against the offi-  [MELINOPHAGI (Me2.tvoidyot," Millet-eaters"),
cers left by Antigonus in the government of a Thracian people on the coast of Salmydessus,
Media.]-4. Son of Eucrates, the celebrated whom the Greeks named after their chief article
writer and collector of epigrams, was a native of food, not knowing their real name.]
of Gadara in Palestine, and lived about B.C.  MELISSA (Meulaaa). 1. A nymph said to have
60. There are one hundred and thirty-one of discovered the use of honey, and from whom
his epigrams in the Greek Anthology, written bees were believed to have received their name
in a good Greek style, though somewhat affect- (,Ezeaaoal). There can be no doubt, however,
ed, and distinguished by sophistic acumen and that the name really came from tehlL, honey,
amatory fancy. An account of his collection of and was hence given to nymphs. According
epigrams is given under PLANUDES.        to some ttaditions, bees were nymphs meta[MELES (MeRUg), a small stream of Ionia flow- morphosed.  Hence the nymphs who fed the
496




MELISSA.                                   MELOS.
infant Jupiter (Zeus) with honey are called Me- One of the gates of Athens was called the Melissee.-2. The name of priestesses in general, litian gate, because it led to this demus. Vid.
but more especially of the priestesses of Ceres p. 122, b.-4. A lake in LEtolia, near the mouth
(Demeter), Proserpina (Persephone), Apollo, of the Achelous, belonging to the territory of
and Diana (Artemis).-3. Wife of Periander, the town Eniadoe.
tyrant of Corinth, and daughter of Procles,  MELITXEA, MELITEA, or MELITIA (Me;traia,
tyrant of Epidaurus, was slain by her husband. Me?,2reta, MekTia: Meaelraevj), a town of ThesVid. PERIANDER.                           saly, in Phthiotis, on the northern slope of
[MELISSA (Mto-eaa), a village in the eastern Mount Othrys, and near the River Enipeus. It
part of Phrygia Magna, between Synnada and is said to have been called'Pyrrha in more anMetropolis, with the tomb of Alcibiades, where, cient times, and the sepulchre of Hellen was
at Hadrian's order, a statue was erected to shown in its market-place.
him of Parian marble and sacrifices annually  MELYTE (Me;iry). 1. A nymph, one of the
offered.]                                 Nereides, a daughter of Nereus and Doris.-[2.
MELIssUS (Miioaoc). 1. Of Samos, a Greek A Naiad, daughter of the river-god.Egseus, bephilosopher, the son of Ithagenes, was, accord- came by Hercules mother of Hyllus, in the
ing to the common account, the commander of land of the Pheacians.]
the fleet opposed to Pericles, B.C. 440. But he-  MELITNE (Me.rTqv??), a district of Armenia
is not mentioned by Thucydides, and ought Minor, between the Anti-Taurus and the Euprobably to be placed much earlier, as he is said phrates, celebrated for its fertility, and espeto have been connected with Heraclitus, and cially for its fruit-trees, oil, and wine. It posto have been a disciple of Parmenides. It ap- sessed no great town until the first century of
pears from the fragments of his work, which our era, when a city, also called Melitene (now
was written in prose, and in the Ionic dialect, lalatiyah) was built on a tributary of the Euthat he adopted the doctrines of the Eleatics. phrates, and near that river itself, probably onl
-2. A Latin grammarian and a comic poet, the site of a very ancient fort. This became
was a freedman of Maecenas, and was intrusted a place of considerable importance; the centre
by Augustus with the arrangement of the li- of several roads; the station, under Titus, of
brary in the portico of Octavia.          the twelfth legion; and, in the later division of
MELITA or MELITE (MeliTr: Merrnaror, Meli- the provinces, the capital of Armenia Secunda.
tensis). 1. (Now lalta), an island in the Medi- In A.D. 577 it was the scene of a victory gainterranean Sea, situated fifty-eight miles from  ed by the Romans over the Persians under
the nearest point of Sicily, and one hundred Chosroes I.
and seventy-nine miles from the nearest point  MELITO (MELMri-v), a Christian writer of conof Africa.  Its greatest length is seventeen siderable eminence, was bishop of Sardes in the
miles and a quarter, and its greatest breadth reign of M. Aurelius, to whom he presented an
nine miles and a quarter. The island was first Apology for the Christians. Of his numerous
colonized by the Phcenicians, who used it as a works only fragments are extant.
place of refuge for their ships, on account of its  MELLA or MELA (now Mella), a river in Gallia
excellent harbors. It afterward passed into the Transpadana, which flows by Brixia and falls
hands of the Carthaginians, but was taken pos- into the Ollius (now Oglio).
session of by the Romans in the second Punic  MELLARIA. 1. A town of the Bastuli in Hiswar, and annexed to the province of Sicily. pania Baetica, between Belon and Calpe, on the
The Romans, however, appear to have neglect- road from Gades to Malaca.-2. A town in the
ed the island, and it is mentioned by Cicero as same province, considerably north of the fora frequent resort of pirates. It contained a mer, on the road from Corduba to Emerita.
town of the same name, founded by the Cartha-  MELODUNUM (now Melun), a town of the Seginians, and two celebrated temples, one of nones in Gallia Lugdunensis, on an island of
Juno on a promontory near the town, and an- the Sequana (now Seine), and on the road from
other of Hercules in the southeast of the island. Agendicum to Lutetia Parisiorum.
It is celebrated in sacred history as the island  MELOS (M7;oc: M?7too': now Milo), an islon which the Apostle Paul was shipwrecked; and in the _/Egean Sea, and the most westerly
though some writers erroneously suppose that of the group of the Cyclades, whence it was
the apostle was shipwrecked on the island of called Zephyria by Aristotle. It is about sevthe same name off the Illyrian coast. The in- enty miles north of the coast of Crete, and sixhabitants manufactured fine cloth, which was ty-five east of the coast of Peloponnesus. Its
in much request at Rome. They also exported length is about fourteen miles from east to
a considerable quantity of honey; and from  west, and its breadth about eight miles. It conthis island, according to some authorities, came tains on the north a deep Bay, which forms an
the catuli Melitcei, the favorite lap-dogs of the excellent harbor, and on which was situated a
Roman ladies, though other writers make them  town, bearing the same name as the island.
come from the island off the Illyrian coast.-2. The island is of volcanic origin; it contains hot
(Now Meleda), a small island in the Adriatic springs, and mines of sulphur and alum. Its
Sea, off the coast of Illyria (Dalmatia), north- soil is very fertile, and it produced in antiquity,
west of Epidaurus.-3. A demus in Attica, as it does at present, abundance of corn,,oil,
which also formed part of the city of Athens, wine, &c. It was first colonized by the Phcewas situated south of the inner Ceramicus, and nicians, who are said to have called it By'bls.
probably included the hill of the Museum. It or Byblis, after the Phoenician town Byblus. It
was said to have derived its name from a nymph was afterward colonized by Lacedemonians, or
Melite, with whom Hercules was in love, and at least by Dorians; and consequently in the
it therefore contained a temple of this god. Peloponnesian war it embraced the side of
32                                                              497




MELPOMENE.                                  MEMNON.
Sparta. In B.C. 426 the Athenians made an was a prince of the.Ethiopians, who came to
unsuccessful attack upon the island; but in 416 the assistance of his uncle Priam, for Tithonus
they obtained possession of the town after a and Priam were half-brothers, being both sons
siege of several months, whereupon they killed of Laomedon by different mothers. Respecting
all the adult males, sold the women and chil- his expedition to Troy there are different ledren as slaves, and peopled the island by an gends. According to some,,Memnon the EthiAthenian colony. Melos was the birth-place of opian first went to Egypt, thence to Susa, and
Diagoras, the atheist, whence Aristophanes calls thence to Troy. At Susa, which had been fqundSocrates also the Melian.                 ed by Tithonus, Memnon built the acropolis,
MELPSOMNE (Me277ropEvy), i. e., the singing which was called after him the Memnonium.
goddess, one of the nine Muses, who presided According to others, Tithonus was the governover Tragedy. Vid. MUSE.                  or of a Persian province and the favorite of
[MELPUM (now Melza), a city of Gallia Trans- Teutamus; and Memnon obtained the compadana, in the territory of the Insubres.]  mand of a large host of 2Ethiopians and Susans
[MEISUS (now Narcea), a small stream in the to succor Priam. Memnon came to the war
territory of the Astures, in Hispania Tarraco- in armor made for him by Vulcan (Hephaestus).
nensis, flowing into the Oceanus Cantabricus, He slew Antilochus, the son of Nestor, but was
west of Flavionovia.]                     himself slain by Achilles after a long and fierce
MEMINI, a people in Gallia Narbonensis, on combat. While the two heroes were fighting,
the western bank of the Druentia, whose chief Jupiter (Zeus) weighed their fates, and the scale
town was Carpentoracte (now Carpentras).  containing Memnon's sank. His mother was
MEMMIA GENS, a plebeian house at Rome, inconsolable at his death. She wept for him
whose members do not occur in history before every morning; and the dew-drops of the mornB.C. 173, but who pretended to be descended ing are the tears of Aurora (Eos). To soothe
from the Trojan Mnestheus. (Virg., An., v. the grief of his mother, Jupiter (Zeus) caused
117.)                                     a number of birds to issue out of the funeral
MEMMIUS. 1. C., tribune of the plebs B.C. pile, on which the body of Memnon was burn111, was an ardent opponent of the oligarchical ing, which, after flying thrice around the burnparty at Rome during the Jugurthine war. ingpile, divided into two separatebodies, which
Among the nobles impeached by Memmius fought so fiercely that half of them fell down
were L. Calpurnius Bestia and M. zEmilius upon the ashes of the hero, and thus formed a
Spaurus. Memmius was slain by the mob of funeral sacrifice for him. These birds were
Saturninus and Glaucia, while a candidate for called Memnonides, and, according to a story
the consulship in 100.-2. C. MEMMIUS GEMEL- current on the Hellespont, they visited every
LUS, tribune of the plebs 66, curule eedile 60, year the tomb of the hero. At the entreaties
and pretor 58. He belonged at that time to of Aurora (Eos), Jupiter (Zeus) conferred imthe Senatorian party, since he impeached P. mortality upon Memnon. At a comparatively
Vatinius, opposed P. Clodius, and was vehe- late period, the Greeks gave the name of Memment in his invectives against Julius Caesar. non to the colossal statue in the neighborhood
But before he competed for the consulship, 54, of Thebes, which was said to give forth a sound
he had been reconciled to Caesar, who support- like the snapping asunder of a chord when it
ed him with all his interest. Memmius, how- was struck by the first rays of the rising sun.
ever, again offended Caesar by revealing a cer- Although the Greeks gave this name to the
tain coalition with his opponents at the comitia. statue, they were well aware that the Egyptians
He was impeached for ambitus, and, receiving did not call the statue Memnon, but Amenophis.
no aid from Caesar, withdrew from Rome to This figure was made of black stone, in a sitMytilene, where he was living in the year of ting posture, with its feet close together, and the
Cicero's proconsulate. Memmius married Faus- hands leaning on the seat. Several very inta, a daughter of the dictator Sulla, whom he genious conjectures have been propounded redivorced after having by her at least one son, specting the alleged meaning of the so-called
C. Memmius. Vid. No. 3. He was eminent both statue of Memnon. Some have asserted that
in literature and in eloquence. Lucretius ded- it served for astronomical purposes, and others
icated his poem, De Rerum Natura, to him. He that it had reference to the mystic worship of
was a man of profligate character, and wrote the sun and light, but there can be little doubt
indecent poems.-3. C. MEMMIUS, son of the that the statue represented nothing else than
preceding, was tribune of the plebs 54, when the Egyptian king Amenophis.-2. A native of
he prosecuted A. Gabinius for malversation in Rhodes, joined Artabazus, satrap of Lower
~his province of Syria, and Domitius Calvinus Phrygia, who had married his sister, in his refor ambitus at his consular comitia. Memmius volt against Darius Ochus. When fortune dewas step-son of T. Annius Milo, who married  serted the insurgents, they fled to the court of
his mother Fausta after her divorce. He was Philip. Mentor, the brother of Memnon, being
consul suffectus 34.-4. P. MEMMIUS REGULUS, high in favor with Darius, interceded on behalf
consul suffectus A.D. 31, afterward prefect of of Artabazus and Memnon, who were pardoned
Macedonia and Achaia. He was the husband and again received into favor. On the death
of Lollia Paulina, and was compelled by Caligu- of Mentor, Memnon, who possessed great milila to divorce her.                       tary skill and experience, succeeded him in his
MENMION (MiAjvov). 1. The beautiful son of authority, which extended over all the western
Tithonus and Eos (Aurora), and brother of Ema- coast of Asia Minor (about B.C. 336). When
thion, He is rarely mentioned by Homer, and Alexander invaded Asia, Memnon defended
must be regarded essentially as a post-Homeric Halicarnassus against Alexander until it was
hero, According to these later traditions, he no longer possible to hold out; he then collect498




MEMNONIUM.                                 MENANDER.
ed an army and a fleet, with the design of carry- of the Pharaohs; the temple-palace of the goding the war into Greece, but died at Mytilene in bull Apis; the temple of Serapis, with its ave333, before he could carry his plan into execu- nue of sphinxes, now covered by the sand of the
tion. His death was an irreparable loss to the desert; and the temple of Vulcan (Hephaestus),
Persian cause, for several Greek states were the Egyptian Phtha, of whose worship Memphis
prepared to join him had he carried the war into was the chief seat. The ruins of this temple,
Greece. —3. A native of Heraclea Pontica, wrote and of other buildings, still cover a large pora large work on the history of that city. Of how  tion of the plain between the Nile and the westmany books it consisted, we do not know. Pho- ern range of hills which skirt its valley.
tius had read from the ninth to the sixteenth  MENENUM or MENE (Menenius, Cic., Menaniinclusive, of which portion he has made a tol- nus, Plin., but on coins Menaenus: now Mineo),
erably copious abstract. The first eight books a town on the eastern coast of Sicily, south of
he had not read, and he speaks of other books Hybla, the birth-place and residence of the Siafter the sixteenth. The ninth book began with ceiian chief Ducetius, who was long a formidaan account of the tyrant Clearchus, the disciple ble enemy of the Greek cities in Sicily. Vid.
of Plato and Isocrates, and the sixteenth book DUCETIUS. On his fall the town lost all its imcame down to the time of Julius Caesar, after portance.
the latter had obtained the supreme power.  MENALIPPUS. Vid. MELANIPPUS.
The work was probably written in the time of  MENANDER (Mevavdpoc), of Athens, the most
Augustus, and certainly not later than the time distinguished poet of the New Comedy, was
of Hadrian or the Antonines. The Excerpta the son ofDiopithes and Hegesistrate, andflourof Photius are published separately by Orelli, ished in the time of the successors of AlexanLips., 1816.                              der. He was born B.C. 342. His father, DioMEMN6NYUM and -IA (MeCtv6vetov, Meyv6veta), pithes, commanded the Athenian forces on the
were names applied by the Greeks to certain Hellespont in the year of his son's birth. Alexvery ancient buildings and monuments in Egypt is, the comic poet, was the uncle of Menander
and Asia, which they supposed to have been on the father's side; and we may naturally superected by or in honor of MEMNON. 1. The pose that the young Menander derived from his
most celebrated of these was a great temple at uncle his taste for the comic drama, and was
Thebes, described by Strabo, and commonly instructed by him in its rules of composition.
identified by modern travellers with the mag- His character must have been greatly influenced
nificent ruins of the temple of Remeses the by his intimacy with T.heophrastus and EpicuGreat, at Western Thebes, or, as it is usually rus, of whom the former was his teacher and
called, the tomb of Osymandyas, from its agree- the latter his intimate friend. His taste and
ment with the description of that monument giv- sympathies were altogether with the philosophy
en by Diodorus. There are, however, strong of Epicurus; and in an epigram he declared
grounds for supposing that the true Memnoni- that "as Themistocles rescued Greece from
urn, described by Strabo, stood behind the two slavery, so Epicurus from unreason." From
colossal sitting statues on the plain of Thebes, Theophrastus, on the other hand, he must have
one of which is clearly the vocal statue of Mem- derived much of that skill in the discrimination
non, and that it has entirely disappeared.-2  of character which we so much admire in the
Vid. ABYDos, No. 2.-3. The citadel of Susa was Characteres of the philosopher, and which formso called, and its erection was ascribed to the ed the great charm of the comedies of MenanMemnon who appears in the legerids of the Tro- der. His master's attention to external elejan war; but there is no reason to suppose that gance and comfort he not only imitated, but, as
this connection of Memnon with the Persian cap- was natural in a man of an elegant person, a
ital existedbefore the Persian conquest of Egypt. joyous spirit, and a serene and easy temper, he
MEMPHIS (MEU/I, Mev(: in the Old Testament, carried it to the extreme of luxury and effemMoph: Me, uiTrc, Memphites: now ruins at Meef inacy. The moral character of Menander is deand Mcltrahenny), a great city of Egypt, second fended by modern writers against the asperin importance only to Thebes, after the fall of sions of Suidas and others. Thus much is cerwhich it became the capital of the whole country, tain, that his comedies contain nothing offensa position which it had previously shared'with ive, at least to the taste of his own and the folThebes. It was of unknown antiquity, its found- lowing ages, none of the purest, it must be adation being ascribed to Menes. It stood on the mitted, as they were frequently acted at private
left (western) bank of the Nile, about ten miles banquets. Of the actual events of his life we
above the Pyramids of Jizeh, near the northern know but little. He enjoyed the friendship of
limit of the Heptanomis, or Middle Egypt, a Demetrius Phalereus, whose attention was first
nome of which (Me/Ui rt.) was named after the drawn to him by admiration of his works. Ptolcity. It was connected by canals with the lakes emy, the son of Lagus, was also one of his adof Mceris and Mareotis, and was the great centre mirers; and he invited the poet to his court at
of the commerce of Egypt until the Persian con- Alexandrea, but Menander seems to have dequest (B.C. 524), when Cambyses partially de-  lined the proffered honor. He died at Athens
stroyed the city. After the foundation of Alex- B.C. 291, at the age of 52, and is said to have
andrea it sank into insignificance, and was final- been drowned while swimming in the harbor of
ly destroyed at the Arab conquest in the sev- Piraeus. Notwithstanding Menander's fame as
enth century. In the time of its splendor it is a poet, his public dramatic career was not emisaid to have been one hundred and fifty stadia nently successful; for, though he composed upin circumference, and half a day's journey in ward of one hundred comedies, he gained the
every direction. Of the splendid buildings with prize only eight times. His preference for elewhich it was adorned, the chief were the palace gant exhibitions of character above coarse jest499




MENANDER.                                MENEDEMUS.
ing may have been the reason why he was not rivals. The treacherous proposal, however, was
so great a favorite with the common people as rejected by Pompey. On the breaking out of
his principal rival, Philemon, who is said, more- the war again in 38, Menas deserted Pompey
over, to have used unfair means of gaining and went over to Octavianus. In 36 he returnpopularity. Menander appears to have borne ed to his old master's service; but in the course
the popular neglect very lightly, in the con- of the same year he again played the deserter,
sciousness of his superiority; and once when and joined Octavianus. In 35 he accompanied
he happened to meet Philemon, he is said to Octavianus in the Pannonian campaign, and
have asked him, (' Pray, Philemon, do not you was slain at the siege of Siscia. According to
blush when you gain a victory over me?'. The the old scholiasts, this Menas is the person so
neglect of Menander's contemporaries has been vehemently attacked by Horace in his fourth
amply compensated by his posthumous fame. epode. This statement has been called. in quesHis comedies retained their place on the stage tion by many modern commentators; but their
down to the time of Plutarch, and the unani- arguments are far from satisfactory.
mous consent of antiquity placed him at the  MENDE or MENDJE (Mevd^, Mevdaofo), a town
head of the New Comedy, and on an equality on the western coast of the Macedonian peninwith the great masters of the various kinds of sula Pellene and on the Thermaic Gulf, was a
poetry. His comedies were imitated by the Ro- colony of the Eretrians, and was celebrated for
man dramatists, particularly by Terence, who its wine. It was for some time a place of conwas little more than a translator of Menander. siderable importance, but was ruined by the
But we can not form, from any one play of Ter- foundation of Cassandrea.
ence, a fair notion of the corresponding play of  MENDES (Mevdc7: MevdSjato: ruins near Ma,
Menander, as the Roman poet frequently com- tarieh), a considerable city of the Delta of Egypt,
pressed two of Menander's plays into one. It on the southern side of the Lake of Tanis (now
was this mixing up of different plays that Cm- Menzaleh), and on the bank of one of the lesser
sar pointed to by the phrase 0 dimidiate Menan- arms of the Nile, named after it MevMzUtov ro6tla'
der, in the epigram which he wrote upon Ter- the chief seat of the worship of MENDES.
ence. Of Menander's comedies only fragments  MENECLES (MevefcaiF). 1. Of Barce in Cyare extant. The best edition of them is by Mei- rene, an historian of uncertain date.-2. Of Alaneke, in his Fragmenta Comicorum Grcecorum, banda, a celebrated rhetorician. He and his
Berol., 1841.                             brother Hierocles taught rhetoric at Rhodes,
[MENANDER (MIvavSpog). 1. An Athenian of- where the orator M. Antonius heard them, about
ficer in the Sicilian expedition, associated in the B.C. 94.
supreme command with Nicias, toward the end  MENECRATES (Mevecpdcarf). 1. A Syracusan
of the year B.C. 414: he afterward served with physician at the court of Philip, king of MaceAlcibiades against Pharnabazus, and was one don, B.C. 359-336..He made himself ridicuof the commanders at the disastrous battle of lous by calling himself " Jupiter," and assuming
LEgos-potami.-2. King of Bactria, was one of divine honors. There is a tale that he was inthe most powerful of all the Greek rulers of vited one day by Philip to a magnificent enterthat country, and one of those who made the tainment, where the other guests were sumpmost extensive conquests in India, reaching be- tuously fed, while he himself had nothing but
yond the Hypanis or Sutledj.-3. Surnamed Pro- incense and libations, as not being subject to
tector, a Greek writer of Byzantium in the latter the human infirmity of hunger. He was at first
half of the sixth century. He wrote a history pleased with his reception, but afterward perof the Eastern empire from A.D. 559 to 582 in ceiving the joke, and finding that no more subeight books, of which considerable extracts stantial food was offered him, he left the party
have been preserved in the " Eclogse Legation- in disgust.-2. TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS MENECRAumr" attributed to Constantinus Porphyrogeni- TES, a physician mentioned by Galen, composed
tus. Edited by BekkerandNiebuhr, Bonn, 1830.] more than one hundred and fifty medical works,
MENAPIA (Mevatlia), a city of Bactriana, on of which only a few fragments remain.
the River Zariaspis.                        MENEDEMUS (MeveSiy/UO), a Greek philosopher,
MENAPII, a powerful people in the north of was a native of Eretria, and, though of noble
Gallia Belgica, originally dwelt on both banks birth, was poor, and worked for a livelihood
of the Rhine, but were afterward driven out of either as a builder or as a tent-maker. Accordtheir possessions on the right bank by the Usi- ing to one story, he seized the opportunity afpetes and Tenchteri, and inhabited only the left forded by his being sent on some military servbank near its mouth, and west of the Mosa. ice to MEGARA to hear Plato, and abandoned
Their country was covered with forests and the army to addict himself to philosophy; but
swamps. They had a fortress on the Mosa it may be questioned whether he was old enough
called Castellum Menapiorum (now Kessel).  to have heard Plato before the death of the
MENAS (Mnvad), also called MENODORUS (My- latter. According to another story, he and his
v66apor) by Appian, a freedman of Pompey the friend Asclepiades got their livelihood as millers,
Great, was one of the principal commanders of working during the night, that they might have
the fleet of Sextus Pompey in his war against leisure for philosophy in the day. The two
Octavianus and Antony, B.C. 40. In 39 he friends afterward became disciples of Stilpo at
tried in vain to dissuade his master from con- Megara. From Megara they went to Elis, and
eluding a peace with Octavianus and Antony; placed themselves under the instruction of
and, at an entertainment given to them by Sex- some disciples of Phiedo. On his return to
tus on board his ship at Misenum, Menas sug- Eretria Menedemus established a school of phigested to him to cut the cables of the vessel, losophy, which was called the Eretrian. He
and, running it out to sea, dispatch both his did not, however, confine himself to philosophi500




MENELAI.                               MENESTHEUS.
cal pursuits, but took an active part in the polit- what he said was always impressive; he was
ical affairs of his native city, and came to be brave and courageous, but milder than Agathe leading man in the state. He went on vari- memnon, intelligent and hospitable. Accordous embassies to Lysimachus, Demetrius, and ing to the prophecy of Proteus in the Odyssey,
others; but, being suspected of the treacherous Menelaus and Helen were not to die, but the
intention of betraying Eretria into the power of gods were to conduct them to Elysium. AcAntigonus, he quitted his native city secretly, cording to a later tradition, he and Helen went
and took refuge with Antigonus in Asia. Here to the Taurians, where they were sacrificed by
he starved himself to death in the severty-fourth Iphigenia to Diana (Artemis). Menelaus was
year of his age, probably about B.C. 277. Of Worshipped as a hero at Therapne, where his
the philosophy of Menedemus little is known, tomb and that of Helen were shown. Respectexcept that it closely resembled that of the Me- ing the tale that Helen never went to Troy, but
garian school. Vid. EUCLIDES, No. 2.      was detained in Egypt, vid. HELENA.-2. Son
MENELAI or -us, PORTUS (Mevre2d(io 2(Tiv, of Lagus, and brother of Ptolemy Soter, held,SevEaca o: now Mar-sa-Toubroulk, or Ras-el- possession of Cyprus for his brother, but was
XJilhr?), an ancient city on the coast of Mar- defeated and driven out of the island by Dememarica, in Northern Africa, founded, according trius Poliorcetes, B.C. 306.-3. A Greek matheto tradition, by Menelaus. It is remarkable in matician, anative of Alexandrea, the author of
history as the place where Agesilaus died.  an extant treatise in three books, on the Sphere.
MENELUAIM (Mevre2iXov), a mountain in La- He made some astronomical observations at
conia, southeast of Sparta, near Therapne, on Rome in the first year of the Emperor Trajan,
which the heroum of Menelaus was situated, the A.D. 98.
foundations of which temple were discovered  MENELAUS (MevXeaoc), a city of Lower Egypt,
in the year 1834.                         on the Canopic branch of the Nile, named after
MENELAUS (Mevilaog, Mev2eao rU, or MeviaSg). the brother of Ptolemy the son of Lagus. It
1. Son of Plisthenes or Atreus, and younger was made the capital of the district between
brother of Agamemnon. His early life is re- the lakes of Moeris and Mareotis (voftbo Mevelated under AGAMEMNON. He was king of La-  Latrc).
cedoemon, and married to the beautiful Helen,  MENENIUS LANATUS. 1. AGRIPPA, consulB.C.
by whom he became the father of Hermione. 503, conquered the Sabines. It was owing to
When Helen had been carried off by Paris, Men- his mediation that the first great rupture beelaus and Ulysses sailed to Troy in order to tween the patricians and plebeians, when the
demand her restitution. Menelaus was hospi- latter seceded to the Sacred Mount, was brought
tably treated by Antenor, but the journey was to a happy and peaceful termination in 493;
of no avail; and the Trojan Antimachus even and it was upon this occasion he is said to have
advised his fellow-citizens to kill Menelaus and related to the plebeians his well-known fable
Ulysses. Thereupon Menelaus and his brother of the belly and its members.-2. T., consul
Agamemnon resolved to march against Troy 477, was defeated by the Etruscans. He had
with all the forces that Greece could muster. previously allowed the Fabii to be destroyed by
Agamemnon was chosen the commander-in- the Etruscans, although he might have assisted
chief. In the Trojan war Menelaus was under them with his army. For this act of treachery
the special protection of Juno (Hera) and Mi- he was brought to trial by the tribunes and connerva (Athena), and distinguished himself by demned to pay a fine. He took his punishment
his bravery in battle. He killed many illustri- so much to heart, that he shut himself up in
ous Trojans, and would have slain Paris also his house and died of grief.
in single combat, had not the latter been carried  MENES (MfinvC), first king of Egypt, according
off by Venus (Aphrodite) in a cloud. Menelaus to the traditions of the Egyptians themselves.
was one of the heroes concealed in the wooden Herodotus records of him that he built Memhorse; and as soon as Troy was taken, he and phis on a piece of ground which he had rescued
Ulysses hastened to the house of Deiphobus, from the river by turning it from its former
who had married Helen after the death of Paris, course, and erected therein a magnificent temand put him to death in a barbarous manner. ple to Hephaestus (Phthah). Diodorus tells us
Menelaus is said to have been secretly intro- that he introduced into Egypt the worship of
duced into the chamber of Deiphobus by Helen, the gods and the practice of sacrifices, as well
who thus became reconciled to her former hus- as a more elegant and luxurious style of living.
band. He was among the first that sailed away That he was a conqueror, like other founders
from Troy, accompanied by his wife Helen and of kingdoms, we learn from an extract from
Nestor; but he was eight years wandering about Manetho preserved by Eusebius. By Marsham
the shores of the Mediterranean before he and others he has been identified with the Mizreached home. He arrived at Sparta on the raim of Scripture. According to some accounts
very day on which Orestes was engaged in he was killed by a hippopotamus.
burying Clytaemnestra and iEgisthus. Hence-  MENESTHEI PORTUS (now Puerto de S. 3Maria),
forward he lived with Helen at Sparta in peace a harbor in Hispania Bratica, not far fiom Gades,
and wealth, and his palace shone in its splendor with an oracle of Menestheus, who is said in
like the sun or the moon. When Telemachus some legends to have settled in Spain.
visited Sparta to inquire after his father, Mene-  [MENESTHES (MevCeaO9), a Greek warrior at
laus was solemnizing the marriage of his daugh- the siege of Troy, slain by Hector.]
ter Hermione with Neoptolemus, and of his son  MENESTHEUS (Meve6esv~). 1. Son of Peteus,
Megapenthes with a daughter of Alector. In an Athenian king, who led the Athenians against
the Homeric poems Menelaus is described as a mroy, and surpassed all other mortals in arrangIan of an athletic figure; he spoke little, but ing the war-steeds and men for battle. With
501




MENESTHIUS.                                  MENTOR.
the assistance of the Tyndarids, he is said to  MENODOTJUS (Myv6rorTog), a physician of Nicohave driven Theseus from his kingdom.-2. Son media in Bithynia, who was a pupil of Antioof Iphicrates, the famous Athenian general, by chus of Laodicea, and tutor to Herodotus of
the daughter of Cotys, king of Thrace. He Tarsus; he belonged to the medical sect of the
married the daughter of Timotheus; and in Empirici, and lived probably about the begin356 was chosen commander in the Social war, ning of the second century after Christ.
his father and his father-in-law being appointed  MENcECEUS (MEvoItcKd). 1. A Theban, grandto aid him with their counsel and experience. son of Pentheus, and father of Hipponome, JoThey were all three impeached by their col- casta, and Creon.-2. Grandson of the former,
league, CHARES, for alleged misconduct and and son of Creon. He put an end to his life
treachery in the campaign; but Iphicrates and because Tiresias had declared that his death
Menestheus were acquitted.                 would bring victory to his country, when the
[MENESTHIUS (MevdE90oC).  1. Son of Arei- seven Argive heroes marched against Thebes.
thous, king of Arne in Bceotia, was slain by Par- His tomb was shown at Thebes near the Neiis.-2. Son of SperchTus or of Borus and Poly- tian gate.
dora, nephew of Achilles, a leader of the Myr-  [MENcMTES. 1. Pilot of the ship of Gyas, who
midons before Troy.]                       threw him overboard for having delayed his ves[MENESTRATUS (MevearparoC), a sculptor, sel in the race at the celebration of the games
whose Hercules and Hecate were greatly ad- in honor of Anchises.-2. An Arcadian who
mired. The latter stood in the opisthodomus fought on the side of.Eneas in Italy, and was
of the temple of Diana (Artemis) at Ephesus, slain by Turnus.]
and was made of marble of such brilliancy that  MENETIUS (MrevoiTogS).  1. Son of Iapetus
it was necessary to warn beholders to shade and Clymene or Asia, and brother of Atlas,
their eyes, says Pliny.]                   Prometheus, and Epimetheus. He was killed
[MENEXENUS (Mevfervoc), an Athenian, son of by Jupiter (Zeus) with a flash of lightning in
Demophon, was a disciple of Socrates, and is the battle with the Titans, and was hurled into
introduced by Plato as one of the interlocutors Tartarus.-2. Son of Actor and /Egina, husin the dialogues Lysis and Menexenus.]     band of Polymele or Sthenele, and father of PaMENINX or LOTOPHAGITIS, afterward GIRBA troclus, who is hence called -Menotiades. After
(Mdvyf, A(uToirayirt, Aorod~oywv vrao: now  Patroclus had slain the son of Amphidamas,
Jerbah), a considerable island, close to the coast Menotius fled with him to Peleus in Phthia,
of Africa Propria, at the southeastern extremity and had him educated there.
of the Lesser Syrtis, with two cities, Meninx  [MENON (Mev)v).  1. A Trojan warrior slain
(now Menaz) on the northeast, and Girba, or by Leonteus. —2. A citizen of Pharsalus in
Gerra, on the southwest. It was the birth-place Thessaly, who aided the Athenians at Eion
of the emperors Vibius Gallus and Volusianus.  with twelve talents and two hundred horsemen
MENIPPE (Mevi~~rrTr), daughter of Orion and raised by himself from his own peneste, and
sister ofMetioche. These two sisters put them- was rewarded for these services with the freeselves to death of their own accord in order to dom of the city.]-3. A Thessalian adventurer,
propitiate the two Erinnyes, who had visited was one of the ge'nerals of the Greek mercenaAonia with a plague. They were metamorph- ries in the army of Cyrus the Younger when
osed by Proserpina (Persephone) and Pluto the latter marched into Upper Asia against his
(Hades) into comets, and the Aonians erected brother Artaxerxes, B.C. 401. After the death
to them a sanctuary near Orchomenos.       of Cyrus he was apprehended along with the
MENIPPUS (MM7TrnroC). 1. A cynic philosopher, other Greek generals by Tissaphernes, and was
and originally a slave, was a native of Gadara put to death by lingering tortures, which lasted
in Ccele-Syria. He seems to have been a hear- for a whole year. His character is drawn in
er of Diogenes, and flourished about B.C. 60. the blackest colors by Xenophon. He is the
He amassed great wealth as a usurer (rsupoda- same as the Menon introduced in the dialogue
velar7c), but was cheated out of it all, and com- of Plato, which bears his name.
mitted suicide.. We are told that he wrote noth-  MENS, a personification of mind, worshipped
ing serious, but that his books were full ofjests; by the Romans. She had a sanctuary on the
whence it would appear that he was one of Capitol; and the object of her worship was,
those cynic philosophers who threw all their that the citizens might always be guided by a
teaching into a satirical form. In this charac- right spirit.
ter he is several times introduced by Lucian.  [MENTES (M~vr7c). 1. Leader of the Cicones,
His works are now entirely lost; but we have under whose form Apollo encouraged I-Hector to
considerable fragments of Varro's Saturn Me- prevent Menelaus carrying off the armor of
nippea, written in imitation of Menippus.-[2. Euphorbus. —. Son of Anchialus, leader of the
Of Stratonice, a Carian by birth, was the most Taphians, guest-friend of Ulysses. Minerva asaccomplished orator of his time in all Asia. sumed his form when she appeared to TelemCicero, who heard him, puts him almost on a achus to arouse him to go in search of the ablevel with the Attic orators.-3. Of Pergamus, sent Ulysses.]
a geographer, lived in the time of Augustus, and  MENTESA (Mentesanus). 1. Surnamed BASwrote a fIepinrovc Tr7g evrg O) a9-drrg, of which TIA, a town of the Oretani in Hispania Tarracoan abridgment was made by Marcianus, and of nensis, on the road from Castulo to Carthago
which some fragments are preserved.   Vid. Nova.-2. A small.town of the Bastuli in the
MARCIANUS.]                                south of Hispania Baetica.
MENNIS, a city of Adiabene, in Assyria, only  MENTOR (MEruWP). 1. Son of Alcimus, and
mentioned by Curtius (v., 1).              a faithful friend of Ulysses, [to whom the latter
[MENODORUS (5ylvd6)pog). Vid. MENAS.]    confided the supervision of his household wheve
502




MENTORES.                                    MEROE.
setting out for Troy.  Minerva assumed his tity, and, instead of the caduceus, used a sacred
form to give instructions to the young Telem- branch as the emblem of peace. The resemachus, and accompanied him as Mentor to the blance between Mercurius and Hermes is incourt of Nestor.-2. Father of Imbrius of Caria, deed very'slight, and their identification is a
who fought on the side of the Trojans, is called proof of the thoughtless manner in which the
by Homer "rich in horses."]-3. A Greek of Romans acted in this respect. Vid. HERMES.
Rhodes, who, with his brother Memnon, ren-    MERCURIUS TRISMEGISTUS.    Vid. HERMES
dered active assistance to Artabazus. When TRISMEGISTUS.
the latter found himself compelled to take ref-  MERIONES (Mrpo6vrl), a Cretan hero, son of
uge at the court of Philip, Mentor entered the Molus, who, conjointly with Idomeneus, led the
service of Nectanabis, king of Egypt. He was Cretans in eighty ships against Troy. He was
sent to the assistance of Tennes, king of Sidon, one of the bravest heroes in the Trojan war,
in his revolt against Darius Ochus; and when and usually acted together with his friend IdoTennes went over to the Persians, Mentor was meneus.  Later traditions relate that on his
taken into the service of Darius. He rose rap- way homeward he was thrown on the coast of
idly in the favor of Darius, and eventually re- Sicily, where he was received by the Cretans
ceived a satrapy, including all the western who had settled there; whereas, according to
coast of Asia Minor. His influence with Da- others, he returned safely to Crete, and was
rius enabled him to procure the pardon of his buried and worshipped as a hero, together with
brother Memnon. He died in possession of his Idomeneus, at Cnosus.
satrapy, and was succeeded by his brother Mem-  MERMERUS (MEp/epoC). 1. Son of Jason and
non.  Vid. MEMNON.-4. The most celebrated Medea, also called Macareus or Mormorus, was
silver-chaser among the Greeks, who must have murdered, together with his brother Pheres, by
flourished before B.C. 356.  His works were his mother at Corinth.-2. Son of Pheres, and
vases and cups, which were most highly prized grandson of Jason and Medea.-[3. A Trojan,
by the Romans.                             slain by Antilochus.-4. A Centaur, slain at the
[MENTORES (MIV7ropr), a people on the coast nuptials of Pirithous.]
of Liburnia, in the district Mentorice (Mevro-  MERMESSUS or MYRMESSUS (MEpCnocOSC, MvppLfij); they also possessed the islands situated jaiY 6c), also written MARMEssuS and MARPESon this coast in the Adriatic called " Insule sus, a town of Mysia, in the territory of LampMentorides" (MevropiSe), now probably Veglia, sacus, not far from Polichna, the native place
Arbe, Cherso, &c.]                         of a sibyl.
[MENYLLUS (MIevv7L;og). 1. A Macedonian, ap-  [MERMNADE  (Mepflvd6Sa), a Lydian family,
pointed to command the Macedonian garrison which, on the murder of Candaules by Gyges,
in Munychia after the Lamiac war, B.C. 322. succeeded the Heraclidae on the throne of LydHe was a just man, and on friendly terms with ia, and held it for five generations, about 716Phocion. He was replaced by Nicanor, B.C. 546 B.C. The sovereigns of this family were
319, on the death of Antipater.-2. Of Alaban- Gyges, Ardys, Sadyattes, Alyattes, and Crceda; ambassador to Rome in B.C. 162, from Ptol- sus.]
emy VI. Philometor, to plead his cause against  MEROBAUDES, FLAVIUS, a general and a poet,
his younger brother Physcon: his mission, how- whose merits are recorded in an inscription on
ever, was unsuccessful. While at Rome, he, the base of a statue dug up in the Ulpian forum
with Polybius, aided in effecting the escape of at Rome in the year 1812 or 1813. We learn
the Syrian prince Demetrius.]              from the inscription that the statue was erectMERcuRII PROMONTORIUM. Vid. HERM EUM.    ed in A.D. 435. Some fragments of the poems
MERCURIUS, a Roman divinity of commerce of Merobaudes were discovered by Niebuhr
and gain. The character of the god is clear upon a palimpsest belonging to the monastery
from his name, which is connected with merx of St. Gall, and were published by him at Bonn,
and mercari. A temple was built to him as 1823, [and again in 1824; they are also printearly as B.C. 495, near the Circus Maximus; ed in a volume of the Corpus Script. Byzant.,
an altar of the god existed near the Porta Ca- with Corippus, edited by Bekker, Bonn, 1836.]
pena, by the side of a well; and in later times  MERaE (Mep6yo: now ports of Nubia and Sena temple seems to have been built on the same nar), the island, so called, and almost an islspot. Under the name of the ill-willed (malev- and in reality, formed by the rivers Astapus
olus), he had a statue in what was called the (now Blue Nilc) and Astaboras (now Atbarah),
vicus sobrins, or the sober street, in which no and the portion of the Nile between their
shops were allowed to be kept, and milk was mouths, was a district of Ethiopia. Its capital,
offered to him there instead of wine. This also called Meroe, stood near the northern point
statue had a purse in its hand, to indicate his of the island, on the eastern bank of the Nile,
functions. His festival was..celebrated on the below the modern S'hendy, where the plain, near
twenty-fifth of May, and chiefly by merchants, the village of Assour, is covered with ruins of
who also visited the well near the Porta Cape- temples, pyramids, and other works in a style
na, to which magic powers were ascribed; and closely resembling the Egyptian. Standing in
with water from that well they used to sprinkle a fertile district, rich in timber and minerals,
themselves and their merchandise, that they at the foot of the highlands of Abyssinia, and at
might be purified, and yield a large profit. The the junction of two great rivers, Meroe became,
Romars of later times identified Mercurius, the at a very early period, a chief emporium for the
patron of merchants and tradespeople, with the trade between Egypt, Northern Africa, iEthiGreek Hermes, and transferred all the attri- opia, Arabia, and India, and the capital of a
b.ates and myths of the latterto the former. The powerful state. The government was a hieFetiales, however, never recognized the iden- rarchical monarchy, entirely in the hands of a
503




MEROM LACUS.                                 MESPILA.
ruling caste of priests, who chose a king from  to that part of Babylonia which consisted of the
among themselves,bound him to govern accord- great island formed by the Euphrates, the Tiing to their laws, and put him to death when gris, and the Royal Canal, and contained, therethey chose; until King Ergamenes (about B.C. fore, the greater part of Babylonia.
300) threw off the yoke of the priests, whom  MESOA or MESSOA. Vid. SPARTA.
he massacred, and converted his kingdom into  MESOGIS. Vid. MESSOGIS.
an absolute monarchy. The priests of Meroe  MESOMEDES (Meuoe671S), a lyric and epigramwere closely connected in origin and customs matic poet under Hadrian and the Antonines,
with those of Egypt; and, according to some was a native of Crete, and a freedman of Hatraditions, the latter sprang from the former, drian, whose favorite Antinous he celebrated in
and they from India; but the settlement of this a poem. A salary, which he had received from
point involves an important ethnical question, Hadrian, was diminished by Antoninus Pius.
which lies beyond the limits of this book. For Three poems of his are preserved in the Greek
further details respecting the kingdom of Meroe, Anthology.
vid. LETHIOPIA. Meroe had a celebrated oracle  MSOPOTXAMIA (Meaoo7rrauia, Meaye rSv qroraof Ammon.                                {J 1: in the Old Testament, Aram Naharaim,
MEROM LACUS. Vid. SEMECHONITIS.        i. e,, Syria between the Rivers: LXX., MECO7rTraMEROPE (Mep6wrn). 1. One of the Heliades or fiea lvpiac: now Al-Jesira, i. e., The Island), a
sisters of Phaethon.-2. Daughter of Atlas, one district of Western Asia, named from its posiof the Pleiades, and wife of Sisyphus of Corinth, tion between the Euphrates and the Tigris, of
by whom she became the mother of Glaucus. which rivers the former divided it from Syria
In the constellation of the Pleiades she is the and Arabia on the west, the latter from Assyria
seventh and the least visible star, because she on the east: on the north it was separated from
is ashamed of having had intercourse with a Armenia by a branch of the Taurus, called Mamortal man.-3. Daughter of Cypselus, wife of sius, and on the south from Babylonia by the
Cresphontes, and mother of Epytus. For de- Median Wall. The name was first used by the
tails, vid..EPYTUS.                      Greeks in the time of the Seleucidae. In earlier
MEROPS (Mepop). 1. King of the island of times the country was reckoned a part, someCos, husband of the nymph Ethemea, and fa- times of Syria, and sometimes of Assyria. Nor
ther of Eumelus. His wife was killed by Diana in the division of the Persian empire was it
(Artemis) because she had neglected to worship recognized as a distinct country, but it belonged
that goddess. Merops, in order to rejoin his to the satrapy of Babylonia. Excepting the
wife, wished to make away with himself, but mountainous region on the north and northJuno (Hera) changed him into an eagle, whom  east, formed by the chain of MASIUS, and its
she placed among the stars.-2. King of the prolongation parallel to the Tigris, the country.Ethiopians, by whose wife, Clymene, Helios formed a vast plain, broken by few hills, well
became the father of Phaithon.-3. King of watered by rivers and canals, and very fertile,
Rhyndacus, on the Hellespont, also called Ma- except in the southern part, which was more
car or Macareus, was a celebrated soothsayer, like the Arabian Desert on the opposite side of
and father ofClite, Arisbe, Amphius, and Adras- the Euphrates. Besides corn, and fruits, and
tus.-[4. A Trojan, companion of.Eneas, slain spices (e. g., the amomum), it produced fine timby Turnus in Italy.]                      ber and supported large herds of cattle; in the
MERULA, L. CORNELIUS, was flamen dialis, southern, or desert part, there were numerous
and, on the deposition of L. Cinna in B.C. 87, wild animals, such as wild asses, gazelles, oswas elected consul in his place. On the cap- triches, and lions. Its chief mineral products
ture of Rome by Marius and Cinna at the close were naphtha and jet. The northern part of
of the same year, Merula put an end to his own Mesopotamia was divided into the districts of
life in order to escape the hands of the execu- MYGDONIA and OSROENE. It belonged successtioner.                                   ively to the Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian,
MESAMBRIA (Meaatat6pir: now Bushehr), a pen- Macedonian, Syro-Grecian, Parthian, and later
insula on the coast of Persis, near the River Persian empires. In a wider sense, the name
Padargus.                                is sometimes applied to the whole country beMESCHELA (Me6XE2a: probably near Bonah), tween the Euphrates and the Tigris.
a large city on the coast of Northern Africa,  MESPILA (D MEa7nria: ruins at Kouyounjik,
said to have been founded by Greeks returning opposite to Mosul, Layard: others give differfrom the Trojan war. It was taken by Euma- ent sites for it), a city of Assyria, on the eastchus, the lieutenant of Agathocles.       ern side of the Tigris, which Xenophon (Anab.,
MESEMBRIA (Mearti6pia, Herod. Meaayupir: Me- iii., 4) mentions as having been formerly a great
Crfj6peav6o). 1. (Now Missivria or Messuri), a city, inhabited by Medes, but in his time fallen
celebrated town of Thrace on the Pontus Eux- to decay. It had a wall six parasangs in cirinus, and at the foot of Mount Haemus, founded cult, composed of two parts, namely, a base fifby the inhabitants of Chalcedon and Byzanti- ty feet thick and fifty high, of polished stone,
um in the time of Darius Hystaspis, and hence full of shells (the limestone of the country),
called a colony of Megara, since those two upon which was built a brick wall fifty feet
towns were founded by the Megarians.-2. A  thick and one hundred high. It had served, actown in Thrace, but of much less importance, cording to tradition, as the refuge for the Meon the coast of the.Egean Sea, and in the ter- dian queen when the Persians overthrew the
ritory of the Cicones, near the mouth of the empire of the Medes, and it resisted all the ef
Lissus, and'the most westerly of the Samothra- forts of the Persian king to take it, until a thuncian settlements on the main land.        der storm frightened the inhabitants into a surMESENEi (MeaCrV1, i. e., Midland), a name given render.
504




MESSA.                                  MESSALA.
MESSA (M'Eacaa, MGaar: now JMezapo), a town i ively in Sicily, 36; against the Salassians, a
and harbor in Laconia, near Tanarum Promon- mountain tribe lying between the Graian and
toriurn.                                  the Pennine Alps, 34; and at Actium, 31. A
MESSABXTENE or -ICE (Mecaa6arvT7j, Mecca- decree of the senate had abrogated Antony's
6arLttc: Meacaa6rat), a small district on the consulship for 31, and Messala was appointed
southeastern margin of the Tigris and Eu- to the vacant place. He was proconsul of Aquiphrates valley, on the borders of Media, Persis, tania in 28-27, and obtained a triumph for his
and Susiana, reckoned sometimes to Persis and reduction of that province. Shortly before or
sometimes to Susiana. The name seems to be immediately after his administration of Aquitaderived from the mountain passes in the dis- nia, Messala held a prefecture in Asia Minor.
trict.                                    He was deputed by the senate, probably in 30,
MESSXLA or MESSALLA, the name of a distin- to greet Augustus with the title of " Pater
guished family of the Valeria gens at Rome. Patriae;" and the opening of his address on that
They appear for the first time on the consular occasion is preserved by Suetonius. During
Fasti in B.C. 263, and for the last in A.D. 506. the disturbances at the comitia in 27, Augustus
1. M'. VALERIUS MAXIMUS CORVINUS MESSALA, nominated Messala to the revived office of warwas consul B.C. 263, and, in conjunction with den of the city; but he resigned it in a few
his colleague M. Otacilius, carried on the war days. Messala soon afterward withdrew from
with success against the Carthaginians in Sic- all public employments except his augurship,
ily. The two consuls concluded a peace with to which Augustus had specially appointed him,
Hieron. In consequence of his relieving Mes- although, at the time of his admission, there
sana, he obtained the cognomen of Messala. was no vacancy in the augural college. About
His triumph was distinguished by two remark- two years before his death, which happened
able monuments of his victory-by a pictorial about the middle of Augustus's reign, B.C. 3 to
representation of a battle with the Sicilian and A.D. 3, Messala's memory failed him, and he
Punic armies, which he placed in the Curia often could not recall his own name. His tomb
Hostilia, and by a sun-dial (horologium), from  was of remarkable splendor. Messala was as
the booty of Catana, which was set up on a col- much distinguished iin the literary as in the poumn behind the rostra in the forum. Messala litical world of Rome. He was a patron of
was censor in 252.-2. M. VALERIUS MESSALA, learning and the arts, and was himself an hisconsul 226.-3. M. VALERIUS MESSALA, prator torian, a poet, a grammarian, and an orator.
peregrinus 194, and consul 188, when he had He wrote commentaries on the civil wars after
the province of Liguria.-4. M. VALERIUS MES- Caesar's death, and a genealogical work, De
SALA, consul 161, and censor 154.-5. M. VALE- Romanis Famniliis. The treatise, however, De
RIUS MESSALA NIGER, praetor 63, consul 61, Progenie Augusti, which sometimes accompaand censor 55. He belonged to the aristocrati- nies Eutropius and the minor Roman historians,
cal party. He married a sister of the orator Q. is the forgery of a much later age. Messala's
Hortensius, by whom he had at least one son. poems were of a satirical or even licentious
-6. M. VALERIUS MESSALA, son of the preced- character. His writings as a grammarian were
ing; consul 53; belonged, like his father, to numerous and minute, comprising treatises on
the aristocratical party; but in consequence, collocation and lexicography, and on the powprobably, of his enmity to Pompey, he joined ers and uses of single letters. His eloquence
Cesar in the civil war, and served under him reflected the character of his age. More smooth
in Africa. He was in high repute for his skill and correct than, vigorous or original, he perin augury, on which science he wrote.-7. M. suaded rather than convinced, and conciliated
VALEnIUS MESSALA CORVINUS, son of the pre- rather than persuaded. His health was feeble,
ceding, was partly educated at Athens, where and the prooemia of his speeches generally pleadprobably began his intimacy with Horace and ed indisposition and solicited indulgence. He
L. Bibulus. After Caesar's death (44) he joined mostly took the defendant's side, and was frethe republican party, and attached himself espe- quently associated in causes with C. Asinius
cially to Cassius, whom, long after, when he Pollio., He recommended and practiced transhad become the friend of Augustus, he was ac- lation from the Greek orators; and his version
customed to call " my general." Messala was of the Phryne of Hyperides was thought to exproscribed; but since his kinsmen proved his hibit remarkable skill in either language. His
absence from Rome at the time of Caesar's as- political eminence, the wealth he inherited or
sassination, the triumvirs erased his name from  acquired in the civil wars, and the favor of Anthe list, and offered him security for his person tony and Augustus, rendered Messala one of
and property. Messala, however, rejected their the principal persons of his age, and an effective
offers, followed Cassius into Asia, and at Phi- patron of its literature. His friendship for Horlippi, in the first day's battle, turned Augustus's ace and his intimacy with Tibullus are well
lank, stormed his camp, and narrowly missed known. In the elegies of the latter poet, the
taking him prisoner. After the death of Brutus name of Messala is continually introduced.
and Cassius, Messala, with a numerous body The dedication of the Ciris, a doubtful work, is
of fugitives, took. refuge in the island of Tha- not sufficient proof of his friendship with Virsos. His followers, though defeated, were not gil; but the companion of" Plotius and Varius,
disorganized, and offered him the command. of Maecenas and Octavius" (Hor., Sat., i., 10,
But he induced them to accept honorable terms 81), can not well have been unknown to the
from Antony, to whom he attached himself un- author of the Eclogues and Georgics. He ditil Cleopatra's influence made his ruin certain rected Ovid's early studies (ex Pont., iv., 16),
and easy to be foreseen. Messala then again and Tiberius sought his acquaintance in early
changed his party, and served Augustus effect- manhood, and took him ior his model in elo505




MESSALINA.                                 MESSANA.
quence.-8. M. VALERIUS MESSALA BARBATUS according to Thucydides, pirates from the ChalAPPIANUS, was consul B.C. 12, and died in his cidian town of Cumen in Italy, who were joined
year of office. He was the father (or grand- by Chalcidians from Eubcea, and, according to
father) of the Empress Messalina.-9. L. VALE- Strabo, by Naxians; but these two accounts
RIUS MESSALA VOLESUS, consul A.D. 5, and aft- are not contradictory, for since Naxos in Sicily
erward proconsul of Asia, where his cruelties was also a colony from Chalcis, we may easily
drew on him the anger of Augustus and a con- suppose that the Naxians joined the other Chaldemnatory decree from the senate.-10. L. VIP- cidians in the foundation of the town. Zancle
STANUS MESSALA, legionary tribune in Vespa- soon became so powerful that it founded the
sian's army, A.D. 70, was brother of Aquilius town of Himera, about B.C. 648. After the
Regulus, the notorious delator in Domitian's capture of Miletus by the Persians, the inhabitreign. He is one of Tacitus's authorities for ants of Zancle invited the Ionians, who had
the history of the civil war after Galba's death, been expelled from their native country, to setand a principal interlocutor in the dialogue De tle on their " beautiful coast" (sca)i aITcr, HeOratoribus ascribed to Tacitus.           rod., vi., 22), and a number of Samians and
MESSALINA. 1. STATILIA, grand-daughter ofT. other Ionic Greeks accepted their offer. On
Statilius Taurus, consul A.D. 11, was the third landing in the south of Italy, they were perwife of the Emperor Nero, who married her in suaded by Anaxilas, tyrant of Rhegium, to take
A.D. 66. She had previously espoused Atticus possession of Zancle during the absence of
Vestinus, whom Nero put to death without ac- Scythes, the tyrant of the city, who was encusation or trial, merely that he might marry gaged'in the siege of some other Sicilian town.
Messalina.-2. VALERIA, daughter of M. Vale- But their treachery was soon punished; for
rius Messala Barbatus and of Domitia Lepida, Anaxilas himself shortly afterward drove the
was the third wife of the Emperor Claudius. Samians out of Zancle, and made himself masShe married Claudius, to whom she was previ- ter of the town, the name of which he changed
ously related, before his accession to the em- into Messana or Messene, both because he was
pire. Her profligacy and licentiousness were himself a Messenian, and because he transfernotorious; and the absence of virtue was not red to the place a body of Messenians from
concealed by a lingering sense of shame or even Rhegium. Anaxilas died 476; and, about ten
by a specious veil of decorum. She was as years afterward (466), his sons were driven out
cruel as she was profligate; and many mem- of Messana and Rhegium, and republican govbers of the most illustrious families of Rome ernments established in these cities. Messana
were sacrificed to her fears or her hatred. She now enjoyed great prosperity for several years,
long exercised an unbounded empire over her and, in consequence of its excellent harbor and
weak husband, who alone was ignorant of her advantageous position, it became a place of
infidelities. For some time she was supported great commercial importance.  But in 396 it
in her career of crime by the freedmen of Clau- was taken by the Carthaginians, who destroyed
dius; but when Narcissus, the most powerful the town because they saw that they should
of the emperor's freedmen, perceived that he be unable to maintain so distant a possession
should probably fall a victim to Messalina's in- against the power of Dionysius of Syracuse.
trigues, he determined to get rid of her. The Dionysius began to rebuild it in the same year,
insane folly of Messalina furnished the means and, besides collecting the remains of the forof her own destruction. Having conceived a mer population, he added a number of Locrians,
violent passion for a handsome Roman youth, Messenians, and others, so that its inhabitants
C. Silius, she publicly married him, with all the were of a very mixed kind. After the banishrites of a legal connubium, during the absence ment of the younger Dionysius, Messana was
of Claudius at Ostia, A.D. 48. Narcissus per- for a short time free, but it fell into the power
suaded the emperor that Silius and Messalina of Agathocles about 312. Among the mercewould not have dared such an outrage had they naries of this tyrant were a number of Mamernot determined also to deprive him of empire tini, an Oscan people from Campania, who had
and life. Claudius wavered long, and at length been sent from home under the protection of
Narcissus himself issued Messalina's death- the god Mamers or Mars to seek their fortune
warrant. She was put to death by a tribune of in other lands. These Mamertini were quarthe guards in the gardens of Lucullus.    tered in Messana; and, after the death of
[MEssALINUS, M. VALERIUS CATULLUS, govern- Agathocles (282), they made themselves masor of the Libyan Pentapolis in the reigns of ters of the town, killed the male inhabitants,
Vespasian and Titus, where he treated the Jew- and took possession of their wives, their chilish provincials with extreme cruelty: he was dren, and their property. The town was now
afterward a delator under Domitian.]      called MAMERTINA, and the inhabitants MAMERME SANA (MEaiUva Dor., Me'rci v: MEaGiVTOC: TiNI; but its ancient name of Messana continunow Mlessina), a celebrated town on the north- ed to be in more general use. The new ineastern coast of Sicily, on the straits separat- habitants could not lay aside their old predatory
ing Italy firom this island, which are here about habits, and, in consequence, became involved
four miles broad. The Romans called the town in a war with Hieron of Syracuse, who defeatIMessana, according to its Doric pronunciation, ed them in several battles, and would probably
but Messene was its more usual name among have conquered the town had not the Carthathe Greeks.  It was originally a town of the ginians come in to the aid of the Mamertini,
Siceli, and was called ZANCLE (Zay/icA?), or a and, under the pretext of assisting them, taken
sickle, on account of the shape of its harbor, possession of their citadel.  The Mamertini
which is formed by a singular curve of sand had, at the same time, applied to the Romans
and shells. The first Greek colonists were, for help, who gladly availed themselves of the
506




MESSAPIA.                                 MESSENIA.
opportunity to obtain a footing in Sicily. Thus miles. It was for the most part a mountainous
Messana was the immediate cause of the first country, and contained only two plains of any
Punic war, 264. The Mamertini expelled the extent, in the north the plain of Stenyclerus, and
Carthaginian garrison, and received the Ro- in the south a still larger plain, through which
mans, in whose power Messana remained till the Pamisus flowed, and which was called Mathe latest times. There are scarcely any re- caria or the Blessed, on account of its great
mains of the ancient city at Messina.     fertility. There were, however, many smaller
MESSIPIA (Meaaarila). 1. The Greek name valleys among the mountains; and the country
of CALABRIA.-2. (Now Messagna), a town in was much less rugged and far more productive
Calabria, between Uria and Brundisium.    than the neighboring Laconia. Hence MesseMESSAPIUM (r7 Meacadwtov opo~), a mountain nia is described by Pausanias as the most ferin Boeotia, on the eastern coast, near the town tile country in Peloponnesus; and it is praised
Anthedon, from which Messapus is said to have by Euripides on account of its climate, which
sailed to the south of Italy.             was neither too cold in winter nor too hot in
MESSRPUS (Meaacrog), a Boeotian, from whom  summer. The most ancient inhabitants of MesMessapia, in the south of Italy, was believed to senia were Leleges, intermingled with Argives.
have derived its name.                    According to tradition, Polycaon, the younger
[MEssE (Meaay, now Massa), a town and har- son of Lelex, married the Argive Messene, a
bor of Laconia, near Taenarum Promontorium.] daughter of Triopas, and named the country
[MESSiEs (MEaueyt). 1. A celebrated fountain Messene in honor of his wife. This is the name
in Pherwe in Thessaly.-2. A fountain near The- by which it is called in Homer, who does not
rapne in Laconia.]                        use the form Messenia. Five generations aft- 
MESSENE (Mecacvv), daughter of Triopas, and erward ZEolians settled in the country, under
wife of Polycaon, whom she induced to take the guidance of Perieres, a son of Eolus. His
possession of the country which was called after son Aphareus gave a home to Neleus, who had
her, Messenia. She is also said to have intro- been driven out of Thessaly, and who founded
duced there the worship of Jupiter (Zeus) and the town of Pylos, which became the capital of
the mysteries of the great goddess of Eleusis.  an independent sovereignty. For a long time
MESSENE (MECaOjV: MECeavtoC). 1. (Now  there was properly no Messenian kingdom. The
Mavromati), the later capital of Messenia, was western part of the land belonged to the dominfounded by Epaminondas B.C. 369, and com- ions of the Neleid. princes of Pylos, of whom
pleted and fortified within the space of eighty- Nestor was the most celebrated, and the eastfive days. It was situated at the foot of the ern to the Lacedemonian monarchy. Thus it
steep hill of Ithome, which was so celebrated appears to have remained till the conquest of
as a fortress in the history of the Messenian Peloponnesus by the Dorians, when Messenia
wars, and which now formed the acropolis of fell to the share of Cresphontes, who destroyed
the new city. Messene was one of the most the kingdom of Pylos, and united the whole
strongly fortified cities of Greece. It was sur- country under his sway. The ruling class were
rounded by massive walls built entirely of stone, now Dorians, and they continued to speak the
and flanked with numerous towers. There are purest Doric down to the latest times. The
still considerable remains of some of these Spartans soon coveted the more fertile territory
towers, as well as the foundations of the walls, of their brother Dorians; and after many disand of several public buildings. They are de- putes between the two nations, and various inscribed by a modern traveller as'"built of the roads into each other's territories, open war at
most regular kind of masonry, and formed of length broke out. This war, called the first
large stones fitted together with great accura- Messenian war, lasted twenty years, B.C. 743cy." The northern gate of the city is also ex- 723; and notwithstanding the gallant resisttant, and opens into a circular court, sixty-two ance of the Messenian king, Aristodemus, the
feet in diameter. The city was supplied with Messenians were obliged to submit to the Sparwater from a fountain called Clepsydra, which tans after the capture of their fortress Ithome,
is still a fine spring, from which the modern and to become their subjects. Vid. ARISTODEvillage of llMavromati derives its name, meaning Mus. After bearing the yoke thirty-eight years,
Black Spring, or, literally, Black Eye.-2. Vid. the Messenians again took up arms under their
MESSANA.                                  heroic leader Aristomenes. Vid. ARISTOMENES.
MESSENIA (Meoarvia: Meo:vaa to), a country The second Messenian war lasted seventeen
in Peloponnesus, bounded on the east by Laco- years, B.C. 685-668, and terminated with the
nia, on the north by Elis and Arcadia, and on conquest of Ira and the complete subjugation
the south and west by the sea. It was sepa- of the country. Most of the Messenians emirated from Laconia by Mount Taygetus; but grated to foreign countries, and those who repart of the western slope of Taygetus belonged mained behind were reduced to the condition
to Laconia; and it is difficult to determine the of Helots 5r serfs. In this state they remained
exact boundaries between the two countries, as till 464, when the Messenians and other Helots
they were different at different periods. In the took advantage of the devastation occasioned
most ancient times the River Nedon formed the by the great earthquake at Sparta, to rise against
boundary between Messenia and Laconia to- their oppressors. This third Messenian war
ward the sea; but Pausanias places the frontier lasted ten years, 464-455, and ended by the
line further east,-at a woody hollow called Chceri- Messenians surrendering Ithome to the Sparus, twenty stadia south of Abia. The River Ne- tans on condition of their being allowed a free
da formed the northern boundary between Mes- departure from Peloponnesus. They settled at
senia and Elis. The area of Messenia is about Naupactus on the Corinthian Gulf opposite Peone thousand one hundred and sixty-two square loponnesus, which town the Athenians had late507




MESSENIACUS SINUS.                             METAURUS.
ly taken from the Locri Ozolae, and gladly comic poet of the old comedy, contemporary
granted to such deadly enemies of Sparta. At with Aristophanes: the few fiagments remainthe conclusion of the Peloponnesian war (404), ing of his plays are given by Meineke, Fragm.
the unfortunate Messenians were obliged to  Comic. Graec., vol. i., p. 424-427, edit. minor.leave Naupactus and take refuge in Italy, Sicily, 2. An architect, son of Chersiphron. Vid. CHERPand other countries; but when the supremacy SIPHRON.-3. An Athenian architect in the time
of Sparta was overthrown by the battle of Leuc- of Pericles, was engaged with Cormobus and
tra, Epaminondas resolved to restore the inde- Ictinus and Xenocles in the erection of the
pendence of Messenia. He accordingly gath- great temple at Eleusis.]
ered together the Messenian exiles from the  METAGONITIS (MerayovTret: Merayovirat, Mevarious lands in which they were scattered; tagonitae), a name applied to the northern coast
and in the summer of 369 he founded the town of Mauretania Tingitana (now Marocco), beof Messene at the foot of Mount Ithome. Vid. tween the Fretum Gaditanum and the River
MESSENE. Messenia was never again subdued Mulucha; derived probably from the Carthaby the Spartans, and it maintained its independ- ginian colonies (Yeray)6via) settled along it.
ence till the conquest of the Acheans and the There was at some point of this coast a promrest of Greece by the Romans, 146.        ontory called Metagonium or Metagonites, prob[MESSENIACUS SINUS (MeocqviaKo g KOrTTOf, ably the same as Russadir (now Rasud-Dir, or
now Gulf of Coron), a large gulf or bay, wash- Capo Tres Forcas.)
ing the southern shore of Messenia, and extend-  METAGONYUM. Vid. METAGONITIS.
ing from the promontory Acritas on the west  METALLINUM or METELLINUI (Metallinensis:
to the promontory Thyrides on the east, or, ac- now Medellin), a Roman colony in Lusitania on
cording to others, to Cape Taenarus; the north- the Anas, not far from Augusta Emerita.
ern part was also called Coronaus from the city  METANIRA (MerdivEipa), wife of Celeus, and
CORONE, and its southern Asinneus from the city mother of Triptolemus, received Ceres (DemeASINE, though Strabo makes this another'appel- ter) on her arrival in Attica. Pausanias calls
lation for the whole gulf]                her Meganaera. For details, vid. CELEUS.
[MESSIUS, C., was tribune of the plebs in B.C.  METAPHRASTES, SYMEON (Y:vjeoWV 6 MeraCpaa56, when he brought in a bill for Cicero's recall rqc), a celebrated Byzantine writer, lived in the
from exile. In the same year the Messian law, ninth and tenth centuries, and held many high
by the same tribune, assigned extraordinary offices at the Byzantine court. His surname
powers to Cn. Pompey. Cicero defended Mes- Metaphrastes was given to him on account of
sius when he was recalled from a legatio, and his having composed a celebrated paraphrase
attacked by the Caesarian party. Messius aft- of the lives of the saints. Besides his other
erward appears as an adherent of Caesar's, works, he wrote a Byzantine history, entitled
whose troops he introduced into Acilla, a town Annales, beginning with the Emperor Leo Arin Africa.]                               menus, A.D. 813, and finishing with Romanus,
[MESSIUS CICIRRHUS, an ugly and disfigured the son of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, 963.
Oscan, whose wordy war with the runaway Edited by Bekker, Bonn, 1838.
slave Sarmentus is humorously described by  METAPONTIUM, called METAPONTUM by the RoHorace in his Brundisian journey (Sat., i., 5, mans (MeraTr6vrtov.: MeraTr6ovrto, Metaponti49-69).]                                  nus: now Torre di lMare), a celebrated Greek
[MESSIUS VECTIUS, a Volscian, who, in B.C. city in the south of Italy, on the Tarentine Gulf,
431, distinguished himself in battle against the and on the'eastern coast of Lucania, is said to
Romans.]                                  have been originally called Metabum (Mira6ov).
[MESTHLES (MeaOX71C), son of Pylamenes and There were various traditions respecting its
the nymph Gygaa, leader of the Mmeonians, foundation, all of which point to its high anticame with his brother Antiphus to the aid of quity, but from which we can not gather any
the Trojans.]                             certain information on the subject. It is said
MESTLETA (Meacrara), a city of Iberia, in to have been afterward destroyed by the SamAsia, probably on the River Cyrus.        nites, and to have been repeopled by a colony
[MESTOR (Miacrop). 1. Son of Perseus and of Acheans, who had been invited for that purAndromeda, and father of Hippothoe.-2. One pose by the inhabitants of Sybaris. Hence it is
of the sons of Priam.]                    called by Livy an Achaean town, and is regardMESTRA (Mr7jrpa), daughter of Erysichthon, ed by some writers as a colony from Sybaris.
and grand-daughter of Triopas, whence she is It fell into the hands of the Romans with the
called Triopeis by Ovid. She was sold by her other Greek cities in the south of Italy in the
hungry father, that he might obtain the means war against Pyrrhus, but it revolted to Hanof satisfying his hunger. In order to escape nibal after the battle of Cannae. From the time
from slavery, she prayed to Neptune (Poseidon), of the second Punic war it disappears from hiswho loved her, and who conferred upon her the tory, and was in ruins in the time of Pausanias.
power of metamorphosing herself whenever    [MErARIS LSTUARIUM (MIseapiSe exviyat, now
she was sold.                             The Wash), an estuary on the eastern coast of
MESYLA, a town of Pontus, in Asia Minor, on Britannia Romana, between the mouths of the
the road from Tavium to Comana.           Tamesa and the Abus.]
[METABuM. Vid. METAPONTUM.]               METAURUM. Vid. METAURUS, No. 2.
[METABUS (MIraeof). 1. Son of Sisyphus,  METAURUS. 1. (Now Metaro), a small river
from whom the town of Metapontum in Italy in Umbria, flowing into the Adriatic Sea, but
was believed to have derived its name.-2. Vid. rendered memorable by the defeat and death of
CAMILLA.]                                 Hasdrubal, the brother of Hannibal, on its banks,
[MiETAGEPNES (MerayedvY). 1. An Athenian B.C. 207 —2. (Now Marro), a river on the east508




METELIS.                                 METELLUS.
ern coast of Bruttium, at whose mouth was the 3. was consul 115, the year in which his father
town of Metaurum.                         died. In 114 he was sent into Sardinia as pro[METELIS (MerTiST, now probably Fouah), a consul, and suppressed an insurrection in the
place in Lower Egypt, between the Bolbitene island, in consequence of which he obtained a
and Sebennytic mouths of the Nile, capital of triumph in 113 on the same day as his brother
the Metelites Nomos (Merfr?7f Noi6-).]   Caprarius.-8. C. CJECILIUS METELLUS CAPRAMETELLA. Vid. CECILIA.                  RIUS, fburth son of No. 3. The origin of his
METELLUS, a distinguished plebeian family surname is quite uncertain. He was consul
of the Cecilia gens at Rome. 1. L. CIECILIUS 113, and carried on war in Macedonia against
METELLUS, consul B.C. 251, carried on the war the Thracians, whom he subdued. He obtainin Sicily against the Carthaginians. In the fol- ed a triumph, in consequence, in the same year
lowing year he gained a great victory over Has- and on the same day with his brother Marcus.
drubal, the Carthaginian general. The ele- He was censor 102 with his cousin Metellus
phants which he took in this battle were exhib- Numidicus.-9. L. C^CILIUS METELLUS DALited in his triumph at Rome.  Metellus was MATICUS, elder son of No. 4, and frequently conconsul a second time in 249, and was elected founded, as has been already remarked, with
pontifex maximus in 243, and held this dignity Diadematus (No. 6), was consul 119, when he
for twenty-two years.  He must, therefore, subdued the Dalmatians, and obtained, in conhave died shortly before the commencement of sequence, the surname Dalmaticus.  He was
the second Punic war. In 241 he rescued the censor with Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus in 115,
Palladium when the temple of Vesta was on and he was also pontifex maximus. He was
fire, but lost his sight in consequence. He was alive in 100, when he is mentioned as'one of
dictator in 224, for the purpose of holding the the senators of high rank who took up arms
comitia.-2. Q. CECILIUS METELLUS, son of the against Saturninus.-10. Q. CMECILIUS METELLUS
preceding, was plebeian edile 209, curule emdile NUMIDICUS, younger son of No. 4, was one of
208, served in the army of the consul Claudius the most distinguished members of his family.
Nero 207, and was one of the legates sent to The character of Metellus stood very high
Rome to convey the joyful news of the defeat among his contemporaries; in an age of growand death of Hasdrubal; and was consul with ing corruption his personal integrity remained
L. Veturius Philo, 206. In his consulship he unsullied; and he was distinguished for his
and his colleague carried on the war against abilities in war and peace. He was one of the
Hannibal in Bruttium, where he remained as chief leaders of the aristocratical party at Rome.
proconsul during the following year. In 205he -He was consul 109, and carried on the war
was dictator for the purpose of holding the co- against Jugurtha in Numidia with great sucmitia. Metellus survived the second Punic cess. Vid. JUGURTHA. He remained in Nuridwar many years,iand was employed in several ia during the following year as proconsul; but,
public commissions.-3. Q. CMCILIUS METELLUS as he was unable to bring the war to a concluMACEDONICUS, son of the last, was praetor 148, sion, his legate C. Marius industriously circuand carried on war in Macedonia against the lated reports in the camp and the city that Meusurper Andriscus, whom he defeated and took tellus designedly protracted the war for the purprisoner. He next turned his arms against the pose of continuing in the command. These
Achaeans, whom he defeated at the beginning rumors had the desired effect.  Marius was
of 146. On his return to Rome in 146, he tri- raised to the consulship, Numidia was assigned
umphed, and received the surname of Mace- to him as his province, and Metellus saw the
donicus. Metellus was consul in 143, and re- honor of finishing the war snatched from his
ceived the province of Nearer Spain, where he grasp. Vid. MARIUs. On his return to Rome
carried on the war with success for two years in 107 he was received with the greatest honor.
against the Celtiberi. He was succeeded by He celebrated a splendid triumph, and received
Q. Pompeius in 141. Metellus was censor 131. the surname of Numidicus. In 102 he was
He died 115, full of years and honors. He is censor with his cousin Metellus Caprarius. In
frequently quoted by the ancient writers as an 100 the tribune Saturninus and Marius resolved
extraordinary instance of human felicity. He to ruin Metellus. Saturninus proposed an agrahad filled all the highest offices of the state rian law, to which he added the clause that the
with reputation and glory, and was carried to senate should swear obedience to it within five
the funeral pile by four sons, three of whom  days after its enactment, and that whosoever
had obtained the consulship in his lifetime, while should refuse to do so should be expelled the
the fourth was a candidate for the office at the senate, and pay a heavy fine. Metellus refused
time of his death.-4. L. C.sCILIUS METELLUS to take the oath, and was therefore expelled
CALVUS, brother of the last, consul 142.-5. Q. the senate; but Saturninus, not content with
mcrCILIUS METELLUS BALEARICUS, eldest son of this, brought forward a bill to punish him with
No. 3, was consul 123, when he subdued the in- exile. The friends of Metellus were ready to
habitants of the Balearic islands, and received, take up arms in his defence; but Metellus quitin consequence, the surname of Balearicus. He ted the city, and retired to Rhodes, where he
was censor 120.- 6. L. C.CILIUS METELLUS bore his misfortune with great calmness. He
DIADEMATUS, second son of No. 3, has been fre- was, however, recalled to Rome in the followquently confounded with Metellus Dalmaticus, ing year (99) on the proposition of the tribune
consul 119 (No. 9). Metellus Diadematus re- Q. Calidius. The orations of Metellus are spoken
ceived the latter surname from his wearing for of with praise by Cicero, and they continued to
a long time a bandage round his forehead, in be read with admiration in the time of Fronto.
consequence of an ulcer. He was consul 117. - 11. Q. C/ECILIUS METELLUS NEPOS, son of
-7. M. C.ECILIUS METELLUS, third son of No. Balearicus (No. 5), and grandson of Macedoni509




METELLUS.                                 METELLUS.
cus (No. 3), appears to have received-the sur- utmost profligacy.-14. Q. C ECILIUS METELLUS
name of Nepos because he was the eldest NEPOS, younger son of the elder Nepos (No.l11).
grandson of the latter. Metellus Nepos exert- Heserved aslegate ofPompeyin thewaragainst
ed himself in obtaining the recall of his kins- the pirates and in Asia from 67 to 64. He reman Metellus Numidicus from banishment in turned to Rome in 63 in order to become a can99, and was consul in 98 with T. Didius. In didate for the tribunate, that he might thereby
this year the two consuls carried the lex Ca- favor the views of Pompey. His election was,
cilia Didia. —12. Q. CCILIUS METELLUS Pius, opposed by the aristocracy, but without success.
son of Numidicus (No. 10), received the sur- His year of office was a stormy one. One of
name of Pius on account of the love which he his first acts in entering upon his office on the
displayed for his father when he besought the tenth of December, 63, was a violent attack
people to recall him from banishment in 99. upon Cicero. He maintained that the man who
He was prator 89, and was one of the com- had condemned Roman citizens without a hearmanders in the Marsic or Social war. He was ing ought not to be heard himself, and accordstill in arms in 87, prosecuting the war against ingly prevented Cicero from addressing the peothe Samnites, when Marius landed in Italy and pie on the last day of his consulship, and only
joined the consul Cinna. The senate, in alarm, allowed him to take the usual oath, whereupon
summonedMetellus toRome; but, as he was un- Cicero swore that he had saved the state. In
able to defend the city against Marius and Cinna, the following year (62) Metellus brought'forhe crossed over to Africa. After remaining in ward a bill to summon Pompey, with his army,
Africa three years, he returned to Italy and to Rome, in order to restore, peace, but, on the
joined Sulla, who also returned to Italy in 83. day on which the bill was to be read, the two
In the war which followed against the Marian parties came to open blows, and Metellus was
party, Metellus was one of the most success- obliged to take to flight. He repaired to Pomful of Sulla's generals, and gained several im- pey, with whom he returned to Rome in 61. He
portant victories both in Umbria and in Cis- was praetor in 60, and consul in 57 with P.
alpine Gaul. In 80, Metellus was consul with  Lentulus Spinther.  Notwithstanding his preSulla himself; and in the following year (79) vious enmity with Cicero, he did not oppose his
he went as proconsul into Spain, in order to recall from exile. In 56 Metellus administered
prosecute the war against Sertorius, who ad- the province of Nearer Spain, where he carried
hered to the Marian party. Here he'remained on war against the Vaccaei. He died in 55.
for the next eight years, and found it so diffi- Metellus did not adhere strictly to the political
cult to obtain any advantages over Sertorius, principles of his family. He did not support
that the senate sent Pompey to his assistance the aristocracy like his brother; nor, on the
with proconsular power and another army. Ser- other hand, can he be said to have been a leadtorius, however, was a match for them both, er of the democracy. He was, in fact, little
and would probably have continued to defy all more than a servant of Pompey, and, according
the efforts of Metellus and Pompey, if he had to his bidding, at one time opposed and at annot been murdered by Perperna and his friends other supported Cicero.-15. Q. CiECILIUS MEin 72. Vid. SERTORIUS. Metellus was pontifex TELLUS PIus SCIPIO, the adopted son of Metelmaximus, and, as he was succeeded in this dig- lus Pius (No. 12). He was the son of P. Scipio
nity by Julius Caesar in 63, he must have died Nasica, prsetor 94. Hence his name is given
either in this year or at the end of the preced- in various forms. Sometimes he is called P.
ing.-13. Q. CA^cILIUS METELLUS CELER, elder Scipio Nasica, sometimes Q. Metellus Scipio,
son of Nepos (No. 11). In 66 he served as leg- and sometimes simply Scipio or Metellus. He
ate in the army of Pompey in Asia, and was was tribune of the plebs in 59, and was a canpraetor in 63, the year in which Cicero was con- didate for the consulship along with Plautius
sul. During his year of office he afforded warm  Hypsaeus and Milo in 53. He was supported
and efficient support to the aristocratical party. by the Clodian mob, since he was opposed to
He prevented the condemnation of C. Rabirius Milo, but, in consequence of the disturbances
by removing the military flag from the Janicu- in the city, the comitia could not be held for the
lum. He co-operated with Cicero in opposing election of consuls. After the murder of Clothe schemes of Catiline; and, when the latter dius at the beginning of 52, Pompey was electleft the city to make war upon the republic, Me- ed sole consul. In the course of the same year
tellus had the charge of the Picentine and Se- Pompey married Cornelia, tle daughter of Scipnonian districts. By blocking up the passes he io, and on the first of August he made his faprevented Catiline from crossing the Apennines ther-in-law his colleague in the consulship.
and penetrating into Gaul, and thus compelled Scipio showed his gratitude by using every efhim to turn round and face Antonius, who was fort to destroy the power of Caesar and strengthmarching against him fromEtruria. In the fol- en that of Pompey. He took an active part in
lowing year, 62, Metellus went with the title of all the proceedings which led to the breaking
proconsul into the province of Cisalpine Gaul, out of the civil war in 49, and, in the division
which Cicero had relinquished because he was of the provinces, made among the Pompeian
unwilling to leave the city. In 60 Metellus was party, he obtained Syria, to which he hastened
consul with L. Afranius, and opposed all the ef- without delay. After plundering the province
forts of his colleague to obtain the ratification in the most unmerciful manner, he crossed over
of Pompey's acts in Asia, and. an assignment of into Greece in 48 to join Pompey. He comlands for his soldiers. He died in 59, and it manded the centre of the Pompeian army at the
was suspected that he had been poisoned by his battle of Pharsalia. After the loss of the battle
wife Clodia, with whom he lived on the.most he fled, first to Corcyra and then to Africa,
unhappy terms, and who was a woman of the where he received the chief command of the
510




METHANA.                                    METIS.
Pompeian troops. He was defeated by Caesar THON^E (MWo0vV: now Modon), a town at the
at the decisive battle of Thapsus in 46. He at- southwest corner of Messenia, with an exceltempted to escape by sea, but his squadron hav- lent harbor, protected from the sea by a reef of
ing been overpowered by P. Sittius, he put an rocks, of which the largest was called Mothon.
end to his own life. Metellus Scipio never ex- The ancients regarded Methone as the Pedasus
hibited any proofs (of striking abilities either in of Homer. After the conquest of Messenia it
war or in peace. In public he showed himself'became one of the Laceda monian harbors, and
cruel, vindictive, and oppressive; in private he is mentioned as such in the Peloponnesian war.
was mean, avaricious, and licentious, even be- The Emperor Trajan conferred several priviyond most of his contemporaries. —1. Q. CzE- legesupon the city.-2. (Eleutherokhori), a Greek
CILIUS METELLUS CRIETICUS, was consul 69, and town in Macedonia, on the Thermaic Gulf, forty
carried on war against Crete, which he subdued stadia northeast of Pydna, was founded by the
in the course of three years. He returned to Eretrians, and is celebrated from Philip having
Rome in 66, but was unable to obtain a triumph lost an eye at the siege of the place. After its
in consequence of the opposition of Pompey, to capture by Philip it was destroyed, but was subwhom he had refused to surrender his com- sequently rebuilt, and is mentioned by Strabo
mand in Crete, which Pompey had claimed in as one of the towns of Macedonia.-3. A town
virtue of the Gabinian law, which had given him in Thessaly mentioned by Homer, but does not
the supreme command in the whole of the Med- occur in historical times. The ancients placed
iterranean. Metellus, however, would not re- it in Magnesia. —4. Or METHNAI (MtOava: now
linquish his claim to a triumph, and according- Methana or Mitone), an ancient town in Argoly resolved to wait in the neighborhood of the lis, situated on a peninsula of the same name,
city till more favorable circumstances. He was opposite the island of 2Egina. The peninsula
still before the city in 63, when the conspiracy runs a considerable way into the sea, and is
of Catiline broke out. He was sent into Apu- connected with the main land by a narrow isthlia to prevent an apprehended rising of the nmus, lying between the towns of Trcezen and
slaves; and in the following year, 62, after the Epidaurus. The town of Methana lay at the
death of Catiline, he was at length permitted to foot of a mountain of volcanic origin.
make his triumphal entrance into Rome, and  MPTH6RA (iMdOpa, MWdovpa'? rcyv Oev: now
received the surname of Creticus. Metellus, as Matra, the sacred city of Krishna), a city of Inwas to be expected, joined the aristocracy in dia intra Gangern, on the River Jomanes (now
their opposition to Pompey, and succeeded in Jumna), in the territory of the Surasenae, a
preventing the latter from obtaining the ratifi- tribe subject to the Prasii. It was a great seat
cation of his acts in Asia.-17. L. CAmCILIUS of the worship of the Indian god whom the
METELLUS, brother of the last, was praetor 71, Greeks identified with Hercules.
and as propraetor succeeded Verres in the gov-  [METHYDRIUM (ME0dptlOv), a small town of
ernment of Sicily in 70. He defeated the pi- Arcadia, on the road from. Olympia to Orchorates, and compelled them to leave the island. menus, deriving its name from the circumstance
His administration is praised by Cicero; but he of its being built on a steep cliff between the wanevertheless attempted, in conjunction with his ters of Maletas and Mylaon.]
brothers, to shield Verres from justice.  He  METHYMNA (CI Ml~Ov/va, M~Ovyva, the former
was consul 68 with Q. Marcius Rex, but died generally in the best writers; also on coins the
at the beginning of the year.-18. M. CECILIUs 2Eolic form Mdvytva: MqOtvivacoc, MeOvjevanoo:
MriETEr,Lus, brother of the two last, was proctor now irlolivo), the second city of LEsBos, stood at
69, in the same year that his eldest brother was the northern extremity of the island, and had a
consul. The lot gave him the presidency in good harbor. It was the birthplace of the muthe court de pecuniis repetundis, and Verres was sician and dithyrambic poet Arion, and of the
very anxious that his trial should come on be- historian Hellanicus. The celebrated Lesbian
fore Metellus. - 19. L. C2CILIUS METELLUS wine grew in its neighborhood. In the PeloCRETICUs, was tribune of the plebs 49, and a ponnesian war it remained faithful to Athens,
warm supporter of the aristocracy. He did not even during the great Lesbian revolt (rid. MYTIfly from Rome with Pompey and the rest of his eaNE): afterward it was sacked by the Spartans
party; and he attempted to prevent Caesar from  (B.C. 406), and never quite recovered its prostaking possession of the sacred treasury, and perity.
only gave way upon being threatened with death.  [METI6CHUS (Mr7iotoo). 1. Son of Miltiades,
METHANA. Vid. METHONE, NO. 4.           captured by the Phoenicians, and taken to the
METHARME (MeOdp/y?7), daughter of King Pyg- Persian court. Darius did him no injury, but
malion, and wife of Cinyras. Vid. CINYRAS.  conferred many favors on him, and gave him a
[METHODIUS (Medtlocm), surnamed Patarensis, Persian lady in marriage, by whom he had chiland sometimes EUBULUS or EUBULIUS, success- dren, who were held in estimation among the
ivelv bishop of Olympus and Patara in Lycia, Persians.-2. An Athenian orator, a contemand Tyre in Phoinicia, lived in the third, and porary and firiend of Pericles, for whom he often
died at the beginning of the fourth century. He spoke in the assembly at Athens.]
was a man of great learning and exemplary pi-  MEITION (Myr7tv), son of Erechtheus and
ety; and wrote several works, -most of which Praxithea, and husband of Alcippe. His sons,
are extant, and were published collectively by the Metionidae, expelled their cousin Pandion
Combdfis, Paris, 1644, folio.]            from his kingdom of Athens, but were them[MaETHON (Me0dv), akinsman of Orpheus, from  selves afterward expelled by the sons of Panwhom the Thracian town of Methone was be- dion.
lieved to havemderived its name.]           METIS (M,/1TC), the personification of pruMETHIO N  (I&'Ode0: MIeOwvSaoD). 1. Or Mo- dence, is described as a daughter of Oceanus
511




METISCUS.                                 METULUM.
and Tethys, and the first wife of Jupiter (Zeus). thing that pertained to a happy life. He was
Afraid lest she should give birth to a child wiser the author of several works quoted by the anand more powerful than himself, Jupiter (Zeus) cient writers.-5. Of Scepsis, a philosopher, who
devoured her in the first month of her pregnan- was raised to a position of great influence and
cy. Afterward he gave birth to Minerva (Athe- trust by Mithradates Eupator, being appointed
na), who sprang from his head. Vid. p. 120, b. supreme judge without appeal even to the king.
[METISCUS, charioteer of Turnus, ejected from  Subsequently he was led to desert his allegihis place by Juturna, who guided the chariot ance, when sent by Mithradates on an embassy
herself, when Turnus was about to engage in to Tigranes, king of Armenia. Tigranes sent
single combat with zEneas.]               him back to Mithradates, but he died on the
METIUS. Vid. MEETTIUS.                  road. According to some accounts, he was disMETON (Mfrwv), an astronomer of Athens, patched by order of the king; according to'who, in conjunction with EUCTEMON, introduced others, he died of disease. He is frequently
the cycle of nineteen years, by which he ad- mentioned by Cicero; he seems to have been
justed the course of the sun and moon, since particularly celebrated for his powers of memhe had observed that two hundred and thirty- ory. In consequence of his hostility to the Rofive lunar months correspond very nearly to mans, he was surnamed the Roman-hater. —6.
nineteen solar years. The commencement of Of Stratonice in Caria, was at first a disciple
this cycle has been placed B.C. 432. We have of the school of Epicurus, but afterward atno details of Meton's life, with the exception tached himself to Carneades. He fourished
that his father's name was Pausanias, and that about 110.
he feigned insanity to avoid sailing for Sicily  [METROPHANES (M7rpowvyT'), a general of
in the ill-fated expedition of which he is stated Mithradates the Great, who sent him with an
to have had an evil presentiment.         army into Greece to support Archelaus, B.C.
[METOPE (MerC7rj). 1. A daughter of the 87. He reduced Eubcea and some other places,
Arcadian river-god Ladon, was married to Aso- but was defeated by the Roman general Brutpus, and became the mother of Thebe.-2. Wife tius Sura.]
of the river-god Sangarius, and mother of Hec-  METROPOLIS (MAirp6OroetC). 1. The most anuba, the wife of Priam.]                  cient capital of Phrygia, but in historical times
[METOPUS (Mfreroeo), a Pythagorean of Meta- an inconsiderable place. Its position is doubtpontumn; author of a work on virtue, some ex- ful. Some identify it with Afioum-Kara-Hisar
tracts from which have been preserved by Sto- near the centre of Great Phrygia, which agrees
barus, and are given amoeng the Pythagorean  well enough with the position of the Campus
fragments in Gale's Opuscula Mythologica ]  Metropolitanus of Livy (xxxviii., 15), while
[METROBIUS (Merpofeto), an actor who per- others find it in the ruins at Pisnzesh-Kfalessi in
formed in women's parts, a great favorite of the | the north of Phrygia, and suppose a second
dictator Sulla.]                          Metropolis in the south as that to which the
-METRODORUS (Mrppodwpoc). 1. Of Cos, son  Campus Metropolitanus belonged.-2. In Lydia
of Epicharmus, and grandson of Thyrsus. Like (ruins at Turbali), a city in the plain of the
several of that family, he addicted himself partly Cayster, between Ephesus and Smyrna, one
to the study of the Pythagorean philosophy, hundred and twenty stadia from the former, and
partly to the science of medicine. He wrote a two hundred from the latter. There were other
treatise upon the works of Epicharmus. He cities of Asia so called, but they are either unflourished about B.C. 460.-2. Of Lampsacus, a important, or better known by other names,
contemporary and friend of Anaxagoras. He such as Ancyra, Bostra, Casarea in Palestine,
wrote on Homer, the leading feature of his sys- Edessa, and others.-3. (Now.Hastri), a town
tern of interpretation being that the deities and of Thessaly in Histiaeotis, near the Peneus, and
stories in Homer were to be understood as alle- between Gomphi and Pharsalus, formed by the
gorical modes of representing physical powers union of several small towns, to which Ithome
and phenomena. He died 464.-3. Of Chios, also belonged.-4. A town of Acarnania in the
a disciple of Democritus, or, according to other district Amphilochia, between the Ambracian
accounts, of Nessus of Chios, flourished about Gulf and the River Achelous.
330. He was a philosopher of considerable rep-  MfETiROiM, afterward AULIA (Mvrpiov, on coins
utation, and professed the doctrines of the skep- Mfrpof, Av'ia, Av2taia), a city of Bithynia.
tics in their fullest sense. He also studied, if  METTIUS or METIUS. 1. CURTiUS. Vid. CuRhe did not practice, medicine, on which he wrote TIUS. - 2. FUFFETIUS, dictator of Alba in the
a good deal. He was the instructor of HIippoc- reign of Tullus Hostilius, third king of Rome.
rates and. Anaxarchus.-4. A native of Lamp- After the combat between the Horatii and
sacus or Athens, was the most distinguished of Curiatii had determined the supremacy of the
the disciples of Epicurus, with whom he lived Romans, Mettius was summoned to aid them
on terms of the closest friendship. He died in a war with Fidenac and the Veientines. On
277, in the fifty-third year of his age, seven the field of battle Mettius drew off his Albans
years before Epicurus, who would have appoint- to the hills, and awaited the'issue of the battle.
ed him his successor had he survived him. On the following day the Albans were all deThe philosophy of Metrodorus appears to have prived of their arms, and Mettius himself, as
been of a more grossly sensual kind than that the punishment of his treachery, was torn asunof Epicurus. Perfect happiness, according to. der by chariots driven in opposite directiorfss,.
Cicero's account, he made to consist in having  METULUM, the chief town of the Iapydes in
a well-constituted body. He found fault with Illyricum, was near the frontiers of Liburnia,
his brother Timocrates for not admitting that and was situated on two peals of a steep mountthe belly was the test and measure of every ain.  Augustus nearly lost his life in reduc512




MEVANIA.                                   MIDIAS.
ing this place, the inhabitants of which fought mouth, to indicate that one day he should be
against him with the most desperate courage.  the richest of all mortals. Midas was introMEVANIA (Mevanas, atis: now Bevagna), an duced into the Satyric drama of the Greeks,
ancient city in the interior of Umbria, on the and was represented with the ears of a satyr,
River Tinea, was situated on the road from  which were afterward lengthened into the ears
Rome to Ancona, in a very fertile country, and of an ass. He is said to have built the town
was celebrated for its breed of beautiful white of Ancyra, and as king of Phrygia he is called
oxen. It was a strongly-fortified place, though Berecynthius heros (Ov., Met., xi., 106). There
its walls were built only of brick. According are several stories connected with Midas, of
to some accounts, Propertius was a native of which the following are the most celebrated.
this place.                               1. Silenus, the companion and teacher of BacMEZENTIUS (MeivrESoc), king of the Tyrrhe- chus (Dionysus), had gone astray in a state of
nians or Etruscans, at Caere or Agylla, was ex- intoxication, and was caught by country people
pelled by his subjects on account of his cruelty, in the rose gardens of Midas. He was bound
and took refuge with Turnus, king of the Rutu- with wreaths of flowers and led before the king.
lians, whom he assisted in the war against These gardens were in Macedonia, near Mount./Eneas and the Trojans. Mezentius and his Bermion or Bromion, where Midas was king
son Lausus were slain in battle by 2Eneas. of the Briges, with whom he afterward emiThis is the account of Virgil. Livy and Dionys- grated to Asia, where their name was changed
ius, however, say nothing about the expulsion into Phryges. Midas received Silenus kindly;
of Mezentius from Cere, but represent him as and, after treating him with hospitality, he led
an ally of Turnus, and relate that i2Eneas dis- him back to Bacchus (Dionysus), who allowed
appeared during the battle against the Rutu- Midas to ask a favor of him. Midas, in his folly,
lians and Etruscans at Lanuvium. Dionysius desired that all things which he touched should
adds that Ascanius was besieged by Mezentius be changed into gold. The request was grant-'and Lausus; that the besieged in a sally by ed; but as-even the food which he touched benight slew Lausus, and then concluded a peace came gold, he implored the god to take his favor
with Mezentius, who from henceforth continu- back. Bacchus (Dionysus) accordingly ordered
ed to be their ally.                      him to bathe in the source of Pactolus, near
[MICCION (MKc/dliv), a painter, mentioned by Mount Tmolus. This bath saved Midas, but
Lucian as a disciple of Zeuxis.]          the river from that time had an abundance of
MICIPSA (MIVh/tpa), king of Numidia, the eld- gold in its sand.-2. Midas, who was himself
est of the sons of Masinissa. After the death related to the race of Satyrs, once had a visit
of the latter (B.C. 148), the sovereign power from a Satyr, who indulged in all kinds of jokes
was divided by Scipio between Micipsa and his at the king's expense. Thereupon Midas mixtwo brothers, Gulussa and Mastanabal, in such ed wine in a well; and when the Satyr had
a manner that the possession of Cirta, the cap- drank of it, he fell asleep and was caught. This
ital of Numnidia, together with the financial ad- well of Midas was at different times assigned
ministration of the kingdom, fell to the share to different localities. Xenophon (Anab., i., 2,
of Micipsa. It was not long, however, before ~ 13) places it in the neighborhood of Thymthe death of both his brothers left him in pos- brium and Tyraeum, and Pausanias atAncyra.session of the undivided sovereignty of Numid- 3. Once, when Pan and Apollo were engaged in
ia, which he held from that time without in- a musical contest on the flute and lyre, Midas
terruption till his death. He died in 118, leav- was chosen to decide between them. The king
ing the kingdom to his two sons, Adherbal and decided in favor of Pan, whereupon Apollo
Hienipsal, and their adopted brother JUGURTHA. changed his ears into those of an ass. Midas
MIcON (Miecev), of Athens, son of Phanochus, contrived to conceal them under his Phrygian
was a very distinguished painter and statuary, cap, but the servant who used to cut his hair
contemporary with Polygnotus, about B.C. 460. discovered them. The secret so much harassed
[MICYTHUS (MiKvOOc), son of Chcerus, was at this man, that, as he could not betray it to a
first a slave in the service of Anaxilas, tyrant human being, he dug a hole in the earth, and
of Rhegium, but gradually rose to so high a whispered into it, "King Midas has ass's ears."
place in the confidence of his master, that the He then filled the hole up again, and his heart
latter, at his death (B.C. 476), left him guardian was relieved. But on the same spot a reed
of his infant sons, and regent until they attain- grew up, which in its whispers betrayed the
ed their majority. He discharged his duty, and secret. Midas is said to have killed himself by
at the proper time resigned the sovereignty into drinking the blood of an ox.
the hands of the young princes, set out for  MIDEA or MmIDA (Mideta, Mtelea: Mtdearvf), a
Greece, and settled at Tegea, where he resided town in Argolis, of uncertain site, is said to
for the rest of his life.]                have been originally called Persepolis, because
MIDAEUM (MediEtov), a city of Phrygia Epicte- it had been fortified by Perseus. It was detus, between Dorylaeum and Pessinus; the place stroyed by the Argives.
where Sextus Pompeius was captured by the   MIDIANITE. Vid. MADIANITTm.
troops of Antony, B.C. 35.                  MiDIAS (Mendian), an Athenian of wealth and
MIDAS (Midas), son of Gordius and Cybele, is influence, was a violent enemy of Demosthenes
said to have been a wealthy but effeminate king the orator. In B.C. 354 Midias assaulted Deof Phrygia, a pupil of Orpheus, and a great mosthenes when he was discharging the duties
patron of the worship of Bacchus (Dionysus). of Choregus, during the celebration of the great
His wealth is alluded to in a story connected Dionysia. Demosthenes brought an accusation
with his childhood, for it is said that while a against Midias; but the speech which he wrote
child, ants carried grains of wheat into his for the occasion, and which is extant, was never
33                                                              513




MIEZA.                                     MILO.
delivered, since Demosthenes dropped the ac- Anaximenes, and of the historians Cadmus and
cusation in consequence of his receiving the Hecataus. After the rise of the Lydian maonsum of thirty mine.                       archy, Miletus, by its naval strength, resisted
MIlZA (Miesa: Mte~(VrS), a town of Macedonia the attacks of Alyattes and Sadyattes for eleven
in Emathia, southwest of Pella, and not far from  years, but fell before Croesus, whose success
the frontiers of Thessaly.                may perhaps be ascribed to the intestine fac[MIGONIUM (MtyvtYov), a place in or near the tions which for a long time weakened the city.
island Cranae in Laconia, where Venus (Aph- With the rest of Ionia, it was conquered by
rodite), hence called Migonitis (MtyorGrvI), had Harpagus, the general of Cyrus, in B.C. 557;
a temple.]                                and under the dominion of the Persians it still
MILANION (MetPIavlo'v), son of Amphidamas, retained its prosperity till the great Ionian reand husbandofAtalanta. For details, vid. ATA- volt, of which Miletus was the centre (vid.
LANTA.                                    ARISTAGORAS, HISTImus), and after the suppresMILETSOPLIS (MiTr6i0ro2tiI  now Muhalich or sion of which it was destroyed by the Persians
Hamamli? ruins), a city of Mysia, in Asia Minor, (B.C. 494). It recovered sufficient importance
at the confluence of the River Rhyndacus and to oppose a vain resistance to Alexander the
Macestus, and somewhat east of the lake which Great, which brought upon it a second ruin.
was named after it, LACUS MILETOPOLITIS (M2al- Under the Roman empire it still appears as a
To7ro2rni c htv': now Lake of Malniyas). This place of some consequence, until its final delake, which was also called Artynia, lies some struction by the Turks. Its ruins are difficult
miles west of the larger lake of Apollonia (now  to discover, on account of the great change
Abullionte).                              made in the coast by the River Maeander. Vid.
MILETOPOLIS. Vid. BORYSTHENES.          MMANDER. They are usually supposed to be
MILETUS (Miyroc), son of Apollo and Aria of those at the wretched village of Palatia, on the
Crete. Being beloved by Minos and Sarpedon, southern bank of the Miendereh, a little above
he attached himself to the latter, and fled from  its present mouth; but Forbiger has shown
Minos to Asia, where he built the city of Mile- that these are more probably the ruins of Myus,
tus. Ovid (Met., ix., 442) calls him a son of and that those of Miletus are buried in a lake
Apollo and Deione, and hence DeYonides.   formed by the iMendereh at the foot of Mount
MILETUS (MiArtoc, Dor. Mi2arog: Mt2/altog, Latmus.-[2. A city of Crete, not far from Lycand on inscriptions, MeetXitor: Milesius). 1. One tos, whence the first settlers of the Ionian Mileof the greatest cities of Asia Minor, belonged tus are said to have come.]
territorially to Caria and politically to Ionia,  MILICHUs, a Phoenician god, represented as
being the southernmost of the twelve cities of the son of a satyr and of the nymph Myrice, and
the Ionian confederacy.  It is mentioned by with horns on his head. (Sil. Ital., iii., 103.)
Homer as a Carian city; and one of its early  MILICHUS (MeiaeXo), a small river in Achaia,
names, Lelegeis, is a sign that the Leleges also which flowed by the town of Patra, and is said
formed a part of its population. Its first Greek to have been originally called Anmilichus ('Apecicolonists were said to have been Cretans who 2tXoc) on account of the human victims sacriwere expelled by Minos; the next were led to ficed on its banks to Diana (Artemis).
it by Neleus at the time of the so-called Ionic  [MIICHus, a fieedman of Flavius Scwvinus,
migration.  Its name was derived from the gave Nero the first information of Piso's conmythical leader of the Cretan colonists, Mile- spiracy in A.D. 66. Milichus was liberally retus: it was also called PITYUSA (IILTVOVca) and warded by the emperor, and assumed the surANACTORIA ('AvaKrop[a). The city stood upon name of Soter or the Preserver.]
the southern headland of the Sinus Latmicus,  MILO or MILON (Mi2uv). 1. Of Crotona, son
opposite to the mouth of the Meander, and pos- of Diotimus, an athlete, famous for his extraorsessed four distinct harbors, protected by a dinary bodily strength. He was six times vicgroup of islets, called Lade, Dromiscus, and tor in wrestling at the Olympic games, and as
Perne. The city wall inclosed two distinct often at the Pythian; but, having entered the
towns, called the outer and the inner; the lat- lists at Olympia a seventh time, he was worsted
ter, which was also called Old Miletus, stood by the superior agility of his adversary. By
upon an eminence overhanging the sea, and these successes he obtained great distinction
was of great strength. Its territory extended among his countrymen, so that he was even apon both sides of the Maander, as far apparently pointed to command the army which defeated
as the promontories of Mycale on the north and the Sybarites, B.C. 511. Many stories are rePosidium on the south. It was rich in flocks; lated by ancient writers of Milo's extraordinary
and the city was celebrated for its woollen fab- feats of strength; such as his carrying a heifer
rics, the Milesia vellera. At a very early period of four years old on his shoulders through the
it became a great maritime state, extending its stadium at Olympia, and afterward eating the
commerce throughout the Mediterranean, and whole of it in a single day. The mode of his
even beyond the Pillars of Hercules, but more death is thus related: as he was passing through
especially in the direction of the Euxine, along a forest when enfeebled by age, he saw the
the shore of which the Milesians planted sev- trunk of a tree which had been partially split
eral important colonies, such as Cyzicus, Si- open by woodcutters, and attempted to rend it
nope, Abydos, Istropolis, Tomi, Olbia or Borys- further, but the wood closed upon his hands, and
thenes, Apollonia, Odessus, and Panticapsum. thus held him fast, in which state he was attackNaucratis in Egypt was also a colony of Mile- ed and devoured by wolves.-2. A general in
tus. It also occupies a high place in the early the service of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, who sent
history of Greek literature, as the birth-place him forward with a body of troops to garrison
of the philosophers Thales, Anaximander, and the citadel of Tarentum previous to his own
514




MILO.                                  MILTIADES.
arrival in Italy. Whlen Pyrrhus finally quitted year (48), M. Calius, the praetor, had, during
that country and withdrew into Epirus, he still Casar's absence, promulgated a bill for the adleft Milo in charge of the citadel ofTarentum, justment of debts. Needing desperate allies,
together with his son Helenus.-[3. Of Beroea, Celius accordingly invited Milo to Italy, as the
an officer in the army of Perseus, with which fittest tool for his purposes. At the head of a
he opposed the Roman consul P. Licinius Cras- band of criminals and run-away slaves, Milo apsus B.C. 171. He is mentioned again as holding peared in the south of Italy, but was opposed by
an important command under Perseus, just be- the praetor Q. Pedius, and slain under the walls
fore the battle of Pydna, B.C. 166. He after- of an obscure fort inthe district ofThurii. Milo,
ward proved a traitor, and surrendered the for- in 57, married Fausta, a daughter of the dictatress of Beroea into the hands of the Roman tor Sulla. She proved a faithless wife, and Salgeneral Paullus.IEmilius.]-4. T. ANNIUS MILO lust, the historian, was soundly scourged by
PAPINIxNUS, was the son of C. Papius Celsus Milo for an intrigue with her.
and Annia, and was adopted by his maternal  [MILTAS (MiXorac), a Thessalian, a contempograndfather T. Annius Luscus. He was born rary of Plato, spoken of by Plutarch as a seer,
at Lanuvium, of which place he was in B.C. 53 and a follower of the Platonic philosophy: he
dictator or chief magistrate. Milo was a man served in the army of Dion against Dionysius
of a daring and unscrupulous character; and as the younger, and encouraged the troops when
he was deeply in debt, he resolved to obtain a alarmed by an eclipse.]
wealthy province. For this purpose he con-  MILTIADES (Mtarrt6di?). 1. Son of Cypselus,
nected himself with the aristocracy. As tribune was a man of considerable distinction in Athens
of the plebs, B.C. 57, he took an active part in in the time of Pisistratus. The Doloncians, a
obtaining Cicero's recall from exile, and from  Thracian tribe dwelling in the Chersones-us,
this time he carried on a fierce and memorable being hard pressed in war by the Absinthians,
contest with P. Clodius. In 53 Milo was can- applied to the Delphic oracle for advice, and
didate for the consulship, and Clodius for the were directed to admit a colony led by the man
pratorship of the ensuing year. Each of the who should be the first to entertain them after
candidates kept a gang of gladiators, and there they left the temple. This was Militiades, who,
were frequent combats between the rival ruf- eager to escape fiom the rule of Pisistratus,
fians in the streets of Rome. At length, on the gladly took the lead of a colony under the sanetwentieth of January, 52, Milo and Clodius met tion of the oracle, and became tyrant of the
apparently by accident at Bovillae on the Appian Chersonesus, which he fortified by a wall built
road. An affray ensued between their follow- across its isthmus. In a war with the people
ers, in which Clodius was slain. At Rome such of Lampsacus he was taken prisoner, but was
tumults followed upon the burial of Clodius, that set at liberty on the demand of Croesus. He
Pompey was appointed sole consul in order to died without leaving any children, and his sovrestore order to the state. Pompey immediate- ereignty passed into the hands of Stesagoras,
ly brought forward various laws in connection the son of his half-brother Cimon. Sacrifices
with the late disturbances. As soon as these and games were instituted in his honor, in which
were passed, Milo was formally accused. All no Lampsacene was suffered to take part.-2.
Pompey's influence was directed against him; Son of Cimon and brother of Stesagoras, bebut Milo was not without hope, since the higher came tyrant of the Chersonesus on the death
aristocracy, from jealousy of Pompey, supported of the latter, being sent out by Pisistratus from
him, and Cicero undertook his defence. His Athens to take possession of the vacant inherittrial opened on the fourth of April, 52. He was ance. By a stratagem he got the chief men of
impeached on three counts-de Vi, de Ambitu, the Chersonesus into his power and threw them
or bribery, and de Sodalitiis, or illegal interfer- into prison, and took a force of mercenaries into
ence with the freedom of elections. L. Domi- his pay. In order to strengthen his position
tius Ahenobarbus, a consular, was appointed still more, he married Iegesipyla, the daughter'
quaesitor by a special law of Pompey's, and all of a Thracian prince named Olorus. He joined
Rome and thousands of spectators from Italy Darius Hystaspis on his expedition against the
thronged the forum and its avenues. But Milo's Scythians, and was left with the other Greeks
chances of acquittal were wholly marred by the in charge of the bridge over the Danube. When
virulence of his adversaries, who insulted and the appointed time had expired, and Darius had
obstructed the witnesses, the process, and the not returned, Miltiades recommendedthe Greeks
conductors of the defence. Pompey availed to destroy the bridge and leave Darius to his
himself of these disorders to line the forum and fate. Some time after the expedition of Darius,
its encompassing hills with soldiers. Cicero an inroad of the Scythians drove Miltiades from
was intimidated, and Milo was condemned. his possessions; but after the enemy had reHad he even been acquitted on the first count, tired, the Doloncians brought him back. It apde Vi, the two other charges of bribery and con- pears to have been between this period and his
spiracy awaited him. He therefore went into  withdrawal to Athens that Miltiades conquered
exile. Cicero, who could not deliver, re-wrote and expelled the Pelasgian inhabitants of Lemand expanded the defence of Milo-the extant nos and Imbros, and subjected the islands to the
oration-and sent it to him at Marseilles. Milo dominion of Attica. Lemnos and Imbros beremarked, "I am glad this was not spoken, longed to the Persian dominions; and it is probsince I must have been acquitted, and then had able that this encroachment on the Persian posnever known the delicate flavor of these Mar- sessions was the cause which drew upon Milseilles mullets." Caesar refused to recall Milo tiades the hostility of Darius, and led him to fly
from exile in 49, when he permitted many of from  the Chersonesus when the Phoenician
the other exiles to return. In the following fleet approached after the subjugation of Ionia.
515




MILTO.                                  MINERVA.
Miltiades reached Athens in safety, but his eld- was born on the same night as Paris, went witht
est son Metiochus fell into the hands of the AEneas to Italy, where he was slain by MezenPersians. At Athens Miltiades was arraigned, tius.-4. A Bebrycian, slain by Pollux during
as being amenable to the penalties enacted the Argonautic expedition.]
against tyranny, but was acquitted. When At-  [MIMAS MONS (Miutat). 1. A mountain chain
tica was threatened with invasion by the Per- of Ionia, a branch of Mount Tmolus, extending
sians under Datis and Artaphernes, Miltiades toward the sea, and forming the three promonwas chosen one of the ten generals. Miltiades, tories Coryceum (now Koraka), Argennum (now
by his arguments, induced thepolemarch Callim- Cape Blanc), and Melaena (now Kara Burnu).achus to give the casting vote in favor of risk- 2. A mountain chain of Thrace, which unites
ing a battle with the enemy, the opinions of the itself with Mount Rhodope, mentioned only by
ten generals being equally divided. Miltiades Silius Italicus.]
waited till his turn came, and then drew his  MIMNERMUS (Meyvep/yog), a celebrated elegiac
army up in battle array on the ever-memorable poet, was generally called a Colophonian, but
field of Marathon. Vid. MARATHON. After the was properly a native of Smyrna, and was dedefeat of the Persians Miltiades endeavored to scended from those Colophonians who reconurge the Athenians to measures of retaliation, quered Smyrna from the lEiolians. He flourishand induced them to intrust to him an arma- ed from about B.C. 634 to 600. HI-e was a conment of seventy ships, without knowing the temporary of Solon, who, in an extant fragment
purpose for which they were designed. He pro- of one of his poems, addresses him as still living.
ceeded to attack the island of Paros, for the Only a few fragments of the compositions of
purpose of gratifying a private enmity. His Mimnermus have come down to us. They beattacks, however, were unsuccessful; and after long chiefly to a poem entitled Nanno, and are
receiving a dangerous hurt in the leg while addressed to the flute-player ofthatname. The
penetrating into a sacred inclosure on some compositions of Mimnermus form an epoch in
superstitious errand, he was compelled to raise the history of elegiac poetry. Before his time
the siege and return to Athens, where he was the elegy had been devoted chiefly either to
impeached by Xanthippus for having deceived warlike or national, or to convivial and joyous
the people. His wound had turned into a gan- subjects. Archilochus had, indeed, occasiongrene, and being unable to plead his cause in ally employed the elegy for strains of lamentaperson, he was brought into court on a couch, tion, but Mimnermus was the first who systemhis brother Tisagoras conducting his defence atically made it the vehicle for plaintive, mournfor him. He was condemned; but on the ful, and erotic strains. The instability of human
ground of his services to the state, the penalty happiness, the helplessness of man, the cares
was commuted to a fine of fifty talents, the and miseries to which life is exposed, the brief
cost of the equipment of the armament. Being season that man has to enjoy himself in, the
unable to pay this, he was thrown into pris- wretchedness of old age, are plaintively dwelt
on, where he not long after died of his wound. upon by him, while love is held up as the only
The fine was subsequently paid by his son Ci- consolation that men possess, life not being
mon.                                      worth having when it can no longer be enjoyed.
[MILTO (Mt;Tr6), the name of the favorite mis- The latter topic was most frequently dwelt
tress of Cyrus, afterward called Aspasia. Vid. upon, and as an erotic poet he was held in high
ASPASIA, No. 2.]                          estimation in antiquity.  (Hor., Epist., ii., 2,
[MILToCYTHES (ML7IromczOifg), a Thracian offi- 100.) The fragments are published separately
cer in the army of the younger Cyrus, who, by Bach, Lips., 1826.
after the death of Cyrus, abandoned the Greeks  MINEI (MtvaTot), one of the chief communiand went over with about thirty cavalry and ties of Arabia, dwelt on the western coast of
three hundred infantry to the side of the king.] Arabia Felix, and in the interior of the peninMILVIUS PONS. Vid. ROMA.                sula, and carried on a large trade in spices, inMILYAS (' MLCvaci: Meltat, MilyMe), was orig- cense, and the other products of the land.
inally the name of all Lycia; but it was after-  MiNAs SABBXTHA (MelvaRC a6aT6d), a fort in
ward applied to the high table-land in the north Babylonia, built in the time of the later Roman
of Lycia, between the Cadmus and the Taurus, empire, on the site of Seleucia, which the Roand extending considerably into Pisidia. Its mans had destroyed.
people seem to have been the descendants of  MINcIUS (Mincio), a river in Gallia Transpathe original inhabitants of Lycia. It contained dana, flows through the Lake Benacus (now Laa city of the same name. After the defeat of go di Garda), and falls into the Po a little beAntiochus the Great, the Romans gave it to Eu- low Mantua.
menes, king of Pergamus, but its real govern-  MINDXRUS (Mivdapot), a Lacedaemonian, suement seems to have been in the hands of Pisid- ceeded Astyochus in the command of the Laceian princes.                              deemonian fleet, B.C. 411. He was defeated
MIMALLON (MiLa;F1U;V), pl. MIMALLONES, the and slain in battle by the Athenians near CyzMacedonian name of the Bacchantes, or, acord- icus in the following year.
ing to others, of Bacchic Amazons. Ovid (Ars  MINERVA, called ATHENA by the Greeks. The
Am., i., 541) uses the form Mimallonides.:  Greek goddess is spoken of in a separate artiMIMAS (Miag). 1. A giant, said to have been cle. Vid. ATHENA. Minerva was one of the
killed by Mars (Ares), or by Jupiter (Zeus), with great Roman divinities. Her name seems to be
a flash of lightning. The island of Prochyte, of the same root as men.s; and she is accordnear Sicily, was believed to rest upon his body.. ingly the thinking, calculating, and inventive
-_-[2. Son of JEolus, king of ZEolis, and father power personified. Jupiter was the first, Juno
of Hippotes. —3. Son of Amycus and Theano, the second, and Minerva the third in the num516




MINERV-E ARX.                                  MINOS.
ber of the Capitoline divinities. Tarquin, the Tyrrhene Sea between Graviscee and Centum
son of Demaratus, was believed to have united Celle.
the three divinities in one common temple, and  MINIUS (now Minho), a river in the northhence, when repasts were prepared for the gods, west of Spain, rises in the Cantabrian Mountthese three always went together. She was the ains in the north of Gallaecia, and falls into the
daughter of Jupiter, and is said to have some- ocean. It was also called Baenis, and derived
times wielded the thunderbolts of her father. its name of Minius from the minium or vermilAs Minerva was a virgin divinity, and her fa- ion carried down by its waters.
ther the supreme god, the Romans easily iden-  MINiA (Miv6a.). 1. A small island in the
tified her with the Greek Athena, and accord- Satonic Gulf, off the coast of Megaris, and opingly all the attributes of Athena were gradual- posite a promontory of the same name, was
ly transferred to the Roman Minerva. But we united to the main land by a bridge, and formconfine ourselves at present to those which were ed, with the promontory, the harbor of Niseea.
peculiar to the Roman goddess. Being a maid- Vid. p. 493.-2. A town on the eastern coast of
en goddess, her sacrifices consisted of calves Laconia, and on a promontory of the same name,
which had not borne the yoke.  She is said northeast of Epidaurus Limera.-3. A town on
to have invented numbers; and it is added the western part of the northern coast of Crete,
that the law respecting the driving in of the between the promontories Drepanum and Psaannual nail was for this reason attached to the cum.-4. A town on the eastern part of the
temple of Minerva.  She was worshipped as northern coast of Crete, belonging to the territhe patroness of all the arts and trades, and tory of Lyctus, and situated on the narrowest
at her festival she was particularly invoked by part of the island.-5. A town in Sicily. Vid.
all who desired to distinguish themselves in any HERACLEA MINOA.
art or craft, such as painting, poetry, the art of  [MINOiDES INSULI (MwVOtdeC Ncaot), small
teaching, medicine, dyeing, spinning, weaving, islands in the southern part of the zEgean, formand the like. This character of the goddess ing a portion of the Cyclades, just north of
may be perceived also from the proverbs "to do Crete.]
a thing pingui Minerva," i. e., to do a thing in  MINOS (MiveC). 1. Son of Jupiter (Zeus) and
an awkward or clumsy manner; and sus Miner- Europa, brother of Rhadamanthys, was the king
van, of a stupid person who presumed to set and legislator of Crete. After his death he beright an intelligent one.  Minerva, however, came one of the judges of the shades in Hades.
was the patroness, not only of females, on He was the father of Deucalion and Ariadne;
whom she conferred skill in sewing, spinning, and, according to Apollodorus, the brother of
weaving, &c., but she also guided men in the Sarpedon. Some traditions relate that Minos
dangers of war, where victory is gained by married Itone, daughter of Lyctius, by whom
cunning, prudence, courage, and perseverance. he had a son, Lycastus, and that the latter beHence she was represented with a helmet, came, by Ida, the daughter of Corybas, the fashield, and a coat of mail; and the booty made ther of another Minos. But it should be obin war was frequently dedicated to her. Miner- served that Homer and Hesiod know only of
va was further believed to be the inventor of one Minos, the ruler of Cnosus, and the son
musical instruments, especially wind instru- and friend of Jupiter (Zeus), and that they rements, the use of which was very important in late nearly the same things about him which
religious worship, and which were accordingly later traditions assign to a second Minos, the
subjected to a sort of purification every year on grandson of the former. In this case, as in
the last day of the festival of Minerva. This many other mythical traditions, a rationalistic
festival lasted five days, fiom the nineteenth criticism attempted to solve contradictions and
to the twenty-third of March, and was called difficulties in the stories about a person by asQuinquatrus, because it began on the fifth day suming that the contradictory accounts must
after the ides of the month. This number of refer to two different personages.-2. Granddays was not accidental, for we are told that son of the former, and a son of Lycastus and
the number five was sacred to Minerva. The Ida, was likewise a king and lawgiver of Crete.
most ancient temple of Minerva at Rome was He is described as the husband of Pasiphae, a
probably that on the Capitol; another existed daughter of Helios; and as the father of Caon the Aventine, and she had a chapel at the treus, Deucalion, Glaucus, Androgeos, Acalle,
foot of the Caelian Hill, where she bore the sur- Xenodice, Ariadne, and Phaedra.  After the
name of Capta.                            death of Asterius, Minos aimed at the supremMINERVE ARX or MINERVIUM (now Castro), a acy of Crete, and declared that it was destined
hill on the coast of Calabria, where IEneas is to him by the gods; in proof of which, he assertsaid to have landed,                      ed that the gods always answered his prayers.
MINERVE PROMONTORIUM (now Punta della Accordingly, as he was offering up a sacrifice
Canpanella or della IMinerva), a rocky promon- to Neptune (Poseidon), he prayed that a bull
tory in Campania, running out a long way into might come forth from the sea, and promised to
the sea, six miles southeast of Surrentum, on sacrifice the animal. The bull appeared, and
whose summit was a temple of Minerva, which Minos became king of Crete. (Others say that
was said to have been built by Ulysses, and Minos disputed the government with his brothwhich was still standing in the time of Seneca. er Sarpedon, and conquered.) But Minos, who
Here the Sirens are reported to have dwelt. admired the beauty of the bull, did not sacrifice
The Greeks regarded it as the northwestern him, and substituted another in his place. Nep.
boundary of (Enotria.                     tune (Poseidon) therefore rendered the bull fuMINIO (now Mignone), a small river in Etru- rious, and made Pasiphae conceive a passion
ria, which rises near Satrium, and falls into the for the animal. Daedalus enabled Pasiphae to
517




MINOTAURUS.                                  MINYAS.
gratify her passion, and she became by the bull T'evt jVroplcO is extant, and is published in the
the mother of the Minotaurus, a monster with ninth volume of Walz's Rhetores Grceci.
a human body and a bull's head, or, according  MINUCIus AUGURINus.  Vid. AUGURINUS.
to others, with a bull's body and a human head.  MINUClUS BASILUS. Vid. BASILUS.
The monster was kept in the labyrinth at Cno-  MINucIus RUFus.  1. M., consul B.C. 221,
sus, constructed by Dasdalus.  Daedalus fled when he carried on war against the Istrians.
from Crete to'escape the wrath of Minos, and In 217 he was magister equitum to the dictator
took refuge in Sicily. Minos followed him to Q. Fabius Maximus. The cautious policy of
Sicily, and was there slain by Cocalus and his Fabius displeased Minucius; and accordingly,
daughters. Minos is further said to have di- when Fabius was called away to Rome, Minuvided Crete into three parts, and to have ruled cius disobeyed the positive commands of the
nine years. The Cretans traced their legal and dictator, and risked a battle with a portion of
political institutions to Minos. He is said to Hannibal's troops. He was fortunate enough
have been instructed in the art of law-giving by to gain a victory; in consequence of which, he
Jupiter (Zeus) himself; and the Spartan Ly- became so popular at Rome that a bill was passcurgus was believed to have taken the legisla- ed giving him equal military power with the
tion of Minos as his model. In his time Crete dictator. The Roman army was now divided,
was a powerful maritime state; and Minos not and each portion encamped separately under its
only checked the piratical pursuits of his con- own general.' Anxious for distinction, Minutemporaries, but made himself master of the cius eagerly accepted a battle which was offerGreek islands of the.Egean.  The most an- ed him by Hannibal, but was defeated, and his
cient legends describe Minos as a just and wise troops were only saved from total destruction
law-giver, whereas the later accounts repre- by the timely arrival of Fabius with all his forces.
sent him as an unjust and cruel tyrant. In or- Thereupon Minucius generously acknowledged
der to avenge the wrong done to his son (vid. his error, gave up his separate command, and
ANDROGEOS) at Athens, he made war against placed himself again under the authority of the
the Athenians and Megarians.  He subdued dictator. He fell at the.battle of Cannae in
Megara, and compelled the Athenians either the following year.-2. Q., plebeian Wadile 201,
every year or every nine years to send him as praetor 200, and consul 197, when he carried on
a tribute seven youths and seven maidens, who war against the Boii with success. In 189 he
were devoured in the labyrinth by the Minotau- was one of the ten commissioners sent into
rus. The monster was slain by Theseus.  j Asia after the conquest of Antiochus the Great;
MINOTAURUS. Vid. MINOS.                 and in 183 he was one of the three ambassadors
MINTHA (MivO0r), a daughter of Cocytus, be- sent into Gaul.-3. M., prator 197.-4. M., tribloved by Hades, was metamorphosed by Ceres une of the plebs 121, brought forward a bill to
(Demeter) or Proserpina (Persephone) into a repeal the laws of C. Gracchus. This Marcus
plant called after her mintha, or mint. In the Minucius and his brother Quintus are mentionneighborhood of Pylos there was a hill called ed as arbiters between the inhabitants of Genua
after her, and at its foot there was a temple of and the Viturii, in a very interesting inscripPluto (Hades), and a grove of Ceres (Demeter). tion which was discovered in the year 1506,
MINTHE (MWivO: now Vunuka), a mountain about ten miles from the modern city of Genoa.
of Elis in Triphylia, near Pylos.         -5. Q., consul 110, obtained Macedonia as his
MINTURNME (Minturnensis: now Trajetta), an province, carried on war with success against
important town in Latium, on the frontiers of the barbarians in Thrace, and triumphed on his
Campania, was situated on the Appia Via, and return to Rome. He perpetuated the memory
on both banks of the Liris, and near the mouth of his triumph by building the Porticus Minuof this river. It was an ancient town of the cia, near the Circus Flaminius.
Ausones or Aurunci, but surrendered tothe Ro-  MINUCIUS FELIX. Vid. FELIX.
mans of its own accord, and received a Roman  MINf  (Mevvaa), an ancient Greek race, who
colony B.C. 296. It was subsequently recol- originally dwelt in Thessaly. Iolcos, in Thesonized by Julius Caesar. In its neighborhood saly, was one of their most ancient seats. Their
was a grove sacred to the nymph Marica, and ancestal hero, Minyas, is said to have migrated
also extensive marshes (Paludes Mintzrnenses), from Thessaly into the north of Beotia, and
formed by the overflowing of the River Liris, there to have established the empire of the
in which Marius was taken prisoner. Vid. p. Minyae, with the capital of Orchomenos. Vid.
480, a. The neighborhood of Minturnae pro- ORCHOMENOS. As the greater part of the Argoduced good wine. There are the ruins of an nauts were descended from the Minye, they
amphitheatre and of an aqueduct at the modern are themselves called Minyae. The descendTrajetta.                                 ants of the Argonauts founded a colony in Lem[MINUCIA, one of the vestal priestesses in nos called Minyee. Thence they proceeded to
B.C. 337. Her passion for gay attire made her Elis Triphylia, and to the island of Thera.
conduct suspected. On inquiry, suspicion was  MINYAS (MtvVac), son of Chryses, and the anjustified, and Minucia was buried alive.]  cestral hero of the race of the Minye. The acMINUCIANUS (MLvovIavoS).. 1. A Greek rhet- counts of his genealogy vary very much in the
orician, was a contemporary of the celebrated different traditions, for some call him a son
rhetorician Hermogenes of Tarsus (flourished of Orchomenus or Eteocles, others of Neptune
A.D. 170), with whom he was at variance.-2. (Poseidon), Aleus, Mars (Ares), Sisyphus, or
An Athenian, the son of Nicagoras, was also a Halmus. He is further called the husband of
Greek rhetorician, and lived in the reign of Tritogenia, Clytodora, or Phanosyra. OrchomeGallienus (A.D. 260-268). He was the author n us, Presbon, Athamas, Diochthondas, Eteoclyof several rhetorical works, and a portion of his mene, Periclymene, Leucippe, Arsinob, and Al518




MIROBRIGA.                              MITHRADATES.
cathoe or Alcitho6, are mentioned as his chil- tion of great part of Cappadocia and PaphIagodren. His tomb was shown at Orchomenos in nia. He was succeeded by his son AriobarBoeotia.  A daughter of Minyas was called zanes III.-4. IV. King of Pontus (about 240Minyecas (-ddis) or liineis (-dis). Vid. Ov.,Met., 190), son and successor of Ariobarzanes III.
iv., 1, 32.                               He gave his daughter Laodice in marriage to
MIROBRi.GA. 1. A town of the Celtici in Lu- Antiochus III. He was succeeded by his son
sitania, on the coast of the ocean.-2. A Ro- Pharnaces I.-5. V. King of Pontus (about 156man municipium in the territory of the Turduli, 120), surnamed EUERGETES, son and successor
in Hispania Baetica, on the road from Emerita of Pharnaces I. He was the first of the kings
to Csesaraugusta.                         of Pontus who made an alliance with the RoMISENUM (now Punta di Miseno), a promon- mans, whom he assisted in the third Punic war
tory in Campania, south of Cumn, said to have and in the war against Aristonicus (131-129).
derived its name from Misenus, the companion  He was assassinated at Sinope by a conspiracy
and trumpeter of.zEneas, who was drowned and among his own immediate attendants.-6. VI.
buried here. The bay formed by this promon- King of Pontus (120-63), surnamed EUPATOR,
tory was converted by Augustus into an excel- also DIONYSUS, but more commonly THE GREAT,
lent harbor, and was made the principal station  was the son and successor of the preceding,
of the Roman fleet on the Tyrrhene Sea. A- and was only eleven years old at the period of
town sprung up around the harbor, and here the his accession. We have very imperfect inforadmiral of the fleet usually resided. The in- mation concerning the earlier years of his reign,
habitants were called Misenates and Misenen- and much of what has been transmitted to us
ses. The Roman nobles had previously built wears a very suspicious aspect. We are told
villas on the coast. Here was the villa of C. that immediately on ascending the throne he
Marius, which was purchased by Lucullus, and found himself assailed by the designs of his
which afterward passed into the hands of the guardians, but that he succeeded in eluding all
Emperor Tiberius, who died at this place.  their machinations, partly by displaying a cour[MiskNUS (Mtc7Pv6). 1. A companion of Ulys- age and address in warlike exercises beyond
ses.-2. Pilot of the fleet of Eneas; according his years, partly by the use of antidotes against
to Virgil, at first a companion and trumpeter of poison, to which he began thus early to accusHector, afterward followed3Eineas toItaly. Vid. tom himself. In order to evade the designs
MISENUM.]                                 against his life, he also devoted much of his
MISITHEUS, the father-in-law of the Emperor time to hunting, and took refuge in the remotGordian III., who married his daughter Sabinia est and most unfrequented regions, under preTranquillina in A.D. 241. Misitheus was a man tence of pursuing the pleasures of the chase.
of learning, virtue, and ability.  He was ap- Whatever truth there may be in these accounts,
pointed by his son-in-law praefect of the preeto- it is certain that when he attained to manhood
rians, and effected many important reforms in he was not only endowed with consummate
the royal household. He accompanied Gordian skill in all martial exercises, and possessed of
in his expedition against the Persians, whom he a bodily frame inured to all hardships, as well
defeated; but in the course of this war he was as a spirit to brave every danger, but his natcut off either by disease or by the treachery of urally vigorous intellect had been improved by
his successor Philippus, 243.             careful culture. As a boy, he had been brought
MITHRADATES or MITHRIDATES (MtOpadarnf or up at Sinope, where he had probably received
MiOpL6dr(r), a common name among the Medes the elements of a Greek education; and so
and Persians, derived from Mitra or Mithra, the powerful was his memory, that he is said to
Persian name for the sun, and the root da, sig- have learned not less than twenty-five languanifying' " to give." Mithradates would there- ges, and to have been able, in the days of his
fore mean, " given by the sun.", [The form  greatest power, to transact business with the
Mithradates, which is found on coins, is more deputies of every tribe subject to his rule in
correct than Mithridates, though the latter is their own peculiar dialect. The first steps of
the usual one in Greek writers.] 1. I. King, his career were marked by blood. He is said
or, more properly, satrap of Pontus, was son of to have murdered his mother, to whom a share
Ariobarzanes I., and was succeeded by Ariobar- in the royal authority had been left by Mithrazanes II., about B.C. 363. The kings of Pontus dates Euergetes; and this was followed by the
claimed to be lineally descended from one of assassination of his brother. In the early part
the seven Persians who had conspired against of his reign he subdued the barbarian tribes bethe Magi, and who was subsequently establish- tween the Euxine and the confines of Armenia,
ed by Darius Hystaspis in the government of including the whole of Colchis and the province
the countries bordering on the Euxine Sea. called Lesser Armenia, and even extended his
Very little is known of their history until after conquests beyond the Caucasus. He assisted
the fall of the Persian empire.-2. II. King of Parisades, king of the Bosporus, against the
Pontus (337-302), succeeded his father Ariobar- Sarmatians and Roxolani, and rendered the
zanes II., and was the founder of the independ- whole of the Tauric Chersonese tributary to his
ent kingdom of Pontus. After the death of kingdom. After the death of Parisades, the
Alexander the Great, he was for a time subject kingdom of Bosporus itself was incorporated
to Antigonus; but during the war between the with his dominions. He was now in possessuccessors of Alexander, he succeeded in es- sion of such great power that he began to deem
tablishing his independence. He died at the himself equal to a contest with Rome itself.
age of 84.-3. III. King of Pontus (302-266), Many causes of dissension had already arisen
son and successor of the preceding. He en- between them, but Mithradates had hitherto
larged his paternal dominions by the acquisi- submitted to the mandates of Rome. Ever,
519




MITHRADATES.                              MITHRADATES.
after expelling Ariobarzanes from Cappadocia, powerful army, armed and disciplinedin the Roand Nicomedes from Bithynia in 90, he offered man manner; and he now took the field with
no resistance to the Romans when they re- one hundred and twenty thousand foot soldiers,
stored these monarchs to their kingdom. But sixteen thousand horse, and a vast number of
when Nicomedes, urged by the Roman legates, barbarian auxiliaries. This was the commenceinvaded the territories of Mithradates, the lat- ment of the third Mithradatic war. The two
ter made preparations for immediate hostilities. Roman consuls, Lucullus and Cotta, were unHis success was rapid and striking. In 88 he able to oppose his first irruption. He traversed
drove Ariobarzanes out of Cappadocia, and Nic- Bithynia without encountering any resistance;
omedes out of Bithynia, defeated the Roman and when at length Cotta ventured to give him
generals who had supported the latter, made battle under the walls of Chalcedon, the consul
himself master of Phrygia and Galatia, and at was totally defeated both by sea and land. Mithlast of the Roman province of Asia. During radates then proceeded to lay siege to Cyzicus
the winter he issued the sanguinary order to both by sea and land. Lucullus marched to the
all the cities of Asia to put to death, on the relief of the city, cut off the king's supplies, and
same day, all the Roman and Italian citizens eventually compelled him to raise the siege
who were to be found within their walls. So early in 73. On his retreat Mithradates sufhateful had the Romans rendered themselves, fered great loss, and eventually took refuge in
that these commands were obeyed with alac- Pontus. Hither Lucullus followed him in the
rity by almost all the cities of Asia, and eighty next year. The new army which the king had
thousand Romans and Italians are said to have collected was entirely defeated by the Roman
perished in this fearful massacre. Meantime general; and Mithradates, despairing of opposSulla had received the command of the war ing the further progress of Lucullus, took refagainst Mithradates, and crossed over into uge in the dominions of his son-in-law Tigranes,
Greece in 87. Mithradates, however, had re- the king of Armenia. Tigranes at first showed
solved not to await the Romans in Asia, but had no disposition to attempt the restoration of his
already sent his general Archelaus into Greece father-in-law; but being offended at the haughat the head of a powerful army. The war proved ty conduct of Appius Claudius, whom Lucullus
unfavorable to the king. Archelaus was twice had sent to demand the surrender of Mithradefeated by Sulla with immense loss near Che- dates, the Armenian king not only refused this
ronea, and Orchomenos in Bceotia (86). About request, but determined to prepare for war with
the same time Mithradates was himself defeat- the Romans.  Accordingly, in 69, Lucullus
ed in Asia by Fimbria. Vid. FIMBRIA. These marched into Armenia, defeated Tigranes and
disasters led him to sue for peace, which Sulla Mithradates near Tigranocerta, and in the next
was willing to grant, because he was anxious year (68) again defeated the allied monarchs
to return to Italy, which was entirely in the nearArtaxata. The Roman generalthenturned
hands of his enemies. Mithradates consented aside into Mesopotamia, and laid siege to Nisto abandon all his conquests in Asia, to pay a ibis. Here the Roman soldiers broke out into
sum of two thousand talents, and to surrender open mutiny, and demanded to be led home;
to the Romans a fleet of seventy ships. Thus and Lucullus was obliged to raise the siege, and
terminated the first Mithradatic war (84). Short- return to Asia Minor. Meanwhile Mithradates
ly afterward Murena, who had been left in com- had taken advantage of the absence of Luculmand of Asia by Sulla, invaded the dominions lus to invade Pontus at the head of a large
of Mithradates (83), under the flimsy pretext army.  He defeated Fabius and Triarius, to
that the king had not yet evacuated the whole whom the defence of Pontus had been commitof Cappadocia. In the following. year (82) Mu- ted; and when Lucullus returned to Pontus,
rena renewed his hostile incursions, but was he was unable to resume the offensive in condefeated by Mithradates on the banks of the sequence of the mutinous spirit of his own solRiver Halys. But shortly afterward Murena diers. Mithradates was thus able, before the
received peremptory orders from Sulla to de- close of 67, to regain possession of the greater
sist from hostilities; in consequence-of which, part of his hereditary dominions. In the folpeace was again restored. This is usually call- lowing year (66) the conduct of the war was ined the second Mithradatic war. Mithradates, trusted to Pompey. Hostilities were resumed
however, was well aware that the peace be- with greater vigor than ever. Mithradates was
tween him and Rome was in fact a mere sus- obliged to retire before the Romans, but was surpension of hostilities, and that the republic would prised and defeated by Pompey; and as Tigranever suffer the massacre of her citizens in Asia nes now refused to admit him into his own doto remain ultimately unpunished. No formal minions, he resolved to plunge with his small
treaty was ever concluded between Mithradates army into the heart of Colchis, and thence make
and the Roman senate; and the king had in vain his way to the Palus Mseotis and the Cimmeendeavored to obtain the ratification of the rian Bosporus. Arduous as this enterprise apterms agreed on between him and Sulla. The peared,.it was successfully accomplished; and
death of Nicomedes III., king of Bithynia, at he at length established himself without oppothe beginning of 74, brought matters to a crisis. sition at Panticapaeum, the capital of Bosporus.
That monarch left his dominions by will to the He had now nothing to fear from the pursuit of
Roman people; and Bithynia was accordingly Pompey, who turned his arms first against Tideclared a Roman province; but Mithradates granes, and afterward against Syria. Unable
asserted that the late king had left a legitimate to obtain peace from Pompey, except he would
son by his wife Nysa, whose pretensions he im- come in person to make his submission, Mithmediately prepared to support by his arms. He radates conceived the daring project of marchhad employed the last few years in forming a ing round the northern and western coasts of
520




MITHRADATIS.                              MNESILOCHUS.
the Euxine, through the wild tribes of the Sar- tress in the territory of the Trocmi, on the borMnatians and Getae, and having gathered round ders of Galatia and Pontus.]
his standard all these barbarous nations, to pen-  [MITHROBARZANES (MtOpo6ap(ivV ). 1. Faetrate into Italy itself. But meanwhile disaf- ther-in-law of Datames, whom he joined in his
fection had made rapid progress amohng his fol- revolt from the Persian king, but afterward
lowers. His son Pharnaces at length openly re- having deserted with his troops, he was slain
belled against him. He was joined both by the by Datames. —2. General of the Cappadocian
whole army and the citizens of Panticapaeum, forces in the Persian army at the battle of the
who unanimously proclaimed him king; and Granicus, where he lost his life.-3. A general
Mithradates, who had taken refuge in a strong of Tigranes, was sent to oppose the Romans
tower, saw that no choice remained to him but under Lucullus, but was defeated and slain by
death or captivity. Hereupon he took poison, them.]
which he constantly carried with him; but his  [MITYS, a river of Macedonia, north of the
constitution had been so long inured to antidotes Haliacmon, emptied into the Thermaicus Sinus.]
that it did not produce the desired effect, and he  MITYLENE. Vid. MYTILENE.
was compelled to call in the assistance of one of  [MNA.SALCAS (Mvaad2iAca), an epigrammatic
his Gaulish mercenaries to dispatch him with poet of Sicyonia, under whose name eighteen
his sword. He died in. 63. His body was sent epigrams are given. in Brunck's Analecta. His
by Pharnaces to Pompey at Amisus, as a.token date is uncertain.]
of his submission; but the conqueror caused it  MNASEIS (Mvaceat), of Patara in Lycia, not
to be interred with regal honors in the sepul- of Patrte in Achaia, was a pupil of Eratosthechre of his forefathers at Sinope. He was sixty- nes, and a grammarian of considerable celebeight or sixty-nine years old at the time of his rity. He wrote two works, one of a chorographdeath,.and had reigned fifty-seven years, of ical description, entitled Periplus (HIepir72ovr),
which twenty-five had been occupied, with only and the other a collection of oracles given at
a few brief intervals, in one continued struggle Delphi.
against the Roman power. The estimation in  [MNASIPPUS (Mv6CtrrOcr), a Spartan naval comwhich he was held by his adversaries is the mander; led the Spartan fleet of sixty ships
strongest testimony to his great abilities: Cice- against Corcyra, B.C. 373. He was at first sucro calls him the greatest of all kings after Alex- cessful, but, having relaxed his vigilance, he
ander, and in another passage says that he was was defeated and slain by the Corcyreans.]
a more formidable opponent than any other   MNEME (MPn'v/), i. e., memory, one of the
monarch whom the Roman arms had yet en-, three Muses who were in early times worshipcountered. -7. Kings of Parthia.  Vid. ARSA- ped at Ascra in Boeotia. There seems to have
CES, 6, 9, 13.-8. Of Pergamus, son of Menodo- been also a tradition that Mneme was the mothtus:; but his mother having had an amour with er of the Muses, for Ovid (Met., v., 268) calls
Mithradates the Great, he was generally looked them Mnemonides; unless this be only an
upon as in reality the son of that monarch. abridged form for the daughters of Mnemosyne.
The king himself bestowed great care on his Vid. MUSuE.
education; and he appears as early as 64 to  MNEMOSSNEi (MVf/Yo":vV), i. e., memory, daughhave exercised the chief control over the affairs ter of Uranus, and one of the Titanides, became
of his native city. At a subsequent period he by Jupiter (Zeus) the mother of the Muses.
served under Julius Caesar in the Alexandrean  MNESARCHUS (Mv^aapyxo).  1. Son of Euwar (48); and after the defeat,of Pharnaces in phron or Euthyphron, and father of Pythagoras.
the following year (47), Caesar bestowed upon He was generally believed not to have been of
Mithradates the kingdom of the Bosporus, and purely Greek- origin. According to some acalso the tetrarchy of the Galatians. But the counts, he belonged to the Tyrrhenians of Lemkingdom of the Bosporus still remained to be nos and Imbros, and is said to have been an
won, for Asander, who had revolted against engraverofrings. Accordingto other accounts,
Pharnaces, was, in fact, master of the whole the name of the father of Pythagoras was Marcountry, and Mithradates having attempted to.macus, whose father Hippasus came from Phlius.
expel Asander, was defeated and slain.    -2. Grandson of the preceding, and son of PyMITHIRARDTIS RG0io (MtOpt6dirov xypa), a dis- thagoras and Theano. According to some actrict of Sarmatia Asiatica, on the western side counts he succeeded Aristaeus as president of
of the River Rha (now Wolga), so called be- the Pythagorean school.-3. A Stoic philosocause it was the place of refuge of the last pher, a disciple of Panaetius, flourished about
Mithradates, in the reign of Claudius.    B.C. 110, and taught at Athens. Among his
MITHRAS (MiOpar), the god of the sun among pupils was Antiochus of Ascalon.
the Persians. About the time of the Romnan  MNESICLES (MvW/vtK r), one of the great Atheemperors his worship was introduced at Rome, nian artists of the age of Pericles, was the archiand thence spread over all parts of the empire. tect of the Propylcea of the Acropolis, the buildThe god is commonly represented as a hand- ing of which occupied five years, B.C. 437-433.
some youth, wearing the Phrygian cap and at- It is said that, during the progress of the work,
tire, and kneeling on a bull which is thrown on he fell from the summit of the building, and
she ground, and whose throat he is cutting. was supposed to be mortally injured, but was
The bull is at the same time attacked by a dog, cured by a herb which Minerva (Athena) showa serpent, and a scorpion. This group appears ed to Pericles in a dream.
frequently among ancient works of art, and a  [MNESILOCHUS (Mvp7t2oxot). 1. One of the
fine specimen is preserved in the British Mu- thirty tyrants at Athens.-2. Son of Euripides
seum.                                     by Chmrile, whose father was also called Mne[MITHRIDATIUM (MlOpLtduriov), a mountain for- silochus, is said to have been an actor; he is
521




MNESIMACHUS.                                  M(ERLE.
said also to have aided Euripides in the corn- name Moabitis, however, was still applied to the
position of his tragedies.]               district of Arabia, between the Arnon (the south[MNESIMACHUS (MvgJiGaXog), a comic poet of ern frontier of Peraea, or Palestine east of the
the middle comedy, some fragments of whose Jordan), and the Nabathoei, in the mountains of
plays are still extant, and are given by Meineke, Seir. The Moabites were a kindred race with
Fragrm. Comic. Grcec., vol. ii., p. 787-793, edit. the Hebrews, being descended from Moab, the
minor.]                                   son of Lot. They worshipped Baal-Peor and
[MNESITHIDES (Mvct0Aier), one of the thirty Chemosh with most licentious rites, and they
tyrants at Athens.]                       sometimes offered human sacrifices. Their
MNESITHEUS (Mvyc[eoc), a physician, was a government was monarchical. They were orignative of Athens, and lived probably in the inally a pastoral people; but the excessive ferfourth century B.C., as he is quoted by the tility of their country, which is a mountainous
comic poet Alexis. He enjoyed a great repu- tract intersected with rich valleys and numertation, and is frequently mentioned by Galen ous streams, led them to diligence and success
and others.                               in agriculture. The frequent ruins of towns
MNEsSTER (Mvrjarrp), a celebrated pantomime and traces of paved roads, which still cover the
actor in the reigns of Caligula and Claudius, face of the country, show how populous and
was also one of the lovers of the Empress Mes- prosperous it was. The chief city, AR or RABsalina, and was put to death upon the ruin of BATH-MOAB, afterward AREOPOLIS (now ruins at
the latter.                               Rabba), was about twenty-five miles south of
MNESTHEUS, a Trojan, who accompanied the Arnon.
2Eneas to Italy, and is said to have been the an-  [MOAGETES, tyrant of the Cibyrates, in Upper
cestral hero of the Memmii.               Phrygia, made himself conspicuous by his en[MNEVIS (Mve6tC), the name of the sacred mity to Rome during the war with Antiochus
bull worshipped at Heliopolis. Vid. HELIOPO- the Great, for which he was condemned by the
LIS, No. 2.]                              consul Manlius Vulso to pay a heavy fine.]
MOABITIS (Moa6trtc, Mo6a: MIoa6lrae, Moabi-  [MocA (Mo/ia, now Mocha), a city of Arabia
tao: in the Old Testament, Moab, for both coun- Petraea, which, under the Roman supremacy,
try and people), a district of Arabia Petraea, was regarded as a holy city, and had its own
east of the Dead Sea, from the River Arnon laws; coins of this city of the time of the An(now Wady-el-iMojib, the boundary between Pal- tonines and Septimius Severus are still extant.]
estine and Arabia) on the north, to Zoar, near  MODESTINUS, HERENNIUS, a Roman jurist, and
the south end of the Dead Sea, on the south, a pupil of Ulpian, flourished in the reigns of Albetween the Amorites on the north, the Midi- exander Severus, Maximinus, and the Gordians,
anites on the east, and the Edomites on the A.D. 222-244. He taught law to the younger
south, that is, before the Israelitish conquest of Maximinus. Though Modestinus is the latest
Canaan. At an earlier period, the country of of the great Roman jurists, he ranks among the
Moab had extended northward, beyond the most distinguished. There are three hundred
northern end of the Dead Sea, and along the and forty-five excerpts in the Digest from his
eastern bank of the Jordan, as far as the River writings, the titles of which show the extent
Jabbok, but it had been wrested from them by and variety of his labors.
the Amorites. The plains east of the Jordan  MODESTUS, a military writer, the author of a
were, however, still called the plains of Moab. Libellus de Vocabulis Rei Militaris, addressed to
The Moabites were left undisturbed by the Is- the Emperor Tacitus, A.D. 275. It is very brief,
raelites on their march to Canaan; but Balak, and presents no features of interest. Printed
king of Moab, through fear of the Israelites, did in all the chief collections of Scriptores de Re
what he could to harm them, first by his vain Militari.
attempt to induce the prophet Balaam to curse  MODIcIA (now Monza), a town in Gallia Transthe people whom a divine impulse forced him  padana, on the River Lambrus, north of Medioto bless, and then by seducing them to worship lanum (now Milan), where Theodoric built a
Baal-Peor.  Hence the hereditary enmity be- palace, and Theodolinda, queen of the Langotween the Israelites and Moabites, and the bards, a splendid church, which still contains
threatenings denounced against Moab by the many of the precious gifts of this queen.
Hebrew prophets. In the time of the Judges  MODIN (Modeiv,, -eEiv, or tEiv), a little village
they subdued the southern part of the Jewish on a mountain north of Lydda or Diospolis, on
territory, with the assistance of the Ammonites the extreme northwest of Judoea, celebrated as
and Amalekites, and held it for eighteen years the native place of the Maccabmean family. Its
(Judges, iii., 12, foil.). They were conquered exact site is uncertain.
by David, after the partition of whose kingdom  MocNus, MCENIS, MesNUS, or MENUS (now
they belonged to the kingdom of Israel. They Main), a river in Germany, which rises in the
revolted after the death of Ahab (B.C. 896), and Sudeti Montes, flows through the territory of
appear to have become virtually independent; the Hermunduri and the Agri decumates of the
and after the ten tribes had been carried into Romans, and falls into the Rhine opposite Mocaptivity, the Moabites seem to have recovered gontiacum.
the northern part of their original territory.  MRcAE (Molpat), called PARCE by the RoThey were subdued by Nebuchadnezzar, with mans, the Fates. Mlera properly signifies " a
other nations bordering on Palestine, very soon share," and as a personification " the deity who
after the Babylonian conquest of Judeza, after assigns to every man his fate or his share."
which they scarcely appear as a distinct nation, Homer usually speaks of one Mcera, and only
but, after a few references to them, they disap- once mentions the Mcerce in the plural (II., xxiv.,
pear in the general name of the Arabians. The 29). In his poems Mora is fate personified,
522




MCER2E.                                   MCESIA.
which, at the birth of man, spins out the thread even as lame, to indicate the slow march of
of his future life, follows his steps, and directs fate; but in works of art they are represented
the consequences of his actions according to as grave maidens, with different attributes, viz.,
the counsel of the gods. But the personifica- Clotho with a spindle or a roll (the book of fate);
tion of his Mcera is not complete; for he men- Lachesis pointing with a staff to the globe; and
tions no particular appearance of the goddess, Atropos with a pair of scales, or a sun-dial, or
no attributes, and no parentage. His Mcera is a cutting instrument.
therefore quite, synonymous with JEsa (Alaa).  MCRiIS or MYRIS (Moiptf, Mvptg), a king of
In Hesiod the personification of the Mcerae is Egypt, who, Herodotus tells us, reigned some
complete. He calls them daughters of Jupiter nine hundred years before his own visit to that
(Zeus) and Themis, and makes them three in country, which seems to have been about B.C.
number, viz., CLOTHO, or the spinning fate; 450. We hear of Meris that he formed the
LACHESIS, or the one who assigns to man his lake known by his name, and joined it by a
fate; and ATROPOS, or the fate that can not be canal to the Nile, in order to receive the waters
avoided. Later writers differ in their genealogy of the river when they were superabundant, and
of the Moerae from that of Hesiod; thus they to supply the defect when they did not rise sufare called children of Erebus and Night, of Sat- ficiently. In the lake he built two pyramids, on
urn (Cronos) and Night, of Terra (Ge) and Oce- each of which was a stone statue, seated on a
anus, or lastly of Ananke or Necessity. The throne,' and intended to represent himself and
character and nature of the Merae are different- his wife.
ly described at different times and by different  MlCRIS (Mo7pt), commonly called MWRIS ATauthors. Sometimes they appear as divinities TICISTA, a distinguished grammarian, the author
of fate in the strict sense of the term, and some- of a work still extant, entitled A:e'eG'ArrLuai,
times only as allegorical divinities of the dura- though the title varies somewhat in different
tion of human life. In the former character manuscripts.  Of the personal history of the
they take care that the fate assigned to every author nothing is known. He is conjectured to
being by eternal laws may take its course with- have lived about the end of the second century
out obstruction; and Jupiter (Zeus), as well as after Christ. His treatise is a sort of comparthe other gods and men, must submit to them. ison of the Attic with other Greek dialects,
They assign to the Erinnyes, who inflict the consisting of a list of Attic words and exprespunishment for evil deeds, their proper func- sions, which are illustrated by those of other
tions; and with them they direct fate accord- dialects, especially the common Greek. Edited
ing to the laws of necessity, whence they are by Pierson, Lugd. Bat., 1759; [reprinted with
sometimes called the sisters of the Erinnyes. some additions by Koch, Lips., 1831: and by
These grave and mighty goddesses were repre- Bekker with Harpocration, Berlin, 1833.]
sented by the earliest artists with staffs or seep-  McErI LACUS (MoipLCO or MoipGoc 7ailv?:
tres, the symbol of dominion. The Mcerae, as now Birket-el-Keroun), a great lake on the westthe divinities of the duration of human life, ern side of the Nile, in Middle Egypt, used for
which is determined by the two points of birth the reception and subsequent distribution of a
and of death, are conceived either as goddesses part of the overflow of the Nile. It was believof birth or as goddesses of death, and hence ed by the ancients to have been dug by King
their number was two, as at Delphi, and was Mceris; but it is really a natural, and not an
subsequently increased to three. The distribu- artificial lake.
tion of the functions among the three was not  MCERO (Motpd) or MYRO (Mvpd), a poetess
strictly observed, for we sometimes find all of Byzantium, wife of Andromachus, surnamed
three described as spinning, although this should Philologus, and mother of the grammarian and
be the function of Clotho alone, who is, more- tragic poet Homerus, lived about B.C. 300.
over, often mentioned alone as the representa- She wrote epic, elegiac, and lyric poems.
tive of all. As goddesses of birth, who spin  MEROCLES (MotpolIcA), an Athenian orator,
the thread of the beginning of life, and even a native of Salamis, was a contemporary of Deprophesy the fate of the newly born, they are mosthenes, and, like him, an opponent of Philip
mentioned along with Ilithyia, who is called and Alexander.
their companion. The symbol with which they,  MCrSIA, called by the Greeks MYSYA (Mvuia,
or rather Clotho alone, are represented to in- also M. 7 iv EVpipr?, to distinguish it from Mydicate this function, is a spindle, and the idea sia in Asia), a country of Europe, was bounded
implied in it was carried out so far, that some- on the south by Mount Haemus, which separated
times we read of their breaking or cutting off it from Thrace, and by Mount Orbelus and Scorthe thread when life is to end. Being goddess- dus, which separated it from Macedonia, on the
es of fate, they must necessarily know the fu- west by Mount Scordus and the rivers Drinus
ture, which at times they reveal, and thus be- and Savus, which separated it from Illyricum
come prophetic divinities.  As goddesses of and Pannonia, on the north by the Danube,
death, they appear together with the Keres and which separated it from Dacia, and on the east
the infernal Erinnyes, with whom they are even by the Pontus Euxinus, thus corresponding to
confounded. For the same reason they, along the present Servia and Bulgaria. This country
with the Charites, lead Persephone out of the was subdued in the reign of Augustus, but does
lower world into the regions of light. The va- not appear to have been formally constituted a
rious epithets which poets apply to the Mcere Roman province till the commencement of the
generally refer to the severity, inflexibility, and reign of Tiberius. It was originally only one
sternness of fate.  They had sanctuaries in province, but was afterward formed into two
many parts of Greece. The poets sometimes provinces (probably after the conquest of Dacia
describe them as aged and hideous women, and by Trajan), called Moesia Superior and Mlisi1
523




MOGONTIACUM.                                   MONA.
Inferior, the former being the western, and the temple of the Eleusinian Ceres, alluded to in
latter the eastern half of the country, and sepa- the description of the battle of Plataeae.]
rated from each other by the River Cebrus or  [MOLORCHUS (M62opXoC), the mythical foundCiabrus, a tributary of the Danube. When Au- er of Molorchia, near Nemea, entertained Herrelian surrendered Dacia to the barbarians, and cules when he went against the Nemean lion.]
removed the inhabitants of that province to the  MoLossI (Mo2oaoi), a people in Epirus, who
south of the Danube, the middle part of Mcesia inhabited a narrow slip of country, called after
was called Dacia Aureliani; and this new prov- them MOLOSSIA (Mo2/oaaia) or MOLOSSIS, which
ince was divided into Dacia Ripensis, the district extended from the Aous, along the western
along the Danube, and Dacia Interior, the district bank of the Arachthus, as far as the Ambracian
south of the latter as far as the frontiers of Ma- Gulf. The Molossi were a Greek people, who
cedonia. In the reign of Valens, some of the claimed descent from Molossus, the son of PyrGoths crossed the Danube and settled in Mesia. rhus (Neoptolemus) and Andromache, and are
These Goths are sometimes called Mceso-Goths, said to have emigrated from Thessaly into
and it was for their use that Ulphilas translated Epirus, under the guidance of Pyrrhus himself.
the Scriptures into Gothic about the middle of In their new abodes they intermingled with the
the fourth century. The original inhabitants original inhabitants of the land and with the
of the country, called MCESI by the Romans, and neighboring Illyrian tribes, in consequence of
MYSI (Mvaoi) by the Greeks, were a Thracian which they were regarded by the other Greeks
race, and were divided into several tribes, such as half barbarians. They were, however, by
as the TRIBALLI, PEUCINI, &c.             far the most powerful people in Epirus, and
MOOGONTIXCUM, MOGUNTIXCUM, or MAGONTIA- their kings gradually extended their dominion
CUM (now Mainz or Mayence), a town on the over the whole of the country. The first of
left bank of the Rhine, opposite the mouth of their kings, who took the title of King of Epithe River Moenus (now Mlain), was situated in rus, was Alexander, who perished in Italy B.C.
the territory of the Vangiones, and was subse- 326. Vid. EPIRUS. The ancient capital of the
quently the capital of the province of Germania Molossi was PASSARON, but AMBRACIA afterward
Prima. It was a Roman municipium, and was became their chief town, and the residence of
founded, or at least enlarged and fortified, by their kings. The Molossian hounds were celeDrusus. It was always occupied by a strong brated in antiquity, and were much prized for
Roman garrison, and continued to the downfall hunting.
of the empire to be one of the chief Roman for-  [MOLOSSUS (Molosa6o), son of Pyrrhus and
tresses on the Rhine.                     Andromache. Vid. MOLOSSI.]
MOLIONE. Vid. MOLIONES.                   [MoLPADIA (Mo2Lradia), an Amazon, slew AnMOLIONEs or MOLI6NIDrE  (Modover, MoRiove, tiope, another Amazon, who had married TheMo2Ltovida), that is, Eurytus and Cteatus, so seus, and was herself slain by Theseus.]
called after their mother Molione. They are  [MOLUS (M62Lo), son of Deucalion, and fathes
also called Actoridce or Actoribne ('Aitropiwve), of Meriones (Hom.): according to a Cretan
after their reputed father Actor, the husband legend, son of Minos, and brother of Deucaof Molione, though they were generally regard- lion.]
ed as the sons of Neptune (Poseidon). Ac-   MOLYCRIUmI (MoiKCpetov, also MoUvKmpepa, Mocording to a late tradition, they were born out IvKwpia: Moa2Vcpito, MoRvicpteSv, MoAvKlpaTo), a
of an egg; and it is further stated that their town in the most southerly part of.Etolia, at
bodies grew together, so that they had only one the entrance of the Corinthian Gulf, gave the
body, but two heads, four arms, and four legs. name of Rhium Molycrium ('Pov Mo2viptlov) to
Homer mentions none of these extraordinary the neighboring promontory of Antirrhium. It
circumstances; and, according to him, the Mo- was founded by the Corinthians, but was afterliones, when yet boys, took part in an expedi- ward taken possession of by the zEtolians.
tion of the Epeans against Neleus and the Pyli-  MOMEMPHIs (M6,ueu(ptC: now.Panouf-Khet, or
ans. They are represented as nephews of Au- Manouf-el-Sefli, i. e., Lower Menphis), the capgeas, king of the Epeans.  When Hercules ital of the Nomos Momemphites in Lower
marched against Augeas, the latter intrusted Egypt, stood on the eastern side of the Lake
the conduct of the war to the Moliones; but, Mareotis.
as Hercules was taken ill, he concluded peace  MOMus (MCuSzo), the god of mockery and cenwithAugeas, whereupon his army was attacked sure, is not mentioned by Homer, but is called
and defeated by the Molionide. In order to in Hesiod the son of Night. Thus he is said to
take vengeance, he afterward slew them near have censured in the man formed by Vulcan
Cleonae, on the frontiers of Argolis, when they (Hephaestus), that a little door had not been left
had been sent from Elis to sacrifice at the Isth- in his breast, so as to enable one to look into
mian games on behalf of the town. The Mo- his secret thoughts.
liones are mentioned as conquerors of Nestor  MONA (now Anglesey), an island off the coast
in the chariot race, and as having taken part in of the Ordovices in Britain, was one of the
the Calydonian hunt. Cteatus was the father chief seats of the Druids. It was invaded by
of Amphimachus by Theronice, and Eurytus of Suetonius Paulinus A.D. 61, and was conquerThalpius byTheraphone. Theirsons,Amphim- ed by Agricola, 78. Caesar (B. G., v., 13) erachus and Thalpius, led the Epeans to Troy.  roneously describes-this island as half way beMOLo, surname ofApollonius, the rhetorician tween Britannia and Hibernia. Hence it has
of Rhodes. Vid. APOLLONIUS, No. 2.        been supposed by some critics that the Mona
MOLOCHATH. Vid. MUrUCH.A.               of Caesar is the Isle of Man; but it is more
[MoLo's (MoX6ELt), a little river in Bceotia, probable that he received a false report respectnear Plateac, on the banks of which stood a ing the real position of Mona, especially since
524




MONE SES.                               MORGANTIUM.
all other ancient writers give the name of iMona later life sullied the fair reputation he enjoyed
to the Isle of Anglesey, and the name of the in youth; for Juvenal describes him as a corpulatter island is likely to have been mentioned lent epicure, a parasite of Domitian, and ajhackto Caesar on account of its celebrity in connec- neyed declaimer.
tion with the Druids.                       [MONTANUS, JULIUS, a versifier of some reMONffSES. 1. A Parthian general, mentioned pute in the reign of Tiberius, and one of the
by Horace (Carmz., iii., 6, 9), is probably the emperor's private friends.]
same as Surenas, the general of Orodes, who  MONTNUS, VOLTIENUs, an orator and declaimdefeated Crassus.-2. A Parthian noble, who er in the reign of Tiberius. From his propendeserted to Antony and urged him to invade sity to refine upon thought and diction, he was
Parthia, but soon afterward returned to the named the "Ovid" of the rhetorical schools.
Parthian king Phraates.-3. A general of the He was convicted on a charge of majestas, and
Parthian king, Vologeses I., in the reign of died an exile in the Balearic islands, A.D. 25.
Nero.                                       MOPSIA or MOPSOPIA, an ancient name of PamMONAPYA or MONARINA (now Isle of Man), an phylia, derived from Mopsus, the mythical leadisland between Britannia and Hibernia.    er of certain Greeks who were supposed to have
MONDA or MUNDA (now M3ondego), a river on settled in Pamphylia, as also in Cilicia and
the western coast of Spain, which flows into Syria, after the Trojan war, and whose name
the ocean between the Tagus and Durus.    appears more than once in the geographical
MONETA, a surname of Juno among the Ro- names in Cilicia. (Vid. e. g. MOPSUCRENE, MoPmans, by which she was characterized as the  UESTIA.)
protectress of money. Under this name she   MOPSIUM (Moipov: M6iboc), a town of Theshad a temple on the Capitoline, in which there saly in Pelasgiotis, situated on a hill of the
was at the same time the mint, just as the pub- same name, between Tempe and Larissa.
lie treasury was in the temple of Saturn. The  MOPSUCdENE (M6pov ecpjvy or Kp2ivat, i. e., the
temple had been vowed by the dictator L. Furius Spring of M]opsus), a city of Cilicia Campestris,
in a battle against the Aurunci, and was erect- on the southern slope of the Taurus, and twelve
ed on the spot where the house of M. Manlius Roman miles from Tarsus, was the place where
Capitolinus had stood. Moneta signifies the the Emperor Constantius died, A.D. 364.
mint; but some writers found such a meaning  MOPSUESTIA (Moov Etoria, Moepovearia, i. e.,
too plain. Thus Livius Andronicus used Moneta the Hearth of Mopsus, also M61oov Tro62tc and
as a translation of Mnemnosyne (Mvn/yoadvv), and Modoc: Mooeedr7yt: Mamistra, in the Middle
thus made her the mother of the Muses or Ca- Ages: now Messis), an important city of Cilicia
menae. Cicero relates that, during an earth- Campestris, on both banks of the River Pyrquake, a voice was heard issuing from the tem- amus, twelve Roman miles from its mouth, on
ple of Juno on the Capitol, and admonishing the road from Tarsus to Issus, in the beautiful
(monens) that a pregnant sow should be sacri- plain called ro'AXritov 7rediov, was a civitas lificed. A somewhat more probable reason for bera under the Romans. The two parts of the
the name is given by Suidas, though he assigns city were connected by a handsome bridge built
it to too late a time. In the war with Pyrrhus by Constantius over the Pyramus. In ecclesiand the Tarentines, he says, the Romans, being astical history, it is notable as the birth-place
in want of money, prayed to Juno, and'were of Theodore of Mopsuestia.
told by the goddess that money would not be  MoOsus (Mor6on). 1. Son of Ampyx or Amwanting to them so long as they would fight pycus by the nymph Chloris. Being a seer, he
with the arms of justice. As the Romans by was also called a son of Apollo' by Himantis.
experience found the truth of the words of Juno, He was one of the Lapithm of CEchalia or Tithey called her Juno Moneta. Her festival was taeron (Thessaly), and took part in the combat
celebrated on the first of June.          at the wedding of Pirithous. He was one of
MoNIMA (Moviesy), a Greek woman, either of the Calydonian hunters, and also one of the
Stratonicea, in Ionia, or of Miletus, was the Argonauts, and was a famous prophet among
wife of Mithradates, but was put to death by the Argonauts. He died in Libya of the bite
order of this monarch when he fled into Arme- of a snake, and was buried there by the Argonia, B.C. 72.                             nauts. He was afterward worshipped as an
MoNCcI PORTUS, also HERCULIS MONCCI oracular hero.-2. Son of Apollo and Manto, the
PORTUS (now Monaco), a port-town on the coast daughter of Tiresias, and also a celebrated seer.
of Liguria, between Nicea and Aibium Inteme- He contended in prophecy with Calchas at Collium, founded by the Massilians, was situated ophon, and showed himself superior to the laton a promontory (hence the arx Monceci of Virg., ter in prophetic power. Vid. CALCHAS. He
XEn., vi., 801), and possessed a temple of Her- was believed to have founded Mallos in Cilicia,
cules Moncecus, from whom the place derived in conjunction with the seer Amphilochus. A
its name. The harbor, though small and ex- dispute arose between the two seers respecting
posed to the southeastern wind, was of import- the possession of the town, and both fell in
ance, as it was the only one on this part of the combat by each other's hand. Mopsus had an
coast of Liguria.                         oracle at Mallos, which existed as late as the
MONTANUS, CURTIUS, was exiled by Nero A.D. time of Strabo.
67, but was soon afterward recalled at his fa-  MORGANTIUM, MORGANTINA, MURGANTIA, MORther's petition. Onthe accession of Vespasian, GENTIA (MopydvrIov, Mopyavri-iv  MopyavrTvoe,
he vehemently attacked in the senate the noto- Murgentinus), a town in Sicily founded by the
pious delator Aquilius Regulus. If the same Morgetes, after they had been driven out of
person with the Curtius Montanus satirized by Italy by the CEnotrians. According to Livy
Juvenal (iv., 107, 131; xi., 34), Montanus in (xxiv., 27), this city was situated on the east525




MORGETES.                                  MOSELLA.
ern coast, probably at the mouth of the Syme- ii., 1, 57); but the best artists of the Greeks,
thus; but, according to other writers, it was avoiding any thing that might be displeasing,
situated in the interior of the island, southeast abandoned the idea suggested to them by the
of Agyrium, and near the Symeethus.  The poets, and represented Death under a more
neighboring country produced good wine.   pleasing aspect.  On the chest of Cypselus,
MORGETES (M6pyrTEc), an ancient people in Night was represented with two boys, one black
the south of Italy. According to Strabb they and the other white; and at Sparta there were
dwelt in the neighborhood of Rhegium, but, be- statues of both Death and Sleep. Both' were
ing driven out of Italy by the CEnotrians, cross- usually represented as slumbering youths, or as
ed over to Sicily, and there founded the town genii with torches turned upside down. There
of Morgantium.  According to Dionysius of are traces of sacrifices having been offered
Halicarnassus, Morges was the successor of to Death, but no temples are mentioned any
the CEnotrian king Italus, and hospitably re- where.
ceived Siculus, who had been driven out of Lati-  [MORSIMUS (MopOcruo), son of Philocles, and
um by the Aborigines, in consequence of which brother of Melanthius, a tragic poet, who, as
the earlier CEnotrians were called Italietes, Mor- well as his brother, was made the object of the
getes, and Siculi. According to this account, bitterest attacks of Aristophanes, on account
the Morgetes ought to be regarded as a branch of both his dull and lifeless poetry and his deof the CEnotrians.                        based character.]
MORIA or MORIJA (ML6pIov ipof), a mountain  MORaHEUS (M6pvXof), a tragic poet, a conof Judsea, within the city of Jerusalem, on the temporary of Aristophanes, noted especially for
summit of which the temple was built. Vid. his gluttony and effeminacy.
JERUSALEM.                                  [MORYS (1Mopv), son of Hippotion, a Phrygi[MORIcAMBE ESTUARIUM (MoptIatl6? efXvait), an, slain by Meriories at the siege of Troy.]
now Morecambe Bay), an estuary or bay on the  Mosi (now Maas or Meuse), a river in Gallia
western coast of Britannia.]              Belgica, rises in. Mount Vogesus, in the terriMORIMaENE (MopIyevj), the northwestern dis- tory of the Lingones, flows first northeast' and
trict of Cappadocia, on the banks of the Halys, then northwest, and falls into the Vahalis or
assigned under the Romans to Galatia. Its western branch of the Rhine.
meadows were entirely devoted to the feeding  MOSCHA (Mda6Xa: now Muscat), an important
of cattle.                                sea-port on the northeastern coast of Arabia
MORINI, a people in Gallia Belgica, west of Felix, northwest of Syagrus, the easternmost
the Nervii and Menapii, and the most northerly promontory of the peninsula (nowi Ras el-Had);
people in all Gaul, whence Virgil calls them  a chief emporium for the trade between India
extremi horoinum (En., viii., 727). They dwelt and Arabia.
on the coast, opposite Britain, and at the nar-  Moscm (Moaxt6), a people of Asia, whose terrowest part of the channel between Gaul and ritory (? MocaXuj, Moschorum Tractus) formed
Britain, which is hence sometimes called Fre- originally the southern part of Colchis, but, at
turm Morainorum or Morinzum. They were a brave the time of Augustus, was divided between Coland warlike people. Their country was cov- chis, Iberia, and Armenia.
ered with woods and marshes. Their princi-  MOS    I MiONTES or-Tcus MONS (T- MocXtpal town was GESORIACUMN.,a opy: now Mesjidi), a range of mountains ex[MORITASGUS, brother of Cavarinus, king of tending south and southwest from the main
the Senones at the arrival of Caesar in Gaul.]  chain of the Caucasus to that of the Anti-TauMoRiUS (M1dptoC), a small river in Bceotia, a rus, and forming the boundary between Colchis
southern tributary of the Cephisus, at the foot and Iberia: named after the MoscHI, who dwelt
of Mount Thurion, near Cheeronea.         among them.   Though lofty, they were well
MouRMO (Mopy6, also Mop/ovi0Kq, MopY/oXvK- wooded to the summit, and their lower slopes
ELov), a female spectre, with which the Greeks were planted with vines.
used to frighten children.                  MOSCHION (MOoXowv), a Greek physician, the
MORPHEUS (Mopoedy), the son of Sleep, and author of a short Greek treatise "On Female
the god of dreams. The name signifies the Diseases," is supposed to have lived in the befashioner or moulder, because he shaped or ginning of the second century after Christ. The
formed the dreams which appeared to the work is edited by Dewez, Vienn., 1793.
sleeper.                                    MoscHus (Mo6xo), of Syracuse, a grammaMORS, called THANATOS (Odvaro7) by the rian and bucolic poet, lived about B.C. 250.
Greeks, the god of death. In the Homeric po- Suidas says that he was acquainted with Arisems Death does not appear as a distinct divin- tarchus. According to this statement, his date
ity, though he is described as the brother of ought to be placed later; but he calls himself a
Sleep, together with whom he, carries the body pupil of Bion in the idyl in which he bewails
of Sarpedon from the field of battle to the coun- the death of the latter. Vid. BION. There are
try of the Lycians. In Hesiod he is a son of four of his idyls extant. He writes with eleNight and a brother of Ker and Sleep, and gance and liveliness; but he is inferior to Bion,
Death and Sleep reside in the lower world. In and comes still firther behind Theocritus. His
the Alcestis of Euripides, where Death comes style labors under an excess of polish and orupon the stage, he appears as an austere priest nament. For editions, vid. BION, [and add, by
of Hades in a dark robe and with the sacrificial Hermann, Leipzig, 1849.]
sword, with which he cuts off a lock of a dying  MOSELLA (now Mosel or Moselle), a river in
person, and devotes it to the lower world. On Gallia Belgica, rises in Mount Vogesus, flows
the whole, later poets describe Death as a sad northeast through the territories of the Treviri,
or terrific being (Horat., Carm., i., 4, 13; Sat., and falls into the Rhine at Confluentes (now
526




MOSTENI.                                  MUMMIUS.
Coblenz). This river forms the subject of a de- solved to seize the imperial throne. As soon
scriptive poem by Ausonius.               as Vespasian was proclaimed emperor, MuciaMOSTITNI (Moar7/voi,M6.reva, Movar'Tvn, Mvc- nus set out for Europe to oppose Vitellius; but
rivy), a city of Lydia, in the Hyrcanian plain, the Vitellians were entirely defeated by Antosoutheast of Thyatira, was one of the cities of nius Primus (vid. PRIMUS), before Mucianus enAsia Minor destroyed by the great earthquake tered Italy. Antonius, however, had to surof A.D. 17. Its coins are numerous.       render all power into the hands of Mucianus,
MosYCHLUS. Vid. LEMNOS.                 upon the arrival of the latter at Rome. MuciaMosYNEicI (MocvavoiKot, MofavvoitoL), or Mo- nus was an orator and a historian. His powSYNI or MOSSYNI (Moavvoi, Mocavvoi), a people ers of oratory are greatly praised by Tacitus.
on the northern coast of Asia Minor, in Pontus, He made a collection of the speeches of the reeast of the Chalybes and the city of Cerasus, publican period, which he published in eleven
celebrated for their warlike spirit and savage books of Acta and three of Epistolce. The subcustoms, which are described by Xenophon ject of his history is not mentioned, but it ap(Anab., iv., 4; v., 4). Their name was derived pears to have treated chiefly of the East.
from the conical wooden houses in which they  Mucius ScEVOSLA. Vid. ScEvoLA.
dwelt. Their government was very curious:   MUGILLA (Mugillanus), a town in Latium, near
a king chosen by them was strictly guarded in Corioli, from which a family of the Papirii proba house higher than the rest, and maintained at ably derived their name Mugillanus.
the public cost; but as soon as he displeased  MULcIBER, a surname of Vulcan, which seems
the commons, they literally stopped the sup- to have been given to him as an euphemism, that
plies, and starved him to death.          he might not consume the habitations and propMOTHONE. Vid. METHONE.                  erty of men, but might kindly aid them in their
MoTU-CA (M6rovKoa: Mutycensis: now IModi- pursuits.  It occurs frequently in the Latin
ca), a town in the south of Sicily, west of the poets.
promontory Pachynus and near the sources of  [MuLIUS (Mo2utoC). 1. Son-in-law of Augeas,
the River Motychanus (now Fiume di Ragusa). and husband of Agamede, slain by Nestor.-2.
Since both Cicero and Pliny call the inhabit- Name of two noble Trojans, of whom one was
ants Mutycenses, it is probable that IMutyca is slain by Patroclus, the other by Achilles.-3.
the more correct form of the name. This town Herald and attendant of the suitor Amphinomust not be confounded with the more cele- mus of Dulichium.]
brated MOTYA.                               MULICHAl, MALVA, or MOLOCHATH (MO2oXaO:
MOTYA (Mord: Morvaeio), an ancient town now Wad el Mlauloia, or Mohalou, or Sourb-ouin the northwest of Sicily, situated on a small Herb), the largest river of Mauretania, rising in
island (now Isola di Mezzo) only six stadia from  the Atlas, and flowing north by east into the
the coast, with which it was connected by a Gulf of lelillah, has been successively the
mole. It was founded by the Phoenicians in the boundary between the Mauri and the Massaeterritory of the Elymi. It possessed a good sylii, Mauretania and Numidia, Mauretania Tinharbor, and was in early times one ofthe-most gitana and Mauretania Caesariensis, Marocco
flourishing cities of Sicily. It afterward passed and Algier. Compare MAURETANIA.
into the hands of the Carthaginians, was taken  MUMMIIUS. 1. L., tribune of the plebs B.C.
from them by Dionysius of Syracuse, and was 187, and prsetor 177.-2. L., surnamed ACHAIfinally captured by the Carthaginian general cus, son of the last, was prcetor 154, when he
Himilco, who transplanted all its inhabitants to carried on the war successfully in further Spain
the town of Lilybeum, which he had founded against the Lusitanians. He was consul in 146,
in its neighborhood B.C., 497. From this time when he won for himself the surname of Achait disappears from history.               icus by the conquest of Greece and the estabMOTYCHANUS     id. MVOTi. MT.lishment of the Roman province of Achaia.
MUCIA, daughter of Q. Mucius Scevola, the After defeating the army of the Achaean league
augur, consul B.C. 95, was married to Cn. Pom- at the Isthmus of Corinth, he entered Corinth
pey, by whom she had two sons, Cneius and without opposition. The city was burned, razed,
Sextus, and a daughter, Pompeia. She was di- and abandoned to pillage; the native Corinthvorced by Pompey in 62. She next married M. ians were sold for slaves, and the rarest speci_JEmilius Scaurus, a step-son of the dictator mens of Grecian art were given up to the
Sulla. In 39 Mucia went to Sicily to mediate rapacity of an ignorant conqueror.  Polybius
between her son Sextus Pompey and Augustus. the historian saw Roman soldiers playing at
She was living at the time of the battle of Ac- draughts upon the far-famed picture of Bacchus
tium, 31. Augustus treated her with great re-(Dionysus) by Aristides; and Mummius himspect.                                    self was so unconscious of the real value of
MUCIANUS.  1. P. LcINIUS CRASSUS DIVES his prize, that he sold the rarer works of paintMUCIANUS, was the son of P. Mucius Scoevola, ing, sculpture, and carving to the King of Perand was adopted by P. Licinius Crassus Dives. gamus, and exacted securities from the masters
He was consul B.C. 131, and carried on the war of vessels who conveyed the remainder to Italy
against Aristonicus in Asia, but was defeated to replace by equivalents any picture or statue'by the latter. He succeeded Scipio Nasica as lost or injured in the passage. He remained in
pontifex maximus. He was distinguished both Greece during the greater part of 145 with the
as an orator and a lawyer.-2. LICINYUS MUCIA- title of proconsul. He arranged the fiscal and
NUS, three times consul, in A.D. 52, 70, and 75. municipal constitution of the newly-acquired
On Nero's death in 68, Mucianus had the com- province, and won the confidence and esteem
mand of the province of Syria, and he rendered of the provincials by his integrity, justice, and
efficient aid to Vespasian when the latter re- equanimity. He triumphed in 145. He was
527




MUNATIUS PLANCUS.                               MURGIS.
censor in 142 with Scipio Africanus the youn- sassinated by Pompey's order at the instigation
ger. The political opinions of Mummius in- of his freedman Menas, to whom Murcus had
clined to the popular side.-3. SP., brother of borne himself loftily.
the preceding, and his legatus at Corinth in  MURENA, LIcINIs. The name Murena, which
146-145, was an intimate friend of the younger is the proper way of writing the word, not MuScipio Africanus. In political opinions Spurius raena, is said to have been given in consequence
was opposed to his brother Lucius, and was a of one of the family having a great liking for
high aristocrat. He composed ethical and satir- the lamprey (murena), and building tanks (vivaical epistles, which were extant in Cicero's age, ria) for them. 1. P., a man of some literary
and were probably in the style which Horace knowledge, lost his life in the wars of Marius
afterward cultivated so successfully.     and Sulla, B.C. 82.-2. L., brother of the preMUNATIUS PLANCUS. Vid. PLANCUS.         ceding, served under Sulla in Greece, in the
MUNDA. 1. A Roman colony and an important Mithradatic war. After Sulla had made peace
town in Hispania Baetica, situated on a small with Mithradates (84), Murena was left as proriver, and celebrated on account of two battles practor in Asia. Anxious for distinction, Murefought in its neighborhood, the victory of Cn. na sought a quarrel with Mithradates; and after
Scipio over the Carthaginians in B.C. 216, and carrying on the war for two years, was at length
the important victory of Julius Cnesar over the compelled by the strict orders of Sulla to stop
sons of Pompey in 45. The town had fallen hostilities. Vid. p. 520, a. Murena returned
into decay as early as the time of Pliny. The to Rome, and had a triumph in 81. He probasite of the ancient town is usually supposed to bly died soon after.-3. L., son of the last,
be the modern village of Monda, southwest of served under his father in the second MithraMalaga; but Munda was more probably in the datic war, and also under Lucullus in the third
neighborhood of Cordova, and there are ruins Mithradatic war. In 65 he was praetor, in 64
of ancient walls and towers between Martos, proprietor of Gallia Cisalpina, and in 63 was
Alcandete, Espejo, and Beena which are con- electedconsulwith D. Junius Silanus. Servius
jectured to be the remains of Munda.-2. A  Sulpicius, an unsuccessful candidate, instituted
river. Vid. MONDA.                        a prosecution against Murena for bribery (amMUNYCHIA (Mowvvya), a hill in the peninsula bitus), and he was supported in the matter by
of Pireus, which formed the citadel of the ports M. Porcius Cato, Cn. Postumius, and Servius
of Athens. It was strongly fortified, and is fre- Sulpicius the younger. Murena was defended
quently mentioned in Athenian history. At its by Q. Hortensius, M. Tullius Cicero, who was
foot lay the harbor of Munychia, one of the then consul, and M. Licinius Crassus.  The
three harbors in the peninsula of Piraeus, forti- speech of Cicero, which is extant, was deliverfied by Themistocles. The names of these ed in the latter part of November. The orator
three harbors were Piraeus, Zea, and Munychia. handled his subject skillfully, by making merry
The last was the smallest and the most easter- with the formulae and the practice of the lawly of the three, and is called at the present day yers, to which class Sulpicius belonged, and
Phanari: Zea was situated between Piraeus and with the paradoxes of the Stoics, to which sect
Munychia. Most topographers have erroneous- Cato had attached himself. Murena was acly supposed Phanari to be Phaleron, and Zea to quitted, and was consul in the following year,
be Munychia. The entrance to the harbor of 62. 4. A. TERENTIUS VARRO MURENA, probably
Munychia was very narrow, and could be closed the son of the preceding, was adopted by A. Teby a chain. The hill of Munychia contained rentius Varro, whose name he took, according
several public buildings. Of these the most to the custom.in such cases. In the civil wars
important were, (1.) A temple of Diana (Arte- he is said to have lost his property, and C. Promis) Munychia, in which persons accused of culeius, a Roman eques, is said to have given
crimes against the state took refuge: (2.) The him a share of his own property. This ProcuBendideum, the sanctuary of the Thracian Ar- leius is called the brother of Varro, but, if we
temis Bendis, in whose honor the festival of take the words of Horace literally (Carem., ii.,
the Bendidea was celebrated: (3.) The theatre 2), Proculeius had more than one brother. It
on the northwestern slope of the hill, in which is conjectured that this Proculeius was a son
the assemblies of the people were sometimes of the brother of No. 3, who had been adopted
held.                                     by one Proculeius. This would make ProcuMURCIA, MURTEA, or MURTYIA, a surname of leius the cousin of Varro. It was common
Venus at Rome, where she had a-chapel in the enough among the Romans to call cousins by
circus, with a statue. This surname, which is the name of brothers (frater patruelis andfrater).
said to be the same as Myrtea (from. myrtus, a In 25 Murena subdued the Salassi in the Alps,
myrtle), was believed to indicate the fondness and founded the town of Augusta (now Aosta) in
of the goddess for the myrtle tree. In ancient their territory.. He was consul suffectus in 23.
times there is said to have been a myrtle grove In 22 he was involved in the conspiracy of Fanin the front of her chapel at the foot of the nius Caepio, and was condemned to death and
Aventine.                                 executed, notwithstanding the intercession of
MuRcus, L. STATYUS, was Caesar's legatus Proculeius and Terentia, the sister of Murena.
B.C. 48, antd praetor 45. He went into Syria Horace (Carm., ii., 10) addresses Murena by the
after his year of office expired; and after Ce- name of Licinius, and probably intended to give
sar's death became an active supporter of the him some advice as to being more cautious in
republican party. Cassius appointed him pre- his speech and conduct.
feet of the fleet. After the ruin of the republi-  MURGANTIA.  1. Vid. MORGANTIUM. - 2. A
can party at Philippi in 42, Murcus went over town in Samnium of uncertain site.
to Sextus Pompey in Sicily. Here he was as-  MureGI, a town in Hispania Bsetica, on the
528




MURIDUNUM.                                   MUSE.
frontiers of Tarraconensis, and on the road from  probably a mere translation of Mnemosyne or
Acci to Malaga.                           Mneme, whence they are called Mnemonides, or
MURIDuNUM or MORIDtUNUM (now Dorchester), of Jupiter (Zeus) and. Minerva, or, lastly, of
called DUNIUM by Ptolemy, the capital of the -Ether and Terra (Gaea).-2. Number of the MuDurotriges in the south of Britain. At Dorches- ses. Originally there were three Muses worter there are remains of the walls and the am- shipped on Mount Helicon in Beotia, namely,
phitheatre of the ancient town.           Melete (meditation), Mneme (memory), and Aoide
[MURR_.Nus, a companion of Turnus, slain by (song). Three Muses also were recognized at
L.neas in Italy.]                         Sicyon and at Delphi. As daughters of Jupiter
MURSs or MrTRSiA (now Esseck, capital of Sla- (Zeus) and Plusia we find mention of four MuvoRia), an important town in Pannonia Inferior, ses, viz., Thelxinoe (the heart delighting), Aoide
situated on the Dravus, not far from its junction (song), Arche (beginning), and Melete.  Some
with the Danube, was a Roman colony founded accounts, in which they are called daughters of
bythe Emperor Hadrian, and was the residence Pierus, mention seven Muses, viz., Nilo, Triof the governor of LowerPannonia. Here Mag- tone, Asopo, Heptapora, Achelois, TipopEo, and
snentius was defeated by Constantius II., A.D. Rhodia; and others, lastly, mention eight, which
351.                                      is also said to have been the number recognized
MURSELLA, or MURSA MINOR, a town in Pan- at Athens. At length, however, the number
nonia Inferior, only ten miles west of the great nine became established throughout all Greece.
Mursa.                                    Homer sometimes mentions Musa only in the
Mus, DEC'Is. Vid. DECIUS.               singular, and sometimes Musee in the plural, and
MUSA, ANTONIUS, a celebrated physician at once only he speaks of nine Muses, though withRome about the beginning of the Christian era. out mentioning any of their names. Hesiod is
He was brother to Euphorbus, the physician to the first who states the names of all the nine,
King Juba, and was himself the physician to the and these nine names became the usual ones.
Emperor Augustus. He had been originally a They are Clio, Euterpe, Thalia, Melpomene,
slave. When the emperor was seriously ill, and  Terpsichore, Erato, Polymnia or Polyhymnia,
had been made worse by a hot regimen and   Urania, and Calliope.-3. Nature and character
treatment, B.C. 23, Antonius Musa succeeded of the Muses. In Homer's poems, they are the
in restoring him to health by means of cold goddesses of song and poetry, and live in Olymbathing and cooling drinks, for which service pus; There they sing the festive songs at the
he received from Augustus and the senate a repast of the immortals. They bring before the
large sum of money and the permission to wear mind of the mortal poet the events which he
a gold ring, and also had a statue erected in his has to relate, and confer upon him the gift of
honor near that of AEsculapius by public sub- song. The earliest poets in their invocation of
scription. He seems to have been attached to the Muse or Muses were perfectly sincere, and
this mode of treatment, to which Horace alludes actually believed in their being inspired by the
(Epist., i., 15, 3), but failed when he applied it goddesses; but in later times the invocation of
to the case of M. Marcellus, who died under his the Muses was a mere formal imitation of the
care a few months after the recovery of Au- early poets. Thamyris, who presumed to excel
gustus, 23. He wrote several pharmaceutical the Muses, was deprived by them of the gift
works, which are frequently quoted by Galen, they had bestowed on him, and punished with
but of which nothing except a few fragments blindness. The Sirens, who likewise ventured
remain. There are, however, two short Latin upon a contest with them, were deprived of the
medical works ascribed to Antonius Musa, but feathers of their wings, and the Muses put them
these are universally considered to be spurious. on their own persons as ornaments. The nine
MUSA or MuZA (Movaa, Mola: now probably daughters of Pierus, who presumed to rival the
Moushid, north of Mokha), a celebrated port of Muses, were metamorphosed into birds. Since
Arabia Felix, on the western coast, near its poets and bards derived their power from the
southern extremity, or, in other words, on the Muses, they are frequently called either their
eastern shore of the Red Sea, near the Straits disciples or sons. Thus Linus is called a son
of Bab-el-Mandeb.                         of Amphimarus and Urania, or of Apollo and
MusmE (Moveaa), the Muses, were, according Calliope, or Terpsichore; Hyacinthus a son of
to the earliest writers, the inspiring goddesses Pierus and Clio; Orpheus a son of Calliope or
of song, and, according to later notions, divini- Clio, and Thamyris a son of Erato. These and
ties presiding over the different kinds of poetry, a few others are the cases in which the Muses
and over the arts and sciences. They were are described as mothers; but the more generoriginally regarded as the nymphs of inspiring al idea was, that, like other nymphs, they were
wells, near which they were worshipped, and virgin divinities.  Being goddesses of song,
they bore different names in different places, they were naturally connected with Apollo, the
until t3e Thraco-Beuotian worship of the nine god of the lyre, who, like them, instructs the
Muses spread from Bieotia over other parts of bards, and is mentioned along with them even
Greece, and ultimately became generally estab- by Homer. In later times Apollo is placed in
lished. 1. Genealogy of the Muses. The most very close connection with the Muses, for he
common notion was that they were the daugh- is described as the leader of the choir of the
ters of Jupiter (Zeus) and Mnemosyne, and born Muses by the surname Musagetes (Movaayryg)'.
in Pieria, at the foot of Mount Olympus. Some A further feature in the character of the Muses
call them the daughters of Ccelus (Uranus) and is their prophetic power, which belongs to them,
Terra (Gaea), and others daughters of Pierus partly because they were regarded as inspiring
and Antiope, or of Apollo, or of Jupiter (Zeus) nymphs, and partly because of their connection
and Plusia, or of Jupiter (Zeus) and Moneta, with the prophetic god of Delphi. Hence they
34                                                              529




MUSZEUS.                                 MUTINES.
instructed, for example, Aristaeus in the art of In other variations of the myth he was less defprophecy. As the Muses loved to dwell on initely called a Thracian. According to other
Mount Helicon, they were naturally associated legends, he was the son of Orpheus, of whom
with Bacchus (Dionysus) and dramatic poetry, he was generally considered as the imitator and
and hence they are described as the compan- disciple. Some accounts gave him a wife De
ions, playmates, or nurses of Bacchus (Diony- ioce and a son Eumolpus. There was a tradisus). The worship of the Muses points origi- tion that the Museum in Piraeus bore that name
nally to Thrace and Pieria about Mount Olym- from having been the place where Musseus was
pus, whence it was introduced into Bceotia; and buried. Among the numerous compositions atthe names of mountains, grottoes, and wells, tributed to him by the ancients, the most celeconnected with their worship in the north, were brated were his Oracles. Onomacritus, in the
likewise transferred to the south. Near Mount time of the Pisistratidte, made it his business
Helicon, Ephialtes and Otus are said to have to collect and arrange the oracles that passed
offered the first sacrifices to them. In the same under the name of Musaeus, and was banished
place there was a sanctuary with their statues, by Hipparchus for interpolating in the collection
the sacred wells Aganippe and Hippocrene, and oracles of his own making.-2. A grammarian,
on Mount Libethrion, which is connected with the author of the celebrated poem on the loves
Helicon, there was a sacred grotto of the Mu- of Hero and Leander. Nothing is known of
ses.  Pierus, a Macedonian, is said to have the personal history of the writer; but it is
been the first who introduced the worship of certain that the poem is a late production.
the nine Muses, from Thrace to Thespia, at the Some critics suppose that the author did not
foot of Mount Helicon. There they had a tem- live earlier than the fifth century of our era.
pie and statues, and the Thespians celebrated a Edited by Passow, Lips., 1810; and by Schaesolemn festival of the Muses on Mount Helicon, fer, Lips., 1825.
called Musea. Mount Parnassus was likewise  MUSAGTES. Vid. MUStSE.
sacred to them, with the Castalian spring, near  MusoNIUS RUFUS, C., a celebrated Stoic phiwhich they had a temple. The sacrifices offer- losopher, was the son of a Roman eques, and
ed to the Muses consisted of libations of water was banished by Nero to the island of Gyaros
or milk, and of honey. The various surnames in A.D. 66, under the pretext of his having been
by which they are designated by the poets are privy to the conspiracy of Piso. He returned
for the most part derived from the places which from exile on the accession of Galba, and seems
were sacred to them or in which they were to have been held in high estimation by Vespaworshipped, while some are descriptive of the sian, as he was allowed to remain at Rome
sweetness of their songs.-4. Representations of when the other philosophers were banished
the Muses in works of art. In the most ancient from the city. Musonius wrote various philoworks of art we find only three Muses, and their sophical works, all of which have perished.
attributes are musical instruments, such as the  MUSTI (Moears), a town in the Carthaginian
flute, the lyre, or the barbiton. Later artists territory (Zeugitana), near the River Bagradas,
gave to each of the nine sisters different attri-on the road from Carthage to Sicca Veneria.
butes as well as different attitudes. 1. Calliope, Here Regulus killed an enormous serpent.
the Muse of epic poetry, appears with a tablet  MUTHUL, a river of Numidia, the boundary
anta stylus, and sometimes with a roll of paper; between the kingdoms of Jugurtha and Adher2. Clio, the Muse of history, appears in a sitting bal. It is probably the same as the RUBRICAattitude, with an open roll of paper, or an open Tvs.
chest of boCiks; 3. Euterpe, the Muse of lyric  [MUTILUM, a fortified place in Gallia Cispapoetry, with a lute; 4. Melpomene, the Muse of dana, between the rivers Gabellus and Scultragedy, with a tr'gic mask, the club of Hercu- tenna, answering probably to the modern Meles, or a sword; he6 head is surrounded with dolo.]
vine leaves, and she wears the cothurnus; 5.  MUTILUS, C. PAPIUS, one of the principal SamTerpsichore, the Muse of choral dance and song, nite generals in the Marsic war, B.C. 90-89.
appears with the lyre and the. plectrum; 6. Erd-  MUTINA (Mutinensis: now Modena), an imto, the Muse of erotic poetry and mimic imita- portant town in Gallia Cispadana, on the high
tion, sometimes also has the lyre; 7. Polymnia road from Mediolanum to the south of Italy,
or Polyhymnia, the Muse of the sublime hymn, was originally a Celtic town, and was the first
usually appears without any attribute, in a pen- place which the Romans took away from the
sive or meditating attitude; 8. Urania, the Muse Boii. It is mentioned at the beginning of the
of astronomy, with a staff pointing to a globe; second Punic war (B.C. 218) under the name
9. Thalia, the Muse.of comedy and of merry or of Motina, as a fortified place inhabited by the
idyllic poetry, appears with a comic mask, a Romans; but it was not till 183 that it was
shepherd's staff, or a wreath of ivy. Some- made a Roman colony. Mutina is celebrated
times the Muses are seen with feathers on their in the history of the civil war afterCaesar's
heads, alluding to their contest with the Sirens. death. Decimus Brutus was besieged here'by
MusEus (MovaaZlo). 1. A semi-mythological M. Antonius from December, 44, to April, 43;
personage, to be classed with Olen, Orpheus, and and under its walls the battles were fought in
Pamphus. He was regarded as the author of which the consuls Hirtius and Pansa perished.
various poetical compositions, especially as con- Hence this war was called the Bellun Mutinected with the mystic rites of Ceres (Demeter) nense. The best wool in all Italy came from
at Eleusis, over which the legend represented the neighborhood of Mutina.
him as presiding in.the time of Hercules. He  [MUTINES (Movrivac, or MvrTTOac, Polyb.), a
was reputed to belong to the family of the Eu- Lybio-Phcenician, an active and able officer of
molpidae, being the son of Eumolpus and Selene. Hannibal, selected by him to take command in
530




MUTIUNUS.                                 MYGDON.
Sicily after the death of Hippocrates. Heprov- town. They effected their escape without a
ed a source of great annoyance to the Romans, surrender, and took refuge, some at Cleonm,
and baffled all their efforts to capture or subdue some in Achaia, and others in Macedonia. Myhim; but at length, having been superseded cenae was now destroyed by the Argives and
through the jealousy of Hanno, he betrayed  was never rebuilt; but there are still numerous
Agrigentum into the hands of the Romans, who remains of the ancient city, which, on account
rewarded him with the rights of citizenship, of their antiquity and grandeur, are some of
and bestowed other honors on him.]        the most interesting in all Greece. Of these
MUTUNUS or MUTINUS, was among the Ro- the most remarkable are the subterranean vault,
-mans the same as the phallus, or Priapus, among commonly called the "Treasury of Atreus," but
the Greeks, and was believed to be the most which was more probably a sepulchre, and the
powerful averter of demons, and of all evil that Gate of Lions, so called from two lions sculpresulted from pride, boastfulness, and the like. tured over the fate.
[MUTYcA. Vid. MOTUCA.]                    MYCENE (MvKicvn), daughter of Inachus and
[MUZYRIS (Movtpipc or Modovprg: now M1ird- wife of Arestor, from whom the town of Myjan), a port of the district Limyrica, on the cenae was believed to have derived its name:
west coast of India intra Gangem, five hundred the true etymology of the name is given above.
stadia (fifty geographical miles) east of Tyndis,  MYCERINUS or MECHERINUS (MvICepIvog, MeXewhere vessels usually landed.]            pivog), son of Cheops, king of Egypt, succeeded
MiCAXLU (MvrcacV7: now Samsun), a mountain his uncle Chephren on the throne. His conin the south of Ionia in Asia Minor, north of duct formed a strong contrast to that of his fathe mouth of the Mneander. _It forms the west- ther and uncle, being as mild and just as theirs
ern extremity of Mount Messogis, and runs far had been tyrannical. On the death of his daughout into the sea, opposite to Samos, forming a ter, he placed her corpse within the hollow body
sharp promontory, which was called Mycale or of a wooden cow, which was covered with gold.
Trogilium (TpyitoaIv, Tpwyi~ov: now Cape S. Herodotus tells us that it was still to be seen
Maria). This cape and the southeast promon- at SaYs in his time. We further hear of Mytory of Samos (Posidonium) overlap one an- cerinus that, being warned by an oracle that he
other, and the two tongues of land are separat- should die at the end of six years, because he
ed by a strait only seven stadia (little more than had been a gentle ruler and had not wreaked
three fourths of a mile) in width, which is re- the vengeance of the gods on Egypt, he gave
nowned in Greek history as the scene of the himself up to revelry, and strove to double his
victory gained over the Persian fleet by Leo- allotted time by turning night into day. He
tychides and Xanthippus, B.C. 479.  There began to build a pyramid, but died before it
seems to have been a city of the same name was finished. It was smaller than those of
on or near the promontory. On the northern Cheops and Chephren, and, according to Herodside of the promontory, near Priene, was the otus, was wrongly ascribed by some to the
great temple of Neptune (Poseidon), which was Greek hetaera Rhodopis.
the place of meeting for the Panionic festival  [MYcHvs (MvX6C), a harbor in the east of
and Amphictyony.                          Phocis, on the Crissaan Gulf, probably the modMYCALESSUS (MIvKa;lya6co: MvcKakX7cto), an ern Zalitza.]
ancient and important city in Bceotia, mention-  [MRci (MvKoi), a people of Asia, belonging to
ed by Homer, was situated on the road from  the fourteenth satrapy of the Persian empire.]
Aulis to Thebes. In B.C. 413 some Thracian  MYCdNus (Mvcovog: MvK6vtoS: now Mycono),
mercenaries in the pay of Athens surprised and a small island in the 2Egean Sea, one of the
sacked the town, and butchered the -inhabitants. Cyclades, southeast of Tenos and east of Delos,
From this blow it never recovered, and was in never attained any importance in history, but is
ruins in the time of Pausanias. It possessed a celebrated in mythology as one of the places
celebrated temple of Ceres (Demeter), who was where the giants were defeated by Hercules.
hence surnamed Mycalessia.                The island was poor and unproductive, and its
MvYCENA, sometimes MYCCENE (MvKcivat, Mv- inhabitants were rapacious. It contained two
v71OV?: MVKwlvaCot: now Karzata), an ancient towns, a promontory called Phorbia, and a
town in Argolis, about six miles northeast of mountain named Dimastus. The large numArgos, is situated on a hill at the head of a nar- ber of bald persons in this island was considrow valley, and is hence described by Homer ered worthy of record by several ancient writas " in a recess (pvvxC) of the Argive land:" ers.
hence the etymology of the name. Mycene is  [MYDON (Mvddv). 1. Son of Atymnius, charsaid to have been founded by Perseus, and was ioteer of Pylkemenes, a Trojan warrior, slain by
subsequently the favorite residence of the Pe- Antilochus.-2. Another Trojan warrior, slain
lopidae. During the reign of Agamemnon it by Achilles.]
was regarded as the first city in all Greece,  [MYECPHORITES NOMOS (MVeIOCOPtir7  VOL6 c),
but after the conquest of Peloponnesus by the a tract of Lower Egypt, opposite the city of
Dorians it ceased to be a place of importance. Bubastis, on an island, and probably so called
It still, however, continued an independent town from a city Myecphoris.]
till B.C. 468, when it was attacked by the Ar-  MYGDON (Mydov). 1. Son of Acmon, a Phryggives, whose hatred the Mycenaeans are said to ian king, who fought with Otreus and Priam
have incurred by the part they took in the Per- against the Amazons, and from whom some of
sian war in favor of the Greek cause. The the Phrygians are said to have been called Mygmassive walls of Mycene resisted all the at- donians. He had a son Corcebus, who is hence
tacks of the Argives; but the inhabitants were called Myg'donides. —[2. King of the Bebrycians,
at length compelled by famine to abandon their brother of Amycus, slain by Hercules when on
531




MYGDONIA.                                   MYRINA.
his expedition after the girdle of the Amazon  MY~w-  or MYONIA (MWsv, Mvovza: Mvov'6e(
Hippolyte.]                               a town of the Locri Ozoln, situated on a conMYGDONIA (IMvyoVEia: MWydove). 1. A dis- siderable height thirty stadia from Amphissa.
trict in the east of Macedonia, bordering on the and in one of the passes which led from AEtolia
Thermaic Gulf and the Chalcidic peninsula. into Phocis.
Its people were of Thracian origin.-2. A dis-  MYo0NNESUS (Mv6vvm7cao: now Cape Hypsili),,
trict in the north of Asia Minor, between Mount a promontory of Ionia, with a town and a little
Olympus and the coast, in the east of Mysia and island of the same name, south of Teos and
the west of Bithynia, named after the Thracian west of Lebedus, and forming the northerns
people Mygdones, who formed a settlement headland of the Gulf of Ephesus. Here the
here, but were afterward subdued by the Bi- Romans, under the prnstor L. 2iEmilius, gained'
thyni.-3. The northeastern district of Mesopo- a great naval victory over Antiochus the; Great:
tamia, between Mount Masius and the Chabo- B.C. 190.
ras, which divided it from Osroane. From its  MYos HORMos (6 Mv4SC pyog, i.e., Mouse-po,.
great fertility, it was also called Anthemusia or, as others render it, Muscle-port, for ju/g is,
('AvOeuovaia). The name of Mygdonia was first also the Greek for muscle, and this shell-fish is
introduced after the Macedonian conquests: in very common on the western coast of the Red:
the passage of Xenophon (Anab., iv., 3), some. Sea), afterward VENERIS PORTUS ('A0podirrp,
times cited to prove the contrary, the true read- spyoo), an important sea-port town of Uppering is Mapd6vtot, not Mvyd6vtot.          Egypt, built by Ptolemy II. Philadelphus on a
[MYGD6NIus (Mvyd6vtog: now probably Jakh- promontory of the same name, six or seven
jakhah), an eastern tributary of the Chaboras, days' journey from Coptos. Some of the best
flowing by the walls of Nisibis. Vid. ABORRHAS.] modern geographers identify the port with KIosMYIA (Mvya), daughter of Pythagoras and seir (latitude 200 10'), which is still an importTheano, and wife of Milo of Crotona. A let- ant port of the Red Sea, and the place of em.
ter, addressed to -a certain Phyllis, is extant barkation for the caravan to Mecca. Kosseir
under her name.                           lies due east of Coptos, and is connected with.
MYLEM (Mvaia: Mv2;ado~, Mv2a'ri-n). 1. (Now  it by a valley, which contains traces of an anIMielazzo), a town on the eastern part of the cient road, and which still forms, the route of
northern coast of Sicily, situated on a promon- the Mecca caravan. At the village of Abutory running out far into the sea, with a harbor Shaar, near Kosseir, are extensive ruins, which
and a citadel. It was founded by Zancle (Mes- are supposed to be the remains of the town of
sana), and continued subject to the latter city. Myos Hormos. Others, however, place it a
It was off Mylne that Agrippa defeated the fleet degree further north, in latitude 270 10', oppoz
of Sextus Pompeius, B.C. 36.-2. A town of site the Jaffatine islands.
Thessaly, in Magnesia, of uncertain site.   MYRA or MYRON (ra and V- Mvpa, 7 Mvpev'
MYLISA or MYLASSA, (ra MJ2laaa, MWiaaaa: Mvped: now Myra, Grk., Dembre, Turki., ruins),
Mv;Caaeic: now Melasso, ruins), a very ancient one of the chief cities of Lycia, and, under the
and flourishing inland city of Caria, lay eighty later Roman empire, the capital of the provincestadia (eight geographical miles) from the coast was built on a rock twenty stadia (two geoat the Gulf of Iassus, in a fertile plain, on and graphical miles) from the sea, and had a port
at the foot of an isolated rock of beautiful white called Andriaca ('AvdptaiKj). St. Paul touched
marble, which furnished the material for the here on his voyage as a prisoner to Rome, and
splendid temples and other public buildings of the passage where this is mentioned (Acts,
the city. The most important of these -build- xxvii., 5, 6) affords incidental proof that the
ings was the great national temple of Jupiter place was then an important sea-port. There
(Zeus) Carius or Osagon. Vid. CARIA. Mylasa are still magnificent ruins of the city, in great
was the birth-place and capital of HECATOMNUS. part hewn out of the rock.
Under the Romans it was made a free city. In  [MYRCINUS (MVPKcvoC), a small city and forthe civil wars it was taken and partly destroy- tress of Thrace, on the Strymon, founded by
ed by Labienus. Its remains are very exten- the Milesian Histizeus, with the consent of Dasive, and the ruins of the temple of Jupiter rius, as the capital of a small principality in
(Zeus) are supposed to have been found on the these regions: it fell, however, into the hands
rock which formed the Acropolis of the ancient of the Edoni, who made it their capital and the
city.                                    residence of their princes.]
MYNDUS (MWv6o-f: Mdvdtor: now probably   MYRIANDRUS (Mvpiavdpog), a Phcenician colPort Gumishlu, ruins), a Dorian colony on the ony in Syria, on the eastern side of the Gulf
coast of Caria, in Asia Minor, founded by set- of Issus, a day's journey from  the Cilician
tiers from Trcezene, probably on the site of an Gates. It probably stood a little south of Alexold town of the Leleges, which continued to andrea, at a spot where there -are ruins. Heexist under the name of Palemyndus. Myn- rodotus calls the Gulf of Issus 5 Maptavdetbcd
dus stood at the western extremity of the same  c62,7ror, a name evidently derived from this
peninsula on which Halicarnassus stood. It place, with a slight variation of form.
was not one of the cities of the Dorian Hexapo-  MYrRIcUs (MvptloOc), a city on the coast of
lis, but never became a place of much import- Troas, opposite to Tenedos.
ance.                                       MYRINA (75 Mvpiva, or Mvptva, Mv'pvva; Mv[MYNES (MvCvnr), son of Euenus of Lyrnessus, p1lV1: Mvptvaioc). 1. (Now Sandarlik?), a very
husband of Briseis, slain by Achilles, who car- ancient and strongly fortified city on the westried off captive his beautiful widow, the occa- ern coast of Mysia, founded, according to mythsion of the quarrel between him and Agamem- ical tradition, by Myrinus or by the Amazon
non.]                                    Myrina, and colonized by the 2Eolians, of whose
532




MYRINA.                                   MYRTIS.
confederacy it formed a member. It was also artist who did so. His great works were nearcalled Smyrna, and, under the Roman empire, ly all in bronze. The most celebrated of his
Sebastopolis: it was made by the Romans a statues were his Discobolus and his Cow. Of
civitas libera. It was destroyed by earthquakes his Discobolus there are several marble copies in
under Tiberius and Trajan, but each time re- existence. It is true that we can not prove by
built. It was the birth-place of the epigram- testimony that any of these alleged copies were
matic poet Agathias.-2. Vid. LEMNOS.      really taken from Myron's work, or from imita[MYRINA (Mvptva), an Amazon, said to have tions of it; but the resemblance between them,
given name to the city MYRINA, NO. 1: she is the fame of the original, and the well-known
mentioned in the Iliad (ii., 814).]       frequency of the practice of making such marMYRLE.A (MdvpetLa: Mvpteadvo: ruins at Ama- ble copies of celebrated bronzes, all concur to
poli, a little distance inland from Mudanieh), a put the question beyond reasonable doubt. Of
city of Bithynia, not far from Prusa, founded by these copies we possess one in the Townley
the Colophonians, and almost rebuilt by Prusias Gallery of the British Museum, which was
I., who called it APAMEA after his wife. The found in the grounds of Hadrian's Tiburtine
Romans colonized it under Julius Caesar and Villa in 1791. The Cow of Myron appears to
Augustus.                                 have been a perfect work of its kind. It was
MYRMECIDES (MvpKlrcid8n), a sculptor and en- celebrated in many popular verses, and the
graver, of Miletus or Athens, is generally men- Greek Anthology still contains no less than
tioned in connection with Callicrates, like whom  thirty-six epigrams upon it. The Cow was rephe was celebrated for the minuteness of his resented as lowing, and the statue was placed
works. Vid. CALLICRATES. His works in ivory on a marble base, in the centre of the largest
are so small that they could scarcely be seen open place in Athens, where it still stood in the
without placing them on black hair.       time of Cicero. In the time of Pausanias it
MYRMECYUM (MvpporKlov), a Scythian or Cim- was no longer there; it must have been remerian town of the Chersonesus Taurica, sit- moved to Rome, where it was still to be'seen
uated on a promontory of the same name at the in the temple of Peace in the time of Pronarrowest part of the Bosporus, opposite the copius.-3. Of Priene, the author of an historAchilleum in Asia.                       ical account of the first Messenian war, probaMYRMIDON. (Mvp/tdS6v), son of Jupiter (Zeus) bly lived not earlier than the third century B.C.
and Eurymedusa, daughter of Clitos, whom Ju-  MYRONIDES (Mvpovihf), a skillful and sucpiter (Zeus) deceived in the disguise of an ant. cessful Athenian general. In B.C. 457 he deHer son was for this reason called Myrmidon feated the Corinthians who had invaded Me(from /pvpjq:, an ant), and was regarded as the garis, and in 456 he defeated the Bceotians at
ancestor of the Myrmidons in Thessaly. He CEnophyta.
was married to Pisidice, by whom he became  MYRRHA (MJvpaa) or SMYRNA, daughter of Cinthe father of Antiphus and Actor.         yras and mother of Adonis. For details, vid.
MYRMIDONES (Mvp/ldorve), an Achaean race in ADONIS.
P-hthiotis in Thessaly, whom Achilles ruled over,  MYRRHINS (Mvpptvovc: MvPIvovatoc), a deand who accompanied this hero to Troy. They mus on the eastern coast of Attica, belonging
are said to have inhabited originally the island to the tribe Pandionis, a little south of the promof.Egina, and to have emigrated with Peleus ontory Cynosura. It is said to have been built
into Thessaly; but modern critics, on the con- by a hero Colaenus, and it contained a temple
trary, suppose that a colony of them emigrated of Diana (Artemis) Colaenis.
from Thessaly into 2Egina. The Myrmidones   MYRSLUS'(Mvpa~coC). 1. Vid. CANDAULES.disappear from-history at a later period. The 2. A Greek historical writer of uncertain date,
ancients derived their name either from a myth- a native of Lesbos, from whom Dionysius of
ical ancestor MYRMIDON, or from the ants (ufop- Halicarnassus borrowed a part of his account
ir]exc) in zEgina, which were fabled to have of the Pelasgians.
been metamorphosed into men in the time of  MYRSINUS. Vid. MYRTUNTIUM.
JEacus. Vid. lEACUS.                        MYRTILIS, a town of the Turdetani, on the
[MYRO (Mvp(5). Vid. MCCRO.]             Anas in Lusitania, possessing the Jus Latii.
MYRON (Mvpuv). 1. Tyrant of Sicyon, the   MYRTILUS (MvprpTof), son of Mercury (Herfather of Aristonymus, and grandfather of Clis- mes) by Cleobule, Clytia, Phaethusa, or Myrto.
thenes. He gained the victory at Olympia in He was the charioteer of (Enomaus, king of
the chariot-race in B.C. 648.-2. One of the Elis, whom he betrayed when Pelops contendmost celebrated of the Greek statuaries, and ed with his master in the chariot-race. He was
also a.sculptor and engraver, was born at Eleu- afterward thrown into the sea by Pelops near
thers,, in Boeotia, about 480. He is also call- Geraestus in Euboea; and that part of the
ed an Athenian, because Eleuthera had been'AEgean is said to have thenceforth been called
admitted to the Athenian franchise. He was after him the Myrtoan Sea.  Vid. CENOMAUS,
the disciple of Ageladas, the fellow-disciple of PELOPS. At the moment he expired he proPolycletus, and a younger contemporary of nounced a curse upon the house of Pelops,
Phidias. He flourished about 431, the time of which was henceforward tormented by the
the beginning of the Peloponnesian war. The Erinnyes. His father placed him among the
chief,characteristic of Myron seems to have stars as auriga.
been his power of expressing a great variety  MYRTIS (Mvprf), a lyric poetess, a native of
of forms. Not content with the human figure Anthedon in Boeotia. She was reported to have
in its most difficult and momentary attitudes, been the instructress of Pindar, and to have
he directed his art toward various other ani- contended with him for the palm of superiority.
ms, and he seems to have been the first great This is alluded to in an extant fragment of Co533




MYRTO.                                    MYSIA.
rinna. There were statues in honor of her in -  MSIA (E Mvcta, poet. Mvaic ala: M~vha6, M
various parts of Greece.                  sus and Mysius: now Chan Karasi, the northI [MYRTO (MvpLj). 1. Daughter of Aristides, western district of Anadoli), a district of Asia
the grandson of Aristides the Just, married, ac- Minor, called, also, the- Asiatic Mysia (Mavia i
cording to one account, by Socrates while Xan-'Actavi), in contradistinction to Mcesia on the
thippe was living. Boeckh thinks she was his banks of the Danube. Originally it meant of
first wife.-2. Vid. MYRTOUM MARE.]        course the territory of the Mysi, but in the
MYRT6UM MARE (TO' MvprO'ov 7r0Xayo'), the usual division of Asia Minor, as settled under
part of the Algean Sea south of Euboea, Atti- Augustus, it occupied the whole of the northca; and Argolis, which derived its name from  western corner of the peninsula, between the
the small island Myrtus, though others suppose Hellespont on the northwest; the Propontis on
it to come from Myrtilus, whom Pelops threw  the north; the River Rhyndacus and Mount
into this sea, or from the maiden Myrto.  Olympus on the east, which divided it from ByMYRTUNTIUM (Mvpr'oTvoYV: Mvp-rodetoc), call- thynia and Phrygia; Mount Temnus, and an
ed MYRsiNUS (Mvpctvoc) in Homer, a town of the imaginary line drawn from Temnus to the
Epeans in Elis, on the road from Elis to Dyme. southern side of the Elaltic Gulf on the south,
MYRTUS. Vid. MYRTOUM MARE.              where it bordered upon Lydia, and the A.Egean
MYs (Mbr), an artist in the toreutic depart- Sea on the west. It was subdivided into five
ment, engraved the battle of the Lapithae and parts: (1.) MYSIA MINOR (M.  t ztcp6), along the
the Centaurs and other figures on the shield of northern coast. (2.) MYsIA MAJOR (M. 71 /CePhidias's colossal bronze statue of Minerva ydZV), the southeastern inland region, with a
(Athena) Promachos in the Acropolis of Ath- small portion of the coast between the Troad
ens. He is mentioned as one of the most dis- and the ZEolic settlements about the Elaitic
tinguished engravers by several ancient writers. Gulf. (3.) TROAs (S TpcOdi), the northwestern
MYscELus (Mvaicetoe or Mdate;Aorg), a native angle, between the A3gean and Hellespont, and
of Achaia, and, according to Ovid (Metam., xv., the southern coast along the foot of Ida. (4.)
1), an Heraclid, and the son of an Argive named 2EOLIs or 2EOLIA (i7 Aiorir or Alotia), the southAlemon. He founded Croton in Italy, B.C. 710, ern part of the western coast, around the Elain accordance with the Delphic oracle. The or- itic Gulf, where the chief cities of the ZEolian
acle had commanded him to build a city where confederacy were planted, but applied in a wider
he should find rain with fine weather. For a sense to the western coast in general. And (5.)
long time he thought it impossible to fulfill the TEUTHRANIA (V' Tevopavia), the southwestern ancommand of the oracle, till-at length he found gle, between Temnus and the borders of Lydia,
in Italy a beautiful woman in tears; whereupon where, in very early times, Teuthras was said
he perceived that the oracle was accomplished, to have established a Mysian kingdom, which
and straightway founded Croton on the spot.  was early subdued by the kings of Lydia; this
MRsi (Mvaoi), one of the Thracian tribes who part was also called Pergamene, from the celseem to have crossed over from Europe into ebrated city of PERGAMUS, which stood in it.
Asia Minor before recorded history begins. This account applies to the time of the early
They appear to be the same people as the Mcesi Roman empire; the extent of Mysia, and its
(in Greek also Mvaoi), on the banks of the Dan- subdivisions, varied greatly at other times. In
ube. Vid. MOISIA. They stand in close con- the heroic ages we firtd the great Teucrian monnection with the Teucri. These two communi- archy of Troy in the northwest of the country,
ties appear to have moved from the banks of and the Phrygians along the Hellespont; as to
the Strymon to the southeast of Thrace, forc- the Mysians, who appear as allies of the Troing the Bithyni over the Thracian Bosporus jans, it is notclear whether they are Europeans
into Asia, and then to have crossed over into or Asiatics. The Mysia of the legends respectAsia themselves, by way of the ThracianBos- ing Telephus is the Teuthranian kingdom in the
porus, and to have settled on the southeastern south, only with a wider extent than the later
shore of the Propontis, as far west as the River Teuthrania.  Under the Persian -empire, the
Rhyndacus (the rest of the Asiatic coast of the northwestern portion, which was still occupied
Propontis and the Hellespont being occupied by in part by Phrygians, but chiefly by 2Eolian setPhrygians), and also in the eastern and south- tlements, was called Phrygia Minor, and by the
ern parts of the district afterward called MYSIA, Greeks HELLESPONTUS. Mysia was the regionin the mountains called Olympus and Temnus, south of the chain of Ida, and both formed,
and on the southern side of Ida. The Teu- with Lydia, the second satrapy. In the division
crians obtained a permanent footing also on the of the empire of Alexander the Great, Mysia
northern side of Ida, in the Troad. Being after- fell, with Thrace, to the share of Lysimachus,
ward driven westward over the Rhyndacus by B.C. 311, after whose defeat and death, in 281b
the Bithynians, and hemmed in on the west and it became a part of the Greco-Syrian kingdom,
north by the AEolian colonies, the Mysians may with the exception of the southwestern portion,
be regarded as about shut up within the ranges where Phileteerus founded the kingdom Of PERof Ida and Olympus on the north and northeast, GAMUS (280), to which kingdom the Whole of
and Temnus on the south. They were a sim- Mysia was assigned, together with Lydia, Phrygpie pastoral people, low in the scale of civiliza- in, Caria, Lycia, Pisidia, and Pamphylia, after
tion. Their language and religion bore a strong the defeat of Antiochus the Great by the Ro
resemblance to those of their neighbors, the mans in 190. With the rest of the kingdom of
Phrygians and Lydians, who were of the same Pergamus, Mysia fell to the Romans in 133 by
Thracian origin as themselves, and hence arose the bequest of Attalus IIl., and formed par of
the error, which is found in Herodotus, of de- the province of Asia. Under the later empire
riving them directly from the Lydians.   Mysia formed a separate proconsular proainc,
534




MYSIUS.                                  NABATLEI.
under the name of Hellespontus. The country the mouth of the Hellespont, was disputed in
was for the most part mountainous, its chief war between the Mytilenaans and Athenians,
chains being those of IDA, OLYMPUS, and TEmn- and assigned to the latter by the award of PeriNUS, which are terminal branches of the north- ander, tyrant of Corinth. Among the other colwestern part of the Taurus chain, and the union onies of Mytilene were Achilleum, Assos, Anof which forms the elevated land of southeastern tandrus, &c. Mytilene submitted to the PerMysia., Their prolongations into the sea form  sians after the conquest of Ionia and XEolis, and
several important bays. and capes; namely, furnished contingents to the expeditions of
among the former, the great Gulf of Adramyt- Cambyses against Egypt and of Darius against
tium (now Adramytti), which cuts off Lesbos Scythia. It was active in the Ionian revolt,
from the continent, and the Sinus Elaiticus after the failure of which it again became sub(now Gulf of Chandeli); and, among the latter, ject to Persia, and took part in the expedition
Sigeum (now Cape Yenicheri) and Lectum (now  of Xerxes against Greece. After the Persian
Cape Baba), at the northwestern and southwest- war it formed an alliance with Athens, and reern extremities of the Troad, and Cane (now  mained -one of the most important members of
Cape Coloni) and Hydria (now Fokia), the north- the Athenian confederacy, retaining its indeern and southern headlands of the Elaitic Gulf. pendence till the fourth year of the PeloponneIts rivers are numerous; some of them consider- sian war, B.C. 428, when it headed a revolt of
able, in proportion to the size-of the country, and the greater part of Lesbos, the progress and
some of first-rate importance in history and po- suppression of which forms one of the most inetry: the chief of them, beginning on the east, teresting episodes in the history of the Peloponwere RHYNDACus and MACEsTus, TARSIUs,,ESE- nesian war. (Vid. the Histories of Greece.)
PUS, GRANICUS, RHODIUs, SIMOIS, and SCAIMAN- This event destroyed the power- of Mytilene.
DER, SATNOIS, EVENUS, and CAIcus. The tribes Its subsequent fortunes can not be related in
of the country, besides the general appellations detail here. It fell under the power of the Romentioned above, were known by the following mans after the Mithradatic war. Respecting
distinctive names.: the Olympidni or Olympini its important position in Greek literary history,
('026v/zrwvvoi,'OQv/rvvoi), in the district of Olym- vid. LESB OS.
pine, at the foot of Mount Olympus; next to  MYTTISTRATUM. Vid. AMESTRATUS.
them, on the south and west, and occupying the  MYus (Mvovr: Mvoziator: ruins at Palatia),
greater part of Mysia Proper, the Abretteni, who the least city of the Ionian confederacy, stood
had a native divinity called by the Greeks Ze6s  in Caria, on the southern side of the Meeander,'A6perrnv6~; the Trimenthuritae, the Penta- thirty stadia from its mouth, and very near Midemnite, and the Mysomacedines, all in the re- letus.  Its original site was probably at the
gion of Mount Temnus.                     mouth of the river; but its site gradually beMiYsIus (now Bergama), a tributary of the came an unhealthy marsh; and by the time of
River CaYcus in Mysia, or rather the upper part Augustus it was so deserted by its inhabitants
of the Caicus itself, had its source in Mount that the few who remained were reckoned as
Temnus.                                   citizens of Miletus.
MysoN (Moawv), of Chenae, a village either in
Laconia or on Mount CEta, is enumerated by
Plato as one of the seven sages,- in place of
Periander.                                  NAARDA (Naapda), a town of Babylonia,
MYSTIA, a town in the southeast of Bruttium, chiefly inhabited by Jews, and with a Jewish
a little above the Promontorium Cocintum.  academy.
MYTILENE or MITYLENE (MvTeLvI,, MtTVXVIW:  NAARMALCHA or NAHRMALCHA (NaapyarXaf,
the former is the ancient form, and the one usu- Nap/u'iXxa?, i. e., the King's Canal: i /3aagi;etog
ally found on coins and inscriptions; the latter IroraoT6f, palutiK, &6d6pvf, flumen regium: Nahris sometimes found on inscriptions, and is the al-Malk or Ne Gruel 1Melek), the greatest of the
commoner form in MSS.: MvritXVvaoc, Mityle- canals connecting the Euphrates and the Tigris,
naus: lMytilene or Metelin), the chief city of was situated near the northern limit of BabyloLESBOS, stood on the eastern side of the island nia, a little south of the Median Wall, in latitude
opposite the coast of Lesbos, upon a promontory 330 5' about. Its formation was ascribed to a
which was once an island, and both sides of governor named Gobares. It was repairedupon
which formed excellent harbors. Its first foun- the building of Seleucia at its junction with the
dation is ascribed to Carians and Pelasgians. Tigris by Seleucus Nicator, and again under the
It was early colonized by the.Eolians. Vid. Roman emperors Trajan, Severus, and Julian.
LESBos. Important hints respecting its politi:  NABALIA. Vid. NAVALIA.
cal history are furnished by the fragments of  NABARZXNES (Na6apdrcivy), a Persian, conspirthe poetry of Alceaus, whence (and from other ed along with Bessus, against Darius, the last
sources) it seems that, after the rule and over- king of Persia. He was pardoned by Alexthrow of a series of tyrants, the city was nearly ander.
ruined by the bitter hatred and conflicts of the  NXB!T.MI, NXBXTH.M (Na6aralot, Na6arat: in
factions of the nobles and the people, till Pitta- the Old Testament, Nebaioth), an Arabian peocus was appointed to a sort of dictatorship, and ple, descended from the eldest son of Ishmael,
the nobles were expelled. Vid. ALUCuUs, PIT- had their original abodes in the. northwestern
Racus. Meanwhile, the city had grown to great part of the Arabian peninsula, east and southimportance as a naval power, and had founded east of the Moabites and Edornites, who dwelt
colonies on the coasts of Mysia and Thrace. At on the east of the Dead Sea and in the mountthe beginning of the seventh century B.C., the ains reaching from it to the Persian Gulf. In
possession of one of these colonies, Sigeum at the changes effected among the tribes of these
535




NABIS.                                   N2EVIUS.
regions by the Babylonian conquest of Judaea, league; and though Nabis met at first with
the Nabatiaeans extended west into the Sina- some success, he was eventually defeated by
itic peninsula and the territory of the Edomites, Philopcemen, and was soon afterward assassinwhile the latter took possession of the south of ated by some AEtolians who had been sent to
Judea (vid. IDUMMEI); and hence the Nabathae- his assistance (192).
ans of Greek and Roman history occupied near-  NABONASSAR (Na6ovdraapog), king of Babylon,
ly the whole of Arabia Petraea, along the north- whose accession to the throne was fixed upon
eastern coast of the Red Sea, on both sides of by the Babylonian astronomers as the era from
the 2lanitic Gulf, and in the Idumsean Mount- which they began their calculations. This era
ains (Mountains of Seir), where they had their is called the Era of Nabonassar. It commenced
celebrated rock-hewn capital, PETRA. At first on the twenty-sixth of February, B.C. 747.
they were a roving pastoral people; but, as their  NABRISSA or NEBRISSA (now Lebrija), surposition gave them the command of the trade named Veneria, a town of the Turdetani in Hisbetween Arabia and the west, they prosecuted pania Baetica, near the mouth of the Baetis.
that trade with great energy, establishing reg-  NACOLlA (Nac62etaa or -ia, or-NasteLaa: now
ular caravans-between Leuce Come, a port of Sidighasi), a town of Phrygia Epictetus, on the
the Red Sea, in the northwestern part of Ara- western bank of the River Thymbrius, between
bia, and the port of Rhinocolura (now El-Arish) Dorylaum and. Cotyneum, was the place where
on the Mediterranean, upon the frontiers of Pal- the Emperor Valens defeated his rival Procoestine and Egypt. Sustained by this traffic, a plus, A.D. 366.
powerful monarchy grew up, which resisted all  [NmBIS or NEsIS (N6tr, now Neyva),.a river
the attacks of the Greek kings of Syria, and on the western coast of Hispania Tarraconenwhich, sometimes at least, extended its power sis, between the Durius and the Minius.]
as far north as Syria. Thus, in the reign of  NENA, i. e., a dirge or lamentation, chanted
Caligula, even after the Nabathaeans had nom- at funerals, was personified at Rome and worinally submitted to Rome, we find even Damas- shipped as a goddess. She had a chapel outside
cus in possession of an ethnarch of " Aretas the the walls of the city, near the porta Viminalis.
king," i. e., of the NabathaeanArabs: the usual  NEVYus, CN., an ancient Roman poet, of
names of these kings were Aretas and Obodas. whose life few particulars have been recorded.
Under Augustus the Nabathaeans are found, as He was probably a native of Campania, and was
nominal subjects of the Roman empire, assist- born somewhere between B.C. 274 and 264.
ing _Elius Gallus in his expedition into-Arabia He appears to have come to Rome early, and
Felix, through which, and through the journey he produced his first play in 235. He was atof Athenodorus to Petra, Strabo derived import- tached to the plebeian party; and, with the
ant information. Under Trajan the Nabathae- licence of the old Attic comedy, he made the
ans were conquered by A. Cornelius Palma, and stage a vehicle for his attacks upon the aristoArabia Petraea became a Roman province, A.D. cracy. He attacked Scipio and the Metelli but
105-107. In the fourth century it was consid- he was indicted by Q. Metellus and thrown into
ered a part of Palestine, and formed the diocese prison, to which circumstance Plautus alludes
of a metropolitan, whose see was at Petra. The in his Miles Gloriosus (ii., 2, 56).  While in
Mohammedan conquest finally overthrew the prison he composed two plays, the Hariolus and
power of the Nabathaeans, which had been long Leon, in which he recanted his previous imputadeclining: their country soon became a haunt tions, and thereby obtained his release through
of the wandering Arabs of the Desert, and their the tribunes of the people. His repentance,
very name disappeared.                    however, did not last long, and he was soon
NABIS (Nd6ti), succeeded in making himself compelled to expiate a new offence by exile.
tyrant of Lacedaemon on the death of Machani- He retired to Utica; and it was here, probably,
das, B.C. 207. He carried the licence of tyran- that he wrote his poem on the first-Punic war;
ny to the furthest possible extent. All persons and here it is certain that he died, either in 204
possessed of property were subjected to inces- or 202. Naevius was both an epic and a drasant exactions, and the most cruel tortures if matic poet. Of his epic poem on the first Puthey.did not succeed in satisfying his rapacity. nic war a few fragments are still extant. It
One of his engines of torture resembled the was written in the old Saturnian metre; for
maiden of more recent times; it was a figure Ennius, who introduced the hexameter among
resembling his wife Apega, so constructed as to the Romans, was not brought to Rome till after
clasp the victim and pierce him to death with the banishment of Naevius. The poem appears
the nails with which the arms and bosom of the to have opened with the story of.neas's flight
figure were studded. The money which he got from Troy, his visit to Carthage and amour with
by these. means and by the plunder of the tem- Dido, together with other legends connected
ples enabled him to raise a large body of mer- with the early history both of Carthage and of
cenaries, whom he selected from among the Rome. It was extensively copied both by Enmost abandoned and reckless villains. With nius and Virgil. The latter author took many
these forces he was able to extend his sway passages from it, particularly the description
over a considerable part of Peloponnesus; but of the storm in the first AEneid, the speech with
his further progress was checked by Flamininus, which 2Eneas consoles his companions, and the
who, after a short campaign, compelled him to address of Venus to Jupiter.  His dramatic
sue for peace (195). The tyrant, however, was. writings comprised both tragedies and comeallowed to retain the sovereignty of Sparta, and dies, most of which were taken friom the Greek.
soon after the departure of Flamininus from  Even in the Augustan age Naevius was still a
Greece he resumed hostilities. He was oppos- favorite with the admirers of the genuine old
ed by Philopemen, the general of the Achean school of Roman poetry, and the line of Her536




NAVIUS SERTORIUS MACRO.                           NARMALCHA.
aee (Ep. ii., 1, 53) show that his works, if not ebrated for its sulphureous waters and white
so much read as formerly, were still fresh in color (sulphurea Nar albus aqua, Virg., iEn., vii.,
the memories of men. The best edition of the 517).
fragments of Nevius is by Klussman, 8vo, Jena,  NARAGGXRA (Nap'yapa: ruins at the modern
1843.                                     Kassir Jebir), one of the most important inland
NrEvius SERTORIUS MACRO. Vid. MACRO.    cities of Numidia, between Thagura and Sicca
[NAGARA (Nayapa), a city of the district of Veneria, was the scene of Scipio's celebrated
GoryEea in India intra Gangem, near the con- interview with Hannibal before the battle of
fluence of the Cophen and Choaspes; the same, Zama.
probably, as Nysa. Vid. NYSA, No. 1.]       NARBO MARTIUS, at a later time NARBONA
NAHARVALI, a tribe of the Lygii in Germany, (Narbonensis: now Narbonne), a town in the
probably dwelt on the banks of the Vistula. In south of Gaul, and the capital of the Roman
their country was a grove sacred to the wor- province of Gallia Narbonensis, was situated
ship of two divinities called Alces, whom Tac- on the River Atax (now Aude), also called Naritus compares with Castor and Pollux.     bo, and at the head of the Lake Rubresus or
NAHRMALCHA. Vid. NAARMALCHA.            Rubrensis (also called Narbonitis), which was
NAIADES. Vid. NYMPHM.                   connected with the sea by a canal. By this
NAIN (Natv: now Nain), a city of Galilee, means the town, which was twelve miles from
south of Mount Tabor. (Luke, vii., 11.)   the coast, was made a sea-port. It was a very
NAIsus, NAissus, or N ESUS (Naco6s, Naoaa6C, ancient place, and is supposed to have been
Nalaaog; now Nissa), an important town of originally called Atax. It was made a Roman
Upper Mcesia, situated on an eastern tributary colony by the consul Q. Marcius or Martius,
of the Margus, and celebrated as the birth-place B.C. 118, and hence received the surname Marof Constantine the Great. It was enlarged and tius; and it was the first colony founded by the
beautified by Constantine, was destroyed by Romans in Gaul. Julius Caesar also settled
Attila, but was rebuilt and fortified by Justin- here the veterans of the tenth legion, whence it
ian.                                      received the name of Colonia Decumanorum.
[NAMADUS (Ndpa6oc or NapadJr, now the Ner- It was a handsome and populous town, the resbuddah), a considerable river of India intra Gan- idence of the Roman governor of the province,
gem, rising in Mons Vindius, and emptying into and a place of great commercial importance.
the Sinus Barygazenus.]                   The coast was celebrated for its excellent oysNAMNETE:Or NAMINTES, a people on the west- ters. There are scarcely any vestiges of the
ern coast of Gallia Lugdunensis, on the north- ancient town, but there are still remains of the
ern bank of the Liger, which separated them  canal.
from Aquitdnia. Their chief town was Condi-  NARBONENSIS GALLIA. Vid. GALLIA.
vincum, aftbrward Namnetes (now Nantes).    NARCISSUS (NapLeaaoc). 1. A beautiful youth,
NAMUSA, JAuFIDIus, a Roman jurist, one of son of the river-god Cephisus and the nymph
the numerous pupils of Servius Sulpicius.  Liriope of Thespiae. He was wholly inaccessNANTUATE or NANTUATES, a people in the ible to the feeling of love; and the nymph
southeast of Gallia3Belgica, between the Rhoda- Echo, who was enamored of him, died of grief.
nus and the Rhenus, and at the eastern extrem- Vid. ECHO. One of his rejected lovers, howity of the Lacus Lemanus.                 ever, prayed to Nemesis to punish him for his
NAPAME. Vid. NYMPHZE.                   unfeeling heart. Nemesis accordingly caused
NAPXRIs, a northern tributary of the Danube: Narcissus to see his own image reflected in a
its modern name is uncertain.             fountain, and to become enamored of it. But,
NAPATA (Ncarara: probably-ruins at El-Kab, as he could not approach this object, he gradat the great bend of the Nile to the southwest, ually pined away, and his corpse was metabetween the fourth and fifth cataracts), the cap- morphosed into the flower which bears his
ital of an.LEthiopian kingdom north of that of name.-2. A freedman and secretary of the
Meroe, was the southernmost point reached by Emperor Claudius, over whom he possessed unPetronius, under Augustus.  Its sovereigns bounded influence. He long connived at the
were females, bearing the title of Candace; irregularities of Messalina; but, fearing that
aad through a minister of one of them, Chris- the empress meditated his death, he betrayed
tianity was introduced into.Ethiopia in the to Claudius her marriage with C. Silius, and
apostolic age (Acts, viii., 27). This custom of obtained the order for her execution, A.D. 48.
femrale government has been continued to our After the murder of Claudius, Narcissus was
own times in the neighboring kingdom of Shen- put to death by command of Agrippina, 54. He
dj. In the reign of Nero, Napata was only a had amassed an enormous fortune, amounting,
small town.                               it is said, to 400,000,000 sesterces, a little over
NAPOCA or NAPUCA (Napocensis or Napucen- $13,500,000 of our money.-3. A celebrated athsis), a Roman colony in Dacia, on the high road lete, who strangled the Emperor Commodus,
leading through the country between-Patavissa 192. He was afterward exposed to the lions
ahd Optatiana.                            by the Emperor Severus.
NAR (now Nera), a river in-central Italy, rises  NARIscI, a small but brave people in the
in Mount Fiscellus, on the frontiers of Umbria south of Germany, of the Suevic race, dwelt
and Picenum, flows in a southwesterly direction, west of the Marcomanni and east of the Herfarming the boundary between Umbria and the munduri, and extended from the Sudeti Montes
land. of the Sabini, and after receiving the Veli- on the north to the Danube on the south, thus
aus (now Velino) and Tolenus (now Turano), inhabiting part of the Upper Palatinate and the
aad passing by Interamna and Narnia, falls into country of the Fichtelgebirge.
-he Tiber not far from Ocriculum. It was eel-  NARMALCHA. Vid. NAARMALCHA.
537




NARNIA.                                 NAUPACTUS.
NARNIA (Narniensis: now Narni), a town in manded part of his fleet in the war with OctaUmbria, situated on a lofty hill on the southern vianus, 31.
bank of the River Nar, originally called NEQUI-  NASO, OVIDIus. Vid. OVIDIUS.
NUM, was made a Roman colony B.C. 299, when  [NASTES (Ndacof), son of Nomion, leader of
its name was changed into Narnia, after the the Carians before Troy.]
river. This town was strongly fortified by na-  [NAsuA, one of the leaders of the Suevi in
ture, being accessible only on the eastern and their irruption into Gaul about the time of Cuewestern sides. On the western side it could sar's arrival in that country.]
only be approached by a very lofty bridge which  NASUS or NEsus. Vid. (ENIADAE.
Augustus built over the river.              [NATHO (Na06), a nomos of Lower Egypt.
NARO, sometimes NAR (now Narenta), a river probably the same as the one called NeOVT by
in'Dalmatia, which rises in Mount Albius, and Ptolemy, between the Busiritic and Bubastic
falls into the Adriatic Sea.              mouths of the Nile.]
NAR6NA, a Roman colony in Dalmatia, situa-  NATIso'(now Natisone), a small river in Veneted on the River Naro, some miles from the sea, tia, in the north of Italy, which flows by Aquiand on the road to Dyrrhachium.           leia, and falls into the Sinus Tergestinus.
NARSES, king of Persia. Vid. SASSANIDM.   NATTA or NACCA, "a fuller," the name of an
NARSES (Napoag), a celebrated general and ancient family of the Pinaria gens. The Natta
statesman in the reign of Justinian, was a eu- satirized by Horace (Sat., i., 6,124) for his dirty
nuch. He put an end to the Gothic dominion meanness was probably a member of the noble
in Italy by two brilliant campaigns, A.D. 552, Pinarian family, and therefore attacked by the
553, and annexed Italy again to the Byzantine poet for such conduct.
empire. He was rewarded by Justinian with   [NAUBOLUS (Nav6oocr), king of Tanagra, one
the government of the country, which he held of the Argonauts, father of Iphitus, who is
for many years. He was deprived of this office hence called Nav6o;idVyt in Homer.]
by Justin, the successor of Justinian, where-  [NAUCLIDEs (Navic2eidnc, Dor. -eiday). 1. A
upon he invited the Langobards to invade Italy. Plataean, the leader of the faction who invited
His invitation was eagerly accepted by their and opened the gates for the Thebans who seized
king Alboin; but it is said that Narses soon upon Plateeaa B.C. 431.-2. One of the two Sparafter repented of his conduct, and died of grief tan ephors sent with the king Pausanias into
at Rome shortly after the Langobards had cross, Attica, B.C. 403, at the time when the Atheed the Alps (568). Narses was ninety-five years nians were hard pressed by Lysander; he corof age at the time of his death.          dially co-operated with Pausanias for defeating
NARTHACIUM (NapOdaKmv), a town in Thessa- the designs of Lysander.]
ly, on Mount Narthacius, southwest of Phar-  NAUCRATES (NavcpdrCn), of Erythrae, a Greek
salus.                                    rhetorician, and a disciple of Isocrates, is menNARYX, also NARYcus or NARYOIUM (N.pv~, tioned among the orators who competed (B.C.
Ndpvrof, NapVictov: Napvctor, NapvKalor: now  352) for the prize offered by Artemisia for the
Talanda or Talanti), a town of the Locri Opun- best funeral oration delivered over Mausolus.
tii on the Eubcean Sea, the reputed birth-place  NAUCRXTIS (NadKparnt: Nav/cpaerir7y  ruins
of Ajax, son of Oileus, who is hence called Na- at the modern Sa-el-Hadjar), a city in the Delta
rycius heros. Since Locri Epizephyrii, in the of Egypt, in the Nomus of SaYs, on the eastern
south of Italy, claimed to be a colony from Na- bank of tre Manopic branch of the Nile, which
ryx in Greece, we find the town of Locri called was hence called also Naucraticum Ostium.
Narycia by the poets, and the pitch of Bruttium  It was a colony of the Milesians, founded probalso named Narycia.                       ably in the reign of Amasis, about B.C. 550, and
NAXsXMNEs (Nacaauver), a powerful but savy- remained a pure Greek city. It was the only
age Libyan people, who dwelt originally on the place in Egypt where Greeks were permitted to
shores of the Great Syrtis, but were driven in- settle and trade. After the Greek and Roman
land by the Greek settlers of Cyrenaica, and aft- conquests it continued a place of great prospererward by the Romans. An interesting account ity and luxury, and was celebrated for its worof their manners and customs is given by Herod- ship of Aphrodite. It was the birth-place of
otus (iv., 172), who also tells (ii., 32) a curious Athenmeus, Lyceas, -Phylarchus, Polycharmus,
story respecting an expedition beyond the Lib- and Julius Pollux.
yan Desert, undertaken by five Nasamonian   NAUC-iDES (Navmnv6'g), an Argive statuary,
youths, the result of which was certain import- son of Mothon, and brother and teacher of Polant information concerning the interior of Af- ycletus II. of Argos, flourished B.C. 420.
rica. Vid. NIGEiR.                          NAUTJLCHUS.(NavAoXor), that is, a place where
NASICA, ScIPIo. Vid. SCIPIO.            ships can anchor. 1. A naval station on the
NASIDIniNUS, a wealthy (beatus) Roman, who eastern part of the northern coast of Sicily, begave a supper to Macenas, which Horace rid- tween Mylae and the promontory Pelorus: [it
icules in the eighth satire of his second book. was between Mylae and Naulochus that Sextus
It appears from v. 58 that Rufus was the cog- Pompey was defeated by the fleet of Octavianomen of Nasidienus.                      nus underAgrippa.]-2. A small island off Crete,
NASIDiUS, Q. or L., was sent by Pompey, in near the promontory Sammonium.-3. A naval
B.C. 49, with a fleet of sixteen ships to relieve station belonging to Mesembria in Thrace.
Massilia when it was besieged by D. Brutus. He  NAUMACHIUS (Nav/duXtor), a Gnomic poet, Of
was defeatedbyBrutus, and fled to Africa, where uncertain age, some of whose verses are prehe had the command of the Pompeian fleet. He served by Stobweus.
served in Sicily under Sextus Pompey, whom  NAUPACTUS (NaVrraKror: Navwrd/riog: now
he deserted in 35. He joined Antony, and cornm- Lepanto), an ancient and strongly-fortified town
538




NAUPLIA.                                  NAXOS.
of the Locri Ozolae, near the promontory Antir- fiuential popular leaders of Athens in the time
rhium, possessing the largest and best harbor of Philip, leader of an army sent by the Atheon the whole of the northern coast of the Co- nians to aid the Phocians; at first on friendly
rinithian Gulf. It is said to have derived its terms with ZEschines, but afterward battling on
name from the Heraclidae having here built the the side of the patriots, and after the disaster
fleet with which they crossed over to the Pel- of Chaeronea, stepping into the place of Demosoponnesus. After the Persian wars it fell into thenes.]
the power of the Athenians, who settled here  NAUSITHOUS (NavaiOoof), son of Neptune (Pothe Messenians who had been compelled to seidon) and Peribcea, the daughter of Eurymeleave their country at the end of the third Mes- don, was the father of Alcinous and Rhexenor,
senian war, B.C. 455; and during the Pelopon- and king of the Phaeacians, whom he led from
nesian war it was the head-quarters of the Hyperia in Thrinacia to the island of Scheria,
Athenians in all their operations against the in order to escape from the Cyclopes.
west of Greece. At the end of the Peloponne-  [NAUSTATHMUS (Nav'raOeoC). 1. A port-town
sian war the Messenians were obligedto leave on the eastern coast of Sicily, north of PromonNaupactus, which passed into the hands first of torium Pachynum.- 2. A port-town on the
the Locrians and afterward of the Achaeans. Pontus Euxinus, or, rather, on a salt lake joinIt was given by Philip, with the greater part of ed to the sea (now Hamamli Ghieul). —3. A
the Locrian territory, to AEtolia, but it was again port in Cyrenaica, between Erythrum and Apolassigned to Locris by the Romans.         lonia.]
NAUPLIA (NavTria: NavrArLv': now Nau-   NAUTACA (Navraica: now Naksheb or Kesh),
plia), the port of Argos, situated on the Saronic a city of Sogdiana, near the Oxus, toward the
Gulf, was never a place of importance in an- eastern part of its course.
tiquity, and was in ruins in the time of Pausa-  NAUTES. Vid. NAUTIA GENS.
nias. The inhabitants had been expelled by  NAUTIA GENS, an ancient patrician gens,
the Argives as early as the second Messenian claimed to be descended from Nautes, one of
war on suspicion of favoring the Spartans, who, the companions of lEneas, who was said to
in consequence, settled them at Methone in have brought with him the Palladium from
Messenia. At the present day Nauplia is one of Troy, which was placed under the care of the
the most important cities in Greece. -    Nautii at Rome. The Nautii, all of whom were
NAUPLYUS (Nav2irxao). 1. Of Argos, son of surnamed Rutili, frequently held the highest ofNeptune (Poseidon) and Amymone, a famous fices of state in the early times of the republic,
navigator, and the founder of the town of Nau- but, like many of the other ancient gentes, they
plia.-2. Son of Clytoneus, was one of the Ar- disappear from history about the time of the
gonauts, and a descendant of the preceding.-3. Samnite wars.
King of Eubcea, and father of Palamedes, CEax,  NAVA (now Nahe), a western tributary of the
and Nausimedon, by Clymene.   Catreus had Rhine in Gaul, which falls into the Rhine at the
given his daughter Clymene and her sister Ae- modern Bingen.
rope to Nauplius to be carried to a foreign land;  NAVALIA or NABALIA, a river on the northern
but Nauplius married Clymene, and gave Aerope coast of Germany, mentioned by Tacitus, probto Plisthenes, who became by her the father of ably the eastern arm of the Rhine.
Agamemnon and Menelaus. His son Palamedes   NAVIUS, ATTUS, a renowned augur in the time
had been condemned to death by the Greeks of Tarquinius Priscus. This king proposed to
during the siege of Troy; and as Nauplius con- double the number of the equestrian centuries,
sidered his condemnation to be an act of in- and to name the three new ones after himself
justice, he watched for the return of the Greeks, and two of his friends, but was opposed by Naand as they approached the coast of Eubcea he vius because Romulus had originally arranged
lighted torches on the dangerous promontory of the equites under the sanction of the auspices,
Caphareus.'The sailors, thus misguided, suf- and consequently no alteration could be made
fered shipwreck, and perished in the waves or in them without the same sanction. The tale
by the sword of Nauplius.                 then goes on to say that Tarquinius thereupon
NAUPORTUS (now Ober or Upper Laibach), an commanded him to divine whether what he was
ancient and important commercial town of the thinking of in his mind could be done, and that
Taurisci, situated on the River Nauportus (now  when Navius, after consulting the heavens, deLaibach), a tributary of the Savus, in Pannonia cared that it could, the king held out a whetSuperior. The town fell into decay after the stone and a razor to cut it with. Navius imfoundation of AEmona (now Laibach), which was mediately cut it. His statue was placed in the
only fifteen miles from it. The name of Nau- comitium, on the steps of the senate-house, the
portus is said to have been derived from the place where the miracle had been wrought, and
Argonauts having sailed up the Danube and the beside the statue the whetstone was preserved.
Savus to this place, and here built the town; Attus Navius seems to be the best orthography,
and it is added that they afterward carried their making Attus an old praenomen, though we freships across.the Alps to the Adriatic Sea, where quently find the name written Attius.
they again embarked. This legend, like many  NAxos (Na'oc: Nafor). 1. (Now Naxia), an
others, probably owes its origin to a piece of island in the 2Egean Sea, and the largest of the
bad etymology.                            Cyclades, is situated nearly half way between
NAUsiCAA (Navatica), daughter of Alcinous, the coasts of Greece and Asia Minor. It is
riag of the Phaeacians, and Arete, who con- about eighteen miles in length and twelve in
ducted Ulysses to the court of her father when breadth. It was very fertile in antiquity, as it'be was shipwrecked on the coast.        is in the present day, producing an abundance
~NAUsICLEs (Navai'tct), one of the more in- of corn, wine, oil, and fruit. It was especially
539




NAXiUANA.                                 NEAPOLIS.
celebrated for its wine,-and hence plays a prom-  NE1ERA (NEatpa), the name of several nymphs',
inent part in the legends about Bacchus (Dio- and also of several maidens mentioned by the
nysus). Here the god is said to have found poets.
Ariadne after she had been deserted by The-  NEETHUS (NeaLOor: now Nieto), a river in
seus. The marble of the island was also much Bruttium, in the south of Italy, falling into the
prized, and was considered equal to the Parian. Tarentine Gulf a little north of Croton. Here
Naxos is. frequently called Dia (ita) by the the captive Trojan women are said to have
poets, which was one of its ancient names. It burned the ships of the Greeks.
was likewise called Strongyle (Irpoyyvil;2) on  [NEALCES, a friend of Turnus, slew Salius
account of its round shape, and Dionysias (Ato- in the wars between Turnus and.Eneas in
vvcait) from its connection with the worship of Italy.]
Dionysus (Bacchus). It is said to have been  NEALCES (NeaXtcyr), a painter who flourished
originally inhabited by Thracians and then by in the time of Aratus, B.C. 245.
Carians, and to have derived its name from a  NEANDRIA (Neidvpeta: Neavdpelr, pl.), a town
Carian chief, Naxos. In the historical age it of the Troad, upon the Hellespont, probably an
was inhabited by Ionians, who had emigrated 2Eolian colony. By the time of Augustus it had
from Athens. Naxos was conquered by Pisis- disappeared.
tratus, who established Lygdamis as tyrant of  NEANTHES (NeadivO), of Cyzicus, lived about
the island about B.C. 540. The Persians in B.C. 241, and was a disciple of the MilesianPhi501 attempted, at the suggestion ofAristagoras, liscus, who himself had been a disciple of Isocto subdue Naxos; and upon the failure of their rates. He was a voluminous writer, principally
attempt, Aristagoras, fearing punishment, in- of history.
duced the Ionian cities to revolt from Persia.  NEiAPLIS (NEd'roRLf: NeaTro;tTf~, NeapolitaIn 490 the Persians, under Datis and Artapher- nus). I. In Europe. 1. (NowNNapoli or Naples),
nes, conquered Naxos, and reduced the inhabit- a city in Campania in Italy, on the western
ants to slavery. The Naxians recovered their slope of Mount Vesuvius and on the River Seindependence after the battle of Salamis (480). bethus, was founded by the Chalcidians of CuThey were the first of the allied states whom  mae, on the site of an ancient place called PARthe Athenians reduced to subjection (471), after THENOPE (lapOevo7r7), after the Siren of that
which time they are rarely mentioned in his- name. Hence we find the town called Parthentory. The chief town of the island was also ope by Virgil and Ovid. The year of the founcalled Naxos; and we also have mention of the dation of Neapolis is not recorded. It was callsmall towns of Tragaea and Lestadee. - 2. A  ed the "New City," because it was regarded
Greek city on the eastern coast of Sicily, south simply as a new quarter of the neighboring city
of Mount Taurus, was founded B.C. 735 by the of Cumae. When the town is first mentioned
Chalcidians of Euboea, and was the first Greek in Roman history, it consisted of two parts, dicolony established in the island. It grew so vided from each other by a wall, and called rerapidly in power that in only five or six years spectively Paleeopolis and Neapolis. This diviafter its foundation it sent colonies to Catana sion probably arose after the capture of Curnm
and Leontini. It was for a time subject to by the Samnites, when a large number of the
Hieronymus, tyrant of Gela; but it soon recov- Cumeeans took refuge in the city they had
ered its independence, carried on a successful founded; whereupon the old quarter was called
war against Messana, and was subsequently Palweopolis, and the new quarter, built to accoman ally of the Athenians against Syracuse. In modate the new inhabitants, was named Neapo403 the town was taken by Dionysius of Syra- lis. There has been a dispute respecting the
cuse and destroyed. Nearly fifty years after- site of these two quarters; but it is probable
ward (358) the remains of the Naxians scatter- that Palsopolis was situated on the western
ed over Sicily were collected by Andromachus, side, near the harbor, and Neapolis on the eastand a new city was founded on Mount Taurus, ern side, near the River Sebethus.  In B.C.
to which the name of Tauromenium was given. 327 the town was taken by the Samnites, and in
Vid. TAUROMENIUM.                         290 it passed into the hands of the Romans,
N.XUANA (Nagovdav: now Nakshivan), a city who allowed it, however, to retain its Greek
ofArmeniaMajor, on the Araxes, near the con- constitution. At a later period it became a
fines of Media.                           municipium, and finally a Roman colony. Under
NAZARETH, NAZARA (NaCapeO, or -r, or - a: the Romans the two quarters of the city were
Na'apalog, Naurpaioc, Nazarenus, Nazareus: united, and the name of Palasopolis disappeared.
now en-Nasirah), a city of Palestine, in Galilee, It continued to be a prosperous and flourishing
south of Cana, on a hill in the midst of the place till the time of the empire; and its beaurange of mountains north of the plain of Es- tiful scenery, and the luxurious life of its Greek
draelon.                                  population, made it a favorite residence with
[NAZARIUs  a Latin rhetorician, who taught many of the Romans. In the reign of Titus
eloquence at Bordeaux in the first half of the the city was destroyed by an earthquake, but
fourth century A.D. He was author of a pane- was rebuilt by this emperor in the Roman style.
gyric on Constantine, delivered before the Ce- The modern city of Naples does not stand on
sars Crispus and Constantine, which is pub- exactly the same site asNeapolis. The ancient
lished in the Panegyrici Veteres.]        city extended further east than the modern city,
NAZIANZUS (Naeaav'6g: Naatavyov6o), a city of since the former was situated'on the Sebethus,
Cappadocia, on the road from Archelais to Ty- whereas the latter does not reach so far as the
ana, celebrated as the diocese of the Father of Fiume della Madalena; but the modern city, on
the Church, Gregory Nazianzen. Its site is the other hand, extends further north and west
doubtful.                                than the ancient one, since the island of M&ga540




NEARCHUS.                                NECTANABIS.
Ois, on which the Castel del Ovo now stands, Alexander himself had been previously marwas situated in ancient times between Pausily- ried. In the division of the provinces after the
pum and Neapolis.  In the neighborhood of death of Alexander, he received the governNeapolis there were warm baths, the celebrated ment of Lycia and Pamphylia, which he held as
villa of Lucullus, and the villa Pausilypi or Pau- subordinate to Antigonus. In 317 he accomsilypum, bequeathed by Vedius Pollio to Au- panied Antigonus in his march against Eumegustus, and which has given its name to the nes, and in 314 he is mentioned again as one
celebrated grotto of Posilippo between Naples of the generals of Antigonus. Nearchus left a
and Puzzuoli, at the entrance of which the tomb history of the voyage, the: substance of which
of Virgil is still shown.-2. A part of Syracuse. has been preserved to us by Arrian, who has
Vid. SYRACUSsE.-3. (Now Napoli), a town on derived from it the whole of the latter part of
the western coast of the island of Sardinia, his "Indica."-[2. A Pythagorean philosopher
celebrated for its warm baths.-4. (Now Ka- of Tarentum; he adhered to the Roman cause
vallo), a sea-port town in Thrace, subsequently in the second Punic war, notwithstanding the
Macedonia adjecta, on the Strymonic Gulf, be- defection of his countrymen, and was on friendtween the Strymon and Nessus.-II. In Asia ly terms with Cato the censor, who lived in his
and Africa. 1. (Now Scala Nuova, or near it), house after the recapture of Tarentum by Faa small Ionian city on the coast of Lydia, north bius Maximus, B.C. 209.]
of Mycale and southwest of Ephesus.  The    NEBO, a mountain of Palestine, on the eastEphesians, to whom it at first belonged, ex- ern side of the Jordan, opposite to Jericho, was
changed it with the Samians for MARATHESIUM. in the southern part of the range called Abarim.
-2, 3. Two towns, of Caria, the one near Har- It was oh a summit of this mountain, called
pasa, the other on the coast, perhaps the new  Pisgah, that Moses died.
town of Myndus.-4. (Ruins at Tutinek?), in  [NEBRISSA. Vid. NABRISSA.]
Pisidia, south of Antioch; afterward reckoned  NEBRODES MONTES, the principal chain of
to Galatia. - 5. In Palestine, the SYCHEM or mountains in Sicily, running through the whole
SYCHAR of Scripture (1vxi/u, Evxdp, iotci a, of the island, and a continuation of the ApenJoseph.': now Nablous), one of the most ancient nines.
cities of Samaria, stood in the narrow valley  NECO or NECHO (NetciCO, NeXWC, Ne/carf, Nebetween Mounts Ebal and Gerizim, and was the Xa(Sd, Nexya), son of Psammetichus, whom he
religious capital of the Samaritans, whose tem- succeeded on the throne of Egypt in B.C. 617.
ple was built upon Mount Gerizim. This tem- His reign was marked by considerable energy
pie was destroyed by John Hyrcanus, B.C. 129. and enterprise. He began to dig the canal inIts full name, under the Romans, was Flavia tended to connect the Nile with the Arabian
Neapolis. It was the birth-place of Justin Mar- Gulf; but he desisted from the work, according
tyr. - 6. A small' town of Babylonia, on the to Herodotus, on being warned by an oracle that
western bank of the Euphrates, opposite to the he was constructing it only for the use of the
openingof tne King's Canal.-7. In-Egypt. Vid. barbarian invader. But the greatest and most
CIENE.-8. In Northern Africa, on the western interesting enterprise with which his name is
coast of the Great Syrtis, by some identified connected is the circumnavigation of Africa by
with Leptis Magna, by others with the modern the Phoenicians in his service, who set sail
Tripoli.-9. (Now Nabal), a very ancient Phce- from the Arabian Gulf, and, accomplishing the
nician colony, on the eastern coast of Zeugi- voyage in somewhat more than two years, entana, near the northern extremity of the great tered the Mediterranean, and returned to Egypt
gulf which was called after it Sinus Neapoli- through the Straits of Gibraltar. His military
tanus (now Gulf of Hammamet). Under the Ro-expeditions were distinguished at first by brilmans it was a libera civitas, and, according to liant success, which was followed, however, by
Ptolemy, a colony.                        the most rapid and signal reverses. On his
NEARCHUS (Ngapxo). 1. A distinguished friend march against the Babylonians and Medes, whose
and officer of Alexander, was a native of Crete, joint forces had recently destroyed Nineveh, he
but settled at Amphipolis. He appears to have was met at Magdolus (Megiddo) by Josiah, king
occupied a prominent position at the court of of Judah, who was a vassal of Babylon. In the
Philip, by whom he was banished for participat- battle which ensued, Josiah was defeated and
ing in the intrigues of Alexander.  After the mortally wounded, and Necho advanced to the
death of Philip he was recalled, and treated Euphrates, where he conquered the Babylonians,
with the utmost distinction by Alexander. He and took Carchemish or Circesium, where he
accompanied the king to Asia; and in B.C. 325, appears to have established a garrison. After
he was intrusted by Alexander with the com- the battle at Megiddo he took the town of Cadmand of the fleet which he had caused to be ytis, probably Jerusalem.  In 606 Nebuchadconstructed on the Hydaspes. Upon reaching nezzar attacked Carchemish, defeated Necho,
the mouth of the Indus, Alexander resolved to and would appear also to have invaded Egypt
send round his ships by sea from thence to the itself. In 601 Necho died, after a reign of sixPersian Gulf,' and he gladly accepted the offer teen years, and was succeeded by his son Psamof Nearchus to undertake the command of the mis or Psammuthis.
fleet during this long and perilous navigation.  NECTANXBIS, NECTANEBUS, or NECTANEBES.Nearchus set out on the twenty-first of Sep- (NcrEKTva&6, NecirdvEof, Netcrae6t).. 1. King
tember, 326, and arrived at Susa in safety in of Egypt, the first of the three sovereigns of the
February, 325. He was rewarded with a crown Sebennite dynasty, succeeded Nepherites on the
of gold for his distinguished services, and, at throne about B.C. 374, and in the following year
the same time, obtained in marriage a daughter successfully resisted the invasion of the Persian
of the Rhodian Mentor and of Barsine, to whom  force under Pharnabazus and Iphicrates. He
541




NEDA.                                   NEMESIS.
died after a reign of ten years, and was sue- citizens in a war with the Carians.-3. Of Seepceeded by Tachos.-2. The nephew of Tachos, sis, the son of Coriscus, was a disciple of Arisdeprived the latter of the sovereignty in 361, totle and Theophrastus, the latter of whom bewith the assistance of Agesilaus. For some queathed to him his library, and appointed him
time he defeated all the attempts of Artaxerxes one of his executors. The history of the writIII. (Ochus) to recover Egypt, but he was at ings of Aristotle, as connected with Neleus and
length defeated himself, and, despairing of mak- his heirs, is related elsewhere (p. 102, b).
ing any further resistance, he fled to.Ethiopia,  NELIDES, NfELEIADES, and NfELEUS (NnEidf?,
350. Nectanabis was the third king of the Se- N     Nvdcig6v, Nvajioc), patronymics of Neleus, by
bennite dynasty, and the last native sovereign which either Nestor, the son of Neleus, or Anwho ever ruled in Egypt.                  tilochus, his grandson, is designated.
NEDA (Ne6a: now Buzi), a river in Pelopon-  NEMAUSUS (Nemausensis: now Nismes), one
nesus, rises in Arcadia in Mount Cerausion, a of the most important towns of Gallia Narbobranch of Mount Lyceaus, and falls into the nensis, was the capital of the Arecomici and a
Ionian Sea after forming the boundary between Roman colony. It was situated inland east of
Arcadia and Messenia, and between Messenia the Rhone, on the high road from Italy to Spain,
and Elis.                                 and on the southern slope of Mons Cevenna. It
NEGRA or NEGRANA (r-a Niypava: now El- was celebrated as the place from which the famNokra, north of Mareb), a city of Arabia Felix, ily of the Antonines came. Though rarely mendestroyed by 2Elius Gallus.               tioned by ancient writers, the Roman remains
[NEIUM (Ni'ov). Vid. ITHACA.]           at Nismes, which are some of the most perfect
NELEUS (Nyae6VJ). 1. Son of Tyro, the daugh- north of the Alps, prove that the ancient Neter of Salmoneus.  Neptune (Poseidon) once mausus was a large and flourishing city. Of
visited Tyro in the form of the river-god Enip- these remains the most important are the ameus, and she became by him the mother of Pelias phitheatre, the Maison Carree, a name given to a
and Neleus. To conceal her shame, she exposed beautiful Corinthian temple, and the magnificent
the two boys, but they were found and reared by aqueduct, now called Pont du Gard, consisting
some countrymen. They subsequently learned of three rows of arches, raised one above the
their parentage; and after the death of Creth- other, and one hundred and eighty feet in height.
eus, king of olcos, who had married their moth-  NEMEA (Neufa, Ion. N/uyV), a valley in Argoer, they seized the throne of Iolcos, excluding lis, between Cleonae and Phlius, celebrated in
AElson, the son of Cretheus and Tyro; but Pelias mythical story as the place where Hercules slew
soon afterward expelled his brother, and thus the Nemean lion. Vid. p. 356, b. In this valbecame sole king: thereupon Neleus went with ley there was a splendid temple of Jupiter (Zeus)
Melampus and Bias to Pylos, which his uncle Nemeus surrounded by a sacred grove, in which
Aphareus gave to him, and of which he thus be- the Nemean games were celebrated every other
came king. Several towns of this name claim- year. Vid. Dict. of Antiq., art. NEMEA.
ed the honor of being the city of Neleus or of his  NEMESINUS, M. AURELIUS OLYMPIUS, a ROson Nestor, such as Pylos in Messenia, Pylos in man poet, probably a native of Africa, flourished
Elis, and Pylos in Triphylia; the last of which at the court of the Emperor Carus (A.D. 283),
is probably the one mentioned by Homer in con- carried off the prize in all the poetical contests
nection with Neleus and Nestor. Neleus was of the day, and was esteemed second to the
married to Chloris, a daughter of Amphion of youthful prince Numerianus alone, who honored
Orchomenos, according to Homer, and a Theban him so far as to permit him to dispute, and to
woman according to others. By her he became yield to him the palm of verse. We are told that
the father of Nestor, Chromius, Periclymenus, Nemesianus was the author of poems upon fishand Pero, though he had in all twelve sons. ing, hunting, and aquatics, all of which have perWhen Hercules had killed Iphitus, he went to ished with the exception of a fragment of the
Neleus to be purified; but Neleus, who was a Cynegetica, extending to three hundred and
friend of Eurytus, the father of Iphitus, refused twenty-five hexameter lines, which, in so far as
to grant the request of Hercules. In order to neatness and purity of expression are concerntake vengeance, Hercules afterward marched ed, in some degree justifies the admiration of
against Pylos, and slew all the sons of Neleus, his contemporaries. The best edition of this
with the exception of Nestor: some later writ- fragment is by Stern, published along with Graers add that Neleus himself was also killed. tius Faliscus, Hal. Sax., 1832.
Neleus was now attacked, and his dominions  NEMESIS (Niuzeat), a Greek goddess, is most
plundered by Augeas, king of the Epeans; but commonly described as a daughter of Night,
the attacks of the latter were repelled by Nes- though some call her a daughter of Erebus or
tor. The descendants of Neleus,- the Nelidee, of Oceanus. She is a personification of the morwere eventually expelled from their kingdom by al reverence for law, of the natural fear of comthe Heraclidee, and migrated for the most part mitting a culpable action, and hence of conto Athens.-2. The younger son of Codrus,dis- science. In later writers, as Herodotus and
puted the right of his elder brother Medon to the Pindar, Nemesis measures out happiness and
crown on account of his lameness, and when the unhappiness to mortals; and he who is blessed
Delphic oracle declared in favor of Medon, he with too many or too frequent gifts of fortune,
placed himself at the head of the colonists who is visited by her with losses and sufferings, in
migrated to Ionia, and himself founded Miletus. order that he may'become humble. This notion
His son 2Epytus headed the colonists who set- arose from a belief that the gods were envious
tied in Priene. Another son headed a body of of excessive human happiness. Nemesis was
settlers who re-enforced the inhabitants of Ia- thus a check upon extravagant favors conferred
sus, after they had lost a great number of their upon man by Tyche or Fortune; and from this
542




iNEMESIUS.                            IN'EOPTOLEM~US.
idea lastly arose that of her being an avenging PnRRuvs, son of Achilles and Deidamia, the
and punishing fate, who, like Justice (Dike) and daughter of Lycomedes; according to some, he
the Erinnyes, sooner or later overtakes the reck- was a son of Achilles and Iphigenia, and after
less sinner. She is frequently mentioned under the sacrifice of his mother was carried by his
the surnames ofAdrastia (vid. ADRASTIA, No. 2), father to the island of Scyros. The name of
and Rhamnusia or Rhamnusis, the latter of Pyrrhus is said to have been given to him by
which she derived from the town of Rhamnus Lycomedes because he had fair (7rvp,66) hair, or
in Attica, where she had a celebrated sanctua- because Achilles, while disguised as a girl, had
ry. She was usually represented in works of borne the name of Pyrrha. He was called Neart as a virgin divinity: in the more ancient optolemus, that is, young or late warrior, either
works she seems to have resembled Aphrodite because he had fought in early youth, or be(Venus), whereas in the later ones she was more cause he had come late to Troy. From his fagrave and serious. But there is an allegorical ther he is sometimes called Achillides, and from
tradition that Zeus (Jupiter) begot by Nemesis his grandfather or great-grandfather, Pelides and
at Rhamrnus an egg, which Leda found, and from  Eacides. Neoptolemus was brought up in Scywhich Helena and the Dioscuri sprang, whence ros in the palace of Lycomedes, and was fetched
lielena herself is called Rhamnusis.      from thence by Ulysses to join the Greeks in the
NdIisfus (Nepleatof), the author of a Greek war against Troy, because it had been prophetreatise On the Nature of AlMan, is called bishop sled by Helenus that Neoptolemus and Philocof Emesa, in Syria, and probably lived at the end tetes were necessary for the capture of Troy.
of the fourth or beginning of the fifth century At Troy Neoptolemus showed himself worthy
ifter Christ. His treatise is an interesting phil- of his great father. He was one of the heroes
osophical work, which has generally been highly concealed in the wooden horse. At the capture
praised by all who have read it. Edited by Mat- of the city he killed Priam at the sacred hearth
thaei, Hale, 8vo, 1802.                   of Jupiter (Zeus), and sacrificed Polyxena to the
NEMETACUAM. Vid. NEMETOCENNA.           spirit of his father. When the Trojan captives
NEsIETES or NEMAITTLE, a people in Gallia Bel- were distributed among the conquerors, Angica, on the Rhine, whose chief town was No- dromache, the widow of Hector, was given to
viomagus, subsequently Nemetae (now Speyer or Neoptolemus, and by her he became the father
Spires).                                  of Molossus, Pielus, Pergamus, and Amphialus.
NEIETOCENNA or NEMETACUM (now Arras), the Respecting his return from Troy and the subsechief town of the Atrebates in Gallia Belgica, quent events of his life, the traditions differ.
subsequentlyAtrebati, whence its modern name. It is related that Neoptolemus returned home by
NEMIORENSIS LAcUS. Vid. ARIClA.         land, because he had been forewarned by HeleNEiMOssUS. Vid. ARVERNI.                nus of the dangers which the Greeks would have
NEOBfLE. Vid. ARCHILOCHUS.             to encounter at sea. According to Homer, NeNEc.IEOsAREA(Neoicaetcapei: Neo/catcapevf,Ne- optolernus lived in Phthia, the kingdom of his
ocsariensis). 1. (NowNTiksar), the capital, un- father, and here he married Hermione, whom
der the Roman empire, of Pontus Polemonia- her father Menelaus sent to him fiom Sparta.
cus, in Asia Minor, stood on the River Lycus, According to others, Neoptolemus himself went
sixty-three Roman miles east of Amasia. It to Sparta to receive Hermione, because he had
was a splendid city, and is famous in ecc!lesi- heard a report that she was betrothed to Oresastical history for the council held there in A.D. tes. Most writers relate that he abandoned his
314.-2. (Now Ifulat-en-Nejur? ruins), a fortress native kingdom of Phthia, and settled in Epirus,
established by Justinian, on the Euphrates, in where he became the ancestor of the Molossian
the district of Syria called Chalybonitis.  kiings. Shortly after his marriage with HermiNdON (NCa ~: NeJpvOfg, Neovvatot), an ancient one, Neoptolemus went to Delphi, where he was
town in Phocis at the eastern foot of Mount Ti- murdered; but the reason of his visiting Delthorea, a branch of Mount Parnassus, was eighty phi, as well as the person by whom he was slain,
stadiafromrDelphi acrossthe mountains. Neon are differently related. Some say he went to
was destroyed by the Persians underXerxes,but plunder the temple of Apollo, others to present
was subsequently rebuilt, and named TITH6Rd.dA  part of the Trojan booty as an offering to the
(TtOopie: TtOopevr) after the mountain on which god, and others, again, to consult the god about
it was situated. The new town, however, was the means of obtaining children by Hermione.
not on exactly the same site as the ancient one. Some relate that he was slain at the instigation
Tithorea was situated at the modern Velizza, and of Orestes, who was angry at being deprived of
Neon at PaleaE-Fiva, between four and five miles Hermione, and others, by the priest of the temnorth of Velitza. Tithorea was destroyed in the ple, or by Machnereus, the son of Dwstas. His
Sacred war, and was again rebuilt, but remained body was buried at Delphi, and he was woran unimportant, though fortified place.   shipped there as a hero.-2. I. King of Epirus,
NEONTiCHOS (NTeOV TrEXO, i. e., N~ew Wall). 1. was son of Alcetas I., and father of Alexander
(Now Ainadsjik), one of the twelve cities of Eo- I., and of Olympias, the mother of Alexander
lis, on the coast of Mysia, in Asia Minor, stood the Great. Neoptolemus reigned in conjuncon the northern side of the Hermus, on the slope tion with his brother Arymbas or Arrybas till
of Mount Sardene, thirty stadia inland from La- his death, about B.C. 360.-3. II. King of Epirus,
rissa. One tradition makes it older than Cyme; son of Alexander I., and grandson of the precedbut the more probable account is that it was built ing. At his father's death in 326 he was probby the AEolians of Cyme as a fortress against the ably a mere infant, and his pretensions to the
Pelasgians of Larissa. —2. A fort on the coast of throne were passed over in favor of zEacides.
Thrace, near the Chersonesus.            It was not till 302 that the Epirots, taking adINEOPTOLEIUS (Neomrrd62/or). 1. Also called vantage of the absence of Pyrrhus, the son of
543




NEPETE.                                    NEREIS.
Eacides, rose in insurrection against him, and ed the work of Nepos, and that the biographlie
set up Neoptolemus in his stead. The latter as they now exist, are in reality epitomes of
reigned for the space of six years, but was lives actually written byNepos. The most useobliged to share the throne with Pyrrhus in 296. ful editions of these lives are by Van Staveren,
He was shortly afterward assassinated by Pyr- 8vo, Lugd. Bat., 1773; by Tzschucke, 8vo, Golrhus.-4. A Macedonian officer of Alexander the ting., 1804; by Bremi, 8vo, Zurich, 1820; and
Great, after whose death he obtained the gov- by Roth, Basil., 8vo, 1841.
ernment of Armenia. In 321 he, revolted from  NEPOS, JULIUS, last emperor but one of the
Perdiccas, and joined Craterus, but he was de- West, A.D. 474-475, was raised to the throne
feated by Eumenes, and was slain in battle by by Leo, the emperor of the East. Nepos easily
the hands of the latter.-5. A general of Mith- deposed Glycerius, who was regarded at Conradates, and brother of Archelaus.-6. An Athe- stantinople as a usurper (vid. GLYCERISS); but
nian tragedian, who performed at the games at he was in his turn deposed in the next year by
which Philip of Macedon was slain, 336.-7. Of Orestes, who proclaimed his son Romulus. NeParos, a Greek grammarian of uncertain date, pos fled into Dalmatia, where he was killed in
wrote several works quoted by Athenaus and 480.
the scholiasts.                              NEPOTiANUS, FLAViUS POPiius, son of EutroNEPETE, NEPE or NEPET (Nepesinus: now    pia, the half-sister of Constantine the Great,
Nepi), an ancient town of Etruria, but not one was proclaimed emperor at Rome in A.D. 350,
of the twelve cities, was situated near the saltus but was slain by Marcellinus, the general of the
Ciminius, and was regarded as one of the keys usurper Magnentius, after a reign of tv'entyand gates of Etruria (claustra portceque Etrurica, eight days.
Liv., vi., 9). It appears as an ally of the Ro-  NEPTUNUS, called POSEIDON by the Greeks.
mans at an early period, soon after the capture The Greek god is spoken of in a separate artiof Rome by the Gauls, and was subsequently cle. Vid. POSEIDON. Neptunus was the chief
made a Roman colony. There are still remains marine divinity of the Romans. As the early
at Nepi of the walls of the ancient city.  Romans were not a maritime people, the marine
NEPHELE (Nepe?7), wife ofAthamas, andmoth- divinities are rarely mentioned, and we scarcely
er of Phrixus andHelle. Hence Helle is called know with certainty what day in the year was
Nepheleis by Ovid. For details, vid. ATHAMAS.  set apart as the festival of Neptunus, though it
NEPHiLIS (Nece2fi), a small town and promon- seems to have been the twenty-third of July
tory on the coast of Cilicia Aspera, between (X. Kal. Sext.). HIis temple stood in the CamAnemurium and Antiochia.                   pus Martius, not far from the septa. At his fesNEPHERIS (Ngeeptc), a fortified town in the tival the people formed tents (umbree) of the
immediate neighborhood of Carthage, on a rock branches of trees, in which they enjoyed themnear the coast.                            selves in feasting and drinking. Vid. Diet. of
NEPOS, CORNELYUS, the contemporary and Ant., art. NEPTUNALIA. When a Roman comfriend of Cicero, Atticus, and Catullus, was mander set sail with a fleet, he first offered up
probably a native of Verona, or of some neigh- a sacrifice to Neptunus, which was thrown into
boring village, and died during the reign of Au- the sea. In the Roman poets Neptunus is comgustus. No other particulars with regard to pletely identified with the Greek Poseidon, and.his personal history have been transmitted to accordingly, all the attributes of the latter are
us. He is known to have written the following transferred by them to the former.
pieces, all of which are now lost: 1. Chronica,  [NEQUINUM,- earlier name of Narnia.  Vid.
an Epitome of Universal History, probably in NARNIA.]
three books, to which Catullus appears to allude  NERATYUS PRISCUS, a Roman jurist, who lived
in dedicating his'poems to Cornelius Nepos. under Trajan and Hadrian. It is said that Tra2. Exemplorum Libri, probably a collection of  jan sometimes had the design of making Neremarkable sayings and doings. 3. De Viris ratius his successor in place of Hadrian. He
Illus.tribus, perhaps the same work as the pre- enjoyed a high reputation under Hadrian, and
ceding, quoted under a different title. 4. Vita  was one of his consiliarii. His works are cited
Ciceronis.  5. Epistolce ad Ciceronem.  6. De in the Digest.
Ilistoricis. There is still extant a work entitled  NEREIS or NERiIS (N71pe'g, in Hom. N?7pyi),
Vitce Excellentium Imperatorun, containing biog- a daughter of Nereus and Doris, and used esperaphies: of several distinguished commanders, cially in the plural, NEREIDES (NrperdeC, Nrlpn'twhich is supposed by many critics to have been der), to indicate the fifty daughters of Nereus
the production of Cornelius Nepos. In all MSS., and Doris.  The Nereides were the marine
however, this work is ascribed to an unknown nymphs of the Mediterranean, in contradistincsEmilius Probus, living under Theodosius at tion from the Naiades, or the nymphs of fresh
the end of the fourth century of the Christian water, and the Oceanides, or the nymphs of the
era, with the exception, however, of the life of great ocean. Their names are not the same in
Atticus, and the fragment of a life of Cato the all writers; one of the most celebrated was
Censor, which are expressly attributed to Cor- Thetis, the mother of Achilles. They are denelius Nepos. These two lives may safely be scribed as lovely divinities, dwelling with their
assigned to Cornelius Nepos; but the Latinity father at the bottom of the sea, and were beof the other biographies is such that we can not lieved to be propitious to all sailors, and espesuppose them to have been written by a learned cially to the Argonauts. They were worshipped
contemporary of Cicero. At the same time, in several parts of Greece, but more especially
their style presents a striking contrast to the in sea-port towns. The epithets given them by
meretricious finery of the later empire; and the poets refer partly to their beauty and partly
hence it may be conjectured that Probus abridg- to their place of abode. They are frequently
544




NEREIS.                                    NERO.
represented in works of art, and comnmonly as tre to the name of Nero, and consecrated it
youthful, beautiful, and naked maidens; and among the recollections of the Romans.
they are often grouped with Tritons and other    Quid debeas, o Roma, Neronibus,
-marine beings. Sometimes they appear on         Testis Metaurum flumen et IHasdrubal
gems as half maidens and half fishes.            Devictus.         Horat., Care., iv., 4.
[NEREIS (Nnpqf), daughter of Pyrrhus I., Nero was censor 204, with M. Livius.-3. TiB.,
king of Epirus, and wife of Gelon of Syracuse,. praetor 204, with Sardinia for his province; and
to whom she bore Hieronymus: she was the consul 202, when he obtained Africa as his provlast surviving descendant of the royal house of ince, but his fleet suffered so much at sea that
the AEacid.]                              lie was unable to join Scipio inAfrica.-4. TIB.,
Nd REfus, a name given by the poets to a served under Pompey in the war against the
descendant of Nereus, such as Phocus, and pirates, B.C. 67. He is probably the Tiberius
Achilles.                                 Nero who recommended that the members of
NERITUM or NaERITUM (Neretinus: now Nar- the conspiracy of Catiline, who had been seized,
bo), a town of the Salentini in Calabria, in the should be kept confined till Catiline was put
south of Italy.                           down.-5. TIB., father of the Emperor Tiberius,
NEREus (Nnpesvi), son of Oceanus (Pontus) was probably the son of the last. He served as
and Terra (Gaea),. and husband of Doris, by questor under Cmesar (48) in the Alexandrine
whom he became the father of the fifty Nerei- war. He sided with L. Antonius in the war of
des. He is described as the wise and unerring Perusia (41); aqd when this town surrendered,
old man ofthe sea, at the bottom of which he he passed overto Sextus Pompey in Sicily, and
dwelt  His empire is the Mediterranean, or subsequently to M. Antony in Achca. On a
more particularly the LEgean Sea, whence he is reconciliation being effected between:Antony
sometimes called the AEgean. He was believ- and Octavianus at the close of the year (40), he
ed, like other marine divinities, to have the returned with his wife'to Rome. Livia, who
power of prophesying the future and of appear- possessed great beauty, excited the passion of
ing to mortals in different shapes; and in the Octavianus, to whom she was surrendered by
story of Hercules he acts a prominent part, just her husband, being then six months gone with
as Proteus in the story of Menelaus, and Glaucus child of her second son Drusus. Nero died
in that of the Argonauts. Virgil (YEn., ii., 418) shortly after, and left Octavianus the tutor of
mentions the trident as his attribute, and the his two sons.
epithets given him by the poets refer to his old  NERO. 1. Roman emperor A.D. 54-68, was
age, his kindliness, and his trustworthy knowl- the son of Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, and of
edge of the future. In works of art, Nereus, Agrippina, daughter of Germanicus Caesar, and
like other sea-gods, is represented with pointed sister of Caligula. Nero's original name was
sea-weeds taking the place of hair in the eye- L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, but after the marriage
brows, the chin, and the breast.          of his mother with her uncle, the Emperor ClauNfiacus. Vid. LEUCAS.                   dius, he was adopted by Claudius (A.D. 50), and
NERINE, equivalent to Nereis, a daughter of was called Nero Claudius Ccesar Drusus GerNereus. Vid. NEREIS.                      manicus. Nero was born at Antium on the fitfNERIO, NERIENE, or NERIiNIS. Vid. MARS.  teenth of December, A.D. 37. Shortly after his
NERITUM, a mountain in Ithaca. Vid. ITHACA. adoption by Claudius, Nero, being then sixteen
NiRITUS, a small rocky island near Ithaca, years of age, married Octavia, the daughter of
erroneously supposed by some to be Ithaca it- Claudius and Messalina (53). Among his early
self.                                     instructors was Seneca. Nero had some tal[NERITUS (Npstron), a son of Pterelaus in ent and taste. He was fond of the arts, and
Ithaca, from whom Mount Neritum was said to made verses; but he was indolent and given to
have derived its name.]                   pleasure, and. had no inclination for laborious
NERIiUM, also called CELTICUM (now Cape Fin- studies. On the death of Claudius (54), Agripisterre), a promontory in the northwest corner pina secured the succession for her son, to the
of Spain, and in the territory of the Nerii, a exclusion of Britannicus, the son of Claudius.
tribe of the Celtic Artabri, whence the promon- His mother wished to govern in the name of
tory is also called Artabrum.             her son, and her ambition was the cause of
NERO, CLAUDIus. Nero is said to have sig- Nero's first crime. Jealousy thus arose benified "brave" in the Sabine tongue. 1. TIB., tween Nero and his mother, which soon broke
one of the four sons of Appius Claudius Caecus, out into a quarrel, and Agrippina threatened to
censor B.C. 312, from whom all the Claudii Ne- join Britannicus and raise him to his father's
rones were descended.-2. C., a celebrated gen- place; whereupon Nero caused Britannicus to
eral in the second Punic war. He was praetor be poisoned, at an entertainment where Agrip212, and was sent into Spain to oppose Hasdru- pina and Octavia were present (55). During
bal, who eluded his attack, and he was succeed- the early part of Nero's reign, the government
ed by Scipio Africanus. Nero was consul in of Rome was in' the hands of Seneca, and of
207 with M. Livius Salinator. Nero marched Burrhus, the prefect of the proetorians, who
into the south of Italy against Hannibal, whom  opposed the ambitious designs of Agrippina.
he defeated. He then marched into the north Meantime the young emperor indulged his licenof Italy, effected a junction with his colleague tious inclinations without restraint. He negM. Livius in Picenum,/and proceeded to crush lected his wife for,-the beautiful but dissol te
Hasdrubal before his brother Hannibal could Poppiea Sabina, the wife of Otho. This abancome to his assistance. Hasdrubal was defeat- doned woman aspired to become the emperor's
ed and slain on the River Metaurus. This great wife; but since she had no hopes of succeeding
battle, which probably saved Rome, gave a lus- in her design while Agrippina lived, she used,
35                                                             545




NERO.                              NERVA, COCCEIUS.
all her arts to urge Nero to put his mother to storm at length broke out in Gaul, where Julius
death. Accordingly, in 59, Agrippina was as- Vindex, the governor, openly raised the standsassinated by Nero's order, with the approba- ard of revolt. His example was followed by
tion at least of Seneca and Burrhus, who saw  Galba, who was governor of Hispania Tarrathat the time was come for the destruction conensis. Galba was proclaimed emperor by
either of the mother or the son. Though Nero his troops, but he only assumed the title of legahad no longer any one to oppose him, he felt tus of the senate and the Roman people. Soon
the punishment of his guilty conscience, and after these news reached Rome, Sabinus, who
said that he was haunted by his mother's spec- was prsefectus praetorio along with Tigellinus,
tre. He attempted to drown his reflections in persuaded the troops to proclaim Galba. Nero
fresh riot, in which he was encouraged by a was immediately deserted. He escaped from
band of flatterers. He did not, however, imme- the palace at night with a few freedmen, and
diately marry Poppaea, being probably restrain- made his way to a house about four miles from
ed by fear of Burrhus and Seneca.  But the Rome, which belonged to his freedman Phaon.
death of Burrhus in 62, and the retirement of Here he gave himself a mortal wound when he
Seneca from public affairs, which immediately heard the trampling of the horses on which his
followed, left Nero more at liberty. Accord- pursuers were mounted. The centurion, on eningly, he divorced his wife Octavia, and in eigh- tering, attempted to stop the flow of blood, but
teen days married Poppaea. Not satisfied with Nero saying, " It is too late. Is this your fidelputting away his wife, he falsely charged her ity?" expired with a horrid stare. Nero's progwith adultery, and banished hero the island of ress in crime is easily traced, and the lesson is
Pandataria, where she was shortly after put to worth reading. Without a good education, anddeath. In 64 the great fire at Rome happened. with no talent for his high station, he was placed
Its origin is uncertain, for it is hardly credible in a position of danger from the first. He was
that the city was fired by Nero's order, as some sensual, and fond of idle display, and then he
ancient writers assert.  Out of the fourteen became greedy of money to satisfy his expensregiones into which Rome was divided, three es; he was timid, and, by consequence, he bewere totally destroyed, and in seven others came cruel when he anticipated danger; and,
only a few half-burned houses remained. The like other murderers, his first crime, the poiemperor set about rebuilding the city on an soning of Britannicus, made him capable of animproved plan, with wider streets. He found other. But, contemptible and cruel as he was,
money for his purposes by acts of oppression there are many persons who, in the same situaand violence, and even temples were robbed of tion, might run the same guilty career. He was
their wealth. With these means he began to only in his thirty-first year when he died, and
erect his sumptuous golden palace, on a scale he had held the supreme power for eighteen
of magnitude and splendor which almost sur- years and eight months. He was the last of
passes belief. The vestibule contained a colos- the descendants of Julia, the.sister of the dicsal statue of himself one hundred and twenty tator Caesar.  The most important external
feet high. The odium of the conflagration, events in the reign of Nero were the conquest
which the emperor could not remove from him- of Armenia by Domitius Corbulo (rid. CORBTJLO),
self, he tried to throw on the Christians, who and the insurrection of the Britons under Boawere then numerous in Rome, and many of dicea, which was quelled by Suetonius Paulithem were put to a cruel death. The tyranny nus. Vid. PAULINUS.-2. Eldest son of Gerof Nero at last (65) led to the organization of a manicus and Agrippina, fell a victim to the amformidable conspiracy against him, usually call- bition of Sejanus, who resolved to get rid of the
ed Piso's conspiracy, from the name of one of sons of Germanicus in order to obtain the imthe principal accomplices. The plot was dis- perial throne for himself. Drusus, the brother
covered, and many distinguished persons were of Nero, was persuaded to second the designs
put to death, among whom was Piso himself, of Sejanus, in hopes that the death of his elder
the poet Lucan, and the philosopher Seneca, brother would secure him the succession to the
though the latter appears to have taken no part throne. There was no difficulty in exciting the
in the plot. In the same year, Poppaea died of jealousy of Tiberius; and, accordingly, in A.D.
a kick-which her brutal husband gave her in a 29, Nero was declared an enemy of the state,
fit of passion when she was with child. Nero was removed to the island of Pontia, and was
now married Statilia Messallina. The history of there either starved to death or perished by his
the remainder of Nero's reign is a catalogue of own hands.
his crimes. Virtue in any form was the object  NERTOBRIGA. 1. (Now Valera la Vieja), a
of his fear; and almost every month was mark- town in Hispania Baetica, with the surname
ed by the execution or banishment of some dis- Concordia Julia, probably the same place which
tinguished man. Among his other victims were Polybius calls (xxxv., 2) Ercobrica ('Ep/c66peThrasea Petus and Barea Soranus, both men of cKa).-2. (Now Almuna), a town-of the Celtiberi
high rank, but of spotless integrity. In 67 Nero in Hispania Tarraconensis, on the road from
paid a visit to Greece, and took part in the con- Emerita to Caesaraugusta.
tests of both the Olympic and Pythian games.  NERULUM, a fortified place in Lucania, on the
He commenced a canal across the Isthmus of Via Popilia.
Corinth, but the works were afterward sus-  [NERUSII (Nepo'iatOl), a people among the Alpended by his own orders.,While in Greece he pes Maritimae in Gallia Narbonensis, on the
sent orders to put to death his faithful general coast: their capital was Vintium (Ovivrtov).]
Domitius Corbulo, which the old soldier antici-  NERVA, COCCEIUS. 1. M., consul B.C. 36,
pated by stabbing himself. The Roman world brought about the reconciliation between M.
had long been tired of its oppressor; and the Antonius and Octavianus, 40, and is the same
546




NERVii.                                    NESTUS.
as the Cocceius mentioned by Horace (Sat., i.,  NESSONIS (NecacovS), a lake in Thessaly, a
5, 28).-2. M., probably the-son of the preced- little south of the River Peneus, and northeast
ing, and grandfather of the Emperor Nerva. of Larissa, is in summer merely a swamp, but
He was consul A.D. 22. In 33 he resolutely in winter is not only full of water, but even
starved himself to death, notwithstanding the overflows its banks. Nessonis and the neighentreaties of Tiberius, whose constant compan- boring Lake Bmebeis were regarded by the anion he was. He was a celebrated jurist, and cients as remains of the vast lake which was
is often mentioned in the Digest.-3. M., the supposed to have covered the whole of Thesson of the last, and probably father of the em- saly till an outlet was made for its waters
peror, was also a celebrated jurist, and is often through the rocks of Tempe.
cited in the Digest under the name of Nerva  NEssUS (Neaco,), a centaur, who carried DeFilius. - 4. M., Roman emperor A.D. 96-98, ianira across the River Evenus, but, attempting
was born at Narnia, in Umbria, A.D. 32. He to run away with her, was shot by Hercules
was consul with Vespasian 71, and with Domi- with a poisoned arrow, which afterward betian 90. On the assassination of Domitian in came the cause of the death of Hercules. Vid.
September, 96, Nerva, who had probably been p. 359, a.
privy to the conspiracy, was declared empeior  [NEssus (Neiaof). Vid. NESTUS.]
at Rome by the people and the soldiers, and his  NESTOR (NcrrOp), king of Pylos, son of Neladministration at once restored tranquillity to eus and Chloris, husband of Eurydice, and father
the state. He stopped proceedings against those of Pisidice, Polycaste, Perseus, Stratius, Arewho had been accused of treason (majestas), tus, Echephron, Pisistratus, Antilochus, and
and allowed many exiled persons to return to Thrasymedes.  Some relate that, after the
Rome. The class of informers were suppress- death of Eurydice, Nestor married Anaxibia,
ed by penalties, and some were put to death. the daughter of Atreus, and sister of AgamemAt the commencement of his reign, Nerva non; but this Anaxibia is elsewhere described
swore that he would put no senator to death; as the wife of Strophius and the mother of Pyand he kept his word, even when a conspiracy lades. When Hercules invaded the country of
hrcd been formed against his life by Calpurnius Neleus and slew his sons, Nestor alone was
Crassus. Though Nerva was virtuous and hu- spared, either because he was absent from Pymane, he did not possess much energy and vig- los, or because he had taken no part in carrying
or; and his feebleness was shown by a mutiny off from Hercules the oxen of Geryones. In
of the Praetorian soldiers. The soldiers de- his youth and early manhood Nestor was a dismanded the punishment of the assassins of Do- tinguished warrior. He defeated both the Armitian, which the emperor refused.  Though cadians and Eleans. He took part in the fight
his body was feeble, his will was strong, and of the Lapithae against the Centaurs, and he is
he offered them his own neck, and declared his mentioned among the Calydonian hunters and
readiness to die. However, it appears that the the Argonauts. Although far advanced in age,
soldiers effected their purpose, and Nerva was he sailed with the other Greek heroes against
obliged to put Petronius Secundus and Parthe- Troy. Having ruled over three generations of
nius to death, or to permit them to be massa- men, his advice and authority were deemed
cred by the soldiers. Nerva felt his weakness, equal to that of the immortal gods, and he was
but he showed his noble character and his good renowned for his wisdom, his justice, and his
sense by appointing as his successor a man who knowledge of war. After the fall of Troy he
possessed both vigor and ability to direct pub- returned home, and arrived safely in Pylos,
lie affairs. He adopted as his son and success- where Jupiter (Zeus) granted to him the full
or, without any regard to his own kin, M. Ul- enjoyment of old age, surrounded by intelligent
plus Trajanus, who was then at the head of an and brave sons. Various towns in Peloponnearmy in Germany. Nerva died suddenly on the sus, of the name of Pylos, laid claim to being
twenty-seventh of January, A.D. 98, at the age the city of Nestor. On this point, vid. p. 542, a.
of sixty-five years.                         [NESTOR (Nearop), an academic philosopher,
NERVII, a powerful and warlike people in preceptor of Marcellus, son of Octavia.]
Gallia Belgica, whose territory extended from  NESTORYDES (NEaropidgS), i. e., a son of Nesthe River Sabis (now Sambre) to the ocean, and tor, as Antilochus and Pisistratus.
part of which was covered by the wood Ardu-  NESToRfus, a celebrated Haeresiarch, was apenna. They were divided into several smaller pointed patriarch of Constantinople A.D. 428,
tribes, the Centrones, Grudii, Levaci, Pleu- but, in consequence of his heresy, was deposed
moxii, and Geiduni. In B.C. 58 they were de- at the council of Ephesus, 431. His great opfeated by Caesar with such slaughter that out ponent was Cyril. Nestorius was subsequentof sixty thousand men capable of bearing arms ly banished to one of the oases in Egypt, and
only five hundred were left.               he died in exile probably before 450. Nestorius
NESACTIUM, a town in Istria, on the River carefully distinguished between the divine and
Arsia, taken by the Romans B.C. 177.       human nature attributed to Christ, and refused
[NESEA (Nrcaalt, Hom.), a Nereid, a com- to give to the Virgin Mary the title of Theotopanion of the nymph Cyrene.]               cus (Oeor6ocg), or "Mother of God." The opinNESIS (now Nisita), a small island off the ions of Nestorius are still maintained by the
coast of Campania, between Puteoli and Neapo- Nestorian Christians.
lis, and opposite Mount Pausilypus. This isl-  NESTUS, sometimes NESSUS (NEorof: now
and was a favorite residence of some of the Ro- called Mesto by the Greeks, Karasu by the
man nobles.                                Turks), a river in Thrace, which rises in Mount
[NESos (now Neso), a small city in the north- Rhodope, flows southeast, and falls, into the
ern part of Eubcea.]                       aEgean Sea west of Abdera and opposite the
547




NESUS.                                  NICANOR.
island of Thasos. The Nestus formed the east- ancient city still remain almost complete, exK
ern boundary of Macedonia from the time of hibiting four large and two small gates. There
Philip and Alexander the Great.           are also the remains of the'two moles which
NEsus. Vid. (ENIADmE.                   formed the harbor on the lake, of an aqueduct,
NETUM (Netinus: now Noto Antiquae near of the theatre, and of the gymnasium; in this
Noto), a town in Sicily, southwest of Syracuse, last edifice, we are told, there was a point from
and a dependency of the latter.           which all the four gates were visible, so great
NEURI (Nespot, Nevpoi), a people of Sarmatia was the regularity with which the city was
Europaea, whom Herodotus describes as not built.-2. (Now Nilab), a city of India, on the
of Scythian race, though they followed Scyth- borders of the Paropamisadee, on the west of
ian customs. Having been driven out from  the River Cophen.-3. (Now probably ruins at
their earlier abodes by a plague of serpents, Darapoor), a city of India, on the River Hydasthey settled to the northwest of the sources of pes (now Jelum), built by Alexander to comthe Tyras (now Dniester). They were esteem- memorate his victory over Porus.-4. A forted skillful in enchantment.               ress of the Epicnemidian Locrians on the sea,
NEVIRNUM. Vid. NOVIODUNUM, No. 2.       near the Pass of Thermopylh, which it cornNICIEA (NuKaia: Nutcacev6, NIcaevC, Niceeen- manded. From its important position,, it is
sis, Nicensis). 1. (Ruins at Iznik), one of the often mentioned in the wars of Greece with
most celebrated cities of Asia, stood on the Macedonia and with the Romans. In the foreastern side of the Lake Ascania (now Iznik) mer, its betrayal to Philip by the Thracian dyin Bithynia. Its site appears to have been oc- nast Phalecus led to the termination of the Sacupied in very ancient times by a town called cred war, B.C. 346; and after various changes,
Attea, and afterward by a settlement of the it is found; at the time of the wars with Rome,
Bottiaeans, called Ancore or Helicore, which in the hands of the JEtolians.-5. In Illyria.
was destroyed by the Mysians. Not long after Vid. NICIA.-6. An ancient name of Mariana in
the death of Alexander the Great, Antigonus Corsica.-7. (Now Nizza, Nice), a city on the
built on the same spot a city which he named coast of Liguria, a little east of the River Var;
after himself, Antigonea; but Lysimachus soon a colony of Massilia, and subject to that city;
after changed the name into Niceea, in honor of hence it was considered as belonging to Gaul,
his wife. Under the kings of Bithynia it was though it was just beyond the frontier. It first
often the royal residence, and it long disputed became important as a stronghold of the Chriswith Nicomedia the rank of capital of Bithynia. tian religion, which was preached there by NaThe Roman emperors bestowed upon it numer- zarius at an early period.
ous honors and benefits, which are recorded on  NICANDER (NiKavdpoc). 1. King of Sparta,
its coins. Its position at the junction of sev- son of Charilaus, and father of Theopompus,
eral of the chief roads leading through Asia Mi- reigned about B.C. 809-770. 2. A Greek poet,
nor to Constantinople made it the centre of a grammarian, and physician, was a native of
large traffic. It is very famous in ecclesiastical Claros, near Colophon in Ionia, whence he is
history as the seat of the great ecumenical frequently called a Colophonian. He succeeded
council which Constantine convoked in A.D. his father as one of the hereditary priests of
325, chiefly for the decision of the Arian con- Apollo Clarius. He appears to have flourished
troversy, and which drewup the Nicene Creed; about B.C. 185-135. Of the numerous works
that is to say, the first part of the well-known of Nicander only two poems are extant, one
creed so called, the latter part of which was entitled Theriaca (Ogptatc6), which consists of
added by the Council of Constantinople in the nearly one thousand hexameter lines, and treats
year 381. The Council of Nice (as we com- of venomous animals and the wounds inflicted
monly call it) also settled the time of keeping by them, and another entitled Alexipharmaca
Easter. A second council, held here in 787, ('Auetodpuaica), which consists of more than
decided in favor of the worship of images. In six hundred hexameter lines, and treats of poithe very year of the great council, Nicaea was sons and their antidotes. Among the ancients,
overthrown by an earthquake, but it was re- his authority in all matters relating to toxicolstored by the Emperor Valens in 368. Under ogy seems to have been considered high. His
the later emperors of the East, Nicsea long works are frequently quoted by Pliny, Galen,
served as the bulwark of Constantinople against and other ancient writers. His style is harsh
the Arabs and Turks: it was taken by the Sel- and obscure; and his works are now scarcely
juks in 1078, and became the capital of the Sul- ever read as poems, and are only consulted by
tan Soliman; it was retaken by the First Cru- those who are interested in points of zoological
saders in 1097. After the taking of Constan- and medical antiquities. The best edition is by
tinople by the Venetians and the Franks, and Schneider, who published the Alexipharmaca in
the foundation of the Latin empire there in 1792, Halwe, and the Theriaca in 1816, Lips.
1204, the Greek emperor, Theodorus Lascaris,  NICANOR (NtcKvap). 1. Son of Parmenion, a
made Nicesa the capital of a separate kingdom, distinguished officer in the service of Alexanin which his followers maintained themselves der, died during the king's advance into Bacwith various success against the Latins of Con- tria, B.C. 330.-2. A Macedonian officer, who,
stantinople on the one side, and the Seljuks of in the division of the provinces after the death
Iconium on the other, and in 1261 regained of Perdiccas (321), obtained the government of
Constantinople. At length, in 1330, Nicsea was Cappadocia. He attached himself to the party
finally taken by Orchan, the son of the founder of Antigonus, who made him governor of Media
of the Ottoman empire, Othman. Iznik, the and the adjoining provinces, which he continumodern Niciea, is a poor village of about one ed to hold until 312, when he was deprived of
hundred houses; but the double walls of the them by Seleucus. - 3. A Macedonian office'
548




NICARCHUS.                                  NICIAS.
under, Cassander, by whom he was secretly dis- buildings by the Emperor Leo.-2. A fortress
patched, immediately on the death of Antipater, on the Propontis, belonging to the territory of
319, to take the command of the Macedoni- Pergamus.
an garrison at Munychia. Nicanor arrived at  NICEPH6RIUS (NtKouo6pto), a river of Armenia
Athens' before the news of Antipater's death, Major, on which Tigranes built his residence
and thus readily obtained possession of the TIGRANOCERTA. It was a tributary of the Upfortress. Soon afterward he surprised the Pi- per Tigris; probably identical with the CENraeus also, and placed both fortresses in the TRITES, or a small tributary of it.
hands of Cassander on the arrival of the latter  NICEPHORUS (NtcyKq0poo). 1. CALLISTUS XANin Attica in 318. Nicanor was afterward dis- THOPULUS, the author of the Ecclesiastical Hispatched by Cassander with a fleet to the Hel- tory, was born in the latter part of the thirlespont, where he gained a victory over the ad- teenth century, and died about 1450. His Ecmiral of Polysperchon. On his return to Athens clesiastical History was originally in twentyhe incurred the suspicion of Cassander, and three books, of which there are eighteen exwas put to death.-[4. Surnamed the Elephant, tant, extending from the birth of Christ down
a general under Philip V. of Macedonia, who to the death of the tyrant Phocas in 610. Alinvaded Attica with an army just before the though Nicephorus compiled from the works
breaking out of the war between Philip and the of his predecessors, he entirely remodelled his
Romans, B.C. 200: he also commanded the rear- materials, and his style is vastly superior to
guard of Philip's army at the battle of Cynos- that of his contemporaries. Edited by Ducoeus,
cephalae, B.C. 197.-5. Son of Patroclus, sent Paris, 1630, 2 vols. folio.-2. GREGORAS. Vid.
by Lysias, the regent of Syria during the ab- GREGORAS.-3. PATRIARCHA, originally the nosence of Antiochus IV., to reduce the revolted tary or chief secretary of state to the Emperor
Jews. He was completely defeated and slain Constantine V. Copronymus, subsequently reby Judas Maccabaus, B.C. 165.-6. Aristotle's tired into a convent, and was raised to the paadopted son, destined by the philosopher to be triarchate of Constantinople in 806. He was
his son-in-law.-7. A celebrated grammarian, deposed in 815, and died in 828. Several of
lived during the reign of Hadrian, A.D. 127. his works have come down to us, of which the
His labors were chiefly devoted to punctuation, most important is entitled Breviarium Historiand hence he was nicknamed 2ryp/arTaf.]   cum, a Byzantine history, extending from 602
NicARCHUs (NtcapXoc). [1. An Arcadian offi- to 770. This is one of the best works of the
cer in the Greek army of the younger Cyrus: Byzantine period. Edited by Petavius, Paris,
after the defeat and death of Cyrus, he aban- 1616, [and by Bekker, Bonn, 1837].
doned the- Greeks, and went over to the Per-  NICER (now Neckar), a river in Germany fallsians with about, twenty of his men.]-2. The ing into the Rhine at the modern Mannheim.
author of thirty-eight epigrams in the Greek  NICERATUS (NtuKparo). 1. Father ofNicias,
Anthology, appears to have lived at Rome near the celebrated Athenian general.-2. Son of
the beginning of the second century of the Nicias, put to death by the thirty tyrants, to
Christian era.                            whom his great wealth was no doubt a temptaNIcATOR, SELEUCUS. Vid. SELEUCUS.       tion.-3. A Greek writer on plants, one of the
NICE (Niy), called VICTSRIA by the Romans, followers of Asclepiades of Bithynia.
the goddess of victory, is described as a daugh-  NICEfTAS (NtKutra). 1. ACOMINATUS, also callter of Pallas and Styx, and as a sister of Zelus ed CHONIATES, because he was a native of
(zeal), Cratos (strength), and Bia (force). When ChonNe, formerly Colosse, in Phrygia, one of
Jupiter (Zeus) commenced fighting against the the most important Byzantine historians, lived
Titans,'and called upon the gods for assistance, in the latter half of the twelfth and the former
Nice and her two sisters were the first who half of the thirteenth centuries. He held imcame forward, and Jupiter (Zeus) was so pleas- portant public offices at Constantinople, and
ed with their readiness, that he caused them  was present at the capture of the city by the
ever after to live with him in Olympus. Nice Latins in 1204, of which he has given us a faithhad a celebrated temple on the acropolis of ful description. He escaped to Nicaea, where
Athens, which is still extant and in excellent he died about 1216. The history of Nicetas
preservation. She is often seen represented in consists of ten distinct works, each of which
ancient works of art, especially with other di- contains one or more books, of which there are
vinities, such as Jupiter (Zeus) and Minerva twenty-one, giving the history of the emperors
(Athena), and with conquering heroes whose from 1118 to 1206. The best edition is by
horses she guides. In her appearance she re- Bekker, Bonn, 1835. —2. EUGENIANUS, lived
sembles Minerva (Athena), but has wings, and probably toward the end of the twelfth cencarries a palm or a wreath, and is engaged in tury, and wrote " The History of the Lives of
raising a trophy, or in inscribing the victory of Drusilla and Charicles," which is the worst of
the conqueror on a shield.                all the Greek romances that have come down
NicEPHosRYu (NcV(6ptov). 1. (Now Rakkah), to us. It was published for the first time by
a fortified town of Mesopotamia, on the Eu- Boissonade, Paris, 1819, 2 vols.
phrates, near the mouth of the River Bilecha  NIOIA (now Enza?), a tributary of the Po in
(now el Belikh), and due south of Edessa, built Gallia Cisalpina.
by order of Alexander, and probably completed  [NICIA, a place on the borders of Macedonia
under Seleucus. It is doubtless the same place and Illyria, between Lychnidus and Heraclea,
as the CALLINOCUS ol CALLINiOUM (KaX2Avcoc the same as Nicaea, No. 5.]
or -ov)4 the fortifications of which were repaired  NICIAS (Nudcaf). 1. A celebrated Athenian
by Justinian. Its name was again changed to general during the Peloponnesian war, was the
LEoNTOPOLIS, when it was adorned with fresh son of Niceratus, from whom he inherited a
549




NICIAS.                                 NICOCLES.
large fortune. His property was valued at one any further attempts against the city hopeile;s
hundred talents.  From this cause, combined and therefore proposed to abandon the siege
with his unambitious character, and his aver- and return to Athens. To this Nicias would
sion to all dangerous innovations, he was natu- not consent. He professed to stand in dread
rally brought into connection with the aristo- of the, Athenians at home; but he appears to
cratical portion of his fellow-citizens. He was have had reasons for believing that a party
several times associated with Pericles as strat- among the Syracusans themselves were likely,
egus, and his great prudence and high charac- in no long time, to facilitate the reduction of
ter gained for him considerable influence. On the city. But meantime fresh succors arrived
the death of Pericles he came forward more for the Syracusans; sickness was making ravopenly as the opponent of Cleon, and the other ages among the Athenian troops, and at length
demagogues of Athens; but, from his military Nicias himself saw the necessity of retreating.
reputation, the mildness of his character, and Secret orders were given that every thing
the liberal use which he made of his great should be in readiness for departure, when an
wealth, he was looked upon with respect by all eclipse of the moon happened. The credulous
classes of the citizens. His timidity led him  superstition of Nicias led to the total destructo buy off the attacks of the sycophants. He tion of the Athenian armament. The soothwas a man of strong religious feeling, and Ar- sayers interpreted the event as an injunction
istophanes ridicules him in the Equites for his from the gods that they should not retreat betimidity and superstition.  His characteristic fore the next full moon, and Nicias resolutely
caution was the distinguishing feature of his determined to abide by their decision. The
military career; and his military operations Syracusans resolved to bring the enemy to an
were almost always successful. He frequently engagement, and, in a decisive naval battle,
commanded the Athenian armies during the defeated the Athenians. They were now masearlier years of the Peloponnesian war. After ters of the harbor, and the Athenians were rethe death of Cleon (B.C. 422) he exerted all his duced to the necessity of making a desperate
influence to bring about a peace, which was effort to escape. The Athenians were again
concluded in the following year (421). For the decisively defeated; and having thus lost their
next few years Nicias used all his efforts to in- fleet, they were obliged to retreat by land.
duce the Athenians to preserve the peace, and They were pursued by the enemy, and were
was constantly opposed by Alcibiades, who had finally compelled to surrender.  Both Nicias
now become the leader of the popular party. and Demosthenes were put to death by the
In 415 the Athenians resolved on sending their Syracusans.-2. The physician of Pyrrhus, king
great expedition to Sicily, and appointed Nicias of Epirus, who offered to the Roman consul to
with Alcibiades and Lamachus to the command. poison the king for a certain reward. Fabricius
Nicias disapproved of the expedition altogeth- not only rejected his base offer with indignaer, and did all that he could to divert the Atheni- tion, but immediately sent him back to Pyrrhus
ans from this course. But his representations with notice of his treachery. He is sometimes,
produced no effect, and he set sail for Sicily but erroneously, called Cineas. - 3. A Coan
with his colleagues. Alcibiades was soon aft- grammarian, who lived at Rome in the time
erward recalled (vid. ALCIBIADES), and the sole of Cicero, with whom he was intimate.-4. A
command was thus virtually left in the hands celebrated Athenian painter, flourished about
of Nicias. His early operations were attended B.C. 320. He was the most distinguished diswith success. He defeated the Syracusans in ciple of Euphranor. His works seem to have
the autumn, and employed the winter in se- been all painted in encaustic. One of his greatcuring the co-operation of several of the Greek est paintings was a representation of the infercities, and of the Siculian tribes in the island. nal regions as described by Homer. He refusIn the spring of next year he renewed his at- ed to sell this picture to Ptolemy, although the
tacks upon Syracuse; he succeeded in seizing price offered for it was sixty talents.
on Epipolae, and commenced the circumvalla-  [NICIPPE (Nt/ci-rTr). 1. A daughter of Pelops,
tion of Syracuse. About this time Lamachus and the wife of Sthenelus.-2. A daughter of
was slain in a skirmish under the walls. All Thespius, the mother of Antimachus by Herthe attempts of the Syracusans to stop the cir- cules.]
cumvallation failed. The works were nearly  [NICIPPUS (N&ieTrrog). 1. A native of Cos,
completed, and the doom of Syracuse seemed who finally made himself tyrant df the island.sealed, when Gylippus, the Spartan, arrived in 2. One of the ephors of the Messenians in B.C.
Sicily. Vid. GYLIPPUS. The tide of success 220.]
now turned, and Nicias found himself obliged  NICOCHARES (NltcoXdpnr), an Athenian poet
to send-to Athens for re-enforcements, and re- of the Old Comedy, the son of Philonides, was
quested, at the same time, that another com- contemporary with Aristophanes. [The fragmander might be sent to supply his place, as ments of his comedies are collected in Meineke's
his feeble health rendered him unequal to the Fragm. Comic. Grec., vol. i., p. 465-468, edit.
discharge of his duties. The Athenians voted minor.]
re-enforcements, which were placed under the  NICOCLES (Nulcoicf). 1. King of Salamis in
command of Demosthenes and Eurymedon; but Cyprus, son of Evagoras, whom he succeeded
they would not allow Nicias to resign his com- B.C. 374. Isocrates addressed him a long panmand. Demosthenes, upon his arrival in Sicily egyric upon his father's virtues, for which Nic(413), made a vigorous effort to recover Epipo- ocles rewarded the orator with the magnificent
lee, which the Athenians had lost. He was present of twenty talents. Scarcely any parnearly successful, but was finally driven back ticulars are known of the reign of Nicocles.
with severe loss. Demosthenes now deemed He is said to have perished by a violent death,,
550




NICOCRATES.                               NICOMEDES.
but neither the period nor circumstances of this his affection for his young son, or whether they
event are recorded.-2. Prince or ruler of Pa- derived their title from being afterward edited
phos, in Cyprus, during the period which fol- and commented on by Nicomachus.-3. Called.
lowed the death of Alexander. He was at first Gerasenus, from his native place, Gerasa in
one of those who took part with Ptolemy against Arabia, was a Pythagorean, and the writer of a
Antigonus; but, having subsequently entered life of Pythagoras, now lost. His date is inferinto secret negotiations with Antigonus, he was red from his mention of Thrasyllus, who lived
compelled by Ptolemy to put an end to his own under Tiberius. He wrote on arithmetic and
life, B.C. 310.-3. Tyrant of Sicyon, was de- music; and two of his works on these subjects
posed by Aratus, after a reign of only four are still extant. The work on arithmetic was
months, B.C. 251.-[4. Of Soli, an officer in the printed by Wechel, Paris, 1538; also, after the
army of Alexander the Great.-5. An Athenian, Theologumena Arithmetices, attributed to Iambliput to death with his friend Phocion, B.C. 318. chus, Lips., 1817. The work on music was
As he had always been a warm friend to him, printed byMeursius, inhis collection, Lugd. Bat.,
he begged of Phocion, as a last favor, to be al- 1616, and in the collection ofMeibomius, Amst.,
lowed to drink the poison before his illustrious 1652.-4. Of Thebes, a celebrated painter, was
friend, a request which Phocion unwillingly the elder brother and teacher of the great painter
conceded.]                                Aristides. He flourished B.C. 360, and onward.
[NICOCRATES (NIKcoeKpdrT).  1. A native of He was an elder contemporary of Apelles and
Cyprus, collected an extensive library at a very Protogenes. He is frequently mentioned by the
early period.-2. Archon of Athens, B.C. 333.] ancient writers in terms of the highest praise.
NICOCREON (NiKOKpeov), king of Salamis, in Cicero says that in his works, as well as in
Cyprus, at the time of Alexander's expedition those of Echion, Protogenes, and Apelles, every
into Asia. After the death of Alexander he thing was already perfect. (Brutus, 18.)
took part with Ptolemy against Antigonus, and  NICOOMEDES (NIT/coU7jC). 11. KingofBithynwas intrusted by Ptolemy with the chief com- ia, was the eldest son of Zipcetes, whom he
mand over the whole island. Nicocreoh is said succeeded, B.C. 278. With the assistance of
to have ordered the philosopher Anaxarchus to the Gauls, whom he invited into Asia, he debe pounded to death in a stone mortar, in re- feated and put to death his brother Zipoates, who
venge for an insult which the latter had offered had for some time held the independent soverthe king when he visited Alexander at Tyre.  eignty of a considerable part of Bithynia. The
NIcOLAUs CHALCOCONDYLES.   Vid. CHALCO- rest of his reign appears to have been undiscoNDYLEs.                                 turbed, and under his sway Bithynia rose to a
NICOLAUS DAMASCENUS, a Greekhistorian, and high degree of power and prosperity. He foundanintimate friend both of Herod the Great and ed the city of Nicomedia, which he made the
of Augustus. He was, as his name indicates, a capital of his kingdom. The length of his reign
native of Damascus, and a son of Antipater and is uncertain, but he probably died about 250.
Stratonice. He received an excellent educa- He was succeeded by his son ZIELAS.-2. II.
tion, and he carried on his philosophical studies Surnamed EPIPHANES, king of Bithynia, reigned
in common with Herod, at whose court he re- B.C. 149-91. He was the son and successor of
sided. In B.C. 13 he accompanied Herod on a Prusias II., and fourth in descent from the previsit to Augustus at Rome, on which occasion ceding. He was brought up at Rome, where he
Augustus made Nicolaus a present of the finest succeeded in gaining the favor of the senate.
fruit of the palm-tree, which the emperor called Prusias, in consequence, became jealous of his
Nicolai-a name by which it continued to be son, and sent secret instructions for his assasknown down to the Middle Ages. Nicolaus rose sination. The plot was revealed to Nicomedes,
so high in the favor of Augustus that he was who thereupon returned to Asia, and declared
on more than one occasion of great service to open war against his father. Prusias was deHerod, when the emperor was incensed against serted by his subjects, and was put to death by
the latter. Nicolaus wrote a large number of order of his son, 149. Of the long and tranquil
works, of which the most important were, 1. A  reign of Nicomedes, few events have been translife of himself, of which a considerable portion mitted to us. He courted the friendship of the
is still extant. 2. A universal history, which Romans, whom he assisted in the war against
consisted of one hundred and forty-four books, Aristonicus, 131.  He subsequently obtained
of which we haveonlyafewfragments. 3. Alife possession of Paphlagonia, and attempted to
of Augustus, from which we have some extracts gain Cappadocia, by marrying Laodice, the widmade by command of ConstantinePorphyrogen- ow of Ariarathes VI. He was, however, exi.tus.  He also wrote commentaries on Aris- pelled from Cappadocia by Mithradates; and he
totle, and other philosophical works, and was was also compelled by the Romans to abandon
the author of several tragedies and comedies: Paphlagonia, when they deprived Mithradates
Stobaeus has preserved a fragment of one of his of Cappadocia.-3. III. Surnamed PHILOPATOR,
comedies, extending to forty-four lines. The king of Bithynia (91-74), son and successor of
best edition of his fragments is by Orelli, Lips., Nicomedes II. Immediately after his accession
1804.                                     he was expelled by Mithradates, who set up
N;coMACHUS (NtKcuaXoQ). 1. Father of Aris- against him his brother Socrates; but he was
totie. Vid. p. 100, a.-2. Son of Aristotle by the restored by the Romans in the following year
slave Herpyllis. He was himself a philosopher, (90). At the instigation of the Romans, Nicoand wrote some philosophical works. A portion medes now proceeded to attack the dominions
of Aristotle's writings bears the name of Nico- of Mithradates, who expelled him a second time
Machean Ethics, but why we can not tell; wheth- from his kingdom (88). This was the immedier the father so named them, as a memorial of ate occasion of the first Mithradatic war; at the
551




NICOMEDIA.                                  NIGIER.
conclusion of which (84) Nicomedes was again on the 28th of September, 1396.-3. (Now Enreinstated in his kingdom. He reigned nearly derez, or Devrigni?), a city of Armenia Minor,
ten years after this second restoration. He died on or near the Lycus, and not far from the
at the beginning of 74, and having no children, sources of the-Halys, founded by Pompey on the
by his/will bequeathed his kingdom to the Ro- spot where he gained his first victory over Mithman people.                               radates: a flourishing place in the time of AuNicOMEDiA (NLKoj6eta: Nicoyn6dev', fern. Nt- gustus: restored'by Justinian.-4. A city in the
Kojy6ecaaa.: now ruins at Izmid or Iznikmid), a northeastern corner of Cilicia, near the junction
celebrated city of Bithynia, inAsia Minor, built of the Taurus' and Amanus.-[5. Or EMMAUS,
by King Nicomedes I. (B.C. 264), at the north- a city of Palestine. Vid. EMMAUS.]-6. (Now
eastern corner of the Sinus Astacenus (now  Kars, Kiassera, or Caesar's Castle, ruins), a city
Gulf of Izmid: compare ASTAcUS). It was the of Lower Egypt, about two or three'miles east
chief residence of the kings of Bithynia, and it of Alexandrea, on the canal between Alexansoon became one of the most splendid cities of drea and Canopus, was built by Augustus in
the then known world. Under the Romans it memory of his last victory over Antonius.
was a colony, and a favorite residence of sev- Here also, as at Nicopolis opposite to Actium,
eral of the later emperors, especially of Diocle- Augustus founded a temple of Apollo, with
tian and Constantine the Great. Though re- games every fifth year. Not being mentioned
peatedly injured by earthquakes, it was always after the time of the first Caesars, it would seem
restored by the munificence of the emperors. to have become a mere suburb of Alexandrea.
Like its neighbor and rival, NICEA, it occupies  [NICOSTRATE (Netcorpd'Tr). Vid. CAMENE.]
an important place in the wars against the  [NIcosTRATus(Ntic6a7paToc). 1.AnAthenian
Turks; but it is still more memorable in his- general, son of Diitrephes, was a colleague of
tory as the scene of Hannibal's death. It was Nicias at/the capture of Cythera; fell in battle
the birth-place of the historian Arrian.  against Agis near Mantinea.-2. An Argive,
[NICoN (Nieov).  1. A Tarentine, who be- possessed extraordinary strength of body, and
trayed his native city to Hannibal during the was distinguished also for prudence in council;
second Punic war, B.C. 212. The Romans hav- was sent by the Argives with a body of three
ing subsequently taken Tarentum by surprise, thousand men to aid the Persian king Darius
Nicon fell bravely fighting in defence of the Ochus against Egypt.]
city.-2. A leader of the, Cilician pirates, who  NICOSTRATUS (NIKcorparoc). 1. The youngest
was taken prisoner by P. Servilius Isauricus.-  of the three sons of Aristophanes, was himself
3. A comic poet, probably of the new comedy: a comic poet. His plays belonged both to the
a fragment of one of his comedies is given by middle and the new comedy. [The fiagments
Meineke, Fragm. Comic. Grcec., vol. ii., p. 1176, of his comedies are collected byMeineke, Fragm.
edit. minor.-4. An architect and geometri- Comic. Grcec., vol. i., p. 632-640, edit. minor.cian of Pergamus in Mysia, the father of the 2. A tragic actor, flourished before B.C. 420.]
physician Galen: he was a learned and accom-  [NICOTERA, a city of Bruttium, on a mountain
plished man, and superintended in person the not far from the sea, on the road leading from
education of his distinguished son.]      Capua to the Fretum Siculum, between Vibo and
NICONIA or NICONIUM, a town in Scythia, on Malliae.]
the right bank ofthe Tyras (now Dniester).  T      NIGEIR  IR, NI, or NIGR  (Niyetp, Niylp, a
NICOPHON and NicOPHRON (Nucopodv, Ntc6- compounded form of the word Geir or Gir, which
_pw)v), an Athenian comic poet, son of Theron, seems to be a native African term for a river in
and a contemporary of Aristophanes at the close general), changed, by a confusion which was the
of his career. [The fragments of his comedies more easily made on accorunt of the color of the
are collected by Meineke, Fragm. Comic. Grcc., people of the region, into the Latin word NIGER,
vol. i., p. 468-472, edit. minor.]        a great river of IEthiopia Interior, which modNicOPOLIS (NLKc6roLgr: NtucowroXirfr, Nicopo- ern usage has identified with the river called
litanus). 1. (Ruins at Paleoprevyza), a city at Joli-ba (i. e., Great River) and Quorra (or, rather,
the southwestern extremity of Epirus, on the Kowara), in Western Africa. As early as the'
point of land which forms the northern side of time of Herodotus, we find an authentic statethe entrance to the Gulf-of Ambracia, opposite ment concerning a river of the interior of LibyaP
to Actium. It was built by Augustus in memory which is evidently identical both with the Nigeir
of the battle of Actium, and was peopled from  of most of the ancient geographers, and with
Ambracia, Anactorium, and other neighboring the Quorra. He tells us (ii., 32) that five young
cities, and also with settlers from 2Etolia. Au- men of the Nasamones, a Libyan people on the
gustus also built a temple of Apollo on a neigh- Great Syrtis, on the northern coast of Africa,
boring hill, and founded games in honor of the started to explore the desert' parts of Libya;
god, which were held every fifth year. The that, after crossing the inhabited part, and the
city was-received into the Amphictyonic league region of the wild beasts, they journeyed many
in place of the Dolopes. It is spoken of both as days through the Desert toward the west, till
a libera civitas and as a colony. It had a con- they came to a plain where fruit-trees grew;
siderable commerce and extensive fisheries. It and as they ate the fruit, they were seized by
was made the capital of Epirus by Constantine, sonme little black men, whose language they
and its buildings were restored both by Julian could not understand, who led them through
and by Justinian. —2. (Now Nicopoli), a city of great marshes to a city, inhabited by the same
Mcesia Inferior, on the Danube, built by Trajan sort oflittleblack men,who were all enchanters;
in memory of a victory over the Dacians, and and a great river flowed by the city from west
celebrated as the scene of the great defeat of the to east, and in it there were crocodiles. HeHungarians and Franks by the Sultan Bajazet, rodotus, like his informants, inferred from the
552




NIGER, C. PESCENNIUS.                              NILUS.
course of the river, and from the crocodiles in in the Nile, twenty geographical miles northeast
it, that it was the Nile; but it can hardly be of Heracleopolis. There was a temple here in
any river but the Quorra; and that the city was which, as throughout Egypt, the River Nile was
Timbuctoo is far more probable than not. The worshipped as a god.
opinion that the Niger was a western branch  NILUS (6 Nedioc, derived probably from a word
of the Nile prevailed very generally in ancient which still exists in the old dialects of India,
times, but by no means universally. Pliny gives Nilas, i. e., black, and sometimes called Me2ac
the same account in a very confused manner, by the Greeks: Nei6gc occurs first in Hesiod;
and makes the Nigris (as he calls it) the bound-' Homer calls the river A'yvirroc: now Nile,
ary between Northern Africa and IEthiopia. Arab. Bahr-Nil, or simply Bahr, i. e., the River:
Ptolemy, however, who evidently had new   the modern names of its upper course, in Nubia
sources of information respecting the interior of and Abyssinia, are various). This river, one
Africa, makes the Nigeir rise not far from its ofthe most important in the world, flowsthrough
real source (allowing for the imperfect observa- a channel which forms a sort of cleft extending
tions on which his numerical latitudes and longi- north and south through the high rocky and
tudes are founded), and follow a direction not sandy land of Northeastern Africa. Its westvery different from what that of the Joli-ba and ern or main branch has not yet been traced to
Quorra would be, if we suppose that the Zirmi, its source, but it has been followed up to a point
Koji, and Yeo form an unbroken communication in 4~ 42' north latitude, and 30~ 58' east longibetween the Quorra and the Lake Tchad. But tude, where it is a rapid mountain stream, runPtolemy adds, what the most recent discoveries ning at-the rate of six knots an hour over a
render a very remarkable statement, that a rocky bed, free from alluvial soil. After acourse
branch of the Nigeir communicates with the in the general direction of north-northeast as
Lake Libya (A&61?), which he places in 16~ 30' far as a place called Khartum, in 15~ 34' north
north latitude, and 35~ east longitude (i. e., from  latitude, and 32~ 30' east longitude, this river,
the Fortunate Islands = 17~ from Greenwich). which is called the Bahr-el-Abiad, i. e., White
This is almost exactly the position of Lake Tchad; River, receives another large river, the Bahrand, if the Tchadda really flows out of this lake, el-Azrek, i. e., Blue River, the sources of which
it will represent the branch of the Nigeir spoken are in the highlands of Abyssinia, about 11~
of by Ptolemy, whose informants, however, seem  north latitude, and 37~ east longitude: this is
to have inverted the direction of its stream. It the middle branch of the Nile system, the Asis further remarkable that Ptolemy places on the TAPUS of the ancients. The third, or eastern
Nigeir a city named Thamondocana in the exact branch, called Tacazze, the ASTABORAS of the
position of Timbuctoo, and that the length of the ancients, rises also in the highlands of Abysriver, computed from his position, agrees very sinia, in about 11~ 40' north latitude, and 39~
nearly with its real length. The error of con- 40' east longitude, and joins the Nile (i. e., the
necting the Niger and the Nile revived after main stream formed by the union of the Abiad
the time of Ptolemy, and has only been ex- and the Azrek), in 17~ 45' north latitude, and
ploded by very recent discoveries.        about 340 5' east longitude: the point of juncNIGER, C. PESCENNIUS, was governor of Syria tion was the apex of the island of MERGE. Here
during the latter part of the reign of Commodus, the united river is about two miles broad.
on whose death he was saluted emperor by the Hence it flows through Nubia, in a magnificent
legions in the East, A.D. 193; but in the follow- rocky valley, falling over six cataracts, the
ing year he was defeated and put to death by northernmost of which, called the First cataract
Septimius Severus. Many anecdotes have been (i. e., to a person going up the river), is and has
preserved of the firmness with which Niger always been the southern boundary of Egypt.
enforced the most rigid discipline among his Of its course from this point to its junction
troops; but he preserved his popularity by the with the Mediterranean, a sufficient general deimpartiality which he displayed, and by the ex- scription has been given under XEGYPTUS (p.
ample of frugality, temperance, and hardy en- 17, a.). The branches into which it parted at the
durance of toil which he exhibited in his own southern point of the Delta were, in ancient
person.                                   times, three in number, and these again parted
NIGIRA (NiyeLpa, Ptol.: now Jenneh?), a city into seven, of which, Herodotus tells us, five
on the northern side of the River Nigeir, and the were natural and two artificial. These seven
capital of the NIGRITEr.                  mouths were nearly all named from cities which
NiGRiTr or -iTES (NLypirac, NIypIrae AlMtiore, stood upon them: they were called, proceeding
Niyp7Tre), the northernmost of the AEthiopian from east to west, the Pelusiac, the Tanitic or
(i. e., Negro) communities of Central Africa, Sa'tic, the Mendesian, the Phatnitic, or Pathdwelt about the Nigeir, in the great plain of metic, or Bucolic, the Sebennytic, the Bolbitic or
SoedaGin.                                 Bolbitine, and the Canobic or Canopic. Through
NIGRITIs LAcUS (NLypTtIc - ie/v), a lake in the the alterations caused by the alluvial deposits
interior of Africa, out of which Ptolemy repre- of the river, they have now all shifted their posects the River Nigeir as flowing. He places it sitions, or dwindled into little channels, except
about at the true source of the Nigeir (i. e., the two, and these are much diminished; namely,
Joli-ba); but it is not yet discovered whether the Damiat mouth on the east, and the Rosetta
the river has its source in a lake. Some mod- mouth on the west. Of the canals connected
ern geographers identify it with the Lake Debo, with the Nile in the Delta, the most celebrated
southwest of Timbuctoo.                   were the Canobic, which connected the Canobie
NiLfUPLIS or NILUS (NeiLov rrodtc, NeiZoc), a mouth with the Lake Mareotis and with Alexcity of the Heptanomis, or Middle Egypt, in the andrea, and that of Ptolemy (afterward called
Nomos Heracleopolites, was built on an island that of Trajan), which connected the Nile at the
553 




NILUS.                                    NINUS.
beginning of the Delta with the Bay of Hero- eighty stadia (more thanfifty-five statute miles) 
bpolis at the head of the Red Sea: the forma- if so, the city was twice as large as London totion of the latter is ascribed to King Necho, and gether with its suburbs. In judging of these
its repair and improvement successively to Da- statements, not only must allowance be made
rius the son of Hystaspes, Ptolemy Philadel- for the immense space occupied by palaces and
phus, and Trajan. That the'Delta, and, indeed, temples, but also for the Oriental mode of buildthe whole alluvial soil of Egypt has been creat- ing a city, so as to include large gardens and
ed by the Nile, can not be doubted; but the other open spaces within the walls. The walls
present small rate of deposit proves that the of Nineveh are described as one hundred feet
formation must have been made long before-the high, and thick enough to allow three chariots
historical period.  The periodical rise of the to pass each other on them; with fifteen hundriver has been spoken of under 2EGYPTUS. It red towers, two hundred feet in height. The
is caused by the tropical rains on the highlands city is said to have been entirely destroyed by
in which it rises. The best ancient accounts, fire when it was taken by the Medes and Babypreserved by Ptolemy, place its source in a lonians, aboutB.C. 606; and frequent allusions
range of mountains in Central Africa, called occur to its desolate state. Under the Roman
the Mountains of the Moon; and the most re- empire, however, we again meet with a city
cent information points to a range of mount- Nineve, in the district of Adiabene, mentioned
ains a little north of the equator, called Jebel- by Tacitus, and again by Ammianus Marcelel-Kumri, or the Blue Mountain, as containing linus, and a mediaval historian of the thirteenth
the probable sources of the Bahr Abiad. The century mentions a fort of the same name; but
ancient Egyptians deified the Nile, and took the statements like these must refer to some later
utmost care to preserve its water from pollu- place built among or near the ruins of the antion.                                     cient Nineveh. Thus, of all the great cities of
[NILUS (NeiTloc), the god of the River Nile the world, none was thought to have been more
in Egypt, said to have been a son of Oceanus utterly lost than the capital of the most ancient
and Tethys, and father of Memphis and Chione. of the great monarchies. Tradition pointed out
Pindar calls him a son of Saturn (Cronus).]  a few shapeless mounds opposite Mosul, on the
NINus, the reputed founder of the city of Upper Tigris, as all that remained of Nineveh;
Ninus or Nineveh. An account of his exploits and a few fragments of masonry were occasionis given under Semiramis, his wife, whose name ally dug up there, and elsewhere in Assyria,
was more celebrated. Vid. SEMIRAMIS.      bearing inscriptions in an almost unknown charNINUS, NINIVE (Nivoc, less correctly NivoS: acter, called, from its shape, cuneiform or arin the Old Testament, Nineveh, LXX. Ntvevev, row-headed. Within the last ten years, howNLev'i:'Ntivoc, Ninivltte, pl.), the capital of the ever, those shapeless mounds have been shown
great Assyrian monarchy, and one of the most to' contain the remains of great palaces, on the
ancient cities in the world, stood on the east- walls of which the scenes of Assyrian life and
ern side of the Tigris, at the upper part of its the records of Assyrian conquests are sculpcourse, in the district of Aturia. The accounts tured; while the efforts which'had long been
of its foundation and history are as various as made to decipher the cuneiform inscriptions
those respecting the Assyrian monarchy in gen- found in Persia and Babylonia, as well as Aseral. Vid. ASSYRIA. The Greek and Roman syria, have been so far successful as to make it
writers ascribe its foundation to Ninus; but in probable that we may soon read the records of
the book of Genesis (x., 11) we are told, imme- Assyrian history from her own monuments. It
diately after the'mention of the kiqgdom of is as yet premature to form definite conclusions
Nimrod. and his foundation of Babel and other to any great extent.  The results of Major
cities in Shinar (i. e., Babylon), that "out of Rawlinson's study of the cuneiform inscriptions
that land went forth Asshur" (or otherwise, of Assyria are only in process of publication.
"he-i. e., Nimrod-went forth into Assyria"), The excavations conducted by Dr. Layard and' and builded Nineveh." There is no further M. Botta have brought to light the sculptured
mention of Nineveh in Scripture till the reign remains of immense palaces, not only at the
of Jeroboam II., about B.C. 825, when the proph- traditional site of Nineveh, namely, Kouyunjik
et Jonah was commissioned to preach repent- and Nebbi- Yunus, opposite to Mosul, and at
ance to its inhabitants. It is thoen described as Khorsabad, about ten miles to the north-north-' an exceeding great city, of three days' jour- east, but also in a mound eighteen miles lower
ney," and as containing "more than one hund- down the river, in the tongue of land between
red and twenty thousand persons that can not the Tigris and the Great Zab, which still bears
discern between their right hand and their left the name of Nimroud; and it is clear that their
hand," which, if this phrase refers to children, remains belong to different periods, embracing
would represent a population of six hundred the records of two distinct dynasties, extending
thousand souls. The other passages, in which over several generations, none of which can be
the Hebrew prophets denounce ruin against it, later than B.C. 606, while some of them probbear witness to its size, wealth, and luxury, and ably belong to a period at least as ancient as
the latest of them (Zeph., ii., 13) is dated only the thirteenth, and perhaps even the fifteenth
a few years before the final destruction of the century B.C. There are other mounds of ruins
city, which was effected by the Medes and as yet unexplored. Which of these ruins corBabylonians about B.C. 606.  It is said by respond to the true site of Nineveh, or whether
Strabo to have been larger than Babylon, and (as Dr. Layard suggests) that vast city may
Diodorus describes it as an oblong quadrangle have extended all the way along the Tigris from
of one hundred and fifty stadia by ninety, mak- Kouyunjik to Nimroud, and to a corresponding
~Lg the circuit of the walls four hundred and breadth northeast of the river, as far as Khr554




NINYAS.                                    NISUS.
saaTe, are questions still under discussion. daughter on her knees, and thirteen statues
Meanwhile, the study of the monuments and of her sons and daughters, besides a figure
inscriptions thus, discovered must soon throw  usually called the pedagogus of the children,
fresh light on the whole subject. Some splen- The Romans themselves were uncertain whethdid fragments of sculpture, obtained by Dr. Lay- er the group was the work of Scopas or Praxitard from Nimroud,.are now to be seen in the eles.
British Museum.                             NIPHATES (O NIPdartj, i. e., Snow-mountain:
NINYAS (Ncvuat), son of Ninus and Semira- now Balan), a mountain chain of Armenia, formmis. Vid. SEMIRAMIS.                      ing an eastern prolongation of the Taurus from
NIOBE (Nt66c)..  D aughter of Phoroneus, where it is crossed by the Euphrates toward
and by Zeus the mother of Argus and Pelasgus. the Lake of Van, before reaching which it turns
-2. Daughter of Tantalus by the Pleiad Tay- to the south, and approaches the Tigris below
gete or the Hyad Dione. She was the sister Tigranocerta; thus surrounding on the north
of Pelops, and the wife of Amphion, king of and east the basin of the highest course of the
Thebes, by whom she became the mother of Tigris (which is inclosed on the south and
six sons and six daughters. Being proud ofthe southwest by Mount Masius), and dividing it
number of her children, she deemed herself su- from the valley of the Arsanias (now Murad) or
perior to Latona (Leto), who had given birth to southern branch of the Euphrates. The cononly two children.  Apollo and Diana (Arte- tinuation of Mount Niphates to the southeast,
mis), indignant at such presumption, slew all along the eastern margin of the Tigris valley,
her children with their arrows. For nine days is formed by the mountains of the Carduchi
their bodies lay in their blood without any one (now Mountains of Kurdistan).
burying them, for Jupiter (Zeus) had changed  [NIPHATES (Nd0ar6r), one of the Persian genthe people into stones; but on the tenth day erals at the battle of the Granicus.]
the gods themselves buried them. Niobe her-  NIREUS (Ntpesv), son of Charopus and Aglaia,
self, who had gone to Mount Sipylus, was met- was, next to Achilles, the handsomest among
amorphosed into stone, and even thus contin- the Greeks at Troy. He came from the island
ued to feel the misfortune with which the gods of Syme (between Rhodes and Cnidus). Later
had visited her. This is the Homeric story, writers relate that he was slain by Eurypylus
which later writers have greatly modified and or giEneas.
enlarged. The number and names of the chil-  [NISA or NISSA. Vid. NYSA.]
dren of Niobe vary very much in the different  NIS^EA. Vid. MEGARA.
accounts; for while Homer states that their  NISMA, NISEI, NISmus CAMPUS (Niaata, Ntnumber was twelve, Hesiod and others men- calot, TO Nicatov 7resiov), these names are found
tioned twenty, Alcman only six, Sappho eight- in the Greek and Roman writers used for varieen, and Herodotus four; but the most common- ous places on the south and southeast of the
lyreceived number in later times appears to have Caspian: thus one writer mentions a city Nisea
been fourteen, namely, seven sons and seven in Margiana, and another a people Nisei in
daughters. According to Homer, all the chil- the north of Aria; but most apply the term Nidren of Niobe fell by the arrows of Apollo and sean Plain to a plain in the north of Great MeDiana (Artemis); but later writers state that dia, near Rhage, the pasture ground of a great
one of her sons, Amphion or Amyclas, and one number of horses of the finest breed, which supof her daughters, Melibcea, were saved, but that plied the studs of the king and nobles of Persia.
Melibcea, having turned pale with terror at the It seems not unlikely that this breed of horses
sight of her dying brothers and sisters, was was called Nisaean from their original home in
afterward called Chloris. The time and place Margiana (a district famous for its horses), and
at which the children of Niobe were destroyed that the Niswean plain received its name from
are likewise stated differently. - According to the horses kept in it.
Homer, they perished in their mother's house.  NISIBIS (Nilalt: Ntat6?v6O). 1. Also ANTIOAccording to Ovid, the sons were slain while cnIA MoYGDONIm (in the Old Testament, Aram
they were engaged in gymnastic exercises in a Zoba. ruins near Nisibin), a celebrated city of
plain near Thebes, and the daughters during the Mesopotamia, and the capital of the district of
funeral of their brothers. Others, again, trans- Mygdonia- stood on the River Mygdonius (now
fer the scene to Lydia, or make Niobe, after the Nahr-al-Huali), thirty-seven Roman miles southdeath of her children, go from Thebes to Lydia, west of Tigranocerta, in a very fertile district.
to her father Tantalus on Mount Sipylus, where It was the centre of a considerable trade, and
Jupiter (Zeus), at her own request, metamorph- was of great importance as a military post. In
osed her into a stone, which during the sum- the successive wars between the Romans and
rner always shed tears. In the time of Pau- Tigranes, the Parthians, and the Persians, it
sanias people still fancied they could see the was several times taken and retaken, until at
petrified figure of Niobe on Mount Sipylus. The last it fell into the hands of the Persians in the
tomb of the children of Niobe, however, was reign of Jovian.-2. A city of Aria, at the foot
shown at Thebes. The story of Niobe and her of Mount Paropamisus.
children was frequently taken as a subject by  Nisus (Nicoc). 1. King of Megara, was son
ancient artists. One of the most celebrated of of Pandion and Pylia, brother of Egeus, Pallas,
the ancient works of art still extant is the group and Lycus, and husband of Abrote, by whom he
f Niobe and her children, which filled the pedi- became the father of Scylla. When Megara
ment of the temple of Apollo Sosianus at Rome, was besieged by Minos, Scylla, who had fallen
and which was discovered at Rome in the year in love with Minos, pulled out the purple or
1583. This group is now at Florence, and con- golden hair which grew on the top of her favists of the mother, who holds her youngest ther's head, and on which his life depended
5515




NISYRUS.                            NOBILIOR, FULVIUS.
Nisus thereupon died, and Minos obtained pos- that she was the wife of Nebuchadnezzar, and
session of the city. Minos, however, was so the mother or grandmother of Labynetus or Belhorrified at the conduct of the unnatural daugh- shazzar, the last king of Babylon.-2. A queen
ter, that he ordered Scylla to be fastened to the of Egypt, was elected to the sovereignty in place
poop of his ship, and afterward drowned her in of her brother, whom the Egyptians had killed.
the Saronic Gulf. According to others, Minos In order to take revenge upon the murderers of
left Megara in disgust; Scylla leaped into the her brother, she built a very long chamber under
sea, and swam after his ship; but her father, ground, and when it was finished invited to a
who had been changed into a sea-eagle (halie- banquet in it those of the Egyptians who had
etus), pounced down upon her, whereupon she had a principal share in the murder. While
was metamorphosed into either a fish or a bird they were engaged in the banquet, she let in
called Ciris. Scylla, the daughter of Nisus, is upon them the waters of the Nile by means of
sometimes confounded by the poets with Scylla, a large concealed pipe, and drowned them all,
the daughter of Phorcus. Hence the latter is and then, in order to escape punishment, threw
sometimes erroneously called Niseia Virgo, and herself into a chamber full of ashes. This is
Niseis.  Vid. SCYLLA. Nisaa, the port town the account of Herodotus. We learn from other
of Megara, is supposed to have derived its name authorities that she was a celebrated personage
from Nisus, and the promontory of Scyllaeum  in Egyptian legends. She is said to have built
from his' daughter.-2. Son of Hyrtacus, and a the third pyramid, by which we are to underfriend of Euryalus. The two friends accom- stand that she finished the third pyramid, which
panied.Eneas to Italy, and perished in a night had been commenced by Mycerinus. Modern
attack against the Rutulian camp.-[3. A noble writers make her the last sovereign ofthe sixth
Dulichian, son of Aretus, and one of the suitors dynasty, and state that she reigned six years in
of Penelope.]                             place of her murdered husband (not her brother,
NISYRUS (Niavpog: now Nikero), a small isl- as Herodotus states), whose name was Menthuand in the Carpathian Sea, a little distance off 6phis. The latter is supposed to be the son or
the promontory of Caria called Triopium, of a grandson of the Mceris of the Greeks and Roround form, eighty stadia (eight geographical mans.
miles) in circuit, and composed of lofty rocks,  NITRIAE, NITRARIZE (Nt-Piea, NIrpta, Nirpatat:
the highest being two hundred and twenty-seven now Birket-el-Duarah), the celebrated natron
feet high. Its volcanic nature gave rise to the lakes in Lower Egypt, which lay in a valley on
fable respecting its origin, that Neptune (Posei- the southwestern margin of the Delta, and gave
don) tore it off the neighboring island of Cos to to the surrounding district the name of Ntrpfr, t.
hurl it upon the giant Polybotes. It was cele- or the Notog NtrpLr67O, and to the inhabitants,
brated for its warm springs, wine, and mill- whose chief occupation was the extraction of
stones. Its capital, of the same name, stood on the natron from the lakes, the name of NeTpL7rai.
the northwest of the island, where considerable This district was the chief seat of the worship
ruins of its Acropolis remain. Its first inhabit- of Serapis, and the only place in Egypt where
ants are said to have been Carians; but already sheep were sacrificed.
in the heroic age it had received a Dorian popu-  [NIARIA (i. e., Snow Island, now probably
lation, like other islands near it, with which it is Teneriffe), one of the Fortunatae Insulae, q. v.]
mentioned by Homer as sending troops to the  Nixi DII, a general term, applied by the RoGreeks. It received other Dorian settlements mans to those divinities who were believed to
in the historical age. At the time of the Per- assist women in child-birth.
sian war, it belonged to the Carian queen Arte-  [NOAS. Vid. NoEs.]
misia; it next became a tributary ally ofAthens:  NOBsILOR, FULVIUS, plebeians. This family
though transferred to the Spartan alliance by the was originally called PETINUS, and the name of
issue of the Peloponnesian war, it was recovered  Nobilior was first assumed by No. 1, to indicate
for Athens by the victory at Cnidus, B.C. 394. that he was more noble than any others of this
After the victory of the Romans over Antiochus name. 1. SER., consul B.C. 255, *ith M. IEmilthe Great, it was assigned to Rhodes, and, with ius Paulus, about the middle of the first Punic
the rest of the Rhodian republic, was united to war. The two consuls were sent to Africa, to
the Roman empire about B.C. 70.           bring off the survivors of the army of Regulus.
[NITETIS (NiriTrt), a daughter of Apries, the On their way to Africa they gained a naval vicEgyptian king, who was driven from his throne tory over the Carthaginians; but on their reby Amasis; Cambyses having demanded of turn to Italy they were wrecked off the coast
Amasis his daughter in marriage, the latter sent of Sicily, and most of their ships were destroyto him Nitetis, having passed her off as his own ed.-2. M., grandson'of the preceding, curule
daughter.  Another account, referred to by adile 195, praetor 193, when he defeated the
Herodotus as incorrect, makes Cyrus to have Celtiberi in Spain, and took the town of Tolesought Nitetis in marriage, and to have been by turnm; and consul 189, when he received the conher the father of Cambyses.]              duct of the war against the.Etolians. He took
NITIOBRaGEs, a Celtic people in Gallia Aqui- the town of Ambracia, and compelled the iEtotanica, between the Garumna and the Liger, lians to sue for peace. On his return to Rome
wvhose fighting force consisted of five thousand  in 187, he.celebrated a most splendid triumph.
men.   Their chief town was AGINNUM (now  In 179 he was censor with M. 2Emilius Lepidss,
Agen).                                    the pontifex maximus. Fulvius Nobilior had a
NrITOCIS (Ni7rUlSpl). 1. A queen of Babylon, taste for literature and art; he was a patron of
mentioned by Herodotus, who ascribes to her the poet Ennius, who accompanied him in his
many important works at Babylon and its vicin-:Etolian campaign; and he belonged to that
hty. It is supposed by most modern writers party among the Roman nobles who were inltr6.
556




NCEGA.                                   NORBAo
ducing into the city a taste for Greek literature the frontiers of Laconia, is said to have derived
and refinement. He was, therefore, attacked by its name from a nymph Nomia.
Cato the censor,who made merry with his name,  [NMION (No/oiv), of Caria, father of Amphicalling him mobilior instead of nobilior. Fulvi- machus and Nastes, who led the Carians to the
us, in his censorship, erected a temple to Her- Trojan war.]
cules and the Muses in the Circus Flaminius, as  NOMIus (Nltoc), a surname of divinities proan indication that the state ought to cultivate tecting the pastures and shepherds, such as
the liberal arts; and he adorned it with the Apollo, Pan, Mercury (Hermes), and Aristaeus.
paintings and statues which he had brought  NONACRIS (N5vacKptr: Nwvatcptarif, NovaKptfrom Greece upon his conquest of GEtolia.- evr), a town in the north of Arcadia, northwest
3. M., son of No. 2, tribune of the plebs 171; of Pheneus, was surrounded by lofty mountains,
curule wdile 166, the year in which the Andria in which the River Styx took its origin. The
of Terence was performed; and consul 159.- town is said to have derived its name from No4. Q., also son of No. 2, consul 153, when he had nacris, the wife of Lycaon. From this town
the conduct of the war against the Celtiberi in Mercury (Hermes) is called Nonacriates, EvanSpain, by whom he was defeated with great loss. der Nonacrius, Atalanta Nonacria, and Callisto
-le was censor in 136. He inherited his father's Nonacrina Virgo, in the general sense of Arlove for literature: he presented the poet En- cadian.
nius with the Roman franchise when he was a  NONIUS MARCELLUS. Vid. MARCELLUS.
triumvir for founding a colony.             NONIUS SUFENAS. Vid. SUFENAS.
[NCEGA (Noiyc), a maritime city of the   [NONNOSUS (N6vvoaog), a Byzantine historian
Astures in Hispania Tarraconensis, on the and ambassador, sent on an embassy to the
River Melsus, and on the borders of the Can- 2Ethiopians, Saracens, &c., by the Emperor Justabri.]                                  tinian I.; on his return he wrote an account of
[NOEMON. 1. A Lycian warrior, slain by Ulys- his embassy, of which an abridgment was made
ses beforeTroy.-2. Son of Phronius, anIthacan, by Photins, and still exists; edited by Niebuhr
who gave his vessel to Telemachus for his in- and Bekker, with Dexippus, Eunapius, &c.,
tended voyage in search of Ulysses.- 3. A Tro- Bonn, 1829.]
jan warrior, companion of uEneas in Italy, slain  NoNNus (NoPvor). 1. A Greek poet, was a
by Turnus.]                               native of Panopolis in Egypt, and lived in the
[NOES (N6VC, Hdt.), or NOAS (Val. Flacc.), a sixth century of the Christian era. Respecting
southern tributary of the Ister in Thrace.]  his life nothing is known, except that he was a
NOLA (Nolanus: now Nola), one of the most Christian. He is the author of an enormous
ancient towns in Campania, twenty-one Roman epic poem, which has come down to us under
miles southeast of Capua, on the road from that the name of Dionysiaca or Bassarica (AtovvatacKa
place to Nuceria, was founded by the Ausoni- or Baocaptica), and which consists of forty-eight
ans, but afterward fell into the hands of the books. The work has no literary merit; the
Tyrrheni (Etruscans), whence some writers call style is bombastic and inflated; and the inciit an Etruscan city. In B.C. 327, Nola was suf- dents are patched together with little or no coficiently powerful to send two thousand soldiers herence. Edited by Graefe, Lips., 1819-1826,
to the assistance of Neapolis. In 313 the town 2 vols. 8vo. Nonnus also made a paraphrase
was taken by the Romans. It remained faith- of the gospel of St. John in hexameter verse,
ful to the Romans even after the battle of Can- which is likewise extant. Edited by Heinsius,
nse, when the other Campanian towns revolted Lugd. Bat., 1627: [and by Passow, Leipzig,
to Hannibal; and it was allowed, in consequence, 1834.]-2. THEOPHANES NONNUS, a Greek medto retain its own constitution as an ally of the ical writer who lived in the tenth century after
Romans. In the Social war it fell into the Christ. His work is entitled a " Compendium
hands of the Confederates, and when taken by of the whole Medical art," and is compiled from
Sulla it was burned to the ground by the Sam- previous writers. Edited by Bernard, Gothae et
nite garrison. It was afterward rebuilt, and Amstel., 1794, 1795, 2 vols.
was made a Roman colony by Vespasian. The   NORA (ra Ncpa: Nopav6g, Norensis). 1. (Now
Emperor Augustus died at Nola. In the neigh- Torre Forcadizo), one of the oldest cities of Sarborhood of the town some of the most beautiful dinia, founded by Iberian settlers under Norax,
Campanian vases, have been found in modern stood on the coast of the Sinus Caralitanus,
times. According to an ecclesiastical tradition, thirty-two Roman miles southwest of Caralis.church bells were invented at Nola, and were 2. A mountain fortress of Cappadocia, on the
hence called Campana.                     borders of Lycaonia, on the northern side of the
[NOMADES. Vid. NuMIDIA.]                Taurus, noted for the siege sustained in it.by
NOMENTANUS, mentioned by Horace as pro- Eumenes against Antigonus for a whole winter.
verbially noted for extravagance and a riotous In the time of Strabo, who calls it Nvpoaaa6g, it
mode of living. The scholiasts tell us that his was the treasury of Sisinas, a pretender to the
full name was L. Cassius Nomentanus.      throne of Cappadocia.
NOMENTUM (Nomentanus: now La Mentana),    [NORAX (NdpaS), son of Mercury (Hermes)
originally a Latin town founded by Alba, but and Eurythea. Vid. NORA.]
subsequently a Sabine town, fourteen (Roman)  NRnBA (Norbanensis, Norbanus).  1. (Now
miles from Rome, from which the Via Nomen- Norma), a strongly fortified town in Latium, on
tana (more anciently Via Ficulensis) and the the slope of the Volscian Mountains, and near
Porta Nomentana at Rome derived their name. the sources of the Nymphleus, originally beThe neighborhood of the town was celebrated longed to the Latin and subsequently to the
for its wine.                            Volscian league. As early as B.C. 492 the RoNOMIA (r& N6,ta), a mountain in Arcadia, on mans founded a colony at Norba. It espoused
557




NORBANUS.                                NOVIODUNUM.
the cause of Marius in the civil war, and was former by the mountains which divide Austria
destroyed by fire by its own inhabitants, when and Styria: they both belonged to the diocese
it was taken by one of Sulla's generals. There of Illyricum and the prefecture of Italy.
are still remains of polygonal walls, and a sub-  NORTIA or NURTIA, an Etruscan divinity,
terraneous passage at Norma.-2. Surnamed worshipped at Volsinii, where a nail was driven
CSSARiA (now Alcantara), a RPoman colony in every year into the wall of her temple, for the
Lusitania, on the left bank of the Tagus, north- purpose of marking the number of years.
west of Augusta Emerita. The bridge built by  Nossis, a Greek poetess, of Locri in Italy,
order of Trajan over the, Tagus at this place is lived about B.C. 310, and is the author of twelve
still extant. It is six hundred feet long by epigrams of considerable beauty in the Greek
twenty-eight wide, and contains six arches.  Anthology.
NORBANUS, C., tribune of the plebs B.C. 95,  [NoTIUM (NO6Tov). 1. The port of Colophon.
when he accused Q. Servilius Caepio of majes- Vid. COLOPHON.- 2. A city in the island Catas, but was himself accused of the same crime lydna, which lay near Rhodes.-3. (Now Missen
in the following year, on account of disturbances Head), a promontory of Hibernia, the southwest
which took place at the trial of Capio. -In 90 point of the island.]
or 89, Norbanus was praetor in Sicily during the  NOTUS. Vid. AUSTER.
Marsic war; and in the civil wars he espoused  NOVARIA (Novarensis: now Novara), a town
the Marian party. He was consul in 83, when he in Gallia Transpadana, situated on a river of
was defeated by Sulla near Capua. In the fol- the same name (now Gogna), and on the road
lowing year, 82; he joined the consul Carbo in from Mediolanum to Vercelle, subsequently a
Cisalpine Gaul, but their united forces were en- Roman municipium.
tirely defeated by Metellus Pius. Norbanus es-  NOVATIANUS, a heretic, who insisted upon the
caped from Italy and fled to Rhodes, where he perpetual exclusion from the Church of all
put an end to his life, when his person was de- Christians who had fallen away from the faith
manded by Sulla.                           under the terrors of persecution. On the elecNORBANUS FLAccUS. Vid. FLAccUS.          tion of Cornelius to the see of Rome, A.D. 251,
NOREIA (NOupjet: now Neumarkt in Styria), Novatianus was consecrated bishop of a rival
the ancient capital of the Taurisci or Norici in party, but was condemned by the council held
Noricum, from which the whole country proba- in the autumn of the same year. After a vain
bly derived its name. It was situated in the struggle to maintain his position, he was obliged
centre of Noricum, a little south of the River to give way, and became the founder of a new
Murius, and on the road from Virunum to Ovila- sect, who from him derived the name of Novaba. It is celebrated as the place where Carbo tians. It should be observed that the individual
was defeated by the Cimbri, B.C. 113. It was who first proclaimed these doctrines was not
besieged by the Boii in the time of Julius Caesar. Novatianus, but an African presbyter under
(Caes., B. G., i., 5.)                     Cyprian, named Novatus. Hence much conNORIGUM, a Roman province south of the fusion has arisen between Novatus and NovatiDanube, which probably derived its name from  anus, who ought, however, to be carefully disthe town of NOREIA, was bounded on the north tinguished.- A few of the works of Novatianus
by the Danube, on the west by Raetia and Vin- are extant. The best edition of them is by
delicia, on the east by Pannonia, and on the Jackson, Lond., 1728.
south by Pannonia and Italy. It was separated  NovATUS. Vid. NOVATIANUS.
from Raetia and Vindelicia by the River iEnus  NOVENSILES or NOVENSIDES DII, Roman gods
(now Inn), from Pannonia on the east by Mons whose name is probably composed of nove and
Cetius, and from Pannonia and Italy on the insides, and therefore signifies the new gods in
south by the River Savus, the Alpes Carnicae, opposition to the Indigetes, or old native divinand M/ons Ocra. It thus corresponds to the ities. It was customary among the Romans,
greater part of Styria and Carinthia, and a part after the conquest of a neighboring town, to
of Austria, Bavaria, and Salzburg.  Noricum  carry its gods to Rome, and there establish their
was a mountainous country, for it was not only worship.
surrounded on the south and east by mount-   NovrESIU  (now Neuss), a fortified town of
ains, but one of the main branches of the Alps, the Ubii on the Rhine, and on the road leading
the ALPES NORpIC  (in the neighborhood of Salz- from Colonia Agrippina (now Cologne) to Casburg), ran right through the province. In those tra Vetera (now Xanten). The fortifications of
mountains a large quantity of excellent iron this place were restored by Julian in A.D. 359.
was found; and the Noric swords were cele-   NoVIODNUM, a name given to many Celtic
brated in antiquity. Gold also is said to have places from their being situated on a hill (dun).
been found in the mountains in ancient times. 1. (Now Nouan), a town of the Bituriges Cubi
The inhabitants of the country were Celts, di- in Gallia Aquitanica, east of their capital Avarvided into several tribes, of which the Taurisci, icum. -2. (Now Nevers), a town of the 2Edui
also called Norici, after their capital Noreia, in Gallia Lugdunensis, on the road from Auwere the most important. They were conquer- gustodunum to Lutetia, and at the confluence
ed by the Romans toward the end of the reign of the Niveris and the Liger, whence it was
of Augustus, after the subjugation of Reetia by subsequently called Nevirnum, and thus acTiberius and Drusus, and their country was quired its modern name.-3. A town of the
formed into a Roman province. In the later Suessones in Gallia Belgica, probably the same
division of the Roman empire into smaller prov- as Augusta Suessonum.  Vid. AUGUSTA, No.
inces, Noricum was formed into two provinces, 6.-4. (Now Nion), a town of the Helvetii in
Noricnm Ripense, along the bank of the Danube, Gallia Belgica, on the northern bank of the.and Noricum Mediterraneum., separated from the Lacus Lemanus, was made a Roman colony by
558




NOVIOMAGUS.                                NUMENIUS.
Julius Cssar, B.C. 45, under the name of Colo- was appointed by Tullus Hostilius prafectus
nia Equestris. —5. (Now Isaczi), a fortress in urbi.
Mcesia Inferior, on the Danube, near which Va-  NUMA POMPILLUS; the second king of Rome,
lens built his bridge of boats across the Danube who belongs to legend and not to history. He
in his campaign against the Goths.        was a native of Cures in the Sabine country,
NoVIOMAGUS or NcEOMAGUS. 1. (Now Cas-'and was elected king one year after the death
telnan de Medoc), a town of the Bituriges Vi- of Romulus, when the people became tired of
visci in Gallia Aquitanica, northwest of Burdi- the interregnum of the senate.  He was regala.-2. A town of the Tricastini in Gallia nowned for his wisdom and his piety; and it
Narbonensis, probablythemodern Nions, though was generally believed that he had derived his
some suppose it to be the same place as Au- knowledge from Pythagoras. His reign was
gusta Tricastinorum (now Aouste). - 3. (Now  long and peaceful, and he devoted his chief care
Spires), the capital of the Nemetes. Vid. NEM- to the establishment of religion among his rude
ETES.-4. (Now Neumagen), a town of the Tre- subjects. He was instructed by the Camena
viri in Gallia Belgica, on the Mosella.-5. (Now  Egeria, who visited him in a grove near Rome,
Nirmwegen), a town of the Batavi.-[6. (Ruins and who honored him with her love. He was
near Lisieux), a port of the Lexovii or Lexubii, revered by the Romans as the author of their
a small community belonging to the Arecomici whole religious worship. It was he who first
in Gallia Lugdunensis, between the Liger (now  appointed the pontiffs, the augurs, the flamens,
Loire) and Sequana (now Seine).]         the virgins of Vesta, and the Salii. He foundNovius, Q., a celebrated writer of Atellane ed the temple of Janus, which remained always
plays, a contemporary of the dictator Sulla.  shut during his reign. The length of his reign
NOVUM COarUM.  Vid. CMuar.              is stated differently. Livy makes it forty-three
[Nox. Vid. NYX.]                        years; Polybius and Cicero thirty-nine years.
NUBA PALUS (Nov6a 2Jivrl: now probably L. The sacred books of Numa, in which he preFittreh, in Daer Zaleh), a lake in Central Africa, scribed all the religious rites and ceremonies,
receiving the great river Gir, according to Ptol- were said to have been buried near him in a
emy, who places it in 15~ north latitude, and separate tomb, and to have been discovered by
40~ east longitude (=220 from Greenwich).  accident five hundred years afterward, in B.C.
NUBlE, NUBeEI (Nooete, Nov6aiot), an African  181.  They were carried to the city prator
people, who are found in two places, namely, Petilius, and were found to consist of twelve
about the Lake NUBA, and also on the banks of or seven books in Latin on ecclesiastical law
the Nile north of Meroe, that is, in the north and the same number of books in Greek on
central part of Nubia: the latter were govern- philosophy: the latter were burned on the comed by princes of their own, independent of mand of the senate, but the former were careMeroe. By the reign of Diocletian they had fully preserved. The story of the discovery
advanced northward as far as the frontier of of these books is evidently a forgery; and the
Egypt.                                    books, which were ascribed to Numa, and which
NoUCERA (Nucerinus). 1. Surnamed ALFA- were extant at a later time, were evidently
TERNA (now Nocera), a town in Campania, on nothing more than works containing an account
the Sarnus (now Sarno), and on the Via Appia, of the ceremonial of the Roman religion.
southeast of Nola, and nine (Roman) miles from  NUMANA (now Umanae Distrutta), a town in
the coast, was taken by the Romans in the Sam- Picenum, on the road leading from Ancona to
nite wars, and was again taken by Hannibal Aternum, along the coast, was founded by the
after the battle of Cannae, when it was burned Siculi, and was subsequently a municipium.
to the ground. It was subsequently rebuilt, and  NUMANTIA (Numanttnus: ruins near Puente
both Augustus and Nero planted here colonies de Don Guarray), the capital of the Arevacae or
of veterans. Pompeii was used as the harbor Arevaci in Hispania Tarraconensis, and the
of Nuceria. - 2. Surnamed CAMELLARIA (now  most important town in all Celtiberia, was sit-'Nocera), a town in the interior of Umbria, on the uated near the sources of the Durius, on a small
Via Flaminia.-3. (Now Luzzara), a smalltown tributary of this river, and on the road leading
in Gallia Cispadana, on the Po, northeast of from Asturicato Caesaraugusta. ItwasstrongBrixellum.-4. A town in Apulia, more correctly ly fortified by nature, being built on a steep and
called LUCERIA.                           precipitous, though not lofty hill, and accessible
[NUDIUM (Novitov), a settlement of the Minyee by only one path, which was defended by ditches
in Elis, early destroyed by the Eleans.]  and palisades. It was twenty-four stadia in
NUITHONES, a people of Germany, dwelling circumference, but was not surrounded by regon the right bank of the Albis (now Elbe), south- ular walls, which the natural strength of its
west of the Saxones, and north of the Lango- position rendered unnecessary.  It was long
bardi, in the southeastern part of the modern the head-quarters of the Celtiberians in their
Mecklenburg.                              wars with the Romans; and its protracted siege
NUMA MARCIUS. 1. An intimate friend of and final destruction by Scipio Africanus the
Numa Pompilius, whom he is said to have ac- younger (B.C. 133) is one of the most memorcompanied to Rome, where Numa made him    able events in the early history of Spain.
the first pontifex maximus. Marcius aspired  [NMANUSREMULUs, a Rutulian warrior, brothto the kingly dignity on the death of Pompilius, er-in-law of Turnus, slain by Ascanius.]
and he starved himself to death on the election  NUMENIYUS (Noe,/tvtoc), of Apamea in Syria,
of Tullus Hostilius.-2. Son of the preceding, a Pythagoreo-Platonic philosopher, who was
is said to have married Pompilia, the daughter highly esteemed by Plotinus and his school, as
of Numa Pompilius, and to have become by her well as by Origen. He probably belongs to the
the father of Ancus Marcius. Numa Marcius age of the Antonines. His object was to trace
559




NUMERIANUS.                                NUMITO:R
the doctrines of Plato up to Pythagoras, and, at at their first appearance in Roman history, we
the same time, to show that they were not at find their two great tribes, the Massylians and
variance with the dogmas and mysteries of the the Massaesylians, forming two monarchies,
Brahmins, Jews, Magi, and'Egyptians. Con- which were united into one under Masinissa,
siderable fragments of his works have been B.C. 201. For the historical details, vid. MAspreserved by Eusebius, in his Prc paratio Evan- INISSA. On Masinissa's death in 148, his kinggelica.                                   dom was divided, by his dying directions, beNUMERIANus, M. AUR ELIUS, the younger of tween his three sons, Micipsa, Mastanabal, and
the two sons of the Emperor Carus, who ac- Gulussa; but it was soon reunited under Micompanied his father in the expedition against CIPSA, in consequence of the death of both his
the Persians, A.D. 283. After the death of his brothers. His death in 118 was speedily folA
father, which happened in the same year, Nu- lowed by the usurpation of Jugurtha, an acmerianus was acknowledged as joint emperor count of which and of the ensuing war with the
with his brother Carinus. The army, alarmed Romans is given under JUGURTHA. Oh the deby the fate of Carus, who was struck dead by feat of Jugurtha in 106, the country became
lightning, compelled Numerianus to retreat to- virtually subject to the Romans, but they perward Europe. During the greater part of the mitted the family of Masinissa to govern it, with
march, which lasted for eight months, he was the royal title (vid. HIEMPSAL, No. 2; JUBA, No.
confined to his litter by an affection of the eyes; 1), until B.C. 46, when Juba, who had espoused
but the suspicions of the soldiers having become the cause of Pompey in the civil wars, was deexcited, they at length forced their way into the feated and dethroned by Julius Caesar, and
imperial tent, and discovered the dead body of Numidia was made a Roman province.  It
their prince. Arrius Aper, praefect of the prae- seems to have been about the same time or a
torians, and father-in-law of the deceased, was little later, under Augustus, that the western
arraigned of the murder in a military council, part of the country was taken from Numidia
held at Chalcedon, and, without being permit- and added to MAURETANIA, as far east as Saldae.
ted to speak in his own defence, was stabbed In B.C. 30 Augustus restored Juba II. to his
to the heart by Diocletian, whom the troops had father's kingdom of Numidia; but in B.C. 25
already proclaimed emperor. Vid. DIOCLETI- he exchanged it for Mauretania, and Numidia,
ANUS.                                    that is, the country between Saldae on the west
NUMICIUS or NMicTJS (now Numico), a small and the Tusca on the east, became a Roman
river in Latium, flowing into the Tyrrhene Sea province. It was again diminished by near a
-near Ardea, on the banks of which was the half under Claudius (vid. MAURETANIA); and
tomb of, Eneas, whom the inhabitants called henceforth, until the Arab conquest, the senaJupiter Indiges.                          torial province of Numidia denotes the district
[NUMICIUS, TIB. 1. Tribune of the plebs B.C. between the River Ampsaga on the west and
320, was, with his colleague Q. Maelius, given the Tusca on the east; its capital was Cirta
over to the Samnites when the Romans resolv- (now Constantineh). The country, in its later
ed not to adhere to the peace made at Caudium. restricted limits, is often distinguished by the
The colleague of Maelius is called by Livy L. name ofNewNumidia orNumidia Proper. The
Julius, and not Numicius. - 2. A person to Numidians are celebrated in military history as
whom Horace addresses the sixth epistle of his furnishing the best light cavalry to the armies,
first book: otherwise unknown.]          first of Carthage, and afterward of Rome.
[NUMIDA PLOTIUS, a friend of Horace, who  [NuMIIcus, the agnomen ofQ. Metellus for his
addresses to him one of his odes (bk. i., 36), success in Numidia. Vid. METELLUS, No. 10.]
to celebrate his safe arrival in Italy, after a  NuMIDIcUS SINUS (Novyuldt i   KOITC-ro: now
campaign against the Cantabri in Spain.]  Bay of Storah), the great gulf east of PromonNUMIDIA (NovCtudia, 7 NoaJccla and No1zadlrc: torium Tretum (now Seven Capes), on the north
Nopuac, Niimida, pl. Noyade or Noya6de Ai6vef, of Numidia.
Numidae: now Algier), a country of Northern  [NUMISIANUS (Novyzltav6O), an eminent phyAfrica, which, in its original extent, was divid- sician at Corinth, whose lectures Galen attended
ed from Mauretania on the west by the River about A.D. 150, having gone to Corinth for that
Malva or Mulucha, and on the east from the purpose. He was, according to Galen, the most
territory of Carthage (afterward the Roman celebrated of all the pupils of Quintus, and disprovince of Africa) by the River Tusca: its tinguishedhimself especially by his anatomical
northern boundary was the Mediterranean, and knowledge.]
on the south it extended indefinitely toward the  [NumISIus, P. 1. One of the two chief magischain of the Great Atlas and the country of the trates of the Latins, B.C. 340, and principal comGetuli. Intersected by the chain of the Less- mander in the Latin war.-2. C., praetor B.C.
er Atlas, and watered by the streams running' 177, obtained Sicily as his province.-3. T., of
down from it, it abounded in fine pastures, which Tarquinii, was one of the ten commissioners
were early taken possession of by wandering sent into Macedonia B.C. 167, to regulate its
tribes of Asiatic origin, who, from their occu- affairs after its conquest by Paullus 2Emilius.pation as herdsmen, were called by the Greeks, 4. N. Tiro, is branded by Cicero as one of the
here as elsewhere, Noyadef, and this name was cut-throats employed by M. Antonius the triperpetuated in that of the country. A sufficient umvir.]
account of these tribes, and of their connection  NUMISTRO (Numistranus), a town in Lucania,
with their neighbors on the west, is given un- near the frontiers of Apulia.
der MAURETANIA. The fertility of the country,  NUMITOR. Vid. ROMULUS.
inviting to agriculture, gradually gave a some-  [NUMITOR, son of Phorcus, a warrior in the
what more settled character to the people; and, army of Turnus, wounded Achates.]
560




NUMITORIUS.                               NYMPHIEUM.
ANuMITORiUs, L. 1. One of the five tribunes Nereeides (Nqpetdeg).  The rivers were reprefirst elected in the comitia tributa, B.C. 472.- sented by the Potameides (IIovrat'110e), who, as
2. P., the maternal uncle of Virginia, attempted local divinities, were named after their rivers,
to resist the iniquitous sentence of the decem- as Acheloides, Anigrides, Ismenides, Amnisiavir Appius Claudius, and was elected tribune of des, Pactolides. The nymphs of fresh water,
the plebs upon the expulsion of the decemvir, whether of rivers, lakes, brooks, or springs,
B.C. 449.-3. Q. Numitorius Pullus, of Fregel- were also designated by the general name
he, betrayed his native town to the Roman pra- Naiades (Nitder), though they had, in addition,
tor L. Opimius, B.C. 125, when it rose in revolt specific names (Kpyvaoat, HIyaoae,'E;etov6/iot,
to obtain the Roman franchise.-4. C., was a AtuvariSeg, or AteuvcdgE). Even the rivers of
distinguished man of the aristocratical party, the lower regions were described as having
who was put to death by Marius and Cinna their nymphs; hence we read of Nymphe inwhen they entered Rome at the close of B.C. fernse paludis and Avernales.  Many of these
88.]                                      nymphs preside over waters or springs which
NuRiA (Nursinus: now Norcia.), a town in the were believed to inspire those who drank of
north of the land of the Sabines, situated near them. The nymphs themselves were, therethe sources of the Nar and amid the Apennines, fore, thought to be endowed with prophetic
whence it is called by Virgil (2En., vii., 716) power, and to inspire men with the same, and
frigida Nursia. It was the birth-place of Ser- to confer upon them the gift of poetry. Hence
torius and of the mother of Vespasian.    all persons in a state of rapture, such as seers,
NYCTEIS (Nvrcrz), that is, Antiope, daughter poets, madmen, &c., were said to be caught by
of Nycteus, and mother of Amphion and Zethus. the nymphs (vvy062Voprroe, in Lat. lymphati, lymVid. ANTIOPE, Nx-CTEUS.                   phatici). As water is necessary to feed all vegNYCTEUvs   (NvKredS), son of Hyrieus by the etation as well as all living beings, the waternymph Clonia, and husband of Polyxo, by whom  nymphs frequently appear in connection with
he became the father of Antiope; though, ac- higher divinities, as, for example, with Apollo,
cording to others, Antiope was the daughter of the prophetic god and the protector of herds and
the river-god Asopus. Antiope was carried off flocks; with Diana (Artemis), the huntress and
byEpopeus, king ofSicyon; whereupon Nycteus, the protectress of game, who was herself origwho governed Thebes, as the guardian of Lab- inally an Arcadian nymph; with Mercury (Herdacus, invaded Sicyon with a Theban army. moes), the fructifying god of flocks; with BacNycteus was defeated, and being severely chus (Dionysus); and with Pan, the Sileni and
wounded, he was carried back to Thebes,-where, Satyrs, whom they join in their Bacchic revprevious to his death, he appointed his brother els and dances.-2. Nymphs of mountains and
Lycus guardian of Labdacus, and at the same grottoes, called Oreades ('Opetcde,'OpodSevliadeg),
time required him to take vengeance on Epo- but sometimes, also by names derived from
peus. Vid. LYcus.                         the particular mountains they inhabited (e. g.,
NYCTIM~NE,, daughter of Epopeus, king of Les- KtOatpwovdeg, HIIyLtd eg, Kopvctat). —3. Nymphs
bos, or, according to others, of Nycteus. Pur- of forests, groves, and glens, were believed somesued and dishonored by her amorous father, she times to appear to and frighten solitary travelconcealed herself in the shade of forests, where lers. They are designated by the names'Aishe was metamorphosed by Minerva (Athena) ac/der,'T2Aopot, Avisovtatmide, and NaTraat. —
into an owl.                              4. Nymphs of trees were believed to die together
NYvmPHm (Nvluoat), the name of a numerous with the trees which had been their abode, and
class of female divinities of a lower rank, though with which they had come into existence. They
they are designated by the title of Olympian, are were called Dryades and Hamadryades (Apvideg,
called to the meetings of the gods in Olympus,'Altadpvcdeg or'Adpvideg), from dpf.i, which sigand are described as the daughters of Jupiter nifies not only an. oak,' but any wild-growing
(Zeus). They may be divided into two great lofty tree; for the nymphs of fruit-trees were
classes. The first class embraces those who called Melides (M/2Ui6er, also Mr2 itdder,'Ertqurai[were recognized in the worship of nature. The Jer, or'Ayuaeytideg). They. seem to be of Arearly Greeks saw in all the phenomena of or- cadian origin, and never appear together with
dinary nature some manifestation of the deity: any of the great gods. II. The second class of.
springs, rivers, grottoes, trees, and mountains, nymphs, who were connected with certain races
all seemed to them fraught with life, and all or localities (N/ooat X06vtat), usually have a
were only the visible embodiments of so many name derived from the places with which they
divine agents.  The salutary and beneficent are associated, as Nysiades, Dodonides, Lempowers of nature were thus personified, and re- niae. The sacrifices offered to nymphs usually
garded as so many divinities. The second class consisted of goats, lambs, milk, and oil, but
of nymphs are personifications of tribes, races, never of wine.'They were worshipped in many
and states, such as Cyrene, and many others. parts of Greece, especially near springs, groves,
I. The nymphs of the first class must again be and grottoes. They are represented in works
subdivided into various species, according to the of art as beautiful maidens, either quite naked
different parts of nature of which they are the or only half covered. Later poets sometimes
representatives. 1. Nymphs of the watery ele- describe them as having sea-colored hair.
ment. To these belong, first, the nymphs of the  NYMPHf UM (Nvy5Ltaov, i. e., Nymph's abode).
ocean, Oceanides ('f2/ceav vat,'M2lceavide, vu1at 1. A mountain, with perhaps a village, by the
&Xtat), who were regarded as the daughters of River Aous, near Apollonia, in Illyricum.Oceanus; and, next, the nymphs of the Mediter- 2. A port and promontory on the coast of Illyriranean or inner sea, who were regarded as the cum, three Roman miles from Lissus. —3. (Now
daughters of Nereus, and hence were called Cape Ghiorgi), the southwestern promontory. ol
36                                                            561




NYMPHIEUS.                                     OASIS.
Acte or Athos, in Chalcidice.-4. A sea-port  NYSA or NYSSA (Niaa, N'voaa), was the letown of the Chersonesus Taurica (now Crimea), gendary scene of the nurture of Bacchus (Dioon the Cimmerian Bosporus, twenty-five stadia nysus), whence the name was applied to sev(two and a half geographical miles) from Panti- eral places which were sacred to that god.
capaeum.-5. A place on the coast of Bithynia, 1. In India, in the district of Goryaa, at the
thirty stadia (three geographical miles) west of northwestern corner of the Punjab, near the
the mouth of the River Oxines.-6. A place in confluence of the Rivers Cophen and Choaspes,
Cilicia, between Celenderis and Soloe.     probably the same place as Nagara or DionysoNYMPHITEUS (N'6juatoc).  1. (Now Ninfa or polis (now Nagar or Naggar). Near it was a
Nimpa), a small river of Latium, falling into the mountain of like name.-2. A city or mountain
sea above Astura; of some note as contributing in.Ethiopia. —3. (Now Sultan-Hisar, ruins a litto the formation of the Pomptine Marshes. It tie west ofNazeli), a city of Caria, on the south-.now no longer reaches the sea, but falls into a ern slope of Mount Messogis, built on both sides
little lake, called Lago di Monaci.-2. A harbor of the ravine of the brook Eudon, which falls
on the western side of the island of Sardinia, into the Meander. It was said to have been
between the Promontorium Mercurii and the named.after the queen of one of the Antiochi,
town ofTillium.-3. Also called NYMPHIUS (now  having been previously called Athymbra and
Basilimfa), a small river of Sophene in Armenia, Pythopolis.-4. A city of Cappadocia, near the
a tributary of the Upper Tigris, flowing from  Halys, on the road from Cesarea to Ancyra:
north to south past Martyropolis, in the valley the bishopric of St. Gregory of Nyssa.-5. A
between Mons Niphates and Mons Masius.     town in Thrace, between the Rivers Nestus and
NYMPHIDIUS SABINUS, commander of the pre- Strymon. —6. A town in Bceotia, near Mount
torian troops, together with Tigellinus, toward Helicon.
thelatter end of Nero's reign. On the death of  NYSEus, Nysius, NYSEUS, or NYSIGENA, a
Nero, A.D. 68, he attempted to seize the throne, surname of Bacchus (Dionysus), derived from
but was murdered by the friends of Galba.  Nysa, a mountain or city (see above), where the
NYMPHIS (NOU0et), son ofXenagoras, a native god was said to have been brought up by nymphs.
of the Pontic Heraclea, lived about B.C. 250.  NYSEIDES or NYSIXDES, the nymphs of Nysa,
He was a person of distinction in his native who are said to have reared Bacchus (Dionysus),
land, as well as a historical writer of some note. and whose names are Cisseis, Nysa, Erato, EriHe wrote a work on Alexander and his sue- phia, Bromia, and Polyhymno.
cessors in twenty-four books, and also a history  NYX (Nd:), called Nox by the Romans, was a
of Heraclea in thirteen books. [The fragments personification of Night. Homer calls her the
of Nymphis are collected by J. C. Orelli in. his subduer of gods and men, and relates that Jupiedition of Memnon, Leipzig, 1816, p. 95-102, ter (Zeus) himself stood in awe of her. In the
and by C. Muller, Fragm. Grcc. Hist., vol. iii., ancient cosmogonies Night is one of the very
p. 12-16.]                                 first created beings, for she is described as the
NYMPHODORUS (Nv/Y66odpo). 1. A Greek his- daughter of Chaos, and the sister of Erebus, by
torian of Amphipolis, of uncertain date, the au- whom she became the mother of,Ether and
thor of a work on the Laws or Customs of Asia Hemera. She is further said to have givenbirth,
(N6olula c'Aaia), vid. at end of No. 2.-2. Of without a husband, to Moros, the Keres, ThanaSyracuse, likewise a historian, seems to have tos, Hypnos, Dreams, Momus, Oizys, the Heslived about the time of Philip and Alexander the perides, Mcere, Nemesis, and similar beings.
Great. He wrote a Periplus of Asia, and a work In later poets, with whom she is merely the peron Sicily. [The fragments of these works are sonification of the darkness of night, she is
given by Muller, Fragm. Grc.: Hist., vol. ii., p. sometimes described as a winged goddess, and
375-381  Miiller considers the existence of sometimes as riding in a chariot, covered with
No. 1 doubtful, and adduces some arguments to a dark garment, and accompanied by the stars
show that these works are by one and the same in her course. Her residence was in the darkauthor, viz., the Nymphodorus of Syracuse.]  ness of Hades.
[NYMPHODORUS (Nvuoo'dwpog), a citizen of Abdera, whose sister married Sitalces, king of 
Thrace. The Athenians, who had previously
regarded Nymphodorus as their enemy, made    OXNUS ('QfavoC: now Frascolari), a small river
him their proxenus in B.C. 431, and, through on the southern coast of Sicily, near Camarina.
his mediation, obtained the alliance of Sitalces.  [OARACTA ('OdpaKraa,'op6xOa, or OViop6XOa:
He also subsequently testified his friendship for now Dsjisme or Khishme, also Brokht), a large
the Athenians by several other acts of kindness, and fertile island lying off the coast of Carmaand thus did them good service.]           nia, in the Persian Gulf; in it was found the
[NYSA or NYSSA (NrCaa or Naaaa). 1. A queen tomb of Erythras, from whom the Erythrman
of Bithynia, wife of Nicomedes II., and mother Sea was fabled to have been named.]
of Nicomedes III.-2. A sister of Mithradates  OIRUS ("Oapoe), a considerable river menthe Great, who was taken prisoner by Lucullus tioned by Herodotus as rising in the country of
at Cabira, and thus escaped the fate of the other the Thyssagets, and falling into the Palus Meosisters and wives of the king, who were put to tis (now Sea of Azov) east of the Tanais (now
death shortly after at Pharnacia.-3. A daughter Don). As there is no river which very well anof Mithradates the Great, who hadbeen betrothed swers this description, Herodotus is supposed
to the King of Cyprus, but accompanied her fa- to refer to one of the eastern tributaries of the
ther in his flight to the kingdom of Bosporus, Don, such as the Sal or the Manyteh.
where she ultimately shared his fate, putting an  OAsIS ('Oact, Aviaaic, and in later writers
end to her life by poison, B.C. 63.]'Qaacn) is the Greek form of an Egyptian word
562




OASIS.                                    OCCIA.
(in Coptie ouahe, an inhabited place), which was of Jupiter (Zeus) Ammon. The oracle was also
used to denote an island in the sea of sand of the visited by Cato of Utica. Under the Ptolemies
great Libyan Desert: the word has been adopted and the Romans it was subject to Egypt, and
into our language. The Oases are depressions formed part of the Nomos Libya. The most rein the great table-land of Libya, preserved from rmarkable objects in the Oasis, besides the temrnthe inroad of the shifting sands by steep hills of ple of Ammon, were the palace of the ancient
limestone round them,.and watered by springs, kings, abundant springs of salt water (as well
which make them fertile and habitable. With, as fresh) from which salt was made, and a well,
the substitution of these springs for the Nile, called Fons Solis, the water of which was cold
they closely resemble that greater depression in at noon, and warm in the morning and evening.
the Libyan table-land, the Valley of Egypt. The Considerable ruins of the temple of Ammon are
chief specific applications of the word by the still standing at the town of Siwah. In ancient
ancient writers are to the two Oases on the times the Oasis had no town, but the inhabitwest of Egypt, which were taken possession of ants dwelt in scattered villages.-4. In other
by the Egyptians at an early period. 1. OAsis parts of the Libyan Desert there were oases
MINOR, the Lesser or Second Oasis ('Oacat  of which the ancients had some knowledge, but
Mepad, or  dEvripas: now Wah-el-Bahryeh or which they do not mention by the name of'Wah-el-Behnesa), lay west of Oxyrynchus, and Oases, but by their specific names, such as
a good day's journey from the southwestern end AUGILA, PHAZANIA, and others.
of the Lake Mceris. It was-reckonedas belong-  OAxEs. Vid. OAXUs.
ing to the Heptanomis, or Middle Egypt, and  OAXUs ("Oafos:'OSetog), called Axus ('A:oc)
formed a separate Nomos.-2. OAsIs MAJOR, the by Herodotus, a town in the interior of Crete,
Greater, Upper, or First Oasis ("O. useya7t, i on the River Oaxes, and near Eleutherna, is?rpedrr,   i &ve'O., and, in Herodotus, Trd2oc "OaaGL said to have derived its name from Oaxes or
and viaoc MaKrdPOV, now Wah-el-Khargeh), is de- Oaxus, who was, according to, some accounts,
scribed by Strabo as seven days' journey west a son of Acacallis, the daughter of Minos, and,
of Abydos, which applies to its northern end, as according to others, a son of Apollo by Anit extends over more than lg of latitude. It chiale.
belonged to Upper Egypt, and, like the other,  OBILA (now Avila), a town of the Vettones, in
formed a distinct nome: these two nomes are Hispania Tarraconensis.
mentioned together as " duo Oasitae" (ol d6o  OBLIVIONIS FLUMEN. Vid. LIMEA.'Oaucru-d)., When the ancient writers use the  OBRIMAS (now Koja-Chai or Sandukli-Chai),
word Oasis alone, the Greater Oasis must gen- an eastern tributary of the Maeander, in Phrygia.
erally be understood. The Greater Oasis con-  OBRINGA (now Aar), a western tributary of
tains considerable ruins of the ancient Egyp- the Rhine, forming the boundary between Gertian and Roman periods. Between and near mania Superior and Inferior.
these were other Oases, about which we learn  OBSdQUENS, JfoLUS, the name prefixed to a
little or nothing from  the ancient writers, fragment entitled De Prodigiis or Prodigiorum
though in one of them, the Wah-el-Gharbee or Libellus, containing a record of the phenomena
Wah-el-Dakhleh, three days west of the Greater classed by the Romans under the general desigOasis, there are the ruins of a Roman tem- nation of Prodigiac or Ostenta. The series epple, inscribed with the names of Nero and of tends in chronological order from the consulTitus. The Greater Oasis is about level with ship of Scipio and Lwelius, B.C. 190, to the conthe valley of the Nile, the Lesser is about two sulship of Fabius- and XElius, B.C. 11. The
hundred feet higher than the Nile, in nearly materials are derived in a great measure from
the same latitude.-3. A still more celebrated Livy, whose very words are frequently employOasis than either of these was that called AM- ed. With regard to the compiler we know
MON, HAMMON, A MMONIUM, HAMMNONIS ORACU- nothing. The style is tolerably pure, but does
LUM, from its being a chief seat of the worship not belong to the Augustan age. The best ediand oracle of the god Ammon. It was called tions are by Scheffer, Amst., 1679; by Oudenby the Arabs in the Middle Ages Santariah, and dorp, Lugd. Bat., 1720; [and by Kapp, Curire
now Siwah. It is about fifteen geographical Regn., 1772.]
miles long, and twelve wide: its chief town,  OBUC6LA, OBUCPLA, or OBULCULA (now MonSiwah, is in 290 12' north latitude, and 260 17' clova), a town in Hispania Boetica, on the road
east longitude: its distance from Cairo is twelve from Hispalis to Emerita and Corduba.
days, and from the northern coast about one  OBULCO (now Porcuna), surnamed PONTIFIhundred and sixty statute miles: the ancients CENSE, a Roman municipium in Hispania Beereckoned it twelve days from Memphis, and five tica, three hundred stadia from Corduba.
days from Paraetonium on the northern coast.  OC~LdA ('21caXa,'eea;g\, also'f2c6etaea,'QKaIt was inhabited by various Libyan tribes, but;eiae:'Q2,ca2ei'), an ancient town in Bceotia, bethe ruling people were a race kindred to the tween Haliartus and Alalcomenae, situated on.Ethiopians above Egypt, who, at a period of a river of the same name falling into the Lake
unknown antiquity, had introduced, probably Copais, and at the foot of the mountain Tilphufrom Meroo, the worship of Ammon: the gov- sion.
ernment was monarchical. The Ammonians     [OcAL,_A ('2KicdEeta), daughter of Mantineus,
do not appear to have been subject to the old wife of' Abas, and mother of Acrisius and PrceEgyptian monarchy. Cambyses, after conquer- tus.]
ing Egypt in B.C. 525, sent an army against  [OccIA, a vestal virgin, who died in the reign
them, which was overwhelmed by the sands of of Tiberius, A.D. 19, after discharging the duties
the Desert. In B.C. 331, Alexander the Great of her priesthood for the long period of fiftyvisited the oracle, which hailed him as the son seven years.]
563




OCEANIDES.                                 OCTAVIA.
OCEXANDES. Vid. NYMPH.                  opamisus (now Ilindoo Koosh), according to
OCEkNUS ('QKEav6c), in the oldest Greek poets, Strabo, through Hyrcania, into the Caspian;
is the god of the water which was believed to' according to Pliny and Ptolemy, through Bace
surround the whole earth, and which was sup- tria, into the Oxus. Some suppose it to be
posed to be the source of all the rivers and only another name for the Oxus.' In the Pehlvi
other waters of the world. This water-god, in dialect the word denotes a river in general.
the Theogony of Hesiod, is the son of Heaven  [OcNus, a son of Tiberis and Manto, and the
and Earth (Ovpavo6 and rala), the husband of reputed founder of Mantua, which he is said to
Tethys, and the father of all the river-gods and have named after his mother.]
water-nymphs of the whole earth. He is in-  [OcRA ('icpa), a branch of the Alps in Norin
troduced in person in the Prometheus of LEs- cum; according to Strabo, the lowest part of the
chylus. As to the physical idea attached by the Carnic Alps, between Aquileia and Nauportus,
early Greeks to the word, it seems that they over which a commercial road passed from Italy
regarded the earth as a flat circle, which was en- to the north.]
compassed by a river perpetually flowing round  OCRICULUM (Ocriculanus: ruins near Otricoli)y
it, and this river was Oceanus. -(This notion an important municipium in Umbria, situated on
is ridiculed by Herodotus.) Out of and into the Tiber, near its confluence with the Nar, and
this river the sun and the stars were supposed on the Via Flaminia, leading from Rome to
to rise and set; and on its banks were the Narnia, &c.. There are ruins of an aqueduct,
abodes of the dead. From this notion it natu- an amphitheatre and temples near the modern
rally resulted that, as geographical knowledge  Otricoli.
advanced, the name was applied to the great  [OCRINUM PROMONTORIUM (now Cape Lizard).
outer waters of the earth, in contradistinction  Vid. DAMNONII.]
to the inner seas, and especially to the Atlantic,  OCRISIA or OCLISIA, mother of Servius Tulor the sea without the Pillars of Hercules (4 lius. For details, vid. TULLIUS.
eS ) iarraa, Mare Exterius), as distinguished  [OCTACILIUS. Vid. OTACILIUS.]
from the Mediterranean, or the sea within that  OCTAVIA. 1. Sister ofthe Emperor Augustus,
limit,'(4 irVTOc adalrra, Mare Internum); and was married first to C. Marcellus, consul, B.C.
thus the Atlantic is often called simply Ocea- 50, and subsequently, upon the death of the
nus. The epithet Atlantic (47'AnrTaiv7trc -a- latter, to Antony, the triumvir, in 40. This
Xaaaa, Herod., 6'A. 7r6vroS, Eurip.; Atlanti- marriage was regarded as the harbinger of a
cum Mare) was applied to it from the mythical lasting peace. Augustus was warmly attached
position of ATLAS being on its shores. The to his sister, and she possessed all the charms
other great waters which were denoted by the and virtues likely to secure a lasting influence
same term are described under their specific over the mind of a husband. Her beauty was
names.                                    universally allowed to be superior to that of
OCELIS (OQKIC7C: now Ghela), a celebrated  Cleopatra, and her virtue was such as to excite
harbor and emporium at the southwestern point admiration in an age of growing licentiousness
of Arabia Felix, just at the entrance to the Red and corruption. For a time Antony seemed to
Sea.                                      forget Cleopatra; but he soon became tired of
OCELLUS LUCiNUS, a Pythagorean philoso- his virtuous wife, and upon his return to the
pher, was a native of some Greek city in Lu- East he forbade her to follow him. When at
cania, but we have no particulars of his work. length the war broke out between Antony and
We have still extant under his name a consid- Augustus, Octavia was divorced by her huserable fragment of a work, entitled, "On the band; but, instead of resenting the insults she
Nature of the Whole" (irepi Ora rov qravrbo had received from him, she brought up with
v;ator), written in the Ionic dialect; but it is care his children by Fulvia and Cleopatra. She
much disputed whether it is a genuine work. died B.C. 11. Octavia had five children, three
In this work the author maintains that the by Marcellus, a son and two daughters, and two
whole (r3 7rav, or 6 K6apoc) had no beginning, by Antony, both daughters... Her son, M. Marand will have no end. Edited by Rudolphi, cellus, was adopted by Augustus, and was desLips., 1801-8; [and by Mullach, in the volume tined to be his successor, but died in 23. Vid.
entitled Aristotelis de Melisso, Xenophane et MARCELLUS, No. 9. The descendants of her
Gorgia Disputationes, &c., et Ocelli Lucani, qui two daughters by Antonius successively ruled
fertur, de universa natura libello, Berlin, 1846.] the Roman world. The elder of them marriOCELUM. 1. A town in the northeast of Lu- ed L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, and became the
sitania, between the Tagus and the Durius, grandmother of the Emperor Nero; the youngwhose inhabitants, the Ocelenses, also bore the er of them married Drusus, the brother of the
name of Lancienses.-2. (Now Ucello or Uxeau), Emperor Tiberius, and became the mother of
a town in the Cottian Alps, was the last place the Emperor Claudius, and the grandmother of
in Cisalpine Gaul before entering the territories the Emperor Caligula. Vid. ANTONIA.-2. The
of King Cottius.                          daughter of the Emperor Claudius, by his third
OCHA (OXtn), the highest mountain in Eubcea, wife, Valeria Messalina, was born about A.D.
was in the south of the island, near Carystus, 42. She was at first betrothed by Claudius to
running out into the promontory Caphareus.  L. Silanus, who put an end to his life, as Agrip[OCHESIus ('OXactoC), an AEtolian prince, fa- pina had destined Octavia to be the wife of her
ther of Periphas, who was slain in the Trojan  son, afterward the Emperor Nero. She was
war.]                                     married to Nero in A.D. 53, but was soon deOCHUS. Vid. ARTAXERXES III.             serted by her young and profligate husband for
OcHus ('OXoc, 2Xoc), a great river of Central Poppsa Sabina. After living With the latter as
Asia, flowing from the northern side of the Par- his mistress for some time, he resolved to re564




OCTAVIANUS.                                 ODOACER.
cognize her as his legal wife; and accordingly, of Cannae (216), and was one of the few who
he divorced Octavia on the alleged ground of survived the engagement.-12. C., son of No.
sterility, and then married Poppaea, A.D. 62. 11, and grandfather of Augustus, lived quietly
Shortly afterward, Octavia was falsely accused at his villa at Velitrae, without aspiring to the
of adultery, and was banished to the little isl- dignities of the Roman state.-13. C., son of
and of Pandataria, where she was put to death. No. 12, and father of Augustus, was praetor 61,
Her untimely end excited general commisera- and in the following year succeeded C. Antotion. Octavia is the heroine of a tragedy nius in the government of Macedonia, which he
found among the works of Seneca, but the au- administered with equal integrity and energy.
thor of which was more probably Curiatius Ma- He returned to Italy in 59, died the following
ternus.                                   year, 58, at Nola, in Campania, in the very
OCTAVIANUS. Vid. AUGUSTUS.              same room in whichAugustus afterward breathOcTAVIUS. 1. CN., surnamed RUFUS, quays- ed his last. By his second wife Atia, Octavius
tor about B.C. 230, may be regarded as the had a daughter and a son, the latter of whom
founder of the family. The Octavii originally was subsequently the Emperor Augustus. Vid.
came from the Volscian town of Velitrae, where AUGUSTUS.-14. L., a legate of Pompey in the
a street and an altar bore the name of Octavius. war against the pirates, 67, was sent by Pom-2. CN., son of No. 1, plebeian aedile 206, and pey into Crete to supersede Q. Metellus in the
praetor 205, when he obtained Sardinia as his command of the island; but Metellus refused
province. He was actively employed during to surrender the command to him. Vid. MEthe remainder of the second Punic war, and he TELLUS, NO. 16.
was present at the battle of Zama.-3. CN., son  OCTAVIUS BALBUS. Vid. BALBUS.
of No. 2, was praetor 168, and had the command  OCTODUIUS (Octodurensis: now Martigny), a
of the fleet in the war against Perseus. He town of the Veragri in the country of the Helwas consul 165. In 162 he was one of three vetii, is situated in a valley surrounded by lofty
ambassadors sent into Syria, but was assassin- mountains, and on the River Drance, near the
ated at Laodicea by a Greek of the name of spot where it flows into the Rhone. The anLeptines, at the instigation, as was supposed, cient town, like the modern one, was divided
of Lysias, the guardian of the young king An- by the Drance into two parts. The inhabitants
tiochus V. A statue of Octavius was placed had the Jus Latii.
on the rostra at Rome, where it was in the time  OCTOGESA, a town of the Ilergetes in Hisof Cicero.-4. CN., son of No. 3, consul 128.- pania Tarraconensis, near the Iberus, probably
5. M., perhaps younger son of No. 3, was the south of the Sicoris.
colleague of Tib. Gracchus in the tribunate of  OCTOLOPHUS, a place of uncertain site, in the
the plebs, 133, when he opposed his tribunitian north of Thessaly or the south of Macedonia.
veto to the passing of the agrarian law. He  OCYPETE. Vid. HARPYIAE.
was, in consequence, deposed from his office  OCYROE ('2QKvp61). 1. One of the daughters
by Tib.'Gracchus.-6. CN., a supporter of the of Oceanus and Tethys. -2. Daughter of the
aristocratical party, was consul 87 with L. centaur Chiron, possessed the gift of prophecy,
Cornelius Cinna. After Sulla's departure from  and is said to have been changed into a mare.
Italy, in order to carry on the war against Mith-  ODENATHUS, the ruler of Palmyra, checked the
radates, a vehement contest arose between the victorious career of the Persians after the detwo consuls, which ended in the expulsion of feat and capture of Valerian, A.D. 260, and drove
Cinna from the city, and his being deprived of Sapor out of Syria. In return for these servthe consulship. Cinna soon afterward returned ices, Gallienus bestowed upon Odenathus the
at the head of a powerful army, and accompa- title of Augustus. Odenathus was soon afternied by Marius. Rome was compelled to sur- ward murdered by some of his relations, not
render, and Octavius was one of the first vic- without the consent, it is said, of his wife Zetims in the massacres that followed. His head nobia, 266. He was succeeded by ZENOBIA.
was cut off and suspended on the rostra.-7.  ODESSUS ('O0daa6r:'O6drcrir6,'05daaenC). 1.
L., son of No. 6, consul 75, died in 74, as pro- (Now Varna), also called Odyssus and Odissus
consul of Cilicia, and was succeeded in the com- at a later time, a Greek town in Thracia (in the
mand of the province by L. Lucullus.-8. CN., later Mcesia Inferior), on the Pontus Euxinus,
grandson of No. 4, consul 76.-9. M., son of No. nearly due east of Marcianopolis, was founded
8, was curule aedile 50, along with M. C  elius. by the Milesians in the territory of the Crobyzi'On the breaking out of the civil war in 49, Oc- in the reign of Astyages, king of Media (B.C.
tavius espoused the aristocratical party, and 594-559). The town possessed a good harbor,
served as legate to M. Bibulus, who had the and carried on an extensive commerce.-2. A
supreme command ofthePompeian fleet. After seaport in Sarmatia Europea, on the north of
the battle of Pharsalia, Octavius sailed to Illyri- the Pontus Euxinus and on the River Sangaricumn; but, having been driven out of this coun- us, west of Olbia and the mouth of the Borystry (47) by Caesar's legates, he fled to Africa. thenes. It was some distance northeast of the
He was present at the battle of Actium (31), modern Odessa.
when he commanded part of Antony's fleet.-  [ODITES. 1. A centaur, slain by Mopsus.-2.
10. C., younger son of No. 1, and the ancestor An.Ethiopian, slain by Clymenus at the nupof Augustus, remained a simple Roman eques, tials of Perseus.]
without attempting to rise any higher in the  [ODIUS (COOS6o). 1. The leader of the Halistate.-11. C., son of No. 10, and great-grand- zones, who were in alliance with the Trojans,
father of Augustus, lived in the time of the see- was slain by Agamemnon before Troy.-2. A
ond Punic war, in which he served as tribune herald in the camp of the Greeks before Troy.]
of the soldiers. He was present at the battle  ODOACER, usually called. king of the Heruli,
565




ODOMANTICE.                                   CEDPUS.
was the leader of the barbarians who overthrew  the Vascones, on the northern coast of Hispanma
the Western empire, A.D. 476. He took the Tarraconensis, situated on a promontory of the
title of king of Italy, and reigned till his power same name, and on the River Magrada.
was overthrown by Theodoric, king of the Goths.  CEAX (Olaf), son of Nauplius and Clymene,
Odoacer was defeated in three decisive battles and brother of Palamedes and Nausimedon.
by Theodoric (489-490), and then took refuge in  [(EBALIDES, (EBALIS. Vid. CEBALUS.]
Ravenna, where he was besieged for three years.  CEBALUS (Oi6ba2of). 1. Son of Cynortas, hus- 
He at last capitulated on condition that he and band of Gorgophone, and father of Tyndareus,
Theodoric should be joint kings of Italy; but Pirene, and Arene, was king of Sparta, where he
Odoacer was soon afterward murdered by his was afterward honored with a heroum. Acrival.                                     cording to others, he was son of Perieres and
ODOMANTICE ('OdoLaVTrIC), a district in the grandson of Cynortas, and was married to the
northeast of Macedonia, between the Strymon nymph Batea, by whom he had several children.
and the Nestus, inhabited by the Thracian tribe The patronymic (Ebalides is not only applied to
of the Odomanti or OdoMnantes.             his descendants, but to the Spartans generally,
ODRYSsE ('Odpvaat), the most powerful people as Hyacinthus, Castor, Pollux, &c. The femiin Thrace, dwelt, according to Herodotus, on nine patronymic (Ebalis and the adjective (Ebaboth sides of the River Artiscus, a tributary of lius are applied in the same way. Hence Helen
the Hebrus, but also spread further west over is called by the poets (Ebalis and (Ebalia pellex;
the whole plain of the Hebrus. Soon after the the city of Tarentum is termed (Ebalia arx, bePersian wars, Teres, king of the Odrysae, ob- cause, it was founded by the Lacedaemonians;
tained the sovereignty over several of the other and since the Sabines were, according to one
Thracian tribes, and extended his dominions as tradition, a Lacedaemonian colony, we find the
far as the Black Sea. He was succeeded by Sabine king Titus Tatius named (Ebalius Titus,
his son Sitalces, who became the master of al- and the Sabine women.(Ebalidesamatres. (Ov.,
most the whole of Thrace. His empire com- Fast., i., 260; iii., 230.)-2. Son of Telon, by a
prised all the territory from Abdera to the nymph of the stream Sebethus, near Naples,
mouths of the Danube, and from Byzantium to ruled in Campania.
the sources of the Strymon; and it is describ-  [(EBARES (O6ipfc). -1. A groom of Darius
ed by Thucydides as the greatest of all the Hystaspis, who by a stratagem secured the Perkingdoms between the Ionian Gulf and the sian throne for his master, after the assassinaEuxine, both in revenue and opulence. Sital- tion of Smerdis.-2. Son of Megabazus, was
ces assisted the Athenians in the Peloponne- viceroy of Dascyleum, in Bithynia, in the reign
sian war against Perdiccas, king of Macedonia. of Darius Hystaspis.]
Vid. SITALCES. He died B.C. 424, and was suc-  (ECHALIA (Oixaia ~: Oixateevf, OixactU6rif).
ceededbyhis nephew Seuthes I. On the death  1. A town in Thessaly, on the Peneus, near
of the latter, about the end of the Peloponnesian  Tricca.-2. A town in Thessaly, belonging to
war, the power of the Odrysee declined. For the territory ofTrachis.-3. A town inMessenia,
the subsequent history ofthe Odrysae, vid. THRA-, on the frontier of Arcadia, identified by PauCIA.                                       sanias with Carnasium, by Strabo with Anda[ODRYSSES (O06pVcrg), a tributary of the nia.-4. A town of Eubosa, in the district EreRhyndacus, in Mysia.]                      tria. The ancients were divided in opinion
ODYSSEA ('a067~iea), a town of Hispania Be- which of these places was the residence of Eutica, situated north of Abdera, amid the mount- rytus, whom Hercules defeated and slew. The
ains of Turdetania, with a temple of Minerva original legend probably belonged to the Thes(Athena), said to have been built by Odysseus salian CEchalia, and was thence transferred to
(Ulysses). Its position is quite uncertain. Some the other towns.
of the ancients supposed it to be the same as  C(ECUMENIus (Obcovevtoc), bishop of Tricca,
OLISIPO.                                   in Thessaly, a Greek commentator on various
ODYSSEUS. Vid. ULYSSES.                  parts of the New Testament, probably flourished
(EA (IEda, Ptol.: CEensis: ruins at Tripoli?), about A.D. 950. He has the reputation of a
a city on the northern coast of Africa, in the  judicious commentator, careful in compilation,
Regio Syrtica (i. e., between the Syrtes), was modest in offering his own judgment, and neat
one of the three cities of the African Tripolis, in expression. Most of his commentaries were
and, under the Romans, a colony by the name published at Paris, 1631.
of JElia Augusta Felix. It had a mixed popu-  CEDIPUS (OldZrovg), son of Laius and Jocaste
lation of Libyans and Sicilians.           of Thebes. The tragic fate of this hero is more
CEA (Ola), a town in the island of AEgina, celebrated than that of any other legendary pertwenty stadia from the capital.            sonage, on account of the frequent use which
CEAGRUs or CEAGER (Olaypog), king of Thrace, the tragic poets have made of it. In their hands
was the father, by the muse Calliope, of Or- it underwent various changes and embellishpheus and Linus. Hence the sisters of Orpheus ments, but the common story ran as follows:
are called. (Eagrides, in the sense of the Muses. Laius, son of Labdacus, was king of Thebes,
The adjective (Eagrius is also used by the poets and husband of Jocaste, a daughter of Menceas equivalent to Thracian. Hence (Eagrius ceus, and sister of Creon. An oracle had inHcemus, (Eagrius Hebrus, &c.               formed Laius that he was destined to perish by
(EANTEE or (EANTHIA ((0dvO0, Oldv0eta: Oav- the hands of his own son. Accordingly, when
OevyS: now'Galaxidhi), a townofthe LocriOzolee Jocaste gave birth to a son, they pierced his
on the coast, near the entrance of the Crissaean- feet, bound them together, and exposed the
Gulf.                                      child on Mount Cithueron. There he was found
CEXso or (EAsso  (now Oyarzun), a town of by a shepherd of King Polybus of Corinth, and
566




CEDIPUS.                                  CENIDES.
was called from his swollen feet Edipus. Hav- he fell in battle, and was honored at Thebes
ing been carried to the palace, the king and his with funeral solemnities.
wife Merope (or Peribcea) brought him up as  [CENANTHE (OlvdvOr), mother of Agathocles,
their own child. Once, however, (Edipus was the infamous minister of Ptolemy Philopator,
taunted by a Corinthian with not being the and of Agathoclea, through whom she possessed
king's son, whereupon he proceeded to Delphi great influence with the king. After the acto consult the oracle. The oracle replied that cession of Epiphanes, she, with her family, was
he was destined to slay his father and commit given up to the multitude, and by them torn to
incest with his mother. Thinking that Polybus pieces.]
was his father, he resolved not to return to  (ENEON (Olvejv: Otve)ovev), a sea-port town
Corinth; but on his road between Delphi and of the Locri Ozolse, east of Naupactus.
Daulis he met his real father Laius. Poly-  CENEus (Oivevi), son of Portheus, husband of
phontes; the charioteer of Laius, bade CEdipus Althaea, by whom he became the father of Tymake way for them, whereupon a scuffle en- dens and Meleager, and was thus the grandfasued, in which CEdipus slew both Laius and his ther of Diomedes. He was king of Pleuron and
charioteer. In the mean time, the celebrated Calydon in zEtolia. This is Homer's account;
Sphinx had appeared in the neighborhood of but, according to later authorities, he was the
Thebes. Seated on a rock, she put a riddle to son of Porthaon and Euryte, and the father of
every Theban that passed by, and whoever was Toxeus, whom he himself killed, Thyreus (Pheunable to solve it. was killed by the monster. reus), Clymenus, Periphas, Agelaus, Meleager,
This calamity induced the Thebans to proclaim  Gorge, Eurymede, Melanippe, Mothone, and
that whoever should deliver the country of the Deianira. His second wife was Melanippe, the
Sphinx should be made king, and should re- daughter ofHipponous, bywhom he hadTydeus,
ceive Jocaste as his wife. (Edipus came for- according to some accounts; though, according
ward, and when he approached the Sphinx she to others, Tydeus was his son by his own daughgave the riddle as follows: "4A being with four ter Gorge. He is said to have been deprived
feet has two feet and three feet, and only one of his kingdom by the sons of his brother Agrivoice; but its feet vary, and when it has most us, who imprisoned and ill used him. He was
it is weakest." CEdipus solved the riddle by subsequently avenged by Diomedes, who slew
saying that it was man, who in infancy crawls Agrius and his sons, and restored the kingdom
upon all fours, in manhood stands erect upon either to CEneus himself, or to'his son-in-law
two feet, and in old age supports his tottering Andraemon, as CEneus was too old. Diomedes
legs with a staff. The Sphinx, enraged at the took his grandfather with him to Peloponnesus,
solution of the riddle, thereupon threw herself but some of the sons, who lay in ambush, slew
down from the rock. CEdipus now obtained the the old man near the altar of Telephus in Arkingdom of Thebes, and married his mother, by cadia. Diomedes buried his body at Argos, and
whom he became the father of Eteocles, Poly- named the town of CEnoe after him. According
nices, Antigone, and Ismene. In consequence to others, CEneus lived to extreme old age with
of this incestuous alliance, of which no one was Diomedes at Argos, and died a natural death.
aware, the country of Thebes was visited by a Homer knows nothing of all this; he merely replague. The oracle, on being consulted, or- lates that CEneus once neglected to sacrifice to
dered that the murderer of Laius should be ex- Diana (Artemis), in consequence of which she
pelled. GEdipus accordingly. pronounced a sol- sent a monstrous boar into the territory of Caemn curse upon the unknown murderer, and lydon, which was hunted by Meleager. The
declared him an exile; but when he endeavored hero Bellerophon was hospitably entertained by
to'discover him, he was informed by the seer CEneus, and received from him a costly girdle
Tiresias that he himself was both the parricite as a present.
and the husband of his mother. Jocaste now  CENXIADE (OivtcdaL: now Trigardon or Trikhhung herself, and CEdipus put out his own eyes. ardo), an ancient town of Acarnania, situated
From this point traditions differ; for, according on the Achelous, near its mouth, and surrounded
to some, CEdipus in his blindness was expelled by marshes caused by the overflowing of the
from Thebes by his sons and brother-in-law, Cre- river, which thus protected it from hostile aton, who undertook the government, and he was tacks. It was called in ancient times ERYSICHE
accompanied by Antigone in his exile to Attica; ('EpvriX/), and its inhabitants ERYSICHA I ('Epvwhile, according to others, he was imprisoned by aixalot); and it probably derived its later name
his sons at Thebes, in order that his disgrace from the mythical CEneus, the grandfather of
might remain concealed from the eyes of the Diomedes.  Unlike the other cities of Acarworld. The father now cursed his sons, who' nania, CEniadae espoused the cause of the Sparagreed to rule over Thebes alternately, but be- tans in the Peloponnesian war.  At the time
came involved in a dispute, in consequence of of Alexander the Great, the town was taken by
which they fought in single combat, and slew  the AEtolians, who expelled the inhabitants; but
each other. Hereupon Creon succeeded to the the Aetolians were expelled in their turn by
throne, and expelled CEdipus. After long wan- Philip V., king of Macedonia, who surrounded
derings, (Edipus arrived in the grove of the Eu- the place with strong fortifications. The Romenides, near Colonus, in Attica; he was there mans restored the town to the Acarnanians.
honored by Theseus in his misfortune, and, ac- The fortress Nesus or Nasus, belonging to the
cording to an oracle, the Eumenides removed territory of CEniadoe, was situated in a small
him from the earth, and no one was allowed to lake near (Eniadse.
approach his tomb. According to Homer, CEdi-  CENIDES, a patronymic from CEneus, and hence
pus, tormented by the Erinnyes of his mother, given to Meleager, the son of CEneus, and Diocontinued.to reign at Thebes after her death; medes, the grandson of CEneus,
567




(ENO.                                   (ENUSSME.
[(ENo (01v6). Vid. ANIUs.]             remained standing.-[2. A Trojan hero, slain by
(CENOANDA Or (ENEANDA, a town of AsiaMinor, Idomeneus before Troy.-3. A Grecian hero,
in the northwest of Pisidia, or -the district of slain by Hector.] —4. OfGadara, a Cynic philosCabalia, subject to Cibyra.               opher, who flourished in the reign of Hadrian
[(ENOATIs (Olvuwdrt), a surname ofDiana(Ar- or somewhat later, but-before Porphyry. He
temis), who was worshipped in Argolic CEnoe, wrote a work to expose the oracles, of which
where a temple was said to have-been built to considerable fragments are preserved by Euseher by Prcetus.]                          bius.-5. A tragic poet. Vid. DIOGENES, No. 5.
(ENOBARAS (Oivo66gpa), a tributary of the  C(ENSNE,(Oivcvl2), daughter of the river-god
Orontes, flowing through the plain of Antioch, Cebren, and wife of Paris, before he carried
in Syria.                                 off Helen. TVid. PARIS.
CENOE(Ol6Vo':Olvoaoc). 1.AdemusofAttica,  C(ENNE or (ENOPIA, the ancient name of
belonging to the tribe Hippothoontis, near Eleu- AGEINA.
therae, on the frontiers of Bceotia, frequently  CENOPHYTA (Ti Oiv6ovVa: now Inia), a town
mentioned in the Peloponnesian war.-2. A de- in Beotia, on the left bank of the Asopus, and
mus of Attica, near Marathon, belonging to the on the road from Tanagra to Oropus, memortribe Aiantis, and also to the Tetrapolis.-3. A  able for the victory gained here by the Athenifortress of the Corinthians, on the Corinthian ans over the Bceotians, B.C. 456.
Gulf, between the promontory Olmiae and the  CENr6PiDis (Oivo7ri6fV), of Chios, a distinguishfrontier of Megaris.-4. A town in Argolis, on ed astronomer and mathematician, perhaps a
the, Arcadian frontier, at the foot of Mount Ar- contemporary of Anaxagoras. (Enopides detemisium.-5. A town in Elis, near the mouth rived most- of his astronomical knowledge from
of the Selleis.-6. A towni in the island Icarus the priests and astronomers of Egypt, with
or Icaria.                                whom he lived for some time. He obtained
CENOMiAUS (Oiv0zaof).  1. King of Pisa in from this source his knowledge of the obliquity
Elis, was son of Mars (Ares) and Harpinna, the of the ecliptic, the discovery of which he is said
daughter of Asopus, and husband of the Pleiad to have claimed. The length of the solar year
Sterope, by whom he became the father of Hip- was fixed by (Enopides at three hundred and
podamia. According to others, he was a son sixty-five days, and somewhat less than nine
of M Ares) and Sterope, or a son of Alxion. hours.  He is said to have discovered the
An oracle had declared that he should perish by twelfth and twenty-third propositions of the
the hands of his son-in-law; and as his horses first book of Euclid, and the quadrature of the
were swifter than those of any other mortal, he meniscus.
declared that all who came forward as suitors  [CENOPIA, ancient name of _Egina.'Vid.
for Hippodamia's hand should contend with'him.EGINA.]
in the chariot-race; that whoever conquered  CENOPION (OiZVOrtiw), son of Bacchus (Dioshould receive her; and that whoever was con- nysus) and husband of the nymph Helice, by
quered should suffer death. The race-course whom he became the father of Thalus, Euanextended from Pisa to the altar of Neptune (Po- thes, Melas, Salagus, Athamas, and Merope,
seidon), on the Corinthian Isthmus. The suitor Aerope or Haero. Some writers call CEnopion
started with Hippodamia in a chariot, and CEno- a son of Rhadamanthys by Ariadne, and a
maus then hastened with his swift horses after brother of Staphylus. From Crete he migrated
the lovers. He had overtaken and slain many with his sons to Chios, which Rhadamanthys
a suitor, when Pelops, the son of Tantalus, came had assigned to him as his habitation. When
to Pisa. Pelops bribed Myrtilus, the charioteer king of Chios, the giant Orion sued for the
of (Enomaus, to take out the linch-pins from  hand of his daughter Merope. As CEnopion rethe wheels of his master's chariot, and he re- fuged to give her to Orion, the latter violated
ceived from Neptune (Poseidon) a golden char- Merope, whereupon CEnopion put out his eyes,
iot and most rapid horses. In the race which and expelled him from the island. Orion went
followed, the chariot of((Enomaus broke down, to Lemnos; he was afterward cured of his
and he fell out and was killed. Thus Pelops blindness, and returned to Chios to take venobtained Hippodamia and the kingdom of Pisa. geance on CEnopion. But the latter was not
There are some variations in this story, such to be found in Chios, for his friends had conas that (CEnomaus was himself in love- with cealed him in the earth, so that Orion, unable
his daughter, and for this reason slew her lov- to discover him, went to Crete.
ers. Myrtilus also is said to have loved Hip-  (ENOTRI, CENoTRIA.  id. -ITALIA.
podamia, and, as she favored the suit of Pe-  (EN6TRIDES, two small islands in the Tyrlops, she persuaded Myrtilus to take the linch- rhene Sea, off the coast of Lucania, and oppopins out of the wheels of her father's chariot. site the town of Elea or Velia and the mouth
As CEnomaus was breathing his last, he pro- of the Helos.
nounced a curse upon Myrtilus.  This curse  (CENOTROPiE. Vid. ANIUS.
had its desired effect; for, as Pelops refused to  I CENSTRUS (Oivwrpor), youngest son of Lygive to Myrtilus the reward he had promised, caon, emigrated with a colony from Arcadia to
or as Myrtilus had attempted to dishonor Hip- Italy, and gave the name of CEnotria to the
podamia, Pelops thrust him down from Cape district in which he settled.
Geraestus. Myrtilus, while dying, likewise pro-  CENYs (OivoiV: now Kelesina), a river in Lanounced a curse upon Pelops, which was the conia, rising on the frontier of Arcadia, and
cause of all the calamities that afterward befell flowing into the Eurotas north of Sparta.
his house. The tomb of CEnomaus was shown There was a town of the same name upon this
on the River Cladeus in Elis. His house was river, celebrated for its wine.
destroyed by lightning, and only one pillar of it  (CENUSSIE (OiVoVCacat, OivoVciat). 1. A group
568




(EOBAZUS.                                  OICLES.
of islands lying off the southern point of Mes-  [CEUM (Olov), a mountain fortress in eastern
senia, opposite to the port of Phoenicus: the Locris, lying above Opus, destroyed by an
two largest of them are now called Sapienza earthquake.]
and Cabrerta.-2. (Now Spalmadori orEgonuses),  OFELLA, a man of sound sense and of a
a group of five islands between Chios and the straightforward character, whom Horace concoast of Asia Minor.                      trasts with the Stoic quacks of his time. 
[CEoBAzus (Oi66aToS). 1. A Persian, who,  OFELLA, Q. LUCRETIUS, orignally belonged to
when Darius Hystaspis was on the point of the Marian party, but deserted to Sulla, who
marching from Susa on his Scythian expedi- appointed him to the command of the army
tion, besought him to leave him one of his three employed in the blockade of Praeneste, B.C. 82.
sons, all of whom were in the army. Darius Ofella became a candidate for the consulship
ordered them all three to be put to death.-2. in the following year, although he had not yet
Father of Siromitres, who led the Paricanians been either quaestor or praetor, thus acting in
in the Greek expedition of Xerxes.-3. A noble defiance of one of Sulla's laws. He was, in
Persian, who, when the Greek fleet appeared consequence, put to death by Sulla's orders.
in the Hellespont after the battle, of Mycale,  OFILYUS, a distinguished Roman jurist, was
fled from Cardia to Sestus; he afterward fell one of the pupils of Servius Sulpicius, and a
into the hands of the Thracians, and was by friend of Cicero and Caesar. His works are
them sacrified to their god Pleistorus.]  often cited in the Digest.
[CEoLYcus (Oi6XvUcoc), a son of Theras of  OGLASA (now Monte Christo), a small island
Sparta, and brother of AEgeus, was honored at off the coast of Etruria.
Sparta with a heroum.]                      OGULNII, Q. and CN., two brothers, tribunes
CEoNus (Oinv6S), son of Licymnius of Midea of the plebs B.C. 300, carried a law by which
in Argolis, first victor at Olympia in the foot- the number of the pontiffs was increased from
race. He is said to have been killed at Sparta four to eight, and that of the augurs from four
by'the sons of Hippocoon, but was avenged by to nine, and which enacted that four of the
Hercules, whose kinsman he was, and was hon- pontiffs and five of the augurs should be taken
ored with a monument near the temple of Her- from the plebs. Besides these eight pontiffs
cules.                                    there was the pontifex maximus, who is genOEROE ('i2epoq), an island in Beotia, formed erally not included when the number of pontiffs
by the River Asopus, and opposite Plateae.  is spoken of.
[CEsALCEs, brother of Gala, king of the Nu-  OGYGIA ('2yvyia). 1. The mythical island of
midian tribe of the Massylians, whom he sue- Calypso is placed by Homer in the navel or cenceeded on the throne, according to the Numid- tral point of the sea, far away from all lands.
ian law of inheritance.]                  Later writers pretended to find it in the Ionian
(Escus (now Isker or Esker), called Oscius Sea, near the promontory Lacinium, in Brut(Ooratof) by Thucydides, and Scius (tcior) by tium.-[2. Vid. OGYGUS.]
Herodotus,'a river in Mcesia, which rises in  OG-GUS or OGYGES (Y"yvyoC), sometimes callMount Scomius according to Thucydides, or in ed a Boeotian autochthon, and sometimes son
Mount Rhodope according to Pliny, but in real- of Boeotus, and king of the Hectenes, is said
ity on the western slope of Mount Haemus, and to have been the first ruler of the territory of
flows into the Danube near a town of the same Thebes, which was called after him OGYGIA.
name (now Oreszovitz).                    In his reign the waters of Lake, Copais rose
E(ESTRYMNIDES INSULAE, a group of islands above its banks, and inundated the whole valrich in tin and copper, in the Sinus CEstrymni- ley of Boeotia. This flood is usually called
cus; probably the same with the CASSITERIDES after him the Ogygian. The name of Ogygus
(q. v.) on the coast of Britannia.]       is also connected with Attic story, for in Attica
CEsYMA (Ol67^I: Oicrvlzadoc), called 2ESMA an Ogygian flood is likewise mentioned, and he
(A6a'izV) by Homer (II., viii., 304), an ancient is described as the father of the Attic hero
town in Thrace, between the Strymon and the Eleusis, and as the father of Daira, the daughNestus, a colony of the Thasians.         ter of Oceanus. In the Boeotian tradition he
CETA (Oirl, re Orai(ov ovpea: now Kata- was the father of Alalcomenia, Thelxincea, and
~othra), a rugged pile of mountains in the south Aulis. Bacchus is called Ogygius deus because
of Thessaly, an eastern branch of Mount Pin- he is said to have been born at Thebes.
dus, extended south of Mount Othrys along the  OGYRIS ("12yvptG), an island of the Erythraean
southern bank of the Sperchius to the Maliac Sea (now Indian Ocean), off the coast of CarGulf at Thermopylae, thus forming the northern mania, at a distance of two thousand stadia
barrier of Greece. Strabo and Livy give the (two hundred geographical miles), noted as the
name of Callidromus to the eastern part of alleged burial-place of the ancient king Ery(Eta, an appellation which does not occur in thras; but rid. OARACTA.
Herodotus and the earlier writers. Respecting  OICLES or OICLEUS ('OiK/CAe,'OiK'Edrg), son of
the pass of Mount (Eta, vid. THERMOPYLE. Antiphates, grandson of Melampus, and father
(Eta was celebrated in mythology as the mount- of Amphiaraus, of Argos. He is also called a
ain on which Hercules burned himself to death. son of Amphiaraus, or a son of Mantius, the
From this mountain the south of Thessaly bor- brother of Antiphates.  Oicles accompanied
dering on Phocis was called CETAEA (OiTaia), Hercules on his expedition against Laomedon
and its inhabitants CET^EI (OlraLot).     of Troy, and was there slain in battle. Ac(ETYLUS (Oirv2ou: OLrv,2tog: now Vitylo), cording to other traditions, he returned home
also called TYLUS (TW2oc), an ancient town in from the expedition, and. dwelt in Arcadia,
Laconia, on the Messenian Gulf, south of Thal- where he was visited, by his grandson Alcmaeama, called after an Argive hero of this name. on and where his tomb was shown.
569




OILEUS.                                   OLIZON.
OILEUS ('OZiAe[v), son of Hodoedocus and Lao- ameter verse. He is closely connected with
nome, grandson of Cynus, and great-grandson the worship of Apollo, of whom, in one legend,
of Opus, was a king of the Locrians, and mar- he was made the prophet. His connection with
ried to Eriopis, by whom he became the father Apollo is also marked by his being called Hyof Ajax, who is hence called Oilides, Oilides, perborean, and one of the establishers of orand Ajax Oilei. Oileus was also the father of acles, though the more common story made him
Medon by Rhene.- He is mentioned among the a native of Lycia. He is said to have settled
Argonauts.                                at Delos. His name seems to signify simply
[OLARION or OLARIONENSIS INSULA (now Ole- the flute-player. Of the ancient hymns which
ron), an island in the Sinus Aquitanicus, on the went under his name, Pausanias mentions those
west coast of Gallia.]                   to Juno (Hera), to Achleia, and to Ilithyia; the
OLBA or OLBE ('t0t6), an ancient-inland city last was in celebration of the birth of Apollo
of Cilicia, in the mountains above Soloe, and and Diana (Artemis).
between the Rivers Lamus and Cydnus. Its    [OLENIA RUPES ('&2evia 7rErpa), the Olenian
foundation was ascribed by mythical tradition rock mentioned in the Iliad (ii., 617); according
to Ajax the son of Teucer, whose alleged de- to Strabo, the summit of Mount Scollis in Achascendants, the priests of the very ancient tem- ia, on the borders of Elis.]
pie of Jupiter (Zeus), once ruled over all Cilicia  [OLENNIUS, one of the chief centurions placAspera. In later times it belonged to Isauria, ed in command over the Frisii; by his harshness
and was the see of a bishop.              he caused an insurrection of the people, from
OLBASA ("O'j6aa). 1. A city of Cilicia As- whose fury flight alone preserved him, B.C. 28.]
pera, at the foot of the Taurus, north of Seli-  OLENUS ('2XevOSg:'RQ2vtog). 1. An ancient
nus, and northwest of Caystrus; not to be con- town in YEtolia, near New Pleuron, and at the
founded with OLBA.-2. A city in the southeast foot of Mount Aracynthus, is mentioned by
of Lycaonia, southwest of Cybistra, in the dis- Homer, but was destroyed by the.Etolians at
trict called Antiochiana.-3. A city in the north an early period.-2. A town in Achaia, between
of Pisidia, between Pednelissus and Selge.  Patrie and Dyme, refused to join the Achaean
OLBE. Vid. OLBA.                        league on its restoration in B.C. 280. In the
OLBIA ('026ia). 1. (Now probably Eoubes, time of Strabo the town was deserted. The
near Hieres), a colony of Massilia, on the coast goat Amalthaea, which suckled the infant Jupiof Gallia Narbonensis, on a hill called Olbianus, ter (Zeus), is called Olenia capella by the poets,
east of Telo Martius (now Toulon).-2. (Now  either because the goat was supposed to have
probably Terra Nova), a very ancient city, near been born near the town of Olenus, and to have
the northern end of the eastern side of the isl- been subsequently transferred to Crete, or beand of Sardinia, with the only good harbor on cause the nymph Amalthaea, to whom the goat
this coast, and therefore the usual landing- belonged, was a daughter of Olenus.
place for persons comingfrom Rome. A myth-  OLGAssYS ("O2yacavf: now Al-GezDagth), a
ical tradition ascribed its foundation to the lofty, steep, and rugged mountain chain of Asia
Thespiadae.- 3. In Bithynia. Vid. ASTAcUS. Minor, extending nearly west and east through
The Gulf of Astacus was also called from it the east of Bithynia, and the centre of PaphlaSinus Olbianus. —4. A fortress on the western gonia to the River Halys, nearly parallel to the
frontier of Pamphylia, on the coast, west of chain of Olympus, of which it may be considthe River Catarrhactes; not improbably on the ered as a branch.  Numerous temples were
same site as the later ATTALIA.-5. Vid. BORYS- built upon it by the Paphlagonians.
THENES.                                     OLIARUS ('C2iapoc,'2Leapor:'QA17ptoc: now
[OLBIUS ('Ol6to), a river in the north of Ar- Antiparos), a small island in the _Egean Sea,
cadia, near Pheneus, by the Arcadians also one of the Cyclades, west of Paros, originally
called AROANIUS.]                         colonized by the Phoenicians, is celebrated in
OLcDEXs, an ancient people in Hispania Tar- modern times for its stalactite grotto, which is
raconensis, north of Carthago Nova, near the not mentioned by ancient writers.
sources of the Anas, in a part of the country  OLIGYRTUS ('OaiYvproC), a fortress in the
afterward inhabited by the Oretani. They are northeast of Arcadia, on a mountain of the same
mentioned only in the wars of the Carthaginians name, between Stymphalus and Caphyee.
with the inhabitants of Spain. Hannibal trans-  [OLINA (now probably Orne), a small river in
planted some of the Olcades to Africa. Their the west of Gallia Lugdunensis, between the
chief towns were Althaea and Carteia, the site mouth of the Sequana and the promontory Goof both of which is uncertain; the latter place baeum, flowing through the territory of the Vimust not be confounded with the celebrated ducasses.]
CARTEIA in Batica.                          OLISIPO (now Lisbon), a town in Lusitania,
OLCINIUM (Olciniatne: now Dulcigno), an an- on the right bank of the Tagus, near its mouth,
cient town on the coast of Illyria, southwest and a Roman municipium with the surname
of Scodra, belonging to the territory of Gentius. Felicitas Julia. It was celebrated for its swift
OLEARUS. Vid. OLIARUS.                  horses. Its name is sometimes written ULYSOLEASTRUM. 1. A town of the Cosetani, in sIPPO, because it was supposed by some to have
IIispania Tarraconensis, on the road from Der- been the town which Ulysses was said to have
tosa to Tarraco, probably the place from which founded in Spain; but the town to which this
the plumbum Oleastrense derived its name.-2. legend referred was situated in the mountains
A town in Hispania Baetica, near Gades.   of Turdetania.
OLEN ('QWjv), a mythical personage, who is  OLIZON ('Olj6v), a town of Thessaly, on the
represented as the earliest Greek lyric poet, coast of Magnesia and on the Pagasaean Gud;
and the first author of sacred hymns in hex- mentioned by Homer.
570




OLLIUS.                                 OLYMPIAS.
Oi Ufs (now Oglio), a river in Gallia Trans- statue was made of ivory and gold, and the god
padana, falls into the Po southwest of Mantua. was represented as seated on a throne of cedar[OLLIUS, T., the father of Poppoea Sabina, wood, adorned with gold, ivory, ebony, and prewas put to death toward the end of the reign cious stones. Vid. PHIDIAS. 2. The Heraumn,
of Tiberius.]                             or temple of Hera (Juno), which contained the
OLML3 ('Oycal), a promontory in the terri- celebrated chest of Cypselus, and was situated
tory of Corinth, which separated the Corinthian north of the Olympieum. 3. The Metroum, or
and Alcyonian Gulfs.                      temple of the Mother of the gods. The other
[OLMIUS ('OmUe6rO), a small river flowing from  public buildings in the Altis most worthy of noHelicon, which unites with the Permessus tice were the Thesauri, or treasuries of the difnear Haliartus, and soon after falls into Lake ferent states which had sent dedicatory offerCopais.]                                 ings to the Olympian Jupiter (Zeus), situated at
OLoossON ('00ooaaUv:'Oaooac6vtoC: now  the foot of Mount Cronion; the Zanes, or statues
Elassona), a town of the Perrhsebi in Thessaly, of Jupiter (Zeus), which had been erected from
in the district of Hestiaeotis. Homer (II., ii., fines imposed upon those who had been guilty
739) calls it "white," an epithet which it ob- of fraud or other irregularities in the Olympic
tained, according to Strabo, from the whiteness contests, and which were placed on a stone platof its soil.                             form near the Thesauri; the Prytaneum, in
OLOPHYXUS ('Oo6pvfof:'Oo~ofteoc), a town which the Olympic victors dined after the conof Macedonia, on the peninsula of Mount Athos. tests had been brought to a close; the Bouleu[OLORUS or OROLUS ("02opo or "Opotoc). 1. terion, in which all the regulations relating to
A king of Thrace, whose daughter, Hegesipyla, the games were made, and which contained a
was married to Miltiades.-2. Apparently grand- statue of Jupiter (Zeus) Horcius, before which
son of the above, and son of Hegesipyla, was the usual oaths were taken by the judges and
probably the offspring of a second marriage con- the combatants; the Philippeum, a circular buildtracted byher after the death of Miltiades. This ing of brick, surmounted with a dome, which
Olorus was the father of THUCYDIDES.]     was erected by Philip after the battle of ChmOLPe  or OLPE ("Ot7rai,'Ohr:'Oxtraro). ronea, and which was situated near one of the
1. (Now Arapi), a town of the Amphilochi, in gates of the Altis, close to the Prytaneum; the
Acarnania, on the Ambracian Gulf, northwest of Hippodamium, a sacred inclosure, erected in
Argos Amphilochicum.-2. A town of the Locri honor of Hippodamla; the Pelopium, a sacred
Ozole.                                   inclosure, erected in honor of Pelops. The two
OLURUS ("O0ovpog:'OtoVpeIO). 1. A town in chief buildings outside the Altis were the StadiAchaia, near Pellene, on the Sicyonian frontier. um, to the east of Mount Cronion, in which the
-2. Also OLURIS (C"OlovpLr), called DORIUM gymnastic games were celebrated, and theHip(ai6prov) by Homer, a town in Messenia, south podromus, a little southeast of the Stadium, in
of the River Neda.                        which the chariot-races took place.  At the
OLUS ('Ouovi:'O2ovwrorf), a town and harbor place which formed the connection between the
on the eastern coast of Crete, near the promon- Stadium and Hippodromus, the Hellanodicee, or
tory of Zephyrium.                        judges of the Olympic games, had their seats.
OLYBRIUS, ANICIUS, Roman emperorA.D. 472, For details, vid. Diet. of Antiq., arts. HIPPODROwas raised to this dignity by Ricimer, who de- MUS and STADIUM. The Olympic games were
posed Anthemius. He died in the course of the celebrated from the earliest times in Greece,
same year, after a reign of three months and and their establishment was assigned to various
thirteen days. His successor was GLYCERIUS.  mythical personages. There was an interval
OLYMPENE,andOLYMPNI orOLYMPIENI ('OvYz- of four years between each celebration of the
7rv7pO,'OXv/uJrrvoi,'O0vtu7rtlvo), the names of the festival, which interval was called an Olympiad;
district about the Mysian Olympus, and of its but the Olympiads were not employed as a
inhabitants.                              chronological era till the victory of Corcebus in
OLYMPIA ('OvFJrria), the name of a small plain the foot-race, B.C. 776. An account of the
in Elis, in which the Olympic games were cele- Olympic games and of the Olympiads is given
brated. It was surrounded on the north and in the Dict. of Antiq., arts. OLYMPIA and OLYMnortheast by the mountains Cronion and Olym- PIAS.
pus, on the south by the River Alpheus, and on  OLYMPIAS ('Ov71rMca). 1. Wife of Philip lI.,
the west by the River Cladeus. In this plain king of Macedonia, and mother of Alexander the
was the sacred grove of Jupiter (Zeus), called Great, was the daughter of Neoptolemus I.,
Altis ("Atrc, an old Elean form of S2paoc, a kingofEpirus. Shewasmarriedto Philip B.C.
grove), situated at the angle formed by the con- 359. The numerous amours of Philip, and the
fluence of the rivers Alpheus and Cladeus, and passionate and jealous character of Olympias,
three hundred stadia distant from the town of occasioned frequent disputes between them;
Pisa. The Altis and its immediate neighbor- and when Philip married Cleopatra, the niece
hood were adorned with numerous temples, of Attalus (337), Olympias withdrew from Macestatues, and public buildings, to which the gen- donia, and took refuge at the court of her brother
eral appellation of Olympia was given; but there Alexander, king of Epirus. It was generally
was no town of this name. The Altis was sur- believed that she lent her support to the assasrounded by a wall. It contained the following sination of Philip, 336; but it is hardly credible
temples: 1. The Olympieum, or temple of Jupi- that she evinced her approbation of that deed
ter (Zeus) Olympius, which was the most cele- in the open manner asserted by some writers.
brated of all the buildings at Olympia, and which After the death of Philip she returned to Macontaied the master-piece of Greek art, the co- cedonia, where she enjoyed great influence
lossal statue of Jupiter(Zeus) by Phidias. The through the affection of Alexander. On toi
571




OLYMPIODORUS.                                OLYMPUS.
death of the latter (323) she withdrew fron  [Edited by Fr. Creuzer, Frankfort, 1821-22.]Macedonia, where her enemy Antipater had 4. An Aristotelic philosopher, the author of a
the undisputed control of affairs, and took ref- commentary on the Meteorologica. of Aristotle,
uge in Epirus. Here she continued to live, as which is still extant, lived at Alexandrea in the
it were, in exile, until the death of Antipater latter half of the sixth century after Christ.
(319) presented a new opening to her ambition. Like Simplicius, to whom, however, he is inShe gave her support to the new regent Poly- ferior, he endeavors to reconcile Plato and Arsperchon, in opposition to Cassander, who had istotle.
formed an alliance with Eurydice the wife of  [OLYMPIODORUS ('OV2Lvprt6JopoC). 1. An AthePhilip Arrhidaeus, the nominal king of Mace- nian general, commanded a body of three hunddonia. In 317, Olympias, resolving to obtain red picked men at the battle of Plataae, who
the supreme power in Macedonia, invaded that were engaged in a service from which all the
country along with Polysperchon, defeated Eu- other Greeks shrank.-2. An Athenian general,
rydice in battle, and put both her and her hus- who, when Athens was attacked by Cassander,
bandto death. Olympias followedup her venge- compelled the latter to withdraw his forces.
ance by the execution of Nicanor, the brother He also subsequently rid the city of the Maceof Cassander, as well as of one hundred of his donian garrison which Demetrius had stationed
leading partisans among the Macedonian no- there, and successfully defended Athens against
bles. Cassander, who was at that time in the Demetrius himself.]
Peloponnesus, hastened to turn his arms against  OLYMPIUS ('Ol/e7zrto'), the Olympian, occurs
Macedonia. Olympias, on his approach, threw  as. a surname of Jupiter (Zeus), Hercules, the
herself (together with Roxana and the young Muses (Olympiades), and, in general, of all the
Alexander) into Pydna, where she was closely gods who were believed to live in Olympus, in
blockaded by Cassander throughout the winter. contradistinction from the gods of the lower
At length, in the spring of 316, she was cor- world.
pelled to surrender to Cassander, who caused  OLYMPIUS NEMESIANUS. Vid. NEMESIANUS.
her to be put to death. Olympias was not with-  OLYMPUS (YOI2vp7ror), the name of two Greek
out something of the grandeur and loftiness of musicians, of whom one is mythical and the
spirit which distinguished her' son, but her un- other historical. 1. The elder Olympus belongs
governable passions led her to acts of sanguin- tothe mythical genealogy of Mysia and Phrygary cruelty that must forever disgrace her name. ian flute-players-Hyagnis, Marsyas, Olympus
-[2. Daughter of Pyrrhus I., king of Epirus, -to each of whom the invention of the flute
and wife of her brother Alexander II. After was ascribed, under whose names we have the
his death she assumed the regency of the king- mythical representation of the contest between
dom on behalf of her two sons, Pyrrhus and the Phrygian auletic and the Greek citharcedic
Ptolemy; and, in order to strengthen herself music. Olympus was said to have been a naagainst the AEtolians, gave her daughter Phthia tive of Mysia, and to have lived before the Troin marriage to Demetrius II., king of Mace- jan war. Olympus not unfrequently appears
donia. When her sons had attained to man- on works of art as a boy, sometimes instructed
hood, she resigned the sovereignty into the by Marsyas, and sometimes as witnessing and
hands of Pyrrhus, but he did not long retain it; lamenting his fate.-2. The true Olympus was
for both he and his brother Ptolemy were soon a Phrygian, and perhaps belonged -to a family
removed by death, and Olympias was so deeply of native musicians, since he was said to be deaffected by this double loss that she soon after scended from the first Olympus. Heflourished
died of grief]                            about B.C. 660-620. Though a Phrygian by
OLYMPIODORUS ('OvUnrt6Jopoc). 1. A native origin, Olympus must be reckoned among the
of Thebes in Egypt-who lived in the fifth cen- Greek musicians, for all the accounts make
tury after Christ. He wrote a work in twenty- Greece the scene of his artistic activity; and
two books (entitled'IcaropiKol  yot), which com- he may be considered as having naturalized in
prised the history of the Western empire under Greece the music of the flute, which had previthe reign of Honorius, from A.D. 407 to Octo- ously been almost peculiar to Phrygia.
her, A.D. 425. Olympiodorus took up the his-  [OLYMPUS ('YO2v/roS), the physician in orditory from about the point at which Eunapius nary to Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, aided her in
had ended. Vid. EUNAPIUS. The original work committing suicide, B.C. 30, and afterward pubof Olympiodorus is lost, but' an abridgment of it lished an account of her death.]
has been preserved by Photius. After the death  OLYMPUS ('O2v/zroC). I. In Europe. 1. (Grk.
of Honorius, Olympiodorus removed toByzan- Elynbo, Turk. Semavat-Evi, i. e., Abode of the
tium, to the court of the Emperor Theodosius. Celestials). The eastern'part of the great chain
Hierocles dedicated to this Olympiodorus his of mountains which extends west and east from
work on Providence and Fate. Vid. HIEROCLES. the Acroceraunian promontory on the Adriatic
Olympiodorus was a heathen. [The fragments to the Thermaic Gulf, and which formed the
of his history are published in the Byzantine northern boundary of ancient Greece proper.
Historians, with lexippus, &c., by Niebuhr, Ina wide sense, the name is sometimes applied
Bonn, 1829.]-2. A peripatetic philosopher, who to all that part of this great chain which lies
taught at Alexandrea, where Proclus was one east of the central range of Pindus, and which
of his pupils.-3. The last philosopher of celeb- is usually called the Cambunian Mountains;
riy.in the Neo-Platonic school of Alexandrea. but.the more specific and ordinary use of the
He lived in the first half of the sixth century nameOlympus is to denote the extreme eastern
after Christ, in the reign of the Emperor Jus- part of the chain, which, striking off from tho
inian.- His life of Plato, and commentaries on I Cambunian Mountains to the southeast, skirts
several of Plato's dialogues, are still extant. I the southern end of the slip of coast called
572




OLYNTHUS.                                    OMBI.
Pieria, and forms at its termination the north- the head of the Toronaic Gulf, and at a little
ern wall of the Vale of TEMPE. Its shape is distance from the coast, between the peninsulas
that of a blunt cone, with its, outline pictur- of Pallene and Sithonia. It was the most imesquely broken by minor summits; its height portant of the Greek cities on the coast of Macis about nine thousand seven hundred feet, and edonia, though we have no record of its founits chief summit is coveredwith perpetualsnow. dation. It afterward fell into the hands of the
From its position as the boundary between Thracian Bottiaei,when they were expelled from
Thessaly and Macedonia, it is sometimes reck- their own country by the Macedonians. Vid,
oned to the former, sometimes to the latter. BOTTIMEI. It was taken by Artabazus, one of
In the Greek mythology, Olympus was the chief the generals of Xerxes, who peopled it with
seat of the third dynasty of gods, of which Chalcidians from Torone; but it owed its greatZeus (Jupiter) was the head. It was a really ness to Perdiccas, who persuaded the inhabitlocal conception with the early poets, to be un- ants of many of the smaller towns in Chalciderstood literally, and not metaphorically, that dice to abandon their own abodes and settle
these gods                                in Olynthus. This happened about the com" On the snowy top         mencement of the Peloponnesian war; and from
Of cold Olympus ruled the middle air,  this time Olynthus appears as a prosperous and
Their highest heaven."              flourishing town, with a population of five thouIndeed, if Homer uses either of the terms sand inhabitants capable of bearing arms. It
"O2jTOro and ov3pave6 metaphorically, it is the became the head of a confederacy of all the
latter that is a metaphor for the former. Even Greek towns in this part of Macedonia, and it
the fable of the giants scaling heaven must be long maintained its independence against the
understood in this sense; not that they placed attacks of the Athenians, Spartans, and MacePelion and Ossa upon the top of Olympus to donians; but in B.C. 379 it was compelled to
reach the still higher heaven, but that they piled submit to Sparta, after carrying on war with
Pelion on the top of Ossa, and both on the low- this state for four years. When the supremacy
er slopes of Olympus, to scale the summit of of Sparta was destroyed by the Thebans, OlynOlympus itself, the abode of the gods. Homer thus recovered its independence, and even redescribes the gods as having their several pal- ceived an accession of power from Philip, who
aces on the summit of Olympus; as spending was anxious to make Olynthus a counterpoise
the day in the palace of Zeus (Jupiter), round to the influence of Athens in the north of the
whom they sit in solemn conclave, while the _Egean. With this view Philip gave Olynthus
younger gods dance before them, and the Muses the territory of Potidaea, after he had wrested
entertain them with the lyre and song. They this town from the Athenians in 356. But
are shut in from the view of men upon the earth when he had sufficiently consolidated his power
by a wall of clouds, the gates of which are kept to be able to set at defiance both Olynthus and
by the Hours. The same conceptions are found Athens, he threw off the mask, and laid siege
in Hesiod, and to a great extent in the later to the former city. The Olynthians earnestly
poets; with whom, however, even as early as besought Athens for assistance, and were warmthe lyric poets and the tragedians, the idea be- ly supported by Demosthenes in his Olynthiac
comes less material, and the real abode of the orations; but as the Athenians did not render
gods is gradually transferred from the summit the city any effectual assistance, it was taken
of Olympus to the vault of heaven (i. e., the and destroyed by Philip, and all its inhabitants
sly) itself. This latter is also the conception sold as slaves (347). Olynthus was never reof the Roman poets, so far, at least, as any defi- stored, and the remnants of its inhabitants
nite idea can be framed out of their compound were at a later time transferred by Cassander
of Homer's language with later notions.-2. A  to Cassandrea. At the time of its prosperity
hill' in Laconia, near Sellasia, overhanging the Olynthus used the neighboring town of MECYRiver CEnus.-3. Another name for Mount Ly- BERNA as its sea-port.
cseus in Arcadia.-II. Int Asia. 1. The MYSIAN  [OLYNTHUS ("O'vV0oc), a son of Hercules and
OLYMPUS, ("OvUZ7roC 6 M.VaLto: now Keshish Bolbe, from whom the town of Olynthus was
Dagh, Ala Dagh, Ishik Dagh, and Kush-Dagh), believed to have.received its name.]
a chain of lofty mountains in the northwest of  OMXNA or OMXNUM ("OtLava, "Opavov). 1. A
Asia Minor, forming, with Ida, the western part celebrated port on the northeastern coast of
of the northernmost line of the mountain sys- Arabia Felix, a little above the easternmost
tem of that peninsula. It extends from west to point of the peninsula, Promontorium Syagros
east through the northeast of Mysia and the (now Ras el Had), on a large gulf of the same
southwest of Bithynia, and thence, inclining a name. The people of this part of Arabia were
little northward, it first passes through the cen- called OMANITE ('Opuavirat) or OMANI, and the
tre of Bithynia, then forms the boundary be- name is still preserved in that of the district,
tween Bithynia and Galatia, and then extends Oman.-2. (Now probably Schaina), a sea-port
through the south of Paphlagonia to the River town in the east of Carmania; the chief emHalys. Beyond the Halys, the mountains in porium on that coast for the trade between Inthe north of Pontus form a continuation of the dia, Persia, and Arabia.
chain.-2. (Now Yanar Dagh), a volcano on the  OMANITE and OMANUM. Vid. OMANA.
eastern coast of Lycia, above the city of Phe-  OMBI (O/e6ot:'OQ6Zrab: ruins at Koum Omnicus (now Yanar). The names of the mount- bou, i. e., Hill of Ombou), the last great city of
ain and of the city are often interchanged. Vid. Upper Egypt, except Syene, from which it was
PHaENIcUS.                                distant about thirty miles, stood on the eastern
OLYNTHUS ("OXUvvOoc:'O?2Vc0toc: now Aio bank of the Nile, in the Ombites Nomos, and
Mamas), a town of Macedonia in Chalcidice, at was celebrated as one of the chief seats of the
573




OMPHALE.                               ONOMACRITUS.
worship of the crocodile. Jufvenal's fifteenth pie and grove of Neptune (Poseidon), and was
satire is founded on a religious war between the place of meeting of the Boeotian Amphicthe people of Ombi and those of Tentyra, who tyony. The ruins of this town are still to be
hated the crocodile; but as Tentyra lies so seen on the southwestern slope of the mountmuch further down the Nile, with several in- ain Faga.-2. A river in"Thessaly, which, rises
tervening cities celebrated, as well as Ombi, for in the neighborhood of Eretria, and flows by
crocodile worship, critics have suspected an Cynoscephalae, and falls into the Lake Bcebeis.
error in the names, and some have proposed to It is, perhaps, the same as the River Onochonus
read Coptos or Copton for Ombos in v. 35. It ('Ov0xovor) mentioned by Herodotus.
seems, however, better to suppose that Juvenal  ONESICRITUS ('OOvyicpLroc), a Greek historical
used the name without reference to topograph- writer, who accompanied Alexander on his camical precision. Opposite to Qmbi, on the left paigns in Asia, and wrote a history of them,
bank, was the town of Contra-Ombos.       which is frequently cited by later authors. He
OOMPHXLE ('OCi(t/), daughter of the Lydian is called by some authorities.a native of Astyking Iardanus, and wife of Tmolus, after whose palasa, and by others of Egina. When Alexandeath she undertook the government herself. der constructed his fleet on the Hydaspes, he
When Hercules, in consequence of the murder appointed Onesicritus chief pilot of the fleet,
of Iphitus, was afflicted with a serious disease, a post which he held not only during the deand was informed by the oracle that he could scent of the Indus, but throughout the voyage
only be cured by serving some one for wages'from the mouth of that river to the Persian
for the space of three years, Mercury (Hermes) Gulf, which was conducted under the command
sold Hercules to Omphale. The hero became of Nearchus. Though an eye-witness of much
enamored of his mistress, and, to please her, that he described, it appears that he intermixed
he is said to have spun wool and put on the many fables and falsehoods with his narrative,
garments of a woman, while Omphale wore his so: that he,early fell into discredit as an aulion's skin. She bore Hercules several chil- thority.
dren.                                       [ONETOR ('OVrw op). 1. Priest of the Id aan
[OMPHALION (OiU0acti(uv), a painter, was orig- Jove in Troy.-2. Father of Phrontis, the helms~
inally the slave, and afterward the disciple of man of-Menelaus.]
Nicias, the son of Nicomedes. He painted the  ONINGIS or ORINGIS. Vid. ORINGIS.
walls of the temple of Messene with figures of  ONIROS ("Ov'epor), the Dream-God, was a perpersonages celebrated in the mythological le- sonification of dreams. According to Homer,
gends of Messenia.]                       Dreams dwell on the dark shores of'the westOMPHALIUM ('OdU0/tztov:'Oj0(bauri), a town ern Oceanus, and the deceitful dreams come
in Crete, in the neighborhood of Cnosus.  through an ivory gate, while the true ones issue
ON. Vid. HELIOPOLIS.                    from a gate made of horn. Hesiod calls dreams
[ONARUS ("Ovapor),- a priest of Bacchus (Dio- the children of night; and Ovid, who calls them
nysus) in Naxos, whom, according to one ac- children of Sleep, mentions three of them by
count, Ariadne married after she had been name, viz., Morpheus, Icelus or Phobetor, and
abandoned by Theseus.]                    Phantasus. Euripides called them sons of Gaea
ONITAS ('Ovadra). 1. Of Egina, the son of (Terra)j and conceived them as genii with black
Micon, was a distinguished statuary and painter, wings.
contemporary with Polygnotus, Ageladas, and  ON6BA, surnamed sSTUARIA (now Huelva).
Hegias. He flourished down to about B.C. 460, 1. A sea-port town of the Turdetani in Hispathat is, in the age immediately preceding that nia Baetica, between the mouths of the Betis
of Phidias.-[2. A Pythagorean philosopher of and Anas, on an- estuary formed by the River
Croton, who wrote a work, Ilepi deov tcai rEiov,  Luxia. There are remains of a Roman aquesome extracts from which are preserved by duct at Huelva.-[2. Another city of Batica, in
Stobaeus.]                               the interior, near Corduba.]
ONCe (0Oy/ca), a village in Boeotia, near  [ONOaHONUS ('OvdXWvoc).  Vid. ONCHESTUS,
Thebes, from which one of the gates of Thebes No. 2.]
derived its name ('OyKcaa,), and which contain-  [ONOMACLES ('Ovo/uaKcr), an Athenian gened a sanctuary of Minerva (Athena), who was eral, sent with Phrynichus and Scironides, B.C.
hence called Minerva (Athena) Onca.       412, to besiege Miletus, but was driven off by
[ONCEUM ("Oytceov), a place in Arcadia, on the arrival of a Peloponnesian fleet: he was
the banks of the Ladon, with a temple of Ceres afterward sent to act against Chios. It was
(Demeter) Erinnys, said to have derived its probably this same Onomacles who was one of
name from Oncus, son of Apollo, its founder.] the thirty tyrants, B.C. 404.]
ONnHESMus or ONCHISMUS ("OYXaLo't, 0Oy-   ONOMACRITUS ('Ovod(iKptroC), an Athenian,
xialuo: now Orchido), a sea-port town of Epirus who occupies an interesting position in the hisin Chaonia, opposite the western extremity of tory of the early Greek religious poetry. He
Corcyra. The ancients derived its name.from  lived about B.C. 520-485. He enjoyed the patAnchises, whence it is named by Dionysius the ronage of Hipparchus until he was detected by
"Harbor of Anchises" ('AyXiaov.tisv). From  Lasus of Hermione (the dithyrambic poet) in
this place Cicero calls the wind blowing from  making an interpolation in an oracle of Musteus,
Epirus toward Italy Onchesmites.         for which Hipparchus banished him. He seems
ONCHESTUS ('OX77TO6c:'OyyiaToc)... An to have gone into Persia, where the Pisistratids,
ancient town ofBceotia, said to have been found- after their expulsion from Athens, took him
ed by Onchestus, son of Neptune (Poseidon), again into favor, and employed him to persuade
was situated a little south of the Lake Copais, Xerxes to engage in his expedition against
near Haliartus. It contained, a celebrated tem- Greece, by reciting to him- all the ancient or574




ONOMARCHUS.                                  OPILIUS.
acles which seemed to favor the attempt. It Egypt, very rich in topaz, and therefore called
appears that Onomacritus had made a collection by Pliny Topazos; now Zamarg'at?]
and arrangement of the oracles ascribed to Mu-  OPHION ('O/iOwv). 1. One of the oldest of the
seeus. It is further stated that he made inter- Titans, was married to Eurynome, with whom
polations in Homer as well as in Musseus, and he ruled over Olympus, but, being conquered by
that he was the real author of some of the Saturn (Cronos) and Rhea, he and Eurynome
poems which went under the name of Orpheus. were thrown into Oceanus or Tartarus.-2. A
ONOMAROCIUS ('Ov6otapXoC), general of the giant, who perished in the battle with Jupiter
Phocians in the Sacred war, succeeded his (Zeus).-3. Father of the centaur Amycus, who
brother Philomelus in this command, B.C. 353. is hence called OphMondes.
In the following year he was defeated in Thes-  OPHIONENSES or OPHIENSES ('O00VltOE,'OuLsaly by Philip, and perished in attempting to elg), a people in the northeast ofE tolia.
reach by swimming the Athenian ships, which  OPHIR (in the Old Testament, LXX., Eov0ip,
were lying off the shore. His body fell into the lSoip, 2roedpa), a place frequently referred to
hands of Philip, who caused it to be crucified in the Old Testament as proverbial for its gold,
as a punishment for his sacrilege.        andto which Solomon, in conjunction with
[ONOMASTUS ('OvoiaczroC), a confidential offi- Hiram, king of Tyre, sent a fleet, which brought
cer of Philip V. of Macedon, for whom he held back gold, and sandal-wood, and precious stones.
the government of the sea-coast of Thrace, and These ships were sent fiomn Ezion-geber, at the
whose instrument he was in many acts of op- headof the Red Sea, whence'also King Jehoshpression and cruelty.]                    aphat built ships t6 go to Ophir for gold; but
ONOSANDER ('Ovp6cavlpo),, the author of a eel- this voyage was stopped by a shipwreck. It is
ebrated work on military tactics (entitled 17rpa- clear, therefore, that Ophir was on, the shores
ryyLbSC t6yof), which is still extant. All sub- of the Erythraeum Mare of the ancients, or our
sequent Greek and Roman writers on the same Indian Ocean. Among the most plausible consubject made this work their text-book, and it jectures as to its site are, (1.) That it was on
is still held in considerable estimation. He the coast of India, or a name for India itself.
appears to have lived about A.D. 50. In his (2.) That it was on the coast of Arabia, in which
style he imitated Xenophon with some success. case it is not necessary to suppose that Arabia
Edited by Schwebel, Niirnberg, 1761; and by furnished all the articles of commerce which
Corae, Paris, 1822.                       were brought from Ophir, for Ophir may have
ONU-GNATHUS ("Ovov yvdao0: nowElaphonisi), been a great emporium of the Indian and Araan island and a promontory on the southern bian trade. (3.) That it is, not the name of any
coast of Laconia, west of Cape Malea.     specific place, but a general designation for the
ONUPHIS ("Ovovtfl), the capital of the Nomos countries (or any of them) on the shores of the
Onuphites in the Delta of Egypt. It site is un- Indian Ocean, which supplied the chief articles
certain, but it was probably near the middle of of Indian and Arabian commerce.
the Delta.                                  OPHIS ("Otc). 1. A river in Arcadia, which
[ONYTES, a companion of /Eneas, slain by flowed by Mantinea.-[2. (Now Of?), a river of
Turnus in Italy.]                         Pontus, which formed the boundary between
[OPHELESTES ('OeEaTrig). 1. A Trojan war- the territory of theTzani and Colciis.]
rior, slain by Teucer.-2. A Peeonian warrior  OPHIUSA or OPHIUSSA ('Ooteoraca,'Oetov'aaa,
in the Trojan ranks, slain by Achilles.]'Otov~a, i. e., abounding in snakes).  1. Vid.
OPHELION ('QN2~eAiv), an Athenian comic poet, PITYUSE.-2. Or OPJIUSSA (now perhaps Palaprobably of the Middle Comedy, B.C. 380. [The nea), a town of European Scythia, on the left
few fiagments of his plays remaining are col- bank of the Tyras (now Dniester).-3. A little
lected by Meineke, Fragm. Comic. Grec., vol. island near Crete.-4. (Now Afsia or Rabbi), a
ii., p. 687-8. edit. minor.]              small island in the Propontis (now Sea of MarOPHELLAS ('O0eiagc), of Pella in Macedonia, mara), off the coast of Mysia, northwest of Cyzwas one of the generals of Alexander the Great, icus, and southwest of Proconnesus.-5. Vid.
after whose death he followed the fortunes of RHODUS.-6. Vid. TENOS.
Ptolemy. In B.C. 322 he conquered Cyrene    [OPHLIMUS ("00A;2oc: now Kemer Dagh or
for Ptolemy, of which city he held the govern- Oktar Dagh,) a branch of Mount Paryadres, in
ment on behalf of the Egyptian king for some Pontus Proper, which, in connection with Lithyears. But soon after 313 he threw off his al- rus, northwest of Amasea, bounds the large and
legiance to Ptolemy, and continued to govern fertile district of Phanarea.]
Cyrene as an independent state for nearly five  OPHRYNIUA ('O0ppveoIv: now probably Frenyears. In 308 he formed an alliance with Agath- Kevi), a small town of the Troad, near the Lake
ocles, and marched against Carthage; but he of Pteleos, between Dardanus and Rheteum,
was treacherously attacked by Agathocles near with a grove consecrated to Hector.
this city, and was slain.                   OPICI. Vid. Osci.
OPHELTES ('O0e2TrC). 1..Also called ARCHE-  OPILIUS MACRINUS. Vid. MAcRINUS.
mORUS. * Vid. ARCHEMORUS.-2. One of the Tyr-  OPILIUS, AURELIUS, the freedman of an Epirhenian pirates, who attempted to carry off curean, taught at Rome, first philosophy, then
Bacchus (Dionysus), and were therefore met- rhetoric, and finally grammar. He gave up his
amorphosed into dolphins.                 school upon the condemnation of Rutilius Rufus
[OPHELTIUS ('OeireoW). 1. A Trojan warri- (B.C. 92), whom he accompanied to Smyrna,
or, slain by Euryalus.-2. A Grecian warrior and there the two friends grew old together in
before Troy, slain by Hector.]           the enjoyment of each other's society.  He
[OrPHIODE ('OQtUdr?), an island of the Arab- composed several learned works, one of which,
icus Sinus, lying off Berenice, on the coast of named lmusc, is referred to by A. Gellius.
575




OPIMIUS.                                    OPS.
OrPIMus. 1. Q., consul B.C. 154, when he  vitcd). Modern critics, howevet, have shown
subdued some of the Ligurian tribes north of that these two poems were written by two difthe Alps, who had attacked Massilia. He was ferent persons of this name.'. The author of
notorious in his youth for his riotous living.- the Halieutica, was born either at Corycus or at
2. L., son of the& preceding, was praetor 125, in Anazarba, in Cilicia, and flourished aboutA.)D.
which year he took Fregelle, which had revolt- 180. The poem consists of about three thoued against the Romans. He belonged to the sand five hundred hexameter lines, divided into
high aristocratical party, and was a violent op- five books, of which the first two treat of the
ponent of C. Gracchus. He was consul in 121, natural history of fishes, and the other three of
and took the leading part- in the proceedings the art of fishing.-2. The author of the Cynewhich ended in the murder of Gracchus. Opim- g etica, was a native of Apamea or Pella, in Syrius and his party abused their victory. most ia, and flourished a little later than the others
savagely, and are said to have killed more than Oppianus, about A.D. 206. His poem, which is
three hundred persons. For details, vid. p. 334, addressed to the Emperor Caracalla, consists
a. In the following year (120) he was accused bf about two thousand one hundred hexameter
of having put Roman citizens to death without lines, divided into four books. The best edition
trial; but he was defended by the consul C. of the two poems is by, Schneider, Argent., 1776,
Papirius Carbo, and was acquitted. In 11.2-he and second edition, Lips., 1813. Thereis alsoa
was at the head of the commission which was prose paraphrase of a poem on hawking ('Iev2)sent into Africa in order to divide the domin- rtKd) attributed to Oppianus, but it is doubtful
ions of Micipsa -between Jugurtha and Adher- to which of the two authors of this name it bebal, and was bribed by Jugurtha to assign to longs. Some critics think -that the work was
him the better part of the country. Three years probably written by Dionysius.
after he was condemned under the law of the  OPPIus. 1. C., tribune of the plebs B.C. 213,
tribune C. Mamilius Limetanus, by which an carried a law to curtail the expenses and luxinquiry was made into -the conduct of all those uries of the Roman women.. It enacted that no
who had received bribes from Jugurtha. Opim- woman should have more than half an ounce
ins went into exile to Dyrrhachium in Epirus, of gold, nor wear a dress of different colors, nor
where he lived for some years, hated and in- ride in a carriage in the city, or in any town,
sulted by the people, and where he eventually or within a mile of it, unless on- account of pubdied in great poverty. He-richly deserved his lie sacrifices. This law was repealed in 195,
punishment, and met with a due recompense notwithstanding the vehement opposition of the
for his cruel and ferocious conduct toward C. elder Cato.-2. Q., a Roman general in the MithGracchus and his party. Cicero, on the con- radatic war, B.C. 88, fell into the hands of Mithtrary, who, after his consulship, had identified radates, but was subsequently surrendered by
himself with the aristocratical party, frequently the latter to Sulla. —3. C., an intimate friend of
laments the fate of Opimius. The year in which C. Julius Caesar, whose private affairs he manOpimius was consul (121) was remarkable for aged in conjunction with Cornelius Balbus. 0pthe extraordinary heat of the autumn, and thus pius was the author of several works, referred
the vintage of this year was of an unprecedent- to by the ancient writers, but all of which have
ed quality. This wine long remained celebrated perished. The authorship of the histories of
as the Vinum Opimianunt, and was preserved for the Alexandrine, African, and Spanish wars
an almost incredible space of time.       was a disputed point as early as the time of
OPIS ('Trit), an important commercial city of Suetonius, some assigning them to Oppius, and
Assyria, in the district of Apolloniatis, at the others to Hirtius. - But the similarity in style
confluence of the Physcus (now Odorneh) with and diction between the work on the Alexanhe Tigris; not mentioned later than the Chris- drine war and the last book of the Commentatian era.                                 ries on the Gallic war leads to the conclusion
OPITERGIUM (Opiterginus: now Oderzo), a Ro- that the former, at all events, was the work of
man colony in Venetia, in the north of Italy, on Hirtius. The book on the African war Nwas
the River Liquentia, near its source, and on probably written by Oppius. He also wrote the
the high road from Aquileia to Verona. In the, lives of several distinguished Romans, such as
Marcomannic war it was destroyed by the Qua- Scipio Africanus the elder, Marius, Pompey,
di, but it was rebuilt, and afterward belonged to and probably Cwesar.
the Exarchate. From it the neighboring mount-  Ops, a female Roman divinity of plenty and
ains were called Montes Opitergini.       fertility, as is indicated by her name, which is
[OPITES ('O7rric,) a Greek warrior, slain by.connected with opirnus, opulentus, inops, and
Hector in the Trojan war.]                copia. She was regarded as the wife of Sa[OPPIANICUS, name of three persons, two of turnus, and the protectress of every thing conwhom play a prominent part in the oration of nected with agriculture. Her abode was in the
Cicero for Cluentius.  1. STATIUS ALBIUS OPP., earth, and hence those who invoked her used to
accused by his step-son, A. Cluentius, of having touch the ground. Her worship was intimately
attempted to procure his death by poisoning, B. connected with that of, her husband Saturnus,
C. 74; was condemned.-2. Son of the preced- for she had both temples and festivals in coming, accused Cluentius in B.C. 66 of three dis- mon with him; but she had likewise a separate
tinct acts of poisoning. —3. C. OPPIANICUs, broth- sanctuary on the Capitol, and in the vicus juer of No. 1, said to have been poisoned by him.] garius, not far from the temple of Saturnus, she
OPPIANUS ('Owr7rCavVC), the author of two had an altar in common with Ceres. The festi
Greek hexameter poems still extant, one on vals of Ops are called Opalia and Opiconsivia,
fishing, entitled Ilalieutica ('Aktevrticd), and the from her surname Consiva, connected with the
other' on hunting, entitled Cynegetica- (Kvvwlye- verb serere, to sow.
576




OPS.                                   ORDESSUS.
tOrs ('Op), son of Pisenor, and father of Eu- been afterward called Phlegya (;aeyyva), from
ycelea, the nurse of Telemachus.]         Phlegyas, a son of Mars (Ares) and Chryse;
OPTATUS. [1. A freedman of Tiberius Claudi- and to have finally obtained its later name from
us, and prefectus classis, brought the scar (sca- Orchomenus, son of Jupiter (Zeus) or Eteocles,rus) fish from the Carpathian Sea to the waters and the Danaid Hesione, and father of Minyas
en the coast of Italy.] —2. Bishop of Milevi in This Orchomenus was regarded as the real
Numidia, flourished under the emperors Valen- founder of the Minyean empire, which, before
tinian and Valens. He wrote a work, still ex- the time of the Trojan war, extended over the
tant, against the errors of the Donatists, en- whole of the west of, Beotia. The cities of
titled De cSchismate Donatistarum adversus Par- Coronea, Haliartus, Lebedea, and Chaeronea
menianum. Edited by Dupin, Paris, fol., 1700.  were subject to it; and even Thebes at one
OPUS ('0 oe5, contraction of'Or6O E:'07r- time was compelled to pay it tribute. It lost,
ovrToc). 1. (Now Talanda or Talanti?), the cap- however, much of its power after its capture by
ital of the Opuntian Locrians, was situated, ac- Hercules, but in the time of the Trojan war it
cording to Strabo, fifteen stadia (not quite two still appears as a powerful city. Sixty years
miles) from the sea, and sixty stadia from its after the Trojan war it was taken by the Boeoharbor Cynos; but, according to Livy, it was tians, its empire was completely destroyed, and
only one mile from the coast. It was the birth- it became a member of the Bceotian league.
place ofPatroclus. The bay ofthe Eubcean Sea, All this belongs to the mythical period. In the
near this town, was calledOPUNTIUS SINus. Vid. historical age it continued to exist as an indeLocaI. 2. A small town in Elis.           pendent town till B.C. 367, when it was taken
[OPUS ('OTroO). 1. Son of Jupiter (Zeus) and and destroyed by the Thebans, and its inhabitProtogenia, was king of the-Epeans and father ants murdered or sold as slaves. In order to
of Cambyse.-2. Son of Jupiter (Zeus) and weaken Thebes, it was rebuilt at the instigaCambyse, step-son of Locrus, and grandson of tion of the Athenians, but was soon destroyed
No. 1; said to have given name to the Opuntii again by the Thebans; and although it was
Locri.]                                   again restored by Philip in 338, it never reOR.. 1. ('Opa), a city of Carmania, near the covered its former prosperity;:and in the time
borders of Gedrosia.-2. ('2pa), a city in the of Strabo was in ruins. The most celebrated
northwest of India, near the sources of the In- building in Orchomenus was the so-called treasdus.                                      ury of Minyas, but which, like the similar monuORE. Vid. ORITM.                        ment at Mycenae, was more probably a family
ORBELUS ("Op61Xor),, a mountain in the north- vault of the ancient heroes of the place. It
east of Macedonia, on the borders of Thrace, was a circular vault of massive masonry emextends from Mount Rhodope along the Strymon bedded in the hill, with an arched roof, and had
to Mount Pangaeus.                        a side door of entrance. The remains of this
ORBILIUS PUPILLUS, a Roman grammarian building are extant, and its form may still be
and schoolmaster, best known to us from his traced, though the whole of the stone-work of
having been the teacher of Horace, who gives the vault has disappeared. Orchomenus poshim the epithet of plagosus from the severe sessed a very ancient temple of the Charites or
floggings which his pupils received from him. Graces, and here was celebrated in the most
(Hor., Ep., ii., 1, 71.) He was a native ofBene- ancient times a musical festival, which was freventum, and after serving as an apparitor of the quented. by poets and singers from all parts of
magistrates, and also as a soldier in the army, the Hellenic world. There was a temple of
he settled at Rome in the fiftieth year of his Hercules seven stadia north of the town, near
age, in the consulship of Cicero, B.C. 63. He the sources of the RiverMelas. Orchomenus
lived nearly one hundred years, but had lost his is memorable on account of the great victory
memory long before his death.             which Sulla gained in its neighborhood over
[ORBITANIUM, a city of Samnium, northwest Archelaus, the general of Mithradates, B.C. 86.
of Beneventum.]                           -2. (Now Kalpaki), an ancient town of Arcadia,
ORBONA, a female Rorhan divinity, was in- mentioned by Homerwith the epithet xroJ/urlj;of,
voked by parents who had been deprived of to distinguish it from the Minyean Orchomenus,
their children and desired to have others, and is said to have been founded by Orchomenus,
also in dangerous maladies of children.   son of Lycaon. It was situated on a hill northORCADES INSULIE (now Orkney and Shetland west of Mantinea, and its territory included the
Isles), a group of several small islands off the towns of Methydrium, Theisoa, Teuthis, and the
northern coast of Britain, with which the Ro- Tripolis. In the Peloponnesian war Orchomemans first became acquainted when Agricola nus sided with Sparta, and was taken by the
sailed round the north of Britain.        Athenians.  After the battle of Leuctra, the
ORCHOMENUS ('Opx6uevor:'Opxopvtorg). 1.Orchomenians did not join the Arcadian con(Now Scripu), an ancient, wealthy, and power- federacy in consequence of its hatred against
ful city of Bootia, the capital of the Minyean Mantinea. In the contests between the Achaeempire in the ante-historical ages of Greece, ans and eEtolians, it was taken successively by
and hence called by Homer the Minyean Orcho- Cleomenes and Antigonus Doson, but it eventmenus ('Opx. MIvtetLo). It was situated north- ually became a member of the Achaean league.
west of the Lake Copais, on the River Cephisus, -3. A town on the confines of Macedonia and
and was built on the slope of a hill, on the sum- Thessaly, and hence sometimes said to belong
mit of which stood the acropolis. It is said to to the former, and sometimes to the latter counrt
have been originally called Andreis ('Avdp7'i), try.
from Andreus, the son of Peneus, who emi-   ORcus. Vid. HADES.
grated from the Peneus in Thessaly; to have  ORDEssUS ('Opdlaa6r), a tributary of the Ister
37                                                             577




ORDOVICES.                                 ORETANL
(now Danube) in Scythia, mentioned by Herodo- to fetch from that country the image of Diana
tus, but which can not be identified with any (Artemis), which was believed to have fallen
modern river.                            there from heaven, and to carry it to Athens.
ORDOVICES, a people in the west of Britain, Orestes and Pylades accordingly went to Tauopposite the island Mona (now Anglesey), occu- ris, where Thoas was king. On their arrival
pying the northern portion of the modern Wales. they were seized by the natives, in order to be
OREADES. Vid. NYMPHsE.                  sacrificed to Diana (Artemis), according to the
[ORESBIUS ('Ope-a6to), a Bceotian warrior in custom of the country.  But -Iphigenia,. the
the Greek army before Troy, slain by Hector.]  priestess of Diana (Artemis), was the sister of
ORESTE ('Opcrat), a people in the north of Orestes, and, after recognizing each other, all
Epirus, on the borders of Macedonia, inhabitingthree escaped with the statue of the goddess.
the district named after them, ORESTIS or ORES- After his return to Peloponnesus, Orestes tool
TIAS. They were originally independent, but possession of his father's kingdom at Mycenae,
were afterward subject to the Macedonian mon- which had been usurped by Aletes or Menelaus.
archs. They were declared free by the Romans- When Cylarabes of Argos died without leaving
in their war with Philip. According to the le- any heir, Orestes became king of Argos also.
gend, they derived their name from Orestes, The Lacedaemonians likewise made him> their
who is said to have fled into this country after king of their own accord, because they prefermurdering his mother, and to have there found- red him, the grandson of Tyndareus, to Nicoed-the town of Argos Oresticum.           stratus and Megapenthes, the sons of Menelaus
ORESTES ('OpedTar). 1. Son of Agamemnon by a slave. The Arcadians and Phocians inand Clytaemnestra, and brother of Chrysothe- creased his power by allying themselves with
mis, Laodice (Electra), and Iphianassa (Iphi- him. He married Hermione, the daughter of
genia). According to the Homeric account, Menelaus, and became by her the father of TisAgamemnon, on his return from Troy, was mur- amenus. The story of his marriage with Herdered by -Egisthus and Clytaemnestra before he mione, who had previously been married to
had an opportunity of seeing him. In the eighth Neoptolemus, is related elsewhere. Vid. HERyear after his father's murder Orestes came MIONE, NEOPTOLEMUS. He died of the bite of
from Athens to Mycenae and slewv the murderer a snake in Arcadia, and his body, in accordance
of his father. This simple story of Orestes has with an oracle, was afterward carried from Tebeen enlarged and embellished in various ways gea to Sparta, and there buried; his bones are'by the tragic poets. Thus it is said that at the said to have been found, during a truce in a war
murder ofAgamemnon it was intended to dis- between the Lacedaemonians and Tegeatans,
patch Orestes also, but that by means of Elec- under a blacksmith's shop in Tegea.-2. Retra he was secretly carried to Strophius, king gent of Italy during the short reign of his infant
in Phocis, who was married to Anaxibia, the son Romulus Augustulus, A.D. 475-476. He
sister of Agamemnon.   According to some, was born in Pannonia, and served for some
Orestes was saved by his nurse, who allowed years under Attila; after whose death he rose
AEgisthus to kill her own child, supposing it to to eminence at the Roman court  Having been
be Orestes. In the house: of Strophius, Ores- intrusted with the command of an army by Jutes grew up with the king's son Pylades, with lius Nepos, he deposed this emperor, and placwhom he had formed that close and intimate ed his son Romulus Augustulus on the throne;
friendship which has become proverbial. Being but in the following year he was defeated by
frequently reminded by messengers from Elec- Odoacer and put to death. Vid. ODOACER.-3.
tra of the necessity of avenging his father's L. AURELIUS ORESTES, consul B.C. 126, receivdeath, he consulted the oracle of Delphi, which ed Sardinia as his province, where he remainstrengthened him in his plan. He therefore re- ed upward of three years. C. Gracchus was
paired in secret to Argos. Here he pretended quaestor to Orestes in Sardinia.-4. CN. AUFIDto be a messenger of Strophius, who had come Ius ORESTES, originally belonged to the Aurelia
to-announce the death of Orestes, and brought gens, whence his surname of Orestes, and was
the ashes of the deceased. After visiting his adopted by Cn. Aufidius, the historian, when
father's tomb, and sacrificing upon it a lock of the latter was an old man. Orestes was conhis hair, he made himself known to his sister sul 71 B.C.
Electra, and soon afterward slew both LEgis-  ORESTiM, OREsTHfUM, orORESTTHASIUM('Opthus and Clytsmnestra in the palace. Imme- eareTov,'OpecOecov,'OpecOdCiov), a town in the
diately after the murder of his mother he was south of Arcadia, in the district Maenalia, not
seized with madness. He now fled from land far from Megalopolis.
to land, pursued by the Erinnyes of his mother.  ORESTIAS.  1. The country of the Orestae.
At length, by Apollo's advice, he took refuge  Vid. ORESTAE.-2. A name frequently given
with Minerva (Athena) at Athens. The god- by the Byzantine writers to Hadrianopolis in
dess afforded him protection, and appointed the Thrace.
court of the Areopagus to decide his fate. The  ORESTILLA, AURELIA. Vid. AURELIA.
Erinnyes brought forward their accusation, and  [ORESTIS. Vid. ORESTE..]
Orestes made the command of the Delphic or-  ORETANI, a powerful people in the southwest
acle his excuse. When the court voted, and ofHispaniaTarraconensis,boundedon the south
was equally divided, Orestes was acquitted by by Baetica, on the north by the Carpetani, 6n the
the command of Minerva (Athena). According west by Lusitania, and on the east by the Basto another modification of the legend, Orestes tetani; their territory corresponded to the eastconsulted Apollo how he could be delivered from  ern part of Granada, the whole of La Mancha,
his madness and incessant wandering. The and the western part of Murcia. Their chief
glCd advised him to go to Tauris in Scythia, and town was CASTULO.
578




OREUS.                                  ORIGENES..OaRUS ('tpEoc:'O2prE-t n), a town in the north dition, it was founded by the Eubceans, who
of Eubea, on the River Callas, at the foot of were cast here by a storm on their return from
the mountain Telethrium, and in the district Troy; but according to another legend, it was
Hestiaeotis, was itself originally called:Hestimea a Colchian colony.  The town was strongly
or Histiaea. After the Persian wars, Oreus, with fortified, but its harbor was not very secure.
the rest of Eubcea, became subject to the Athe- It was destroyed in the civil wars, but was renians; but on the revolt of the island in B.C. built by Herodes Atticus. The turpentine tree
445, Oreus was taken by Pericles, its inhabit- (terebinthus) grew in the neighborhood of Oricus.
ants expelled, and their place supplied by two  ORIGoNES ('U2ptyfvC), usually called ORIGEN,
thousand Athenians. The site of Oreus made one of the most eminent of the early Christian
it an important place, and its name frequently writers, was born at Alexandrea A.D. 186. He
occurs in the Grecian wars down to the disso- received a careful education from his father,
lution of the Achaean league.             Leonides, who was a devout Christian; and he
[ORFIUS,'M., a Roman eques, of the municip- subsequently became a pupil of Clement of Aliurum of Atella, was a tribune of the soldiers in exandrea. His father having been put to death
Caesar's army, whom Cicero strongly recom- in the persecution of the Christians in the tenth
mnended in B.C. 59 to his brother Quintus, who year of Severus (202), Origen was reduced to'
was then one of Caesar's legates.]        destitution; whereupon he became a teacher
ORGETORIX, the noblest and richest among of grammar, and soon acquired a great reputathe Helvetii, formed a conspiracy to obtain the tion. At the same time he gave instruction in
royal power B.C. 61, and persuaded his coun- Christianity to several of the heathen; and,
trymen to emigrate from their own country. though only in his eighteenth year, he was apTwo Vears were devoted to making the neces- pointed to the office of catechist, which was
sary preparations; but the real designs of Or- vacant through the dispersion of the clergy congetorix having meantime transpired, and the sequent on the persecution.. The young teachHelvetii having attempted to bring him to trial, er showed a zeal and self-denial beyond his
he suddenly died, probably, as was suspbcted, years. Deeming his profession as teacher of
by his own hands.                         grammar inconsistent with his sacred work, he
ORIBASIUS ('OpeU666aco or'Opt6udatog), an em- gave it up; and he lived on the merest pitinent Greek medical writer, born about A.D. tance. His food and his periods of sleep were
325, either at Sardis in Lydia, or at Pergamus restricted within the narrowest limits; and he
in Mysia. He early acquired a great profes- performed a strange act of self-mutilation, in
sional reputation. He was an intimate friend obedience to what he regarded as the recomof the Emperor Julian, with whom he became mendation of Christ. (Matth., xix., 12.) At a
acquainted several years before Julian's acces- later time, however, he repudiated this literal
sion to the throne. He was almost the only understanding of our Lord's words. About 211
person to whom Julian imparted the secret of or 212 Origen visited Rome, where he made,
his apostacy from Christianity. He accompa- however, a very short stay. On his return to
nied Julian in his expedition against Persia, Alexandrea he continued to discharge his duties
and was with him at the time of his death, 363. as catechist, and to pursue his biblical studies.
The succeeding emperors, Valentinian and Va- About 216 he paid a visit to Caesarea in Paleslens, confiscated the property of Oribasius, and tine, and about 230 he travelled into Greece.
banished him. He was afterward recalled from  Shortly after his return to Alexandrea he had
exile, and was alive at least as late as 395. Of to encounter the open enmity of Demetrius, the
the personal character of Oribasius we know  bishop of the city. He.was first deprived of his
little or nothing, but it is clear that he was much office of catechist, and was compelled to leave
attached to paganism and to the heathen phi- Alexandrea; and Demetrius afterward procured
losophy. He was an intimate friend of Euna- his degradation from the priesthood and his expius, who praises him very highly, and wrote communication. The charges brought against
an account of his life. We possess at present.him are not specified; but his unpopularity apthree works of Oribasius: 1. Collecta Medici- pears to have arisen from the obnoxious char~nalia (Tvvayoyai'Iarpclai), or sometimes Heb- acter of some of his: opinions, and was increasdomecontabiblos ('E6do/iKcovrd6Lt6OC), which was ed by the circumstance that even in his lifetime
compiled at the command of Julian, when Ori- his writings were seriously corrupted. Origen
basius was still a young man. It contains but withdrew to Caesarea in Palestine, where he was
little original matter, but is very valuable on received with the greatest kindness. Among
account of the numerous extracts from writers his pupils at this place was Gregory Thaumawhose works are no longer extant. More than turgus, who afterward became his panegyrist.
half of this work is now lost, and what remains In 235 Origen fled from Caesarea in Palestine,
is in some confusion. There is no complete and took refuge at Caesarea in Cappadocia,
edition of the work. 2. An abridgment (1dvo- where he remained concealed two years. It
1btc) of the former work, in nine books. It was was subsequent to this that he undertook a secwritten thirty years after the former. 3. Eu- ond journey into Greece, the date of which is
porista, or De facile Parabilibus (E~VrOptcra), in doubtful. In the Decian persecution (249-251),
four books. Both this and the preceding work Origen was put to the torture; but, though his
were intended as manuals of the practice of life was spared, the sufferings which he undermedicine.                                 went hastened his end. He died in 253 or 254,
ORiCUM or OnRcus ('2ptKOv,'l2pteKO:'lqPiKtC: in his sixty-ninth year, at Tyre, in which city
now Ericho), an important Greek town on the he was buried.  The following are the most
coast of Illyria, near the Ceraunian Mountains important of'Origen's works: 1. The Hexapla,
and the frontiers of Epirus. According to tra-l which consisted of six copies of the Old Testa579




ORIGENES.                                    ORION.
ment, ranged in parallel columns. The first I of the universal restoration of the guilty, -oncolumn contained the Hebrew text in Hebrew  ceiving that the devil alone would suffer eternal
characters, the second the same text in Greek punishment. The bestedition of his works is
characters, the third the version of Aquila,' the by Delarue, Paris, 1733-1759, 4 vols. fol.; [refourth that of Symmachus, the fifth the Septua- printed in 25 vols. Svo, 1831-48, under the edigint, the sixth the version of Theodotion. Be- torial care of Lommatsch.3
sides the compilation and arrangement of these  [OmINE ('OPEtvi, now Dahlak, in the Gulf of
versions, Origen added marginal notes, contain- Massaouah), an island of the Sinus Arabicus, off
ing, among other things, an explanation of the the coast of Ethiopia, in the Sinus Adulicus.]
Hebrew names. Only fragments of this valu-   ORINGIS or ONINGIS, probably the same place
able work are extant, the best edition of which as AURINx, a wealthy town in His-pania Baetica,
is by Montfaucon, Paris, 1714.  2. Exegetical with silver mines, near Munda.
works, which comprehend three classes: (1.)  OrioN ('1piev), son of Hyrieus, of Hyria, in
Tomi, which Jerome renders Volumina, contain- Boeotia, a handsome giant and hunter, said to
ing ample commentaries, in which he gave full have been called by the Boeotians Candaon.
scope to his intellect. (2.) Scholia, brief notes Once he came to Chios (Ophiusa), and fell in
on detached passages. (3.) Homilice, popular love with Aero or Merope, the daughter of
expositions, chiefly delivered at Caesarea. In CEnopion by the nymph Helice. He cleared
his various expositions Origen sought to ex- the island from wild beasts, and brought the
tract from the Sacred Writings their historical, spoils of- the chase as presents to his beloved;
mystical or prophetical, and moral significance. but as CEnopion constantly deferred the marHis, desire of finding continually a mystical riage, Orion once when intoxicated offered viesense led him frequently into the neglect of the lence to the maiden. CEnopion now implored
historical sense, and even into the denial of its the assistance of Bacchus (Dionysus), who
truth. This capital fault has at all times fur- caused Orion to be thrown into a deep sleep by
nished ground for depreciating his labors, and satyrs, in which state CEnopion deprived hinm
has no doubt materially diminished'their value: of his sight. Being informed by an oracle that
it must not, however, be supposed that his de- he should recover his sight if he would go tonialrof the historical truth of the Sacred Writ- ward the east and expose his eye-balls to the
ings is more than occasional, or that it has been rays of the rising sun, Orion followed the sound
carried out to the full extent which some of his of a Cyclops' hammer, went to Lemnos, where
accusers have charged upon him.' 3. De Prin- Vulcan (Hephaestus) gave to him Cedalion as
cipiis (Ilepi ipXCv). This work was the great his guide. Having recovered his sight, Orion
object of attack with Origen's enemies, and the returned to Chios to take vengeance on CEnosource from which they derived their chief evi- pion; but, as the latter had been concealed by
dence of his various alleged heresies. It was his friends, Orion was unable to find him, and
divided into four books.  Of this work some then proceeded to Crete, where he lived as a
important fragments are extant; and the Latin hunter with Diana (Artemis). The cause of
version of Rufinus has come down to us entire; his death, which took place either in Crete or
but Rufinus took great liberties with the orig- Chios, is differently stated. According to some,
inal, and the unfaithfulness of his version is de- Eos (Aurora), who loved Orion for his beauty,
nounced in the strongest terms by Jerome. 4. carried him off, but as the gods were angry at
Exhortatio ad Martyrium (Eil 1tapTvptov -rporpe7r- this, Diana (Artemis) killed him with an arrow
ruTcgC luyog), or' De Martyrio (lHepi yaprvpiov), in Ortygia. According to others, he was bewritten during the persecution under the Em- loved by Diana (Artemis), and Apollo, indigperor Maximin (235-238), and still extant. 5. nant at his sister's affection for him, asserted
Contra Celsum Libri VIII. (Kara K9lUov v6rtoL that she was unable to hit with her arrow a dis7'), still extant. In this important work Origen tant point which he showed her in the sea. She
defefids the truth of Christianity against the thereupon took aim, and hit it, but the point
attacks of Celsus. Vid. CELSUS. There is a was the head of Orion, who had been swimvaluable work entitled Philocalia (~Lteoicatia), ming in the sea. A third account, which Horwhich is a compilation by Basil of Caesarea and ace follows (Carm.,;ii., 4, 72), states that he athis friend Gregory of Nazianzus, made almost tempted to violate Artemis (Diana), and was
exclusively from the writings of Origen, of killed by the goddess with one of her arrows.
which many important fragments have been A fourth account, lastly, states that he boasted
thus preserved. -Few writers have exercised he would conquer every animal, and would clear
greater influence by the force of their intellect the earth. from all wild beasts; but the earth
and the variety of their attainments than Origen, sent forth a scorpion which destroyed him. _iEsor have been the occasion of longer and more culapius attempted to recall him to life, but was
acrimonious disputes. Of his more distinctive slain by Jupiter (Zeus) with a flash of lightning.
tenets, several had reference to the doctrine of The accounts of his parentage and birth-place
the Trinity, to the subject of the incarnation, vary in the different writers, for some call him
and to the pre-existence of Christ's human soul, a son of Neptune (Poseidon) and Euryale, and
which, as well as the pre-existence of other hu- others say that he was born of the earth, or a
man souls, he affirmed. He was charged, also, son of CEnopion. He is further'called a Thewith holding the corporeity of angels,'and with ban or Tanagrian, but probably because Hyria,
other errors as to angels and daemons.' He held his native place, sometimes belonged to Tanathe freedom of the human will, and ascribed to gra and sometimes to Thebes. After his death
man a nature less corrupt and depraved than Orion was placed among the stars, where he
was consistent with orthodox views of the op- appears as a giant with a girdle, sword, a lion's
eration of divine grace. He held the doctrine skin, and a club. The constellation of Orion
580




ORION.                                   OROPUS.
set at the commencement of November, at which the minor rivers which flow into the Persian
time storms and rain were frequent; hence he Gulf, formed the boundary between Susiana and
is often called imbrifer, nimbosus, or aquosus.  Persia.
ORION and Onus ('Q2p(tv and S2poc), names of  OROBiE ('Opo6iat), a town on the coast of
several ancient grammarians, who are frequent- Euboea, not far from.Egwe, with an oracle of
ly confounded with each other. It appears, Apollo.
however, that we may distinguish three writ-  [OROBII, a Gallic people in Gallia Transpaers of these names. 1. ORION, a Theban gram- dana, in whose territory, according to Pliny, lay
marian, who taught at Caesarea in the fifth the cities Comum and Bergomum.]
century after Christ, and is the author of alex-  ORDES ('Op6dSg), the name of two kings of
icon, still extant, published by Sturz, Lips., Parthia. Vid. ARSACEs, No. 14, 17.
1820.-2. ORus, of Miletus, a grammarian, liv-  ORCETES ('Opoir-C), a Persian, was made saed in the second century after Christ, and was trap of Sardis by Cyrus, which government he
the author of the works mentioned by Suidas. retained under Cambyses. In B.C. 522 he de-3. ORus, an Alexandrine grammarian, who coyed POLYCRATES into his power by specious
taught at Constantinople not- earlier than the promises, and put him to death. But being susmiddle of the fourth century after Christ.  pected of aiming at the establishment of an inORIPPO, a town in Hispania, on the road be- dependent sovereignty, he was himself put to
tween Gades and Hispalis.                 death by order of Darius.
ORITY, HIORIT^, or ORE (T2pe7rat, 72pai), a  ORONTES ('Op6vTr7). 1. (Now Nahr-el-Asy),
people of Gedrosia, who inhabited a district the largest river of Syria, has two chief sources
on the coast nearly two hundred miles long, in Ccelesyria, the one in the Antilibanus, the
abounding in wine, corn, rice, and palm-trees, other further north, in the Libanus; flows norththe modern Urboo on the coast of Beloochistan. east into a lake south of Emesa, and thence
Some of the ancient writers assert that they north past Epiphania and Apamea, till near Anwere of Indian origin, while others say that, tioch, where it suddenly sweeps round to the
though they resembled the Indians in many of southwest, and falls into the sea at the foot of
their customs, they spoke a different language. Mount Pieria. According to tradition, its earORITHYIA ('OpeidOva). 1. Daughter of Erech- lier name was Typhon (Tv('1v), and it was calltheus, king of Athens, and Praxithea. Once, ed Orontes from the person who first built a
as she had strayed beyond the River Ilissus, she bridge over it.-2. A mountain on the southern
was seized by Boreas and carried off to Thrace, side of the Caspian, between Parthia and Hyrwhere she bore to Boreas Cleopatra, Chione, cania.-3. A people of Assyria, east of GaugaZetes, and Calais.-[2. One of the Nereids, mela.
mentioned in Homer.]                        [ORONTES ('Op6vryc). 1. A Lycian leader, an
[ORiUS ("Opetoc), son of the Thessalian sor- ally of the Trojans, accompanied.Eneas after
ceress Mycale, one of the Lapithae, slain by the fall of Troy, and perished by shipwreck.Gryneus at the nuptials of Pirithous.]    2. Related to the Persian royal family, accom[ORMENIUM. Vid. ORMENUS.]               panied the younger Cyrus against Artaxerxes,
ORMENUS ('Op/zeVOC). 1. Son of Cercaphus, having been pardoned by Cyrus though he had
grandson of Eolus, and father of Amyntor, was revolted from him. He was again convicted of
believed to have founded the town of Ormeni- treason during the expedition, was tried by a
um, in Thessaly. From him Amyntor is some- court-martial, and condemned to death.  His
times called Ormenides, and Astydamia, his fate was never made public.-3. A Persian, sagrand-daughter, Ormenis.-[2. Name oftwo Tro- trap of Armenia, married Rhodogune, the daughj an warriors, who were slain, the one by Teucer, ter of Artaxerxes: he commanded one of the
the other by Polypcetes, in the Trojan war.  divisions of the king's army during the retreat
[ORMINIUS MONS (now Dernejailasi?), a range of the ten thousand Greeks, and was a party to
of mountains in the northeast of Bithynia, term- the treacherous massacre of the Greek geninatinginPromontoriumPosidium, onthecoast.] erals. He was afterward disgraced in conseORNEr ('Opveai:'Opveirry), an ancient tonn quence of mismanaging the war with Evagoras,
in Argolis, near the frontiers of the territory of and attempting to deprive Tiribazus of his comPhlius, and one hundred and twenty stadia from  mand and his army. Vid. TIRIBAZUS-. -   A
Argos. It was originally independent of Argos, descendant of Hydarnes (one of the seven conbut was subdued by the Argives in the Pelopon- spirators against Smerdis the Magian), is mennesian war, B.C. 415.                     tioned by Strabo as the last Persian prince who
ORNEUS ('OpvEUf), son of Erechtheus, father reigned in Armenia before the division of the
of Peteus, and grandfather of Menestheus; from  country by Antiochus the Great between two
him the town of Ornen was believed to have of his officers, Artaxias and Zariadris.].
derived its name.                           OROPUS ('2pworr6:''p6iOrto: now Oropo), a
[ORNYTUG ("OpvvroV). 1. An Arcadian hero, town on the eastern frontiers of Bceotia and
who led an army from Teuthis to join the Greeks Attica, near the Euripus, originally belonged to
against Troy, but during the stay at Aulis he the Bceotians, but was at an early time seized
had a quarrel with Agamemnon, and, in conse- by the Athenians, and was long an object of
quenee, led his forces back.-2. A Tyrrhenian, contention between the two nations. At length,
companion of Eneas in Italy, slain by Camilla.] after being taken and retaken several times, it
OROANDA ('Op6avda:'Opoavdev, or -tK, Oro- remained permanently in the hands of the Atheandensis), a mountain city of Pisidia, southeast nians, and is always reckoned by later writers
of Antiochia, from which the " Oroandicus trac- as a town of Attica. Its sea-port was Delphin-'us" obtained its name.                  ium, at the mouth of the Asopus, about one and
ORATIS ('Op6arg: now Tab), the largest of a half miles from the town.
581




OROSIUS, PAULUS.                              ORPHEUS.
ORosYIs, PAULUS, a Spanish presbyter, a na- the same kind may be read in the Argonautica,
tive of Tarragona, flourished under Arcadius which bears the name of Orpheus. After his
and Honorius. Having conceived a warm ad- return from the Argonautic expedition he took
miration for St. Augustine, he passed over into up his abode in a cave in Thrace, and employAfrica. about A.D. 4123. After remaining in ed himself in the civilization of its wild inhabitAfrica about two years, Augustine sent him  ants. There is also a legend of his having visinto Syria, to counteract the influence of Pela- ited Egypt. The legends respecting the loss
gius, who had resided for some years in Pales- and recovery of his wife, and his own death,
tine. Orosius found a warm friend in Jerome, are very various. His wife was a nymph named
but was unable to procure the condemnation of Agriope or Eurydice. In the older accounts
Pelagius, and was himself anathematized by the cause of her death is not referred to. The
John, bishop of Jerusalem,.when he brought a legend followed in the well-known passages of
formal charge against Pelagius. Orosius subse- Virgil and Ovid, which ascribes the death of
quentlyreturned to Africa, and there, it is believ- Eurydice to the bite of a serpent, is no doubt
ed, died, but at what period is not known. The of high antiquity; but the introduction of Arisfollowing works by Orosius are still extant. 1. teeus into the legend can not be traced to any
Historiarum adversus Paganos Libri VII., dedi- writer older than Virgil himself. He followed
cated to St. Augustine, at whose suggestion the his lost wife into the abodes of Pluto (Hades),
task was undertaken. The pagans having been where the charms of his lyre suspended the
accustomed to complain that the ruin of the torments of the damned, and won back his wife
Roman empire must be ascribed to the wrath from the most inexorable of all deities; but his
ofthe ancient deities, whose worship had been prayer was only granted upon this condition,
abandoned, Orosius, upon his return from Pal- that he should not look back upon his restored
estine, composed this history to demonstrate wife till they had arrived in the upper world:
that from.the earliest epoch the world had been at the very moment when they were about to
the scene of calamities as great as the Roman pass the fatal bounds, the anxiety of love overempire was then suffering. The work, which came the poet; he looked round to see that
extends from the Creation down to A.D. 417, Eurydice was following him, and he beheld her
is, with exception of the concluding portion, caught back. into the infernal regions. His
extracted from Justin, Eutropius, and inferior grief for the loss of Eurydice led him' to treat
second-hand authorities. Edited by Havercamp, with contempt the Thracian women, who, in reLugd. Bat., 1738 and 1767. 2. Liber Apologeti- venge, tore him to pieces under the excitement
cus de Arbitrii Libertate, written in Palestine, of their Bacchanalian orgies. After his death
A.D. 415, appended to the edition of the His- the Muses collected the fragments of his body,
tory by Havercamp. 3. Commonitorium ad Au- and buried. them at Libethra, at the foot of
gustinum, the earliest of the works of Orosius, Olympus, where the nightingale sang sweetly
composed soon after his first arrival in Africa. over his grave. His head was thrown into the
ORosPEDA or ORTOSPEDA (now Sierra delMun- Hebrus, down which it rolled to the sea, and
do), the highest range of mountains in the cen- was borne across to Lesbos, where the grave
tre of Spain, began in the centre of Mount Idu- in which it was interred was shown at Antissa.
beda, ran first west and then south, and term- His lyre was also said to have been carried to
inated near Calpe at the Fretum Herculeum. Lesbos; and both traditions are simply poetIt contained several silver mines, whence the ical expressions of the historical fact that Lespart in which the Baetis rises was called Mount bos was the first great seat of the music of the
Argentarius, or the Silver Mountain.      lyre: indeed, Antissa itself was the birth-place
ORPHEUS ('Opbe'Sv), a mythical personage, of Terpander, the earliest historical musician.
was regarded by the Greeks as the most cele- The astronomers taught that the lyre of Orbrated of the early poets, who lived before the pheus was placed by Jupiter (Zeus) among the
time of Homer. His name does not occur in stars at the intercession of Apollo and the Muthe-Homeric or Hesiodic poems, but it already ses. In these legends there are some points
had attained to great celebrity in the lyric pe- which are sufficiently clear. The invention of
riod. There were numerous legends about Or- music, in connection with the services of Apollo
pheus, but the common story ran as follows: and the Muses, its first great application to the
Orpheus, the son ofCEagrus and Calliope, lived worship of the gods, which Orpheus is therein Thrace at the period of the Argonauts, whom  fore said to have introduced, its power over the
he accompanied in their expedition. Presented passions, and the importance which the Greeks
with the lyre by Apollo, and instructed by the attached to the knowledge of it, as intimately
Muses in its use, he enchanted with its music allied with the very existence of all social order
not only the wild: beasts, but the trees and rocks -are probably the chief elementary ideas of the
upon Olympus, so that they moved from their whole legend. But then comes in one of the
places. to follow the sound of his golden harp. dark features of the Greek religion, in which
The power of his music caused the Argonauts the gods envy the advancement of man in
to seek his aid, which contributed materially to knowledge and civilization, and severely punish
the success of their expedition: at the sound any one who transgresses the bounds assigned
of his lyre the Argo glided down into the sea; to humanity. In a later age the conflict was
the Argonauts tore themselves away from the no longer viewed as between the gods and man,
pleasures of Lemnos; the Symplegades, ormov- but between the worshippers of different divin
ing rocks, which threatened to crush the ship ities; and especially between Apollo, the symbetween them, were fixed in their places; and bol of pure intellect, and Bacchus (Dionysus),
the Colchian dragon, which guarded the golden the deity of the senses; hence Orpheus, the
fleece, was lulled to sleep: other legends of servant of Apollo, falls a victim to the jealosy
582




ORPHIDIUS BENIGNUS.                               ORXINES.
of Bacchus (Dionysus), and the fury of his wor- god Alpheus and of Telegone, father of Dioces,
shippers.-Orphic Societies andMysteries. About prince at Pherae, and guest friend of Ulysses.
the time of the first development of Greek phi- -2. Son of Diodes, grandson of No. 1, accomlosophy, societies were formed, consisting of panied Agamemnon to the Trojan war, and was
persons called the followers of Orpheus (o'Op- slain before Troy by iEneas.-3. Son of Idootcioi), who, under the pretended guidance of meneus of Crete.-4. A Trojan, who accomOrpheus, dedicated themselves to the worship panied tEneas to Italy; he was slain by Caof Bacchus (Dionysus). They performed the milla.]
rites of a mystical worship, but instead of con-  [ORTHAGORAS ('OpOayopaf). 1. A geographflning their notions to the initiated, they pub- ical writer, whose age is uncertain: he wrote
lished them to others, and committed them to  a work on India, and another concerning the
literary works. The Bacchus (Dionysus) to Red Sea.-2. A flute-player of Thebes; accordwhose worship the Orphic rites were annexed, ing to Athenaus, an instructor of Epaminondas
was Bacchus (Dionysus) Zagreus, closely con- in flute-playing.]
nected with Ceres (Demeter) and Cora (Proser-  [ORTHEc (COpOn), a place in the Thessalian
pina). The Orphic legends and poems related  district Perrhaebia, mentioned in the second
in great part to this Bacchus (Dionysus), who book of the Iliad; supposed by Strabo to be the
was combined, as an infernal deity, with Pluto Acropolis of Phalanna.]
(Hades), and upon whom the Orphic theolo-    ORTHIA ('OpOia,'OpOic, or'OpOaiae), a surgers founded their hopes of the purification and name of the Diana (Artemis) who is also called
ultimate immortality of the soul. But their Iphigenia or Lygodesma, and must be regarded:mode of celebrating this worship was very dif- as the goddess of the moon. H-er worship was
ferent from the popular rites of Bacchus. The probably brought to Sparta from Lemnos. It
Orphic worshippers of Bacchus did not indulge was at the altar of Diana (Artemis) Orthia that
in unrestrained pleasure and frantic enthusi- Spartan boys had to undergo the flogging called
asm, but rather aimed at an ascetic purity of diamastigosis.
life and manners. All this part of the mythol-  ORPTHOSIA ('OpOuso'a). 1. A city of Caria, on
ogy of Orpheus, which connects him with Bac- the Meander, with a mountain of the same
chus (Dionysus), must be considered as a later name, where the Rhodians defeated the Cainvention, quite irreconcilable with the original rians, B.C. 167.-2. (Now Ortosa), a city of
legend, in which he is the servant of Apollo and Phcenice, south of the mouth of the Eleuthethe Muses: but it is almost hopeless to explain rus, and twelve Roman miles from Tripolis.
the transition. Many poems ascribed to Or-   ORTHRUS ("OpOpog), the two-headed dog of
pheus were current as early as the time of the Geryones, who was begotten by Typhon and
Pisistratids.  Vid.ONosMACRITUS. They are oft- Echidna, and was slain by Hercules.  Vid. p.
en quoted by Plato, and the allusions to them  358, a.]
in later writers are very frequent. The extant  [ORTONA (now Ortona a Mlare), a port-town
poems, which bear the name of Orpheus, are of the Frentani, according to the Itineraries on
the forgeries of Christian grammarians and the road from Aternum to Histonium.]
philosophers of the Alexandrean school; but  ORTOSPANA or -ui ('Opr6cnrava: now Cabul?),
among the fragments, which form a part of the a considerable city of the Paropamisadre, at
collection, are some genuine remains of that the sources of a western tributary of the River
Orphic poetry which was known to Plato, and Coes, and at the junction of thfree roads, one
which must be assigned to the period of Ono- leading north into Bactria, and the others south
macritus, or perhaps a little earlier. The Or- and east into India. It was also called Carm'a
phic literature, which in this sense may be call- or Cabura.
ed genuine, seems to have included Hymns, a  ORTYGIA ('Oprvyia). 1. The ancient name of
Theogony, Oracles, &c. The apocryphal pro- Delos. Since Diana(Artemis) and Apollo were
ductions which have come down to us are, 1. born at Delos, the poets sometimes call the godArgonautica,, an epic poem in one thousand three dess Ortygia, and give the name of Ortygice boves
hundred and eighty-four hexameters, giving an to the cattle pastured by Apollo. The ancients
account of the expedition of the Argonauts. 2. connected the name with Ortyx ("Oprvf), a quail.
eymnzs, eighty-seven or eighty-eight in num- Vid. p. 435, b. -2. An island near Syracuse.
ber, in hexameters, evidently the productions  Vid. SYRAcusE.-3. A grove near Ephesus, in
of the Neo-Platonic school. 3. Lithica (AtOtlci), which the Ephesians pretended that Apollo and
treats of properties of stones, both precious and Diana (Artemis) were born. Hence Propertius
common, and their uses in divination. 4. Frag- calls the Cayster, which flowed near Ephesus,
ments, chiefly of the Theogony. It is in this Ortygizus Cayster.
class that we find the genuine remains of the  [ORTYGIUS, a Rutulian, one of the warriors
literature of the early Orphic theology, but in- on the side of Turnus in his wars with AEneas,
termingled with others of a much later date. slain by Caeneus.]
The best edition is by Hermann, Lips., 1805.  ORUS. Vid. Hocus, ORION.
[ORPHIDITu  BENIGNUS, a legate of the Em-  [ORus ('2poC), a Greek warrior before Troy,
perorOtho, fell in the battle of Bedriacum against slain by Hector.]
the troops of Vitellius, A.D. 69.]           [ORnINES ('Op;wv72) or ORSIrNs, a noble and
[ORSABAsRI ('Opi6aeptc), a daughter of Mith- wealthy Persian, who traced his descent front
radates the Great, taken prisoner by Pompey, Cyrus. He was present, and commanded a
and served to adorn his triumph, B.C. 61.]  portion of the troops at Gaugamela. At the
[ORSEis ('Opmot-), a nymph, mother by Hel- death of Phrasaortes Orxines assumed the sayen. of Eolus Dorus, and Xuthus.]          trapy of Persis, which usurpation was over[Or.IL ocuJs ('OpgoZ/xoof). 1. Son of the river- looked by Alexander; but he was subsequently
583




OSCA.                                 OSTRACINA.
charged with sacrilege, and on this or some which separated it from Mygdonia on the east,
other ground was crucified by Alexander.]  and from the rest of Mesopotamia on the south;
OscA. 1. (Now Huesca in Arragonia), anim- the Euphrates divided it on the west and northportant town of the Ilergetes and a Roman col- west from the Syrian districts of Chalybonitis,
ony in Hispania Tarraconensis, on the road from  Cyrrhestice, and Commagene; and on the north
Tarraco to Ilerda, with silver mines; whence it was separated byMount Masius from Armenia.
Livy, speaks of argentum Osciense, though these Its name was said to be derived from Osroes,
words may perhaps mean silver money coined an Arabian chieftain, who, in the time of the
at Osca.-2. (West of Huescar in Granada), a Seleucidae, established over it a petty principaltown of the Turdetani in Hispania Bsetica.  ity, with EDESSA for its capital, which lasted till
OSCELA. Vid. LEPONTII.                  the reign of Caracalla, and respecting the hisOsci or OPiCI (OaCotol,'OnrmKoi), one of the tory of which, viad. ABGARUs.
most ancient tribes of Italy, inhabited the cen-  [OSROES. Vid. OSROENE.]
tre of the peninsula, from which they had driven  OSSA ('Oca: now Kissavo, i. e., ivy-clad).
out the Siculi. Their principal settlement was 1. A celebrated mountain in the north of Magin Campania, but we also find them in parts of nesia, in Thessaly, connected with Pelion on
Latium and Samnium. They were subdued by the southeast, and divided from Olympus on the
the Sabines and Tyrrhenians, and disappeared northwest by the Vale of TEMPE. It is one of
from history at a comparatively early period, the highest mountains in Greece, but much less
They were called in their own language Uskus. lofty than Olympus. It is mentioned by Homer
They are identified by many writers with the in the legend of the war of the Giants, respectAusones or Aurunci; but others think that the ing which, vid. OLYMPUS.-[2. (Now Osa), a
latter is a collective name for all the people small river of Etruria, which empties into the
dwelling in the plain, and that the Osci were a Tyrrhenian Sea between Promontorium Telabranch of the Ausones. The Oscan language mon and the city ofCosa.]
was closely connected with the other ancient  OSSET, with the surname Constantia Julia, a
Italian dialects, out of which the Latin language town in Hispania Beetica, on the right bank of
was formed; and it continued to be spoken by the Baetis, opposite Hispalis.
the people of Campania long after the Oscans  OSSIGERDA or OSICERDA (Ossigerdensis), a
had disappeared as a separate people. A knowl- town of the Edetani in Hispania Tarraconenedge of it was preserved at Rome by the Fab- sis, and a Roman municipium.
ulae Atellanse, which were a species of farce or  OssicI (now Maquiz), a town of the Turduli
comedy written in Oscan.                  in Hispania Beetica, on the spot where the BaeOsi, a people in Germany, probably in the tis first enters Bsetica.
mountains between the sources of the Oder and  OssoNOBA (now Estoy, north of Faro), a town
the Gran, were, according to Tacitus, tributary of the Turdetani in Lusitania, between the Tato the Sarmatians, and spoke the Pannonian gus and Anas.
language.                                   OSTEODES ('OarECIdSC v7aoc0: nowAlicur), an
OSICERDA. Vid. OSSIGERDA.               island-at some distance from the north coast of
[OSINIUS, king ofClusium, aided _Eneas in his Sicily, opposite the town of Soli.
wars with Turnus in Italy.]                 OSTIA (Ostiensis: now Ostia,) a town at the
OSIRIS (Oactpt), the great-Egyptian divinity, mouth of the River Tiber, and the harbor of
and husband of Isis. According to Herodotus, Rome, from which it was distant sixteen miles
they were the, only divinities who were wor- by land, was situated on the left bank of the left
shipped by all the Egyptians.  His Egyptian arm of the river. It was founded by Ancus
name is said to have been Hysiris, which is in- Marcius, the fourth king of Rome, was a Roman
terpreted to mean " son of Isis," though some colony, and eventually became an important and
said that it meant " many-eyed."  He is said to flourishing town. In the civil wars it was dehave been originally king of Egypt, and to have stroyed by Marius, but it was soon rebuilt with
reclaimed his subjects from a barbarous life by greater splendor than before.  The Emperor
teaching them- agriculture, and enacting, wise Claudius constructed a new and better harbor
laws.  He afterward travelled into foreign on the right arm of the*Tiber, which was enlands, spreading wherever he went the bless- larged and improved by Trajan. This new harings of civilization. On his return to Egypt he bor was called simply Portus Romanus or Portus
was murdered by his brother Typhon, who cut Augusti, and around it there sprang up a flourhis body into pieces and threw them into the ishing town, also called Portus (the inhabitants
Nile. After a long search Isis discovered the Portuenses).  The old town of Ostia, whose
mangled remains of her husband, and with the harbor had been already partly filled up by sand,
assistance of her son Horus defeated Typhon, now sank into insignificance, and only continued
and recovered the sovereign power, which Ty- to. exist through its salt-works (salina}), which
phon had usurped. Vid. Isis.              had been established by Ancus Marcius. The
[OSIRI, a friend of Turnus, the king of the ruins of Ostia are between two and three miles
Rutuli, slain by the Trojan Thymbraeus.]  from the coast, as the sea has gradually receded
OsisMiI, a people in Gallia Lugdunensis, at in consequence of the accumulation of sand de,
the northwestern extremity of the coast, and in posited by the Tiber.
the neighborhood of the modern Quimper and  OSTIA NILI. Vid. NILUS.
Brest.                                      [OSTOhRIUS SABINUS. Vid. SAINUS.]
OSROENE ('Oaponvi:'Oapovoi, pl.: now Pa-  OSTORIUS SCAPULA. Vid. SCAPULA.
shalik of Orfah), the westernmost of the two por-  OSTRA (Ostranus), a town in Umbria, in the
tions into which Northern Mesopotamia was di- territory of the Senones.
vided by the River Chaboras (now Khabour),  [OSTRAcINA ('OrpaKiva), a city destitute. of
584




OTACILIUS CRASSUS, T.                            OTHRYS.
water (dara/oif avvdpor), in Lower Egypt, east consul in Africa; and in' 42 was sent into I11yriof the Nile, on the road from Rhinocorura to cum, where he restored discipline among the
Peklsium, and not far from Lake Sirbonis.]  soldiers, who had lately rebelled against ClauOTAxCILus CRASSUS, T. 1. A Roman general dius. At a later time he detected a conspiracy
during the second Punic war, was prator B.C. which had been formed against the life of Clau217, and subsequently propraetor in Sicily. In dius.-3. L., surnamed TITIANUS, elder son of
215 he crossed over to Africa, and laid waste No. 2, was consul 52, and proconsul in Asia 63,
the Carthaginian coast. He was praetor for the when he had Agricola for his quaestor. It is
second time, 214, and his command was pro- related to the honor of the latter that he was
longed during the next three years. He died in not corrupted by the example of his superior
Sicily, 211.-[2. OTACILIus  CRASSUS, one of officer, who indulged in every kind-of rapacity.
Pompey's officers, had the command of the town On the death of Galba in January, 69, Titianus
of Lissus in Illyria, and cruelly murdered two was a second time made consul, with his brother
hundred and twenty of Caesar's soldiers, who Otho, the emperor. On the death of the latter,
had'surrendered to him on the promise that they he was pardoned by Vitellius.-4. M., Roman
should be uninjured. Shortly after this he aban- emperor from January 15th to April 16th, A.D.
doned Lissus, and joined the main body of the 69, was the younger son of No. 2; He was born
Pompeian army.]                           in the early part of 32. He was of moderate
OTACILIUs PILITUS, L., a Roman rhetorician, stature, ill made in the legs, and had an effemwho opened a school at Rome B.C. 81, was inate appearance. He was one of the companoriginally a slave, but having exhibited talent ions of Nero in his debaucheries; but when the
and a love of literature, he was manumitted by emperor took possession of his wife, the beautihis master. Cn. Pompeius Magnus was one of ful but profligate Poppaea Sabina, Otho was sent
his pupils, and he wrote the history of Pompey, as governor to Lusitania, which he administered
and of his father likewise.               with credit during the last ten years of Nero's
OTANES ('O6rdv1). 1. A Persian, son of Phar- life. Otho attached himself to Galba when he
naspes, was the first who suspected the impos- revolted against Nero, in the hope of being
ture of'Smerdis the Magian, and took the chief adopted by him and succeeding to the empire.
part in organizing the conspiracy against the But when Galba adopted L. Piso on the 10th of
pretender (B.C. 521). After the accession of January, 69, Otho formed a conspiracy against
Darius Hystaspis, he was placed in command Galba, and was proclaimed emperor by the solof the Persian force which invaded Samos for diers at Rome, who put Galba to death. Meanthe purpose of placing Syloson, brother of Poly- time Vitellius had been proclaimed emperor at
crates, in the government.-2. A Persian, son Cologne by the German troops on the 3d of
of Sisamnes, succeeded Megabyzus (B.C. 506) in January, and his generals forthwith set out for
the command of the forces on the sea-coast, Italyto place their master on the throne. When
and took Byzantium, Chalcedon, Antandrus, and these news reached Otho, he marched into the
Lamponium, as well as the islands of Lemnos north of Italy to oppose the generals of Vitellius.
and Imbros. He was probably the same Otanes The fortune of war was at first in his favor.
who is mentioned as a son-in-law of Darius Hys- He defeated Cwcina, the general of Vitellius, in
taspis, and as a general employed against the' more than one engagement; but his -army was
revolted Ionians in 499.                  subsequently defeated in a decisive battle near
OTHO, L. RoscYus, tribune of the plebs B.C. Bedriacum by the united forces of Caecina and
67, was a warm supporter of the aristocratical Valens, whereupon he put an end to his own life
party. He opposed the proposal of Gabinius to at Brixellum, in the thirty-seventh year of his
bestow upon Pompey the command of the war age.
against the pirates; and in the same year he  OTHRXADES ('OOpva6rqg). 1. A patronymic
proposed and carried the law which gave to the given to Panthous or Panthus, the Trojan priest
equites a special place at the public spectacles, of Apollo, as the son of Othryas.-2. ASpartan,
in fourteen rows or seats (in quattuordecim gradi- one of the three hundred selected to fight with
bus sive ordinibus), next to the place of the sen- an equal number of Argives for the possession
ators, which was in the orchestra. This law  of Thyrea.  Othryades was the only person
was very unpopular; and in Cicero's consulship who survived the battle, and was left for dead.
(63) there was such a riot occasioned by the ob- He spoiled the dead bodies of the enemy, and
noxious measure that it required all his elo- remained at his post, while Alcenor and Chroquenee to allay the agitation.            mius, the two survivors of the Argive party,
OTHO, SALVIUS.  1. M., grandfather of the hastened home with the news of victory,'supEmperor Otho, was descended from an ancient posing that all their opponents had been slain.
and noble family of the town of Ferentinum in As the victory was claimed by both sides, a
Etruria. His father was a Roman eques; his general battle ensued, in which the Argives
mother was of low origin, perhaps even a freed- were defeated. Othryades slew himself on the
woman. Through the influence of Livia Au- field, being ashamed to return to Sparta as the
gusta, in whose house he had been brought up, one survivor of her three hundred champions.
Otho was made a Roman senator, and eventu-  [OTHRYONEUS, ('OOpvovevf'), an ally of Priam,
ally obtained the praetorship, but was not ad- from Cabesus, was a suitor for the hand of Casvanced to any higher honor.-2. L., son of the sandra, Priam's daughter, and promised, in repreceding, and father of the Emperor Otho, stood turn, to drive the Greeks from'before Troy; but
so high in the favor of Tiberius, and resembled he was slain by Idomeneus.]
this emperor so strongly in person, that it was  OTHRYS ('OOpvc: [now Goura or Katavothry?
supposed by most that he was his son. He was the highest summit Jerako, according toLeake]),
tonsul suffectus in A.D. 33; was afterward pro- a lofty range of mountains in the south of Theb
585




OTREUS.                              OVIDIUS NASO, P.
saly, which extended from Mount Tymphres- succession. The restraint of a wife was irM~
tus, or the most southerly part of Pindus, to the some to a man like Ovid, who was devoted to
eastern coast and the promontory between the gallantry and licentious life. His chief mistress
Pagasean Gulf and the northern point of Eu- in the early part of his life was the one whom
boea. It shut in the great Thessalian plain on he celebrates in his poems under the name of
the south.                              -Corinna. If we may believe the testimony of
[OTREUS ('Orpevf), king of Phrygia, whom  Sidonius Apollinaris, Corinna was no less a
Priam aided against the Amazons.]         personage than Julia, the accomplished but
[OTRIS, a town of Babylonia, south of Baby- abandoned daughter of Augustus. There are
Ion, above the marshes of the Euphrates.]  several passages in Ovid's Amores which ren[OTRCEA ('Orpoia), a city of Bithynia, above der the testimony of Sidonius highly probable.
Lake Ascania, said to have derived its name Thus it appears that his mistress was a marfrom Otreus, probably the same as the town of ried woman, of high rank, but profligate morals 
Phrygia mentioned by Plutarch under the name all which particulars will suit Julia. How long
of Otryme ('Orpvat) in his life of Lucullus.]  Ovid's connection with Corinna lasted there are
[OTRYNTEUS ('OTpvv7reV), king of Hyde at the no means of deciding,; but it probably ceased
base of Mount Tmolus, father of Iphition by one before his marriage with his third wife, whom
of the nymphs.]                           he appears to have sincerely loved. We can
OTUS, and his brother EPHIALTES, are bet- hardly place his third marriage later than his
ter known by their name of the Alobdae. Vid. thirtieth year, since a daughter, Perilla, was the
ALOEUS.-[2. Of Cyllene, a Greek warrior at the fruit of it.(Trist., iii., 7, 3), who was grown up
siege of Troy, slain by Polydamas.]       and married at the time of his banishment.
OvIDIus NASO, P., the Roman poet, was born Perilla was twice married, and had a child by
at Sulmo, in the country of the Peligni, on the each husband. Ovid was a grandfather before
20th of March, B.C.43. He was descended from  he lost his father at the age of ninety; soon
an ancient equestrian family, but possessing after whose, decease his mother also died. Till
only moderate wealth.  He, as well as his his fiftieth year Ovid continued to reside at
brother Lucius, who was exactly a year older Rome, where he had a house near the Capitol,
than himself, was destined to be a pleader, and occasionally taking a trip to his Pelignan farm.
received a careful education to qualify him for He not only enjoyed the friendship of a large
that calling. He studied rhetoric under Arel- circle of distinguished men, but the regard and
lius Fuscus and Porcius Latro, and attained to favor of Augustus and the imperial family. But
considerable proficiency in the art of declama- in A.D. 9 Ovid was suddenly commanded by an
tion. But the bent of his genius showed itself imperial edict to transport himself to Tomi, a
very early. The hours which should have been town on the Euxine, near the mouths of the
spent in the study of jurisprudence-were em — Danube, on the very border of the empire. He
ployed in cultivating his poetical talent. The underwent no trial, and the sole reason for his
elder Seneca, who had heard him declaim, tells banishment stated in the edict was his having
us that his oratory resembled a solutum carmen, published his poem on the Art of Love (Ars
and that any thing in the way of argument was Amatoria). It was not, however, an exsilium,
irksome to him. His father denounced his fa- but a relegatio; that is, he was not utterly cut
vorite pursuit as leading to inevitable poverty; off from all hope of return, nor did he lose his
but the death of his brother, at the early age citizenship. The real cause of his banishment
of twenty, probably served in some degree to has long exercised the ingenuity of scholars.
mitigate his father's opposition, for the patri- The publication of the Ars Amatoria was cermony which would have been scanty for two tainly a mere pretext. The poem had been
might amply suffice for one. Ovid's education published nearly ten years previously; and,
was completed at Athens, where he made him- moreover, whenever Ovid alludes to that, the
self thoroughly master of the Greek language. ostensible cause, he invariably couples with it
Afterward he travelled with the poet Macer in another which he mysteriously conceals. AcAsia and Sicily. It is a disputed point whether cording to some writers, the real cause was his
he ever actually practiced as an advocate after intrigue with Julia. But this is sufficiently rehis return to Rome. The picture Ovid himself futed by the fact that Julia had been an exile
draws of his weak constitution and indolent since B.C. 2. Other writers suppose that he
temper prevents us fiom thinking that he ever had been guilty of an intrigue with the younger
followed his profession with perseverance, if Julia, the daughter of the elder one; and the
indeed at all. The same causes deterred him  remarkable fact that the younger Julia was banfrom entering the senate, though he had put on ished in the:same year with Ovid leads very
the latus clavus when he assumed the toga viri- strongly to the inference that his fate was in
lis, as being by birth entitled to aspire to the somewayconnectedwithhers. ButOvidstates
senatorial dignity. (Trist., iv., 10, 29.) He be- himself that his fault was an involuntary one 
came, however, one of the Triumviri Capitales; and the great disparity of years between the
and he was subsequently made one of the Cen- poet and the younger Julia renders it improbtumairi, or judges who tried testamentary and able that there had been an intrigue between
even criminal causes; and in due time he was them. He may more probably have become aeo
promoted to be one of the Decemviri, who as- quainted with Julia's profligacy by accident,
sembled and presided over the court of the and by his subsequent conduct, perhaps, for inCentumviri. Such is all the account that can stance, by concealing it, have given offence to
be given of Ovid's business life. He married Livia, or Augustus, or both. Ovid draws an
twice in early life at the desire of his parents, affecting picture of the miseries to which he
but he speedily divorced each of his wives in was exposed in his place of exile. He com586




OVIDIUS NASO, P.                                OXIDEo
plains of the inhospitable soil, of the severity this and the preceding work. Even the versiof the climate, and of the perils to which he fication is more slovenly, and some of the lines
was exposed, when the barbarians plundered very prosaic. 10. Ibis, a satire of between six
the surrounding country, and insulted the very hundred and seven hundred elegiac verses, also
walls of Tomi. In the most abject terms he written in exile. The poet inveighs in it against
supplicated Augustus to change his place of an enemy who had traduced him. Though the
banishment, and besought his friends to use variety of Ovid's imprecations displays learning
their influence in his behalf. In the midst of and fancy, the piece leaves the impression of
all his misfortunes, he sought some relief in the an impotent explosion of rage. The title and
exercise of his poetical talents'. Not only did plan were borrowed from Callimachus.  11.
he finish his Fasti in his exile, besides writing  Consolatio, ad Liviam Augustam, is considered
the Ibis, the Tristia, Ex Ponto, &c., but he like- by most critics not to be genuine, though it is
wise acquired the language of the Getwe, in allowed on all hands to be not unworthy of
which he composed some poems in honor of Ovid's genius. 12. The Medicamina Faciei and
Augustus. These he publicly recited, and they Halieuticon are mere fragments, and their genwere received with tumultuous applause by the uineness not altogether certain.  Of his lost
Tomitie. With his new fellow-citizens, indeed, works, the most celebrated was his tragedy,
he had succeeded in rendering himself highly Medea, of which only two lines remain. That
popular, insomuch that they honored him with Ovid possessed a great poetical genius is una decree, declaring him exempt from all public questionable, which makes it the more to be
burdens. He died at Tomi in the sixtieth year regretted that it was not always under the conof his age, A.D. 18. The following is a list of trol of a sound judgment. He possessed great
Ovid's works, arranged, as far as possible, in vigor of fancy, warmth of coloring, and facility
chronological order: 1. Amorum Libri III., the of composition. Ovidhashimselfdescribedhow
earliest of the poet's works. According to the spontaneously his verses flowed; but the facilepigram prefixed, the work, as we now possess ity of composition possessed more charms for
it, is a second edition, revised and abridged, him than the irksome but indispensable labor
the former one having consisted of five books. of correction and retrenchment. Ovid was the
2. Epistola Heroidum, twenty-one in number. first to depart from that pure and correct taste
3. Ars Amatoria, or De Arte Amandi, written which characterizes the Greek poets, and their
about B.C. 2. At the time of Ovid's banish- earlier Latin imitators. His writings abound
ment this poem was ejected from the public with those false thoughts and frigid conceits
libraries by command of Augustus. 4. Remedia which we find so frequently in the Latin poets;
Amoris, in one book. 5. Nux, the elegiac cornm- and in this respect he must be regarded as unplaint of a nut-tree respecting the ill treatment antique. The best edition of Ovid's complete
it receives from wayfarers, and even from its works is byBurmann, Amsterdam, 1727, 4 vols.
own master.   6. Metamorphoseon Libri XV. 4to. [Of the separate works, the most useful
This, the greatest of Ovid's poems in bulk and editions are, the Metamorphoses, by Gierig (cura
pretensions, appears to have been written be- Jahn), Leipzig, 1821-23, and by Loers, Leipzig,
tween the age of forty and fifty. It consists 1843; the Fasti, by Merkel, Berlin, 1841, and
of such legends or fables as involved a trans- by Keightley, London, 1848; the Tristia, by
formation, from the Creation to the time of Loers, Treves; 1839; Ars Amatoria, (including
Julius Caesar, the last being that emperor's Heroides, &c.), by Jahn, Leipzig, 1828; the Hechange into a star. It is thus a sort of cyclic roides, by Loers, Cologne, 1829.]
poem, made up of distinct episodes, but con-  [OXATHRES ('OCr60png). 1. Youngest son of
nected into one narrative thread with much Darius II. by Parysatis, brother of Artaxerxes
skill. 7. Fastorum Libri XII., of which only Mnemon, was treated wifh kindness by his
the first six are extant. This work was incom- brother, and even admitted to unusual honors.
plete at the time of Ovid's banishment. In- -2. Brother of Darius Codomannus, was disdeed, he had perhaps done little more than col- tinguished for his bravery, and took a conspiclect the materials for it; for that the fourth uous part in the battle of Issus, B.C. 333. He
book was written in Pontus appears from verse accompanied Darius in his flight, but was taken
eighty-eighth. The Fasti is a sort of poetical prisoner by Alexander, who treated him with
Roman calendar, with its appropriate festivals kindness, and gave him an honorable post about
and mythology, and the substance was probably his own person.]
taken in a great measure from the old Roman  OXIA PALUS, is first mentioned distinctly by
annalists. The work showsagood deal of Ammianus Marcellinusas the name of the Sea
learning, but it has been obheWed that Ovid of Aral, which the ancients in general did not
makes frequent mistakes-in his astronomy, from  distinguish from the Caspian. When Ptolemy,
not understanding the books from which he took however, speaks of the OXIANA PALUS ('12etit. 8. Tristium Libri V., elegies written during avij V2vn) as a small lake in the steppes of Sogthe first four years of Ovid's banishment. They diana, he is perhaps following some vague acare chiefly made up of descriptions of his afflict- count of the separate existence of the Sea of
ed condition, and petitions for mercy. The Aral, and the same remark may be applied to
tenth elegy of the fourth- book is valuable, as Pliny's account that the source (instead of the
containing many particulars of Ovid's life. 9. termination) of the River Oxus was in a lake of
Epistolarum ex Ponto Libri IV., are also in the the same name.
elegiac metre, and much the same in substance  [OxiE ('O:eiat, sc. vUao), i. e., INSULME, the
as the Tristia, to which they were subsequent. Ooai of Homer; a group of islands at the mouth
It must be confessed that age and misfortune of the Achelous, belonging to the ECHINADES
snema to have damped Ovid's genius both in INSULh.]
587




OXIAN.                          PACHYMERES, GEORGIUS.
OXINI ('f2Qavoi, OkFtavoi), a people of Sog- India intra Gangem, in the Punjab, between the
diana, on the north of the Oxus.          Rivers Hydaspes (now Jhelum) and Acesines
OxiI MONTES (rT Tfeita, or QOveta, opr: now  (now Chenab), in whose capital Alexander was
probably Ak-tagh), a range of mountains be- wounded.  They called themselves descendtween the Rivers Oxus and Jaxartes; the north- ants of Bacchus (Dionysus).
ern boundary of Sogdiana toward Scythia.    OXYLUS ('YOfvRo), the leader of the Heraclide
Oxus or OAXus ("COof, 2yQog: now Jihoun or in their invasion of Peloponnesus, and subseAmou), a great river of Central Asia, rose, ac- quently king of Elis.'Vid. p. 354, b.
cording to some of the ancient geographers, on  [OXYNTAS ('OJPvraf), son ofJugurtha, was
the northern side of the Paropamisus Mountains led captive, together with his father, before the
(now Hindoo-Koosh), and, according to others, in triumphal car of Marius, B.C. 104; but his life
the Emodi Mountains, and flowed northwest, was spared, and he was placed in custody at
forming the boundary between Sogdiana on the Venusia, where he remained till B.C. 90, when
north, and Bactria and Margiana on the south, he was adorned with the insignia of royalty, to
and then, skirting the north of Hyrcania, it fell gather around him the Numidians in the service
into the Caspian. The Jihoun now flows into the of the Roman general -L. Caesar. The device
southwestern corner of the Sea of Aral; but proved successful, but the subsequent fate of
there are still distinct traces of a channel ex- Oxyntas is unknown.]
tending in a' southwestern direction from the  OXYRHYNCHUS ('O~pvyxo: ruins at BehneSea of Aral to the Caspian, by which at least a seh), a city of Middle Egypt, on the western
portion, and probably the whole, of the waters bank of the canal which runs parallel to the
of the Oxus found their way into the Caspian; Nile on its western side (now Bahr Yussuf). It
and very probably the Sea of Aral itself was was the capital of the Nomos Oxyrhynchites,
connected with the Caspian.by this channel. and the chief seat of the worship of the fish
The ancient geographers mention, as important called oxyrynchus.
tributaries of the Oxus, the OCHus, the MAR-  [OZENE ('O'vrj, now Uzen or Ougein), in the
Gus, and the BACTRUS, which are now inter-, time ofPtolemy the capital of the kingdom Lacepted by the sands of the Desert. -The Oxus rica, in India intra Gangem, and the residence
is a broad and rapid river, navigable through a of a prince who bore the title Tiascanus. It
considerable portion offits course. It formed, carried on an extensive traffic, exported onyxes,
in ancient times,' a channel of commercial'in- myrrh, and fine cotton stuff, and supplied the
tercourse between India and Western Asia, great commercial city Barygaza with all the
goods being brought down it to the Caspian, necessaries of life.]
and thence up the Cyrus and across Armenia  OZOGARDANA, a city of Mesopotamia, on the
into'Asia Minor. It occupies also an important Euphrates, the people of which preserved a lofty
place in history, having been in nearly all ages throne or chair of stone, which they called Trathe. extreme boundary between the great mon- jan's judgment-seat.
archies of Southwestern Asia and the hordes
which wander over the central steppes. Cyrus                 p
and Alexander both crossed it;.but the former
effected' no permanent conquests on its north-  PACXRIS. Vid. HYPACYRIS.
ern side; and the conquests of the latter in  [PACARIUS DECIMUS, procurator of Corsica in
Sogdiana, though for a time preserved under A.D. 69, wished to send assistance to Vitellius,
the Bactrian kings, were always regarded as but was murdered by the inhabitants.]
lying beyond the limits of the civilized world,  PACATIANA. Vid. PHRYGIA.
and were lost at the fall of the Bactrian king-  PAccIUS or PAcciUS ANTIOCHUS, a physician
dom. Herodotus does not mention the Oxus about the beginning of the Christian era, who
by name, but it is supposed to be the river was a pupil of Philonides of Catana, and lived
which he calls Araxes.                    probably at Rome.'He made a large fortune by
[OXYARTES ('Oviprnc), or OXARTES ('O(pp- the sale of a certain medicine of his own invenT-C), a Bactrian, father of Roxana, the wife of tion, the composition of which he kept a proAlexander the Great. He was one of the chiefs found secret. At his death he left his prescripwho accompanied Bessus into Sogdiana. After tion as a legacy to the Emperor Tiberius, who,
the death of Bessus, he deposited.his wife and in order to give it as wide a circulation as posdaughters for safety in a rock fortress in Sog- sible, ordered a copy of it to be placed in all the
diana, which was deemed impregnable, but publi libraries.
which soon fell into the hands of Alexander.  PACHES (i[fc), an Athenian general in the
After the espousal of Alexander to Roxana, Peloponnesrwtar, took Mytilene and reduced
Oxyartes made his submission, and was treated Lesbos, B.C. 427. On his return to Athens he
with distinction by the conqueror, and was ap- was brought to trial on some charge, and, perpointed satrap. of th& province of Paropamisus, ceiving his condemnation to be certain, drew
or India south of the Caucasus, which he con- his sword and stabbed himself in the presence
tirned to hold after the death of Alexander, and of his judges.
probably to the period of his own death.some  PACHYMERES,,GEORGIUS, an important Byzanyears subsequently.]                      tine writer, was born about A.D. 1242 at Nicxea,
OrYBII, a Ligurian people on the coast of but spent the greater part of his life at ConGallia Narbonensis, west of the Alps, and be- stantinople. He.was a priest, and opposed the
tween the Flumen Argenteum (now Agrgens) union of the Greek and Latin Churches. Paand-Antipolis (now Antibes). They were neigh- chymeres wrote several works, the most im-,bors of the Salluvii and Deciates.       portant of which is a Byzantine History, contain.
OxYDRAcG ('OQvdpai), a warlike people of ing an account of the emperors Michael Palaeo
58




PACHYNUS.                                   PADUS.
logus and Andronicus Palaeologus the elder, in  PACTYICA (IIa/crvZcK), the country of the Pacthirteen books. The style is remarkably good tyes (IIaKdcKv), in the northwest of India, west
and pure for the age.  Edited by Possinus, of the Indus, and in the thirteenth satrapy of
Rome, 1666-1669, 2 vols. fol., and by Bekker, the Persian empire, is most probably the northBonn, 1835, 2 vols. 8vo.                  eastern part of Afghanistan, about Jellalabad.
PACHsNUS or PACHYNUM (now Capo Passaro),  [PACULLA, ANNIA or MINIA, a Campanian
a promontory at the southeastern extremity of woman, one of the chief agents in introducing
Sicily, and one of the three promontories which the worship of Bacchus into Rome, B.C. 186.]
give to Sicily its triangular figure, the other two  PAcuvIUs, M., one of the early Roman tragebeing Pelorum and Lilybaeum. By the side of dians, was born about B.C. 220, at Brundisium,
Pachynus was a bay, which was used asa har- and is said to have been the son of the sister of
bor, and which is called by Cicero PORTUS PA- Ennius. Pacuvius appears to have been brought
CHYNI (now Porto di Pale).                up at Brundisium, but he afterward repaired to
[PACIANUs, bishop of Barcelona, in Spain, Rome.  Here he devoted himself to painting
fourished A.D. 370. He was renowned for his and poetry, and obtained so much distinction in
eloquence, and wrote several books, especially the former art, that a painting of his in the ternone against the Novatians.  His works have ple of Hercules, in the forum boarium, was rebeen published by Tilius, Paris, 1538, and in the garded as only inferior to the celebrated paintBiblioth. Patrum Maxima.]                 ing of Fabius Pictor. After living many years
[PACIDII, two generals of the Pompeian party at Rome, for he was still there in his eightieth
in Africa under Metellus Scipio, one of whom  year,,Je returned to Brundisium on account of
fell in the battle of Tegea, B.C. 46.]    the failure of his health, and died in his native
PAcILUs, the name of a family of the patrician town, in the ninetieth year of his'age, B.C. 130.
Furia gens, mentioned in the early history of We have no further particulars of his life save
the republic: [the most celebrated were, 1. C. that his talents gained him the friendship of
FURIUS PACILUS Fusus, consul B.C. 441 with M'. Laelius, and that he lived on the most intimate
Papirius Crassus, censor B.C. 435 with M. Ge- terms with his younger rival Accius. Pacuvius
ganius Macerinus, and subsequently one of the was universally allowed by the ancieht writers
consular tribunes in B.C. 426.-2. C. FURIUS P., to have been'one of the greatest of the Latin
son of the preceding, consul B.C. 412 with Q. tragic poets. (Hor., Ep., ii., 1, 56.) He is esFabius Vibulanus Ambustus.-3. C. FURius P., pecially praised for the loftiness of his thoughts,
consul B.C. 251 with L. Caecilius Metellus in the vigor of his language, and the extent of his
the first Punic war.]                     knowledge. Hence we find the epithet doctus
[PACONIUS, M. 1. A Roman knight, violently frequently applied to him. He was also a favordispossessed of his property by the tribune ite with the people, with whom his verses conClodius.-2. M., a legatus of Silanus, pr6con- tinued to be esteemed in the time of Julius Coesul of Asia, was one of his accusers in A.D.' sar. His tragedies were taken from the greats
22. Paconius was put to death by Tiberius on Greek writers; but he did not confine himself,
a charge of treason.]                     like his predecessors, to a mere translation of
PAcORus (ITdaopoe). 1. Son ofOrodes I.,king the latter, but worked up his materials with
ofParthia. His history is given under ARsAEs, morefreedomandindependentjudgment. Some
No. 14.-2. King of Parthia. Vid. ARSACES, No. of the plays of Pacuvius were not based upon
24.                                       the Greek tragedies, but belonged to the class
PAcTOLUS (IlaTcro2SO: now Sarabat), a small called Prcetextatce, in which the subjects were
but celebrated river of Lydia, rose on the north- taken from Roman story. One' of these was
ern side of Mount Tmolus, and flowed north entitled Paulus, which had as its hero L. lEmilpast Sardis into the Hermus, which it joined ius Paulus, the conqueror of Perseus, king of
thirty stadia below Sardis. The golden sands Macedonia. The fragments of Pacuvius are
of Pactolus have passed into a proverb. Lydia published by Bothe, Poet. Lat. Scenic. Fragm.,
was long the California of the ancient world, its Lips., 1834.
streams forming so many gold;washings;" and  [PADEI (Hladalol), a rude nomad tribe in
hence the wealth of the Lydian kings, and the Northwestern India (perhaps in the modern
alleged origin of gold money in that country. Multan or Ajmer), who not' only ate raw flesh,
But the supply of gold was only on the surface, but also devoured the sick and old of their own
and by the beginning of our era it' was so far people.]
exhausted as not to repay the trouble of collect-  PADUS (now Po), the chief river of Italy, whose
ing it.                                   name is said to have been of Celtic origin, and
PACTYAS (Tlafcrvac), a Lydiarn.who, on the to have been given it on account of the pineconquest of Sardis (B.C. 546),'was charged by trees (in Celtic padi) which grew on its banks.
Cyrus with the collection of the revenue of the In the Ligurian language it was called Bodencus
province. When Cyrus left Sardis on his re- or Bodincus. Almost all later writers identified
turn to Ecbatana, Pactyas induced the Lydians the Padus with the fabulous Eridanus, from
to revolt against Cyrus; but when an army was which amberwas obtained, and hence the Roman
sent against him, he first fled to Cyme, then to poets frequently give the name of Eridanus to
Mytilene, and eventually to Chios. Hewas sur- the Padus. The reason of this identification
rendered by the Chians to the Persians.   appears to have been, that the Phoenician vesPACTYE (IlaKrTV1: now St. George), a town in sels received at the mouths of the Padus the
the Thracian Chersonesus, on the Propontis, amber which had been transported by land from
thirty-six stadia from Cardia, to which Alcibia- the coasts of the Baltic to those of the Adriatic.
des retired when he was banished by the Athe- The Padus rises from two springs on the eastnians, B.C. 407.                          ern side of Mount Vesulus (now Monte Vise) in
589




PADUSA.                                 PIERISADES.
the Alps, and flows with a general easterly di-  Pe:6N'ES  (Ilaoovec), a powerful Thracian peorection through the great plain of Cisalpine Gaul, ple, who in early times were spread over a great
which it divides into two parts, Gallia Cispa- part of Macedonia and Thrace. According to
dana and Gallia Transpadana. It receives nu- a legend preserved by Herodotus, they were-of
merous affluents, which drain the whole of this Teucrian origin'; and it is not impossible that,vast plain, descending from the Alps on the they were a branch of the great Phrygian peonorth'and the Apennines on the south. These ple, a portion of which seems to have settled in
affluents, increased in the summer byT the melt- Europe. In Homer the Paeonians appear as
ing of the snow on the mountains, frequently allies of the Trojans, and are represented as
bring, down such a large body of water as to having come from the. River Axius. JIn historcause the Padus to overflow its.. banks. The ical times they inhabited the whole of the north
whole' course of the river, including its wind- of Macedonia, from the frontiers of Illyria to
ings, is about four hundred and fifty miles. some little distance east of the River Strymon.
About twenty miles from the sea the river di- Their country was called PS6NYi (Hatovia).
vides itself into two main branches, of which The Paeonians were divided into several'tribes,
the northern one was calledPadoa (now Maestra,'independent of each other, and governed by
Po Grande, or Po delle Fornaci), and the south- their own chiefs,- though at a later period they
ern one Olana (now Pod'Ariano); and each of appear to have owned the authority of one king.
these now falls into the Adriatic by several The Paeonian tribes on the lower course of the
mouths. The ancient writersienumerate seven Strymon were subdued by the Persians, B.C.
of these mouths,'some of which were canals. 513, and many of them were transplanted to
They lay between Ravenna and Altinum, and Phrygia; but the tribes in the north of the
bore tie following names, according to Pliny, country maintained their independence. They
-beginning with the southern and ending with were long troublesome.neighbors to the Macethe northern: 1.'Padusa, also called Augusta donian monarchs, whose territories they freFossa, was a canal dug by Augustus, which con- quently invaded and plundered; but they were
nected Ravenna with the Po. 2. Vatrenus, also eventually subdued byPhilip, the father of Alexcalled Eridanum Ostium or Spineticum Ostium  ander the Great, who allowed them nevertheless
(now Po di Primaro), from the town of Spina at to retain their own monarchs. They continued
its mouth. 3. Ostium Caprasiae (now Porto In- to be governed by their own kings till a much
terito di bell' Ochio!. 4. Ostium Sagis (now'Porto later period, and these kings were often virtudi Magnavacca). 5. Olane or Volane, the south- ally independent of the Macedonian monarchy.
ern main branch of the river, mentioned above. Thus we read of their king Audoleon, whose
6. Padoa, the northern main branch, subdivided daughter Pyrrhus married. After the conquest
into several small branches called Ostia Car- of Macedonia by the Romans, 168, the part of
bonaria. 7. Fossae Philistinaw, connecting the Peonia east of the Axius formed the second,
river, by means of the Tartarus, withthe Athesis. and the part of Paeonia west of the Axius formPADnUsx.  Vid. PADUS.                   ed the third of the four districts into which MaPXAN (Ialiv, IIato.)v or IlatJv), that is, "the cedonia was divided by the Romans.
healing," is, according to Homer, the designa-  [P6ONIA (Ilatovia).  Vid. P EONES.]
tion of the physician of the Olympian gods, who  [PEON (IHat v). Vid. P2AN.]
heals, for example,'the wounded Mars (Ares)  Pf6ONiUS (1al(evroc). 1. Of Ephesus, an archand Pluto (Hades). After the time of Homer itect, probably lived between B.C. 420 and 380.
and Hesiod, the word Pean became a surname In conjunction with Demetrius, he finally comof FEsculapius,'the god who had the power of pleted the great temple of Diana (Artemis) at
healing. The name was, however, used also Ephesus, which Chersiphron had begun; and,
in the more general sense of deliverer fiom any with Daphnis the Milesian, he began to build at
evil or calamity, and was thus applied to Apollo Miletus a temple of Apollo, of the Ionic order.
and Thanatos, or Death. who are conceived as The latter was the famous Didymceum, or temdelivering men from the pains and sorrows of ple of Apollo Didymus, the ruins of which are
life. With-regard to Apollo and Thanatos, how- still to be seen near Miletus. The former temever, the name may at the same time contain an ple, in which the Branchidae had an oracle of
allusion to raeielv, to strike, since both are also Apollo, was burned at the capture of Miletus
regarded as destroyers. From-Apollo himself by the army of Darius, 498. The new temple,
the name Paean was transferred to the song which was on a scale only inferior to that of
dedicated to him, that is, to hymns chanted to Diana (Artemis), was never finished. - 2. Of
Apollo for the purpose of averting an evil, and Mende, in Thrace, a statuary and sculptor, flourto warlike songs, which were sung before or ished about 435.
during a battle.                            PEOPLIE (Ilatoraat), a Peonian people on the
PmXANIA (Iaitavia: eIatavtea), a demus in lower course of the Strymon and the Angites,
Attica, on the eastern slope of Mount Hymet- who were subdued by the Persians, and transtus, belonging to the tribe Pandionis. It was planted to Phrygia by order of Darius, B.C. 513.
the demus of the orator-Demosthenes.      They returned to their native country with the,[PAANIUS (HIacvceog), the author of a trans- help of Aristagoras, 500; and we find them setlation of the history of Eutropius into Greek, tled north of Mount Pangaeus in the expedition
whose age is uncertain, but who seems to have of Xerxes, 480.
lived not long after Eutropius himself. The  PfER'IS~ADES or PARIsXDES (IIaptaddvn or Iapeversion is printed in Havercamp's andVerheyk's vadnr6), the name of two kings of Bosporus. 1.
editions of Eutropius.]                   Son of Leucon, succeeded his brother Spartacus
PmMXNm, a people of German origin in Gallia B.C. 349, and reigned thirty-eigh!t years. He
Belgica.                                  continued the same friendly relations with the
590




PASTANUS SINUS.                                 PAGUS.
Athenians which were begun by his father Leu- 174 in place of his father, and was consul 167,
con.-2. The last monarch of the first dynasty when he laid waste the territory of the Liguthat ruled in Bosporus. The pressure of the rians.
Scythian tribes induced Paerisades to cede his  PRETus, P. AUTRONIUS, was elected consul for
sovereignty to Mithradates the Great. The date B.C. 65 with, P. Cornelius Sulla; but he and
of this event can not be placed earlier than 112, Sulla were accused of bribery by L. Aurelius
nor later than 88.                        Cotta and L. Manlius Torquatus, and condemnPESTiNUS SINUS. Vid. P^ESTUM.          ed. Their election was accordingly declared
PESTUM (Paestanus), called POSIDNIA (IIo- void, and their accusers were chosen consuls
aeLdovia: IloactiduvuiTd ) originally, was a city in their stead. Enraged at his disappointment,
in Lucania, situated between four and five miles Paetus conspired with Catiline to murder the
southeast of the mouth of the Silarus, and near consuls Cotta and Torquatus; and this design
the bay which derived its name from the town is said to have been frustrated solely by the
(rILoraetovtdrC 6Co7TroC, Paestanus Sinus: now  impatience of Catiline, who gave the signal preGulf of Salerno). Its origin is uncertain, but maturely before the whole of the conspirators
it was probably in existence before it was col- had assembled. Vid. CATILINA. Petus afteronized by the Sybarites about B.C. 524. It ward took an active part in the Catilinarian consoon became a powerful and flourishing city; spiracy, which broke out in Cicero's consulship,
but, after its capture by the Lucanians (between 63. After the suppression of the conspiracy
438 and 424), it gradually lost- the characteris-' Petus was brought to trial for the share he had
tics of a Greek city, and its inhabitants at length had in it; he was condemned, and went into
ceased to speak the Greek language. Its an- exile to Epirus, where he was living when Ciccient name of Posidonia was probably changed ero himself wentinto banishment in 58. Cicero
into that of Paestum at this time. Under' the was then much alarmed lest Paetus should make
supremacy of the Romans, who founded a Latin  an attempt upon his life.
colony at Pastum about B.C. 274, the town   PETUS, C. C ESENNIUS, sometimes called CEgradually sank in importance.; and in the time SONIUS, consul A.D. 61, was sent by Nero in 63
of Augustus it is only mentioned on account of to the assistance of Domitius Corbulo in Arthe beautiful roses grown in the neighborhood. menia. He was defeated by Vologeses, king
The ruins of Paestum are striking and magnifi- of Parthia, and purchased peace of the Parthicent.  They consist of the remains of walls, ans on the most disgraceful terms. After the
of an amphitheatre, of two fine temples, and of accession of Vespasian he was appointed govanother building. The two temples are in the ernor. of Syria, and deprived Antiochus IV.,
Doric style, and are some of the most remark- king of Commagene, of his kingdom.
able ruins of antiquity.                    PETUS THRASiEA. Vid. THRASEA.
- Psus (HIatoO6), a town in the Troad, men-  PAi  or PEGS (Iayai, Att. IiTyai: Iayaog':
tioned by Homer, but destroyed before the time now Psatho), a town in Megaris, a colony from
of Strabo, its population having been transplant- Megara, was situated at the eastern extremity
ed to Lampsacus. Its site was on a river of of the Alcyonian Sea, and was the most imthe same name (now Beiram-Dere), between portant town in the country after Megara. It
Lampsacus and Parium.                     possessed a good harbor.
P ETiNUS, the name of a family of theFulvia  PAGiASE, called by the Romans PiAGSA, -iE
gens, which was eventually superseded by the (layaaai: now Volo), a town of Thessaly, on
name of Nobilior. Vid. NOBILIOR.          the coast of Magnesia, and on the bay called
PuETUS, a cognomen in many Roman gentes, after it SINUS PAGASrEUS or PAGASICUS (ilayasignified a person who had a slight cast in the aoTrigcb K6orTO: now Gulf of Volo). It was the
eye.                                      port of Iolcos, and afterward of Pherae, and is
PATUS, JELIUS. 1. P., probably the son of celebrated in mythology as the place where JaQ.,:Elius Peetus, a pontifex, who fell in the bat- son built the ship Argo. Hence some of the antie of Cannae. He was plebeian aidile B.C. 204, cients derived its name from 7r-yvvu'; but others
praetor 203, magister equitum 202, and consul connected the name with the fountains (rr7yai)
201. In his consulship he fought a battle with in the neighborhood. The adjective Pagasceus
the Boii, and made a treaty with the Ingauni is applied to Jason on account of his building
Ligures. In 199 he was censor with P. Scipio the ship Argo,. and to Apollo because he had a
Africanus. He afterward became an augur, sanctuary at Pagasae. The adjective is also
and died 174, during a pestilence at Rome. He used in the general sense of Thessalian: thus
is mentioned as one of the Roman jurists.-2. Alcestis, the wife of Admetus, is called by Ovid
SEX., brother of the last, curule aedile 200, Pagasea conjux.
consul 198, and censor 193 with Cn. Cethegus.  [PXAGASs, a Trojan warrior, companion of
He was a jurist of eminence, and a prudent 2Eneas, slain by Camilla in Italy.]
man, whence he got the cognomen Catus. He   PAGORA (Ilaypae: now Pagras, Bagras, Baris described in a line of Ennius as " Egregie gas), a city of Syria, on the eastern side of
cordatus homo Catus Elius Sextus."  He is Mount Amanus, at the foot of the pass called
enumerated among the old jurists who collect- by Ptolemy the Syrian Gates, on the road beed or arranged the matter of law, which he did tween Antioch and Alexandrea: the scene of
in a work entitled Tripartita or Jus Elianum. the battle between Alexander Balas and DemeThis was a work on the Twelve Tables, which trius Nicator, B.C. 145.
contained the original text, an interpretation,  PAGUS (IIyoc), a remarkable conical hill, from
and the Legis actio subjoined. It was probably five hundred to six hundred feet high, a little
the first commentary written on the Twelve north of Smyrna in Ionia. It was crowned with
Tables.-3. Q., son of No. 1, was elected augur a shrine of Nemesis, and had a celebrated spring.
591




PAL2EMON.                                PALAISTINA.
PALPMON f(lTataptow). 1. Son of Athamas Westermann, in the Mythographi Graci, Brans*
and Ino, was originally called Melicertes. When wick, 1843.
his mother, who was driven mad by Juno (Hera),  PnALRUS (HIaalp6g: eaatrper), a town oe
had -thrown herself, with her boy, into the sea, the coast of Acarnania, near Leucas.
both were changed into marine divinities, Ino  PAL2STE (now Palasa), a town of Epirus, on
becoming Leucothea, and Melicertes Palanmon. the coast of Chaonia, and a little south of the
For details, rid. ATHAMAS. According to some, Acroceraunian Mountains: here Cresar landed
Melicertes, after his apotheosis, was called Glau- his forces when he crossed over to Greece to
cus, whereas, according to another version, carry on the war against Pompey.
Glaucus is said to have leaped into the sea from  PAL TSTINA (IIaXateTrivy, laXatcriv'vy ivp7 y:
his love of Melicertes. The body ofMelicertes, laeacrrLtvdg, Pal!estinus, and rarely Palaestinaccording to the common tradition, was washed ensis: now Palestine, or the Holy Land), is the
by the waves, or carried by dolphins into the Greek and Roman form of the Hebrew word
port Schcenus on the Corin'thian isthmus, or to which was used to denote the country of the
that spot on the coast where the altar of Palm- Philistines, and which was extended to the
mon subsequently stood. There the body was whole country. In the Scriptures it is called
found by his uncle Sisyphus, who ordered it to CANAAN, from Canaan, the son of Ham, whose
be carried to Corinth, and on the command of descendants were its first inhabitants; the LAxD
the Nereides he instituted the Isthmian games OF ISRAEL,:the LAND OF PROMISE, the LAND OF
and sacrifices of black bulls in honor of the dei- JEHOVAH, and the HOLY LAND. The Romans
fled Palaemon. In the island of Tenedos it is usually called it JUDEMA, extending to the whole
said that children were sacrificed to him, and country the name of its southern part. It was
the whole worship seems to have had something regarded by the Greeks and Romans as a part
gloomy about it. The Romans identified Paloe- of Syria. Its extent is pretty well defined by
mon. with their own god Portunus or Portum- natural boundaries, namely, the Mediterranean
nus.  Vid. PORTUNUS.-2. Q. REMMIUS PALjE- on the west; the mountains of Lebanon on the
MON, -a grammarian in the reigns of Tiberius, north; the Jordan and its lakes on the east, in
Caligula, and Claudius. He was a native of the original extent of the country as defined in
Vicentia (now Vicenza), in the north of Italy, the Old Testament, but in the wider and usual
and was- originally a slave; but having been extent of the country, the Arabian Desert was
manumitted, he opened a school at Rome, where its boundary on the east; and on the south and
he became the most celebrated grammarian of southwest, the deserts which stretch north of
his time, though his moral character was in- the head of the Red Sea as far as the Dead Sea
famous, Hie is twice mentioned by Juvenal and the Mediterranean: here it was separated
(vi., 451; vii., 251). He was the master of from Egypt by the small stream called in ScripQuintilian.                              tore the River of Egypt (probably the brook ElPALOPOLIS. Vid. NEAPOLIS.              Arish), which fell into the Mediterranean at
[PALEPAPHUS (Haelai7ra-oo).  Vid. PAPHUS.] Rhinocolura (now El-Arish), the frontier town
[PALnPHARUS (near the modern Krcanovo or of Egypt. The southern boundary of the terOndoklari), a place in the Thessalian district ritory east of Jordan was the River Arnon (now
Pelasgiotis, on the eastern declivity of Mount Wady-el-Mojib). The extent of country within
Chalcodonius.]                           these limits was about eleven thousand square
PALrEPHITUS (Hlakaailbaeo). 1. Of Athens, a miles. The political boundaries varied at difmythical epic poet of the ante-Homeric period. fervent periods. By the covenant of God with
The time at which he lived is uncertain, but he Abraham (Gen., xv., 18), the whole land was
appears to have been usually placed after Phe- given to his descendants, from the river of Egypt
monoe (vid. PHEMONOE), though some writers as- to the Euphrates; but the Israelites never had
signed him even an earlier date.-2. Of Paros the faith or courage to take permanent possesor Priene, lived in the time of Artaxerxes. sion of this their lot; the nearest approach
Suidas attributes to him the work " On Incred- made to the realization of the promise was in
ible Tales," spoken of below. —3. Of Abydus,.an the reigns of David and Solomon, when the conhistorian, lived in the time of Alexander the quests of the former embraced a large part of
Great, and is stated to have been loved by the Syria, and the latter built Tadmor (afterward
philosopher Aristotle. —4. An Egyptian or Athe- Palmyra) in the Syrian Desert; and, for a time,
nian, and a grammarian. His most celebrated the Euphrates seems to have been. the border
work was entitled Troica (TpeitK ), which is of the kingdom on the northeast (vid. 2 Sam.,
frequently referred to by the ancient gramma- viii., 3; 1 Chron., xviii., 3).  On the west,
rians. There is extant a small work in fifty- again, the Israelites never had full possession
one sections, entitled Hlacaitavroq repti rriarwv, of the Mediterranean coast, a strip of which,
or " Of Incredible Tales," giving a brief ac- north of Mount Carmel, was always retained
count of some of the most celebrated Greek by-the Phcenicians (vrid. PHsmNICE); and another
legends. It is'an abstract of a much larger portion in the southwest was held by the Philiswork, which is lost. It was to the original tines, who were independent, except during
work to which Virgil refers (Ciris, 88): " Docta brief intervals. On the south and east, again,
Paloephatia testatur voce papyrus." It is doubt- portions of the land were frequently subjugated
ful who was the author of this work; but as he by the neighboring people of Amalek, Edom,
adopts the rationalistic interpretation of the Midian, Moab, Ammon, &c. On the north, exmyths, he must be looked upon as a disciple cept during the reigns of David and Solomon,
of Euemerus (rid. EVEMERUS), and may thus Palestine ceased at the southern entrance of
have been an Alexandrine Greek, and the the valley ofCcelesyria, andat Mount Hermon in
same person as No. 4. The best edition is by Antilibanus. In the physical formation of Pal
592




PALzESTINA.                               PALIESTINA.
stine, the most remarkable feature is the de- subsequent history. Between these last and
pression which is formed by the valley of the the mixed people of North Palestine a deadly
Jordan and its lakes (vid. JORDANEs), between enmity arose; the natural dislike of the pure
which and the Mediterranean the country is in- race of Israel to heathen foreigners being agtersected by mountains, chiefly connected with gravated by tie wrongs they suffered from them,
the Lebanon system, and running north and especially at their return from the Babylonish
south.  Between these ranges, and between captivity, and still more by the act of religious
the central range and the western coast, are usurpation of which the remnant of the Northsome comparatively extensive plains, such as ern Israelites were guilty at a later period, in
those of Esdraelon and Sharon, and several setting up a temple for themselves on Mount
smaller valleys; in the south of the country  Gerizim. Vid. SAMARIA. The date assigned to
the mountains gradually subside into the rocky the Assyrian conquest of the kingdom of Israel
deserts of Arabia Petraa.  The valleys and is B.C. 721. The remainder of the history of
slopes of the hills are extremely fertile, and the kingdom of Judah (passing over its religious
were much more so in ancient times, when the history, which is most important during this,soil on the mountain sides was preserved by period) consists of alternate contests with, and
terraces, which are now destroyed through neg- submissions to, the kings of Assyria, Egypt,
lect or wantonness. This division of the coun- and Babylon, till the conquest of the country
try has only a few small rivers (besides mount- by Nebuchadnezzar and the removal of a part
ain streams), which fall into the Mediterranean: of its people to Babylonia, in 598, and the dethe chief of them are the Belus, just southof struction of Jerusalem and the temple, after
Ptolemais (now Acre), the Kishon, flowing from  the rebellion of Zedekiah, in 588, when a still
Mo.unt Tabor, through the plain of Esdraelon, larger portion of the people were carried capand falling into the Bay of Acre nortli of Mount tive to Babylon, while others escaped to Egypt.
Carmel, the Chorseus, north of Caesarea, the In 584, during the siege of Tyre, NebuchadnezKanah, west of Sebaste (Samaria), the Jarkon, zar sent a further portion of the Jews into capnorth of Joppa, the Eshcol, near Askelon, and tivity; but there was still a considerable reinthe Besor, near Gaza. On the east of the Jor- nant left in the land, and (what is very importdan, the land rises toward the rocky desert of ant) foreign settlers were not introduced; so
the HTauran (the ancient Auranitis), and the hills that, when Cyrus, after overthrowing the Babybordering the Syrian Desert, its lower portion, lonian empire, issued his edict for the return of
near the river, forming rich pastures, watered the Jews to their own land (B.C. 536), there
by the eastern tributaries of the Jordan, the was no great obstacle to their quiet settlement
chief of which are the Hieromax, the Jabbok, in it. They experienced some trouble from the
and the Arnon, the last flowing into the Dead jealousy and attacks of the Samaritans, and
Sea. The earliest inhabitants of Palestine were the changeful dispositions of the Persian court 
the several tribes of Canaanites. It is unneces- but at length, by the efforts of Zerubbabel and
sary to recount in detail those events with Joshua, and the preaching of Haggai and Zechwhich we are familiar through the sacred his- ariah, the new temple was finished and deditory: the divine call of Abraham from Mesopo- cated in 516, and Jerusalem was rebuilt. Fresh
tamia to live as a stranger in the land which bands of Jewish exiles returned under Ezra,
God promised to his descendants, and the story 458, and Nehemiah, 44-5; and, between this time
of his, and his son's, and his grandson's resi- and that of the Macedonian conquest, Judas
dence in it till Israel and his family removed was repeopled by the Jews, and through the
to Egypt: their return and conquest of the land tolerance of the Persian kings, it was governed
of Canaan and of the portion of territory east virtually by the high-priests. In B.C. 332, after
of the Jordan, and the partition of the whole Alexander had taken Tyre and Gaza, he visited
among the twelve tribes: the contests with the Jerusalem, and received the quiet submission
surrounding nations, and the government by of the Jews, paying the most marked respect
judges, till the establishment of the monarchy to their religion. Under the successors of Alexunder Saul: the conquests of David, the splen- ander, Palestine belonged alternately to Egypt
did reign of Solomon, and the division of the and Syria, the contest between whose kings for
kingdom under Rehoboam into the kingdom of its possession are too complicated to recount
Israel, including two thirds of the country west here; but its internal government seems to
of Jordan, and all east of it, and the kingdom  have been pretty3nmuch in the hands of the high..
of Judah, including the southern portion which priests, until the tyranny of Antiochus Epiphwas left, between the Mediterranean on the anes provoked the successful revolt under the
west, and the Dead Sea and a small extent of Maccabees or Asmonsans, whose history is
Jordan on the east: and the histories of these given under MAccABnI, and the history of the
two monarchies down to their overthrow by Idumean dynasty, who succeeded them, is givthe Assyrians and Babylonians respectively. en under ANTIPATER, HERODES, and ARCHELAUS.
The former of these conquests made an import- The later Asmonsan princes had regained the
ant change in the population of Palestine by whole of Palestine, including the districts of
the removal of the greater part of the inhabit- Jud ea, Samaria, and Galilee (besides Idumma),
ants of the kingdom of Israel, and the settle- west of the Jordan, and the several districts of
ment in their place of heathen nations from  Persia, Batanea, Gaulonitis, Iturea, and Trach,
other parts of the Assyrian empire, thus re- onitis or Auranitis, east of it; and this was.the
stricting the country occupied by the genuine extent of Herod's kingdom. But, frem B.C.
Israelites within the limits of the kingdom of 63, when Pompey took Jerusalem, the country
Judah. Hence the names of Judasa and Jews was really subject to the Rtomans. At the death
applied to the country and the people in their of Herod, his kingdom was divided between his
38                                                              593




PALAMEDES.                                PALINURUIM.
sons as tetrarchs, under the sanction-of Au- among the Greeks, and as a poet; and he is
gustus, Archelaus receiving Judaa, Samaria, said to-have invented light-houses, measures,
and Idumaea, Herod Antipas Galilee and Peraea, scales, the discus, dice, the alphabet, and the
and Philip Batanaea, Gaulonitis, and Trachon- art of regulating sentinels.-2. A Greek gramitis; all standing to the Roman empire in a re- marian, was a contemporary of Athenaeus, who
lation of virtual subjection, which successive introduces him as one of the speakers in his
events converted into an integral union. First, work.
A.D. 7, Archelaus was deposed by Augustus,  PALATINUS MONS. Vid. ROMA.
and Judaea was placed under a Roman procura-  PALATIUM. Vid. ROMA.
tor: next, about 31, Philip died, and his gov-  PALE (IIHda: IanC, Ion. IIarec, Att. IIla;,
ernment was united to the province of Syria, and in Polyb. IHaatedr: ruins near Lixuri), one of
was in 37 again conferred on Herod Agrippa I., the four cities of Cephallenia, situated on a
with the title of king, and with the addition of height opposite Zacynthus.
Abilene, the district round Damascus. In 39,  PALES, a Roman divinity of flocks and shepHerod Antipas was banished to Gaul, and his herds, is described by some as a male, and by
tetrarchy was added to the kingdom of Herod others as a female divinity. Hence some modAgrippa; and two years later he received from  ern writers have inferred that Pales was a comClaudius the government of Judeea and Samaria, bination of both sexes; but such a monstrosity
and thus Palestine was reunited under a nom- is altogether foreign to the religion of the Roinal king. On his death in 44, Palestine again mans. Some of the rites performed at the fesbecame a part of the Roman province of Syria tival of Pales, which was celebrated on the 21st
under the name of Judaea, which was governed of April; the birth-day of the city of Rome,
by a procurator. The Jews were, however, would seem to indicate that the divinity was a
most turbulent subjects of the Roman empire, female; but, besides the express statements to
and at last they broke out into a general rebel- the contrary, there are also other reasons for
lion, which, after a most sanguinary war, was believing that Pales was a male divinity. The
crushed by Vespasian and Titus; and the latter name seems to be connected with Palatinus, the
took and destroyed Jerusalem in A.D. 70. Un- centre of all the earliest legends of Rome, and
der Constantine, Palestine was divided afresh the god himself was with the Romans the eminto the three provinces of P. Prima in the bodiment of the same idea as Pan among the
centre, P. Secunda in the north, and P. Tertia, Greeks. Respecting the festival of the Palilia,
the south of Judaea, with Idumaea.        vid. Dict. of Antiq., s.v.
PALAMEDES (IIHaXamid). 1. Son of Nauplius  [PALFURIUS SURA, one of the delators under
and Clymene. He joined the Greeks in their Domitian, was son of a man of consular rank.
expedition against Troy; but Agamemnon, Dio- He was expelled from the senate by Vespasian,
medes, and Ulysses, envious of his fame, caused and then applied himself to the study of- the
a captive Phrygian to write to Palamedes a let- Stoic philosophy, and became distinguished for
ter in the name of Priam, and bribed a servant his eloquence. He was restored to the senate
of Palamedes to conceal the letter under his by Domitian, and became one of the informers
master's bed. They then accused Palamedes of for that emperor.]
treachery; upon searching his tent, they found  PALIcANUs, LOLLIUS. Vid. LOLLIUS.
the letter which they themselves had dictated,  [PALICE (HIal/c7j), a city of Sicily, founded by
and thereupon they caused him to be stoned to Ducetius, southwest of Leontini, and having in
death. When Palamedes was led to death, he its vicinity the famous lakes and the temple of
exclaimed, " Truth, 1 lament thee, for thou hast the deities called Palici. It was in ruins in the
died even before me." According to some tra- time ofDiodorus Siculus. Vid. PALICI.]
ditions, it was Ulysses alone who hated and  PALICI (IIalctKo), were Sicilian gods, twin
persecuted Palamedes. The cause of this ha- sons of Jupiter (Zeus) and the nymph Thalia,
tred is also stated differently. According to the daughter of Vulcan (Hephaestus). Somesome, Ulysses hated him because he had}been times they are called sons of Vulcan (Hephaescompelled by him to join the Greeks against tus) by Etna, the daughter of Oceanus. Thalia,
Troy; according to others, because he had been from fear of Juno (Hera), prayed to be swallowed
severely censured by Palamedes for returning up by the earth; her prayer was granted; but
with empty hands from a foraging excursion in due time she sent forth from the earth twin
into Thrace. The manner in which Palamedes boys, who, according to the absurd etymology
perished is likewise related differently. Some of the ancients, were called HIIaloi, from ro
say that Ulysses and Diomedes induced him to nrd2bv ictaOat. They were worshipped in the
descend into a well, where they pretended they neighborhood of Mount AEtna, near Palice, and
had discovered a treasure, and when he was in the earliest times human sacrifices were ofbelow they cast stones upon him, and killed fered to them. Their sanctuary was an asylum
him; others state that he was drowned by them  for runaway slaves, and near it there gushed
while fishing; and others, that he was killed by forth from the earth two sulphureous fountains,
Paris with an arrow. The place where he was called Deilloi, or brothers of the Palici, at which
killed is either Colonae in Troas, or in Tenedos, solemn oaths were taken. The oaths were writor at Geraestus. The story of Palamedes, which ten on tablets, and thrown into one of the fountis not mentioned by Homer, seems to have been ains; if the tablet swam on the water, the oath
first related in the Cypria, and was afterward was considered to be true; but if it sank down,
developed by the tragic poets, especially by Eu- the oath was regarded as a perjury, and was beripides, and lastly by the sophists, who liked to lieved to be punished instantaneously by blindlook upon Palamedes as their pattern. The ness or death.
tragic poets and sophists describe him as a sage  PALINURUM (nowCape Palinuro), a promontoly,594




PALIURUS.                                 PALLADIUS.
on the western coast of-Lucania, which was said it was believed that Dernophon took it from
to have derived its name from Palinurus, the Diomedes on his return from Troy. Vid. Dzson of Iasus, and pilot of the ship of zEneas, MOPHON. This Palladium at Athens, however,
who fell into the sea, and was murdered on the was different from another image of Pallas
coast by:the natives.                     there, which was also called Palladium, and
[PALIURUS (HaTiovpor), a town of Africa on stood on the acropolis. In Italy the cities of
the borders of Cyrenaica and Marmarica, on a Rome, Lavinium, Luceria, and Siris'likewise
river of the same name.]                  pretended to possess the Trojan Palladium.
[PALLA (rdiJ;[a) or PALPE (now probably Porto  PALLADIUS (HaLZCidStot). 1. Of Methone, a
Pollo), a city on the south coast of Corsica, at the sophist or rhetorician, who lived in the reign of
termination of the Roman road running along Constantine the Great.-2. Bishop of Helenopothe eastern coast.]                       lis, in Bithynia, to which he was raised A.D. 400.
PALLA6~PAS (HetaaK67tora), a canal in Baby- He was ordained by Chrysostoni; and on the
lonia, cut from the Euphrates, at a point eight banishment of the latter, Palladius was accused
hundred stadia (eighty geographical miles) south of holding the opinions of Origen, and, fearful
of Babylon, westward to the edge of the Arabian of the violence of his enemies, he fled to Rome,
Desert, where it lost itself in marshes.  405. Shortly afterward he ventured to return
PALLXDAS (IHae6cdag), the author of a large to the East, but was arrested and banished to
number of epigrams in the Greek Anthology, the extremity of Upper Egypt. He was afterwas a pagan and an Alexandrean grammarian.  ward restored to his bishopric of Helenopolis,
He lived at the beginning of the fifth century of-..oem which he was translated to that of Aspona
the Christian era, for in one of his epigrams he or Aspuna in Galatia, perhaps about 419 or 420.
speaks of Hypatia, the daughter of Theon, as Three works in Greek have come down to us
still alive. Hypatia was murdered in A;D. 415. under the name of Palladius, but there has been
P-ALLXDIUM (IIHaX2dov), properly any image considerable dispute whether they were written
of Pallas Athena (Minerva), but generally ap- by one individual or more: (1.) Historia Lausiplied to an ancient image of this goddess, which aca, " the Lausiac History," so called from its
was kept hidden and secret, and was revered as being dedicated to Lausus, a chamberlain at the
a pledge of the safety of the town where it ex- imperial court.  This work contains internal
isted. Among these ancient images of Pallas proofs of having been written by the Bishop of
none is more celebrated than the Trojan Palla- Helenopolis. It gives biographical notices or
dium, concerning which there was the following characteristic anecdotes of a number of ascetics
tradition: Minerva (Athena) was brought up by with whom Palladius was personally acquaintTriton; and when his daughter Pallas and Mi- ed, or concerning whom he received informanerva (Athena) were once wrestling together tion from those who had known them personfor the sake of exercise, Jupiter (Zeus) inter- ally.  Edited by Meursius, Lugd. Bat., 1616.
fered in the struggle, and suddenly held the (2.) The Life of Chrysostom, was probably writaegis before the face of Pallas. Pallas, while ten by a different person from the Bishop of
looking up to Jupiter (Zeus), was wounded by Helenopolis. Edited by Bigotius, Paris, 1680.
Minerva (Athena), and died. Minerva(Athena), (3.) De Gentibus Indice et Bragmanibus (Brahin her sorrow, caused an image of the maiden inans). The authorship of this work is uncerto be made, round which she hung the aegis. tain. It appears that the writer himself had
When Electra had come as a suppliant to the visited India. Edited by Camerarius in Liber
Palladium, Jupiter (Zeus) hurled it down, from  Gnomologicus, 8vo, Lips., without date; and by
heaven upon the earth, because it had been sul- Bissaus, London, 1665.-3. Surnamed latrosolied by the hands of one who was no longer a phista, a, Greek niedical writer, of whose life
pure maiden. The image fell upon the earth at nothing is known. He lived after Galen. We
Troy when Ilus was just beginning to build the possess three works commonly attributed to
city. Ilus erected a sanctuary to it. Accord- him, namely, two books of commentaries on
ing to some, the image was dedicated by Elec- Hippocrates, and a short treatise on Fevers, all
tra, and according to others, it was given by of which are taken chiefly from Galen.-4. PALJupiter (Zeus) to Dardanus. The image itself LADIIUS RUTILIUS TAURUS PMILIANUs, the author
is said to have been three cubits in height, with of a treatise De Re Rustica, in the form of a
its legs close together, and holding in its right Farmer's Calendar, the various operations conhand a spear, and in the left a spindle and a nected with agriculture and a rural life being
distaff. This Palladium remained at Troy until arranged in regular order, according to the seaUlysses and Diomedes contrived to carry it sons in which they ought to be performed. It
away, because the city could not be taken so is comprised in fourteen books: the first is inlong as it was in the possession of that sacred troductory; the twelve following contain the
treasure. According to some accounts, Troy duties of the twelve months in succession, comcontained two Palladia, one of which was car- mencing with January; the last is a poem, in
tied off by Ulysses and Diomedes, while the eighty-five elegiac couplets, upon the art of
other was conveyed by.2Eneas to Italy, or the grafting (De Insitione). A -considerable portion
one taken by the Greeks was a mere imitation, of the work is taken from Columella. The date
while that which 2Eneas brought to Italy was of the author is uncertain, but it is most probathe genuine image. But this two-fold Palladium  ble that he lived in the middle of the fourth cenwas probably a mere invention, to account for tury of the Christian era. The work was very
its existence in more than one place. Several popular in the Middle Ages.  Edited in the
towns both in Greece and Italy claimed the Scriptores Rei Rusticoe by Gesner, Lips., 1735;
honor of possessing the genuine Trojan Palla- reprinted by Ernesti in 1773, and by Schneider,
dium, as, for example, Argos andAthens, where Lips., 1794.
595




PALLANTIA.                                 PALMYRA.
PALIANTIA (Pallantinus: now Palencia), the Nero, who had him removed by poiso n in 63
chief town of the Vaccaei in the north of His- His enormous wealth, which was acquired durpania Tarraconensis, and on a tributary of the ing the reign of Claudius, had become proverb.
Durius.                                   ial, as we see from the line in Juvenal (i., 107),
PALLANTIAS and PALLANTIS, patronymics giv- egopossideo plutsPallante et Licinio.  The brother
en to Aurora, the daughter of the giant Pallas.  of Pallas was Antonius or Claudius Felix, who
PALLANTiUM (IHacZivT7o1v: IaX2LavrLevw), an was appointed by Claudius procurator of Judma.
ancient town of Arcadia near Tegea, said to  Vid. FELIX, ANTONIUS.
have been founded by Pallas, the son of Lycaon.  PALLAS LAcus.  Vid. TRITON.
Evander is said to have come from this place,  PALLENE (IaiAet2vn). 1. (HIaTRtyvaof, HIa2.and to have called the town, which he founded  evlogr), the most westerly of the three peninon the banks of the Tiber, Pallanteum (afterward sulas running out from Chalcidice in MacePalantium and Palatium), after the Arcadian donia. It is said to have been formerly called
town. On the foundation of Megalopolis, most Phlegra (4i;typa), and on the narrow isthmus
of.the inhabitants of Pallantium settled in the which connected it with the main land stood
new city; and the town remained almost de- the important town of Potidwa. — 2. (IIaH11veniC,
serted, till it was restored by Antoninus Pius, rarely HIa Tvac7ofg), a demus in Attica belongand exempted from taxes on account of its sup- ing to the tribe Antiochis, was situated on one
posed connection with.the imperial city.  of the slopes of Pentelicus, a few miles south[PALLANTIUS, epithet of Evander.  Vid. PAL- west of Marathon. It possessed a temple of
LAS, No. 4.]                              Minerva (Athena), surnamed Pallenis (IIa2laPALLAS (IIH;tac). 1. One of the Titans, son vit) from the place; and in its neighborhood the
of Crius and Eurybia, husband of Styx, and fa- contest between Pisistratus and the party opther of Zelus, Cratos, Bia, and Nice.-2. A gi- posed to him took place.
ant, slain by Minerva (Athena) in the battle with  PALMA (now Palma), a Roman colony on the
the gods.-3. According to some traditions, the southwest coast of the island Balearis Major
father of Minerva (Athena), who slew him when (now lIMajorca).
he attempted to violate her.-4.' Son of Lycaon,  [PALMA, A. CORNELIUS, was consul in A.D.
and grandfather of Evander, is said to have 99, and a se'cond time in 109. Between his first
founded the town of Pallantiumn in Arcadia. and second consulships he was governor of
Hence Evander is called by the poets Pallantius Syria, and conquered the part of Arabia around
heros.-5. Son of Evander, and an ally of _Ene- Petra about A.D. 105. He was put to death by
as, was slain by the Rutulian Turnus.-6. Son order of Hadrian on the latter's accession to the
of the Athenian king Pandion, and father of throne in i17.]
Clytus and Butes. His two sons were sent    PALMARIA (now Palmarueol), a small uninwith Cephalus to implore assistance of 2Eacus habited island off the coast of Latium and the
against Minos. Pallas was slain by Theseus. Promontory Circeium.
The celebrated family of the Pallantida  at  [PALMUS, -a Trojan warrior wounded by MeAthens traded their origin from this Pallas.  zentius, who stripped him of his armor.]
PALLAS (HIaXitC), a surname of ATHENA (Mi-  PALMriRA (rll6uvpa: IIalyvpr1voc, Palmyrenerva). In Homer this name always appears nus; in the Old Testament, Tadmor: ruins at
united with that of Athena, as IHae2XCi'AQOvrl, Tadinor), a celebrated city of Syria, stood in an
or HIIacL'A/Onvar; but in later writers we oasis of the great Syrian Desert, which from
also find Pallas alone instead of Athena (Miner- its position must have been in the earliest times
va).  Some ancient writers derive the name a halting-place for the caravans between Syria
from 7rdiX2etp, to brandish, in reference to the and Mesopotamia, Here Solomon built a city,
goddess brandishing the spear or egis; others which was called in HJebrew Tadmor, that is,
derive it from the giant Pallas, who was slain the city of palm-trees; and of this name the
by Athena (Minerva). But it is more probable Greek Ht/uvpa is a translation.  It lies in 340
that Pallas is the same word asr d22a`a, i. e., a 18' north latitude, and 380 14' east longitude,
virgin or maiden.                         and was reckoned two hundred and thirty-seven
PALLAS, a favorite freedman of the Emperor Roman miles from the coast of Syria, one hundClaudius. In conjunction with another freed- red and seventy-six northeast of Damascus,
mnan, Narcissus, he administered the affairs of eighty east of Emesa, and one hundred and
the empire. After the death of Messalina, Pal- thirteen southeast of Apamea. With the exlas persuaded the weak emperor to marry Agrip- ception of a tradition that it was destroyed by
pina; and as Narcissus had been opposed to this Nebuchadnezzar, we hear nothing of it till the
marriage, he now lost his former power, and time of the government of the East by M. AnPallas and Agrippina became the rulers of the tonius, who marched to surprise it, but the inRoman world. It was Pallas who persuaded habitants retreated with their movable property
Claudius to.adopt the young Domitius (after- beyond the Euphrates.  Under the early Roward the Emperor Nero), the son'of Agrippina; man emperors it was a free city and a great
and it was doubtless with the assistance of Pal- commercial emporium. Its position on the borlas that Agrippina poisoned her husband. Nero, der between the Parthian and Roman dominions
soon after his accession, became tired of his gave it the command of the trade of both, but
mother's control, and. as one step toward eman- also subjected it to the injuries of war. Under
cipating himself from her authority, he deprived Hadrian and the Antonines it was highly faPallas of all his public offices, and dismissed vored and reached its greatest splendor. The
him from the palace in 56. He was suffered to history of its temporary elevation to the rank
live unmolested for some years, till at length of a capital in the third century is related -illhis immense wealth excited the rapacity of der OPENAT1HUS and ZE;NOBIA. On its capture
596




PALMYRENE.                                PAMPHYLIA.
by Aurelian in 270, it was plundered, and soon fell under the notice of the writer. Modern
afterward an insurrection of its inhabitants led scholars are best acquainted with the name of
to its partial destruction. It was fortified by Pamphila from a statement in her work, preJustinian, but never recovered from its fall. In served by A. -Gellius (xv., 23), by which is asthe Arabian conquest it was one of the first certained the year of the birth of Hellanicus,
cities taken; but it was still inhabited by a Herodotus, and Thucydides respectively.
small population, chiefly of Jews, till it was  PAMPHI-IYLUS (IHd~itLof). 1. A disciple of Plato,
taken and plundered by Timour (Tamerlane) in who is only remembered by the circumstance
1400. It has long been entirely deserted, ex- that Epicurus, when a young man, heard him at
cept when a horde of Bedouins pitch their tents Samos. Epicurus used to speak of him with
among its splendid ruins. Those ruins, which great contempt, that lie might not be thought to
form a most striking object in the midst of the owe any thing to his instruction; for it was the
Desert, are of the Roman period, and decidedly great boast of Epicurus that he was the sole
inferior in the style of architecture, as well as author of -his own philosophy. —2. An Alexanin grandeur of effect, to those of Baalbek (vid. drean grammarian, of the school of Aristarchus,
HELIOPOLIS), the sister deserted city of Syria. and the author of a lexicon, which is supposed
The finest remains are those of the temple of by some scholars-to have formed the foundation
the Sun; the most interesting are the square of the lexicon of Hesychius. He appears to
sepulchral towers of from three to five stories. have lived in the first century of our era.-3.
The streets and the foundations of the houses A philosopher or grammarian of Nicopolis, the
are traceable to some extent; and there are author of a work on agriculture, of which there
several inscriptions in Greek and in the native are considerable fragments in the Geoponica.Palmyrene dialect, besides one in Hebrew and 4. Presbyter of COsarea, in Palestine, saint and
one or two in Latin. The surrounding district martyr, and celebrated for his friendship with
of PALMYRENE contained the Syrian Desert from  Eusebius, who, as a memorial of this intimacy,
the eastern border of Ccelesyria to the Euphra- assumed the surname of Parnphilus. Vid. Eutes.                                      SEBIUS. He suffered martyrdom A.D. 307. The
[PALMYRENE (I.ayuvp7vvi).  Vid. PALMYRA.] life of Pamphilus seems to have been entirely
[PALMYS (lId2/uvC), a warrior firom Ascania, devoted to the cause of biblical literature. He
who came to the aid of the Trojans against the was an ardent admirer and follower of Origen.
Greeks.]                                  He formed, at Caesarea, an important public li[PALUs MMOTIS (MatSLT1rC 2i/v).  Vid. Mmo- brary, chiefly of ecclesiastical authors. Perhaps
TIS.]                                     the most valuable of the contents of this library
[PALUDES PO0IPTIN2E. Vid. POMPTINZE PALU- were the Tetrapla and' Hexapla of Origen, from
DES.]                                     which Pamphilus, in conjunction with EusePAMisUS (IIctxaoC). 1. A southern tributary bius, formed a new recension of the Septuaof the Peneus in Thessaly.-2. (Now Pirnatza), gint, numerous copies of which were put into
the'chief river of Messenia, rises in the eastern circulation.-5. Of Amphipolis, one of the' most
part of the country, forty stadia east of Ithome, distinguished of the Greek painters, flourished
flows, first southwest, and then south through about B.C. 390-350. He was the disciple of
the Messenian plain, and falls into the Messe- Eupompus, the founder of the Sicyonian school
nian Gulf.-3. A small river in Laconia, falls into of painting, for the establishment of which, howthe Messenian Gulf near Leuctra. It was at ever, Pamphilus seems to have done much more
one time the ancient boundary between Laconia than even Eupompus himself. Of his own works
and Messenia.                             we have most scanty accounts; but as a teach[PAMMkNES (HlaEp/vyr). 1. A Theban gen- er of his art he was surpassed by none of the
eral of considerable celebrity, was connected ancient masters. According to Pliny, he was
with Epaminondas by political and friendly ties. the first artist who possessed a thorough acWhen Philip was sent as a hostage to Thebes, quaintance with all branches of knowledge, eshe was placed under the care of Pammenes. pecially arithmetic and geometry, withoutwhich
-Ie distinguished himself in the defence and he used to say that -the art could not be persupport of Megalopolis, and defeated the forces fected. All science, therefore, which could in
of the Persian king Ochus. - 2. An Athenian  any way contribute to form the perfect artist,
rhetorician, a contemporary of Cicero, who calls was included in his course of instruction, which
him the most eloquent man in Greece. M. extended over ten years, and for which the fee
Brutus studied under him.]                was no less than a talent. Among those who
[PAMMON (hII/qpv), one of the sons of Priam  paid this price for his tuition were Apelles and
and Hecuba.]                              Melanthius. Not only was the school of ParnPAMPHIA or PAMPHIUM (HIayoia, HIduutov), a philus remarkable for the importance which the
village ofiEtolia, destroyed by the Macedonians. master attached to general learning, but'also
PAMPHILA (HIIa/toio), a female historian of for the minute attention which he paid to accuconsiderable reputation, who lived in the reign racy in drawing.
of Nero. She is described by some writers as  PAMIPHOS (IId/rOf), a mythical poet,'who is
a -native of Epidaurus, by others as an Egyp- placed by Pausanias later than Olen, and much
tian. Her principal work, of which Photius has earlier than Homer. His name is connected
given some extracts, was a kind of Historical particularly with Attica.
Miscellany (entitled avqu,dicr7ov ItTropKm5v iVroe/vin-  PAMPHV4YIA (IlayboiZia: HId/uv2of, H1a/ujavtog,
UrwroS a6yot). It was not arranged according Pamphylius), in its original and more restricted
to subjects or according to any settled plan, but -sense, was a narrow strip of the southern coast
it was more like a common-place book, in which of Asia Minor, extending in a sort of arch along
each piece of information was set down as it the SINus PAMPHYLIUS (now Gulf of Adalia), be597




PAMPHYLIUM MARE.                              PANCHAICUS.
tween Lycia on the west and Cilicia on the parts of Greece, but at Athens his worship was
east, and on the north bordering on Pisidia. not introduced till the time of the battle of MarIts boundaries, as commonly stated, were Mount athon. In Arcadia he was the god of forests,
Climax on the west, the River Melas on the pastures, flocks, and shepherds, and dwelt in
east, and the foot of Mount Taurus on the north; grottoes, wandered on the summits of mountbut the statements are not very exact: Strabo ains and rocks, and in valleys, either amusing
gives to the coast of Pamphylia a length of six himself with the chase, or leading the dances
hundred and forty stadia, from Olbia on the of the nymphs. As the god of flocks, both of
west to Ptolemais, some distance east of the wild and tame animals, it was his province to
Melas, and he makes its width barely two miles; increase and guard them; but he was also a
and there are still other different,accounts. It hunter, and hunters owed their success or failwas a-belt of mountain coast-land, intersected ure to him. The Arcadian hunters used to
by rivers flowing down from the Taurus in a scourge the statue of the god if they had been
short course, but several of them with a con- disappointed in the chase. During the heat of
siderable body of water: the chief of them, go- mid-day he used to slumber, and was very ining from west to east, were the CATARRHACTES, dignant when any one disturbed him. As the
CESTRUS, EURYMEDON, and MELAS (No. 6), all god of flocks, bees also were under his protecnavigable for some distance from their mouths. tion, as well as the coast where fishermen carThe inhabitants were amixture of races,whence ried on their pursuit. As the god of every thing
their name IlIaupvgot, of all races (the genuine connected with pastoral life, he was fond ofmuold form, the other in -Lot is later). Besides sic, and the inventor of the syrinx or shepherd's
the aboriginal inhabitants of the Semitic(Syro- flute, which he himself played in a masterly
Arabian) family and Cilicians, there were very manner, and in which he instructed others also,
early Greek settlers and later Greek colonies such as Daphnis. He is thus said to have loved
in the land. Tradition ascribed the first Greek the poet Pindar, and to have sung and danced
settlements to MoPsus, after the Trojan war, his lyric songs, in return for which Pindar erectfrom whom the country was in early times call- ed to him a sanctuary in front of his house.
ed MOPSoPIA. It was successively a part of Pan, like other gods who dwelt in forests, was
the Persian, Macedonian, Greco-Syrian, and dreaded by travellers, to whom he sometimes
Pergamene kingdoms, and passed by the will appeared, and whom he startled with sudden
of Attalus III. to the Romans (B.C. 130), under awe or terror. Thus, when Phidippides, the
whom it was made a province; but this prov- Athenian, was sent to Sparta to solicit its aid
ince of Pamphylia included also Pisidia and against the Persians, Pan accosted him, and
Isauria, and afterward a part of Lycia. Under promised to terrify the barbarians if the AtheConstantine Pisidia was again separated from  nians would worship him. Hence sudden fright
Pamphylia.                                without any visible cause was ascribed to Pan,
PAMPHR-LIUM MARE, PAMPHriLIUS SINUS (TO and was called a Panic fear. He is further said
IHaIf6vtLov 7rrayoc, Hlavz2Jeof c6OrTOr: now  to have had a terrific voice, and by it to have
Gulf of Adalia), the great gulf formed in the frightened the Titans in their fight with the
southern coast of Asia Minor by the direction gods. It seems that this feature, namely, his
of the Taurus chain and by Mount Solyma, be- fondness of noise and riot, was the cause of his
tween the Promontorium Sacrum or Chelido- being considered the minister and companion
nium (now Cape Khelidonia), the southeastern of Cybele and Bacchus (Dionysus). He was, at
point of Lycia, and Promontorium Anemurium  the same time, believed to be possessed of pro(now Cape Anemour), the southern point of Ci- phetic powers, and to have even instructed
licia. Its depth from north to south, from Pro- Apollo in this art. While roaming in his forests
montorium Sacrum to Olbia, is reckoned by he fell in love with Echo, by whom or by Pitho
Strabo at three hundred and sixty-seven stadia he became the father of Iynx. His love of Sy(36-7 geographical miles), which is too little.  rinx, after whom he named his flute, is well
PAMPHYLUS (IIHdav2Lo), son of Agimius and known from Ovid (Met., i., 691, seq.).  Firbrother of Dymas, was king of the Dorians at trees were sacred to him, since the nymph Pithe foot of Mount Pindus, and along with the tys, whom he loved, had been metamorphosed
Heraclidce invaded Peloponnesus.          into that tree; and the sacrifices offered to him
PAN (HIav), the great god of flocks and shep- consisted of cows, rams, lambs, milk, and honey.
herds among the Greeks. He is usually called Sacrifices were also offered to him in common
a son of Mercury (Hermes) by the daughter of with Bacchus (Dionysus) and the nymphs. The
Dryops; but he is also described as a son of various epithets which are given him by the
Mercury (Hermes) by Callisto, by CEneis or poets refer either to his singular appearance, or
Thymbris, or by Penelope, whom the god visited are derived from the names of the places in
in the shape of a ram, or as a son of Penelope which he was worshipped. The Romans identibyUlysses, or by all her suitors in common. fled with Pan their own god Inuus, and also
He was perfectly developed from his birth, and Faunus, which name is merely another form
when his mother saw him she ran away through of Pan. In works of art Pan is represented as
fear; butMercury(Hermes) carried him to Olym- a voluptuous and sensual being, with horns,
pus, where all the gods were delighted with him, puck-nose, and goat's feet, sometimes in the
and especially Bacchus (Dionysus). From his act of dancing, and sometimes playing on the
delighting all the gods, the Homeric hymn de- syrinx.
rives his name. He was originally only an Ar-  PANACEA (IIavdaceta), i. e.,' the all-healing,"
cadian god, and Arcadia was always the princi- a daughter of Essculapius, who had a temple at
pal seat of his worship. From this country his Oropus.
name and worship afterward spread over other  PANACHAICUS MONS (Tr IIavaXaialCO  opo ), a
598




PANACRA.                                  PANDION.
mountain in Achaia, six thousand three hundred mal by force, and threw Mount Sipylus upon
feet high, immediately behind Patrae.     Tantalus. Pandareos fled to Athens, and thence
PANACEA (HIIvaecpa)^a mountain in Crete, a to Sicily, where he perished with his wife Harbranch of Mount Ida.                      mothoe. The story of Pandareos derives more
PANACTUM (IlvaeCTov), a town on the frontiers interest from that of his three daughters. AEof Attica and Boeotia, originally belonged to don, the eldest of them, was married to Zethus,
Bceotia, and, after being a frequent object of the brother of Amphion, by whom she became
contention between the Athenians and Boeo- the mother of Itylus. From envy of Amphion,
tians, at length became permanently annexed to who had many children, she determined to murAttica.                                   der one of his sons, Amaleus, but in the night
PANxNUS (TIlvaivoc), a distinguished Atheni- she mistook her own son for her nephew, and
an painter, who flourished B.C. 448. He was killed him. The two other daughters of Panthe nephew of Phidias, whom he assisted in dareos, Merope and Cleodora (according to Paudecorating the temple of Jupiter (Zeus) at Olym- sanias, Camira and Clytia), were, according to
pia. He was also the author of a series of Homer, deprived of their parents by the gods,
paintings of the battle of Marathon, in the Pce- and remained as helpless orphans in the palace.
cile at Athens.                           Venus (Aphrodite), however, fed them with milk,
[PAN STIUS (Ilavairiog). 1. Tyrant of Leon- honey, and wine. Juno (Hera) gave them beauty
tini. He was the first who raised himself to and understanding far above other women. Dipower in that way in Sicily.-2. A native of ana (Artemis) gave them dignity, and Minerva
Tenos, commanded a vessel of the Tenians in (Athena) skill in the arts. When Venus (Aphrothe armament of Xerxes against Greece, ap- dite) went up to Olympus to arrange the nupparently by compulsion, for, just before the bat- tials for her maidens, they were carried off by
tie of Salamis, Panaetius with his vessel desert- the Harpies.
ed the Persians and joined the Greeks.]     PANDnAUS (ldvu6apo). 1. A Lycian, son of
PAN GTIUS (Uavairtio), a native of Rhodes, Lycaon, commanded the inhabitants of Zelea
and a celebrated Stoic philosopher, studied first on Mount Ida in the Trojan war. He was disat Pergamum under the grammarian Crates, tinguished in the Trojan army as an archer, and
and Subsequently at Athens under the Stoic was said to have received his bow from Apollo.
Diogenes of Babylon, and his disciple Antipater He was slain by Diomedes, or, according to
of Tarsus. He afterward went to Rome, where others, by Sthenelus. He was afterward honhe became an intimate friend of Lalius and of ored as a hero at Pinara in Lycia.-2. Son of
Scipio Africanus the younger. In B.C. 144 he Alcanor, and twin-brother of Bitias, was one of
accompanied Scipio on the embassy which he the companions of lEneas, and was slain by
undertook to the kings of Egypt and Asia in al- Turnus.
liance with Rome. Panmetius succeeded Antip-  PANDATARIA (now Vendutene), a small island
ater as head of the Stoic school, and died at in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the coast of CamAthens, at all events before 111. The princi- pania, to which Julia, the daughter of Augustus,
pal work of Panaetius was his treatise on the was banished.
theory of moral,obligation (7repi rTOV KOcaOiovror),  PANDEMOS (lavdnpioe), i.e., "common to all
in three books, from which Cicero took the the people," a surname of Venus (Aphrodite),
greater part of his work De Officiis. Panaetius used in a two-fold sense: 1. As the goddess of
had softened down the harsh severity of the low, sensual pleasures, as Venus vulgivaga or
older Stoics, and, without giving up their funda- popularis, in opposition to Venus Urania, or the
mental definitions, had modified them so as to heavenly Venus (Aphrodite). 2. As the goddess
make them applicable to the conduct of life, and uniting all the inhabitants of a country into one
had clothed them in the garb of eloquence.  social or political body. Under the latter view
PAN ETOLIUM, a mountain in ZEtolia, near she was worshipped at Athens along with PeiThermorn. in which town the Paneetolium or tho (persuasion), and her worship was said to
general assembly of the zEtolians was held.  have been instituted by Theseus at the time
[PANARA. Vid. PANCHEA..]                when he united the scattered townships into one
[PANCH, A (Ilayxaia), a fabled island in the great body of citizens. The sacrifices offered
Eastern or Indian Ocean, which Euhemerus pre- to her consisted of white goats.
tended to have discovered, and to have found  PANDION (Ilavdiov). 1. I. King of Athens, son
in its capital, Panara, a temple of the Triphyl- of Erichthonius by the Naiad Pasithea, was
ian Jupiter, containing a column inscribed with married to Zeuxippe, by whom he became the
the date of the births and deaths of many of the father of Procne and Philomela, and of the twins
gods. (Vid. EUHEMiERUS.) Virgil makes men- Erechtheus and Butes. In a war against Labtion of PanchTea and its turiferce, arence, by which dacus, king of Thebes, he called upon Tereus
he evidently refers to Arabia Felix.]     of Daulis in Phocis for assistance, and afterPANDA, a river in the country of the Siraci, ward rewarded him by giving him his daughter
in the interior of Sarmatia Asiatica (Tac., Ann., Procne in marriage. Vid. TEREUS. It was in
xii., 16).                                his reign that Bacchus (Dionysus) and Ceres
PANDAREOS (IIavdpeSoc), son ofMerops of Mi- (Demeter) were said to have come to Attica.letus, is said to have stolen from the temple of 2. II. King of Athens, son of Cecrops and MetiaJupiter (Zeus) in Crete the golden dog which dusa. Being expelled from Athens by the MeVuican (Hephaestus) had made, and to have car- tionidas, he fled to Megara, and there married
ied it to Tantalus. When Jupiter (Zeus) sent Pylia, the daughter of King Pylas. When the
Mercury (Hermes) to Tantalus to claim the dog latter, in consequence of a murder, migrated
back, Tantalus declared that it was not in his into Peloponnesus, Pandion obtained the govpossession. The god, however, took the ani- ernment of Megara. He became the father of
599




PANDOCUS.                                 PANNONIA.
XEgeus, Pallas, Nisus, Lycus, and a natural son, in Macedonia, between the Strymon and the
CEneus, and also ofa daughter, who was married Nestus, and in the neighborhood of Philippi,
to Sciron. After his death his four sons, called with gold and silver mines, and with splendid
the Pandi5diidce (HIavdtovtat), returned from Me- roses.
gara to Athens, and expelled the Metionidae.  PANHELLFNiUS (IIave2,bXVzO), i. e., the god.zEgeus obtained Athens, Lycus the eastern  worshipped by all the Hellenes. This surname
coast of Attica, Nisus Megaris, and Pallas the is said to have beefi given to Jupiter (Zeus) by
southern coast.-[3. A Greek in the army against /FEacus, when he offered a propitiatory sacrifice
Troy, a companion of Teucer.]             on behalf of all the Greeks for the purpose of
[PANDOCUS (IIvdOICOg), a Trojan, slain by averting a famine. In_ Egina there was a sane-c
Ajax before Troy.]                        tuary of Jupiter (Zeus) Panhellenius, which was
PAND6RA (l-avd6pa), the name of the first said to have been founded by iEacus; and a
woman on earth. When Prometheus had stolen festival, Panhellenia, was celebrated there.
the fire from heaven, Jupiter (Zeus), in revenge,  PANINIJUI. Vid. MYCALE  and Diet. of Ant.,
caused Vulcan (Hepheestus) to make a woman s. v. PANIONIA.
out of earth, who by her charms and beauty  PANIUM (HIdvto). 1. A town on the coast of
should bring misery upon the human race. Ve- Thrace, near Heraclea.-[2. Vid. PANEUM.]
nus (Aphrodite) adorned her-with beauty; Mer-  PANN6NYA, one of the most important of the
cury (Hermes) bestowed upon her boldness and Roman provinces between the Danube and the
cunning; and the gods called her Pandora, or Alps, was separated on the west from Noricumi
All-gifted, as each of the gods had given her by the Mons Cetius, and from Upper Italy by
some power by which she was to work the ruin the Alpes Julien, on the south from Illyria by the
of man. Mercury (Hermes) took her to Epi- Savus, on the east from Dacia by the Danube,
metheus, who made her his wife, forgetting the and on the north from Germany by the same
advice of his brother Prometheus, that he should river. It thus corresponded to the eastern part
not receive any gifts from Jupiter (Zeus.) In of Austria, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, the whole
the house of Epimetheus was a closed jar, which of Hungary between the Danube and the Save,
he had been forbidden to open. But the curi- Slavonia, and a part of Croatia and Bosnia.
osity of a woman could not resist the tempta- The mountains in the south and west of the
tion to know its contents; and when she open- country, on the borders of Illyria, Italy, and
ed the lid, all the.evils incident to man poured Noricum, belonged to the Alps, and are thereout. She had only time to shut down the lid, fore called by the general name of the Alpes
and prevent the escape of hope. Later writers Pannonicae, of which-the separate names are
relate that Pandora brought with her from heav- Ocra, Carvancas, Cetius, and Albii or Albani
en a box (and not a jar) containing all human Montes. The principal rivers of Pannonia, beills, upon opening which all escaped and spread sides the Danube, were the DRAvus (now Drave),
over the earth, Hope alone remaining. At a SAvus (now Save), and Arrabo (now Raab), all
still later period, the box is said to have con- of which flow into the Danube. The Pannotained all the blessings of the gods, which would nians (Pannonii), sometimes called Poeonians
have been preserved for the human race had not by the Greek writers, were probably of Illyrian
Pandora opened the vessel, so that the winged origin, and were divided into numerous tribes.
blessings escaped.                        They were a brave and warlike people, but are
PAND6sYA (lavd6oia). 1. (Now  astri), a town  described by the Roman writers as cruel, faithof Epirus in the district Thesprotia, on the River less, and treacherous. They maintained their
Acheron, and in the territory of the Cassopnei.- independence of Rome till Augustus, after his
2. (Now Castel Franco?), a town in Bruttium, conquest of the- Illyrians (B.C. 35), turned his
near the frontiers of Lucania, situated on the arms against the Pannonians, who were shortly
River Acheron, and also either upon or at the afterward subdued by his general Vibius. In
foot of three hills, was originally a residence of A.D. 7 the Pannonians joined the Dalmatians
native CEnotrian chiefs. It was here that Alex- and the other Illyrian tribes in their revolt from
ander of Epirus fell, B.C. 326, in accordance with  Rome, and were with difficulty conquered by
an oracle.                                Tiberius, after a desperate struggle, which lastPANDROsos (IIdvdpococ), i.e., "the all-bedew- ed three years (A.D. 7-9). It was" after the
ing"- or " refreshing," was a daughter of Ce- termination of this war that Pannonia appears
crops and Agraulos, and a sister of Erysichthon, to have been reduced to the form of a Roman
Herse, and Aglauros. She was worshipped at province, and was garrisoned by several RoAthens along with Thallo, and had a sanctu- man legions. The dangerous mutiny of these
ary there near the temple of Minerva (Athena) troops after the death of Augustus (A.D. 14)
Polias.                                   was with difficulty quelled by Drusus. From
PANJAS. Viod. CAESAREA, No. 2.          this time-to the enc of the empire Pannonia
PANEUM Or -IUM (IIlvetov, IIdCtov, i. e., Pan's always contained a large -number of Roman
abode), the Greek name of the cave, in a mount- troops, on account of its bordering on the Quadi
ain at the southern extremity of the range of and other powerful barbarous nations. We find
Antilibanus, out of which the River Jordan takes at a later time that Pannonia was the regular
its rise, a little above the town of Paneas or quarters of seven legions. In consequence of
Cassarea Philippi.  The mountain, in whose this large number of troops always stationed in
southern side the cave is, was called by the same the country, several towns were founded and
name, and the surrounding district was called numerous fortresses were erected along the
Paneas.                                   Danube. Pannonia originally formed only one
PANGIUM or PANGneUS (Ha yyatov, omuyyatoa: province, but was soon divided into two provnowPangea), a celebrated range of mountains inces, called Pannonia Superior and Pa noni
600




PANOMPHA US.                               PANTHEUM.
Inferior. These were separated from one an- for their fleet. It was taken by the Romans il
other by a straight line drawn from the River the first Punic war, B.C. 254, and was subseArrabo south as far as the Savus, the country quently made a Roman colony.-2. (Now Porto
west of this line being P. Superior, and the part Raphti), the principal harbor on the eastern
east P. Inferior. Each of the provinces was coast of Attica, near the demus Prasie, and opgoverned by a separate propraetor; but they posite the southern extremity of Eubmea.-3.
were frequently spoken of in the plural under (Now Tekieh), a harbor in Achaia, fifteen stadia
the niame of Pannonie. In the fourth century, east of the promontory Rhium.-4. A harbor in
the part of P. Inferior between the Arrabo, the Epirus, in the middle of the Acroceraunian
Danube, and the Dravus was formed into a rocks.-5. (Ruins near Mylopotamo), a town and
separate province by Galerius, who gave it the harbor on the northern coast of Crete.-6. The
name of Valeria in honor of his wife. But as outer harbor of Ephesus, formed by the mouth
P. Inferior had thus lost a great part of its ter- of the River Cayster. Vid. p. 282, a.
ritory, Constantine added to it a portion of P.  PANSA, C. VIBIUS, a fiiend and partisan of
Superior, comprising the upper part of the course Cesar, was tribune of the plebs B.C. 51, and
of the Dravus and the Savus. P. Superior was was appointed by Caesar in 46 to the governnow called Pannonia Prima, and P. Inferior ment of Cisalpine Gaul as successor to M. BruPannonia Secunda; and all'three Pannonian tus. Caesar subsequently nominated him and
provinces (together with the two Noric prov- Hirtius consuls for 43. Pansa was consul in
inces and Dalmatia) belonged to the six Illyrian that.year along with Hirtius, and fell before
provinces of the Western Empire. In the mid- Mutina in the month of April. The details are
dle of the fifth century Pannonia was taken given under HIRTIUS.
possession of by the Huns. After the death of  PANTXACYAS, PANTAGIAS, or PANTAGIES (IlavAttila it passed into the hands of the Ostro- raeciac: now Fiume di Porcari), a small river
goths, and subsequently into those of the Lan- on the eastern coast of Sicily, which flowed into
gobards.                                  the sea between Megara and Syracuse.
PANOMPHJEUS (ITavo/Qa'oC), i. e., the author  [PANT2ENUS (Ildvratvof), the teacher of Cleof all signs and omens, a surname of Jupiter mens of Alexandrea, and master of the cate(Zeus), who had a sanctuary on the Hellespont chetical school in that city about A.D. 181: in
between Capes Rhceteum and Sigeum.        philosophy he had been in the Stoic school, and
P.iNPE (IIavOisT), a nymph of the sea, daugh- had adopted their principles, and hence was
ter of Nereus and Doris.                  designated the Stoic. He was selected, on ac[PANOPES, one of the followers of.Eneas in count of his learning and piety, to conduct a
his voyage to Italy, distinguished at the funeral missionary enterprise to India.]
games celebrated in Sicily in honor of Anchi-  PANTALEON (TIavraoEuv). 1.Son of Omphases.]                                     lion, king or tyrant of Pisa in Elis at the period
PANOPEUS (ITavoTirec), son of Phocus and As- of the thirty-fourth Olympiad (B.C. 644), asteropeea, accompanied Amphitryon on his expe- sembled an army, with which he made himself
dition against the Taphians or Teleboans, and master of Olympia, and assumed by force the
took an oath not to embezzle any part of the sole presidency of the Olympic games. The
booty; but, having broken his oath, he was pun- Eleans, on this account, would not reckon this
ished by his son Epeus becoming unwarlike. as one of the regular Olympiads.  Pantaleon
He is also mentioned among the Calydonian assisted the Messenians in the second Meshunters.                                  senian war.-[2. A son of Alyattes, king of
PAXNPEUS (IIavo7redS, Hom.), PANOPfi (Ilavo- Lydia, by an Ionian woman. His claim to the
Treat), or PXN6PE (Havo6rry, Thuc.; ethnic Iavo- throne in preference to his brother Crcesus was
erive, now Agio Vlasi), an ancient town in Pho- put forward by his partisans during the lifetime
cis, on the Cephisus, and near the frontiers of of Alyattes, but that monarch decided in favor
Bceotia, twenty stadia west of Chseronea, said of Creesus. -3. A Macedonian of Pydna, an
to have been founded by Panopeus, son of Pho- officer in the service of Alexander, who was
cus.                                      appointed by him governor of Memphis.]
[PANoPION URBINIUS, was proscribed by the  PANTHEA. Vid. ABRADATAS.
triumvirs in B.C. 43, but was preserved by the  PANTfEUM (TIdvOeov), a celebrated temple,fidelity of one of his slaves, who exchanged at Rome, in the Campus Martius, which is still
dresses with his master, dismissed him by the extant, and used as a Christian church. It is
back door as the soldiers were entering the villa, in a circular form, surmounted by a dome, and
then placed himself in the bed of Panopion, and contains a noble Corinthian portico of sixteen
allowed himself to be killed for his master.]  pillars. In its general form it resembles the
PAN6OPLIS. Vid. CHEMMIS.                Colosseum in the Regent's Park. It was built
PANOPTES. Vid. ARGUS.                   by M. Agrippa in his third consulship, B.C. 27,
PANORMUS (ICivopeog), that is, "All-Port," or as the inscription on the portico still testifies.
a place always fit for landing, the name of sev- All the ancient authors call it a temple, and
eral harbors. 1. (Hlavoppii1c, Panormita, Panor- there is no reason for supposing, as some modmitanus: now Palermo), an important town on ern writers have done, that it was originally an
the northern coast of Sicily and at the mouth entrance to the public baths.  The name is
of the River Orethus, was founded by the Phce- commonly derived from its being supposed to
nicians, and at a later time received its Greek be sacred to all the gods; but Dion Cassius
name from its excellent harbor. From the Phce- expressly states that it was dedicated to Mars
nicians it passed into the hands of the Cartha- and Venus. The temple of Julius Cesar was
ginians, in whose power it remained for a long erected by Augustus in the interior of the tem-'time, and who made it one of the chief stations pie, and that of Augustus in the pronaos. It
601




PANTH(EDAS.                              PAPHLAGONIA.
was restored by the Emperor Septimius Seve- of the five principal epic poets. [The fragrus, A.D. 202. Between 608 and 610 it was ments are collected by Tzschirner, Panyasidis
consecrated as a Christian church by the pope Fragmenta, &c., Breslau, 1842; and by DubBoniface IV., with the approbation of the Em- ner, at the end of Epici Graeci Minores, in Diperor Phocas. In 655 the plates of gilded bronze dot's Bibliotheca Grweca.]-2. A philosopher,
that covered the roof were carried to Constan- also a native of Halicarnassus, who wrote two
tinople by command of Constans II. The Pan- books "On Dreams" (IIept oveipuv), was pertheon is the largest circular building of anti- haps a grandson of the poet.
quity; the interior diameter of the rotunda is  [PANYASUS (Ilavvcaaaof: now Spirnazza), a
one hundred and forty-two feet, and the height river of Illyris Greca, which empties, south of
from the pavement to the summit about one Dyrrachium, into the Ionian Sea.]
hundred and forty-eight feet.  The portico is  PAPHLXAGONIA (jIa~1ayovia:  ca02aycydv, pl.
one hundred and three feet wide, and the col- -bve, Paphlago), a district on the northern side
umns forty-seven feet high.               of Asia Minor, between Bithynia on the west
[PANTH(EDAS (IlavOoidSa), a Spartan, sent out and Pontus on the east, being separated from
by the ephors in B.C. 403 against Clearchus, the former by the River Parthenius, and from
who had gone to Byzantium against orders. the latter by the Halys. on the south it was diHe was slain in battle in 377 against Pelopidas, vided by the chain of Mount Olympus (accordnear Tanagra.]                            ing to others by Olgassys) from Phrygia in the
PANTHOUS, contr. PANTHUS (IiavOoog, IHaIovz), earlier times, but from Galatia afterward; and
one of the elders at Troy, husband of Phrontis, on the north it bordered on the Euxine. These
and father of Euphorbus, Polydamas, and Hy- boundaries, however, are not always exactly
perenor. Hence both Euphorbus and Polyda- observed. Xenophon brings the Paphlagonians
mas are called Panthoides. He is said to have as far east as Themiscyra and the Jasonian
been originally a priest of Apollo at Delphi, and promontory. It appears to have been known
to have been carried to Troy by Antenor on to the Greeks in the mythical period. The Araccount of his beauty. He continued to be a gonautic legends mentioned Paphlagon, the son
priest of Apollo, and is called by Virgil (JEn., of Phineus, as the hero eponymus of the counii., 319) Othryades, or son of Othryas.   try.  In the Homeric Catalogue, Pylaemenes
[PANTIAS (IIavria), of Chios, a statuary of leads the Paphlagonians, as allies of the Trothe school of Sicyon, son and pupil of Sostra- jans, from the land of the Heneti, about the
tus, who was the seventh in the succession of River Parthenius, a region famed for its mules;
disciples from Aristocles of Cydonia.]    and from this Pylhemenes the later princes of
PANTICAPEMUM (THavTluc&raLov: IHavTaccaralo, Paphlagonia claimed their descent, and the
HIavLreKcarazte, TIlavcrcaTrr)': now Kertsch), a country itself was sometimes called PYL MEtown in the Tauric Chersonesus, was situated NIA. Herodotus twice mentions the Halys as
on a hill twenty stadia in circumference on the the boundary between the Paphlagonians and
Cimmerian Bosporus, and opposite the town of the Syrians of Cappadocia; but we learn also
Phanagoria in Asia. It derived its name from  from him and from other authorities that the
the River Panticapes. It was founded by the Paphlagonians were of the same race as the
Milesians about B.C. 541, and from its position Cappadocians (i. e., the Semitic or Syro-Araand excellent harbor soon became a place of bian), and quite distinct, in their language and
great commercial importance. It was the res- their customs, from their Thracian neighbors
idence of the Greek kings of the Bosporus, and on the west. They were good soldiers, espehence is sometimes called Bosporus. Justinian cially as cavalry, but uncivilized and supersticaused it to be surrounded with new walls.  tious. The country had also other inhabitants,
PANTICAPES (IlavrTICairn), a river in European probably of a different race, namely, the Heneti
Sarmatia, which, according to Herodotus, rises and the Caucones; and Greek settlements were
in a lake, separates the agricultural and nomad established on the coast at an early period. The
Scythians, flows through the district Hyleea, Paphlagonians were first subdued by Crcesus.
and falls into the Borysthenes. It is usually Under the Persian empire they belonged to the
identified with the modern Somara, but without third satrapy, but their satraps made themselves
sufficient grounds.                      independent, and assumed the regal title, mainPANYASIS (Uavvaai:). 1. A Greek epic poet, taining themselves in this position (with a brief
was a native of Halicarnassus, and a relation interruption, duringwhich Paphlagoniawas subof the historian Herodotus, probably his uncle. ject to Eumenes) until the conquest of the counPanyasis began to be known about B.C. 489, tryby Mithradates, who added the eastern part
continued in reputation till 467, and was put to of his own kingdom, and made over the westdeath by Lygdamis, the tyrant of Halicarnas- ern part to Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, who
sus, about 457. The most celebrated of the gave it to his son Pylaemenes. After the fall
poems of Panyasis was his Heraclea or Hera- of Mithradates the Romans added the north of
cleas, which gave a detailed account of the ex- Paphlagonia, along the coast, to Bithynia, and
ploits of Hercules. It consisted of fourteen the interior was left to the native princes, as
books and nine thousand verses. Another poem  tributaries to Rome; but, the race of these
of Panyasis bore the name of Ionica ('IvcKcd), princes becoming soon extinct, the whole of
and contained seven thousand verses; it relat- Paphlagonia was made Roman, an'd Augustus
ed the history of Neleus, Codrus, and the Ionic made it a part of the province of Galatia. It
colonies. In later times the works of Panyasis was made a separate province under Constanwere extensively read and much admired; the tine; but the eastern part, from Sinope to the
Alexandrine grammarians ranked him with Ho- Halys, was assigned to Pontus, under the name
mer, Hesiod, Pisander, and Antimachus, as one of Hellespontus. Paphlagonia was a mountain602




PAPHUS.                                  PAPREMIS.
ousn country, being intersected from west to the doctrine of the Millennium, maintaining that
east by three chains of the Olympus system, there will be, for one thousand years after the
namely, the Olympus itself on the southern bor- resurrection of the dead, a bodily reign of Christ
der, Olgassys in the centre, and a minor chain on this earth. Only fragments of his works are
with no specific name nearer to the coast. The extant.
belt of land between this last chain and the sea  PAPINIANUS, _EMILIUS, a celebrated Roman
was very fertile, and the Greek cities of Amas- jurist, was praefectus prietorio under the Emtris and Sinope brought a considerable com- peror Septimius Severus, whom he accompanied
merce to its shore; but the inland parts were to Britain. The emperor died at York A.D. 211,
chiefly covered with native forests, which were and is said to have commended his two sons,
celebrated as hunting grounds. The country  Caracalla and Geta, to the care of Papinian.
was famed for its horses and mules, and in On the death of his father, Caracalla dismissed
some parts there were extensive sheep-walks; Papinian from his office, and shortly afterward
and its rivers were particularly famous for their put him to death. There are five hundred and
fish. The country was divided into nine dis- ninety-five excerpts from Papinian's works in
tricts, the names of which are not of enough the Digest. These excerpts are from the thirtyimportance to be specified here.          seven books of Qucestiones, a work arranged acPAPHUS (IIao0s), son of Pygmalion by the cording to the order of the Edict, the nineteen
statue into which life had been breathed by books of Responsa, the two books of Definitiones,
Venus (Aphrodite). From him the town of the two books De Adulteriis, a single book De
Paphus is said to have derived its name; and Adulteriis, and a Greek work or fragment, which
Pygmalion himself is called the Paphian hero. probably treated of the office of aedile both at
(Ov., Met., x., 290.)                     Rome and in other towns. No Roman jurist
PAPHUS (ILado: IIH0Lo), the name of two had a higher reputation than Papinian. Nor is
towns on the western coast of Cyprus, near his reputation unmerited. It was not solelybeeach other, and called respectively " Old Pa- cause of the high station that he filled, his penephos" (IHatai7raco) and "' New Paphos" (Ha- tration, and his knowledge, that he left an imCol vea). Old Paphos was situated near the perishable name; his excellent understanding,
promontory Zephyrium, on the River Bocarus, guided by integrity of purpose, has made him the
ten stadia from the coast, where it had a good model of a true lawyer.
harbor; while New Paphos lay more inland, in  PAPINIUS STATIUS. Vid. STATIUS.
the midst of a fertile plain, sixty stadia from  PAPImA GENS, patrician and plebeian. The
the former. Old Paphos was the chief seat of patrician Papirii were divided into the families
the worship of Venus (Aphrodite), who is said of Crassus, Cursor, Maso, and Mugillanus; and
to have landed at this place after her birth the plebeian Papirii into those of Carbo, Pcetus,
among the waves, and who is hence frequently and Turdus. Of these the families of CARBO,
called the Paphian goddess (Paphia).  Here CURSOR, MAso, and MUGILLANUS alone require
she had a celebrated temple, the high priest of mention.
which exercised a kind of religious superintend-  PAPIRIANE Fos s, a village in Etruria, on the
ence over the whole island. Every year there Via _Emilia, between Luna and Pisa.
was a grand procession from New Paphos to   PAPIRIUs, C. or SEX., the author of a supposed
the temple of the goddess in the old city. There collection of the Leges Regiae, which was called
were two legends respecting the foundation of Jus Papirianum or Civile Papirianum. He is
Paphos, one describing the Syrian king Cinyras said to have lived in the reign of Tarquinius
as its founder, and the other the Arcadian Ag- Superbus;
apenor on his return from Troy. These state-  PAPIUS MUTiLUS. Vid. MUTILUS.
ments are reconciled by the supposition that  PAPPUA (IIarrova), a lofty rugged mountain
Cinyras was the founder of Old Paphos and on the extreme border of Numidia, perhaps the
Agapenor of New Paphos. There can be no same as the Thammes of Ptolemy, and as the
doubt of the Phoenician origin of Old Paphos, mountain abounding with wild cats, near the
and that the worship of Venus (Aphrodite) was city of Melitene, to which. Diodorus Siculus
introduced here from the East; but an Arcadian refers (xx., 58), but without mentioning its,colony can not be admitted. When Paphos is name.
mentioned by later writers without any epithet,  PAPPUS (IldrnroS), of Alexandrea, one of the
they usually mean the New City; but when the later Greek geometers, is said by Suidas to have'name occurs in the poets, we are generally to lived under Theodosius (A.D. 379-395). Of the
understand the Old City, as the poets, for the works of Pappus, the only one which has come
most part, speak of the place in connection down to us is his celebrated Mathematical Colwith the worship of Venus (Aphrodite).  Old lections (Marc u/arl1cv  avvayuylwv Pi6Mia). This
Paphos was destroyed by an earthquake in the work, as we have it now in print, consists of
reign of Augustus, but was rebuilt by order of the last six of eight books. Only portions of
the emperor, and called Augusta. Under the these books have been published in Greek.
Romans New Paphos was the capital of one of There are two Latin editions of Pappus: the
the four districts into which the island was di- first by Commandinus, Pisauri, 1588; and the
vided. Old Paphos corresponds to the modern second by Manolessius, Bononike, 1660.
Kukkla or Konuklia, and New Paphos to the mod-  PAPREMIS (IadrrpyULC), a city of Lower Egypt,
ern Baffa.                                capital of the Nomos Papremites, and sacred to
PAPIAS (rlHaffa), an early Christian writer, the Egyptian god whom the Greeks identified
said to have been a hearer of the Apostle John, with Mars (Ares). It is only mentioned by Heand a companion of Polycarp, was bishop of Hie- rodotus, and is perhaps the same as the Chois
napolis, oa the borders of Phrygia. He taught of later times.
603




PAPUS, zMILIUS.                                PARIS.
PAPUS, LEMILYUS. 1. M., dictator B.C. 321.- or Highlanders, and the Pediasii (rtedoatot), or
2. Q., twice consul, 282 and 278, and censor inhabitants of the plain.
275. In both his consulships and in his censor-  PXiRLUS (HIIdpaoc), the younger of the two
ship he had as colleague C. Fabricius Luscinus. legitimate sons of Pericles. He and his brother
-3. L., consul 225, defeated the Cisalpine Gauls Xanthippus were educated by their father with
with great slaughter. -IHe was censor 220 with the greatest care, but they both appear to have
C. Flaminius.                             been of inferior capacity, which was any thing
PARACHELOITIS (IIapapeCX o-tf), the name of but compensated by worth of character, though
the plain in Acarnania and _Etolia, near the Paralus seems to have been a somewhat more
mouth of the Achelous, and through which that hopefull youth than his brother. They both fell
river flows.                              victims to the plague, B.C. 429.
PAIAcHOXaTHRAs (TIapaxodOpaf, ra'cpaxodapa:  PARAPOT'MII or IA (llapa wor6Euoi,  - ada': now
now Mountains of Louristan), a part of the chain Belissi), an ancient town in Phocis, situated on
of mountains forming the eastern margin of the a steep hill, and on the left bank of the River
Tigris and Euphrates valley, was the boundary Cephisus, fi'om which it derives its name. It
between Susiana and Media. The same name was near the fiontiers of Bceotia, being only
is given to an eastern branch of the chain, which forty stadia from Chaeronea, and sixty stadia
formed the boundary between Parthia and the from Orchomenus. It is probably mentioned by
desert of Carmania.  Strabo places it too far Homer(Il.,ii.,522). ItwasdestroyedbyXerxes,
north.                                    but was rebuilt, and was destroyed a second time
PARETXCENE (IapalCatioKV: HapaParctci, Ha- in the Sacred war.
patruaKivoi, ParotSaee, Paretacdni), the name of  PARAS6PIA (HIapaecria), a district in the south
various mountainous regions in the Persian em- of Bceotia on both banks of the _Esopus, the inpire, is the Greek form of a Persian word, sig- habitants of which were called Parasopii (Hapanifying mountainous. 1. The best known of o(nrtot).
those districts was on the borders of Media and  [PARASOPIAS (HIapauwortd), a city ofThessaly,
Persis, and was inhabited by a people of Median in the district CEtaea.]
origin, who are mentioned several times by the  PARCaE. Vid. MoaIRE.
historians of Alexander and his successors.-  PARENTIUM (now Parenzo), a town in Istria,
2. A district between the rivers Oxus and Jax- with a good harbor, inhabited by Roman citizens,
artes, on the borders of Bactria and Sogdiana. but not a Roman colony, thirty-one miles from
-3. A district between Arachosia and Drangi- Pola.
ana, also called Sacastana, from its inhabitants,  PXRIs (IIptg), also called ALEXANDER ('ARiescthe Scythian Sacae.                       avdpoC), was the second son of Priam and HecuPARETONYUM or AMMONIA (TIapatr6vov, g'A/- ba. Before his birth Hecuba dreamed that she
powvia: now El-Bareton or Marsa-Labeit), an im- had brought forth a fire-brand, the flames of
portant city on the northern coast of Africa, be- which spread over the whole city. Accordingly,
longed to Marmarica in its widest sense, but as soon as the child was born, he was given to
politically to Egypt, namely, to the Nomos Libya: a shepherd, who was to expose him on Mount
hence this city on the west and Pelusium on Ida. After the lapse of five days, the shepherd,
the east are called " cornua 2Egypti." It stood on returning to Mount Ida, found the child still
near the Promontory Artos or Pythis (now Ras- alive, and fed by a she-bear. Thereupon he carel-Hiazeit), and was reckohed two hundred Ro- ried the boy home, and brought him up along
man miles west of Alexandrea, between seventy with his own child, and called him Paris. When
and eighty miles, or, according to Strabo, nine Paris had grown up, he distinguished himself
hundred stadia (all too small) east of the Cata- as a valiant defender of the flocks and shepbathmos Major, and one thousand three hundred  herds, and hence received the name of Alexanstadia north of Ammonium in the Desert (now  der, i. e., the defender of men. He also sueSiwah), which Alexander the Great visited by ceeded in discovering his real origin, and was
the way of Parsetonium. The city was forty received by Priam as his son. He now married
stadia in circuit. It was an important sea-port, CEnone, the daughter of the river-god Cebren,
a strong fortress, and a renowned seat of the by whom, according to some, he became the faworship of Isis. It was restored by Justinian, ther of Corythus.  But the most celebratedi
and continued a place of some consequence till event in the life of Paris was his abduction of
its complete destruction by the late Pasha of Helen. This came to pass in the following way:
Egypt, Mehemet Ali, in 1820.              Once upon a time, when Peleus and Thetis sola
PAiRXGON SINUS (HIapdyov ic627trof: now Gulf emnized their nuptials, all the gods were invited
of Oman), a gulf of the Indicus Oceanus, on the to the marriage, with the exception of Eris, or
coast of Gedrosia, namely, the gulf formed in the Strife. Enraged at her exclusion, the goddess
northwest of the Indian Ocean by the approach threw a golden apple among the guests, with
of the northeastern coast of Arabia to that of the inscription, "To the fairest."  Thereupon
Beloochistan and Persia, outside of the entrance Juno (Hera), Venus (Aphrodite), and Minerva
to the Persian Gulf.                      (Athena) each claimed the apple for herself.
PARALIA (IlapaZia), the sea-coast district of Jupiter (Zeus) ordered jMercury (Hermes) to
Attica, around the Promontory of Sunium, ex- take the goddesses to Mount Gargarus, a portion
tending upward as far as Halse Axonides on the of Ida, to the beautiful shepherd Paris, who was
western coast, and Prasiae on the eastern coast. there tending his flocks, and who was to decide
The inhabitants ofthis district, theParalii(Ilapd- the dispute.  The goddesses accordingly apLeoc), were one of the three political parties into peared before him. Juno (Hera) promised hirn
which Attica was divided at the time of Pisis- the sovereignty of Asia and great riches, Mitratus, the other two being the Diacrii (tdaKlptot), nerva (Athena) great glory and renown in war1
604




PARIS.                                PARMENIDES.
and Venus (Aphrodite) the fairest of women for chased his freedom by paying her a large sum
his wife.  Paris decided in favor of Venus of money. Paris was afterward declared, by
(Aphrodite), and gave her the golden apple. order of the emperor, to have been free-born
This judgment called forth in Juno (Hera) and (ingenuus), and Domitia was compelled to reMinerva (Athena) fierce hatred against Troy. store to him the sum which she had received
Under the protection ofVenus (Aphrodite), Paris for his freedom. When Nero attempted to benow sailed to Greece, and was hospitably re- come a pantomime, he put Paris to death as a
ceived in the palace of Menelaus at Sparta. dangerous rival.-2. The younger Paris, and
Here he succeeded in carrying off Helen, the the more celebrated of the two, was a native
wife of Menelaus, who was the most beautiful of Egypt, and lived in the reign of Domitian,
woman in the world. The accounts of this rape with whom he was also a great favorite. I-He
are not the same in all writers. According to was put to death by Domitian because he had
the more usual account, Helen followed her se- an intrigue'with Domitia, the wife of the emducer willingly, owing to the influence of Ve- peror.
nus (Aphrodite), while Menelaus was absent in  PARIssI. Vid. LUTETIA PARISIORUM.
Crete. Others relate that the goddess deceived  PARIUM (rO IIdpLov: HIaplavo6, IIaplv6, IHaHelen by giving to Paris the appearance of pLavevr: ruins at Kemer), a city of Mysia, on
Menelaus; and others, again, say that Helen the northern coast of the Troad, on the Prowas carried off by Paris by force, either during pontis, between Lampsacus and Priapus, was
a festival or during the chase. On his return founded by a colony from Miletus, mingled with
to Troy, Paris passed through Egypt and Phe- natives of Paros and Erythras, and became a
nicia, and at length arrived at Troy with Helen flourishing sea-port, having a better harbor than
and the treasures which he had treacherously that of Priapus. Under Augustus it was made
taken from the hospitable house of Menelaus. a Roman colony, by the name of Colonia PariIn regard to this voyage the accounts again dif- ana Julia Augusta. It was a renowned seat
fer; for, according to some, Paris and Helen of the worship of Cupid (Eros), Bacchus (Dioreached Troy three days after their departure; nysus), and Apollo. The surrounding district
whereas, according to later traditions, Helen was called j' llapmavy.
did not reach Troy at all, for Jupiter (Zeus) and  PARMA (Parmensis: now Parma), a town in
Juno (Hera) allowed only a phantom resembling Gallia Cispadana, situated on a river of the
her to accompany Paris to Troy, while the real same name and on the Via -Emilia, between
Helen was carried to Proteus in Egypt, and re- Placentia and Mutina, was originally a town of
mained there until she was fetched by Mene- the Boii, but was made a Roman colony B.C.
laus. The abduction of Helen gave rise to the 183, along with Mutina, and from that time beTrojan war. Before her marriage with Mene- came a place of considerable importance. It
laus she had been wooed by the noblest chiefs suffered some injury in the civil war after Cein all parts of Greece. Her former suitors now  sar's death, but was enlarged and embellished
resolved to revenge her abduction, and sailed by Augustus, and received the name of Colonia
against Troy. Vid. AGAMEMNON. Homer de- Julia Augusta. After the fall of the Western
scribes Paris as a handsome man, fond of the Empire it was for a time called Chry/sopolis, or
female sex and of music, and not ignorant of the "Gold-City." but for what reason we do
war, but as dilatory and cowardly, and detested not know. The country around Parma was
by his own friends for having brought upon them  originally marshy; but the marshes were drainthe fatal war with the Greeks. He fought with ed by the consul Scaurus, and converted into
Menelaus before the walls of Troy, and was de- fertile land. The wool of Parma was particufeated, but was carried offbyVenus (Aphrodite). larly good.
He is said to have killed Achilles, either by one  PARMIENIDES (HIappievtidy), a distinguished
of his arrows, or by treachery in the temple of Greek philosopher, was anative ofElea in Italy.
the Thymbraean Apollo. Vid. ACHILLES.  On According to Plato, Parmenides, at the age of
the capture of Troy, Paris was wounded by sixty-five, came to Athens to the Panathenea,
Philoctetes with an arrow of Hercules, and then accompanied by Zeno, then forty years old, and
returned to his long-abandoned wife CInone. became acquainted with Socrates, who at that
But she, remembering the wrongs she had suf- time was quite young. Supposing Socrates to
fered, or, according to others, being prevented have been nineteen or twenty years of age at
by her father, refused to heal the wound. He the time, we may place the visit of Parmenides
then went back to Troy and died. CEnone to Athens in B.C. 448, and consequently his
quickly repented, and hastened after him with birth in 513. Parmenides was regarded with
remedies, but came too late, and in her grief great esteem by Plato and Aristotle; and his
hung herself. According to others, she threw  fellow-citizens thought so highly of him, that
herself from a tower, or rushed into the flames every year they boind their magistrates to renof the funeral pile on which the body of Paris der obedience to the laws which he had enactwas burning. Paris is represented in works ed for them. The philosophical opinions of
of art as a beautiful youth, without a beard, Parmenides were developed in a didactic poem,
with a Phrygian cap, and sometimes with an in hexameter verse, entitled On Xature, of
apple in his hand, in the act of presenting it to which only fiagments remain. In this poem he
Venus (Aphrodite).                        maintained that the phenomena of sense were
PXRIs, the name of two celebrated panto- delusive, and that it was only by mental abmimes. 1. The elder Paris lived in the reign straction that a person could attain to the knowlof the Emperor Nero, With whom he was a edge of the only reality, a One and All, a congreat favorite. He was originally a slave of tinuous and self-existent substance, which could
Domitia, the aunt of the emperor, and he pur- not be perceived by the senses. But although
605




PARTMENION.                             PAROPAMISADzE.
he believed the phenomena, of sense to be de- a semicircular range of lofty rocks, at the foot
lusive, nevertheless he adopted two elements, of which the town was built. These rocks,
Warm and Cold, or Light and Darkness. The were called PhTdriades (talt(3ptldgr), or the "Rebest edition of the fragments.of Parmenides is splendent," from their facing the south, and
by Karsten, in Philosophorum Grcec. Veterum  thus receiving the full rays of the sun during
Oper. Reliquice, Amstelod., 1835.        the most brilliant part of the day. The sides
PARMENION (HIap/tEviwv). 1. Son of Philotas, of Parnassus were well wooded: at its foot
a distinguished Macedonian general in the serv- grew myrtle, laurel, and olive-trees, and higher
ice of Philip of Macedon and Alexander the up, firs; and its summit was covered with snow
Great. Philip held him in high esteem, and during the greater part of the year. It conused to say of him that he had never been able tained numerous caves, glens, and romantic
to find more than one general, and that was ravines. It is celebrated as one of the chief
Parmenion. In Alexander's invasion of Asia, seats of Apollo and the Muses, and an inspiring
Parmenionwas regarded as secondin command. source of poetry and song. On Mount Lycorea
At the three great battles of the Granicus, Issus, was the Corycian cave, from which the Muses
and Arbela, while the king commanded the right are sometimes called the Corycian nymphs.
wing of the army, Parmenion was placed at the Just above Delphi was the far-famed Castalian
head of the left, and contributed essentially to spring, which issued from between two cliffs,
the victory on all those memorable occasions. called Nauplia and Hyamplia. These cliffs are
The confidence reposed in him by Alexander frequently called by the poets the summits of
appears to have been unbounded, and he is con- Parnassus, though they are in reality only small
tinually spoken of as the most attached of the peaks at the base of the mountain. The mountking's friends, and as holding, beyond all ques- ain also was sacred to Bacchus (Dionysus), and
tion, the second place in the state. But when on one of its summits the Thyades held their
Philotas, the only surviving son of Parmenion, Bacchic revels.  Between Parnassus Proper
was accused in Drangiana (B.C. 330) of being and Mount Cirphis was the valley of the Plisprivy to the plot against the king's life, he not tus, through which the sacred road ran from
only confessed his own guilt when put to the Delphi to Daulis and Stiris; and at the point
torture, but involved his father also in the plot. where the road branched off to these two places
Whether the king really believed in the guilt (called axtoar), (Edipus slew his father Laius.
of Parmenion, or deemed his life a necessary -2. A town in the north of Cappadocia, on a
sacrifice to policy after the execution of his son, mountain of the same name (now Pascha Dagh),
he caused his aged friend to be assassinated in probably on the River Halys, and on the road
Media before he could receive the tidings of his between Ancyra and Archelais.
son's death. The death of Parmenion, at the  PARNEs (IIdpvwC, gen. HIldprl0oc: now Ozia
age of seventy years, will ever remain one of or Nozia), a mountain in the northeast of Atthe darkest stains upon the character of Alex- tica, in some parts as high as four thousand
ander. It is questionable whether even Philo- feet, was a continuation of Mount Cithaeron,
tas was really concerned in the conspiracy, and from which it extended eastward as far as the
we may safely pronounce that Parmenion had coast atRhamnus. It was well wooded, aboundno connection with it. - 2. Of Macedonia, an ed in game, and on its lower slopes produced
epigrammatic poet, whose verses were included excellent wine. It formed part of the boundin the collection of Philip of Thessalonica, ary between Bceotia and Attica; and the pass
whence it is probable that he flourished in, or through it between these two countries was
shortly before, the time of Augustus.     easy of access, and was therefore strongly for[PARMENISCUS (Hlapueviacoc), a grammarian tified by the Athenians. On the summit of the
and commentator, of whose writings a few frag- mountain there was a statue of Jupiter (Zeus)
ments remain.]                            Parnethius, and there were likewise altars of
[PARMENON (HIapp.vov), of Byzantium, a cho- Jupiter (Zeus) Semaleos and Jupiter(Zeus) Omliambic poet, a few of whose verses are pre- brius or Apemius.
served in Athenreus and the scholiasts: these  PARNON (I(dpvOV: now Mllalevo), a mountain
fragments are collected by Meineke, Choliambica six thousand three hundred and thirty-five feet
Poesis Grcecorum, Berol., 1845.]          high, forming the boundary between Laconia
[PARMYS (Ilidppvc), daughter of Smerdis, the and the territory of Tegea in Arcadia.
son of Cyrus. She became the wife of Darius  PAROPAMIS.DMs (IlaporratucadaL) or PAROPAHystaspis, and was the mother of Ariomardos.] nis~I, the collective name of several comrnmuPARNAssUs (Hlapvaou6c, Ilapvaa6o, Ion. Hap- nities dwelling in the southern slopes of Mount
vna6r), the name, in its widest signification, of Paropamisus (vidal. next article), and of the couna range of mountains, which extends from (Eta try they inhabited, which was not known by
and Corax southeast through Doris and Phocis, any other name. It was divided on the north
and under the name of Cirphis (KIipLr) term- from Bactria by the Paropamisus; on the west
inates at the Corinthian Gulf between Cirrha from Aria, and on the south from Drangiana
and Anticyra. But in its narrower sense, Par- and Arachosia, by indefinite boundaries; and
nassus indicates the highest part of the range a on the east from India by the River Indus,
few miles north of Delphi. Its two highest thus corresponding to the eastern part of Afsummits were called Tithorda (TtOopia: now  ghanistan and the strip of the Punjab west of
Velitza), andLycorda (AVKwuprea: now Liakura), the Indus. Under the Persian empire it was
the former being northwest and the latter north- the northeasternmost district of Ariana.  It
east of Delphi; and hence Parnassus is fre- was conquered by Alexander when he passed
quently described by the poets as double-headed. through it on his march to India; but the peoImmediately above Delphi the mountain forms ple soon regained their independence, though
606




PAROPAMISUS.                               PARRHASIUS.
parts of the country were nominally included ants were the same people as the Paroraei of
in the limits of the Greco-Syrian and Bactrian Pliny.-2. Or PARORIA (Ilapwupa), a town in the
kingdoms. It is a rugged mountain region, in- south of Arcadia, north of Megalopolis, said to
tersected by branches of the Paropamisus. In have been founded by Paroreus, son of Trithe north the climate is so severe that, ac- colonus, and a grandson of Lycaon, the inhabitcording to the ancient writers, confirmed by ants of which took part in the building of Memodern travellers, the snow almost buries the galopolis.
houses; but in the south the valleys of the low-  PAROREiTJE (Hlapopepra), the most ancient
er mountain slopes yield all the products of the inhabitants of the mountains in Triphylia in Elis,
warmer regions of Asia. In its north was the who were expelled by the Minyae.
considerable river Cophes or COPHEN (now Ca-  PARORIOS. Vid. PHRYGIA.
bool), flowing into the Indus, and having a trib-  PAROS (Idpor: TIdpog: now Paro), an island
utary, Chots, Choes, or CHOASPES (No. 2). The in the.Egean Sea, one of the larger of the Cycparticular tribes, included under the general lades, was situated south of Delos and west of
name of Paropamisadae, were the Cabolitae (Ka- Naxos, being separated from the latter by a
6ou7cra) in the north, whose name and position channel five or six miles wide. It is about
point to Cabool, the Parsii (Ilapacoi) in the south- thirty-six miles in circumference. It is said to
west, the Ambautee ('Ayz6aVrat) in the east, on have been originally colonized by Cretans, but
the River Choas, the Parsuette (HIapav7raL) on was afterward inhabited by Ionians, and bethe south, and the'Apt7r6o0v)Lo, probably a dom- came so prosperous, even at an early period, as
inant tribe of a different race, on the west. At to send out colonies to Thasos and to Pariurn
the time of the Macedonian conquest the people on the Propontis. In the first invasion of Greece
were little civilized, but quiet and inoffensive. by the generals of Darius, Paros submitted to
The chief cities wvere Ortospana and Alexan- the Persians; and after the battle of Marathon,
drea, the latter founded by Alexander the Great. Miltiades attempted to reduce the island, but
PAROPAMISUS (Hlapo7rd/iaoC, and several other failed in his attempt, and received a wound, of
forms, of which the truest is probably rapoTrr- which he died. Vid. MILTIADES. After the deveoc: now Hindoo-Koosh), a word no doubt de- feat of Xerxes, Paros came under the supremacy
rived, as many other words beginning like it, of Athens, and shared the fate of the other Cycfrom the Old Persian paru, a mountain, is the lades. Its name rarely occurs in subsequent
name of a part of the great mountain-chain history. The most celebrated production of
which runs from west to east through the cen- Paros was its marble, which was extensively
tre of the southern portion of the highlands of used by the ancient sculptors. It was chiefly
Central Asia, and divides the part of the con- obtained from a mountain called Marpessa. The
tinent, which slopes down to the Indian Ocean, Parian figs were also highly prized. The chief
from the great central table-land of Tartary and town of Paros was situated on the western coast,
Thibet. It is a prolongation of the chain of and bore the same name as the island. The
Anti-Taurus. The name was applied to that ruins of it are still to be seen at the modern
part of the chain between the Sariphi Mount- Paroikia. Paros was the birth-place of the poet
ains (now Mountains of Kohistan) on the west Archilochus. In Paros was discovered the celeand Mount Imaus (now Himalaya) on the east, brated inscription called the Parian Chronicle,
or from about the sources of the River Margus which is now preserved at Oxford. The inon the west to the point where the Indus breaks scription is cut on a block of marble, and in its
through the chain on the east. They were be- perfect state contained a chronological account
lieved by the ancients to be among the highest of the principal events in Greek history fiomi
mountains in the world (which they are), and to Cecrops, B.C. 1582, to the archonship of Diocontain the sources of the Oxus and the Indus; gnetus, 264. [This inscription, so far as it is
the last statement being an error which natu- preserved, was reprinted in Chandler's Marmora
rally arose from confounding the cleft by which  Oxoniensia, Oxford, 1763, fol.; by Boeckh in his
the Indus breaks through the chain with its un- Corpus Inscriptionum Grcecarum, vol. ii., p. 293,
known source. When Alexander the Great sqq.; and by Miller in Fragm. Hist. Grcec., vol.
crossed these mountains, his followers-regard- i., p. 533-590.]
ing the achievement as equivalent to what a  PARRHXSIA (Ilajppaaia: Happarolo), a district
Greek considered as the highest geographical in the south of Arcadia, to which, according to
adventure, namely, the passage of the Caucasus Pausanias, the towns Lycosura, Thocnia, Tra-conferred this glory on their chief by simply pezus, Proseis, Acacesium, Acontium, Macaria,
applying the name of Caucasus to the mountain and Dasea belonged. The Parrhasii are said to
chain which he had thus passed; and then, for have been one of the most ancient of the Arcathe sake of distinction, this chain was called dian tribes. At the time of the Peloponnesian
Caucasus Indicus, and this name has come war they were under the supremacy of Mantidown to our times in the native form of Hindoo- nea, but were rendered independent of that city
Koosh, and in others also. The name Paro- by the Lacedoemonians. Homer (II., ii., 608)
pamisus is also applied sometimes to the great mentions a town Parrhasia, said to have been
southern branch of this chain (now Soliman founded by Parrhasus, son of Lycaon, or by PeMountains) which skirts the valley of the Indus lasgus, son ofArestor. The adjective Parrhasius
on the west, and which is more specifically call- is frequently used by the poets as equivalent to
ed PARYETI or PARSYETvE.                  Arcadian.
PAROPUS (Paropinus), a small town in the in-  PARRHASIUS (lIapPacog), one of the most celeterior of Sicily, north of the Nebrodes Montes. brated Greek painters, was a native ofEphesus,
PAOREA (lap(JPELa). 1. A town in Thrace, the son and pupil of Evenor. He practiced his
on the frontiers of Macedonia, whose inhabit- art chiefly at Athens, and by some writers he is
607




PARSII.                                PARTHENON.
called an Athenian, probably because the Athe- public libraries along with the most celebrated
nians had bestowed upon him the right of citi- ancient writers. Partheniuswrote manypoems,
zenship. He flouristied about B.C. 400. Par- but the only one of his works which has come
rhasius did for painting, at least in pictures of down to us is in prose, and entitled flepri sprtgods and heroes, what had been done for sculp- KSV n-a0qrad-ru. It contains thirty-six brief
ture by Phidias in divine subjects, and by Poly- love-stories, which ended in an unfortunate
cletus in the human figure: he established a manner. It is dedicated to Cornelius Gallus,
canon of proportion, which was followed by all and was compiled for his use, that he might
the artists that came after him. Several inter- avail himself of the materials in the composiesting observations on the principles of art tion of epic and elegiac poems. The best ediwhich he followed are made in a dialogue with tion is by Westermann, in the M1ythlographi GrcSocrates, as reported by Xenophon (1Mem., iii., ci, Brunswick, 1843.
10). The character of Parrhasius was marked  PARTHENIUS (IIapOEvtog). 1. A mountain on
in the highest degree by that arrogance which the frontiers of Argolis and Arcadia, through
often accompanies the consciousness of pre- which was an important pass leading from Areminent ability. In epigrams inscribed on his golis toTegea. This pass is still called ParthenI,
works he not only made a boast of his luxuri- but the mountain itself, which rises to the height
ous habits, but he also claimed the honor of hav- of three thousand nine hundred and ninety-three
ing assigned with his own hand the precise lim- feet, bears the name of Roino. It was on this
its of the art, and fixed a boundary which never mountain that Telephus, the son of Hercules
was to be transgressed. Respecting the story and Auge, was said to have been suckled by a
of his contest with Zeuxis, vid. ZEUXIS. Of the hind; and it was here, also, that the god Pan is
works of Parrhasius, the most celebrated seems said to have appeared to Phidippides, the Atheto have been his picture of the Athenian People. nian courier, shortly before the battle of MaraPARSII. Vid. PAROPAMISADE.              thon.-2. (Also IIapOLEv': now Chati-Su or BarPARSICI MONTES (r, IlapatLcU 65p7, now Bush- tan-St), the chief river of Paphlagonia, rises in
kurd Mountains in the west of Beloochistan), a Mount Olgassys, and flows northwest into the
chain of mountains running northeast fiom the Euxine ninety stadia west ofAmastris, forming
Paragon Sinus (now Gulf of Oman), and forming in the lower part of its course the boundary bethe boundary between Carmania and Gedrosia. tween Bithynia and Paphlagonia.
At the foot of these mountains, in the west of  PARTHIENON (O IlapOvuv, i. e., the virgin's
Gedrosia, were a people called PARSIDE, with a chamber), was the usual name of one of the
capital PARSIS (now perhaps Serbah).      finest, and, in its influence upon art, one of the
PARSYvETiZ (lTapavcraL), a people on the bor- most important edifices ever built, the temple
ders of Arachosia and the Paropamisadse, with of Minerva (Athena) Parthenos on the Acropolis
a mountain of the same name, which is proba- of Athens. It was also called HECATOMPEDON
bly identical with the PARYETI Montes and with ('Etcaropredov) or HECATOMPEDOS ('Etcar6pTredof,
the Soliman Mountains.                    sc. vesc), from its being one hundred feet in one
PARTHALIS, the chief city of the Calingm, a of its chief dimensions, probably in the breadth
tribe of the Gangaridse, in India intra Gangem, of the top step on which the front pillars stand.
at the head of the Sinus Gangeticus (now Sea It was erected, under the administration of
of Bengal).                               Pericles, on the site of the older temple of Mi[PARTHAON. Viid. PORTHAON.]             nerva (Athena), burned during' the Persian inPARTITItNI. Vid. PARTHINI.              vasion, and was completed by the dedication of
PARTHENIAS (IfapOeviLa), also called PARTHE- the statue of the goddess, B.C. 438. Its archiNIA, a small river in Elis, which flows into the tects were Ictinus and Callicrates, but all the
Alpheus east of Olympia, not far from H-arpinna. works were under the superintendence of PhidiPARTHENIUMrI (TIapOvov). 1. LAtowninMysia, as. It was built entirely of Pentelic marble;
south of Pergamum.-2. (Now Felenk-burun), a its dimensions were two hundred and twentypromontory in the Chersonesus Taurica, on seven English feet long, one hundred and one
which stood a temple of the Tauric Diana (Ar- broad, and sixty-five high; it was fifty feet longer
temis), from whom it derived its name. It was than the edifice which preceded it. Its archiin this temple that human sacrifices were of- tecture was of the Doric order, and of the purest
fered to the goddess.                     kind. It consisted of an oblong central buildPARTI-HNIUMi MARE (-r IlIapSevLp0v 7riZayoc), ing (the cella or ve6(), surrounded on all sides
the southeastern part of the Mediterranean, be- by a peristyle of pillars, forty-six in number,
tween Egypt and Cyprus.                   eight at each end and seventeen at each side
PARTHENIUS (IIapOeovLo), ofNicma, or, accord- (reckoning the corner pillars twice), elevated on
ing to others, of Myrlea, a celebrated gramma- a platform, which was ascended by three steps
rian, is said by Suidas to have been taken pris- all round the building. Within the porticoes, at
oner by Cinna in the Mithradatic war, to have each end, was another row of six pillars, standbeen manumitted on account of his learning, ing on a level with the floor of the cella, and two
and to have lived to the reign of Tiberius. If steps higher than that of the peristyle. The
this statement is true, Parthenius must have cella was divided into two chambers of unequal
attained a great age, since there were seventy- size, the prodonus orpronaos (nrpoduo, n-p6vaoc),
seven years from the death of Mithradates to and the opisthodozmus (OnoOio0opoc) or posticum;
the accession of Tiberius. Parthenius taught the former, which was the larger, contained the
Virgil Greek, and he seems to have been very statue of the goddess, and was the true sanctupopular among the distinguished Romans of ary, the latter being probably used as a treasury
his time. The Emperor Tiberius imitated his and vestry. Both these chambers had inner
poems, and placed his works and statues in the rows of pillars (in two stories, one over the oth608




PARTHENO PEUS.                               PARTHIA.
er), sixteen in the former and four in the latter, Parthenopseus was killed at Thebes by Asphodisupporting the partial roof, for the large cham- cus, Amphidicus, or Periclymenus.
her, at least, had its centre open to the sky.  [PARTHENOPE (llapOevo6rr), one of the Sirens,
Technically, the temple is called peripteral octa- who is said to have given its early and poetic
style hypethral. It was adorned, within and name to Neapolis. Vid. NEAPOLIs.]
without, with colors and gilding, and with sculp-  PARTHENOPOLIS (llapOev6Tro6d), a town in
tures which are regarded as the master-pieces Mcesia Inferior, near the Pontus Euxinus, and
of ancient art. The colossal chryselephantine between Calatis and Tomi.
(ivory and gold) statue of Minerva (Athena),  PARTHIA, PARTHY EA, PARTHIENE (I(apOla,
which stood at the end of the prodomus, opposite IlapOvaia, HappOvv7: aHpOot, HIapOvaElo, Parthi,
to the entrance, was the work of Phidias him- Parthieni: now Khorassan), a country of Asia,
self, and surpassed every other statue in the to the southeast of the Caspian. Its extent was
ancient world, except that of Jupiter (Zeus) at different at different times; but, as the term was
Olympia by the same artist. The other sculp- generally understood by the ancient geogratures were executed under the direction of phers, it denoted the partly mountainous and
Phidias by different artists, as may still be seen partly desert country on the south of the mountby differences in their style; but the most im- ains which hem in the Caspian on the southeast
portant of them were doubtless from the hand -(Mons Labuta), and which divided Parthia on the
of Phidias himself: (1.) The tympana of the pedi- north from Hyrcania. On the northeast and
ments (i. e., the inner flat portion of the triangu- east, a branch of the same chain, called Masdolar gable-ends of the robf. above the two end ranus, divided it from Aria; on the south the
porticoes) were filled with groups of detached deserts ofParthia joined those of Carmania, and
colossal statues, those of the eastern or prin- further westward the Mons Parachoathras dicipal front representing the birth of Minerva vided Parthia from Persis and Susiana; on the
(Athena), and those of the western front the west and northwest it was divided from Media
contest between Minerva (Athena) and Neptune by boundaries which can not'be exactly marked
(Poseidon) for the land of Attica. (2.) In the out. Of this district only the northern part, in
frieze of the entablature (i. e., the upper of the and below the mountains of Hyrcania, seems to
two portions into which the surface between have formed the proper country of the Parthi,
the columns and the roof is divided), the me- who were a people of Scythian origin. The antopes between the trig-lyphs (i. e., the square spaces cient writers tell us that the name means exiles;
between the projections answering to the ends but this is uncertain. They were a very warlike
of beams if the roof had been of wood) were people, and especially celebrated as horse-archfilled with sculptures in high relief, ninety-two ers. Their tactics, of which the Romans had
in all, fourteen on each front, and thirty-two on fatal experience in their first wars with them,
each side, representing subjects from the Attic became so celebrated as to pass into a proverb.
mythology, among which the battle of the Athe- Their mail-clad horsemen spread like a cloud
nians with the Centaurs forms the subject of round the hostile army, and poured in a shower
the fifteen metopes from the southern side,which of darts; and then evaded any closer conflict
are now in the British Museum. (3.) Along the by a rapid flight, during which they still shot
top of the external wall of the cella, under the their arrow backward upon the enemy. Under
ceiling of the peristyle, ran a frieze, sculptured the Persian empire, the Parthians, with the
with a representation of the Panathenaic pro- Chorasmii, Sogdii, and Arii, formed the sixcession in very low relief. A large number of teenth satrapy: under Alexander and the Greek
the slabs of this frieze were brought to England kings of Syria, Parthia and Hyrcania together
by Lord Elgin, with the fifteen metopes just men- formed a satrapy. About B.C. 250 theyrevolttioned, and a considerable number of other frag- ed from the Seleucide, under a chieftain named
ments, including some of the most important, Arsaces, who founded an independent monthough mutilated, statues fiom the pediments; archy, the history of which is given under ARand the whole collection was purchased by the SACES. During the period of the downfall of
nation in 1816, and deposited in the British Mu- the Syrian kingdom, the Parthians overran the
seum, where may also be seen excellent models provinces east of the Euphrates, and about B.C.
of the ruins of the Parthenon, and of the temple 130 they overthrew the kingdom of Bactria, so
as conjecturally restored. The worst of the in- that their empire extended over Asia from the
juries which it has suffered from war and pillage Euphrates to the Indus, and from the Indian
was inflicted in the siege of Athens by the Vene- Ocean to the Paropamisus, or even to the Oxus;
tians in 1687, when a bomb exploded in the very but on this northern frontier they had to maincentre of the Parthenon, and threw down much tain a continual conflict with the nomad tribes
of both the side walls.  Its ruins are still,. of Central Asia. On the west their progress
however, in sufficient preservation to give a was checked by Mithradates and Tigranes, till
good idea of the construction of all its principal those kings fell successively before the Roparts.                                    mans, who were thus brought into collision
PARTHEN6OPiEUS (HIapOevo7raioe), one of the with the Parthians. After the memorable deseven heroes who accompanied Adrastus in his struction of Crassus and his army, B.C. 53 (vid.
expedition against Thebes. He is sometimes CRAssus), the Parthians threatened Syria and
called a son of Mars (Ares) or Milanion and Ata- Asia Minor; but their progress was stopped by
lanta, sometimes of Meleager andAtalanta, and two signal defeats, which they suffered from
sometimes of Talaus and Lysimache. His son, Antony's legate Ventidius in 39 and 38. The
by the nymph Clymene, who marched against preparations for renewing the war with Rome
Thebes as one of the Epigoni, is called Proma- were rendered fruitless by the contest for the
chus, Stratolaus, Thesimenes, or Tlesimenes. Parthian throne between Phraates IV. and Tir39                                                              609




PARTHINI.                                  PASION,
idates, which led to an appeal to Augustus, and of Artaxerxes I. Longimanus, king of Persia,
to the restoration of the standards of Crassus, was given by her father in marriage to her own
-B.C. 20; an event to which the Roman poets brother Darius, surnamed Ochus, who in B.C.
often allude in terms of flattery to Augustus, 424 succeeded Xerxes II. on the throne of Peralmost as if he had conquered the Parthian em- sia. The feeble character of Darius threw the
pire. It is to be observed that the poets of the chief power into the hands of Parysatis, whose
Augustan age use the names Parthi, Persee, and administration was little else than a series of
Medi indifferently. The Parthian empire had murders. Four of her sons grew up to mannow begun to decline, owing to civil contests hood. The eldest of these, Artaxerxes Mneand the defection of the governors of provinces, mon, was born before Darius had obtained the
and had ceased.to be formidable to the Romans. sovereign power, and on this pretext Parysatis
There were, however, continual disputes be- sought to set aside his claims to the throne in
tween the two empires for the protectorate of favor of her second son Cyrus. Failing in this
the kingdom of Armenia. In consequence of attempt, she nevertheless interposed after the
one of these disputes, Trajan invaded the Par- death of Darius, 405, to prevent Artaxerxes
thianempire, and obtained possession for a short from putting Cyrus to death, and prevailed
time of Mesopotamia; but his conquests were with the king to allow him to return to his satsurrendered under Hadrian, and the Euphrates rapy in Asia Minor. After the death of Cyrus
again became the boundary of the two empires. at the battle of Cunaxa (401), she did not hesiThere were other wars at later periods, which tate to display her grief for the death of her
resulted in favor of the Romans, who took Se- favorite son by bestowing funeral honors on his
leucia and Ctesiphon, and made the district of mutilated remains; and she subsequently sueOsroene a Roman province. The exhaustion ceeded in getting into her power all the authors
which was the effect of these wars at length of the death of Cyrus, whom she put to death
gave the Persians the opportunity of throwing by the most cruel tortures.  She afterward
offthe Parthian yoke. Led by Artaxerxes (Ard- poisoned Statira, the wife of Artaxerxes. The
shir), they put an end to the Parthian kingdom feeble and indolent king was content to banish
of the Arsacidae, after it had lasted four hund- her to Babylon; and it was not long before he
red and seventy-six years, and established the recalled her to his court, where she soon rePersian dynasty of the Sassanide, A.D. 226. covered all her former influence. Of this she
Vid. ARSACES, SASSANIDOE.            -    availed herself to turn his suspicions against
PARTHINI or PARTHENI (IlapOivot, HlapOrvoi), Tissaphernes, whom she had long hated as havan Illyrian people, in the neighborhood of Dyr- ing been the first to discover the designs of
rhachium.                                 Cyrus to his brother, and who was now put to
PARTHISCUS or PARTHssus, a river in Dacia, death by Artaxerxes at her instigation, 396.
probably the same as the Tibiscus. Vid. TIBIS- She appears to have died soon afterward.
cus.                                        PASARGXADA or -E (Tlaaapydaa, llaaapyQaLt),
PARYADRES'(Iapvd6p7cg: now Kara-bel Dagh, the older of the two capitals of Persis (the other
or Kut-Tagh), a mountain chain of Western and later being Persepolis), is said to have been
Asia, running southwest and northeast from the founded by Cyrus the Great on the spot where
east of Asia Minor into the centre of Armenia, he gained his great victory over Astyages. The
and forming the chief connecting link between tomb of Cyrus stood here in the midst of a beauthe Taurus and the mountains of Armenia. It tiful park. The exact site is doubtful. Strabo
was considered as the boundary between Cap- describes it as lying in the hollow part of Perpadocia (i. e., Pontus Cappadocius) and Arme- sis, on the River Cyrus, southeast of Perseponia (i. e., Armenia Minor). In a wide sense the lis, and near the borders of Carmania. Most
name seems sometimes to extend so far north- modern geographers identify it with Murghab,
east as to include Mount Abus (now Ararat) in northeast of Persepolis, where there are the
Armenia.                                  remains of a great sepulchral monument of the
PARYfETI MONTES (7 HIapvZlrfv op7y, from the ancient Persians. Others place it at Farsa or
Indian word paruta, i.e., a mountain: now Soli- at Darab-gherd, both southeast of Persepolis,
man Mount), the great mountain chain which but not answering Strabo's description in other
runs north and south on the western side of the respects so well as Murghab. Others identify
valley of the Indus, and forms the connecting it with Persepolis, which is almost certainly an
link between the mountains which skirt the error.
northern coast of the Persian Gulf and the In-  PAsARGoXD  (Ilaapyddat), the most noble of
dian Ocean, and the parallel chain, further north, the three chief tribes of the ancient Persians
called the Paropamisus or Indian Caucasus; or, the other two being the Maraphii and Maspii.
between the eastern extensions of the Taurus. The royal house of the Achemenidas were of
and Anti-Taurus systems, in the widest sense. the race of the Pasargadae. They had their resiThis chain formed the boundary between Ara- dence chiefly in and about the city of PAsARGADA.
chosia and the Paropamisada: it now divides  [PASE AS (flaauoa), father of the Sicyonian tyBeloochistan and Afghanistan on the west from  rant Abantidas; after the death of his son he
Scinde and the Punjab on the east, and it meets made himself tyrant, but was soon after slain
the Hindoo-Koosh in the northeastern corner of by Nicocles.]
Afghanistan, between Cabool and Peshawur. Its  PASIAS, a Greek painter, belonged to the Sicancient inhabitants were called Paryetea (Ha- yonian school, and flourished about B.C. 220.
pvirat); and the name Paruta is found in old  PASION (Haaiwv).  [1. A Megarian, in the
Persian inscriptions and in the Zendavesta (the service of Cyrus the younger when he besieged
old Persian sacred book) as that of a people.  Miletus: he afterward joined him with seven
PARYSXTIS (Hlapvoartg or Ilapvadri), daughter hundred men at Sardis in his expedition against
610




PASIPHE.                        PATERCULUS, C. VELLEIUS.
his brother Artaxerxes. Having taken offence  PASSARON (Haracipwv: near Dhramisius, southat Cyrus's allowing Clearchus to retain the sol- west of Joannina), a town of Epirus in Molosdiers who had deserted from him at Tarsus, sia, and the ancient capital of the Molossian
Pasion himself abandoned the cause of Cyrus, kings. It was destroyed by the Romans, toand sailed away from Myriandrus for Greece gether with seventy other towns of Epirus, after
with his most valuable effects. He was not the conquest of Macedonia, B.C. 168.
pursued, and Cyrus did not even detain his wife  PASSIENUS CGISPUS. Vid. CRISPUS.
and children, who were in his power at Tralles.]  PASSIENUS PAULUS. Vid. PAULUS.
-2. A wealthy banker at Athens, was origin-  [PASSIENUS RUFUS. Vid. RUFUS.]
ally a*slave of Antisthenes and Archestratus,  PATECI (Iiraluco), Phoenician divinities,
who were also bankers.  In their service he whose dwarfish figures were attached to Phoedisplayed great fidelity as well as aptitude for nician ships.
business, and was manumitted as a reward. He  PATXLA, PATALINE. Vid. PATTALA, PATTAafterward set up a banking concern on his own LENE.
account, by which, together with a shield man-  PATiAA (ra IlrTapa: Ilarapev'f: ruins at Paufactory, he greatly enriched himself, while he tara), one of the chief cities of Lycil, was a
continued all along to preserve his old character flourishing sea-port, on a promontory of the
for integrity, and his credit stood high through- same name ( IHardp(Pv Kipa), sixty stadia (six
out Greece. He did not, however, escape an geographical miles) east of the mouth of the
accusation of fraudulently keeping back some Xanthus. It was early colonized by Dorians
money which had been intrusted to him by a from Crete, and became a chief seat of the
foreigner from the Euxine. The plaintiff's case worship of Apollo, who had here a very celeis stated in an oration ofIsocrates(rpa7reTrlco6), brated oracle, which uttered responses in the
still extant. Pasion did good service to Athens winter only, and from whose son Patarus the
with his money on several occasions. He was name of the city was mythically derived. It
rewarded with the freedom of the city, and was was restored and enlarged by Ptolemy Philaenrolled in the demus of Acharnae. He died at delphus, who called it Arsinoe, but it remained
Athens in B.C. 370, after a lingering illness, better known by its old name.
accompanied with failure of sight. Toward the  [PATARBEMIS (rHardp6uyt), one of, the prinend of his life his affairs were administered to cipal officers of Apries, king of Egypt, having
a great extent by his fieedman Phormion, to been sent to arrest and bring to him Amasis,
whom he let his banking shop and shield manu- but having failed in so doing, was shamefully
factory, and settled in his will that he should mutilated by the king; this conduct caused a
marry his widow Archippe, with a handsome revolt of the Egyptians.]
dowry, and undertake the guardianship of his  PXATVIUM (Patavinus: now Padova orPadua),
younger son Pasicles. His elder son, Apollo- an ancient town of the Veneti in the north of
dorus, grievously diminished his patrimony by Italy, on the Medoacus Minor, and on the road
extravagance and law-suits.               from Mutina to Altinum, was said to have been
PASIPHXAE (HIalr0ar]), daughter of Helios (the founded by the Trojan Antenor. It became a
Sun) and Perseis, and a sister of Circe and flourishing and important town in early times,
MEetes, was the wife of Minos, by whom she and was powerful enough in B.C. 302 to drive
became the mother ofAndrogeos, Catreus, Deu- back the Spartan king Cleomenes with great
cation, Glaucus, Acalle, Xenodice, Ariadne, and loss when he attempted to plunder the surroundPhaedra. Hence Phaedra is called Pasiphaeia ing country. Under the Romans Patavium was
(Ov., Met., xv., 500).,Respecting the passion the most important city in the north of Italy,
of Pasiphae for the beautiful bull, and the birth and, by its commerce and manufactures (of
of the Minotaurus, vid. p. 517, b.        which its woollen stuffs were the most celePASITELES (TIatreir/Tf). 1. A statuary, who brated), it attained great opulence. According
flourished about B.C. 468, and was the teacher to Strabo, it possessed five hundred citizens,
of Colotes, the contemporary of Phidias.-2. A  whose fortune entitled them to the equestrian
statuary, sculptor, and silver-chaser, of the high- rank. It was plundered by Attila; and, in conest distinction, was a native of Magna Graecia, sequence of a revolt of its citizens, it was suband obtained the Roman franchise with his sequently destroyed by Agilolf, king of the Lancountrymen in B.C. 90. He flourished at Rome gobards, and razed to the ground; hence the
from about 60 to 30. Pasiteles also wrote a modern town contains few remains of antiquity.
treatise in five books upon celebrated works of Patavium is celebrated as the birth-place of the
sculpture and chasing.                    historian Livy. In its neighborhood were the
PASITHEA (Hlaacea). 1. One of the Charites, Aquae Patavince, also called Aponi Fons, respector Graces, also called Aglaia.-2. One of the ing which, vid. p. 78, b.Nereids.                                    PATERCULUS, C. VELLEIUS, a Roman historian,
PASITIGRIS (IlaariTyprly or IlaiTtyptg: now  was probably born about B.C. 19, and was deprobably [Shat-el-Arab]), a considerable river of' scended from a distinguished Campanian famAsia, rising in the mountains east of Mesoba- ily. He adopted the profession of arms; and,
tene, on the confines of Media and Persis, and soon after he had entered the army, he accomflowing first west by north to Mount Zagros panied C. Caesar in his expedition to the East,
or Parachoathras, then, breaking through this and was present with the latter at his interview
chain, it turns to the south, and flows through with the Parthian king in A.D. 2. Two years aftSusiana into the head of the Persiantulf, after erward, A.D. 4, he served under Tiberius in Gerreceiving the Eulanus on its western side. Some many, succeeding his father in the rank ofpraegeographers make the Pasitigris a tributary of fectus equitum, having previously filled in sucthe Tigris.                               cession the offices of tribune of the soldiers and
611




PATERNUS, TARRUNTENUS.                            PATROCLUS.
tribune of the camp. For the next eight years  PAT.rM (IcitrpaZ, IlarTpEf, Herod.: Tfar/3eS.
Paterculus served under Tiberius, either as prm- now Patr s), one of the twelve cities of Achaia,
fectus or legatus, in the various campaigns of was situated west of Rhium, near the opening
the latter in Germany, Pannonia, and Dalmatia, of the Corinthian Gulf. It is said to thave been
and, by his activity and ability, gained the favor originally called Aroe ('Ap6or), and to have been
of the future emperor. He- was qunestor A.D. founded by the autochthon Eumelus; and after
7, but he continued to serve as legatus under the expulsion of the Tonians, to have been taken
Tiberius. He accompanied his commander on possession of by Patreus, from whom it derived
his return to Rome in 12, and took a prominent its name. The town is rarely mentioned in
part in the triumphal procession of Tiberius, early Greek history, and was chiefly of importalong with his brother Magius Celer. The two ance as the place from which the Peloponnesiarns
brothers were pruetors in 15. Paterculus was directed-their attacks against the opposite coast
alive in 30, as he drew up his history in that of _Etolia. Patree was one of the four towrns
year for the use of M. Vinicius, who was then which took the leading part in founding the secconsul; Sand it is conjectured, with much prob- eond Acheanr league. In consequence ofassistability,Othat he perished ip the following year ing the Etolians against the Gauls in B.C. 2797
(31), along with the other friends of Sejanus. Patrae became so weakened that most of the ifnThe favorable manner in which he had so re- habitants deserted the town and took up their
cently spoken in his history of this powerful abodes in the neighboring villages. Under the
minister would be sufficient to insure his con- Romans it continued to be an insignificant place
demnation on the fall of the latter. The work till the time of Augustus, who rebuilt the town
of Paterculus, which has come down to us, is a after the battle of Actium, again collected its
brief historical compendium in two books, and inhabitants, and added to them those of Rhype.
bears the title C. Velleii Paterculi Historic Re- Augustus further gave Patrae dominion over the
mance ad M. Vinicium Cos. Libri If. The begin- neighboring towns, and even over Locris, and
ning of the work is wanting, and there is also a also bestowed upon it the privileges of a Roman
portion lost after the eighth chapter of the first colony: hence we find it called on coins Colouzni
book. The object of this compendium was to Augzesta Aroe Patrensis. Strabo describes Pagive a brief view of universal history, but more trae in his time as a flourishing and populous
especially of the events connected with Rome, town, with a good harbor, and it was frequently
the history of which occupies the main portion the place at which persons landed sailing from
of the book. It commenced apparently with the Italy to Greece. The modern Patras is still an
destruction of Troy, and ended with the year important place, but contains few remains of
30. In the execution of his work, Velleius has antiquity.
shown great skill and judgment. He does not  PATROCLES (HIarpOK~X2), a Macedonian genattempt to give a consecutive account of all the eral in the service of Seleucus I. and Antiochus
events of history; he seizes upon a few only I., kings of Syria. Patrocles held, both under
ofthe more prominent facts, which he describes Seleucus and Antiochus, an important governat sufficient length to leave them impressed ment over some of the eastern provinces of the
upon the recollection of his hearers. His style, Syrian empire. During the period of his holdwhich is a close imitation of Sallust's, is char- ing this position, he collected accurate geoacterized by clearness, conciseness, and en- graphical information,which he afterward pubergy. In his estimate of the characters of the lished to the world; but, though he is frequently
leading actors in Roman history, he generally cited by Strabo, who placed the utmost reliance
exhibits both discrimination and judgment; but on his accuracy, neither the title nor exact subhe lavishes the most indiscriminate praises, as ject of his work is mentioned. It seems clear,
might have been expected, upon his patron however, that it included a general account of
Tiberius. Only one manuscript of Paterculus India, as well as of the countries on the banks
has come down to us; and as this manuscript of the Oxus and the Caspian Sea. Patrocles
abounds with errors, the text is in a very cor- regarded the Caspian Sea as a gulf or inlet of
rupt state.  The best editions are by Ruhn- the ocean, and maintained the possibility of sailken, Lugd. Bat., 1789; by Orelli, Lips., 1835; by ing thither by sea from the Indian Ocean.
Bothe,Turici, 1837; [and byKritz, Lips., 1840.]  PATRoCLI INSPLA (IIarp6X;tov vYuoC: now GaPATERNUS, TARRUNTkNUS, a jurist, is probably daronesi or Gaidronisi), a small island off the
the same person who was pruefectus pretorio  southwestern coast of Attica, near Suniurm.
under Commodus, and was put to death by the  PATROCLUS (HldrpomKo C or Ierpoic;Xr), the celeemperor on a charge of treason. He was the brated friend of Achilles, was son of Mencetius
author of a work in four books, entitled De Re of Opus, and grandson of Actor and Xgina,
kl'rilitari or Militarium, from which there are two whence he is called Actorides. His mother is.excerpts in the Digest.                  commonly called Sthenele, but some mention
PATMOS (HIItr/Oc: now Patmo), one.of the isl- her under the name of Periapis or Polymele.
-ands called Sporades, in the Icarian Sea, at XAacus, the grandfather of Achilles, was a broth-.about equal distances south of Samos and west er of Mencetius, so that Achilles and Patroclus
of the Promontorium Posidium on the coast of were kinsmen as well as fiiends. WVhile still a
Caria, celebrated as the place to which the boy, Patroclus involuntarily slew Clysonymus,
Apostle John was banished, and in which he son of Amphidamas. In consequence of this
wrote the Apocalypse. The natives still affect accident, he was taken by his father to Peleus
to show the cave where St. John saw the apoc- at Phthia, where he was educated together with
alyptic visions (rO c:7irlatnov rbc aeroae;tcJiewf). Achilles. He is said to have taken part in the
On the eastern side of the island was a city with expedition against Troy on account of his ata harbor.                                 tachment to Achilles. He foughtbravely against
612




PATRON.                                   PAULUS.
the Trojans, until his friend withdrew from the with him. After the blood had flowed some
scene of action, when Patroclus followed his time, Nero commanded her veins to be bound
example. But when the Greeks were hard up; she lived a few years longer, but with a
pressed, he begged Achilles to allow him to put paleness which testified how near she had been
on his armor, and with his men to hasten to the to death.
assistance of the Greeks. Achilles granted the  PAULINUS. 1. POMPEIUS, commanded in Gerrequest, and Patroclus succeeded in driving back many along with L. Antistius Vetus in A.D. 58,
the Trojans and extinguishing the fire which and completed the dam to restrain the inundawas raging among the ships. He slew many tion of the Rhine, which Drusushad commenced
enemies, and thrice made an assault upon the sixty-three years before. Seneca dedicated to
walls of Troy; but onl a sudden he was struck him his treatise De Brevitate Vite; and the Pomby Apollo, and became senseless. In this state peia Paulina, whom the philosopher married,
Euphorbus ran him through with his lance from  was probably the daughter of this Paulinus.behind, and Hector gave him the last and fatal 2. SUETONIUS, proprietor in Mauretania, in the
blow. Hector also took possession of his armor. reign of the Emperor Claudius, A.D. 42, when
A long struggle now ensued between the Greeks he conquered the Moors who had revolted, and
and Trojans for the body of Patroclus; but the advanced as far as Mount Atlas. He had the
former obtained possession of it, and brought it command of Britain in the reign of Nero, from
to Achilles, who was deeply grieved, and vowed 59 to 62. For the first two years all his underto avenge, the death of his friend. Thetis pro- takings were successful; but during his absence
tected the body with ambrosia against decom- on an expedition against the island of Mona
position, until Achilles had leisure solemnly to (now Anglesey), the Britons rose in rebellion
burn it with funeral sacrifices. His ashes were under Boadicea (61). They at first met with
collected in a golden urn which Bacchus (Dio- great success, but were conquered by Suetonius
nysus) had once given to Thetis, and were de- on his return from Mona. Vid. BOADICEA. In
posited under a mound, where the remains of 66 he was consul; and, after the death of Nero
Achilles-were subsequently buried.  Funeral in 68, he was one of Otho's generals in the war
games were celebrated in his honor. Achilles against Vitellius. It was against his advice that
and Patroclus met again in the lower world; or, Otho fought the battle at Bedriacum. He was
according to others, they continued after their pardoned byVitellius after Otho's death.-3. Of
death to live together in the island of Leuce.  Milan (Mediolanensis), was the secretary of St.
[PATRON, an Arcadian, mentioned by Virgil as Ambrose, after whose death he became a deaone of those engaged in the games celebrated con, and repaired to Africa, where, at the reby zEneas in Sicily in honor of his father.]  quest of St. Augustine, he composed a biograPATRON. [1. A native of Phocis, commander phy of his former patron. This biography, and
of the Greek mercenaries who accompanied two other small works by Paulinus, are still exDarius after the battle of Gaugamela. When tant.-4. MEROPIUS PONTIUS ANICIUS PAULINUS,
Bessus and his accomplices were conspiring bishop of Nola,' and hence generally designated
against Darius, Patron with his Greeks remain- Paulinus INolanus, was born at Bourdeaux, or at
ed faithful to him.]-2. An Epicurean philoso- a neighboring town, which he calls Embromapher, lived for some time in Rome, where he be- gum, aboutA.D. 353. His parents were wealthy
came acquaintedwith Cicero and others. From  and illustrious, and he received a careful educaRome he removed to Athens, and there succeed- tion, enjoying in particular the instructions of
edPhwedrus as president of the Epicurean school, the poet Ausonius. After many years spent in
B.C. 52.                                  worldly honors, he withdrew from the world, and
PATTALA. Vid. PATTALENE.                was eventually chosen bishop of Nola in 409.
PATTALENE or PATALENE (ITarra;vj7, ITiaa- He died in 431. The works of Paulinus are
2 nvj: now Lower Scinde), the name of the great still extant, and consist ofEpistolc (fifty-one in
delta formed by the two principal arms by which number), Carmina (thirty-two in number, comtheIndus falls into the sea. At the apex of the posed in a great variety of metres), and a short
delta stood the city PATTXLA or PATXLA (now  tract entitled Passio S. GenesiiArelatensis. Edprobably Hyderabad). The name is probably a ited by Le Brun, 4to, Paris, 1685, reprinted at
native Indian word, namely, the Sanscrit patdla, Veron., 1736.
which means the western country, and is applied  PAULLUS or PAULUS, a Roman cognomen in
to the western part of Northern India about the many gentes, but best known as the name of a
Indus, in contradistinction to the eastern part family of the.Emilia gens. The name was
about the Ganges.                         originally written with a double I, but subsePATULCIUS, a surname of Janus. Vid. JANUS. quently with only one 1.
PATUIMUS (1HdTovyUO: in the Old Testament,  PAULUS (IIaaoc), Greekwriters. 1. 2EGINETA,
Pithom: probably near Habaseyh or Belheis), an a celebrated medical writer, of whose personal
Egyptian city in the Arabian Desert, on the east- history nothing is known except that he was
ern margin of the Delta, near Bubastis, and near born in 2Egina, and that he travelled a good
the commencement of Necho's Canal from the deal, visiting, among other places, Alexandrea.
Nile to the Red.Sea; built by the Israelites dur- He probably lived in the latter half of the seving their captivity (Exod., i., 11).      enth century after Christ. He wrote several
PAULINA or PAULLINA.. LOLLIA. Vid. LOL- medical works in Greek, of which the principal.
SIA. —2, POMPEIA, wife of Seneca the philoso- one is still extant, with no exact title, but compher, and probably the daughter of Pompeius monly called DeRe Medica Libri Septem. This
Paulinus, who commanded in Germany in the work is chiefly a compilation from former writreign of Nero. When her husband was con- ers. The Greek text has been twice published,
demned to death, she opened her veins along Venet., 1528, and Basil., 1538. There is an ex613




PAULUS, 2EMILIUS.                          PAULUS, JULIUS.
cellent English translation by Adams, London, he conquered the Ingauni, a Ligurian peoplo.
1834, seq.-2. Of ALEXANDREA, wrote, in A.D. For the next thirteen years he lived quietly al
378, an Introduction to Astrology (Eltaywy7 eil  Rome, devoting most of his time to the educaTv'v a'roTese-C2LaruiKtv), which has come down to tion of his children. He was consul a second
us, edited by Schatus or 6chato, Wittenberg, time in 168, and brought the war against Per1586.-3. OfSAMOSATA, a celebrated heresiarch  sels to a conclusion by the defeat of the Maceof the third century, was made bishop of Anti- donian monarch, near Pydna, on the 22d of
och about A.D. 260. He was condemned and June. Perseus shortly afterward surrendered
deposed by a council held in 269. Paulus de- himself to Paulus. Vid. PERsEUS. Paulus renied the distinct personality of the Son of God, mained in Macedonia during the greater part of
and maintained that the Word came and dwelt the following year as proconsul, and arranged
in the man Jesus.-4. SILENTIARIUS, so called, the affairs of Macedonia, in conjunction with
because he was chief of the silentiarii, or secre- ten Roman commissioners, whomr the senate
taries of the Emperor Justinian. He wrote va- had dispatched for the purpose. Before leavrious poems, of which the following are extant: ing Greece he marched into Epirus, where, in
(1.) A Description of the Church of St. Sophia,accordance with a cruel command of the senate,
("'EtpaaLf TOV vaoi r cag oay tr Boia), consist- he gave to his soldiers seventy towns to be piling of one thousand and twenty-nine verses, of laged because they had been in alliance with
which the first one hundred and thirty-four are Perseus. The triumph of Paulus, which was'iambic, the rest hexameter. This poem gives celebrated at the end of November, 167, was
a clear and graphic description of the superb the most splendid that Rome had yet seen. It
structure which forms its subject, and was re- lasted three days. Before the triumphal car of
cited by its author at the second dedication of TEmilius walked the captive monarch of Macethe church (A.D. 562), after the restoration of donia and his children, and behind it were his
the dome,which had fallen in.. Edited byGreafe, two illustrious sons, Q. Fabius Maximus and
Lips., 1822, and by Bekker, Bonn, 1837, in the P. Scipio Africanus the younger, both of whom
Bonn edition of the Byzantine historians. (2.) A  had been adopted into other families. But the
Description of the Pulpit ("Etcpactl TOV O  J6uvog), glory of the conqueror was clouded by family
consisting of three hundred and four verses, is a misfortune. At this very time he lost his two
supplement to the former poem. It is printed younger sons; one, twelve years of age, died
in the editions mentioned above. (3.) Epigrams, only five days before his triumph, and the other,
eighty-three in all, given in the Anthologia. fourteen years of age, only three days after his
Among these is a poem On the Pythian Baths, triumph. The loss was all the severer, since
(Eic rTa v IIv0io't iepiua).              he had no son left to ca'ry his name down to
PAULUS, iEMILIUS. 1. M., consul B.C. 302, posterity. In 164 Paulus was censor with Q.
and magister equitum to the dictator Q. Fabius Marcius Philippus, and died in 160, after a long
Maximus Rullianus, 301. -2. M., consul 255 and tedious illness. The fortune he left behind
with Ser. Fulvius Paetinus Nobilior, about the him was so small as scarcely to be sufficient to
middle of the first Punic war. Vid. NOBILIOR, pay his wife's dowry. The Adelphi of Terence
No. 1.-3. L., son of No. 2, consul 219, when was brought out at the funeral games exhibited
he conquered Demetrius off the island of Pharos in his honor. 2Emilius Paulus was married
in the Adriatic, and compelled him to fly for twice. By his first wife, Papiria, the daughter
refuge to Philip, king of Macedonia. He was of C. Papirius Maso, consul 231, he had four
consul a second time in 216 with C. Terentius children, two sons, one of whom was adopted
Varro. This was the year of the memorable by Fabius Maximus and the other by P. Scipio,
defeat at Cannae. Vid. HANNIBAL. The battle and two daughters, one of whom was married
was fought against the advice of Paulus; and to Q. Elius Tubero, and the other to M. Cato,
he was one of the many distinguished Romans son of Cato the censor. He afterward divorced
who perished in the engagement, refusing to Papiria; and by his second wife, whose name
fly from the field when a tribune of the soldiers is not mentioned, he had two sons, whose death
offered him his horse. Hence we find in Hor- has been mentioned above,-and a daughter, who
ace (Carm., i., 12), " animaeque magnae prodi- was a child at the time that her father was
gum Paulum, superante Pceno." Paulus was a elected to his second consulship.
stanch adherent of the aristocracy, and was  PAULUS, JULIUs, one of the most distinguishraised to the consulship by the latter party to ed of the Roman jurists, has been supposed,
counterbalance the influence of the plebeian without any good reason, to be of Greek origin.
Terentius Varro.-4. L., afterward surnamed He was in the auditorium of Papinian, and,
MACEDONICUS, son of No. 3, was born about 230 consequently, was acting as a jurist in the reign
or 229, since at the time of his second consul- of Septimius Severus. He was exiled by Elaship, 168, he was upward of sixty years of age. gabalus, but he was recalled by Alexander SeHe was one of the best specimens of the high verus when the latter became emperor, and
Roman nobles. He would not condescend to was made a member of his consilium. Paulus
flatter the people for the offices of the state, also held the office of praefectus praetorio: he
maintained with strictness severe discipline in survived his contemporary Ulpian. Paulus was
the army, was deeply skilled in the law of the perhaps the most fertile of all the Roman law
augurs, to whose college he belonged, and writers, and there is more excerpted from him
maintained throughout life a pure and unspot- in the Digest than from any other jurist exted character. He was elected curule aedile ceptUlpian. Upward of seventy separate work.
192; was praetor 191, and obtained Further by Paulus are quoted in the Digest. Of these,
Spain as his province, where he carried on war his greatest work was Ad Edictum, in eighty
with the Lusitani; and was consul 181, when books.
614




PAULUS, PASSIENUS.                             PAUSANIAS.
PAULUS, PASSIsNUs, acontemporaryand friend even after this second escape he still continued
of the younger Pliny, was a distinguished Ro- to carry on his intrigues with Persia. At length
man eques, and was celebrated for his elegiac a man, who was charged with a letter to Perand lyric poems.  He belonged to the same sia, having his suspicions awakened by noticmunicipium (Mevania in Umbria) as Propertius, ing that none of those sent previously on simiwhom he numbered among his ancestors.     lar errands had returned, counterfeited the seal
PAUSANIAS (Ilavaviac). 1. A Spartan of the of Pausanias and opened the letter, in which
Agid branch of the royal family, the son of Cle- he found directions for his own death. He carombrotus and nephew of Leonidas.  Several ried the letter to the ephors, who prepared to
writers incorrectly call him king; but he only arrest Pausanias; but he took refuge in the
succeeded his father Cleombrotus in the guard- temple of Athena (Minerva) Chalcicecus. The
ianship of his cousin Plistarchus, the son of ephors stripped off the roof of the temple and
Leonidas, for whom he exercised the functions built up the door; the aged mother of Pausaof royalty from B.C. 479 to the period of his nias is said to have been among the first who
death. In 479, when the Athenians called upon laid a stone for this purpose. When he was
the Lacedaemonians for aid against the Persians, on the point of expiring, the ephors took him
the Spartans sent a body of five thousand Spar- out lest his death should pollute the sanctuary.
tans, each attended by seven Helots, under the He died as soon as he got outside, B.C. 470.
command of Pausanias. At the Isthmus Pau- He left three sons behind him, Plistoanax, aftsanias was joined by the other Peloponnesian erward king, Cleomenes, and Aristocles.-2.
allies, and at Eleusis by the Athenians, and Son of Plistoanax, and grandson of the precedforthwith took the command of the combined ing, was king of Sparta from B.C. 408 to 394.
forces, the other Greek generals forming a sort In 403 he was sent with an army into Attica,
of council of war. The allied forces amounted and secretly favored the cause of Thrasybulus
to nearly one hundred and ten thousand men. and the Athenian exiles, in order to counteract
Near Platses in Breotia, Pausanias defeated the the plans of Lysander. In 395 Pausanias was
Persian army under the command ofMardonius. sent with an army against the Thebans; but in
This decisive victory secured the independence consequence of the death of Lysander, who was
of Greece. Pausanias received as his reward slain under the walls of Haliartus on the day
a tenth of the Persian spoils. In 477 the con- before Pausanias reached the spot, the king
federate Greeks sent out a fleet, under the com- agreed to withdraw his forces from Boeotia.
mand of Pausanias, to follow up their success On his return to Sparta he was impeached, and,
by driving the Persians completely out of Eu- seeing that a fair trial was not to be hoped for,
rope and the islands. Cyprus was first attack- went into voluntary exile, and was condemned
ed, and the greater part of it subdued. From  to death. He was living at Tegea in 385, when
Cyprus Pausanias sailed to Byzantium, and cap- Mantinea was besieged by his son Agesipolis,
tured the city. The capture of this city afford- who succeeded him on the throne.-3. King of
ed Pausanias an opportunity for commencing Macedonia, the son and successor of Aeropus.
the execution of the design which he had ap- He was assassinated in the year of his accesparently formed even before leaving Greece. sion by Amyntas II., 394.-4. A pretender to
Dazzled by his success and reputation, his sta- the throne of Macedonia, made his appearance
tion as a Spartan citizen had become too re- in 367, after Alexander II. had been assassinstricted for his ambition. His position as re- ated by Ptolemaeus. Eurydice, the mother of
gent was one which must terminate when the Alexander, sent to request the aid of the Atheking became of age. He therefore aimed at nian general Iphicrates, who expelled Pausanias
becoming tyrant over the whole of Greece, with from the kingdom.-5. A Macedonian youth of
the assistance of the Persian king. Among the distinguished family, from the province of Oresprisoners taken at Byzantium were some Per- tis. Having been shamefully treated byAttalus,
sians connected with the royal family. These he complained of the outrage to Philip; but, as
he sent to the king, with a letter, in which he Philip took no notice of his complaints, he dioffered to bring Sparta and the rest of Greece rected his vengeance, against the king himself.
under his power, and proposed to marry his He shortly afterward murdered Philip at the
daughter. His offers were gladly accepted, and festival held at.Egae, 336, but was slain on the
whatever amount of troops and money he re- spot by some officers of the king's guard. Susquired for accomplishing his designs. Pausa- picion rested on Olympias and Alexander of
nias now set no bounds to his arrogant and dom- having been privy to the deed; but with regard
ineering temper. The allies were so disgusted to Alexander, at any rate, the suspicion is probby his conduct, that they all, except the Pelo- ably totally unfounded. There was a story that
ponnesians and 2Eginetans, voluntarily offered Pausanias, while meditating revenge, having
to transfer to the Athenians that pre-eminence asked the sophist Hermocrates which was the
of rank which Sparta had hitherto enjoyed. In shortest way to fame, the latter replied that it
this way the Athenian confederacy first took its was by killing the man who had performed the
rise. Reports of the conduct and designs of greatest achievements. -6. The traveller and
Pausanias reached Sparta, and he was recalled geographer, was perhaps a native of Lydia. He
and put upon his trial; but the evidence re- lived under Antoninus Pius and M. Aurelius,
specting his meditated treachery was not yet and wrote his celebrated work in the reign of
thought sufficiently strong. Shortly afterward the latter emperor.  This work, entitled'E2he returned to Byzantium, without the orders 2,cdoC IIepotyjYto, a Periegesis or Itinerary of
of the ephors, and renewed his treasonable in- Greece, is in ten books, and contains a descriptrigues. He was again recalled to Sparta, was tion of Attica and Megaris (i.), Corinthia, Sicagain put on his trial and again acquitted. But yonia, Phliasia, and Argolis (ii.), Laconica (iii.),
615




PAUSIAS.                                   PEDIUS.
Messenia (iv.), Elis (v., vi.), Achaea (vii.), Area- ii., s 2), to have lived somewhat earlier than the
dia (viii.), Bceotia (ix.), Phocis (x.). The work time of this philosopher.
shows that Pausanias visited most of the places  PAUSuL^ (Pausulanus: now Monte del' Olsno),
in these divisions of Greece, a fact which is a town in the interior of Picenum, between Urbs
clearly demonstrated by the minuteness and Salvia and Asculum.
particularity of his description. The work is  PAVOR. Vid. PALLOR.
merely an Itinerary. Pausanias gives no gen-  PAx, the goddess of Peace, called IRIENE by the
eral description of a country or even of a place, Greeks. Vid. IRENE.
but he describes the things as he comes to them.  PAX JULIA or PAX AUGUSTA (now Beja), a RoHis account is minute; but it mainly refers to man colony in Lusitania, and the seat of a conobjects of antiquity and works of art, such as ventus juridicus, north of Julia Myrtilis.
buildings, temples, statues, and pictures. He  PAXI (now Paxo and Antipaso), the name of
also mentions mountains, rivers, and fountains, two small islands offthe western coast ofGreece,
and the mythological stories connected with between Corcyra and Leucas.
them, which, indeed, are his chief inducements  PIEDUM or PEDEUS (TI7datov, accus., Hom.,
to speak of them. His religious feeling was II., xiii., 172), a town of the Troad.
strong, and his belief sure, for he tells many  [PED2EUS (HIl7da7o), son of Antenor, slain by
old legends in true good faith and seriousness. Meges in the Trojan war.]
His style has been much condemned by mod-   PEDAXLIUM (IIVl]62tov).. l.(Now Cape Chinazi),
ern critics; but if we except some corrupt pas- a promontory of Caria, on the western side of
sages, and if we allow that his order of words the Sinus Glaucus, called also Artemisium, from
is not that of the best Greek writers, there is a temple ofArtemis upon it.-2. (Now Capo della
hardly much obscurity to a person who is com- Grega), a promontory on the eastern side of
petently acquainted with Greek, except that Cyprus.
obscurity which sometimes is owing to the mat-  [PEDANIUS, T. 1. The first centurion of the
ter. With the exception of Herodotus, there principes, was distinguished for his bravery in
is no writer of antiquity, and perhaps none of the second Punic war, B.C. 212.-2. PEDANIUS
modern times, who has comprehended so many SECUNDUS, praefectus urbi in the reign of Nero,
valuable facts in a small volume. The best was killed by one of his own slaves.]
editions are by Siebelis, Lips., 1822-1828, 5 vols.  PEDAXSA (ljdaa a: HVIcaaevr, plur. HIr76aarer,
8vo; by Schubart and Walz, Lips., 1838-40, 3 Herod.), a very ancient city of Caria, was originvols. 8vo; [and by L. Dindorf, Paris, 1845, 8vo.] ally a chief abode of the Leleges. Alexander
PAUSIAS (Iavalac), one of the most distin- assigned it to Halicarnassus. At the time of
guished Greek painters, was a contemporary the Roman empire it had entirely vanished,
of Aristides,, Melanthius, and Apelles (about though its name was preserved in that of the
B'.C. 360-330), and a disciple of Pamphilus. He district around its site, namely, PEDASIS (IInahad previously been instructed by his father air). Its locality is only known thus far, that
Brietes, who lived at Sicyon, where also Pausias it must have stood somewhere in the triangle
passed his life. The department of the art formed by Miletus, Halicarnassus, and Stratowhich Pausias most practiced was painting in nicea.
encaustic with the cestrum. His favorite sub-  PEDASUS (HIIdacog). 1. A town of Mysia, on
jects were small panel-pictures, chiefly of boys. the Satniois, mentioned several times by Homer.
One of his most celebrated pictures was the It was destroyed by the time of Strabo, who says
portrait of Glycera, a flower-girl of his native that it was a settlement of the Leleges on Mount
city, of whom he was enamored when a young Ida.-[2. A city of Messenia, mentioned by Homan. Most of his paintings were probably trans- mer, which subsequent writers sought to identify
ported to Rome, with the other treasures of Sic- with Methone or Corone.]
yonian art, in the aedileship of Scaurus, when  [PEDASUS (II7jaaof), son of Bucolion and the
the state of Sicyon was compelled to sell all nymph Abarbarea, and brother ofEsepus, slain
the pictures which were public property in order by Euryalus under the walls of Troy.]
to pay its debts.;                        PEDIANUS, ASCONIUS. Vid. AscONIUS.
[PAUSIc'x (Ilavafiat), a people of the Persian  [PEDIEA (Hed6iea: now probably the ruins at
empire, classed under the eleventh general di- Palea-Fiva), a place in Phocis, near the Cephivision, dwelling between the Oxus and Jaxar- sus, between Neon and Tritaea.]
tes.]                                       PEDIUS. 1. Q., the great-nephew of the diePAUSILVPUM (TrO lCavaZLtvrov), that is, the tator C. Julius Caesar, being the grandson of
"grief-assuaging," was the name of a splendid Julia, Caesar's eldest sister. He served under
villa near Neapolis in Campania, which Vedius Ctsar in Gaul as his legatus, B.C. 57.  In 55
Pollio bequeathed to Augustus. The name was he was a candidate for the curule adileship with
transferred to the celebrated grotto (now Posi- Cn. Plancius and others, but he lost his election.
lippo) between Naples and Puzzuoli, which was In the civil war he fought on Caesar's side. He
formed by a tunnel cut through the rock by the was praetor in 48, and in that year he defeated
architect Cocceius, by command of Agrippa. and slew Milo in the neighborhood of.Thurii.
At its entrance the tomb of Virgil is still shown. In 45 he served against the Pompeian patrty in
[PAUSIRAS (llavaipac) or PAUSIRIs (Haviatpt), Spain. In Caesar's will, Pedius was named one
son of Amyrtaeus, the rebel satrap of Egypt. of his heirs along with his two other great-nephVid. AMYRT'EUS. Notwithstanding his father's ews, C. Octavianus and L. Pinarius, Octavianus
revolt, he was appointed by the Persian king to obtaining three fourths of the property, and the
the satrapy of Egypt.]                    remaining one fourth being divided between
PAUsoN (Ilavaov), a Greek painter, who ap- Pinarius and Pedius: the latter resigned his
pears, from the description of Aristotle (Poet., share of the inheritance to Octavianus. Aftex
616




PEDNELISSUS.                               PELAGONIA.
the fall of the consuis Hirtius and Pansa, at Neptune (Poseidon), and gave him a golden
the battle of Mutina, in April, 43, Octavianus bridle.,When he awoke he found the bridle,
marched upon Rome at the head of an army, offered the sacrifice, and caught Pegasus while
and in the month of August he was elected con- he was drinking at the well Pirene. According
sulalong with Pedius. The latter forthwith pro- to some, Minerva (Athena) herself tamed and
posed a law, known by the name of the Lex Pe- bridled Pegasus, and surrendered him to Beldila, by which all the murderers of Julius Caesar lerophon. After he had conquered the Chimaera,
were punished with aquas et ignis interdictio. he endeavored to rise up to heaven upon his
Pedius was left in charge of the city, while Oc- winged horse, but fell down upon the earth.
tavianus marched into the. north of Italy. He Vid. BELLEROPHON. Pegasus was also regarded
died toward the end of the year, shortly after the as the horse of the Muses, and in this connection
news of the proscription had reached Rome.-  is more celebrated in modern times than in an[2. Q., grandson of No. 1, was dumb from his tiquity; for with the ancients he had no conbirth. He was instructed in painting by the di- nection with the Muses, except producing with
rection of his kinsman Messala, with the sanc- his hoof the inspiring fountain Hippocrene. The
tion of Augustus, and attained to considerable story about this fountain runs as follows: When
excellence in the art, but died while still a the nine Muses engaged in a contest with the
youth.]-3. SEXTUS, a Roman jurist, frequently nine daughters of Pierus on Mount Helicon, all
cited by Paulus and Ulpian, lived before the time became darkness when the daughters of Pierus
of Hadrian.                               began to sing; whereas, during the song of the
PEDNELISSUS (IlElvrq7La60f), a~ city in the in- Muses, heaven, the sea, and all the rivers stood
terior of Pisidia, and apparently on the Euryme- still to listen, and Helicon rose heavenward
don, above Aspendus and Selge. It formed an with delight, until Pegasus, on the advice of
independent state, but was almost constantly at Neptune (Poseidon), stopped its ascent by kickwar with Selge. Mr. Fellowes supposes its site ing it with his hoof. From this kick there arose
to be marked by the ruins of the Roman period Hippocrene, the inspiring well of the Muses, on
near Bolkas-Koi, on the eastern bank of the Eu- Mount Helicon, which, for this reason, Persius
rymedon.                                  calls fons caballinus. Others, again, relate that
PEDO ALBINOVANUS. Vid. ALBINOVANUS.     Pegasus caused the well to gush forth because
PEDUCEsUS, SEX. 1. Proprator in Sicily, B.C. he was thirsty. Pegasus is often seen repre76 and 75, in the latter of which years Cicero sented in ancient works of art along with Miserved under him as quaestor.-2. Son of the nerva (Athena) and Bellerophon.-2. A Roman
preceding, and an intimate friend of Atticus and jurist, one of the followers or pupils of ProcuCicero. In the civil war Peducaeus sided with lus, and praefectus urbi under Domitian (Juv.,
Caesar, by whom he was appointed in 48 to the iv., 76). The Senatusconsultum Pegasianum,
government of Sardinia. In 39 he was propre- which was passed in the time of Vespasian,
tor in Spain.                             when Pegasus was consul suffectus with Pusio,
PEDUM (Pedanus: now Gallicano), an ancient probably took its name from him.
town of Latium, on the Via Lavicana, which fell  [PEIREEUS (HlepatLEV). Vid. PIRmUS.]
into decay at an early period.              PEISO LACUS. Vid. PELSO LACUS.
PEGSM. Vid. PAGE. GPELAGIUS, probably a native of Britain, celePEGASIS (II7yaart), i. e., sprung from Pegasus, brated as the propagator of those heretical opinwas applied to the fountain Hippocrene, which ions which have derived their name from him,
was called forth by the hoof of Pegasus. The and which were opposed with great energy by
Muses are also called Pegasides, because the his contemporaries, Augustine and Jerome. He
fountain Hippocrene was sacred to them.   first appears in history about the beginning of
PEGXSUS (lyaaoC). 1. The celebrated winged the fifth century, when we find him residing at
horse, whose origin is thus related: When Per- Rome. In the year 409 or 410, when Alaric was
seus struck off the head of Medusa, with whom  threatening the metropolis, Pelagius, accomNeptune (Poseidon) had had intercourse in the panied by his disciple and ardent admirer Ccelesform of a horse or a bird, there sprang from her tius, passed over to Sicily, from thence proChrysaor and the horse Pegasus. The latter ceeded to Africa, and, leaving Celestius at
received this name because he was believed to Carthage, sailed for Palestine. The fame of
have made his appearance near the sources his sanctity had preceded him, for upon his ar(rgyai) of Oceanus. He ascended to the seats rival he was received with great warmth by
of the immortals, and afterward lived in the Jerome and many other distinguished fathers
palace of Jupiter (Zeus), for whom he carried of the Church. Soon afterward the opinions of
thunder and lightning. According to this view, Pelagius were denounced as heretical; and, in
which is apparently the most ancient, Pegasus A.D. 417, Pelagius and Ccelestius were anathewas the thundering horse of Jupiter (Zeus); matized by Pope Innocentius. A very few only
but later writers describe him as the horse of of the numerous treatises of Pelagius have deEos (Aurora), and place him among the stars. scended to us. They are printed with the works
Pefg  a'.o acts a prominent part in the com- of Jerome.
bat oo'l^^eanhon' against the Chimaera. In  [PELAGON (IIE2dY(av). 1. A Pylian warrior,
order tfoK-I-Terhimaera, it was necessary for served in the Trojan war under Nestor.-2. A
Bellerophon to obtain possession of Pegasus. Lycian warrior in the train of Sarpedon.-3. A
For this purpose the soothsayer Polyidus at Phocian, son of Amphidamas: from him CadCorinth advised him to spend a night in the tern- mus bought the cow which guided him to
pie of Minerva (Athena). As Bellerophon was Thebes.]
asleep in the temple, the goddess appeared to  PELAGONIA (HIeLayovia: Hleay6vef, pl.). 1. A
him in a dream, commanding him to sacrifice to district in Macedonia. The Pelagones were an
617




PELARGE.                                   PELEUS.
ancient people, probably of Pelasgic origin, and saly, between Hestiasotis and Magnesia. Vid.
seem originally to have inhabited the Valley of THESSALIA.
the Axius, since Homer calls Pelagon a son of  PELASGUS. Vid. PELASGI.
Axius.  The Pelagones afterward migrated    PELENDONES, a Celtiberian people in Hispania
westward to the Erigon, the country around Tarraconensis, between the sources of the Duwhich received the name of Pelagonia, which rius and the Iberus.
thus lay south of Peonia. The chief town of  PELETHRONIUM (leieROpovtov), a mountainous
this district was also called Pelagonia (now Vi- district in Thessaly, part of Mount Pelion, where
tolia or Monastir), which was under the Romans the Lapithee dwelt, and which is said to have dethe capital of the fourth division of Macedonia. rived its name from Pelethronius, king of the
It was situated on the Via Egnatia, not far from  Lapithee, who invented the use of the bridle and
the narrow passes leading into Illyria.-2. A  the saddle.
district in Thessaly, called the Pelagonian Tripo-  PELEUS (IIheXVC), son of.Eacus and Endeis,
lis, because it consisted of the three towns of was king of the Myrmidons at Phthia in ThesAzorus, Pythium, andDoliche. It was situated saly. He was a brother of Telamon, and stepwest of Olympus, in the upper valley of the brother of Phocus, the son of _Eacus, by the
Titaresius, and belonged to Perrhaebia, whence Nereid Psamathe.  Peleus and Telamon rethese three towns are sometimes called the solved to get rid of Phocus, because he exPerrhaebian Tripolis. Some of the Macedonian celled them in their military games, and TelaPelagonians, who had been driven out of their mon, or, according to others, Peleus, murdered
homes by the Pueonians, migrated into this part their step-brotrer. The two brothers concealed
of Thessaly, which was originally inhabited by their crime by removing the body of Phocus,
Dorians.                                  but were nevertheless found out, and expelled
[PELARGE (IIeapyi), daughter of Potneus, by ZEacus from rEgina. Peleus went to Phthia
wife of Isthmiades,was instrumental in estab- in Thessaly, where he was purified from the
lishing the Cabiri-worship in Boeotia, and hence murder by Eurytion, the son of Actor, married
became herself an object of worship.]     his daughter Antigone, and received with her
PELASGI (Haegaoyoi), the earliest inhabitants a third of Eurytion's kingdom. Others relate
of Greece, who established the worship of the that he went to Ceyx at Trachis; and, as he
Dodonaean Zeus (Jupiter), Hephestus-(Vulcan), had come to Thessaly without companions, he
the Cabiri, and other divinities that belong to the prayed to Jupiter (Zeus) for an army; and the
earliest inhabitants of the country. They claim- god, to please Peleus, metamorphosed the ants
ed descent from a mythical hero, Pelasgus, of (yipyUnKES) into men, who were accordingly callwhom we have different accounts in the differ- ed Myrmidons. Peleus accompanied Eurytion
ent parts of Greece inhabited by Pelasgians. to the Calydonian hunt, and involuntarily killed
The nation was widely spread over Greece and him with his spear, in consequence of which he
the islands of the Grecian archipelago, and the fled from Phthia to Iolcus, where he was again
name of Pelasgia was given at one time to purified by Acastus, the king of the place. While
Greece.  One of the most ancient traditions residing at Iolcus, Astydamia, the wife of Acasrepresented Pelasgus as a descendant of Pho- tus, fell in love with him; but, as her proposals
roneus, king of Argos; and it seems to have were rejected by Peleus, she accused him to
been generally believed by the Greeks that the her husband of having attempted her virtue.
Pelasgi spread from Argos to the other coun- Acastus, unwilling to stain his hand with the
tries of Greece. Arcadia, Attica, Epirus, and blood of the man whom he had hospitably reThessaly were, in addition to Argos, some of the ceived, and whom he had purified from his guilt,
principal seats of the Pelasgi. They were also took him to Mount Pelion, where they hunted
found on the coasts- of Asia Minor, and, accord- wild beasts; and when Peleus, overcome with
ing to some writers, in Italy as well. Of the fatigue, had fallen asleep, Acastus left him
language, habits, and civilization of this people, alone, and concealed his sword, that he might
we possess no certain knowledge. Herodotus be destroyed by the wild beasts. When Peleus
says they spoke a barbarous language, that is, a awoke and sought his sword, he was attacked
language not Greek; but from the facility with by the Centaurs, but was saved, by Chiron, who
which the Greek and Pelasgic languages coa- also restored to him his sword. There are
lesced in all parts of Greece, and from the fact some modifications of this account in other writthat the Athenians and Arcadians are said to ers: instead of Astydamia, some mention Hiphave been of pure Pelasgic origin, it is probable polyte, the daughter of Cretheus; and others
that the twolanguages had aclose affinity. The relate that after Acastus had concealed the
Pelasgi are further said to have been an agri- sword of Peleus, Chiron or Mercury (Hermes)
cultural people, and to have possessed a consid- brought him another, which had been made by
erable knowledge of the useful arts. The most Vulcan (Hephaestus). While on Mount Pelion,
ancient architectural remains of Greece, such Peleus married the Nereid Thetis, by whom he
as the treasury or tomb of Atreus at Mycenae, became the father of Achilles, though some reare ascribed to the Pelasgians, and are cited as garded this Thetis as different fiour hemarine
specimens of Pelasgian architecture, though divinity, and called her  a-aun'EJ pron.
there is no positive authority for these state- The gods took part in the mar  emnity;
ments.                                    Chiron presented Peleus with a lance, Neptune
PELASGIA (IIecZaoya), an ancient name of the (Poseidon) with the immortal horses, Balius
islands ofDelos and Lesbos, referring, of course, and Xanthus, and the other gods with arms.
to their having been early seats of the Pelasgit Eris or Strife was the only goddess who was
ans.                                      not invited to the nuptials, and she revenged
PELASGIOTIS (HIeraayiCtrli), a district in Thes- herself by throwing an apple among the guests,
618




PELIADES.                                   PELLA.
with the inscription "To the fairest." Vid. PAR- and SULMO. They offered a brave resistance
Es. Homer mentions Achilles as the only son to the Romans, but concluded a peace with the
of Peleus and Thetis, but later writers state republic along with their neighbors the Marsi,
that she had already destroyed by fire six chil- Marrucini, and Frentani, in B.C. 304. They took
dren, of whom she was the mother by Peleus, an active part in the Social war (90, 89), and
and that, as she attempted to make away with their chief town Corfinium was destined by the
Achilles, her seventh child, she. was prevented allies to be the new capital of Italy in place
by Peleus. After this, Peleus, who is also men- of Rome. They were subdued by Pompeius
tioned among the Argonauts, in conjunction  Strabo, after which time they are rarely menwith Jason and the Dioscuri, besieged Acastus tioned.
and Iolcus, slew Astydamia, and over the scat-  PELINEUS MONS (rT IIeHt.vaLov o poc, or HIIeritered limbs of her body led his warriors into vaov: now Mount Elias), the highest mountain
the city. The flocks of Peleus were at one of the island of Chios, a little north of the city
time worried by a wolf, which Psamathe had of Chios, with a celebrated temple of Zebr lHe2sent to avenge the murder of her son Phocus, valog.,.
but she herself afterward, on the request of  PELINNA, or more commonly PELINNEUM (HIIThetis, turned the animal into stone. Peleus,;tvva, Ile;Lvvalov: now Gardhiki), a town of
who had in former times joined Hercules in his Thessaly in Hestisotis, on the left bank of the
expedition against Troy, was too old to accom- Peneus, was taken by the Romans in their war
pany his son Achilles against that city: he re- with Antiochus.
mained at home, and survived the death of his  PELION, more rarely PELIOS (Ir HIl2tov upon:
son.                                      now Plessidhi or Zagora), a lofty range of mountPELIADES (IIaeJt6de), the daughters of Pelias. ains in Thessaly, in the district of Magnesia,
Vid. PELIAS.                              was situated between the Lake Bcebeis and the
PELIAS(IIHe2a). 1. Son of Neptune (Poseidon) Pagassean Gulf, and formed the promontories
and Tyro, a daughter of Salmoneus. Neptune of Sepias and.Eantium. Its sides were cover(Poseidon) once visited Tyro in the form of the ed with wood, and on its summit was a temple
river-god Enipeus, with whom she was in love, of Jupiter (Zeus) Acteeus, where the cold was
and she became by him the mother of Pelias and so severe that the persons who went in proNeleus. To conceal her shame, their mother cession to this temple once a year wore thick
exposed the two boys, but they were found and skins to protect themselves. Mount Pelion was
reared by some countrymen. They subsequent- celebrated in mythology. The giants in their
ly learned their parentage; and, after the death war with the gods are said to have attempted
of Cretheus, king of Iolcos, who had married to heap Ossa and Olympus on Pelion, or Pelion
their mother, they seized the throne of Iolcos, and Ossa on Olympus, in order to scale heaven.
to the exclusion of XEson, the son of Cretheus Near the summit of this mountain was the cave
and Tyro. Pelias soon afterward expelled his of the Centaur Chiron, whose residence was
own brother Neleus, and thus became sole ruler probably placed here on account of the number
of Iolcos. After Pelias had long reigned over of the medicinal plants which grew upon the
Iolcos, Jason, the son of Eson, came to Iolcos mountain, since he was celebrated for his skill
and claimed the kingdom as his right. In order in medicine. On Pelion also the timber was
to get rid of him, Pelias sent him to Colchis to felled with which the ship Argo was built,
fetch the golden fleece. Hence arose the cele- whence Ovid applies the term Pelias arbor to
brated expedition of the Argonauts. After the this ship.
return of Jason, Pelias was cut to pieces and  PELLA (HIICaa: IeLaLog, Pellseus). 1. (Now
boiled by his own daughters (the Peliades), who Alaklisi), an ancient town of Macedonia, in the
had been told by Medea that in this manner they district Bottisea, was situated upon a hill, and
might restore their father to vigor and youth. upon a lake formed by the River Lydias, one
His son Acastus held funeral games in his honor hundred and twenty stadia from its mouth. It
at Iolcus, and expelled Jason and Medea from  continued to be a place of small importance till
the country. For details, rid. JASON, MEDEA, the time of Philip, who made it his residence
ARGONAUT.S. The names of several of the and the capital of the Macedonian monarchy,
daughters of Pelias are recorded.  The most and adorned it with many public buildings. It
celebrated of them was Alcestis, the wife of is frequently mentioned by subsequent writers
Admetus, who is therefore called by Ovid Pelice on account of its being the birth-place of Alexgener.-[2. A Trojan, wounded by Ulysses in ander the Great. It was the capital of one of
the Trojan war; he survived the destruction the four districts into which the Romans diof the city, and accompanied 2Eneas to Italy.] vided Macedonia (vid. p. 464, a), and was subPE.LIDES (IIHrteicC, HliLefiov), a patronymic sequently made a Roman colony under the name
from Peleus, generally given to his son Achilles, of Col. Jul. Aug. Pella. - 2. (Now El-Btjeh?),
more rarely to his grandson Neoptolemus.  the southernmost of the ten cities which comPELIGNI, a brave and warlike people of Sabine posed the Decapolis in Persea, that is, in Palesorigin in central Italy, bounded southeast by the tine east of the Jordan, stood five Roman miles
Marsi, north by the Marrucini, south by Sam- southeast of Scythopolis, and was also called
nium and the Frentani, and east by the Fren- Bouren. It was taken by Antiochus the Great
tani likewise.  The climate of their country in the wars between Syria and Egypt, and was
vas cold (Hor., Carm,,iii., 19, 8); but it pro- held by a Macedonian colony till it was deduced a considerable quantity of flax, and was stroyed by Alexander Jannaeus on account of
celebrated for its honey. The Peligni, like their the refusal of its inhabitants to embrace the
neighbors, the Marsi, were regarded as magi- Jewish religion.  It was restored and given'lans. Their principal towns were CORFINIUM  back to its old inhabitants by Pompey. It was
619




PELLEJUS PAGUS.                            PELOPONNESUS.
the place of refuge of the Christians who fled 369 he was also one of the generals in the first
from Jerusalem before its capture by the Ro- invasion of Peloponnesus by the Thebans. Remans. The exact site of Pella is very uncer- specting his accusation on his return from this
tain.-3. A city of Syria on the Orontes, for. campaign, vid. p. 281, b. In 368 Pelopidas was
merly called Pharnace, was named Pella by the sent again into Thessaly, on two separate occaMacedonians, and afterward APAMEA (NO. 1).-  sions, in consequence of complaints against Al4. In Phrygia. Vid. PELTE.               exander of Pherae. On his first expedition AlPELLZEUS PAGus was the name given by Al- exander of Pherae sought safety in flight; and
exander, after Pella in Macedonia, to the dis- Pelopidas advanced into Macedonia to arbitrate
trict of Susiana about the mouths of the Tigris; between Alexander II. and Ptolemy of Alorus.
in which he built the city of Alexandrea, after- Among the hostages whom he took with him,ward called Charax.                      from Macedonia was the famous Philip, the faPELLANA. Vid. PELLENE, NO. 2.           ther of Alexander the Great. On his second
PELLENE (IITrlRov, Dor. He2hd va:' IIe72rtv- visit to Thessaly, Pelopidas went simply as an
e      At). 1. A city inAchaia, bordering on Sicyonia, ambassador, not expecting any opposition, and
the most easterly of the twelve Achaean cities, unprovided with a military force. He was seizwas situated on a hill sixty stadia from the city, ed by Alexander of Pherm, and was kept in conand was strongly fortified. Its port-town was finement at Pherae till his liberation in 367 by a
Aristonautse. The ancients derived its name Theban force under Epaminondas. In the same
from the giant Pallas, or from the Argive Pel- year in which he was released he was sent as
len, the son of Phorbas. It is mentioned in Ho- ambassador to Susa, to counteract the Lacedsemer; and the inhabitants of Scione, in the pen- monian and Athenian negotiations at the Perinsula of Pallene, in Macedonia, professed to be sian court. In 364 the Thessalian towns again
descended from the Pellenaeans in Achaia, who applied to Thebes for protection against Alexwere shipwrecked on the Macedonian coast on ander, and Pelopidas was appointed to aid them.
their return from Troy. In the Peloponnesian His forces, however, were dismayed by an
war Pellene sided with Sparta. In the later eclipse of the sun (June 13), and, therefore,
wars of Greece between the Achean and JEto- leaving them behind, he took with him into
lian leagues, the town was several times taken Thessaly only three hundred horse.  On his
by the contending parties.  Between Pellene arrival at Pharsalus he collected a force which
and lEgge there was a smaller town of the same he deemed sufficient, and marched against Alname, where the celebrated Pellenian cloaks exander, treating lightly the great disparity of
(TIe0rjyvtacai  Xl Xavat) were made, which were numbers, and remarking that it was better as it
given as prizes to the victors in the games at was, since there would be more for him to conthis place.-2. Usually called PELLANA, a town quer.  At Cynoscephalae a battle ensued, in
in Laconia, on the Eurotas, about fifty stadia which Pelopidas drove the enemy from their
northwest of Sparta, belonging to the Spartan ground, but he himself was slain as, burning
Tripolis.                                 with resentment, he pressed rashly forward to
PELODES (TIItjXr6d  aZuv, in App. HaLoeic: attack Alexander in person. The Thebans and
now Armyro), a port-town belonging to Buthro- Thessalians made great lamentations for his
tum in Epirus, and on a bay which probably bore death, and the latter, having earnestly requestthe same name.                            ed leave to bury him, celebrated his funeral with
PELOPEiA or PELOPIA (IIea67rea), daughter of extraordinary splendor.
Thyestes, dwelt at Sicyon, where her father of-  [PELOPIS INSULLE, nine islands on the coast
fered her violence, without knowing that she of Argolis, eastward of Methana, between AEgiwas his daughter. While pregnant by her fa- na and Calauria.]
ther, she married her uncle Atreus. Shortly  PELOPONNESUS (7 IHeto7irvvoOc: now Morea),
afterward she bore a son iEgisthus, who event- the southern part of Greece or the peninsula,
ually murdered Atreus. For details, rid. EoGIS- which was connected with Hellas proper by the
THUS.                                     Isthmus of Corinth. It is said to have derived
[PELOPIDOE (IIER07orida), descendants of Pe- its name Peloponnesus, or the " Island of Pelops, e. g., Theseus (Plut.), Tantalus, Atreus (Pe- lops," from the mythical Pelops. Vid. PELOPS.
lopeius, Ovid),Thyestes, Agamemnon(Propert.), This name does not occur in Homer. In his
Hermione and Iphigenia (Pelopeia virgo, Ovid), time the peninsula was sometimes called Apia,
Orestes (Lucan.).]                        from Apis, son of Phoroneus, king of Argos, and
PELOPIDAS (IIetoi7ridag), the Theban general sometimes Argos; which names were given to
and statesman, son of Hippoclus, was descend- it on account of Argos being the chief power in
ed from a noble family, and inherited a large es- Peloponnesus at that period.  Peloponnesus
tate, of which he made a liberal use. He lived was bounded on the north by the Corinthian
always in the closest friendship with Epami- Gulf, on the west by the Ionian or Sicilian Sea,
nondas, to whose simple frugality, as he could on the south by the Libyan, and on the west by
not persuade him to share his riches, he is said the Cretan and Myrtoan seas. On the east and
to have assimilated his own mode of life. He south there are three great gulfs, the Argolic,
took a leading part in expelling the Spartans Laconian, andMessenian. The ancients comfrom Thebes, B.C. 379; and from this time pared the shape of the country to the leaf of a
until his death there was not a year in which plane-tree; and its modern name, the Mlorca (3
he was not intrusted with some important corn- Mpdoeo), which first occurs in the twelfth cenmand. In 371 he was one of the Theban com- tury of the Christian era, was given it on aemanders at the battle of Leuctra, so fatal to the count of its resemblance to a mulberry-leaf.
Lacedmnmonians, and joined Epaminondas in Peloponnesus was divided into various provinurging the expediency of immediate action. In ces, all of which were bounded on one side by
620




PELOPS.                                    PELOPS.
the sea, with the exception of ARCADIA, which m ainly of the story of his being cut to pieces
was in the centre of the country. These prov- and boiled, of his contest with CEnomaus and
inces, besides ARCADIA, were ACHAIA in the Hippodamia, alid of his relation to his sons; to
north, ELIS in the west, MESSENIA in the west which we may add the honors paid to his reand south, LACONIA in the south and east, [AR- mains. 1. Pelops cut to pieces and boiled (KpeovpGOLIS in the east,] and CORINTHIA in the east yia Ieio2rof). Tantalus, the favorite of the
and north. An account of the geography of the gods, once invited them to a repast, and on that
peninsula is given under these names. The occasion killed his own son, and having boiled
area of Peloponnesus is computed to be seven him, set the flesh before them that they might
thousand seven hundred and seventy-nine En- eat it.' But the immortal gods, knowing what
glish miles, and it probably contained a popu- it was, did not touch it; Ceres (Demeter) alone,
lation of upward of a million in the flourishing being absorbed by grief for her lost daughter,
period of Greek history.  Peloponnesus was consumed the shoulder of Pelops. Iereupon
originally inhabited by Pelasgians. Subsequent- the gods ordered Mercury (Hermes) to put the
ly the Achaeans, who belonged to the Eolic limbs of Pelops into a caldron, and thereby
race, settled in the eastern and southern parts restore him to life. When the process was
of the peninsula, in Argolis, Laconia, and Mes- over, Clotho took him out of the caldron, and
senia; and the Ionians in the northern part, in as the shoulder consumedby Ceres (Demeter)
Achaia; while the remains of the original in- was wanting, the goddess supplied its place by
habitants of the country, the Pelasgians, col- one made of ivory; his descendants (the Pelolected chiefly in the central part, in Arcadia. pids), as a mark of their origin, were believed
Eighty years after the Trojan war, according to to have one shoulder as white as ivory.-2. Conmythical chronology, the Dorians, under the test with (Enomans and Hippodamia. As an orconduct of the Heraclidae, invaded and conquer- acle had declared to CEnomaus that he should
ed Peloponnesus, and established Doric states be killed by his son-in-law, he refused giving
in Argolis, Laconia, and Messenia, from whence his fair daughter Hippodamia in marriage to any
they extended their power over Corinth, Sic- one. But since many suitors appeared, CEnoyon, and Megara. Part of the Achean popula- maus declared that he would bestow her hand
tion remained in these provinces as tributary upon the man who should conquer him in the
subjects to the Dorians, under the name of Peri- chariot-race, but that he should kill all who
eci, while others of the Achaans passed over were defeated by him. Among other suitors
to the north of Peloponnesus, expelled the Io- Pelops also presented himself, but when he saw
nians, and settled in this part of the country, the heads of his conquered predecessors stuck
which was called after them Achaia. The IEto- up above the door of CEnomaus, he was seized
lians, who had invaded Peloponnesus along with with fear, and endeavored to gain the favor of
the Dorians, settled in Elis and became inter- Myrtilus, the charioteer of CEnomaus, promismingled with the original inhabitants.  The ing him half the kingdom if he would assist him
peninsula remained under Doric influence dur- in conquering his master. Myrtilus agreed, and
ing the most important period of Greek history, left out the linch-pins of the chariot of CEnomaand opposed to the great Ionic city of Athens. us. In the race the chariot of CEnomaus broke
After the conquest of Messenia by the Spartans, down, and he was thrown out and killed. Thus
it was under the supremacy of Sparta till the Hippodamia became the wife of Pelops. But
overthrow of the power of the latter by the as Pelops had now gained his object, he was
Thebans at the battle of Leuctra, B.C. 371.  unwilling to keep faith with Myrtilus; and acPELOPs (IIe)o7p), grandson of Jupiter (Zeus), cordingly, as they were driving along a cliff, he
son of Tantalus and Dione, the daughter of threw Myrtilus into the sea. As Myrtilus sank,
Atlas. Some writers call his mother Euryanassa he cursed Pelops and his whole race. Pelops
or Clytia. He was married to Hippodamia, by returned with Hippodamia to Pisa in Elis, and
whom he became the father of Atreus, Thyes- soon also made himself master of Olympia,
tes, Dias, Cynosurus, Corinthius, Hippalmus where he restored the Olympian games with
(Hippalcmus or Hippalcimus), Hippasus, Cleon, greater splendor than they had ever been celeArglus, Alcathous, -Elius, Pittheus, Trcezen, brated before.-3. The sons of Pelops. ChrysipNicippe, and Lysidice.  By Axioche or the pus was the favorite of his father, and was, in
nymph Danais he is said to have been the father consequence, envied by his brothers. The two
of Chrysippus. Pelops was king of Pisa in Elis, eldest among them, Atreus and Thyestes, with
and from him the great southern peninsula of the connivance of Hippodamia, accordingly murGreece was believed to have derived its name dered Chrysippus, and threw his body into a
Peloponnesus. According to a tradition, which well. Pelops, who suspected his sons of the
became very general in later times, Pelops was murder, expelled them from the country. Hipa Phrygian, who was expelled by Ilus from  podamia, dreadingthe anger of her husband, fled
Phrygia (hence called by Ovid, Met., viii., 622, to Midea in Argolis, from whence her remains
Pelopeia arva), and thereupon migrated with his were afterward conveyed by Pelops to Olympia.
great wealth to Pisa. Others describe him as Pelops, after his death, was honored at Olympia
a Paphlagonian, and call the Paphlagonians above all other heroes. His tomb, with an iron
themselves ITeaonlrFoL. Others, again, represent sarcophagus, existed on the banks of the Alphehim as a native of Greece; and there can be us, not far from the temple of Diana (Artemis),
little doubt that in the earliest traditions Pelops near Pisa. The spot on which his sanctuary
was described as a native of Greece and not as (IIHEortov) stood in the Altis was said to have
a foreign immigrant; and in them he is called been dedicated by Hercules, who also offered
the tamer of horses and the favorite of Neptune to him the first sacrifices. The magistrates of
(Poseidon). The legends about Pelops consist the Eleans likewise offered to him there an an621




PELORIS.                                 PENELOPE.
nual sacrifice, consisting of a black ram, with the district ofAugustamnica. It was the birthspecial ceremonies. The name of'Pelops was place of the geographerClaudius Ptolemeeus.
so celebrated that it was constantly used by the  PENATES, the household gods of the Romans,
poets in connection with his descendants and both those of a private family and of the state,
the cities they inhabited. Hence we find Atreus, as the great family of citizens.,Hence we have
the son of Pelops, called Pelopeius Atreus, and to distinguish between private and public PenaAgamemnon, the grandson or great-grandson  tes. The name is connected with penus, and
of Atreus, called Pelopeius Agamemnon. In the the images of those gods were kept in the penesame way, Iphigenia, the daughter of Agamem- tralia, or the central part of the house. The
non, and Hermione, the wife of Menelaus, are Lares were included among the Penates; both
each called by Ovid Pelopeia virgo. Virgil (,En., names, in fact, are often used synonymously.
ii., 193) uses the phrase Pelopea maenia to sig- The Lares, however, though included in the
nify the cities in Peloponnesus which Pelops Penates, were not the only Penates; for each
and his descendants ruled over; and, in like family hadusually no morethan one Lar, wheremanner, Mycenae is called by Ovid Pelopevades as the Penates are always spoken of in the pluMycence.                                  ral. Since Jupiter and Juno were regarded as
PELSOIS, PELORAS, or PELSRUS (fIIE2opf, He- the protectors of happiness and peace in the
t2ptefr, Hn.Iopof: now Cape Faro), the northeast- family, these divinities were worshipped as Peern point of Sicily,. was northeast of Messana, on nates. Vesta was also reckoned among the Pethe Fretum Siculum, and one of the three prom- nates; for each hearth, being the symbol of doontories which formed the triangular figure of mestic union, had its Vesta. All other Penates,
the island. According to the usual story, it de- both public and private, seem to have consisted
rived its name from Pelorus, the pilot of Hanni- of certain sacred relics connected with indefibal's ship, who was buried here after being kill- nite divinities, and hence Varro says that the
ed by Hannibal in a fit of anger; but the name number and names of the Penates were indefwas more ancient than Hannibal's time, being inite.  Most ancient writers believe that the
mentioned by Thucydides. On the promontory Penates of the state were brought by.Eneas
there was a temple of Neptune (Poseidon), and from Troy into Italy, and were preserved first at
a tower, probably a light-house, from which the Lavinium, afterward at Alba Longa, and finally
modern name of the Cape (Faro) appears to have at Rome. At Rome they had a chapel near
come.                                     the centre of the city, in a place called sub Velia.
PELORUS (TI2ropor: now probably Loi or Lu- As the public Lares were worshipped in the
ri), a river of Iberia in Asia, appears to have central part of the city and at the public hearth,
been a southern tributary of the Cyrus (now  so the private Penates had their place at the!Kour).                                   hearth of every house, and the table also was
PELSO or PEiSO (now Plattensee), a great lake sacred to them. On the hearth a perpetual fire
in Pannonia, the waters of which were con- was kept up in their honor, and the table alducted into the Danube by the Emperor Galeri- ways contained the salt-cellar and the firstlings
us, who thus gained a great quantity of fertile of fruit for these divinities. Every meal that
land for his newly-formed province of Valeria.  was taken in the house thus resembled a sacriPELTX- (II0Lrat: IIeXrypv6f), an ancient and fice offered to the Penates, beginning with a
flourishing city of Asia Minor, in the north of purification and ending with a libation, which
Phrygia, ten parasangs from Celenoa (Xenoph.), was poured either on the table or upon the
and no doubt the same place as the PELLA of the hearth. After every absence fiom the hearth,
Roman writers, twenty-six Roman miles north the Penates were saluted like the living inhabor northeast of Apamea Cibotus, to the conven- itants of the house; and whoever went abroad
tus of which it belonged. The surrounding dis- prayed to the Penates and Lares for a happy retrict is called by Strabo 7O HeIuryviOv 7rediov. Its turn, and when he came back to his house, he
site is uncertain.. Some identify it with the hung up his armor, staff, and the like, by the
ruins eight miles south of Sandakli; others, with side of their images.
those near Ishekli.                         PENEIS, that is, Daphne, daughter of the rivPELTUiNUM (Peltuinas, -ftis: now Monte Bel- er-god Peneus.
lo), a town of the Vestini in Central Italy.'  PENfL2OS (Ilfvterof), son of Hippalcmus and
PEfiLisUIU (HII;oTJatov: Egypt. Peremoun or Asterope, and one of the Argonauts. He was
Peromi; in the Old Testament, Sin: all these the father of Opheltes, and is also mentioned
names' are derived from nouns meaning mud: among the suitors of Helen. He was one of
IIJ;lOVCtUrT7C; Pelusiota: ruins at Tineh), also the leaders of the Bceotians in the war against
called ABARIS in early times, a celebrated city Troy, where he slew Ilioneus and Lycon, and
of Lower Egypt, stood on the eastern side of the was wounded by Polydamas. He is said to have
easternmost mouth of the Nile, which was call- been slain by Eurypylus, the son of Telephus.
ed after it the Pelusiac mouth, twenty stadia  PEN:LSPE: (HIIr.veX0rr]7, IIevvERryj, IiveCirrEta),
(two geographical miles) from the sea, in the daughter of Icarius and Peribcea of Sparta, marmidst of morasses, from which it obtained its ried Ulysses, king of Ithaca. (Respecting her
name. As the key of Egypt on the northeast, marriage, vid. ICARIUS, No. 2.) By Ulysses she
and the frontier city toward Syria and Arabia, had an only child, Telemachus, who was an init was strongly fortified, and was the scene of fant when her husband sailed against Troy.
many battles and sieges in the wars of Egypt During the long absence of Ulysses she was bewith Assyria, Persia, Syria, and Rome, from the leaguered by numerous and importunate suitors,
defeat of Sennacherib near it by Sethon down  whom she deceived by declaring that she must
to its capture by Octavianus after the battle of finish a large robe which she was making for
Actium. In later times it was the capital of Laertes, her aged father-in-law, before she could
622




PENEST/E.                                  PENTRI.
make up her mind. During the daytime she five cities of the Philistines in the southwest of
accordingly worked at the robe, and in the night Palestine, namely, Gaza, Ashdod (Azotus), Askashe undid the work of the day. By this means Ion, Gath, and Ekron.-3. In the apocryphal
she succeeded in putting off the suitors. But Book of the Wisdom of Solomon (x., 6), the name
at length her stratagem was betrayed by her is applied to the five "cities of the plain" of the
servants; and when, in consequence, the faith- southern Jordan, Sodom, Gomorrha, Adama,
ful Penelope was pressed more and more by the Zeboim, and Zoar, all of which (except the last,
impatient suitors, Ulysses at length arrived in which was spared at the intercession of Lot)
Ithaca, after an absence of twenty years. Hav- were overthrown by fire fiom heaven, and the
ing recognized her husband by several signs, valley in which they stood was buried beneath
she heartily welcomed him, and the days of her the waters of the Dead Sea.
grief and sorrow were at an end. Vid. ULYS-  PENTELEUM (IevrieLtovp), a fortified place in
SES. While Homer describes Penelope as a the north of Arcadia, near Pheneus.
most chaste and faithful wife, some later writ-  PENTELICUS MONS (rT IHevTeltiitOv Opof: now
ers charge her with the very opposite vice, and Penteli), a mountain in Attica, celebrated for its
relate that by Mercury (Hermes) or by all the marble, which derived its name fiom the demus
suitors together she became the mother of Pan. ofPentgle (IIevrJus), lying on its southern slope.
They add that Ulysses, on his return, repudiated It is a branch of Mount Parnes, from which it
her, whereupon she went to Sparta, and thence runs in a southeasterly direction between Athens
to Mantinea, where her tomb was shown in after and Marathon to the coast. It is probably the
times. According to another tradition, she mar- same as the mountain called Brilessus (Bp2Ra —
ried Telegonus, after he had killed his father auo),by Thucydides and others.
Ulysses.                                    PENTHESILEA (IIEHvOSCiAta), daughter of Mars
[PENESTME (IIeveaVca), according to Stephanus (Ares) and Otrera, and queen of the Amazons.
of Byzantium, a Thessalian tribe, but according After the death of Hector she came to the assistto Livy, a warlike race of Grecian Illyria, in the ance of the Trojans, but was slain by Achilles,
district Penestia or Penestiana terra, on the bor- who mourned over the dying queen on account
ders of Thessaly and Macedonia.]          of her beauty, youth, and valor. Thersites ridPENEUS (IInvet6o). 1. (Now Salambria or Sa- iculed the grief of Achilles, and was, in conselamria), the chief river of Thessaly, and one of quence, killed by the hero. Thereupon Diomethe most important in all Greece, rises near Alal- des, a relative of Thersites, threw the body of
comenae in Mount Lacmon, a branch of Mount Penthesilea into the River Scamander; but, acPindus, flows first southeast and then northeast, cording to others, Achilles himself buried it on
and after receiving many affluents, of which the the banks of the Xanthus.
most important were the Enipeus, the Letheus,  PENTHEUS (     sIIeVOEC o), son ofEchion and gave,
and the Titaresius, forces its way through the the daughter of Cadmus. He succeeded CadVale of Tempe between Mounts Ossa and Olym- mus as king of Thebes; and having resisted the
pus into the sea. Vid. TEMPE. As a god,Peneus introduction of the worship of Bacchus (Dionywas called a son of Oceanus and Tethys. By sus) into his kingdom, he was driven mad by the
the Naiad Creusa he became the father of Hyp- god, his palace was hurled to the ground, and he
seus, Stilbe, and Daphne. Cyrene also is called himself was torn to pieces by his own mother
by some his wife, and by others his daughter, and her two sisters, Ino and Autonoe, who, in
and hence Peneus is described as the progeni- their Bacchic phrensy, believed him to be a wild
tor of Aristeus.-2. (Now Gastuni), a river in beast. Theplacewhere Pentheus suffered death
Elis, which rises on the frontiers of Arcadia, is said to have been Mount Cithaeron or Mount
flows by the town of Elis, and falls into the sea be- Parnassus. It is related that Pentheus got upon
tweenthepromontoriesChelonatas andlchthys. a tree for the purpose of witnessing in secret
PENIUS, a little river of Pontus, falling into the revelry of the Bacchic women, but on being
the Euxine. (Ovid, Ex Ponto, iv., 10.)    discovered by them was torn to pieces. AcPENNINJE ALPES. Vid. ALPES.             cording to a Corinthian tradition, the women
[PENNUS, JUNIUS M. 1. Preetor B.C. 172, and were afterward commanded by an oracle to disobtained Nearer Spain for his province. He was cover that tree, and to worship it like the god
consul B.C. 167, with Q..Elius Paetus, and ob- Bacchus (Dionysus); and, accordingly, out of
tained Pise as his province.-2. M. JUNIus, son the tree two carved images of the god were
of the preceding, was tribune of the plebs B.C. made. The tragic fate of Pentheus forms the
126, in which year he brought forward a law for subject of the Bacchce of Euripides.
expelling all strangers or foreigners (peregrini)  [PENTHILIDnM (IlJlev2 iait), a noble family at
fromRome. This law was opposedby C. Grac- Mytilene in Lesbos, who derived their origin
chus, but was carried. Pennus was afterward from Penthilus, the son of Orestes, who was
elected to the eedileship, but died before obtain- said to have led a colony to Leshos.]
ing any higher honor in the state.]         PENTHILUS (IHrlv0ot0o), son of Orestes and EriPENTXPOLIS (HIEvr7aro2ue), the name for any gone, is said to have led a colony ofzEolians to
association of five cities, was applied specific- Thrace. He was the father of Echelatus and
ally to, 1. The five chief cities of Cyrenaica in Damasias.
Northern Africa, Cyrene, Berenice, Arsinoe,  PENTRI, one of the most important of the
Ptolemais, and Apollonia, from which, under the tribes in Samnium, were conquered by the RoPtolemies, Cyrenaica received the name of mans along with the other Samnites, and were
Pentapolis, or Pentapolis LibyTe, or, in the Ro- the only one of the Samnite tribes who remainman writers, Pentapolitana Regio. When the ed faithful to the Romans when the rest of the
name occurs alone, this is its meaning; the nation revolted to Hannibal in the second Punic
other applications of it are but rare.-2. The war. Their chief town was BOVIANUM.
623




PEOR.                                  PERDICCAS.
PEoR, a mountain of Palestine, in the land leader in the formidable mutiny of the Pannoof Moab, only mentioned in the Pentateuch. It nian legions, which broke out at the beginning
was probably one of the summits of the mount- of the reign of Tiberius, A.D. 14. He was killed
ains called Abarim, which ran north and south by order of Drusus.]
through Moabitis, along the eastern side of the  PERCOTE (HepiErn, formerly nepKcSrTl, accordvalley of the southern Jordan and the Dead Sea. ing to Strabo: now Borgas or Burgus, Turk.,
PEos ARTEMIDOS (Heof, probably corrupted and Percate, Grk.), a very ancient city of Mysia,
from 1.r of, cave,'Apreftaoy: ruins at Beni Has- between Abydos and Lampsacus, near the Helsan), a city of the Heptanomis, or Middle Egypt, lespont, on a river called PERCATES, in a beauon the eastern bank of the Nile, nearly opposite tiful situation. It is mentioned by Homer.
to Hermopolis the Great, on the western bank.  PERDICCAS (IIepdiicaf). 1. I. The founder of
It is remarkable as the site of the most extensive the Macedonian monarchy, according to Herodorock-hewn catacombs in allEgypt, the walls of tus, though later writers represent Caranus as
which are covered with sculptures and paintings the first king of Macedonia, and make Perdiccas
of the greatest importance for elucidating Egyp- only the fourth. Vid CARANUS. According to
tian antiquities.                         Herodotus, Perdiccas and his two brothers, GauPEPARETHUS (Ile7rdpr6o: IHerapjOlto: now  anes and Aeropus, were Argives of the race of
Piperi), a small island in the Egjean Sea, off the Temenus, who settled nearMount Bermius, from
coast of Thessaly, and east of Halonesus, with whence they subdued the rest of Macedonia.
a town of the same name upon it, and two other (Herod., viii., 137, 138.) It is clear, however,
small places. It produced a considerable quan- that the dominions of Perdiccas and his immetity of wine. It is mentioned in connection diate successors comprised but a very small
with Halonesus in the war between Philip and part of the country subsequently known under
the Athenians. Vid. HALONESUS.            that name. Perdiccas was succeeded by his
[PEPHNOS (HIevo). 1. Acityon thewest coast son Argaeus. -2. II. King of Macedonia fromr
of Laconia, twenty stadia from Thalamme. In about B.C. 454 to 413, was the son and successfront of it lay, 2. A small island of the same or of Alexander I. Shortly before the comname, where, according to tradition, the Dios- mencement of the Peloponnesian war Perdiccas
curi were born.]                          was at war with the Athenians, who sent a force
PEPHREDO (IIe0p7c66). Vid. GRlEE.       to support his brother Philip, and Derdas, a
PEPUZA (IHirov(a: ruins near Besh-Shehr), a Macedonian chieftain, against the king, while
city in the west of Phrygia, of some note in ec- the latter espoused the cause of Potidaa, which
clesiastical history.                     had shaken off the Athenian yoke, B.C. 432. In
PERIA (I Hlpaia, sc. y7 or Xdpa, the country the following year peace was concluded beon the opposite side), a general name for any dis- tween Perdiccas and the Athenians, but it did
trict belonging to or closely connected with a not last long, and he was during the greater
country, from the main part of which it was part of his reign on hostile terms with the Atheseparated. by a sea or river, was used specific- nians. In 429 his dominions were invaded by
ally for, 1. The part of Palestine east of the Sitalces, king of the powerful Thracian tribe of
Jordan in general, but usually, in a more re- the Odrysians, but the enemy was compelled,
stricted sense, for a part of that region, namely, by want of provisions, to return home. It was
the district between the Rivers Hieromax on in great part at his instigation that Brasidas in
the north, and Arnon on the south. Respecting 424 set out on his celebrated expedition to Macits political connections with the rest of the edonia and Thrace. In the following year(423),
country, vid. PALESTINA. -. PER2EA RHODIO- however, a misunderstanding arose between
RUMr (Vi irepaia rCSv'Podtv), also called the Rho- him and Brasidas; in consequence of which he
dian Chersonese, a district in the south of Caria, abandoned the Spartan alliance, and concluded
opposite to the island of Rhodes, from Mount peace with Athens. Subsequently we find him
Phcenix on the west, to the frontier of Lycia on at one time in alliance with the Spartans, and
the east. This strip of coast, which was reck- at another time with the Athenians; and it is
oned fifteen hundred stadia in length (by sea), evident that he joined one or other of the beland was regarded as one of the finest spots on ligerent parties according to the dictates of his
the earth, was colonized by the Rhodians at an own interest at the moment. —3. III. King of
early period, and was always in close political Macedonia B.C. 364-359, was the second son
connection with Rhodes even under the sue- of Amyntas II. by his wife Eurydice. On the
cessive rulers of Caria; and, after the victory assassination of his brother Alexander II. by
of the Romans over Antiochus the Great, B.C. Ptolemy of Alorus, 367, the crown of Macedo190, it was assigned, with the whole of Carian nia devolved upon him by hereditary right, but
Doris, to the independent republic of the Rho- Ptolemy virtually enjoyed the sovereign power
dians. Vid. RHODUs.-3. P. TENEDIORUM (,re- as guardian of Perdiccas till 364, when the latpala Tevediuv), a strip of the western coast of ter caused Ptolemy to be put to death, and took
Mysia, opposite to the island of Tenedos, be- the government into his own hands. Of the
tween Cape Sigeum on the north, and Alexandrea reign of Perdiccas we have very little informaTroas on the south.-4. A city on the western tion. We learn only that he was at one time
coast of Mysia, near Adramyttium, one of the engaged in hostilities with Athens on account
colonies of the Mytilenaeans, and not improb- of Amphipolis, and that he was distinguished
ably preserving in its name that of a district for his patronage of men of letters. He fell in
once called Peraea Mytilenaeorum; for the peo- battle against the Illyrians, 359.-4. Son of Oronple of Mytilene are known to have had many tes, a Macedonian of the province of Orestis,
settlements on this coast.                was one of the most distinguished of the generals
[PERCENNIUS, a common soldier, was the ring- ofAlexander the Great. He accompanied Alex624,




PERDIX.                                 PERGAMON.
ander throughout his campaigns in Asia; and ever, rendered himself obnoxious to the solthe king on his death-bed is said to have taken diery, he was put to death by them in 186 or
the royal signet-ring from his finger and given 187. Dion Cassius represents Perennis as a
it to Perdiccas. After the death of the king man of a pure and upright life; but the other
(323), Perdiccas had the chief authority intrust- historians charge him with having encouraged
ed to him under the command of the new king the emperor in all his excesses, and urged him
Arrhidwus, who was a mere puppet in his hands, on in his career of profligacy.
and he still further strengthened his power by  [PEREUS (IIepevi), son of Elatus and Laodice,
the assassination of his rival Meleager. Vid. brother of Stymphalus, and father of Neeera.]
MEtLEAGER. The other generals of Alexander  PERGA (HIpyY7: llepyalor: ruins at Murtana),
regarded him with fear and suspicion; and at an ancient and important city of Pamphylia, lay
length his ambitious schemes induced Antipater, a little inland, northeast of Attalia, between the
Craterus, and Ptolemy to unite in a league and Rivers Catarrhactes and Cestrus, sixty stadia
declare open war against Perdiccas. Thus as- (six geographical miles) from the mouth of the
sailed on all sides, Perdiccas determined to former. It was a celebrated seat of the worleave Eumenes in Asia Minor, to make head ship of Diana (Artemis). On an eminence near
against their common enemies in that quarter, the city stood a very ancient and renowned
while he himself marched into Egypt against temple of the goddess, at which a yearly festiPtolemy. He advanced without opposition as val was celebrated; and the coins of Perga bear
far as Pelusium, but found the banks of the Nile images of the goddess and her temple. Under
strongly fortified and guarded by Ptolemy, and the later Roman empire, it was the capital of
was repulsed in repeated attempts to force the Pamphylia Secunda. It was the first place in
passage of the river; in the last of which, near Asia Minor visited by the Apostle Paul on his
Memphis, he lost great numbers of men. There- first missionary journey (Acts, xiii., 13; vid. also
upon his troops, who had long been discontent- xiv., 25). Splendid ruins of the city are still
ed with Perdiccas, rose in mutiny, and put him  visible about sixteen miles northeast of Adalia.
to death in his own tent.                   PERGXMA and PERGAMIA.   Vid. PERGAMON,
PERDIX (II9pde&), the sister of Daedalus, and No. 1.
mother of Talos, or, according to others, the  PERGAMON or -UM, PERGAMOS or -us (-b IItpsister's son of Daedalus, figures in the mytho- ya/ov, i lHpyauof: the former by far the most
logical period of Greek art, as the inventor of usual form in the classical writers, though the
various implements, chiefly for working in wood. latter is more common in English, probably on
Perdix is sometimes confounded with Talos or account of its use in our version of the Bible,
Calos, and it is best to regard the various le- Rev., ii., 13; in Latin it seldom occurs in the
gends respecting Perdix, Talos, and Calos as nominative, but, when used, the form is Pergareferring to one and the same person, namely, mum: HIepya/tnvo, Pergamenus. The word is
according to the mythographers, a nephew of significant, connected with vr-rpyor, a tower; it is
Daedalus. The inventions ascribed to him are, used in the plural form, -repya/ua, as a comthe saw, the idea of which is said to have been mon noun by _Eschylus, Prom., 956; Euripides,
suggested to him by the back-bone of a fish, or Phosn., 1098,1176). 1. The citadel of Troy, and
the teeth of a serpent; the chisel; the com- used poetically for Troy itself: the poets also
passes; the potter's wheel. His skill excited use the forms PERGXMA (Tit ITpya/ja) and PEnthe jealousy of Daedalus, who threw him head- GAMIA (' Ilepya/ia, sc. ro6jtf): the king of Troy,
long from the temple of Minerva (Athena) on Laomedon, is called TIepycayc67f, and the Rothe Acropolis, but the goddess caught him in his mans are spoken of by Silius Italicus as " sanfall, and changed him into the bird which was guis Pergameus."- 2. (Ruins at Bergama or
named after him, perdix, the partridge.   Pergamo), a celebrated city of Asia Minor, the
PEREGRINUS PROTEUS, a cynic philosopher, capital of the kingdom of Pergamus, and afterborn at Parium, on the Hellespont, flourished in ward of the Roman province of Asia, was situthe reign of the Antonines. After a youth spent ated in the district of Southern Mysia called Teuin debauchery and crimes, he visited Palestine, thrania, in one of the most beautiful and fertile
where he turned Christian, and by dint of hypoc- valleys in the world. It stood on the northern
risy attained to some authority in the Church. bank of the River Caicus, at a spot where that
He next assumed the cynic garb, and returned river receives the united waters of two small
to his native town, where, to obliterate the mem- tributaries, the Selinus, which flowed through
ory of his crimes, he divided his inheritance the city, and the Cetius, which washed its walls.
among the populace. He again set out on his The navigable river Caicus connected it with
travels, and after visiting many places, and the sea at the Elaitic Gulf, from which its disadopting every method to make himself conspic- tance was somewhat less than twenty miles.
uous, he at length resolved on publicly burning It was built at the foot, and on the lowest slopes,
himself at the Olympic games; and carried his of two steep hills, on one of which the ruins of
resolution into effect in the two hundred and the acropolis are still visible, and in the plain
thirty-sixth Olympiad, A.D. 165. Lucian, who below are the remains of the Asclepieum and
knew Peregrinus, and who was present at his other temples, of the stadium, the theatre, and
strange self-immolation, has left us an account the amphitheatre, and of other buildings. The
of his life.                              origin of the city is lost in mythical traditions,
PERENNA, ANNA. Vid. ANNA.               which ascribed its foundation to a colony from
PERENNIS, succeeded Paternus in A.D. 183, Arcadia under the Heraclid Telephus, and its
as sole praefect of the praetorians, and, Com- name to Pergamus, a son of Pyrrhus and Anmodus being completely sunk in debauchery and dromache, who made himself king of Teuthrasloth, virtually ruled the empire. Having, how- nia by killing the king Arius in single combat.
40                                                            625




PERGAMON.                                PERIANDER.
There is also a tradition that a colony of Epi- the city is doubtful. Some place it at Perama,
daurians settled here under ZEsculapius (As- others at Platania.
clepius). At all events, it was already, in the  PERGAMUS. Vid. PERGAMnON.
time of Xenophon, a very ancient city, with a  PERGE. Vid. PERGA.
mixed population of Teuthranians and Greeks;  [PERGUs, a lake of Sicily, "not far from the
but it was not a place of much importance until walls of Enna, on the banks of which Proserthe time of the successors of Alexander. After pina (Persephone) was said to have been colthe defeat of Antigonus at Ipsus in 301, the lecting flowers when she was seized and carnorthwestern part of Asia Minor was united to ried off by Pluto (Hades).]
the Thracian kingdom of LysIMACHus who en-  PERIANDER (IHepiavdpo). 1. Son of Cypselus,
larged and beautified the city of Pergamus, and whom he succeeded as tyrant of Corinth, B.C.
used it as a treasury on account of its strength 625, and reigned forty years, to B.C. 585. His
as a fortress. The command of the fortress rule was mild and beneficent at first, but afterwas intrusted to PHILETME:RUS, who, toward the ward became oppressive.  According to the
end of the reign of Lysimachus, revolted to Se- common story, this change was owing to the
leucus, king of Syria, retaining, however, the advice of Thrasybulus, tyrant of Miletus, whom
fortress of Pergamus in his own hands; and, Periander had consulted on the best mode of
upon the death of Seleucus in 280, Philetaerus maintaining his power, and who is said to have
established himself as an independent ruler. taken the messenger through a corn-field, cutThis is the date of the commencement of the ting off as he went the tallest ears, and then to
kingdom of Pergamus, though the royal title have dismissed him without committing himself
was only assumed by the second successor of to a verbal answer. The action, however, was
Philetserus, ATTALUS I., after his great victory rightly interpreted by Periander, who proceeded
over the Gauls. The successive kings of Per- to rid himself of the most powerful nobles in
gamus were PHILET-ERUS, 280-263; EUMErES the state. He made his power respected abroad
I., 263-241; ATTALUS I., 241-197; EUMENES as well as at home; and besides his conquest
II., 197-159; ATTALUS II. PHILADELPHUS, 159- of Epidaurus, mentioned below, he kept Corcyra
138; ATTALUS III. PHILOMETOR, 138-133. For in subjection. He was, like many of the other
the outline of their history, vid. the articles. Greek tyrants, apatron of literature and philosoThe kingdom reached its greatest extent after phy, and Arion and Anacharsis were in favor at
the defeat of Antiochus the Great by the Ro- his court. He was very commonly reckoned
mans in B.C. 190, when the Romans bestowed among the Seven Sages, though by some he
upon Eumenes II. the whole of Mysia, Lydia, was excluded from their number, and Myson of
both Phrygias, Lycaonia, Pisidia, and Pamphylia. Chenae in Laconia was substituted in his room.
It was under the same king that Pergamus The private life of Periander was marked by
reached the height of its splendor, and that the misfortune and cruelty. He married Melissa,
celebrated library was founded, which for a long daughter of Procles, tyrant of Epidaurus. She
time rivalled that of Alexandrea, and- the for- bore him two sons, Cypselus and Lycophron,
mation of which occasioned the invention of and was passionately beloved by him; but he
parchment, charta Pergamena. This library was is said to have killed her by a blow during her
afterward united to that of Alexandrea, having pregnancy, having been roused to a fit of anger
been presented by Antony to Cleopatra. Dur- by a false accusation brought against her. His
ing its existence at Pergamus,, it formed the wife's death imbittered, the remainder of his
centre of a great school of literature, which ri- days, partly through the remorse which he felt
valled that of Alexandrea. On the death of At- for the deed, partly through the alienation of
talus III. in B.C. 133, the kingdom, by a bequest his younger son Lycophron, inexorably exasperin his will, passed to the Romans, who took pos- ated by his mother's fate. The young man's
session of it in 130 after a contest with the anger had been chiefly excited by Procles, and
usurperAristonicus, and erected it into the prov- Periander, in revenge, attacked Epidaurus, and,
ince of Asia, with the city of Pergamus for its having reduced it, took his father-in-law priscapital, which continued in such prosperity that oner. Periander sent Lycophron to Corcyra;
Pliny calls it <" longe clarissimum Asiae." The but when he was himself advanced in years, he
city was an early seat of Christianity, and is summoned Lycophron back to Corinth to sucone of the Seven Churches of Asia, to whom  ceed to the tyranny, seeing that Cypselus, his
the apocalyptic epistles are addressed. St. John elder son, was unfit to hold it, from deficiency
describes it as the scene of a persecution of of understanding. Lycophron refused to return
Christianity, and the seat of gross idolatry, to Corinth as long as his father was there;
which had even infected the Church. The ex- thereupon Periander offered to withdraw to
pression " where Satan's seat is" is thought by Corcyra if Lycophron would come home and
some to refer to the worship of the serpent, as take the government. To this he assented; but
the symbol of LEsculapius (Asclepius), the pa- the Corcyreeans, not wishing to have Periander
tron god of the city. Under the Byzantine em- among them, put Lycophron to death. Perianperors, the capital of the province of Asia was der shortly afterward died of despondency, at
transferred to Ephesus, and Pergamus lost much the age of eighty, and after a reign of forty
of its importance. Among the celebrated na- years, according to Diogenes Labrtius. He was
tives of the city were the rhetorician Apollo- succeeded by a relative, Psammetichus, son of
dorus and the physician Galen.-3. A very an- Gordias.-2. Tyrant of Ambracia, was contemcient city of Crete, the foundation of which was porary with his more famous namesake of Corascribed to the Trojans who survived their city. inth, to whom he was also related, being the'The legislator Lycurgus was said to have died son of Gorgus, who was son or brother to Cyp-;here, and his grave was shown. The site of selus. Periander was deposed by the people,
626




PERIBCEA.                                 PERICLES.
probably after the death of the Corinthian tyrant the son of Melesias, but on the ostracism of the
(585).                                    latter in 444, the organized opposition of the
PERIBaEA (1Iepi6ota). 1. Wife of Icarius, and aristocratical party was broken up, and Pericles
mother of Penelope. Vid. IcARIUs, No. 2.- was left without a rival. Throughout the re2. Daughter of Alcathous, and wife of Tela- mainder of his political course no one appeared
mon, by whom she became the mother of Ajax to contest his supremacy; but the boundless inand Teucer. Some writers call her Eribcea.-  fluence which he possessed was never perverted
3. Daughter of Hipponous, and wife of Eneus, by him to sinister or unworthy purposes. So
by whom she became the mother of Tydeus. far from being a mere selfish demagogue, he
Vid. CENEUS.-4. Wife of King Polybus of Cor- neither indulged nor courted the multitude.
inth.-[5. Daughter of Acesamenus, mother by The next important event in which Pericles was
Axius of Pelagon.-6. Daughter of Eurymedon, engaged was the war against Samos, which had
mother of Nausithous by Neptune (Poseidon).]  revolted from Athens, and which he subdued
PERICLES (HlepiKw?i).  1. The greatest of after an arduous campaign, 440. The poet SophAthenian statesmen, was the son of Xanthip- odes was one of the generals who fought with
pus and Agariste, both of whom belonged to the Pericles against Samos. For the next ten years,'toblest families of Athens. The fortune of his till the outbreak of the Peloponnesian war, the
parents procured for him a careful education, Athenians were not engaged in any considerawhich his extraordinary abilities and diligence ble military operations. During this periodPeriturned to the best account. He received in- cles devoted especial attention to the Athenian
struction from Damon, Zeno of Elea, and Anax- navy, as her supremacy rested on her maritime
agoras. With Anaxagoras he lived on terms superiority, and he adopted various judicious
of the most intimate friendship, till the philos- means for consolidating and strengthening her
opher was compelled to retire from Athens. empire over the islands of the AEgean. The
From this great and original thinker IPericles funds derived from the tribute of the allies and
was believed to have derived not only the cast from other sources were, to a large extent, deof his mind, but the character of his eloquence, voted by him to the erection of those magnifiwhich, in the elevation of its sentiments, and cent temples and public buildings which renthe purity and loftiness of its style, was the dered Athens the wonder and admiration of
fitting expression of the force and dignity of his Greece. Under his administration the Propycharacter and the grandeur of his conceptions. laea, and the Parthenon, and the Odeum were
Of the oratory of Pericles no specimens remain erected, as well as numerous other temples
to us, but it is described by ancient writers as and public buildings.  With the stimulus afcharacterized by singular force and energy. He forded by these works, architecture and sculpwas described as thundering and lightening when ture reached their highest perfection, and some
he spoke, and as carrying the weapons of Jupi- of the greatest artists of antiquity were emter (Zeus) upon his tongue. In B.C. 469, Peri- ployed in erecting or adorning the buildings.
cles began to take part in public affairs, forty The chief direction and oversight of the public
years before his death, and was soon regarded edifices was intrusted to Phidias. Vid. PHInIAs.
as the head of the more democratical part in the These works calling into activity almost every
state, in opposition to Cimon. He gained the branch of industry and commerce at Athens,
favor of the people by the laws which he got diffused universal prosperity while they proceedpassed for their benefit. Thus it was enacted ed, and thus contributed in this, as well as in
through his means that the citizens should re- other ways, to maintain the popularity and inceive from the public treasury the price of their fluence of Pericles. But he still had many eneadmittance to the theatre, amounting to two mies, who were not slow to impute to him base
oboli apiece; that those who served in the and unworthy motives. From the comic poets
courts of the Helieaa should be paid for their at- Pericles had to sustain numerous attacks. They
tendance; and that those citizens who served exaggerated his power, spoke. of his party as
as soldiers should likewise be paid. It was at Pisistratids, and called upon him to swear that
his instigation that his friend Ephialtes propos- he was not about to assume the tyranny. His
ed, in 461, the measure by which the Areopagus high character and strict probity, however, renwas deprived of those functions which rendered dered all these attacks harmless. But as his
it formidable as an antagonist to the democrat- enemies were unable to ruin his reputation by
ical party. This success was followed by the these means, they attacked him through his
ostracism of Cimon, who was charged with La- friends. His friends Phidias and Anaxagoras,
conism, and Pericles was thus placed at the and his mistress Aspasia, were all accused behead of public affairs at Athens. Pericles was fore the people. Phidias was condemned and
distinguished as a general as well as a states- cast into prison (vid. PHIDIAS); Anaxagoras was
man, and frequently commanded the Athenian also sentenced to pay a fine and quit Athens (vid.
armies in their wars with the neighboring states. ANAxAGRAs); and Aspasia was only acquitted
In 454 he commanded the Athenians in their through the entreaties and tears of Pericles.
campaigns against the Sicyonians and Acarna- The Peloponnesian war has been falsely ascribed
nians; in 448 he led the army which assisted to the ambitious schemes of Pericles. It is true
the Phocians in the Sacred war; and in 445 he that he counselled the Athenians not to yield
rendered the most signal service to the state by to the demands of the Lacedaemonians, and he
recovering the island of Euboea, which had re- pointed out the immense advantages which the
volted from Athens. Cimon hadbeenpreviously Athenians possessed in carrying on the war;
recalled from exile, without any opposition from  but he did this because he saw that war was
Pericles, but had died in 449. On his death the inevitable; and that, as long as Athens retained
aristocratical party was headed by Thucydides, the great power which she then possessed,
627




PERICLYMENUS.                                PERIPHAS.
Sparta would never rest contented. On the out- latter, by the command of Jupiter (Zeus), aas
break of the war in 431, a Peloponnesian army swallowed up by the earth.
under Archidamus invaded Attica, and upon his  [PER.ICTIONE (IEPtrLTt6vV), daughter of Critadvice the Athenians conveyed their movable ias, and mother of the celebrated philosopher
property into the city, and their cattle and beasts PLATO.]
of burden to Eubcea, and allowed the Pelopon-  [PERIDLA, a Theban female, mother ofOnytes,'nesians to desolate Attica without opposition. who was slain by Turnus in Italy.]
The next year (430), when the Peloponnesians  PERIERES (IleptlpVC)  1. Sort of LEolus and
again invaded Attica, Pericles pursued the same Enarete, king of Messene, was the father of
policy as before. In this summer the plague Aphareus and Leucippus by Gorgophone. In
made its appearance in Athens. The Atheni- some traditions Perieres was called a son of
ans, being exposed to the devastation of the war Cynortas, and, besides the sons above mentionand the plague at the same time, began to turn ed, he is said to have been the father of Tyntheir thoughts to peace, and looked upon Peri- dareos and Icarius.-[2. Father of Borus, mencles as the author of all their distresses, inas- tioned in the Iliad.-3. A Cumacan, founder of
much as he had persuaded them to go to war. Zancle in Sicily.]
Pericles attempted to calm the public ferment;  [PERIGeONE (HIeptyovv5), daughter of Sinis, the
but such was the irritation against him that he famous robber, who was slain by Theseus; after
was sentenced to pay a fine. The ill feeling of her father's death Theseus married her, being
the people having found this vent, Pericles soon charmed with her beauty, and had by her a so n
resumed his accustomed sway, and was again named Melanippus.]
elected one of the generals for the ensuing year  PERILAUS (IIep;aoC). 1. Son of Icarius and
(429). Meantime Pericles had suffered in com- Peribcea, and a brother of Penelope.-[12. A citmon with his fellow-citizens. The plague car- izen of Megara, who espoused the party of
ried off most of his near connections. His son Philip of Macedon, and, according to DemosXanthippus, a profligate and undutiful youth, thenes, betrayed his country to that monarch,
his sister, and most of his intimate friends, died but was afterward treated by him with neglect
C' it. Still he maintained unmoved his calm  and contempt.]
bearing and philosophic composure. At last his  PERILLUS (IIfptltoc), a statuary, was the makonly surviving legitimate son, Paralus, a youth er of the bronze bull of the tyrant Phalaris, reof greater promise than his brother, fell a vic- specting which, vid. further under PHALARIS.
tim. The firmness of Pericles then at last gave Like the makers of other instruments of death,
way: as he placed the funeral garland on the Perillus is said to have become. one of the vichead of the lifeless youth, he burst into tears tims of his own handiwork.
and sobbed aloud. He had one son remaining,  [PERIMIEDES (HIeptpldf). 1. A companion of
his child by Aspasia, and he was allowed to en- Ulysses, mentioned in the Odyssey.-2. Father
Tol this son in his own tribe and give him his of Schedius, who was a commander of the Phoown name. In the autumn of 429, Pericles him- cians in the Trojan war.]
self died of a lingering sickness. When at the  [PERIMUS (II'plyof), son of Meges, a Trojan
point of death, as his friends were gathered warrior, slain by Patroclus.]
round his bed, recalling his virtues and enumer-  [PERIMELA, daughter of Hippodamas, cast by
ating his triumphs, Pericles, overhearing their her father into the sea, and changed by Neptune
remarks, said that they had forgotten his great- into an island.]
est praise: that no Athenian through his means  PERINTHUS (HIIptVOO': IHepGtvOf: now Eski
had been made to put on mourning. He sur- Eregli), an important town in Thrace, on the
vived the commencement of the war two years Propontis, was founded by the Samians about
and six months. The name of the wife of Peri- B.C. 559.  It was situated twenty-two miles
cles is not mentioned. She had been the wife west of Selymbria, on a small peninsula, and was
of Hipponicus, by whom she was the mother of built on the slope of a hill with rows of houses
Callias. She bore two sons to Pericles, Xan- rising above each other like seats in an amphithippus and Paralus. She lived unhappily with theatre. It is celebrated for the obstinate rePericles, and a divorce took place by mutual sistance which it offered to Philip of Macedon,
consent, when Pericles connected himself with at which time it was a more powerful place
Aspasia. Of his strict probity he left the de- than Byzantium. Under the Romans it still
cisive proof in the fact that at his death he was continued to be a flourishing town, being the
found not to have added a single drachma to his point at which most of the roads met leading to
hereditary property.-2. Son of the preceding, Byzantium. The commercial importance of the
by Aspasia, was one of the generals at the battle town is attested by its numerous coins, which
-of Arginusae, and was put to death by the Athe- are still extant. At a later time, but not earlier
nians with the other generals, 406.      than the fourth century of the Christian era, we
PERICLPMPNUS (HhepLc;,ueZLevo.) 1. One of the find it called Heraclea, which occurs sometimes
Argonauts, was son of Neleus and Chloris, and alone without any addition, and sometimes in
brother of Nestor. Neptune (Poseidon) gave the form of Heraclea Thraici or Heraclea Perinhim the power of changing himself into different thus.
forms, and conferred upon him great strength,  PERYPHAS (IIepfiam). 1. An Attic autochthon,
but he was nevertheless slain by Hercules at previous to the time of Cecrops, was a priest
the capture of Pylos.-2. Son of Neptune (Po- of Apollo, and, on account of his virtues, was
seidon) and Chloris, the daughter of Tiresias made king of the country. In consequence of'of Thebes. In the war of the Seven against the honors paid to him, Jupiter (Zeus) wished
Thebes he was believed to have killed Parthen- to destroy him; but, at the request of Apollo, he
opeaus; and when he pursued Amphiaraus, the, was metamorphosed by Jupiter (Zeus) into an
628




PERIPHETES.                               PERSEPHONE.
eagle, and his wife likewise into a bird.-[2. land, and settled in the districts of Hesti.eotis
Son of the _.Etolian Ochesius, fell by the hand and Pelasgiotis in Thessaly. Hence the northof Mars (Ares) in the Trojan war.-3. Son of ern part of this country is, frequently called PerEpytus, and a herald of _.Eneas.-4. A Greek, rhaebia (IIPeaat6Ga, flepateLa), though it never
who was engaged in the Trojan war, and took formed one of the regular Thessalian provinces.
part in the destruction of the city.]     Homer places the Perrhaebi in the neighborhood
PERIPHETES (HeptjTyrf). 1. Son of Vulcan of the Thessalian Dodona and the River Titare(Hephaestus) and Anticlea, surnamed Corynetes, sius; and at a later time the name of Perrhaebia
that is, Club-bearer, was a robber at Epidaurus, was applied to the district bounded by Macedowho slew travellers with an iron club. The- nia and the Cambunian Mountains on the north,
seus at last killed him, and took his club for his by Pindus on the west, by the Peneus on the
own use.- [2. Son of Copreus of Mycenae, a south and southeast, and by the Peneus and
Greek warrior at Troy, slain by Hector.-3. A  Ossa on the east. The Perrhaebi were memTrojan warrior, slain by Teucer.]         bers of the Amphictyonic league. At an early
[PERISADII (Hepcd6LE), an Illyrian people in period they were subdued by the Lapithae; at
the neighborhood of the silver mines of Damas- the time of the Peloponnesian war they were
tion, also called Zeaap7rltot.]           subject to the Thessalians, and subsequently to
PERIEssus (HIepy7ocaGC: nowKefalari), a river -Philip of Macedon; but at the time of the Roin Bceotia, which descends from Mount Helicon, man wars in Greece they appear independent
unites with the Olmius, and falls into the Lake of Macedonia.
Copais near Haliartus. [Its waters were sa-  PERRHID2E (HIIeS ial), an Attic demus near
cred to the Muses.]                       Aphidna, belonging to the tribe Antiochis.
PEnNE (lpPv71), a little island off the coast of  PERSABoRA or PERISABORA (Ilepaa6dpa: now
Ionia, opposite to the territory of Miletus, to Anbar), a strongly-fortified city of Babylonia, on
which an earthquake united it.            the western side of the Euphrates, at the point
PERO (IIJp65), daughter of Neleus and Chloris, where the canal called Maarsares left the river.
was married to Bias, and celebrated for her  PERS2SE. Vid. PERSIS.
beauty. [Vid. MELAMPUS.]                    PERSNus (Hepaaor), a Stoicphilosopher, was
PERPERENA (IlE7prepjeva and other forms), a a native of Cittium in Crete, and a disciple of
small town of Mysia, south of Adramyttium, in Zeno. He lived for some years at the court of
the neighborhood of which there were copper Antigonus Gonatas, with whom he seems to
mines and celebrated vineyards. It was said have been in high favor. Antigonus appointed
to be the place at which Thucydides died.  him to the chief command in Corinth, where he
PEI3RPERNA or PERPENNA (the former is the was slain when the city was taken by Aratus,
preferable form). 1. M., praetor B.C. 135, when B.C. 243.
he carried on war against the slaves in Sicily,  PERSE (ldpga7);, daughter of Oceanus, and
and consul 130, when he defeated Aristonicus wife of Helios (the Sun), by whom she became
in Asia, and took him prisoner. He died near the mother of_.Eetes and Circe. She is further
Pergamum on his return to Rome in 129.-2. called the mother of PasiphaB and Perses. HoM., son of the last, consul 92, and censor 86. sner and Apollonius Rhodius call her Perse,
I-Ie is mentioned by the ancient writers as an while others call her Perseis or Persea.
extraordinary instance of longevity. He at-  PERSEIS, a name given to Hecate, as the
tained the age of ninety-eight years, and died daughter of Perses by Asteria.
in 49, the year in which the civil war broke out  PERSEPH6Nfi (HIepaeo6v2p), called PROSERPINA
between Caesar and Pompey. He took no prom- by the Romans, the daughter of Zeus (Jupiter)
inent part in the agitated times in which le and Demeter (Ceres). In Homer she is called
lived.-3. M. PERPERNA VENTO, son of the last, Persephonia (Hepaeo6oveta); the form Persephone
joined the Marian party in the civil war, and first occurs in Hesiod. But, besides these forms
was raised to the praetorship. After the con- of the name, we also find Persephassa, Phersequest of Italy by Sulla in 82, Perperna fled to phassa, Persephatta, Phersephatta, Pherrephassa,
Sicily, which he quitted, however, upon the ar- Pherephatta, and Phersephonia, for which various
rival of Pompey shortly afterward.  On the etymologies have been proposed. The Latin
death of Sulla in 78, Perperna joined the con- Proserpina is probably only a corruption of the
sul M. Lepidus in his attempt to overthrow the Greek. In Attica she was worshipped under
new aristocratical constitution, and retired with the name of Cora (K6py, Ion. KoSpy), that is,
him to Sardinia on the failure of this attempt. the Daughter, namely, of Demeter (Ceres); and
Lepidus died in Sardinia in the following year, the two were frequently called The 1Mother and
77, and Perperna, with the remains of his army, the Daughter (I M?7rTp ca' j K6por). Being the
crossed over to Spain and joined Sertorius. internal goddess of death, she is also called a
Perperna was jealous of the ascendency of Ser- daughter of Zeus (Jupiter) and Styx. In Artorius, and, after serving under him some years, cadia she was worshipped under the name of
he and -his friends assassinated Sertorius at a Despoina, and was'called a daughter of Poseibanquet in 72. His death soon brought the war don (Neptune) Hippius and Demeter (Ceres),
to a close. Perperna was defeated by Pompey, and said to have been brought up by the Titan
was taken. prisoner, and was put to death.  Anytus. Homer describes her as the wife of
[PERRATIEs, a steep mountain in Epirus, on Hades (Pluto), and the formidable, venerable,
the western declivity of which the city Ambra- and majestic queen of the Shades, who rules
cia was situated.]                        over the souls of the dead, along with her husPERRHEBI (!empae6oi[ or IlepatoiG), a power- band. Hence she is called by later writers Juno
ful and warlike Pelasgic people, who, according Inferena, Averna, and Stygia; and the Erinnyes
to Strabo, migrated from Euboea to the main are said to have been her daughters by Pluto.
629




PERSEPOLIS.                                 PERSEUS.,Groves sacred to her are placed by Homer in watered by the River Araxes (now Bend-Er.ir),
the western extremity of the earth, on the fron- and'its' tributaries the Medus and the Cyrus.
tiers of the lower world, which is itself called The city stood on the northern side of the Araxthe house of Persephone (Proserpina). The es, and had a citadel (the ruins of which are
story of her being carried off by Hades or Pluto still seen) built on the levelled surface of a rock,
against her will is not mentioned by Homer, and inclosed by triple walls rising one above the
who simply describes her as the wife and queen other to the heights of sixteen, forty-eight, and
of Hades. Her abduction is first mentioned by sixty cubits, within which was the palace, with
Hesiod. The account of her abduction, which its royal sepulchres and treasuries.
is the most celebrated part of her story, and the  PERSES (rIEpoac). 1. Son of the Titan Crius
wanderings of her mother in search of her, and and Eurybia, and husband of Asteria, by whom
the worship of the two goddesses in Attica at he became the father of Hecate.-2. Son of Perthe festival of the Eleusinia, are related under seus and Andromeda, described by the Greeks
DEMETER. In the mystical theories of the Or- as the founder of the Persian nation.-3. Son
phics, Persephone (Proserpina) is described as of Helios (the Sun) and Perse, and brother of
the all-pervading goddess of nature, who both zE.tes and Circe.
produces and destroys every thing; and she is  PERSEUS (HIepaev), the famous Argive hero,
therefore mentioned along, or identified with, was a son of Jupiter (Zeus) and Danae, and a
other mystic divinities, such as Isis, Rhea, Ge grandson ofAcrisius. An oracle had told Acris(Terra), Hestia, Pandora, Artemis (Diana), Hec- ius that he was doomed to perish by the hands
ate. This mystic Persephone is further said to of Danae's son, and he therefore shut up his
have become by Zeus (Jupiter) the mother of daughter in an apartment made of brass or stone.
Dionysus (Bacchus), Iacchus, Zagreus or Saba- But Jupiter (Zeus) having metamorphosed hinzius. Persephone (Proserpina) frequently ap- self into a shower of gold, came down through
pears in works of art. She is represented either the roof of the prison, and became by her the
with the grave and severe character of an in- father of Perseus. From this circumstance Perfernal Juno, or as a mystical divinity with a seus is sometimes called aurigena. As soon as
sceptre and a little box, in the act of being car- Acrisius discovered that Danae had given birth
ried off by Pluto.                        to a son, he put both mother and son into a
PERSEPOLIS (IlepaE'roXtc, Ilepo-airoXr: in the chest, and threw them into the sea; but JupiMiddle Ages, Istakhar: now Takhti-Jemshid, i.e., ter (Zeus) caused the chest to land in the island
Throne of Jemshid, or Chil-Minar, i. e., Forty Pil- of Seriphos, one of the Cyclades, where Dictys,
lars': large ruins), is the Greek name, probably a fisherman, found them, and carried them to
translated from the Persian name, which is not Polydectes, the king of the country. They were
recorded, of the great city which succeeded Pa- treated with kindness by Polydectes; but the
sargada as the capital of Persis and of the Per- latter having afterward fallen in love with Dasian empire. From the circumstance, however, nae, and finding it impossible to gratify his deof the conquest of the Babylonian empire taking sires in consequence of the presence of Perseus,
place about the time when Persepolis attained who had meantime grown up to manhood, he
this dignity, it appears to have been seldom used sent Perseus away to fetch the head of Meduas theroyalresidence. NeitherHerodotus, Xen- sa, one of the Gorgons.  Guided by Mercury
ophon, Ctesias, nor the sacred writers during (Hermes) and Minerva (Athena), Perseus first
the Persian period, mention it at all, though they went to the Graes, the sisters of the Gorgons,
often speak of Babylon, Susa, and Ecbatana as took from them their one tooth and their one
the capitals of the empire. It is only from the eye, and would not restore them until they
Greek writers after the Macedonian conquest showed him the way to the nymphs who posthat we learn its rank in the empire, which ap- sessed the winged sandals, the magic wallet,
pears to have consisted chiefly in its being one and the helmet of Pluto (Hades), which rendered
of the two burial places of the kings (the other the wearer invisible. Having received from the
being Pasargada), and also a royal treasury; for nymphs these invaluable presents, from Mercury
Alexander found in the palace immense riches, (Hermes) a sickle, and from Minerva (Athena)
which were said to have accumulated from the a mirror, he mounted into the air, and arrived
time of Cyrus. Its foundation is sometimes as- at the Gorgons, who dwelt near Tartessus on
cribed to Cyrus the Great, but more generally the coast of the ocean, whose heads were coverto his son Cambyses. It was greatly enlarged ed, like those of serpents, with scales, and who
and adorned by Darius I. and Xerxes, and pre- had large tusks like boars, brazen hands, and
served its splendor till after the Macedonian con- golden wings. He found them asleep, and cut
quest, when it was burned; Alexander, as the off the head of Medusa, looking at her figure
story goes, setting fire to the palace with his through the mirror, for a sight of the monster
own hand at the end of a revel, by the instiga- herself would have changed him into stone.
tion of the courtesan Thais, B.C. 331. It was Perseus put her head into the wallet which he
not, however, so entirely destroyed as some his- carried on his back, and as he went away he
toriansrepresent. It appears frequentlyin sub- was pursued by two other Gorgons; but his
sequent history, both ancient and medieval. It helmet, which rendered him invisible, enabled
is now deserted, but its ruins are considerable, him to escape in safety. Perseus then prothough too dilapidated to give any good notion ceeded to Ethiopia, where he saved and married
of Persian architecture, and they are rich in cune- Andromeda. Vid. ANDROMEDA. Perseus is also
iform inscriptions. It was situated in the heart said to have come to the Hyperboreans, by
of Persis, in the part called Hollow Persis (Kcoit  whom he was hospitably received, and to Atlas,
IrIpatL), not far from the border of the Carma- whom he changed into the mountain of the same
nian Desert, in a beautiful and healthy valley, name by the Gorgon's head. On his return to
630




PERSEUS.                                   PERSIS.
Seriphos, he found his mother with Dictys in a deprived him of the services of twenty thousand
temple, whither they had fled from the violence Gaulish mercenaries, who had actually advancof Polydectes. Perseus then went to the pal- ed into Macedonia to his support, but retired on
ace of Polydectes, and metamorphosed him and failing to obtain their stipulated pay. He was
all. his guests, and, some say, the whole island, left to carry on the contest against Rome sininto stone. He then presented the kingdom to gle-handed. The fourth year of the war (168)
Dictys. He gave the winged sandals and the was also the last. The new consul, L. _Emilius
helmet to Mercury(Hermes), who restored them  Paulus, defeated Perseus with great loss in a
to the nymphs and to Pluto (Hades), and the decisive battle fought near Pydna, on June 22,
head of Gorgon to Minerva (Athena), who placed 168. Perseus took refuge in the island of Samoit in the middle of her shield or breast-plate. thrace, where he shortly afterward surrendered
Perseus then went to Argos, accompanied by with his children to the prmtor Cn. Octavius.
Danae and Andromeda. Acrisius, remembering When brought before 2Emilius, he is said to
the oracle, escaped to Larissa, in the country have degraded himself by the most abject supof the Pelasgians; but Perseus followed him, in plications; but he was treated with kindness by
order to persuade him to return.' Some writers the Roman general.  The following year he
state that Perseus, on his return to Argos, found was carried to Italy, where he was compelled
Prcetus, who had expelled his brother Acrisius, to adorn the splendid triumph of his conqueror
in possession of the kingdom; and that Perseus (November 30, 167), and afterward cast into a
slew Proetus, and was afterward killed by Mega- dungeon, from whence, however, the intercespenthes, the son of Prcetus. The more common sion of 2Emilius procured his release, and he
tradition, however, relates, that when Teutami- was permitted to end his days in. an honorable
das, king of Larissa, celebrated games in honor captivity at Alba.  He survived his removal
of his guest Acrisius, Perseus, who took part in thither a few years, and died, according to some
them, accidentally hit the foot of Acrisius with accounts, by voluntary starvation, while others,
the discus, and thus killed him. Acrisius was fortunately with less probability, represent him
buried outside the city of Larissa, and Perseus, as falling a victim to the cruelty of his guards,
leaving the kingdom of Argos to Megapenthes, who deprived him of sleep. Perseus had been
the son of Proetus, received from him in ex- twice married; the name of his first wife, whom
change the government of Tiryns. According he is said to have killed with his own hand in
to others, Perseus remained in Argos, and sue- a fit of passion, is not recorded; his second, Lacessfully opposed the introduction of the Bac- odice, was the daughter of Seleucus IV. Philochic orgies. Perseus is said to have founded pator. He left two children: a son, Alexander,
the towns of Midea and Mycenm. By Androm- and a daughter, both apparently by his second
*eda he became the father of Perses, Alcaeus, marriage, as they were mere children when carSthenelus, Heleus, Mestor, Electryon, Gorgo- ried to Rome. Besides these, he had adopted
phone, and Autochthe. Perseus was worship- his younger brother Philip, who appears to have
ped as a hero in several places.          been regarded by him as the heir to his throne,
PERSEUS or PERSES (-1epCEVg), the last king and became the partner of his captivity.
of Macedonia, was the eldest son of Philip V.,  PERSIA. Vid. PERSIS.
and reigned eleven years, from B.C. 178 to 168.  PERSICI MONTES. Vid. PARSICI MONTES.
Before his accession he persuaded his father to  PERSIcUS SINUS, PERSICUM MARE (6 HepautKbo
put to death his younger brother Demetrius, Kc6Itror, Il HepaeTcIj  dLacca, and other forms:
whom he suspected that the Roman senate in- the Persian Gulf), is the name given by the
tended to set up as a competitor for the throne later geographers to the great gulf of the Mare
on the death of Philip. Immediately after his Erythraeum (now Indian Ocean), extending in a
accession he began to make preparations for southeastern direction from the mouths of the
war with the Romans, which he knew to be in- Tigris, between the northeastern coast of Araevitable, though seven years elapsed before act- bia and the opposite coast of Susiana, Persis,
ual hostilities commenced. The war broke out and Carmania, to the narrow strait formed by
in 171. The first year of the war was marked the long tongue of land which projects from the
by no striking action. The consul P. Licinius northern side of Oman in Arabia, by which strait
Crassus first suffered a defeat in Thessaly in it is connected with the more open gulf of the
an engagement between the cavalry of the two Indian Ocean called Paragon Sinus (now Gulf
armies, but subsequently gained a slight ad- of Oman). The earlier Greek writers know
vantage over the king's troops. The second nothing of it. Herodotus does not distinguish
year of the war (170), in which the consul A. it from the Erythraan Sea. The voyage of
Hostilius Mancinus commanded, also passed Alexander's admiral Nearchus from the Indus
over without any important battle, but was, on to the Tigris made it better known, but still the
the whole, favorable to Perseus.  The third  ancient geographers in general' give very inacyear (169), in which the consul Q. Marcius curate statements of its size and form.
Philippus commanded, again produced no im-  PERsiDES (HepaECidC, Hepi?7aidd6), apatronymportant results. The length to which the war ic given to the descendants of Perses.
had been unexpectedly protracted, and the ill  PERSIS, and very rarely PERSIA (rj IIepoa, and
success of the Roman arms, had by this time  Hy IepatKut, sc. y7, the fem. adjectives, the masc.
excited a general feeling in favor of the Mace- being IHepauc6, fiom the ethnic noun HIparc, pl.
donian monarch; but the ill-timed avarice of TIlpaal, fer. HIpcri-, Latin Persa and Perses,
Perseus, who refused to advance the sum of pl. Persma: in modern Persian and Arabic, Fars
money which Eumenes, king of Pergamus, de- or Farsistan, i. e., stan, land of, Fars =Old Permanded, deprived him of this valuable ally; and sian pars, horse or horseman: Eng. Persia), origthe same unseasonable niggardliness likewise inally a small mountainous district of Western'631




PERSIS.                                   PERSIS.'Asia, lying on the northeastern side of the Per- isted in Western Asia two other great kingsian Gulf, and surrounded on the other sides by doms, the Lydian, which comprised nearly the
mountains and deserts. On the northwest and whole of Asia Minor, west of the River Halys,
north it was separated from Susiana, Media, which separated it from the Medo-Persian terand Parthia by the little river Oroatis or Orosis, ritories, and the Babylonian, which, besides the
and by Mons Parachoathras; and on the east Tigris and Euphrates valley, embraced Syria
from Carmania by no definite boundaries in the and Palestine. By the successive conquest of
Desert. The onlylevel part of the country was these kingdoms, the dominions of Cyrus were
the strip of sea-coast called PERSIS PARALIA; extended on the west as far as the coasts of the
the rest was intersected with branches of Mons Euxine, the AEgean, and the Mediterranean, and
Parachoathras, the valleys between which were to the frontier of Egypt. Turning his arms in
watered by several rivers, the chief of which the opposite direction, he subdued Bactria, and
were the ARAXES, CYRUS, and MEDUS: in this effected some conquests beyond the Oxus, but
part of the country, which was called KOILE fell in battle with the MassagetaE. Vid. CYRUS.
PERSIS, stood the capital cities PASARGADA and His son Cambyses added Egypt to the empire.
PERSEPOLIS.  The country has a remarkable  Vid. CAMBYSES. Upon his death the Magian
variety of climate and of products; the northern priesthood made an effort to restore the supremmountainous regions being comparatively cold, acy to the Medes (vid. MAGI, SMIERDIS), which
but with good pastures, especially for camels; was defeated by the conspiracy of the seven
the middle slopes having a temperate climate, Persian chieftains, whose success conferred the
and producing abundance of fruit and wine; and crown upon Darius, the son of Hystaspes. This
the southern strip of coast being intensely hot king was at first occupied with crushing rebelland sandy, with little vegetation except the ions in every part of the empire, and with the
palm-tree. The inhabitants were a collection two expeditions against Scythia and Cyrenaica,
of nomad tribes of the Indo-European stock, who of which the former entirely failed, and the latcalled themselves by a name which is given in ter was only partially successful. He conquerGreek as ARTI ('Apraoot), and which, like the ed Thrace, and on the east he added the valley
kindred Median name ofARII ('AptOL), signifies of the Indus to the kingdom; but in this quarnoble or honorable, and is applied especially to ter the power of Persia seems never to have
the true worshippers of Ormuzd and followers been much more than nominal. The Persian
of Zoroaster: it was, in fact, rather a title of empire had now reached its greatest extent,
honor than a proper name; the true collective from Thrace and Cyrenaica on the west to the
name of the people seems to have been Paraca. Indus on the east, and from the Euxine, the
According to Herodotus, they were divided into Caucasus (or, rather, a little below it), the Casthree classes or castes: first, the nobles or war- plan, and the Oxus and Jaxartes on the north,
riors, containing the three tribes of the PASAR- to -Ethiopia, Arabia, and the Erythraean Sea on
OADE, who were the most noble, and to whom  the south, and it embraced, in Europe, Thrace
the royal family of the Achssmenidse belonged, and some of the Greek cities north of the Euxthe Marphii, and the Maspii; secondly, the ag- ine; in Africa, Egypt and Cyrenaica; in Asia,
ricultural and other settled tribes, namely, the on the west, Palestine, Phoenicia, Syria, the sevPanthialaei, Derusiaei, and Germanii; thirdly, eral districts of Asia Minor, Armenia, Mesopo
the tribes which remained nomadic, namely, the tamia, Assyria, Babylonia, Susiana, Atropatene,
Dase, Mardi, Dropici, and Sagartii, names com- Great Media; on the north, Hyrcania, Margimon to other parts of Western and Central Asia. ana, Bactriana, and Sogdiana; on the east, the
The Persians had a close ethnical affinity to the Paropamisus. Arachosia, and India (i. e., part of
Medes, and followed the same customs and re- the Punjab and Scinde); on the south, Persis,
ligion. Vid. MAGI, ZOROASTER. The simple and Carmania, and Gedrosia; and in the centre of
warlike habits which they cultivated in their na- the eastern part, Parthia, Aria, and Drangiana.
tive mountains preserved them from the cor- The capital cities of the empire were Babylon,
rupting influences which enervated their Median Susa, Ecbatana in Media, and, though these
brethren; so that from being, as we find them  were seldom, if ever, used as residences, Pasarat the beginning of their recorded history, the gada and Persepolis in Persia. (Yid. the sevsubject member of the Medo-Persian kingdom, eral articles.) Of this vast empire Darius unthey obtained the supremacy under CYRUs, the dertook the organization, and divided it into
founder of the great Persian empire, B.C. 559. twenty satrapies, of which a full account is
Of the Persian history before this date we know  given by Herodotus. For the other details of
but little: the native poetical annalists of a later his reign, and especially the commencement of
period are perfectly untrustworthy: the addi- the wars with Greece, vid. DARIUS. Of the retional light lately obtained from the Persian in- maining period of the ancient Persian history
scriptions is, so far as it goes, confirmatory of till the Macedonian conquest, a sufficient abthe Greek writers, from whom, and from some stract will be found under the names of the sevsmall portions of Scripture, all our knowledge eral kings, a list of whom is now subjoinedof ancient Persian history is derived. Accord- (1.) CYRUS, B.C. 559-529; (2.) CAMBYSES, 529ing to these accounts, the Persians were first 522; (3.)Usurpation of the pseudo-SMERDIs, sevsubjected by the Medes under Phraortes, about en-months, 522-521; (4.) DARIUS I., son of HysB.C. 688, at the time of the formation of the taspes, 521-485; (5.) XERXES I., 485-465; (6.)
great Median empire; but they continued to be Usurpation of ARTABANUS, seven months, 465governed by their own princes, the Achsemeni- 464; (7.) ARTAXERXES I. LONGIMANUS, 464-425;
dae. An account of the revolution, by which (8.) XERXES II., two months; (9.) SOGDIAINUs
the supremacy was transferred to the Persians, seven months, 425-424; (10.) Ochus, or DARIUS
is given under CYRUS. At this time there ex- II. Nothus, 424405; (11) ARTAXRXns II. LMn632




PERSIUS FLACCUS.                               PETELTA.
mon, 405-359; (12.) Ochus, or ARnTXERXES III., last day of September, 192, Pertinax, who was
359-338;(13.)ARses, 338-336; (14.)DAIUS III. then sixty-six years of age, was reluctantly perCodomannus, 336-331. Vid.ALEXANDER. Here suaded to accept the empire. He commenced
the ancient history of Persia ends as a king- his reign by introducing extensive reforms into
dom; but, as a people, the Persians proper, un- the civil and military administration of the emder the influence especially of their religion, pire; but the troops, who had been accustomed
preserved their existence, and at length regain- both to ease and license under Commodus, were
ed their independence on the downfall of the disgusted with the discipline'which he attemptParthian empire. Vid. SAssANmIDn. In reading ed to enforce upon them, and murdered their
the Roman poets, it mlnust be remembered that new sovereign after a reign of two months and
they constantly use Perstc as well as Medi as a twenty-seven days. On his death the praetorian
general term for the nations east of the Euphra- troops put up the empire to sale, which was purtes and Tigiis, and especially for the Parthians. chased by M. Didius Salvius Julianus. Vid. p.
PERsYus FLACCUS, A., the poet, was a Roman 256, b.
knight connected by blood and marriage with  PERUSYA (Perusinus: now Perugia), an anpersons of the highest ranlt, and was born at cient city in the eastern part of Etruria, between
Volaterre in Etruria on the 4th of December, the Lake Trasimenus and the Tiber, and one
A.D. 34. He received the first rudiments of of the twelve cities of the Etruscan confedereducation in his native town, remaining there acy., It was situated on a hill, and was strongly
until the age of twelve, and then removed to fortified by nature and by art. In conjunction
Rome, where he studied grammar under the with the other cities of Etruria, it long resisted
celebrated Remmius Palemon, and rhetoric un- the power of'the Romans, and at a later period
der Verginius Flavius. He was afterward the it was made a Roman colony. It is memorable
pupil of Cornutus the Stoic, who became the in the civil wars as the place in which L. Antoguide, philosopher, and friend of his future life, nius, the brother of the triumvir, took refuge
and to whom; he attached himself so closely when he was no longer able to oppose Octavithat he never quitted his side. While yet a anus in the field, and where he was kept closely
youth he was on familiar terms with Lucan, blockaded by Octavianus for some months, from
with Csesius Bassus the lyric poet, and with the end of B.C. 41-to the spring of 40. Famine
several other persons of literary eminence.. He compelled it to surrender; but one of its citiwas tenderly beloved by the high-minded PTetus zens having set fire to his own house, the flames
Thrasea, and seems to have been well worthy spread, and the whole city was burned to the
of such affection, for he is described as a virtu- ground. The war between L. Antonius and
ous and pleasing youth. He died of a disease Octavianus is known from the long siege of this
of the stomach, on the 24th of November, A.D. town by the name of the Bellum Perusinum. It
62, before he had. completed. his twenty-eighth was rebuilt and colonized anew by Augustus,
year. The extant works of Persius, who, we from whom it received the surname of Augusta.
are told, wrote seldom and sJowly, consist of In the later time of the empire it was the most
six short satires, extending in all to six hundred important city in all Etruria, and long resisted
and fifty hexameter lines, and were left in an the Goths. Part of the walls and some of the
unfinished state. They were slightly corrected gates of Perusia still remain. The best preafter his death by Cornutus, while Cmesius Bas- served of the gates is now called'Arco d'Ausus was permitted, at his own earnest request, gusto, from the inscription AVGvsTA PERvsIA
to be the editor. In boyhood Persius had writ- over the arch; the whole structure is at least
ten some other poems, which were destroyed sixty or seventy feet high. Several interesting
by the advice of Cornutus. Few productions tombs, with valuable remains of Etruscan art,
have ever enjoyed more popularity than the Sat- have been discovered in the neighborhood of the
ires; but it would seem that Persius owes not city.
a little of his fame to a cause which naturally  PESCENNIUS NICER. Vid. NIGER.
might have produced an effect directly the re-  PESSYNtuS or PsiYNUs (IIEaaCcVrC, IIeatvoiV:
verse, we mean the multitude of strange terms, HIeaoLvodvrtot, fem. HIECaLvoeVV,i~: ruins at Balaproverbial phrases, far-fetched metaphors, and HIisar), a city of Asia Minor, in the southwestabrupt transitions which every where embarrass ern corner of Galatia, on the southern slope of
our progress.  The difficulty experienced in re- Mount Dindymus or Agdistis, was celebrated as
moving these impediments necessarily impress- a chief seat of the worship of Cybele, under the
es both the words and the ideas upon every one surname of Agdistis, whose temple, crowded
who has carefully studied his pages, and hence with riches, stood on a hill outside the city. In
no author clings more closely to our memory. this temple was a wooden (Livy says stone)
The first satire is superior both in plan and ex- image of the goddess, which was removed to
ecution to the rest; and those passages in the Rome, to satisfy an oracle in the Sibylline books.
fifth, where Persius describes the process by Under Constantine the city was made the capwhich his own moral and intellectual faculties ital of the province of Galatia Salutaris, but it
were expanded,' are remarkable for their grace gradually declined until the sixth century, after
and beauty..'The best editions are by Jahn, which it-is no more mentioned.
Lips., 1843,land by Heinrich, Lips.-, 1844.  PETXLYA or PETXiL~E (now Petahus), an uninPERTiNA), HELVIUS, Roman emperor from   habited and rocky island off the southwestern
January 1st to March 28th, A.D. 193, was of coast of Eubcea, at the entrance into the. Eurihumble origin, and rose from the post of centu- pus.
iaon both to the highest military and civil com-  PETELA or PETiLYA (HerTlia: Petelinus: now
mands in the reigns of M. Aurelius and Com- Strongoli), an ancient Greek town on the eas't
mooans. On the murder of Commodus on the ern coast of Bruttium, founded, according to
633




PETENES.                                 PETRONIA.
tradition, by Philoctetes. (Virg., lJn., iii., 402.) afterward of the Nabathseans.  It is probably
It was situated north of Croton, to whose terri- the same place which is called Selah (which
tory it originally belonged, but it was afterward means, like Trerpa, a rock) and Joktheel in the
conquered by the Lucanians. It remained faith- Old Testament. It lies in the midst of the
ful to the Romans, when the other cities of Brut- mountains of Seir, at the foot of Mount Hor,
tium revolted to Hannibal, and it was not till just half way between the Dead Sea and the
after a long and desperate resistance that it was head of the AElanitic Gulf of the Red Sea, in a
taken by one of Hannibal's generals. It was valley, or rather ravine, surrounded by almost
repeopled by Hannibal with Bruttians; but the inaccessible precipices, which is entered by a
Romans subsequently collected the remains of narrow gorge on the east, the rocky walls of
the former population, and put them again in which approach so closely as sometimes hardly
possession of the town.                   to permit two horsemen to ride abreast. On
[PETENES. Vid. PETINES.]                the banks of the river which runs through this
PETEO6N (IlETErJv: ITerermto), a small town ravine stood the city itself, a mile in length and
in Bmotia, of uncertain site, dependent upon half a mile in breadth, between the sides of the
Haliartus according to some, and upon Thebes valley, and some fine ruins of its public buildaccording to others.                      ings still remain. But this is not all: the rocks
PETEOS (IIerectf), son of Orneus, and father which surround, not only the main valley, but
of Menestheus, was expelled from Athens by all its lateral ravines, are completely honey_Egeus, and went to Phocis, where he founded combed with excavations, some of which were
Stiris.                                   tombs, some temples, and some private houses,
PETILYUS or PETILLYUS. 1. CAPITOLINUS. Vid. at the entrances to which the surface of the
CAPITOLINUS.-2. CEREALIS. Vid. CEREALIS.-  rock is sculptured into magnificent architectural
3. SPURINUS. Vid. SPURINUS.               faades and other figures, whose details are,[PETINES (IIETivyC) or PETENES, one of the often so well preserved as to appear but just
Persian generals at the beginning of the war chiselled, while the effect is wonderfully heightwith Alexander: he was slain at the battle of ened by the brilliant variegated colors of the
the Granicus.]                            rock, where red, purple, yellow, sky-blue, black,
PETOSIRIS (TIerO6atpt), an Egyptian priest and and white are seen in distinct layers. These
astrologer, generally named along with Nechep- ruins are chiefly of the Roman period, when Pesos, an Egyptian king. The two are said to be tra had become an important city as a centre
the founders of astrology. Some works on as- of the caravan traffic of the Nabatheans. At
trology were extant under his name. Like our the time of Augustus, as Strabo learned from a
own Lilly, Petosiris became the common name friend who had resided there, it contained many
for an astrologer. (Juv., vi., 580.)      Romans and other foreigners, and was governed
PETOVIO or PCETOVIO (now Pettau), a town in by a native prince. It had maintained its indePannonia Superior, on the frontiers of Noricum, pendence against the Greek kings of Syria, and
and on the Dravus (now Drave), was a Roman retained it under the Romans till the time of
colony with the surname Ulpia, having been Trajan, by whom it was taken.  It was the
probably enlarged and made a colony by Tra- chief city of the whole country of Arabia Pejan or Hadrian. It was one of the chief towns traea, which probably derived its name from Peof Pannonia, had an imperial palace, and was tra; and under the later empire it was the capithe head-quarters of a Roman legion. The an- tal ofPalaestina Tertia.
cient town was probably on the right bank of  PETREIUS, M:, a man of great military experithe Drave, opposite the modern Pettau, as it is ence, is first mentioned in B.C. 62, when he
only on the former spot that inscriptions, coins, served as legatus to the proconsul C. Antonius,
and other antiquities have been found.    and commanded the army in the battle in which
PETRA (I HIrpC: IeTpaiof, Petraeus, later Pe- Catiline perished. He belonged to the aristotrensis), the name of several cities built on cratical party; and in 55 he was sent into Spain
rocks or in rocky places. 1. A small place in along with L. Afranius as legatus of Pompey, to
the Corinthian territory, probably on the coast, whom the provinces of the two Spains had been
near the borders of Argolis.-2. A place in Elis, granted. Soon after the commencement of the
not far from the city of Elis, of which some sup- civil war in 49, Csesar defeated Afranius and
pose it to have been the acropolis. The se- Petreius in Spain, whereupon the latter joined
pulchral monument of the philosopher Pyrrho Pompey in Greece. After the loss of the battle
was shown here.-3. (Now Casa della Pietra), of Pharsalia (48), Petreius crossed over to Afalso called PETREA and PETRINE (the people rica; and took an active part in the campaign in
Herpivot and Petrini), an inland town of Sicily, 46, which was brought to an end by the decisive
on the road from Agrigentum to Panormus.-  defeat of the Pompeian army at the battle of
4. A town on the coast of Illyricum, with a bad Thapsus. Petreius then fled with Juba, and,
harbor.-5. A city of Pieria in Macedonia.-  despairing of safety, they fell by each others
6. A fortress of the Madi in Thrace.-7. (P1. hands.
neut.), a place in Dacia, on one of the three  PETRINUS (now Rocca di monti Ragouti) a
great roads which crossed the Danube.-8. In mountain near Sinuessa, on the confines of LaPontus, a fortress built by Justinian, on a preci- tium and Campania, on which good wine was
pice on the sea-coast, between the rivers Ba- grown.
thys and Acinasis.-9. In Sogdiana, near the  PETROCORII, a people in Gallia Aquitanica, in
Oxus (Q. Curt., vii., 11).-10. By far the most the modern Perigord.. Their country contained
celebrated of all the places of this name was iron mines, and their chief town was Vesunna
PETRA or PETR.E  (now Wady-Mlusa), in Arabia (now Perigueux).
Petraea, the capital first of the Idumxeans, and  [PETRONIA, daughter of a man of consular
634




PETRONIUS, C.                                PHLEAX.
rank, was first the wife of Vitellius, and subse- culeius Cotta were destroyed with their troops
quently of Dolabella. By Vitellius she had a byAmbiorix, B.C. 54.]
son Petronianus, whom his father put to death.]  PEUCE (ITevjc: now Piczina), an island in
[PETRONIUS, C. 1. Succeeded.lius Gallus in Mcesia Inferior, formed by the two southern
the government of Egypt, and carried on war in mouths of the Danube, of which the most southB.C. 22 against the Ethiopians, who had invad- ernly was also called Peuce, but more commonly
edEgypt under their queen Candace. Petronius the Sacred Mouth. This island is of a triangunot only drove back the./Ethiopians, but took lar form, and is said by the ancients to be as
many of their towns. He was a friend of Her- large as Rhodes. It was inhabited by the Peuod, and sent corn to Judaea when the latter cini, who were a tribe of the Bastarnee, and took
country was visited by a famine.-2. TURPILIA- their name from the island.
NUS, consul A.D. 61 with C. Caesonius Peetus,  PEUC-LA, PEUCELsAOTIS((IEV/C2Ea, I1evKt2aSrtg:
succeeded Suetonius Paulinus as governor of now Pekheli or Pakholi), a city and district in the
Britain, but did nothing in that capacity, though northwest of India intra Gangem, between the
he received the triumphal insignia in A.D. 65. rivers Indus and Suastus.
He was put to death at the commencement of  PEUCESTAS (IIevKsEraf), a Macedonian, and a
the reign of Galba.]                      distinguished officer of Alexander the Great.
PETRONIUS, C.-orT., an accomplished volup- He had the chief share in saving the life of
tuary at the court of Nero. He was one of the Alexander in the assault on the city of the Malli
chosen companions of Nero, and was regarded in India, and was afterward appointed by the
as director-in-chief of the imperial pleasures, the king'to the satrapy of Persia. In the division
judge whose decision upon the merits of any of the provinces after the death of Alexander
proposed scheme of enjoyment was held as final (B.C. 323), he obtained the renewal of his gov(eleganti<e arbiter). The influence thus acquir- ernment of Persia. He fought on the side o
ed excited the jealous suspicions ofTigellinus: Eumenes against Antigonus (317-316), but dishe was accused of treason; and believing that played both arrogance and insubordination in
destruction was inevitable, he resolved to die as these campaigns. Upon the surrender of Euhe had lived, and to excite admiration by the menes by the Argyraspids, Peucestas fell into
frivolous eccentricityof his end. Having caused the hands of Antigonus, who deprived him of
his veins to be opened, he from time to time his satrapy.
arrested the flow of blood by the application of  PEUCETIA. Vid. APULI.
bandages. During the intervals he conversed  PEUCINI. Vid. PEUCE.
with his friends, and even showed himself in  [PHACE (4ciac ), sister of Ulysses, according to
the public streets of Cumee, where these events some accounts called Callisto.]
took place; so that at last, when he sunk from  PHACIUM (dictov: qaKtevg: now Alifaka), a
exhaustion, his death (A.D. 66), although com- mountain fortress of Thessaly, in the district
pulsory, appeared to be the result of natural and Hestiaotis, on the right bank of the Peneus,
gradual decay. He is said to have dispatched northeast of Limnea.
in his last moments a sealed document to the  [PHAcuSA (aoaxobca), the capital of the Nomos
prince, taunting him with his brutal excesses. Arabia in Lower Egypt, portions of which were
A work has come down to us bearing the title on both banks of the Nile, thirty-six miles from
Petronii Arbitri Satyricon, which, as it now ex- Pelusium. At this place the canal began which
ists, is composed of a series of fragments, chiefly ran from the Nile to the Arabian Gulf. The
in prose, but interspersed with numerous pieces ruins on this site still bear the name Tell Faof poetry. It is a sort of comic romance, in kus.]
which the adventures of a certain Encolpius and  PHACUssA ({eaKobcaa: now Fecussa), an island
his companions in the south of Italy, chiefly in in the AEgean Sea, one of the Sporades.
Naples or its environs, are made a vehicle for  PHuA (Daltd), the name of the sow of Cromexposing the false taste and vices of the age. myon in Megaris, which ravaged the neighborUnfortunately, the vices of the personages intro- hood, and was slain by Theseus.
duced are depicted with such fidelity that we  PHA iCES ({aiKacar, CbaiKEf), a fabulous people
are perpetually disgusted by the obscenity of immortalized by the Odyssey, who inhabited the
the descriptions. The longest section is gener- island ScHERIA (2Xepia), situated at the extreme
ally known as the Supper of Trimalchio, present- western part of the earth, and who were goving us with a detailed account of a fantastic ernedbyKingAlcinous. Vid. ALciNous. They
banquet, such as the gourmands of the empire are described by Homer as a people fond of the
were wont to exhibit on their tables. Next in feast, the lyre, and the dance, and hence their
interest is the well-known tale of the Ephesian name passed into a proverb to indicate persons
Matron. A great number of conflicting opinions of luxurious and sensual habits. Thus a gluthave been formed by scholars with regard to the ton is called Phazax by Horace (Ep., i., 15, 24).
author of the Satyricon. Many suppose that he The ancients identified the Homeric Scheria
is the same person as the C. or T. Petronius with Corcyra, whence the latter is called by the
mentioned above; and though there are no poetsPhaacia tellus; but there is no sound arproofs in favor of this hypothesis, yet there is gument in favor of the identity of the two islgood reason to believe that the work belongs to ands, and it is better to regard Scheria as altothe first century, or, at all events, is not later gether fabulous.
than the reign of Hadrian. The best edition is  PH EAX ('aiaf), an Athenian orator and statesby P. Burmannus, 4to, Traj. ad Rhen., 1709, and man, and a contemporary of Nicias and Alcibiaagain Amst., 1743.                        des.  Some critics maintain that the extant
[PETRosIDIUS, L., a standard-bearer, diedfight- speech against Alcibiades, commonly attributed;jg bravely when Titurius Sabinus and Aurun- to Andocides, was written by Phieax.
635




PHEDI1MA.                                PHALACRA.
[PrHE.DIMA (Datdi7?), a Persian lady, daughter expect from a Roman writer of the Augustan
of Otanes, was one of the wives of Cambyses age.  But Phaedrus has not escaped censure
and of Smerdis the magian. It was through her when he has deviated from his Greek model, and
means that the false Smerdis was detected and much of the censure is just. The best fables
exposed.]                                 are those in which he has kept the closest to
[PHAmDIMUS ({aifltuo). 1. A king of the Si- his original; Many of the fables, however, are
donians, who hospitably received Menelaus on not.Esopian, as the matter clearly shows, for
his return from Troy.-2. A native of Bisanthe they refer to historical events of a much later
in Macedonia, or of Amastris in Paphlagonia, period-(v., 1, 8; iii., 10); and Phaedrus himself,
an epigrammatic poet, four of whose epigrams in the prologue to the fifth book, intimates that
are contained in the Greek Anthology.]    he had often used the name of zEsop only to
PHrEDON (baiduv), a Greek philosopher, was a recommend his verses. There is also another
native of Elis, and of high birth, but was taken collection of thirty-two fables attributed to
prisoner, probably about B.C. 400, and was.Esop, and entitled Epitome Fabularum, which
brought to Athens. It is said that he ran away was. first published at Naples in 1809, by Casfrom his master to Socrates, and was ransomed sitti. Opinions are much divided as to the genby one of the friends of the latter. Phaedon was uineness of this collection. The probability is,
present at the death of Socrates, while he was that the Epitome is founded on genuine Roman
still quite a youth. He appears to have lived in fables, which, in the process of transcription
Athens some time after the death of Socrates, during many centuries, have undergone considand then returned to Elis, where he became the erable changes. The last and only critical edifounder of a school of philosophy. He was suc- tion of Phedrus is by Orelli, Ztrich, 1831.
ceeded by Plistanus, after whom the Elean school  PHLENARETE. Vid. SOCRATES.
was merged in the Eretrian. The dialogue of  PHEINIAS. Vid. PHANIAS.
Plato, which contains an account of the death  PHESTUS (atarT6i: aiiato.'1.. A town in
of Socrates, bears the name ofPhsedon.    the south of Crete, near Gortyna, twenty stapH aE3 4<aidpa), daughter of Minos by Pasi- dia from the sea, with a port-town, Matala or
phTgor Crete, and the wife of Theseus. She Matalia, said to have been built by the Heraclid
was the step-mother of Hippolytus, the son of Phaestus, who came from Sicyon to Crete. The
Theseus, with whom she fell in love; but hav- town is mentioned by Homer, but was destroyed
ing been repulsed by Hippolytus, she accused at an early period by Gortyna. It was the birthhim to Theseus of having attempted her dis- place of Epimenides, and its inhabitants were
honor. After the death of Hippolytus, his inno- celebrated for their wit and sarcasm.-2. A
cence became known to his father, and Phaedra town of Thessaly, in the district Thessaliotis.
made away with herself. For details, vid. HIP-  PHAEiTHON ($aeOuv), that is, "the shining,"
POLYTUS.-                                 occurs in Homer as an epithet or surname of
PHIEDRIADES. Vid. PARNASSUS.            Helios (the Sun), and is used by later writers as
PHuEDRIAS (4aicdpiac), a town in the south of a proper name for Helios; but it is more conArcadia, southwest of Megalopolis, fifteen stadia monly known as the name of a son of Helios by
from the Messenian frontier.              the Oceanid Clymene, the wife of Merops. The
[PHEMDRIAS (atLpiaf), one of the thirty tyrants genealogy of Phaethon, however, is not the same
in Athens, as the name is given in Xenophon; in all writers, for some call him a son of Clymthe common reading in Demosthenes has Phaedi- enus, the son of Helios by Merope, or a son of
mus.]                                     Helios by Prote, or, lastly, a son of Helios by
PamEDRus(iatdpof). 1. An Epicurean philoso- the nymph Rhode or Rhodos. He received the
pher, and the president of the Epicurean school significant name of Phaethon from his father,
during Cicero's residence in Athens, B.C. 80. and was afterward presumptuous and ambitious
HIe died in 70, and was succeeded by Patron. enough to requestshis father to allow him for
He was the author of a work on the gods (IIepi one day to drive the chariot of the sun across
Qie-v), of which an interesting fragment was dis- the heavens. Helios was induced by the encovered at Herculaneum in 1806, and published treaties of his son and of Clymene to yield, but,
by Petersen, Hamb., 1833. Cicero was largely the youth being too weak to check the horses,
indebted to this work for the materials of the they rushed out of their usual track, and came
first book of the De NYatura Deorum.-2. The so near the earth as almost to set it on fire.
Latin fabulist, of whom we know nothing but Thereupon Jupiter (Zeus) killed him with a flash
what is collected or inferred from his fables. of lightning, and hurled him down into the River
He was originally a slave, and was brought Eridanus. His sisters, the HeliadesorPhaethownfrom Thrace or Macedonia to Rome, where he tiades, wflo had yoked the horses to the chariot,
learned the Latin language. As the title of his were metamorphosed into poplars, and their
work is Phcedri Aug. Liberti Fabulce Esopice, we tears into amber. Vid. HELIADnE.
must conclude that he had belonged to Augus-  PHAETHONTIADES. Vid. HELIADE.
tus, who manumittedhim. Under Tiberius he   PHAETfHUSA. Vid. HELIADME.
appears to have undergone some persecution,  PHAGRESa T (Typy: now Orfan or 07fana), an
fromr Sejanus. The fables extant under the ancient and fortified town of the Pierians in
name of Phaedrus are ninety-seven in number, Macedonia, at the foot of Mount Pangaeon.
written in iambic verse, and distributed into five  [PIcAGRORION (iaypptov) or PHAGRO'IOPObooks. Most of the fables are transfusions of LIs (faypuopti6roRt), a city of Lower Egypt,
the.LEsopian fables, or those which pass as such, near the canal extending from Phacusa to Arinto Latin verse. The expression is generally sinoe.].lear and concise, and the language, with some  [PHALACRA (ia2ip/cpa and cbatcKpai), a city-of
few exceptions, as pure and correct as we should Cyrenaica, between Caenopolis and Marabina;
636




PHAL2ETCUS.                                 PHAN.A.
aceording to Pliny, celebrated on account of its the name of Phalaris as early as the time of
Wine.]                                    Pindar. (Pind., Pyth., i., 185.) That poet also
PHALmCUS (~d2~aeiCO). 1. Son of Onomar- speaks of Phalaris himself in terms which clearchus, succeeded his uncle Phayllus as leader of ly prove that his reputation as a barbarous tyrant
the Phocians in the Sacred WaYr, B.C. 351; In was then already fully established, and all suborder to secure his own safety, he concluded a sequent writers, until a very late period, allude
treaty with Philip, by which he was allowed to to him in terms of similar import. But in the
withdraw into the Peloponnesus with a body of later ages of Greek literature, there appears to
eight thousand mercenaries, leaving tle un- have existed or arisen a totally different tradihappy Phocians to their fate, 346. Phalacus tion concerning Phalaris, which represented him
now assumed the part of a mere leader of mer- as a man of a naturally mild and humane dispocenary troops, in which character we- find him  sition, and only forced into acts of severity or
engaging in various enterprises. He was slain occasional cruelty by the pressure of circumat the siege of Cydonia in Crete.-2. A lyric and stances and the machinations of his enemies.
epigrammatic poet, from whom the metre called Still more strange is it that he appears at the
Plhalwcian took its name. Five of his epigrams same time as an admirer of literature and phiare preserved in the Greek Anthology. His losophy, and the patron of men of letters. Such
date is uncertain, but lie was probably one of is the aspect under which his character is prethe principal Alexandrean poets.          sented to us in two declamations commonly asPHALEsiE (a2aecytiat), a town in Arcadia, cribed to Lucian, and still more strikingly in the
south of Megalopolis, on the road to Sparta, well-known epistles which bear the name of
twenty stadia from the Laconian frontier.  Phalaris himself. These epistles are now rePHALANNA (4adXavva: ePa2avvaof: now Kar- membered chiefly on account of the literary conadjoli), a town of the Perrhaebi in the Thes- troversy to which they gave rise, and the massalian district of Hestiaeotis, on the left bank of terly dissertation in which Bentley exposed
the Peneus, not far from Tempe.           their spuriousness.  They are evidently the
PHALANTHUS (Pd2tavor), son of Aracus, was composition of some sophist, though the peone of the Lacedeemonian Partheniae, or the off- riod at which the forgery was composed can not
spring of some marriages of disparagement, now be determined. The first author who rewhich the necessity of the first Messenian war fers to them is Stobaeus. The best edition is
had induced the Spartans to permit. (Vid. Dict. by Schaefer, Lips., 1823.
of Antiq., art. PARTHENIm.) AS the Partheniae  PHALARIUM (?avibptov), a fortress named after
were looked down upon by their fellow-citizens, Phalaris, near the southern coast of Sicily, situthey formed a conspiracy under Phalanthus ated on a hill forty stadia east of the River
against the government. Their design having Himera.
been detected, they went to Italy under the  PHALASARNA (r- 4aodaapva), a town on the
guidance of Phalanthus, and founded the city northwestern coast of Crete.
of Tarentum, about B.C. 708. Phalanthus was  [PHALcES (daDKcn), a Trojan warrior, slain
afterward driven out from Tarentum by a sedi- before Troy by Antilochus.]
tion, and ended his days at Brundisium.     PHALfERUM (5d?Jpov: ~PayvpEvr), the most eastPHALXRA (a ( 4dOapa': Da2apEsf), a town in erly of the harbors of Athens, and the one
the Thessalian district of Phthiotis, on the Sinus chiefly used by the Athenians before the time
Maliacus, served as the harbor of Lamia.  of the Persian wars. Phalerum is usually de[PHALARIS, one of the Trojan warriors who scribed as the most easterly of the three haraccompanied _/Eneas to Italy: he was slain by bors in the peninsula of Pireus; but this apTurnus.]                                  pears to be incorrect. The names of the three
PHALXRIS (d;a'aptc), ruler of Agrigentum in harbors in the peninsula were Piraeus, Zea, and
Sicily, has obtained a proverbial celebrity as a Munychia; while Phalerum lay southeast of
cruel and inhuman tyrant; but we have scarcely these three, nearer the city, at Hagios Georgios.
any real knowledge of his life and history. His After the establishment by Themistocles of the
reign probably commenced about B.C. 570, and three harbors in the peninsula of Piraus, Phaleis said to have lasted sixteen years. He was rum was not much used; but it was connected
a native of Agrigentumn, and appears to have with the city by means of a wall called the
been raised by his fellow-citizens to some high Phalerian' Wall (4aVptLicev 7rexor). Paleron or
office in the state, of which he afterward avail- Phalerus was also an Attic demus, containing
ed himself to assume a despotic authority. He temples of Jupiter (Zeus), Ceres (Demeter), and
was engaged in frequent wars with his neigh- other deities.
bors, and extended his power and dominion on  [PHALINUS (~)a;uvor), a Zacynthian, in the
all sides, though more frequently by stratagem  service of Tissaphernes; after the battle of
than open force. He perished by a sudden out- Cunaxa, B.C. 401, he accompanied the Persian
break of the popular fury, in which it appears heralds sent to the army of the ten thousand
that Telemachus, the ancestor of Theron, must to require them to lay down their arms: lhe rehave borne a conspicuous part. No circum- turned unsuccessful, having been unable to get
stance connected with Phalaris is more cele- any satisfactory answer from Clearchus.]
brated than the brazen bull in which he is said  PHAL5R~A (DaoXpila), a fortified town of Thesto have burned alive the victims of his cruelty, saly in Hestiaeotis, north of Tricca, on the left
and of which we are told that he made the first bank of the Peneus.
experiment upon its inventor Perillus. This  PHANrM (4dva, i7 avae a iicpa': now Cape Mas.
latter story has much the air of an invention of tico), the southern point of the island of Chios,
later Vimes, but the fame of this celebrated en- celebrated for its temple of Apollo and for its
gine of torture was inseparably associated with excellent wine.
637




PHANAGORIA.                              PHARMACUSSE.
PHANAGORIA (iQavay6peta, and other forms: to have been indebted for his poems. She is
ruins at Phanaagori, near Taman, on the eastern said to have been an Egyptian, the daughter of
side of the Straits oflfaffa), a Greek city, found- Nicarchus, an inhabitant of Memphis, and to
ed by a colony of Teians under Phanagoras, on have written an account of the Trojan war and.
the Asiatic coast of the Cimmerian Bosporus. the wanderings of Ulysses.
It became the great emporium for all the traffic  PHAON (4dwv). 1. A boatman at Mytilene,
between the coasts of the Palus MEeotis and the is said to have been originally an ugly old man;
countries on the southern side of the Caucasus, but, in consequence of his carrying Venus (Aphand was chosen by the kings of Bosporus as rodite) across the sea without accepting paytheir capital in Asia. It had a temple of Venus ment, the goddess gave him youth and beauty.
(Aphrodite) Apaturos, and its neighborhood was After this Sappho is said to have fallen in love
rich in olive-yards. In the sixth century A.D. with him, and to have leaped from the Leucait.was destroyed by the surrounding barbarians. dian rock when he slighted her; but this wellPHANARCEA (4avdpota), a great plain of Pon- known story vanishes at the first approach of
tus in Asia Minor, inclosed by the mountain criticism. Vid. SAPPHO. —[2. A freedman of the
chains of Paryadres on the east, and Lithrus Emperor Nero, in whose villa in the neighborand Ophlimus on the west, was the most fertile hood of the city Nero took refuge when the
part of Pontus.                           people rose against, him, and where he met his
[PHANES ((ivy7/), a Greek of Halicarnassus, death, A.D. 68.]
in the service of Amasis, king of Egypt, whom  PHAijR  (erapai or 4Tpat). 1. (4apalev'c or 4cahe deserted, and went over to Cambyses, king penr), an ancient town in the western part of
of Persia.]                               Achaea, and one of the twelve Achaean cities,
PHANIAS or PHENIAS (Faviaf, 4atvicag), of Ere- was situated on the River Pierus, seventy stadia
sos in Lesbos, a distinguished Peripatetic phi- from the sea, and one hundred and fifty from
losopher, the immediate disciple of Aristotle, Patrte. It was one of the states which took an
and the contemporary, fellow-citizen, and friend active part in reviving the Achaean league in
of Theophrastus. He flourished about B.C. 336. B.C. 281. Augustus included it in the territory
Phanias does not seem to have founded a dis- of Patrte. - 2. (capaiTmr~ IapaLdTrf, crapdrrf:
tinct school of his own, but he was a most dili- now Kalamata), an ancient town in Messenia,
gent writer upon every department of philoso- mentioned by Homer, on the River Nedon, near
phy, as it was studied by the Peripatetics, espe- the frontiers of Laconia, and about six miles
ciallylogic, physics, history, andliterature. His from the sea. In B.C. 180 Pharae joined the
works, all of which are lost,' are frequently quot- Achean league together with the neighboring
ed by later writers. One of his works most fre- towns of Thuria and Abia. It was annexed by
quently cited was a sort of chronicle of his na- Augustus toLaconia.-3. Originally'PHARIS(Dcitive city, bearing the title of HpvTavetg'Epiatot. ptl: ~Papirfr, Paptdrns), a town in Laconia, in
PIaANOCLES (acvoa2l~c), one of the best of the the valley of the Eurotas, south of Sparta.-4. A
later Greek elegiac poets, probably lived in the town in Crete, founded by the Messenian Phara.
time of Philip and Alexander the Great. He  [PIARAN (9(apdv), a city of Arabia Petraea, in
seems only to have written one poem, which the neighborhood of a promontory of the same
was entitled "EpTrES g  Kauoi. The work was name (now Faraun), between the two arms of the
upon pacderasteia; but the subject was so treat- Sinus Arabicus, and which is now recalled to
ed as to exhibit the retribution which fell upon mind by the Wady Faran or Firan.]
those who addicted themselves to the practice.;. [PHARAX (4)IpaS). 1. One of the council often
We still possess- a considerable fragment from  appointed by the Spartans in B.C. 418 to conthe opening of the poem, which describes the trol Agis. At the battle of Mantinea in that
love of Orpheus for CalaYs, and the vengeance year, he restrained the Lacedaemonians friom
taken upon him by the Thracian women. The pressing too much on the defeated enemy, and
fragments of Phanocles are edited by Bach, Phi- so running the risk of driving them to despair.
letaw, Hermesianactis, atque Phanoclis Reliquica, In B.C. 396 he laid siege with one hundred and
Ealle, 1829; and by Schneidewin, Delectus Poes. twenty ships to Caunus, where Conon was staGrcec., p. 158.                          tioned, but was compelled to withdraw by the
PHANODEMUS (Pavo6d17po), the author of one approach of a large force.-2. A Spartan, sent
of those works on the legends and antiquities to negotiate an alliance with Athens against
of Attica, known under the name of Atthides. Thebes, B.C. 369.]
His age and birth-place are uncertain, but we  PHARGBTHUS (t4Dp6aOoc: ruins at Hlorbeyt?),
know that he lived before the time of Augustus, the capital of the Nomos Pharbethites in Lower
as he is cited by Dionysius of Halicarnassus. Egypt, lay south of Tanis, on the western side
[The last edition of the fragments is in Muiller's of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile.
Hist. Graec. Fragm., p. 366-370.]           PHARCiDON (qCaptcadJv), a town of Thessaly,
[PHANOSTHENES ( 4avoa06vVg7), an Andrlan, in the eastern part of Hestimotis.
was intrusted by the Athenians in B.C. 407 with  PHARIS. Vid. PHARE, No. 3.
the command of four ships, and was sent to  PHARMACUSSA (Dap/paCovaat). 1. Two small
Andros to succeed Conon on that station. On islands off the coast of Attica, near Salamis, in
his way he fell in with two Thurian galleys, the Bay of Eleusis, now called Kyradhes or Meunder the command of Dorieus, and captured gali and 1Mikri Kyra: on one of them was shown
them with their crews.]                  the tomb of Circe. - 2. PHARMACUSA (tcapyaPHANOTE (now Gardhiki), a fortified town of  covaa), an island off the coast of Asia Minor,
Epirus in Chaonia, near the Illyrian frontier.  one hundred and twenty stadia from Miletus,
PHANTASIA (av'racia), one of those numerous where King Attalus died, and near which Julius
mythical personages to whom Homer is said Caesar was -taken prisoner by pirates when a
638




PHARNABAZUS.                                PHASAELIS.
very young man. The whole adventure is re-  [PHARNASPES (Dapvdcar77f), a Persian of the
lated by Plutarch (Cces., 1, 2).          family of the Achamenidae, was the father of CasPHARNABAZUS (papvd6acos), son of Pharnaces, sandane, a favorite wife of Cyrus the Great.]
succeeded his father as satrap of the Persian  [PHARNUCHUS (eapvovXoC). 1. An officer of
provinces near the Hellespont. In B.C.411 and Cyrus the elder, and one of the chiliarchs of his
the following years, he rendered active assist- cavalry in the war with Croesus. After the conance to the Lacedaemonians in their war against quest of Babylon he was made satrap of the Helthe Athenians. When Dercyllidas, and subse- lespontine Phrygia and.Eolis.-2. One of the
quently' Agesilaus, passed over into Asia to three commanders of the cavalry in'the army of
protect the Asiatic Greeks against the Persian Xerxes. A fall from his horse occasioned his
power, we find Pharnabazus connecting himself detention at Sardis while the Persians invaded
with Conon to resist the Lacedaemonians. In Greece. By his order the horse's legs were cut
374 Pharnabazus invaded Egypt in conjunction off at the knees on the spot where he had thrown
with Iphicrates, but the expedition failed, chiefly his master. —3. A Lycian appointed by Alexanthrough the dilatory proceedings and the ex- der the Great to command the forces sent into
cessive caution of Pharnabazus. The character Sogdiana against Spitamenes in B.C. 329.]
of Pharnabazus is eminently distinguished by  PHARSALUS (dp(paaco, Ion.,ldpa2uLof: bapuaogenerosity and openness. He has been charg- Ltog: now Pharsa or Fersala), a town in Thesed, it is true, with the murder of Alcibiades; but saly, in the district Thessaliotis, not far from
the latter probably fell by the hands of others. the frontiers of Phthiotis, west of the River
Vid. ALCIBIADES.                          Enipeus, and on the northern slope of Mount
PHARNACES (('apvdl]ic). 1. King of Pontus, Narthacius. It was divided into an old and
was the son of Mithradates IV., whom he sue- new city, and contained a strongly-fortified
ceeded on the throne about B.C. 190. He car- acropolis. In its neighborhood, northeast of the
ried on war for some years with Eumenes, king town and on the other side of the Enipeus, was
of Pergamus, and Ariarathes, king of Cappado- a celebrated temple of Thetis, called Thetidium.
cia, but was obliged to conclude with them a Near Pharsalus was fought the decisive battle
disadvantageous peace in 179. The year of his between Caesar and Pompey, B.C. 48, which
death is uncertain; it is placed by conjecture made Caesar master of the Roman world. It is
in 156.-2. King of Pontus, or more properly of frequently called the battle of Pharsalia, which
the Bosporus, was the son of Mithradates the was the name of the territory of the town.
Great, whom he compelled to put an end to his  PHXARus (4)dpor)  1. (NowPhalros or Randhatlife in 63. Vid. MITHRADATES, No. 6. After the el-tin, i. e., Fig-garden), a small island.off the
death of his father, Pharnaces hastened to make Mediterranean coast of Egypt, mentioned by Hohis submission to Pompey, who granted him the mer, who describes it as a whole day's sail diskingdom of the Bosporus with the titles of friend tant friomlEgyptus, meaning probably, not Egypt
and ally of the Roman people. In the civil war itself, but the River Nile. When Alexander the
between Caesar and Pompey, Pharnaces seized Great planned the city of Alexandrea, on the
the opportunity to reinstate himself in his fa- coast opposite to Pharos, he caused the island
ther's dominions, and made himself master of to be united to the coast by a mole seven stathe whole of Colchis and the lesser Armenia. dia in length, thus forming the two harbors of
He defeated Domitius Calvinus, the lieutenant the city. Vid. ALEXANDREA. The island was
of Caesar in Asia, but was shortly afterward de- chiefly famous for the lofty tower built upon it
feated -by Caesar himself in a decisive action by Ptolemy II. Philadelphus for a light-house,
near Zela (47). The battle was gained with whence the name of pharus was applied to all
such ease by Caesar, that he informed the sen- similar structures. It was in this island, too,
ate of his victory by the words Veni, vidi, vii. that, according to the common story, the sevIn the course of the same year Pharnaces was enty translators of the Greek version of the Old
again defeated, and was slain by Asander, one Testament, hence called the Septuagint, were
of his generals, who hoped to obtain his mas- confined till their work was finished. The islter's kingdom. Vid. ASANDER.-[3. Father of and was well peopled according to Julius CaeArtabazus, who commanded the Parthians and sar, but soon afterward Strabo tells us that it
Chorasmians in the expedition of Xerxes against was inhabited only by a fewfishermen.-2. (Now
Greece.- 4. Son of Pharnabazus, appears to Lesina or Hvar), an island of the Adriatic, off
have been satrap of the provinces of Asia, near the coast ofDalmatia, east of Issa, with a Greek
the Hellespont, as early as B.C. 430.-5. A Per- city of the same name (ruins at Civita Vecchia),
sian of high rank, and brother-in-law of Darius which was taken and destroyed by the Romans
Codomannus, was killed at the battle of the under Emilius Paulus, but probably rebuilt, as
Granicus, B.C. 334.]                      it is mentioned by Ptolemy under the name of
PHARNACIA (papvaKtia: now Kheresoun or Ke- Pharia.
rasunda), a flourishingcity of Asia Minor, on the  [PHARUs (kapof). 1. The helmsman of Menecoast of Pontus Polemoniacus, was built near laus, from whom the island of Pharus at the
(some think on) the site of Cerasus, probably by mouth of the Nile was believed to have derived
Pharnaces, the grandfather of Mithradates the its name.-2. A Rutulian, slain by _Eneas in
Great, and peopled by the transference to it of Italy in the war with Turnus.]
the inhabitants of Cotyora. It had a large con-  PHARUSII (4papovaLoe), a people in the interior
merce and extensive fisheries, and in its neigh- (probably near the western coast) of Northern
borhood were the iron mines of the Chalybes. Africa, who carried on a considerable traffic with
It was strongly fortified, and was used by Mith- Mauretania.
radates in the war with Rome for the place of  PHASAELIS (caaag1Aif: now probably Ain-elrefuge of his harem.                      Fusail), a city of Palestine, in the valley of the
639




PHASELIS.                                  PHEMONOE.
Jordan, north of Jericho, built by Herod the  PHAVORINUS. Vid. FAVORINUS.
Great.                                       PHAYLLUS (cdiavo). 1. A celebrated athletf
PHASELIS (Dau7n2b, kaoG?7]?rC: ruins at Tekro- of Crotona, who had thrice gained the victory
va), an important sea-port town of Lycia, near at the Pythian games. He fought at the battle
the borders of Pamphylia, stood on the Gulf of of Salamis, B.C. 480, in a ship fitted out at his
Pamphylia, at the foot of Mount Solyma, in a own expense.-2. A Phocian, brother of Onenarrow pass between the mountains and the rarchus, whom he succeeded as general of the
sea. It was founded by Dorian colonists, and Phocians in the Sacred war, 352. He died in
from its position, and its command of three fine the following year, after a long and painful illharbors, it soon gained an extensive commerce. ness.  Phayllus made use of the sacred treasIt did not belong to the Lycian confederacy, ures of Delpli with a far more lavish hand than
)ut had an independent government of its own. either of his brothers, and he is accused of beIt became afterward the head-quarters of the stowingthe consecrated ornaments upon his
pirates who infested the southern coasts of Asia wife and mistresses.
Minor, and was therefore destroyed by P. Ser-  PHAZANIA (now Fezzan), a district of Libya
vilius Isauricus; and though the city was re- Interior. Vid. GARAMANTES.
stored, it never recovered its.importance. Pha-  PHAZIMON (ia?(7)iv: now probably Marsisells is said to have been the place at which wan), a city of Pontus in Asia Minor, northwest
the light, quick vessels called Qda2RLot were first of Amasia, and the capital of the western disbuilt, and the figure of such a ship appears on trict of Pontus, called Phazemonitis ({ainoovsits coins.                                 rts), which lay on the eastern side df the Halys,
PHASIS ((iZrtf). 1. (Now -Faz or Rioni), a re- south ofGazelonitis, and was celebrated for its
nowned river of the ancient world, rose in the warm mineral springs. Pompey changed the
Moschici Montes (or, according to others, in the name of the city to Neapolis, and the district
Caucasus, where, in fact, its chief tributaries was called Neapolitis; but these names seem
rise), and flowed westward through the plain of to have been soon dropped.
Colchis into the eastern end of the Pontus Eux-  PHEA (teid, (CEi, rEai:,eaiof), a town on the
inus (now Black Sea), after receiving several af- frontiers of Elis and Pisatis, with a harbor situfluents, the chiefof which were the Glaucus and ated on a promontory of the same name, and on
the Rion: the name of the latter was sometimes the River Iardanus. In front of the harbor was
transferred, as it now is, to themain river. It a small island called Pheas (PEiar.)
was navigable about thirty-eight miles above its  PHECA or PHECADUM, a fortress in Thessaly,
mouth for large vessels, and for small ones in the district Hestiveotis.
further up, as far as Sarapana (now Sharapan),  PHEGEUS (yr7YEfC). 1. King of Psophis in Arwhence goods were conveyed in four days across cadia, father of Alphesibcea or Arsinoe, of Prothe Moschici Montes to the River Cyrus, and so nous and Agenor, or of Temenus and Axion.
to the Caspian. It was spanned by one hundred  He purified Alemaon after he had killed his
and twenty bridges, and had many towns upon mother, and gave him his daughter Alphesibeea
its banks. Its waters were celebrated for their in marriage. Alcmaeon presented Alphesibcea
purity and for various other supposed qualities, with the celebrated necklace and peplus of Harsome of a very marvellous nature; but it was monia; but when Alcmaeon afterward wished
most famous in connection with the story of to obtain them again for his new wife Callirrhoe,
the Argonautic expedition.  Vid. ARGONAUT.  he was murdered by the sons of Phegeus, by
Some of the early geographers made it the their father's command. Phegeus was himself
boundary between Europe and Asia; it was aft- subsequently put to death by the sons of Alcerward the northeastern limit of the kingdom  manon. For details, vid. ALCMsEON.o-[2. Son of
of Pontus, and, under the Romans, it was re- Dares, priest of Vulcan (Hephestus) in Troy,
garded as the northern frontier of their empire slain in the Trojan war by Diomedes.-3. Name
in Western Asia. Another notable circumstance of two Trojan warriors, companions of AEneas,
connected with it is, that it has given name to slain by Turnus in Italy.]
the pheasant (phasianus, ~aauav6o, OaclavLttcf  [PHELLIAS (De2.1iag), a little stream of Lacooptim), which is said to have been first brought nia, which empties into the Eurotas, south of
to Greece from its banks, where the bird is still Sparta.]
found in great numbers. When the geography    [PHELLOE (bre22L6o, near the modern Zakhuli),
of these regions was comparatively unknown, it a small town in the east of Achaia, forty stadia
was natural that there should be a doubt as to inland from _Egira, in a well-watered and wellthe identification of certain celebrated names, wooded district.]
and thus the name Phasis, like Araxes, is ap-  PHELLUS (;2.Logr or iXe2.6f: IeRTirmf: ruins
plied to different rivers. The most important near Saaret), an inland city of Lycia, on a mountof these variations is Xenophon's application of ain between Xanthus and Antiphellus; the latthe name Phasis to the River Araxes in Ar- ter having been at first the port of Phellus, but
menia. (Anab., iv., 6.)-2. Near the mouth of afterward eclipsing it.
the river, on its southern side,'was a town of  PHELLUSA, a small island near Lesbos.
the same name, founded and fortified by the   PlHEMus (tlmtof), a celebrated minstrel, son
Milesians as an emporium for their commerce, of Terpius, who entertained with his song the
and used under the kings of Pontus and under suitors in the palace of Ulysses in Ithaca.
the Romans as a frontier fort, and now a Russian  PHEMiONOE (v/zoV6o), a mythical Greek poetfortified station, under the name of Pati. Some ess of the ante-Homeric period, was said to
identify it with Sebastopolis, but most likely have been the daughter of Apollo, and his first
incorrectly.-3. There was a river of the same priestess at Delphi, and the inventor of the hexname in the island of Taprobane (now Ceylon).  ameter verse. There were poems which went
640




PHENEUS.                                   PHERON.
Rnder the name of Phemonoe, like the old re- poet Melanthius, and others. He invented a
li~ious poems which were ascribed to Orpheus, new metre, which was named, after him, the
Mu-saus, and the other mythological bards.  Pherecratean.  The system  of the verse is
PHtlNiUS (PI veog or 4)Eve6': 2eve(i-q: now  / 
if    / - which may be best explained
F'nia), a town in the northeast of Arcadia, at          which may be best explained
the foot of Mount Cyllene, and on the River as a choriambus,' with a spondee for its base,
Aroanias. Its territory was called PHENEATIS and a long syllable for its termination. The
({veveri). There were extensive marshes in metre is very frequent in the choruses of the
the neighborhood, the waters of which, though Greek tragedians, and in Horace, as, for exampartly carried off by a subterraneous emissary, ple, Grato Pyrrha sub antro. The extant titles
which was supposed to have been made by Her- of the plays of Pherecrates are eighteen.
cules, [sometimes collected, and formed a con-  PHERECYDES (sepeic'd6f). 1. Of Syros, an islsiderable lake]. The town was of great antiqui- and in the _Egean, an early Greek philosopher,
ty. It is mentioned by Homer, and was said to or rather theologian. He flourished about B.C.
have been built by an autochthon Pheneus. It 544. He is said to have obtained his knowledge
contained a strongly-fortified acropolis, with a from the secret books of the Phcenicians, and
temple of Minerva (Athena) Tritonia; and in to have travelled in Egypt. Almost all the anthe town itself were the tombs of Iphicles and cient writers who speak of him state that he
Myrtilus, and temples of Mercury (Hermes) and was the teacher of Pythagoras. According to
Ceres (Demeter).                          a common tradition, he died of the lousy disPHER] (recpai: bepaio': now Valestino), an ease, or Morbus Pediculosus; though others
ancient town of Thessaly, in the southeast of give different accounts of his death. The most
the Pelasgian plain, west of Mount Pelion, important subject which he is said to have
southwest of the Lake Bombeis, and ninety sta- taught was the doctrine of the Metempsychodia from its port-town Pagasae on the Pagasaan sis, or, as it is put by other writers, the docGulf. Phere is celebrated in mythology as the trine of the immortality of the soul. He gave
residence of Admetus, and in history on account an account of his views in a work which was
of its tyrants, who extended their power over extant in the Alexandrean period. It was writnearly the whole of Thessaly. Of these the ten in prose, which he is said to have been the
most powerful was Jason, who was made Ta- first to employ in the explanation of philosophgus or generalissimo of Thessaly about B.C. ical questions.-2. Of Athens, one of the most
374. Jason was succeeded in 370 by his two celebrated of the early Greek logographers.
brothers Polydorus and Polyphron. The former He lived in the former half of the fifth century
was soon after assassinated by Polyphron. The B.C., and was a contemporary of Hellanicus
latter was murdered in his turn in 369 by his and Herodotus. His principal work wasa mythnephew Alexander, who was notorious for his ological history in ten books. It began with a
cruelty, and who was put to death in 367 by his theogony, and then proceeded to give an acwife Thebe and her three brothers. At a later count of the heroic age and of the great famiperiod we read that Pherae was surrounded by a lies of that time. His fragments have been colnumber of gardens and country houses.     lected by Sturz, Pherecydis Fragmenta, Lips.
PHERAE. Vid. PHARE.                     1824, second edition; and by C. and T. Miller,
[PHERAULAS (qepazvAac) is introduced by Xen- in Fragmenta Historicum Gracorum, vol. i.
ophon in the. Cyropasdia as a Persian of hum-  PHERES (-<pVf). 1. Son of Cretheus and Tyble birth, but a favorite with Cyrus, and distin- ro, and brother of LEson and Amythaon; he was
guished by qualities of body and mind which married to Periclymene, by whom he became
would not have dishonored the noblest rank. the father of Admetus, Lycurgus, Idomene, and
He is described as having become tired of the Periapis.  He was believed to have founded
honors and elevation to which Cyrus had raised the town of Pherae in Thessaly.-2. Son of Jahim, and as having voluntarily resigned them  son and Medea.-3. A follower of Pallas, fought,
to lead a quiet and retired life such as he had on the side of _Eneas against Turnus, and was
before enjoyed.]                          slain by Halesus.
[PHERECLUS ({4~pEKcoc), a son of Harmonides,  PHERETIADES (IepTrtdd7Sf), i. e., a son of Pheis said to have built the ship in which Paris res, is especially used as the name of Admetus.
carried off Helen, and to have been slain in the  PHERETiMA ((eperiya), wife of Battus III.,
Trojan war by Meriones.]                  and mother of Arcesilaus III., successive kings
PHERECRATES (depeecpar^g), of Athens, one of of Cyrene. After the murder of her son by the
the best poets of the Old Comedy, was contem- Barceeans (vid. BATTIADAE, No. 6), Pheretima fled
porary with the comic poets Cratinus, Crates, into Egypt to Aryandes, the viceroy of Darius
Eupolis, Plato, and Aristophanes, being some- Hystaspis, and representing that the death of
what younger than the first two, and somewhat Arcesilaus had been the consequence of his subolder than the others. He gained his first vie- mission to the Persians, she induced him to
tory B.C. 438, and he-imitated the style of avenge it. On the capture of Barca by the PerCrates, whose actor he had been. Crates and sian army, she caused those who had the prinPherecrates very much modified the coarse sat- cipal share in her son's murder to be impaled,
ire and vituperation of which this sort of poetry and ordered the breasts of their wives to be cut
had previously been the vehicle, and construct- off. Pheretima then returned to Egypt, where
ed their comedies on the basis of a regular plot, she soon after died of a painful and loathsome
and with more dramatic action. Pherecrates disease.
did not, however, abstain altogether from per-  PHERON or PHEROS (E6puv, 1epCf), king of
sonal satire, for we see by the fragments of his Egypt, and son of Sesostris. He was visited
plays that he attacked Alcibiades, the tragic with blindness, an hereditary complaint, though,
41                                                             641




PHIDIAS.                                  PHIDIAS.
according to the legend preserved in Herodo- 432. Of the numerous worksexecuted by Phidtus, it was a punishment for his presumptuous ias for the Athenians, the most celebrated was
impiety in throwing a spear into the waters of the statue of Minerva (Athena) in the Parthethe Nile when it had overflowed the fields. By non, to which reference has already been made.
attending to the directions of an oracle he was This statue was of that kind of work which the
cured; and he dedicated an obelisk at Heliop- Greeks called chryselephantine, that is, the statue
olis in gratitude for his recovery. Pliny tells was formed of plates of ivory laid upon a core
us that this obelisk, together with another also of wood or stone, for the flesh parts, while the
made by him, but broken in its removal, was to drapery and other ornaments were of solid-gold.
be seen at Rome, in the Circus of Caligula and The statue stoodinthe foremost and largerchamNero, at the foot of the Vatican Hill. Pliny calls ber of the temple (prodomus). It represented
the Pheron of Herodotus Nuncoreus or Nen- the goddess standing, clothed with a tunic reachcoreus, a name corrupted, perhaps, from Me- ing to the ankles, with her spear in her left
liophtheus. Diodorus gives him his father's hand, and an image of Victory four cubits high
-name, Sesoosis. Pheron is of course the same in her right: shewas girded with the augis, and
word as Pharaoh.                          had a helmet on her head, and her shield rested
PHIDIAS (4eit(af), the greatest sculptor and on the ground by her side. The height of the
statuary of Greece. Of his personal historywe statue was twenty-six cubits, or nearly forty
possess but few details. He was a native of feet, including the base. The eyes were of a
Athens, and the son of Charmides, and was kind of marble, nearly resembling ivory, perhaps
born about the time of the battle of Marathon, painted to imitate the iris and pupil; there is
B.C. 490. He began to work as a statuary no sufficient authority for the statement which
about 464, and one of his first great works was is frequently made that they were of precious
the statue of Minerva (Athena) Promachus, stones. The weight of the gold upon the statue,
which may be assigned to about 460.  This which, as above stated, was removable at pleaswork must have established his reputation; but ure, is said by Thucydides to have been forty
it was surpassed by the splendid productions talents (ii., 13). Still more celebrated than his
of his own hand, and of others working under statue of Minerva (Athena) was the colossal
his direction, during the administration of Peri- ivory and gold statue of Jupiter (Zeus), which
cles. That statesman not only chose Phidias Phidias made for the great temple of this god,
to execute the principal statues which were to in the Altis or sacred grove at Olympia. This
be set up, but gave him the oversight of all the statue was regarded as the master-piece, not
works of art which were to be erected. Of only of Phidias, but of the whole range of Grethese works the chief were the Propylaa of the cian art; and was looked upon not so much as
Acropolis, and, above all, the temple of Minerva a statue, but rather as if it were the actual man(Athena) on the Acropolis, called the Parthenon, ifestation of the present deity. It was placed
on which, as the central point of the Athenian in the prodormus or front chamber of the temple,
polity and religion, the highest efforts of the directly facing the entrance. It was only visbest of artists were employed. There can be no ible, however, on great festivals: at other times
doubt that the sculptured ornaments of this tem- it was concealed by a magnificent curtain. The
pie, the remains of which form the glory of the god was represented as seated on a throne of
British Museum, were executed under the im- cedar wood, adorned with gold, ivory, ebony,
mediate superintendence of Phidias; but the stones, and colors, crowned with a wreath of
colossal statue of the divinity, made of ivory olive, holding in his right hand an ivory and gold
and gold, which was inclosed within that mag- statue of Victory, and in his left hand supportnificent shrine, was the work of the artist's own ing a sceptre, which was ornamented with all
hand. The statue was dedicated in 438. Hav- sorts of metals, and surmounted by an eagle.
ing finished his great work at Athens, he went The throne was brilliant both with gold and
to Elis and Olympia, which he was now invited stones, and with ebony and ivory, and was orto adorn. He was there engaged for about four namented with figures both painted and sculpor five years, from 437 to 434 or 433, during tured. The statue almost reached to the roof,. which time he finished his statue of the Olym- which was about sixty feet in height. The idea
plan Jupiter (Zeus), the greatest of all his works. which Phidias essayed to embody in this, his
On his return to Athens he fell a victim to the greatest work, was that of the supreme deity
jealousy against his great patron, Pericles, of the Hellenic nation, no longer engaged in
which was then at its height. The party op- conflicts with the Titans and the Giants, but
posed to Pericles, thinking him too powerful to having laid aside his thunderbolt, and enthroned
be overthrown by a direct attack, aimed at him  as a conqueror, in perfect majesty and repose,
in the persons of his most cherished friends, ruling with a nod the subject world. It is rePhidias, Anaxagoras, and Aspasia. Vid. PERI- lated that when Phidias was asked what model
CLES. Phidias was first accused of peculation, he meant to follow in making his statue, he rebut this charge was at once refuted, as, by the plied that of Homer (II., i., 528-530). The imadvice of Pericles, the gold had been affixed to itation of this passage by Milton gives no small
the statue of Minerva (Athena) in such a man- aid to the comprehension of the idea (Paradise
ner that it could be removed and the weight of Lost, iii., 135-137):
it examined. The accusers then charged Phid-  v Thus while God spake, ambrosial fragrance fill'd
lias with impiety, in having introduced into the  All heaven, and in the blessed spirits elect
tbattle of the Amazons, on the shield of the  Sense of new joy ineffable diffused."
goddess, his own likeness and that of Peri- The statue was removed by the Emperor Theocles. On this latter charge Phidias was thrown dosius I. to Constantinople, where it was de1ito prison, where he died from disease in stroyed by a fire in A.D. 475. The distinguish642




PHIDIPPIDES.                             PHILADELPHIA.
ing character of the art of Phidias was ideal commercial activity tended to make them most
beauty, and that of the sublimest order, especially generally known, in the one case the ]Eginein the representation of divinities, and of sub- tans, in the other case the inhabitants of Chaljects connected with their worship. While on cis and Eretria.-2. An ancient Corinthian legthe one hand he set himself free from the stiff islator of uncertain date.
and unnatural forms which, by a sort of religious  PHIGALIA (4eyaZla, eyasEeta, eitya2Ea: tyaprecedent, had fettered his predecessors of the 2Lev: now Paolitza), at a later time called PrIarchaic or hieratic school, he never, on the other ALIA, a town in the southwestern corner of Arhand, descended to the exact imitation of any cadia, on the frontiers of Messenia and Elis,
human model, however beautiful; he never rep- and upon the River Lymax. It was taken by
resented that distorted action, or expressedthat the Spartans B.C. 559, but was afterward revehement passion, which lie beyond the limits covered by the Phigalians with the help of the
of repose; nor did he ever approach to that al- Oresthasians. It is frequently mentioned in
most meretricious grace, by which some of his the later wars of the Achnean and.Etolian
greatest followers, if they did not corrupt the leagues. Phigalia, however, owes its celebrity
art themselves, gave the occasion for its cor- in modern times to the remains of a splendid
ruption in the hands of their less gifted and temple in its territory, situated about six miles
spiritual imitators., northeast of the town at Bassea on Mount CotyPI-DIPPIDES or PHILIPPIDES PILIPPIDE (el', be- lum. This temple was built by Ictinus, the con2eTrfridrj/), a courier, was sent by the'Athenians temporary of Pericles and Phidias, and the archto Sparta in B.C. 490 to ask for aid against the itect, along with Callicrates, of the Parthenon
Persians, and arrived there on the second day at Athens. It was dedicated to Apollo Epifrom his leaving Athens.  On his return to curius, or the Deliverer, because the god had
Athens, he related that on his way to Sparta he delivered the country from the pestilence during
had fallen in with Pan on Mount Parthenium, the Peloponnesian war. Pausanias describes
near Tegea, and that the god had bid him ask this temple as the most beautiful one in all Pelthe Athenians why they paid him no worship, oponnesus after the temple of Minerva (Athena)
though he had been hitherto their friend, and at Tegea. Most of the columns are still standever would be so. In consequence of this rev- ing. In 1812 the frieze round the interior of
elation, they dedicated a temple to Pan after the inner cella was discovered, containing a sethe battle of Marathon, and honored him thence- ries of sculptures in alto-relievo, representing
forth with annual sacrifices and a torch-race.  the combat of the Centaurs and the Lapithae,
[PHIDIPPUS (4eidT7r7ro), a son of Thessalus, and of the Greeks and the Amazons. Their
the Heraclid, and brother of Antiphus, led the height is a little more than two feet, and their
warriors of the Sporades in thirty ships against total length is one hundred feet. They were
Troy.]                                    found on the ground under the spot which they
PHIDON (l~ei6dv). 1. Son of Aristodamidas, originally occupied, and were much injured by
and king of Argos, restored the supremacy of their fall, and by the weight of the ruins lying
Argos over Cleona, Phlius, Sicyon, Epidaurus, upon them. They were purchased for the BritTrcezen, and.LEgina, and aimed at extending ish Museum in 1814, where they are still prehis dominions over the greater part of the Pelo- served, and are usually known by the name of
ponnesus.  The Pisans invited him, in the the Phigalian Marbles. They are some of the
eighth Olympiad (B.C. 748), to aid them in ex- most interesting and beautiful remains' of aneluding the Eleans from their usurped presi- cient art in this country.
dency at the Olympic games, and to celebrate  PHILA ((Dia), daughter of Antipater, the rethem jointly with themselves. The invitation gent of Macedonia, is celebrated as one of the
quite fell in with the ambitious pretensions of noblest and most virtuous women of the age in
Phidon, who succeeded in dispossessing the which she lived. She was married to Craterus
Eleans and celebrating the games along with in B.C. 322, and after the death of Craterus,
the Pisans; but the Eleans not long after de- who survived his marriage with her scarcely a
feated him, with the aid of Sparta, and recov- year, she was again married to the young Deered their privilege. Thus apparently fell the metrius, the son of Antigonus.  She sharedpower of Phidon; but as to the details of the with her husband his various vicissitudes of
struggle we have no information. The most fortune; but when he was expelled from Macmemorable act of Phidon was his introduction edonia in 287, she put an end to her own life
of copper and silver coinage, and a new scale at Cassandrea, unable to bear this unexpected
of weights and measures, which, through his reverse. She left two children by Demetrius:
influence, became prevalent in the Peloponne- Antigonus, surnamed Gonatas, who became
sus, and ultimately throughout the greater por- king of Macedonia; and a daughter, Stratonice,
tion of Greece. The scale in question was married first to Seleucus, and afterward to his
known by the name of the 2Eginetan, and it is son Antiochus.
usually supposed that the coinage of Phidon was  PHILA (iUea: Dt;alofr, ItdXar-f). 1. A town
struck in JEgina; but there seems good reason of Macedonia, in the province Pieria, situated
for believing that what Phidon did was done in on a steep hill on the Peneus, between Dium
Argos, and nowhere else.; that "Phidonian and Tempe, and at the entrance into Thessaly,
measures" probably did not come to bear the built by Demetrius II., and named after his
specific name of the AEginetan until there was mother Phila. -2. An island off the southern
another scale in vogue, the Euboic, from which coast of Gaul, one of the Stcechades.
to-distinguish them; and that both the epithets  [PHILADELPHIA (itaads etea,   now Allah-shehr,
were derived, not from the place where the i. e., city of God). 1. A city of Lydia, on the
scale first originated, but from the people whose Cogamus, at the foot of Mount Tmolus, was
643




PHILADELPHUSo                                PHILE MON
founded by Attalus Philadelphus, brother of Eu- er, born in Epirus, lived after Galen and berore
menes, lking of Pergamus. The place suffered Oribasius, and therefore probably in the third
repeatedly from violent shocks of earthquakes, century after Christ. He wrote several worke,
and, in consequence, had, by the time of Strabo, of which, however, only a few fragments rebecome almost deserted. Tacitus mentions it main.
among the towns restored by Tiberius, after a  PHILAMMON (aLtadioV), a mythical poet and
more than ordinary calamity of this kind. Phila- musician of the ante-Homeric period, was said
delphia was one of the Seven Churches of Asia to have been the son of Apollo and the nymph
mentioned in the Apocalypse. At a later period Chione, or Philonis, orLeucono0. Bythe nymph
it made a gallant resistance to the Turks, but Agriope, who dwelt on Parnassus, he became
was finally subdued by Bajazet in A.D. 1390.-  the father of Thamyris and Eumolpus. He is
2. (In the Old Testameht, Rabbath-Ammon or closely associated with the worship of Apollo at
Rabbah), the capital of the Ammonites, situ- Delphi, and with the music of the cithara. He
ated on the further side of the Jordan, taken is said to have established the choruses of girls
from them by David. It was called Philadelphia who, in the Delphian worship of Apollo, sang
from Ptolemy Philadelphus, and is frequently hymns in which they celebrated the births of
mentioned by this name in Greek and Roman Latona (Leto), Diana (Artemis), and Apollo.
writers. Vid. RABBATAMANA.]               Pausanias relates that in the most ancient muPHILADELPHUS (tade66rSof), a surname of sical contests at Delphi, the first who conquered
Ptolemaeus II., king of Egypt (vid. PTOLEMJUS), was Chrysothemis of Crete, the second was
and of Attalus II. of Pergamus. Vid. ATTALUS. Philammon, and the next after him his son
[PHILE (4Qtal), an island in the Nile, to the Thamyris.
south of Elephantine, and the southernmost  PHILARGYRIUS JUNIUS, or PHILARGYRUS, orJtrpoint of Egypt, inhabited in common by Egyp- NILIUS FLAGRIUS, an early commentator upon
tians and.Ethiopians. The island was cover- Virgil, who wrote upon the Bucolics and Georged with temples and other splendid structures, ics. His observations are less elaborate than
for it was sacred to Isis, and in the little island those of Servius, and have descended to us in a
ABATOS (q. v.) close to it was the tomb of Osi- mutilated condition. The period when he flourris: from the magnificent ruins still existing in ished is altogether uncertain. They are printed
the island, it is now called Djesiret-el-Birbeh, i. in the edition of Virgil by Burmann; [and in the
e, " Temple-island."]                     edition of the commentaries of Servius by H. A.
PHILrENI ( iawtvot), two brothers, citizens of Lion, Gbttingen, 1825-26.]
Carthage, of whom the following story is told:  PHILE or PHILES, MANUEL (MavovTt 6'tLl),
A dispute having arisen between the Carthagini- a Byzantine poet, and a native of Ephesus, was
ans and Cyrenaans about their boundaries, it born about A.D. 1275,and died about 1340. His
was agreed that deputies should start at a fixed poem, De Animalium Proprictate, chiefly extracttime from each of the cities, and that the place ed fromzElian, is edited byDe Paw, Traj. Rhen.,
of their meeting, wherever it might be, should 1739; [andwith a revised text byLehrs andDibthenceforth form the limit of the two territories. ner in the Bucolici Greeci, forming part of DiThe Philseni were appointed for this service on dot's Bibliotheca Graeca, Paris, 1846;] and his
the part of the Carthaginians, and advanced other poems on various subjects are edited by
much further than the Cyrenaean party. The Wernsdorf, Lips., 1768.
Cyrenseans accused them of having set forth be-  PHILEAS ('tEaC-). 1. A Greek geographer of
fore the time agreed upon, but at length con- Athens, whose time can not be determined with
sented to accept the spot which they had reach- certainty, but who probably belonged to the older
ed as a boundary line, if the Philaeni would sub- period of Athenian literature. He was the aumit to be buried alive there in the sand. Should thor of a Periplus, which was divided into two
they decline the offer, they were willing, they parts, one on Asia, and the other on Europe.said, on their side, if permitted to advance as [2. Of Tarentum, having been sent as ambassafar as they pleased,,to purchase for Cyrene an dor to Rome, he persuaded his countrymen, who
extension of territory by a similar death. The were there detained as hostages, to make their
Philaeni accordingly then and there devoted escape, which they effected by his aid; but, havthemselves for their country in the way pro- ing been overtaken at Terracina, they were
posed. The Carthaginians paid high honors to brought back to Rome, scourged, and thrown
their memory, and erected altars to them where from the Tarpeian rock.]
they had died; and from these, even long after  PHILEMON (L~l)rwo). 1. An aged Phrygian
all traces of them had vanished, the place still and husband of Baucis.  Once upon a time,
continued to be called," The Altars of the Phi- Jupiter (Zeus) and Mercury (Hermes), assumlaeni." Our main authority for this story is Sal- ing the appearance of ordinary mortals, visited
lust, who probably derived his information from  Phrygia; but no one was willing to receive the
African traditions during the time that he was strangers, until the hospitable hut of Philemon
proconsul of Numidia, and at least three hund- and Baucis was opened to them, where the two
red years after the event. We can not, there- gods were kindly treated. Jupiter (Zeus) refore, accept it unreservedly. The Greek name warded the good old couple by taking them to
by which the heroic brothers have become known an eminence, while all the neighboring district
to us —biaovot, or lovers of praise-seems was visited with a sudden inundation. On that
clearly to have been framed to suit the tale.  eminence Jupiter (Zeus) appointed them the
[PHILiMUS (qitatoc), a son of the Telamonian guardians of his temple, and allowed them both
Ajax and Tecmessa, from whom the Attic de- to die at the same moment, and then retamus of Philaidae derived its name.]       morphosed them into trees.-2. An Athenian
PHILAGRIUS (t4saypto/), a Greek medicalwrit-. poet of the New Comedy, was the son of Da644




PHILESIUS.                                 PHILINUS.
mon, and a native of Soli in Cilicia, but at an in Paphlagonia, and a eunuch. He is first menearly age went to Athens, and there received tioned in the service of Docimus, the general of
the citizenship. He flourished in the reign of Antigonus, from which he passed into that of
Alexander, a little earlier than Menander, whom, Lysimachus,,who intrusted him with the charge
however, he long survived. He, began to ex- of the treasures which he had deposited in the
hibit about B.C. 330. He was the first poet of strong fortress of Pergamus. Toward the end
the New Comedy in order of time, and the sec- of the reign of Lysimachus he declared in favor
ond in celebrity; and he shares with Menander of Seleucus, and, after the death of the latter
the honor of its invention, or, rather, of reduc- (B.C. 280), he took advantage of the disorders
ing it to'a regular form. Philemon lived nearly in Asia to establish himself in virtual independone hundred years. The manner of his death is ence. At his death he transmitted the governdifferently related: some ascribing it to excess- ment of Pergamus, as an independent state, to
ive laughter at a ludicrous incident; others to his nephew Eumenes. He lived to the age of
joy at obtaining a victory in a dramatic contest; eighty, and died apparently in 263.-2. An Athewhile another story represents him as quietly nian poet oftheMiddle Comedy. Some said he
called away by the goddesses whom he served was the third son of Aristophanes, but others
in the midst of the composition or representa- maintained that it was Nicostratus. He wrote
tion of his last and best work. Although there twenty-one plays. [The fragments are collectcan be no doubt that Philemon was inferior to ed by Meineke, Comic. Grcec. Fragm., vol. i., p.
Menander as a poet, yet he was a greater favor- 640-5, edit. minor.]
ite with the Athenians, and often conquered his  PHILETAS (bt2VrOTf), of Cos, the son of Telerival in the dramatic contests. Vid. MENANDER. phus, a distinguished Alexandrean poet and
The extant fragments of Philemon display much grammarian, flourished during the reign of the
liveliness, wit, eloquence, and practical knowl- first Ptolemy, who appointed him tutor of his
edge of life. His favorite subjects seem to have son, Ptolemy II. Philadelphus. His death may
been love intrigues, and his characters were the be placed about B.C. 280. Philetas seems to
standing ones of the New Comedy, with which have been naturally of a very weak constitution,
Plautus and Terence have made us familiar. which at last broke down under excessive study.
The number of his plays was ninety-seven; the He was so remarkably thin as to become an
number of extant titles, after the doubtful and object for the ridicule of the comic poets, who
spurious ones are rejected, amounts to about represented him as wearing leaden soles to his
fifty-three; but it is very probable that some of shoes, to prevent his being blown away by a
these should be assigned to the younger Phile- strong wind. His poetry was chiefly elegiac.
mon. The fragments of Philemon are printed Of all the writers in that department, he was
with those of MenanderbyMeineke, Berlin, 1823, esteemed the best after Callimachus, to whom
8vo, in his Fragmenta Comicorum  Grcorum, a taste less pedantic than that of the AlexanBerol., 1841; [and by Fr. Dibner at the end of drean critics would probably have preferred him;
the Aristophanes in Didot's Bibliotheca Graeca, for, to judge by his fragments, he escaped the
Paris, 1836.]-3. The younger Philemon, also a snare of cumbrous learned affectation. These
poet of the New Comedy, was a son of the for- two poets formed the chief models for the Romer, in whose fame nearly all that belongs to man elegy; nay, Propertius expressly states, in
him has been absorbed, so that, although he was one passage, that he imitated Philetas in prefthe author of fifty-four dramas, there are only erence to Callimachus. The elegies of Philetas
two short fragments, and not one title, quoted were chiefly amatory, and a large portion of
expressly under his name.-4. The author of a them was devoted to the praises of his mistress
AselKOv reXvo2oyiKov, the extant portion ofwhich Bittis, or, as the Latin poets give the name,
was first edited by Burney, Lond., 1812, and aft- Battis. Besides his poems, Philetas wrote in
erward by Osann, Berlin, 1821. The author in- prose on grammar and criticism. His most imforms us that his work was intended to take the portant grammatical work was entitled "AraKcra.
place of a similar lexicon by the grammarian The fragments of Philetas have been collected
Hyperechius. The work of Hyperechius was by Bach, with those of Hermesianax and Phaarranged in eight books, according to the eight nodes, Halis Sax., 1829.
different parts of speech.. Philemon's lexicon  PHILEUS, an eminent Ionian architect, built
was a meagre epitome of this work, and the part the Mausoleum, in conjunction with SATYRUS,
of it which is extant consists of the first book and the temple of Minerva (Athena) Polias at
and the beginning of the second. Hyperechius Priene.'The date of the erection of the Maulived about the middle of the fifth century of our soleum was soon after B.C. 353, the year in
era, and Philemon may probably be placed in which Mausolus died; that of the temple at
the seventh.                              Priene must have been about twenty years later.
[PHILESIUS (LWa705cw), an Achaean, an officer  [PHILIADES (2,a 7drS),a Messenian, father of
in the army of Cyrus the younger, and, after the Neon and Thrasylochus, the partisans of Philip
treacherous capture of Clearchus and the other of Macedon. It is probable that Philiades himgenerals by Tissaphernes, was chosen in the self was attached to the same party, as he is
place of Menon. He was selected with Sophe- mentioned by Demosthenes in terms of connetus, as being the two oldest generals, to con- tempt and aversion.]
duct the older men, the women and children,  [PHILINNA (iLZtvva) or PHILINE (tl12.v). 1.
and the siek from Trapezus by sea. He is men- A female dancer of Larissa in Thessaly, was the
tioned also in the Anabasis on several subse- mother of Arrhideus by Philip of Macedon.quent occasions.]                         2. Mother of the poet Theocritus.]
PIILET MRaUS (4c't7eatpof). 1. Founder of the  PHILiNUS (cL)2vot). 1. A Greek of Agrigenkiagdom of Pergamus, was a native of Tieium  tum, accompanied Hannibal in his campaigns
645




PHILIPPI.                                PHILIPPUS,
against Rome, and wrote a history of the Punic were aided by the Athenians, B.C. 432.-2. Soe
wars, in which he exhibited much partiality of Herod the Great, king of Judea, by his wirf
toward Carthage.-2. An Attic orator, a con- Cleopatra, was appointed by his father's will
temporary of Demosthenes and Lycurgus. He tetrarch of Ituraea and Trachonitis, the soveris mentioned by Demosthenes in his oration eignty of which was confirmed to him by the
against Midias, who calls him the son of Nicos- decision of Augustus. He continued to reign
tratus, and says that he was trierarch with him. over the dominions thus intrusted to his charge
Three orations of Philinus are mentioned by for thirty-seven years (B.C. 4-A.D. 34).  He
the grammarians.-3. A Greek physician, born founded the city of Cesarea, surnamed Paneas,
in the island of Cos, and the reputed founder but more commonly known as Casarea Philippi,
of the sect of the Empirici, probably lived in the near the sources of the Jordan, which he named
third century B.C. He wrote a work on part in honor of Augustus. Vid. CIESAREA, No. 2.of the Hippocratic collection, and also one on 3. Son of Herod the Great by Mariamne, whose
botany.                                   proper name was Herodes Philippus. He must. PHILIPPI (it'2U7rrot:  ZiTt'7re7rEVf, DltTwlirnof, not be confounded with the preceding Philip.
LLt2tTrmrvog: now Filibah or Felibejik), a cele- He was the first husband of Herodias, who aftbrated city in Macedonia adjecta (vid. p. 464, a), erward divorced him, contrary to the Jewish
was situated on a steep height of Mount Pan- law, and married his half-brother, Herod Antigeus, and on the River Gangas or Gangites, pas. It is Herod Philip, and not the preceding,
between the rivers Nestus and Strymon. It who is meant by the Evangelists (Matt., xiv., 3;
was founded by Philip on the site of an ancient Mark, vi., 17; Luke, iii., 19) when they speak
town CRENIDES (KpUvider), a colony of the Tha- of Philip, the brother of Herod.
sians, who settled here on account of the valuable gold mines in the neighborhood. Philippi      II.  ings of Macedonia.
is celebrated in history in consequence ofthe
victory gained here bQctaians ad     ony    I. Son of Argeus, was the third king, accordover Brutus and Cassius, B.C.-3, and as t.fe ing to Herodotus and Thucydides, who, not
place where the Apostle Paul first preached the reckoning CARANUS and his two immediate sucGospel in Europe, A.D. 53.  The church at cessors (Ccenus and Thurimas or Turimmas),
Philippi soon became one of the most important look upon Perdiccas I. as the founder of the
of the early Christian churches: one of Saint monarchy. Philip left a son, named Aeropus,
Paul's Epistles is addressed to it. It was made who succeeded him. -II. Youngest son of
a Roman colony by Octavianus after the vic- Amyntas II. and Eurydice, reigned B.C. 359tory over Brutus and Cassius, under the name 336. He was born in 382, and was brought up
of Colonia Augusta Julia Philippensis; and it at Thebes, whither he had been carried as a
continued to be under the empire a flourishing hostage by Pelopidas, and where he received a
and important city. Its sea-port was Datum or most careful education. Upon the death of his
Datus on the Strymonic Gulf.              brother Perdiccas III., who was slain in battle
PHILIPPIDES (?LaUTr7dT7c). 1. Vid. PHIDIPPI- against the Illyrians, Philip obtained the govDES.-2. Of Athens, the son of Philocles, is men- ernment of Macedonia, at first merely as regent
tioned as one of the six principal comic poets and guardian to his infant nephew Amyntas;
of the New Comedy by the grammarians. He but at the end of a few months he was enabled
flourished about B.C. 323. Philippides seems to set aside the claims of the young prince, and
to have deserved the rank assigned to him, as to assume for himself the title of king. Maceone of the best poets of the New Comedy. He donia was beset by dangers on every side. Its
attacked the luxury and corruptions of his age, territory was ravaged by the Illyrians on the
defended the privileges of his art, and made use west, and the Peeonians on the north, while
of personal satire with a spirit approaching to Pausanias and Argeus took advantage of the
that of the Old Comedy. His death is said to crisis to put forward their pretensions to the
have been caused by excessive joy at an unex- throne. Philip was fully equal to the emergenpected victory: similar tales are told of the cy. By his tact and eloquence he sustained the
deaths of other poets, as, for example, Sopho- failing spirits of the Macedonians, while at the
cles, Alexis, and Philemon. The number of his same time he introduced among them a stricter
dramas is stated at forty-five. There are fif- military discipline, and organized their army on
teen titles extant. [The fragments of his plays the plan of the phalanx. He first turned his
are collected by Meineke, vol. ii., p. 1116-24, arms against Argseus, the most formidable of
edit. minor.]                             the pretenders, since he was supported by the
PHILIPP6OPLIS (' rTTursrro2troc: now Philippo- Athenians. He defeated Argaus in battle, and
poli),'an important town in Thrace, founded by then concluded a peace with the Athenians.
Philip of Macedon on the site of a place previ- He next attacked the Psonians, whom he reously called Eumolpias or Poneropolis. It was duced to subjection, and immediately afterward
situated in a large plain southeast of the Hebrus, defeated the Illyrians in a decisive battle, and
on a hill with three summits, whence it was compelled them to accept a peace, by which
sometimes called Trimontium. Under the Ro- they lost a portion of their territory. Thus in
man empire it was the capital of the province the short period of one year, and at the age. of
of Thracia in its narrower sense, and one of the twenty-four, had Philip delivered himself from
most important towns in the country.      his dangerous position, and provided for the sePHILIPPUS (4ig7r7roc). I. Minor historical per- curity of his kingdom. But energy and talents
sons. 1. Son of Alexander I. of Macedonia, and such as his were not satisfied with mere secubrother of Perdiccas II., against whom he re- rity, and henceforth his views were directed,
belied in conjunction with Derdas. The rebels not to defence, but to aggrandizement. His first
646




PHILIPPUS.                                PHILIPPTS.
efforts were directed to obtain possession of tions roused the people to efforts against the
the various Greek cities upon the Macedonian commnon enemy, not very vigorous at first, and
coast. Soon after his accession he had with- fruitless in the end. In the course of three
drawn his garrison from Amphipolis, and had years Philip gained possession of all the Chaldeclared it a free city, because the Athenians cidian cities, and the war was brought to a conhad supported Argaeus with the hope of- recov- elusion by the capture of Olynthus itself in 347.
ering Amnphipolis, and his continuing to hold In the following year (346) he concluded peace
the place would have interposed difficulties in with the Athenians, and straightway marched
the, way of a peace with Athens, which was into Phocis, and brought the Phocian war to an
at that time an object of great importance end. The Phocian cities were destroyed, and
to him. But he had never meant seriously to their place in the Amphictyonic council was
abandon this important town; and accordingly, made over to the king of Macedonia, who was
having obtained pretexts for war with the Am- appointed also, jointly with the Thebans and
phipolitans, he laid siege to the town, and gfln- Thessalians, to the presidency of the Pythian
ed possession of it in 358.  The Athenians games. Ruling as he did over a barbaric nahad sent no assistance to Amphipolis, because tion, such a recognition of his Hellenic characPhilip, in a secret negotiation with the Athe- ter was of the greatest value to him, especially
nians, led them to believe that he was willing as he looked forward to an invasion of the Perto restore the city to them when he had taken sian empire in the name of Greece, united unit, and would do so on condition of their mak- der him in a great national confederacy. During him master of Pydna. After the capture ing the next few years Philip steadily pursued
of Amphipolis, he proceeded at once to Pydna, his ambitious projects. From 342 to 340 he
which seems to'have yielded to him without was engaged in an expedition in Thrace, and
a struggle, and the acquisition of which, by attempted to bring under his power all the Greek
his own arms, and not through the Athenians, cities in that country. In the last of these years
gave him a pretext for declining to stand by he laid siege to Perinthus and Byzantium; but
his secret engagement with them. The hos- the Athenians, who had long viewed Philip's
tile feeling which such conduct necessarily ex- aggrandizement with fear and alarm, now recited against him at Athens made it most im- solved to send assistance to these cities. Phoportant for him to secure the good will of the cion was appointed to the command of the armpowerful town of Olynthus, and to detach the ament destined for this service, and succeeded
Olynthians from the Athenians. Accordingly, in compelling Philip to raise the siege of both
he gave to the Olynthians the town of Potidaea, the cities (339). Philip now proceeded to carry
which he took from the Athenians in 356. Soon on war against his northern neighbors, and
after this he attacked and took a settlement of seemed to give himself no further concern about
the Thasians, called Crenides, and, having in- the affairs of Greece. But meanwhile his hiretroduced into the place a number of new col- lings were treacherously promoting his designs
onists, he named it Philippi after himself. One against the liberties of Greece. In 339 the'Amgreat advantage of this acquisition was, that it phictyons declared war against the Locrians of
put him in possession of the gold mines of the Amphissa for having taken possession of a disdistrict. From this point there is for some time trict of the sacred land; but as the general
a pause in the active operations of Philip. In they had appointed to the command of the Am352 he took Methone after a lengthened siege, phictyonic army was unable to effect any thing
in the course of which he himself lost an eye. against the enemy, the Amphictyons, at their
The capture of this place was a necessary pre- next meeting in 337, conferred upon Philip the
liminary in any movement toward the south, command of their army.  Philip straightway
lying as it did between him and the Thessalian marched throughThermopylae and seized Elatea.
border. He now marched into Thessaly to aid The Athenians heard of his approach with alarm;
the Aleuadae against Lycophron, the tyrant of they succeeded, mainly through the influence
Pherae. The Phocians sent a force to support of Demosthenes, in forming an alliance with the
Lycophron, but they were defeated by Philip, Thebans; but their united army was defeated
and their general Onomarchus slain. This vie- by Philip in the month of August, 338, in the
tory gave Philip the ascendency in Thessaly. decisive battle of Chaeronea, which put an end
He established at Pherae what he wished the to the independence of Greece. Thebes paid
Greeks to consider a free government, and then dear for her resistance, but Athens was treated
advanced southward to Thermopylae. The pass, with more favor than she could have expected.
however, he found guarded by a strong Athe- Philip now seemed to have within his reach the
nian force, and he was compelled, or at least accomplishment of the great object of his amthought it expedient, to retire. He now turned bition, the invasion and conquest of the Perhis arms against Thrace, and succeeded in es- sian empire. In a congress held at Corinth,
tablishing his ascendency in that country also. which was attended by deputies from every
Meanwhile Philip's movements in Thessaly had Grecian state with the exception of Sparta, war
opened the eyes of Demosthenes to the real with Persia was determined on, and the king
danger of Athens and Greece, and his first Phil- of Macedonia was appointed to command the
ippic (delivered in 352) was his earliest attempt forces of the national confederacy.  In 337,
to rouse his countrymen to energetic efforts Philip's marriage with Cleopatra, the daughter
against their enemy; but he did not produce of Attalus, one of his generals, led to the most
much effect upon the Athenians. In 349 Philip serious disturbances in his family. Olympias
commenced his attacks on the Chalcidian cities. and Alexander withdrew in great indignation
Olynthus, in alarm, applied to Athens for aid, from Macedonia; and though they returned
and Demosthenes, in his three Olynthiac -ora- home soon afterward, they continued to be on
647




PHILIPPUS.                                PHILIPPUS.
hostile terms with Philip. Meanwhile, his prep- the Acheans and Aratus by the _Etolians, the
arations for his Asiatic expedition were not former applied for aid to Philip. This was
neglected, and early in 336 he sent forces into granted; and for the next three years Philip
Asia, under Parmenion, to draw over the Greek conducted with distinguished success the war
cities to his cause. But in the summer of this against the.Etolians. This war, usually called
year he was murdered at a grand festival which the Social war, was brought to a conclusion in
he held at LEgse, to solemnize the nuptials of 217, and at once gained for Philip a distinguishhis daughter with Alexander of Epirus. His ed reputation throughout Greece, while his clemmurderer was a youth of noble blood, named ency and moderation secured him an equal measPausanias, who stabbed him as he was walking ure of popularity. But a change came over his
in the procession. The assassin was immedi- character soon after the close of the Social war.
ately pursued and slain by some of the royal He became suspicious and cruel; and having
guards. His motive for the deed is stated by Ar- become jealous of his former friend and counistotle to have been private resentment against sellor Aratus, he caused him to be removed by
Philip,-to whom he had complained in vain of a a slow and secret poison in 213. Meantime he
gross outrage offered to him by Attalus. Olym- had become engaged in war with the Romans.
pias and Alexander, however, were suspected In 215 he concluded an alliance with Hannibal;
of beingimplicated in-the plot. Vid. OLYMPIAS. but he did not prosecute the war with any acPhilip died in the forty-seventh year of his age tivity against the Romans, who on their part
and the twenty-fourth of his reign, and was sue- were too much engaged with their formidable
ceeded by Alexander the Great. Philip had a adversary in Italy to send any powerful armagreat number of wives and concubines. Be- ment against the Macedonian king. In 211 the
sides Olympias and Cleopatra, we may men- war assumed a new character in consequence
tion, 1. his first wife Audata, an Illyrian prin- of the alliance entered into by the Romans
cess, and the mother of Cynane; 2. Phila, sister with the XEtolians. It was now carried on with
of Derdas and Machatas, a princess of Elymi- greater vigor and alternate success; but as Philotis; 3. Nicesipolis of Pheras, the mother of ip gained several advantages over the XEtolians,
Thessalonica; 4. Philinna of Larissa, the mother the latter people made peace with Philip in 205.
of Arrhideus; 5. Meda, daughter of Cithelas, In the course of the same year the Romans likeking of Thrace; 6. ArsinoB, themother of Ptol- wise concluded a peace with Philip, as they
emy I., king of Egypt, with whom she was preg- were desirous to give their undivided attention
nant when she married Lagus. To these nu- to the war in Africa. It is probable that both
merous connections temperament as well as parties looked upon this peace as little more
policy seems to have inclined him. He was than a suspension of hostilities.  Such was
strongly addicted, indeed, to sensual enjoyment clearly the view with which the Romans had
of every kind; but his passions, however strong, accepted it; and Philip not only proceeded to
were always kept in subjection to his interests carry out his views for his own aggrandizement
and ambitious views. He was fond of science in Greece, without any regard to the Roman aland literature, in the patronage of which he ap- liances in that country, but he even sent a body
pears to have been liberal; and his apprecia- of auxiliaries to the Carthaginians in Africa,
tion of great minds is shown by his connection who fought at Zama under Hannibal. As soon
with Aristotle. In the pursuit of his political as the Romans had brought the second Punic
objects he was, as we have seen, unscrupulous, war to an end, they again declared war against
and ever ready to resort to duplicity and corrup- Philip, 200.  This war lasted between three
tion; but when we consider his humanity and and four years, and was brought to an end by
generous clemency, we may admit that he does the defeat of Philip by the consul Flamininus at
not appear to disadvantage, even morally speak- the battle of Cynoscephalae in the autumn of 197.
ing, by the side of his fellow-conquerors of man- Vid. FLAMININUS. By the peace finally granted
kind.-III. The name of Philip was bestowed to Philip (196), the king was compelled to abanby the Macedonian army upon Arrhidaus, the don all his conquests, both in Europe and Asia,
bastard son of Philip II., when he was raised surrender his whole fleet to the Romans, and
to the throne after the death of Alexander limit his standing army to five thousand men,
the Great. He accordingly appears in the list besides paying a sum of one thousand talents.
of Macedonian kings as Philip III. For his Philip was now effectually humbled, and enlife and reign, vid. ARRHID.EUS.-IV. Eldest son deavored to cultivate the friendship of the allof Cassander, whom he succeeded on the throne powerful republic. But toward the end of his
B.C. 296. He reigned only a few months, and reign he determined to try once more the forwas carried off by a consumptive disorder.-V. tune of war, and began to make active preparaSonofDemetriusII., reignedB.C. 220-178. He' tions for this purpose. His declining years
was only eight years old at the death of his fa- were embittered by the disputes between his.
ther Demetrius (229), and the sovereign power sons Perseus and Demetrius; and the former,
was consequently assumed by his uncle Antigo- by forged letters, at length persuaded the king
nus Doson, who, though he certainly ruled as that Demetrius was plotting against his life,
king rather than merely as guardian of his neph- and induced him to consent to the execution of
ew, was faithful to the interests of Philip, to the unhappy prince. Philip was struck with the
whom he transferred the sovereignty at his deepest grief and remorse when he afterward
death in 220, to the exclusion of his own chil- discovered the deceit that had been practiced
dren. Philip was only seventeen years old at upon him. He believed himself to be haunted
the time of his accession, but he soon showed by the avenging spirit of Demetrius, and died
that he possessed ability and wisdom superior shortly after, imprecating curses upon Perseus.
to his years. In consequence of the defeat of His death took place in 179, in the fifty-ni ht
648




PHILIPPUS.                                PHILISCUS.
year of his age, after a reign of nearly forty-two expedition against the Persians; and upon the
years.                                    death of the excellent Misitheus (vid. MISITHMarc i...Phiipi..  EUS), he was promoted to the vacant office of
III. Family of the Marciz Philippi.  praetorian praefect. He availed himself of the
1. Q. MARCIUS PHILIPPUS, praetor 188, with influence of his high office to excite discontent
Sicily as his province, and consul 186, when he among the soldiers, who at length assassinated
carried on war in Liguria with his colleague Gordian, and proclaimed Philippus emperor, 244.
Sp. Posturnius Albinus. He was defeated by Philippus proclaimed his son Caesar, concluded
the enemy in the country of the Apuani, and the a disgraceful peace with Sapor, founded the city
recollection of his.defeat was preserved by the of Philippopolis, and then returned to Rome.
name of the saltus Marcius. In 169 Philippus In 245 he was engaged in prosecuting a sucwas consul a second time, and carried on the cessful war against the Carpi on the Danube.
war. in Macedonia against Perseus, but accom- In 248, rebellions, headed by Iotapinus and Maplished nothing of importance. Vid. PERSEUS. rinus, broke out simultaneously in the East and
In 164 Philippus was censor with L. _Emilius in. Mcesia. Both pretenders speedily perished,
Paulus, and in his censorship he set up in the but Decius, having been dispatched to recall
city a new sun-dial.-2. L. MARCIUS PHILIPPUS, the legions on the Danube to their duty, was
was a tribune of the plebs 104, when he brought himself forcibly invested with the purple by the
forward an agrarian law, and was consul in 91 troops, and compelled by them to march upon
with Sex. Julius Caesar. In this year Philip- Italy. Philippus, having gone forth to encounpus, who belonged to the popular party, op- ter his rival, was slain near Verona either in
posed with the greatest vigor the measures of battle or by his own soldiers. The great dothe tribune Drusus, who at first enjoyed the full mestic event of the reign of Philippus was the
confidence of the senate. But his opposition exhibition of the secular games, which were
was all in vain; the laws of the tribune were celebrated with even more than the ordinary
carried. Soon afterward Drusus began to be degree of splendor, since Rome had now, acregarded with mistrust and suspicion; Philip- cording to the received tradition, attained the
pus became reconciled to the senate, and on his thousandth year of her existence (A.D. 248).proposition a senatus consultum was passed, 2. M. JULIUS PHILIPPUS II., son of the foregoing,
declaring all the laws of Drusus to be null and was a boy of seven at the accession (244) of
void, as having been carried against the auspi- his father, by whom he was proclaimed Caesar,
ces. Vid. DRUsus. In the civil wars between and three years afterward (247) received the
Marius and Sulla, Philippus took no part. He title of Augustus. In 249 he was slain, accordsurvived the death of Sulla; and he is men- ing to Zosimus, at the battle of Verona, or murtioned afterward as one of those who advocated dered, according to Victor, at Rome by the praesending Pompey to conduct the war in Spain torians, when intelligence arrived of the defeat
against Sertorius. Philippus was one of the and death of the emperor.
most distinguished orators of his time. (Hor.,
Epist., i., 7, 46.) As an orator he was reck-            V. Literary.
oned only inferior to Crassus and Antonius.  1. Of Medma, in the south of Italy, a Greek
He was a man of luxurious habits, which his astronomer, and a disciple of Plato. His obwealth enabled him to gratify: his fish-ponds servations, which were made in the Peloponwere particularly celebrated for their magnifi- nesus and in Locris, were used by the astroncence and extent, and are mentioned by the omers Hipparchus, Geminus the Rhodian, and
ancients along with those of Lucullus and Hor- Ptolemy.-2. Of Thessalonica, an epigrammattensius. Besides his son, L. Philippus, who is ic poet, who, besides composing a large numspoken of below, he had a step-son, Gellius Pub- ber of epigrams himself, compiled one of the
licola. Vid. PUBLICOLA.-3. L. MARCIUS PHILIP- ancient Greek Anthologies. The whole numPus, son of the preceding, was consul in 56. ber of epigrams ascribed to him in the Greek
Upon the death of C. Octavius, the father of Anthology is nearly ninety; but of these, six
Augustus, Philippus married his widow Atia, (Nos. 36-41) ought to be ascribed to Lucillius,
and thus became the step-father of Augustus. and a few others are manifestly borrowed from
Philippus was a timid man. Notwithstanding earlier poets, while others. are mere imitations.
his close connection with Caesar's family, he re- The Anthology ('Av6o2oyia) of Philip, in imitamained neutral in the civil wars; and after the tion of that of Meleager, and as a sort of supassassination of, Caesar, he endeavored to dis- plement to it, contains chiefly the epigrams of
suade his step-son, the young Octavianus, from  poets who lived in, or shortly before, the time
accepting the inheritance which the dictator had of Philip. The earliest of these poets seems to
left him. He lived till his step-son had acquired be Philodemus, the contemporary of Cicero, and
the supremacy of the Roman world. He re- the latest Automedon, who probably flourished
stored the temple of Hercules and the Muses, under Nerva. Hence it is inferred that Philip
and surrounded it with a colonnade, which is flourished under Trajan.
frequently mentioned under the name of Porti-  PHILISCUS (;tiaCOog). 1. An Athenian poet
cus Philippi. (Clari monimenta Philippi, Ov., of the Middle Comedy, of whom little is known.
Fast., vi., 801.)                         He must have flourished about B.C. 400, or a
little later, as his portrait was painted by ParIV. Emperors of Rome.           rhasius.-2. Of Miletus, an orator or rhetorician,
1. M. JULIUS PHILIPPUS I., Roman emperor and the disciple of Isocrates, wrote a life of the
A.D. 244-249, was an Arabian by birth, and en- orator Lycurgus, and an epitaph on Lysias.tered the Roman army, in which he rose to high 3. Of LEgina, a cynic philosopher, was the disrank. He accompanied Gordianus III. in his ciple of Diogenes the Cynic, and the teacher of
649




PHILISCUS.                                  PHILO.
Alexander in grammar.-4. Of Corcyra, a dis- works of antiquity, though, unfortunately, only a
tinguished tragic poet, and one of the seven few fragments of it have come down to us. It
who formed the Tragic Pleiad at Alexandrea, consisted of two portions, which might be rewas also a priest of Bacchus (Dionysus), and in garded either as two separate works, or as parts
that character he was present at the coronation of one great whole, a circumstance which exprocession of Ptolemy Philadelphus in B.C. 284. plains the discrepancies in the statements of the
He wrote forty-two dramas.-5. Of Rhodes, a number of books of which it was composed.
sculptor, several of whose works were placed The first seven books comprised the general hisin the temple of Apollo, adjoining the portico tory of Sicily, commencing from the earliest
of Octavia at Rome. One of these statues was times, and ending with the capture of Agrigenthat of the god himself: the others were Lato- tum by the Carthaginians, B.C. 406. The seena and Diana, the nine Muses, and another ond part, which formed a sequel to the first, constatue of Apollo, without drapery. He proba- tained the history of the elder Dionysius in four
bly lived about B.C. 146. The group of Muses, books, and that of the younger in two: the latfound in the villa of Cassius at Tivoli, is sup- ter was necessarily imperfect. In point of
posed by some to be a copy of that of Philiscus. style, Philistus is represented by the concurrent
Others take the beautiful statue at Florence, testimony of antiquity as imitating and even
known as the Apollino, for the naked Apollo of closely resembling Thucydides, though still fallPhiliscus.                                ing far short of his great model. The frag[PHILISCUS (Sfi,7/coc), a native of Abydus, ments of Philistus have been collected by Goelsent in B.C. 368 into Greece by Ariobarzanes to ler in an appendix to his work, De Situ et Origine
effect a reconciliation between the Thebans and Syracusarum, Lips., 1818, and by C. Miiller, in the
Lacedaemonians, but he did not fully succeed in Fragmenta Historicorum Gracorum, Paris, 1841.
bringing about the object of his mission. On  PHILO ((t2uo). 1. An ACADEMIC philosopher,
his return to Asia he made himself master of was a native of Larissa and a disciple of Clitoa number of Greek states, over which he exer- machus. After the conquest of Athens by Mithcised a tyrannical sway, till he was at length radates he removed to Rome, where he settled
assassinated at Lampsacus by Thersagoras and as a teacher of philosophy and rhetoric, and had
Execestus.]                                Cicero as one of his hearers.-2. BYBLIUS, also
PHILISTINE FOSSE. Vid. PADUS.          called HERENNIUS BYBLIUS, a Roman grammariPHILISTION (etiairTv). 1. OfNicoea orMag- an, and a native of Byblus in Phoenicia, as his
nesia, a mimographer, who flourished in the patronymic indicates, was born about the time
time of Augustus, about A.D. 7. He was an of Nero, and lived to a good old age, having
actor as well as a writer of mimes, and is said written of the reign of Hadrian.  He wrote
to have died of excessive laughter.-2. A phy- many works, which are cited by Suidas and othsician, born either at one of the Greek towns in ers, but his name is chiefly memorable by his
Sicily, or at Locri Epizephyrii in Italy, was tutor translation of the writings of the Phoenician
to the physician Chrysippus of Cnidos, and the Sanchuniathon, of which considerable fragments
astronomer and physician Eudoxus, and there- have been preserved by Eusebius. Vid. SANfore must have lived in the fourth century B.C.  CHUNIATHON.-3. Of BYZANTIUM, a celebrated
PHILISTUS ((iLcTroc), a Syracusan, son of Ar- mechanician, and a contemporary of Ctesibius,
chonides or Archomenides, was born probably flourished about B.C. 146. He wrote awork on
about B.C. 435. He assisted Dionysius in ob- military engineering, of Which the fourth and
taining the supreme power, and stood so high fifth books have come down to us, and are printin the favor of the tyrant that the latter intrust- ed in the Veterum Mathemnaticorum Opera of
ed him with the charge of the citadel of Syra- Thevenot, Paris, 1693. There is also attributed
cuse; but at a later period he excited the jeal- to this Philo a work On the Seven Wonders of the
ousy of the tyrant by marrying, without his con- World, but this work must have been written
sent, one of the daughters of his brother Lep- at a later time. The seven wonders are the
tines, and was in consequence banished from  Hanging Gardens, the Pyramids, the Statue of
Sicily. He at first retired to Thurii, but after- Jupiter Olympius, the Walls of Babylon, the Coward established himself at Adria, where he lossus of Rhodes, the Temple of Diana(Artemis)
composed the historical work which has given at Ephesus, and, we may presume from the procelebrity to his name.  He was recalled from  cemium, the Mausoleum; but the last is enexile by the younger Dionysius soon after his tirely wanting, and we hdve only a fragment of
accession, and quickly succeeded in establishing the Ephesian temple. Edited by Orelli, Lips.,
his influence over the mind of the latter. He 1816.-4. JUDEUS, the Jew, was born at Alexexerted all his efforts -to alienate Dionysius andrea, and was descended from a priestly famfrom his former friends, and not only caused ily of distinction. He had already reached an
Plato to be sent back to Athens, but ultimately advanced age, when he went to Rome (A.D. 40)
succeeded in effecting the banishment of Dion on an embassay to the Emperor Caligula, in oralso. Philistus was unfortunately absent from  der to procure the revocation of the decree
Sicily when Dion first landed in the island, and which exacted from the Jews divine homage to
made himself master of Syracuse, B.C. 356. the statue of the emperor. We have no other
He afterward raised a powerful fleet, with which particulars of the life of Philo worthy of record.
he gave battle to the Syracusans, but having His most important works treat of the books of
been defeated, and finding himself cut off from  Moses, and are generally cited under different
all hopes of escape, he put an end to his own life titles. His great object was to reconcile the
to avoid falling into the hands of his enraged sacred Scriptures with the doctrines of the
countrymen. Philistus wrote ahistory of Sicily, Greek philosophy, and to point out the conwhich was one of the most celebrated historical formity between the two. He maintained that
650




PHILO, Q. PUBLILIUS.                          PHILOCTETES.
the fundamental truths of Greek philosophy were painter, mentioned by Pliny, is supposed by the
derived from the Mosaic revelation, and in or- modern writers on art to be the same person as
der to make the latter agree more perfectly with the brother of XEschines, of whose artistic perthe former, he had recourse to an allegorical in- formances Demosthenes speaks contemptuousterpretation of the books of Moses. Philo may ly, but whom Ulpian ranks with the most distherefore be regarded as a precursor of the Neo- tinguished painters.
Platonic philosophy.  The best edition of his  [PHILOCHARIDAS (4teoxaptdaS), a LacedTemo
works is by Mangey, Lond., 1742, 2 vols. fol.-  nian of distinction, son of Eryxidaidas, employ5. A MEGARIAN philosopher, was a disciple of ed on several embassies during the PeloponDiodorus Cronus, and a friend of Zeno.-6. Of nesian war.]
TARSUS in Cilicia, a celebrated physician, fre-  PHILUCHRUS (tJotX opo), a celebrated Athequently quoted by Galen and others.-7. ART- nian writer, chiefly known by his Atthis, or work
ISTS. (1.) Son of Antipater, a statuary who on the legends, antiquities, and history ofAttica.
lived in the time of Alexander the Great, and He was a person of considerable importance in
made the statue of Hephaestion, and also the his native city, and was put to death by Antigostatue of Jupiter (Zeus) Ourios, which stood on nus Gonatas when the latter obtained possession
the shore of the Black Sea, at the entrance of of Athens, about B.C. 260. His Atihis consistthe Bosporus, near Chalcedon, and formed an ed of seventeen books, and related the history
important landmark for sailors. It was still per- of Attica from the earliest times to the reign
feet in the time of Cicero (in Verr., iv., 58), and of Antiochus Theos, B.C. 261. The work is
the base has been preserved to modern times, frequently quoted by the scholiasts, lexicograbearing an inscription of eight elegiac verses.-  phers, as well as other later authors. He also
(2.) A very eminent architect at Athens in the wrote many other works, the titles of which are
time of the immediate successors of Alexander. preserved by Suidas and the grammarians. The
He built for Demetrius Phalereus, about B.C. fragments of Philochorus have been published
318, the portico of twelve Doric columns to the by Siebelis, Lips., 1811, and by Muller, Paris,
great temple at Eleusis. He also constructed  1841.
for the Athenians, under the administration of  PHILOCLES (tloIc0Kr). 1. An Athenian tragic
Lycurgus, a basin (armamentarium) in the Pire- poet, the sister's son of XEschylus; his father's
us, in which one thousand ships could lie. This name was Philopithes. He is said to have comwork, which excited the greatest admiration, posed one hundred tragedies. In the general
was destroyed in the taking of Athens by Sulla. character of his plays he was an imitator of
PHILO, Q. PUBLILIUS, a distinguished general.Eschylus; and that he was not unworthy of
in the Samnite wars, and the author of one of his great master, may be inferred from the fact
thegreatreforms in the Roman constitution. He that he gained a victory over Sophocles, when
was consul B.C. 339, with Ti. _Emilius Mamer- the latter exhibited his (Edipus Tyrannus, B.C.
cinus, and defeated the Latins, over whom he 429. Philocles was frequently ridiculed by the
triumphed. In the same year he was appointed comic poets. - [2. An Athenian officer, joined
dictator by his colleague.Emilius Mamercinus, with Conon in command of the Athenian fleet
and, as such, proposed the celebrated Publilie  after the battle of the Arginusae. He was of a
Leges, which abolished the power of the patri- cruel disposition, and was the author of the
cian assembly of the curie, and elevated the proposal for the mutilation of the prisoners taken
plebeians to an equality with the patricians for in an intended naval battle. Having fallen into
all practical purposes. (Vid. Dict. ofAntiq., art. the hands of Lysander at the battle of _EgosPUBLILm LEGES.) In 337 Philo was the first potami in B.C. 405, he was put to death by him.
plebeian praetor, and in 332 he was censor with -3. An officer and friend of Philip V. of MaceSp. Postumius Albinus. In 327 he was consul donia, by whom he was employed in several
a second time, and carried on war in the south embassies, and who intrusted to him the task
of Italy. He was continued in the command of succoring Eretria against the Romans and
for the following year with the title of procon- others. He subsequently allowed himself to be
sul, the first instance in Roman history in which bribed to make a false report against Demetrius,
a person was invested with proconsular power. the son of Philip (vid. PHILIPPUS V.), and so
He took Palaepolis in 326. In 320 he was con- caused his death: for this he was tortured and
sul a third time, with L. Papirius Cursor, and put to death by Philip.]
carried on the war with success against the  -PHILOCRXTES (2Lo/cpargr), an Athenian oraSamnites.                                 tor, was one of the venal supporters of Philip in
PHILO, VETURIUS.  1. L., consul B.C. 220 opposition to Demosthenes.
with C. Lutatius Catulus; dictatdr 217, for the  PHILOCTETES (QLZOK7b7rr), a son of Pceas
purpose of holding the comitia; and censor 210 (whence he is called Peantiades, Ov., Met., xiii.,
with P. Licinius Crassus Dives, and died while 313) and Demonassa, the most celebrated archer
holding this office.-2. L., prator 209, with Cis- in theTrojanwar. He led the warriors from Mealpine Gaul as his province. In 207 he served thone, Thaumacia, Melibcea, and Olizon, against
under Claudius Nero and Livius Salinator in the Troy, in seven ships. But on his voyage thither
campaign against Hasdrubal. In 206 he vas he was left behind by his men in the island of
consul with Q. Caecilius Metellus, and, in con- Lemnos, because he was ill of a wound which
j'unction with his colleague, carried on the war he had received from the bite of a snake; and
against Hannibal in Bruttium. He accompanied Medon, the son of Oileus and Rhene, undertook
Scipio to Africa, and after the battle of Zama, the command of his troops. This is all that the
202, was sent to Rome to announce the news Homeric poems relate of Philoctetes, with the
of Hannibal's defeat.                     addition that he returned home in safety; but
PHILOCHARES (PtLoxdppr), a distinguished the cyclic and tragic poets have added numier
651




PHILOCYPRUS.                               PHILONIDES.
ous details to the story. Thus they relate that  PHILOLtUS (4D2O6laog), a distinguished Pythahe was the friend and armor-bearer of Her- gorean philosopher, was a native of Croton oT
cules, who instructed him in the use of the bow, Tarentum. He was a contemporary of Socand who bequeathed to him his bow, with the rates, and the instructor of Simmias and Cebes
poisoned arrows. These presents were a re- at Thebes, where he appears to have lived many
ward for his having erected and set fire to the years. Pythagoras and his earliest successors
pile on Mount CEta, where Hercules burned did not commit any of their doctrines to writhimself. Philoctetes was also one of the suit- ing; and the first publication of the Pythagoors of Helen, and thus took part in the Trojan rean doctrines is pretty uniformly attributed to
war. On his voyage to Troy, while staying in Philolaus. He composed a work on the Pythathe island of Chryse, he was bitten by a snake. gorean philosophy in three books, which Plato is
This misfortune happened to him when he was said to have procured at the cost of one hundshowing to the Greeks the altar of Minerva red mine through Dion of Syracuse, who pur(Athena) Chryse, or while he was looking at the chased it from Philolaus, who was at the time
tomb of Troilus in the temple of Apollo Thym- in deep poverty. Other versions of the story
braaus, or as he was pointing out to his com- represent Plato as purchasing it himself from
panions the altar of Hercules. According to Philolaus or his relatives when in'Sicily. Plato
some accounts, the wound in his foot was not is said to have derived from this work the greatinflicted by a serpent, but by his own poisoned er part of his Timseus. [Several fragments of
arrows. The' wound is said to have become this work, in the Doric dialect, have been preulcerated, and to have produced such an intol- served, and these have been collected and editerable stench, that the Greeks, on the advice of ed by Boeckh, Berlin, 1819.]
Ulysses, abandoned Philoctetes, and left him  [PHILOMEDUSA (Lot5oy2dovaa), wife of Areithalone on the solitary coast of Lemnos. He re- ous and mother of Menesthius.]
mained in this island till the tenth year of the  PHILOMfELA (L~to/jl2la), daughter of King PanTrojan war, when Ulysses and Diomedes [ac- dion in Attica, who, being dishonored by her
cording to Sophocles, Ulysses and Neoptolemus] brother-in-law Tereus, was metamorphosed into
came to fetch him to Troy, as an oracle had de- anightingale. The storyis given underTEREUs.
dared that the city could not be taken without  [PHILOMELiDES (*tkoo/Urltei6f, properly son of
the arrows of Hercules. He accompanied these Philomela), a king in Lesbos, who compelled his
heroes to Troy, and on his arrival Apollo sent guests to wrestle with him, was vanquished by
him into a deep sleep, during which Machaon Ulysses.]
(or Podalirius, or both, or lEsculapius himself)  PHILOMfiLIUM or PHILOMELUM (fctiOX0 tov, or,
cut out the wound, washed it with wine, and in the Pisidian dialect, Pthto71cdi~: (Lo/zt0erv,
applied healing herbs to it. Philoctetes was Philomelensis or Philomeliensis; probably Akthus cured, and soon after slew Paris, where — Shehr, ruins), a city of Phrygia Paroreios, on the
upon Troy fell into the hands of the Greeks. borders of Lycaonia and Pisidia, said to have
On his return from Troy he is said to have been been named from the numbers of nightingales
cast upon the coast of Italy, where he settled, in its neighborhood. It is mentioned several
and built Petelia and Crimissa. In the latter times by Cicero. According to the division of
place he founded a sanctuary of Apollo Aleus, the provinces under Constantine, it belonged to
to whom he dedicated his bow.             Pisidia. It is still found mentioned at the time
[PHILOCYPRUS (tO6/Kvrpopc), father of Aristo- of the Crusades by the name of Philomene.
cyprus, king of Soli in Cyprus, contemporary  PHILOMELUS (<L;6l2Vorf), a general of the Phoand friend of Solon, who celebrated his praises cians in the Phocian or Sacred war, was the
in an elegiac poem.]                      person who persuaded his countrymen to seize
PHILODEMUS (nato6?7uOC), of Gadara in Pales- the temple of Delphi, and to apply the riches of
tine, an Epicurean philosopher and epigram- the temple to the purpose of defending themmatic poet, contemporary with Cicero. The selves against the Amphictyonic forces, B.C.
Greek Anthology contains thirty-four of his epi- 357. He commanded the Phocians during the
grams, which are chiefly of a light and amatory early years of the war, but was slain in battle
character, and which quite bear out Cicero's in 353. He was succeeded in the command by
statements concerning the licentiousness of his his brother Onomarchus.
matter and the elegance of his manner. (Cic.  PHILONYDES (4twviSr.6C), an Athenian poet of
in Pis., 28, 29.) Philodemus is also mentioned the Old Comedy, who is, however, better known
by Horace (Sat., i., 2, 121).             on account of his connection with the literary
[PHILODEMUS (Ltao6dnzoc). 1. Of the borough history of Aristophanes. It is generally stated
of Pseania, father-in-law of the orator AEschines. that Philonides was an actor of Aristophanes,
-2. An Argive, sent by Hieronymus, king of who is said to have committed to him and to
Syracuse, to Hannibal in B.C. 215 to propose Callistratus his chief characters; but the best
an alliance. In B.C. 212, when Marcellus was modern critics have shown that this is an errobesieging Syracuse, Philodemus was governor neous statement, and that the true state of the
of the fort Euryalus on Epipolae, and this he case is, that several of the plays of Aristophanes
surrendered to the Romans on condition that were brought out in the names of Callistratus
he and his garrison should be allowed to depart and Philonides. We learn from Aristophanes
uninjured to join Epicydes in Achradina.]  himself, not only the fact that he brought out
[P)HIL'TIUS ()tooirTtof), the celebrated cow- his early plays in the names of other poets, but
herd of Ulysses, frequently mentioned in the also his reasons for so doing. In the Parabasis
Odyssey: he recognized Ulysses on his return of the Knights (v., 514), he states that he had
to Ithaca, and, along with Eummeus, aided him  pursued this course, not from want of thought
in overcoming the suitors.]               but from a sense of the difficulty of his profes652




PHILONOME.                              PHILOSTRATUS.
sion, and from a fear that he might suffer from  tifieations of the city, abolished the institutions
that fickleness of taste which the Athenians of Lycurgus, and compelled the citizens to adopt
had shown toward other poets, as Magnes, the Achean laws in their stead. In 183 the
Crates, and Cratinus. It appears that Aris- Messenians revolted from the Achean league.
tophanes used the name of Philonides, proba- Philopcemen, who was general of the league for
bly, for the Clouds, and certainly for the Wasps, the eighth time, hastily collected a body of carthe Proagon, the Amphiaraus, and the Frogs. airy, and pressed forward to Messene. He fell
The Dctaleis, the Babylonians, the Acharnians, in with a large body of Messenian troops, by
the Birds, and the Lysistrata were brought out whom he was taken prisoner and carried to
in the name of Callistratus. Of the extant Messene. Herehe was throwninto adungeon,
plays of Aristophanes, the only ones which he and was compelled by Dinocrates to drink poisis known to have brought out in his own name on. The news of his death filled the whole of
are the Knights, the Peace, and the Plutus.  Peloponnesus with grief and rage. An assemPHIL6OOME. Vid. TENES.                  bly was immediately held at Megalopolis; LyPHILOPEMEN (ho7OTTOiY/V), of Megalopolis in cortas was chosen general; and in the followArcadia, one of the few great men that Greece ing year he invaded Messenia, which was laid
produced in the decline of her political inde- waste far and wide; Dinocrates and the chiefs
pendence. The great object of his life was to of his party were obliged to put an end to their
infuse among the Achaeans a military spirit, lives. The remains of Philopoemen were conand thereby to establish their independence on veyed to Megalopolis in solemn procession; and
a firm and lasting basis. He was the son of the urn which contained the ashes was carried
Craugis, a distinguished man at Megalopolis, by the historian Polybius. His remains were
and was born about B.C. 252. He lost his fa- then interred at Megalopolis with heroic honors,
ther at an early age, and was brought up by and soon afterward statues of him were erectCleander, an illustrious citizen of Mantinea, who ed in most of the towns belonging to the Achaehad been obliged to leave his native city, and an league.
had taken refuge at Megalopolis. He received  PHILOTSTEPHANUS (bL2oaTireavo), of Cyrene,
instruction from Ecdemus and Demophanes, an Alexandrean writer of history and geograboth of whom had studied the Academic phi- phy, the friend or disciple of Callimachus, flourlosophy under Arcesilaus. At an early age he ished under Ptolemy II. Philadelphus, about B.
became distinguished by his love of arms and C. 249.
his bravery in war. His name, however, first  PHILOSTORGIUS (q2Loar6pytog), a native of Booccurs in history in B.C. 222, when Megalopolis rissus in Cappadocia, was born about A.D. 358.
was taken by Cleomenes, and in the following He wrote an ecclesiastical'history, from the
year (221) he fought with conspicuous valor at heresy of Arius in 300 down to 425. Philosthe battle of Sellasia, in which Cleomenes was torgius was an Arian, which is probably the
completely defeated. In order to gain addi- reason why his work has not come down to us.
tional military experience, he soon afterward It was originally in twelve books; and we still
sailed to Crete, and served for some years in possess an abstract of it, made by Photius.
the wars between the cities of that island. On  PHILOSTRXTUS (Qo16arparo7), the name of a
his return to his native country, in 210, he was distinguished family of Lemnos, of which there
appointed commander of the Achaean cavalry; are mentioned three persons in the history of
and in 208 he was elected strategus, or general Greek literature. 1. Son of Verus, taught at
of the Achaean league. In this year he defeat- Athens; but we know nothing about him, with
ed Machanidas, tyrant of Lacedeemon, and slew  the exception of the titles of his works, given
him in battle with his own hand. In 201 he by Suidas. He could not, however, have lived
was again elected general of the league, when in the reign of Nero, according to the statement
he defeated Nabis, who had succeeded Machan- of Suidas, since his son was not born till the
idas as tyrant of Lacedaemon. Soon afterward latter part of the second century.-2. FLAVIUS
Philopcemen took another voyage to Crete, and PHILOSTRATUS, son of the preceding, and the
assumed the command of the forces of Gortyna. most eminent of the three, was born about A.
He did not return to Peloponnesus till 194. He D. 182. He studied and taught at Athens, and
was made general of the league in 192, when is usually called the Athenian, to distinguish
he again defeated Nabis, who was slain in the him from the younger Philostratus (No. 3), who
course of the year by some AEtolian mercena- more usually bears the surname of the Lemries. Philopcemen was re-elected general of nian. Flavius afterward removed to Rome,
the league several times afterward; but the where we find him a member of the circle of
state of Greece did not afford him much further literary men whom the philosophic Julia Domopportunity for the display of his military abili- na, the wife of Severus, had drawn around her.
ties. The Romans were now, in fact, the mas- It was at her desire that he wrote the life of
ters of Greece, and Philopcemen clearly saw  Apollonius. He was alive in the reign of the
that it would be an act of madness to offer open Emperor Philippus (244-249). The following
resistance to their authority. At the same time, works of Philostratus have come down to us:
as the Romans still recognized in words the in- 1. The Life of Apollonius of Tyana (ra Es rtv
dependence of the league, Philopeemen offered Tvavea'AnroA2Rvtov), in eight books. Vid. APOLa resolute resistance to all their encroachments LONIUS, No. 7. 2. Lives of the Sophists (Bioc
upon the liberties of his country, whenever he MoatrSTvm), in two books, contains the history
could do so without affording them any pretext of philosophers who had the character of being
for war.: In 188, when he was general of the sophists, and of those who were in reality sophleague, he took Sparta, and treated it with the ists. It begins with the life of Gorgias, and
greatest severity. He razed the walls and for- comes down to the contemporaries of Philostra653




PHILOTAS.                              PHILUS, FURIUS.
tus in the reign of Philippus. 3. Heroica or cast into prison; an act of oppression which
Heroicus ('Hp&ud/c,'HpotIoS6)), is in the form of a most writers ascribe to the wounded vanity of
dialogue, and gives an account of the heroes en- the tyrant, whose poems Philoxenus not only
gaged in the Trojan war. 4. Imagines (Eic6vef), refused to praise, but, on being asked to revise
in two books, contains an account of various one of them, said that the best way of correctpaintings. This is the author's most pleasing ing it would be to draw a black line through the
work, exhibiting great richness of fancy, power, whole paper. Another account ascribes his disand variety of delineation, and a rich exuber- grace to too close an intimacy with the tyrant's
ance of style. 5. Epistolce ('E7rTrootai), seven- mistress Galatea; but this looks like a fiction,
ty-three in number, chiefly amatory. The best arising out of a misunderstanding of the object
editions of the collected works of Philostratus of his poem entitled Cyclops or Galatea. After
are by Olearius, Lips., 1709, and by Kayser, some time he was released from prison, and reTuric., 1844. —3. PHILOSTRATUS the younger, stored outwardly to the favor of Dionysius; but
usually called the Lemnian, as mentioned above, he finally left his court, and is said to have spent
was a son of Nervianus and of a daughter of the latter part of his life in Ephesus. Of the
Flavius Philostratus, but is erroneously called dithyrambs of Philoxenus, by far the most im.by Suidas a son-in-law of the latter. He en- portant was his Cyclops or Galatea, the loss of
joyed the instructions of his grandfather and which is greatly to be lamented. Philoxenus
of the sophist Hippodromus, and had obtained also wrote another poem, entitled Deipnon
sufficient distinction at the early age of twenty- (Aretrvov), or the Banquet, which appears to have
four to receive exemption from taxes. He visit- been the most popular, of his works, and of which
ed Rome, but he taught at Athens, and died in we have more fragments than of any other.
Lemnos. He wrote several works, and, among This poem was a most minute and satirical deothers, one entitled Imagines, in imitation of his scription of a banquet, and the subject of it was
grandfather's work with the same title, of which furnished by the luxury of the court of Dionysa portion is still extant.                ius. Philoxenus was included in the attacks
PHILOTAS (tA6lraef). [1. A Macedonian, fa- which the comic poets made on all the musicians
ther of Parmenion, the general of Alexander of the day, for their corruptions of the simplithe Great.]-2. Son of Parmenion, enjoyed a city of the ancient music; but we have abundhigh place in the friendship of Alexander, and ant testimony to the high esteem in which he
in the invasion of Asia obtained the chief com- was held both during his life and after his death.
mand of the 7ralpot, or native Macedonian cav- [His fragments are collected by Bippart in Phialry. He served with distinction in the battles loxeni, Timothei, Telestis Dithyr. Reliquia, Lips.,
of the Granicus and Arbela, and also on other 1843.]-3. The Leucadian, lived at Athens
occasions; but in B.C. 330, while the army was about the same time as Philoxenus of Cythera,
in Drangiana, he was accused of being privy to with whom he is frequently confounded by the
a plot which had been formed by a Macedonian, grammarians. Like his more celebrated namenamed Dimnus, against the king's life. There sake, the Leucadian was ridiculed by the poets
was no proof of his guilt; but a confession was of the Old Comedy, and seems to have spent a
wrung from him by the torture, and he was part of his life in Sicily. The Leucadian was a
stoned to death by the troops, after the Mace- most notorious parasite, glutton, and effeminate
donian custom. Vid. PARMENION.-[3. A Mace- debauchee; but he seems also to have had great
donian officer in the service of Alexander the wit and good humor, which made him a favorGreat, received the government of Cilicia in ite at the tables which he frequented.-4. A
the distribution of provinces after the death of celebrated Alexandrean grammarian, who taught
Alexander. In B.C. 321 he was deprived of at Rome, and wrote on Homer, on the Ionic
his government by Perdiccas, but was employed and Laconian dialect, and several other gramelsewhere by that general, as he still continued matical works, among which was a Glossary,
attached to the party of Perdiccas, and after the which was edited by H. Stephanus, Paris, 1573.
death of the regent united with Alcetas, Atta- -5. An Egyptian surgeon, who wrote several
lus, and their partisans in the contest against valuable volumes on surgery. He must have
Antigonus, into whose power he finally fell.]  lived in or before the first century after Christ.
PHILOTIIMUS (cTe67Ltfo0). 1. An eminent Greek -6 A painter of Eretria, the disciple of Nicomphysician, pupil of Praxagoras, and fellow-pupil achus, who painted for Cassander a battle of
of Herophilus, lived in the fourth and third cen- Alexander with Darius.
turies B.C.-[2. A freedman of Cicero, or rather  PHILus, FURIUS. 1. P., was consul B.C. 223
of Terentia, had the chief management of Cic- with C. Flaminius, and accompanied his colero's property.]                          league in his campaign against the Gauls in the
PHILOXENUS (lZ6feVEoc). 1. A Macedonian north of Italy. He was praetor 216, when he
officer of Alexander the Great, received the commanded the fleet, with which he proceeded
government of Cilicia from Perdiccas in 321.- to Africa. In 214 he was censor with M. Atili2. Of Cythera, one of the most distinguished us Regulus, but died at the beginning of the
dithyrambic poets of Greece, was born B.C. 435, following year.-2. L., consul 136, received
and died 380, at the age of fifty-five. He was Spain as his province, and was commissioned
reduced to slavery in his youth, and was bought by the senate to deliver up to the Numantines
by the lyric poet Melanippides, by whom he was C. Hostilius Mancinus, the consul of the preeducated in dithyrambic poetry. After residing ceding year. Philus, like his contemporaries
some years at Athens, he went to Syracuse, Scipio Africanus the younger and LIelius, was
where he speedily obtained the favor of Dionys- fond of Greek literature and refinement. He
ius, and took up his abode at his court. But is introduced by Cicero as one of the speakers
soon afterward he offended Dionysius, and was in his dialogue De Republica.
654




PHILYLLIUS.                                  PHLIUS.
PeHILYLLIUs (4ev'i;kuot), an Athenian comic  PHINOPOLIS  ( evtwrotlt), a town in Thrace, on
poet, belongs to the latter part of the Old Com- the Pontus Euxinus, near the entrance to the
edy and the beginning of the Middle.      Bosporus.
[PHILYRA (QlD2Lpa), a daughter of Oceanus,  PHINTiAS ( tvToia).  1. A Pythagorean, the
and the mother of Chiron by Saturn (Cronus).] friend of Damon, who was condemned to die
PHILUREiSs (4tLvpli'S:   probably the little isl- by Dionysius the elder. For details, vid. DAand off Cape Zefreh, east of Kerasunt-Ada), an MoN.-2. Tyrant of Agrigentum, who establishisland off the northern coast of Asia Minor ed his power over that city during the period
(Pontus), east of the country of the Mosyneci, of confusion which followed the death of Agaand near the promontory of Zephyrium (now  thocles (B.C. 289). He founded a new city on
Zefreh), where CHIRON was nurtured by his the southern coast of Sicily, to which he gave
mother Philyra.                           his own name, and whither he removed all the
PHILYRES (i;XUvpEg), a people on the coast of inhabitants from Gela, which he razed to the
Pontus, in the neighborhood of the island PHI- ground.
LYREIS.                                     PHINTONIS INSULA (now Isola di Figo), an islPHINEUS (Ltve8VS). 1. Son of Belus and An- and between Sardinia and Corsica.
chinoe, and brother of Cepheus. He was slain  PHLUG0THON (;keYEyOV), i. e., the flaming, a
by Perseus. For details, vid. ANDROMEDA and river in the lower world, in whose channel flowPERSEUS.-2. Son of Agenor, and king of Sal- ed flames instead of water.
mydessus in Thrace. He was first married to  PHLEGON (Ii)y(ov), a native of Tralles in
Cleopatra, the daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, Lydia, was a freedman of the Emperor Hadrian,
by whom he had two children, Oryithus (Oar- whom he survived. The only two works of
thus) and Crambis; but their names are differ- Phlegon which have come down to us are a
ent in the different legends: Ovid calls them  small treatise on wonderful events (TJEpti tavCaPolydectus and Polydorus. Afterward he was  awie), and another short treatise on long-lived
married to Idaa (some call her Dia, Eurytia, or persons (HIepi ya-poUiwv), which gives a list of
Idothea), by whom he again had two sons, persons in Italy who had attained the age of a
Thynus and Mariandynus. Phineus was a blind hundred years and upward. Besides these two
soothsayer, who had received his prophetic works Phlegon wrote many others, of which the
powers from Apollo; but the cause of his blind- most important was an account of the Olympiness is not the same in all accounts. He is ads in seventeen books, from 01. 1 to 01. 229
most celebrated on account of his being tor- (A.D. 137). The best edition of Phlegon is by
mented by the Harpies, who were sent by the Westermann in his Paradoxographi, Brunsvig.,
gods to punish him on account of his cruelty 1839.
toward his sons by the first marriage.  His  PHLEGRA. Vid. PALLENE.
second wife falsely accused them of having  PHLEGR EI CAMPI (r& 42eypaca vrnl~a, or I
made an. attempt upon her virtue, whereupon 2Ja'ypa: now Solfatara), the name of the volPhineus put: out their eyes, or, according to canic plain extending along the coast of Camothers, exposed them to be devoured by wild pania from Cumae to Capua, so called because
beasts, or ordered them to be half buried in the it was believed to have been once on fire. It
earth, and then to be scourged. Whenever a was also named Laboriae or Laborinus Campus,
meal was placed before Phineus, the Harpies either on account of its great fertility, which
darted down from the air and carried it off; occasioned its constant cultivation, or on aclater writers add that they either devoured the count of the frequent earthquakes and internal
food themselves, or rendered it unfit to be eaten. convulsions to which it was exposed.
When the Argonauts visited Thrace, Phineus  PHLPGYtAS (rXeydag), son of Mars (Ares) and
promised to instruct them respecting their voy- Chryse the daughter of Halmus, succeeded Eteage if they would deliver him from the mon- ocles in the government of Orchomenos in Bmosters. This was done by Zetes and Calais, the tia, which he called after himself Phlegyantis.
sons of Boreas, and brothers of Cleopatra. He was the father of Ixion and Coronis, the
Vid. p. 91, a. Phineus now explained to the latter of whom became by Apollo the mother
Argonauts the further course they had to take, of Esculapius. Enraged at this, Phlegyas set
and especially cautioned them against the Sym- fire to the temple of the god, who killed him
plegades. According to another story, the Ar- with his arrows, and condemned him to severe
gonauts, on their arrival at Thrace, found the punishment in the lower world. Phlegyas is
sons of Phineus half buried, and demanded their represented as the mythical ancestor of the race
liberation, which Phineus refused. A battle of the PhlegyM, a branch of the Minyae, who
thereupon ensued, in which Phineus was slain emigrated from Orchomenos in Bceotia and setby Hercules. The latter also delivered Cleo- tled in Phocis.
patra from her confinement, and restored the  PHLIASiA. Vid. PHLIUS.
kingdom to the sons of Phineus; and on their  PHLIUS (q4)ltO, -obvrog: (D2;adLto), the chief
advice he also sent the second wife of Phineus town of a small province in the northeast of
back to her father, who ordered her to be put Peloponnesus, whose territory PHLIASIA (lD2xato death. Some traditions, lastly, state that aca) was bounded on the north by Sicyonia, on
Phineus was killed by Boreas, or that he was the west by Arcadia, on the east by the terricarried off by the Harpies into the countr3yof tory bf Cleonae, and on the south by that of Arthe Bistones or Milchessians. Those accounts gos. The greater part of this country was ocin which Phineus is stated to have put out the cupied by mountains, called Caelossa, Carneaeyes of'his sons, add that they had their sight tes, Arantinus, and Tricaranon. According to
restored to them by the sons of Boreas or by Strabo, the most ancient town in the country
zEsculapius.                              was ArcthyrEa, which the inhabitants deserted,
655




PH.LYA                                   PHOCION.
and afterward founded Phlius; while Pausanias padocia, of base extraction. For Bome time h1
says nothing about a migration, but relates that was groom to Priscus, and at the time of his
the town was first called Arantia from its found- accession he held the humble office of centurion.
er Aras, an autochthon, afterward Arathyrea His brutal courage raised him to the throne,
from the daughter of Aras, and finally Phlius, which he disgraced by his infamous and tyranfrom Phlius, a grandson of Temenus. Phlius nical conduct. His reign was one of defeat,
was originally inhabited by Argives. It after- disaster, internal dissension, and sanguinary exward passed into the hands of the Dorians, with ecutions. He was finally dethroned and murwhom part of the Argive population intermin- dered by Heraclius, who succeeded him on the
gled, while part migrated to Samos and Clazo- throne.]
menee. During the greater part of its history  PHCOJION (w/ciev), the Athenian general and
it remained faithful to Sparta.           statesman, son of Phocus, was a man of humble
[PHLYA ((lDV2: $4vevJ), an Attic: demus be- origin, and appears to have been born in B.C.
longing to the tribe Cecropis, but at a later time 402. He studied under Plato and Xenocrates.
to the tribe Ptolemais.]                  He distinguished himself for the first time under
PHLYGONIUM (t2Uvy6vtov), a small town in his friend Chabrias,'in 376, at the battle of
Phocis, destroyed in the Phocian war.     Naxos; but he was not employed prominently
PHIOCA (iUJKaeoa: 4?focaesC, Phoceefnsis: the in any capacity for many years afterward. In
ruins called Karaja-Fokia, i. e., Old Fokia, south- 354 (according to others in 350) he was sent
west of Fouges or New Fokia), the northernmost into Eubcea in the command of a small force,
of the Ionian cities on the western coast of in consequence of an application from PlutarAsia Minor, stood at the western extremity of chus, tyrant of Eretria; and he was subsequentthe tongue of land which divides the Sinus ly employed on several occasions in the war
Elaiticus (now Gulf of Fouges) on the north between the Athenians and Philip of Macedon.
from the Sinus Hermueus (now Gulf of Smyrna) He frequently opposed the measures of Demoson the south. It was said to have been found- thenes, and recommended peace with Philip 
ed by Phocian colonists under Philogenes and but he must not be regarded as one of the merDamon. It was originally within the limits of cenary supporters of the Macedonian monarch..lEolis, in the territory of Cyme; but the Cy- His virtue is above suspicion, and his public
maeans voluntarily gave up the site for the new  conduct was always influenced by upright mocity, which was soon admitted into the Ionian tives. When Alexander was marching upon
confederacy on the condition of adopting cecists Thebes in 335, Phocion rebuked Demosthenes
of the race of Codrus. Admirably situated, and for his invectives against the king; and after
possessing two excellent harbors, Naustathmus the destruction of Thebes, he advised the Atheand Lampter, Phoeaea became celebrated as a nians to comply with Alexander's demand for
great maritime state, and especially as the the surrender of Demosthenes and other chief
founder of the most distant Greek colonies orators of the anti-Macedonian party. This
toward the west, namely, MASSILIA in Gaul, and proposal was indignantly rejected by the peothe still more distant, though far less celebrated, ple, and an embassy was sent to Alexander,
city of Msenaca in Hispania Bsetica. After the which succeeded in deprecating his resentment.
Persian conquest of Ionia, Phocaea had so de- According to Plutarch, there were two embasclined that she could only furnish three ships sies, the first of which Alexander refused to reto support the great Ionian revolt; but the ceive, but to the second he gave a gracious auspirit of her people had not been extinguished; dience and granted its prayer, chiefly from rewhen the common cause was hopeless, and their gard to Phocion, who was at the head of it.
city was besieged by Harpalus, they embarked, Alexander ever continued to treat Phocion with
to seek new abodes in the distant west, and the utmost consideration, and to cultivate his
bent their course to their colony of Alalia in friendship. He also pressed upon him valuable
Corsica. During the voyage, however, a por- presents; but Phocion persisted in refusing his
tion of the emigrants resolved to return to their presents, begging the king to leave him no less
native city, which they restored, and which re- honest than he found him, and only so far availcovered much of its prosperity, as is proved by ed himself of the royal favor as to request the
the rich booty gained by the Romans when they liberty of certain prisoners at Sardis, which was
plundered it under the pretor AEmilius, after immediately granted to him. After Alexanwhich it does not appear as a place of any con- der's death, Phocion opposed vehemently, and
sequence in history. Care must be taken not with all the caustic bitterness which characterto confound Phoeea with Phocis, or the ethnic ized him, the proposal for war with Antipater.
adjectives of the former lSKae8v and Phocueen- Thus, to Hyperides, who asked him tauntingly
sis with those of the latter, r45oKev(r and Phocen- when he would advise the Athenians to go to
sis: some of the ancient writers themselves war, he answered, " When I see the young willhave fallen into such mistakes. It should be ing to keep their ranks, the rich to contribute
observed, also, that the name of Phocaean is of their wealth, and the orators to abstain from
often used with reference to Massilia; and, by pilfering the public money." When the Piraeus
an amusing affectation, the people of Marseilles was seized by Alexander, the son of Polysperstill call themselves Phocaeans.          chon, in 318, Phocion was suspected of having
[PHOCARUM INSULA (0'K(,V Viaog, now Tiran, adised Alexander to take this step; wherenear the Promontorium Dsjerm), i. e., island of upon, being accused of treason by Agnonides,
seals, an island of the Arabicus Sinus off the he fled, with several of his friends, to Alexancoast of Arabia.]                         der, who sent them with letters of recommend[PHOCAS (4bn5cd), emperor of Constantinople ation to his father Polysperchon. The latter,
from A.D. 602-610. He was a native of Cap- willing to sacrifice them as a peace-offering to
656




PHOCIS.                                PHOCYLIDESo
tha Athinians, sent them back to Athens for long been inveterate enemies of the Phocians;
the people to deal with them as they would. and as the latter people had cultivated a porHere Phocion was sentenced to death. To the tion of the Crissaean plain, which the Amphiclast, he maintained his calm, and dignified, and tyons had declared in B.C. 585 should lie waste
somewhat contemptuous bearing. When some forever, the Thebans availed themselves of this
wretched man spat upon him as he passed to pretext to persuade the Amphictyons to impose
the prison, " Will no one," said he, " check this a fine upon the Phocians, and upon their refufellow's indecency I" To one who asked him  sal to pay it, the Thebans further induced the
whether he had any message to leave for his council to declare the Phocian land forfeited to
son Phocus, he answered, ", Only that he bear the god at Delphi. Thus threatened by the Amno grudge against the Athenians." And when phictyonic council, backed by the whole power
the hefnlock which had been prepared was of Thebes, the Phocians were persuaded by
found insufficient for all the condemned, and Philomelus, one of their citizens, to seize Delthe jailer would not furnish more until he was phi, and to make use of the treasures of the
paid for it, " Give the man his money," said temple for the purpose of carrying on the war.
Phocion to one of his friends, " since at Athens They obtained possession of the temple in B.C.
one can not even die for nothing." He perish- 357. The war which ensued lasted ten years,
ed in 317, at the age of eighty-five. The Athe- and was carried on with various success on
nians are said to have repented of their con- each side.  The Phocians were commanded
duct. A brazen statue was raised to the mem- first by PHILOMELUS, B.C. 357-353, afterward
ory of Phocion, and Agnonides was condemned by his brother ONOMARCHUS, 353-352, then by
to death. Phocion was twice married, and his PHAYLLUS, the brother of the two preceding,
second wife appears to have been as simple and 352-351, and finally by PHAL.ECUS, the son of
frugal in her habits as himself; but he was less Onomarchus, 351-346. The Phocians received
fortunate in his son Phocus, who, in spite of some support from Athens, but their chief dehis father's lessons and example, was a thor- pendence was upon their mercenary troops,
ough profligate. As for Phocion himself, our which the treasures of the Delphic temple encommendation of him must be almost wholly abled them to hire. The Amphictyons and the
confined to his private qualities. His fellow- Thebans, finding at length that they were uncitizens may have been degenerate, but he able with their own resources to subdue the
made no effort to elevate them.           Phocians, called in the assistance of Philip of
PHOcis (7 wCil(g: oIc/)refHom., Glce'S Herod., Macedon, who brought the war to a close in
~KcoiELtAttic, Phocenses by the Romans), a coun- 346. The conquerors inflicted the most signal
try in Northern Greece, was bounded on the punishment upon the Phocians, who were renorth by the Locri Epicnemidii and Opuntii, on garded as guilty of sacrilege. All their towns
the east by Bceotia, on the west by the Locri were razed to the ground with the exception
Ozolm and Doris, and on the south by the Co- of Abe, and the inhabitants distributed in vilrinthian Gulf. At one time it possessed a nar- lages, containing no more than fifty inhabitrow strip of country on the Eubcean Sea, with ants. The two votes which they had in the
the sea-port Daphnus, between the territory of Amphictyonic council were taken away and
the Locri Epicnemidii and Locri Opuntii. It given to Philip.
was a mountainous and unproductive country,  PHOCRA (o6lcpa), a mountain of Northern Afand owes its chief importance in history to the rica, in Mauretania Tingitana, apparently on
fact of its possessing the Delphic oracle. Its the western bank of the Mulucha, between the
chief mountain was PARNASSUS, situated in the chains of the Great and Little Atlas.
interior of the country, to which, however, CNE-  PH6OUS (ftlCOr). 1. Son of Ornytion of CorMIs on its northern frontier, CIRPHIS south of inth, or, according to others, of Neptune (PoseiDelphi, and HELICON on the southeastern front- don), is said to have been the leader of a colony
ier, all belonged. The principal river in Phocis from Corinth into the territory of Tithorea and
was the CEPHISUS, the valley of which con- Mount Parnassus, which derived from him the
tained almost the only fertile land in the coun- name of Phocis. —2. Son of 2Eacus and the Netry, with the exception of the celebrated Cris- reid Psamathe, husband of Asteria or Asterosatan plain in the southwest, on the borders of dia, and father of Panopeus and Crissus. He
the Locri Ozola. Among the earliest inhab- was murdered by his half-brothers Telamon
itants of Phocis we find mentioned Leleges, and Peleus. Vid. PELEUS. According to some
Thracians, Abantes, and Hyantes. Subsequent- accounts, the country of Phocis derived its
ly, but still in the ante-historical period, the name from him.-3. Son of Phocion. Vid. PHOPhlegyae, an Achean race, a branch of the Min- cION.
yae at Orchomenos, took possession of the coun-  PHOCYLIDES (4ekKcvidnr), of Miletus, an Iotry; and from this time the main bulk of the nian poet, contemporary with Theognis, was
population continued to be Achaan, although born B.C. 560. His poetry was chiefly gnomic.
there were Dorian settlements at Delphi and and the few fragments of it which we possess
Bulis. The Phocians are said to have derived display that contempt for birth and station, and
their name from an eponymous ancestor Pho- that love for substantial enjoyment, which alcus (vid. PHOcUS), and they are mentioned un- ways marked the Ionian character. These fragder this name in the Iliad. The Phocians played ments, which are eighteen in number, are inno conspicuous part in Greek history till the eluded in all the chief collections of the lyric
time of Philip of Macedon; but at this period and gnomic poets. Some of these collections.
they became involved in a war, called the contain a didactic poem, in two hundred and
Phocian or Sacred war, in which the principal seventeen hexameters, entitled rroirj#a vov0ernstates of Greece took part. The Thebans had cKv, to which the name of Phocylides is attach42                                                             657




PHCEBE.                                 PH(ENICE.
ed, but which is undoubtedly a forgery, made call, but without sufficient authority, the Leonsince the Christian era.                  tes; the Belus or Pagida (now Numan or RahPHCEBE (lDOi69). 1. Daughter of Uranus (Coe- win) by Ptolemais, and the Kishon (now Kishon),
lus) and Ge (Terra), became by Ceus the moth- north of Mount Carmel. Of the promontories
er of Asteria and Leto (Latona). —2. A surname referred to, omitting a number of less important
of Artemis (Diana) in her capacity as the god- ones, the chief were, Theu-prosopon; (now Radess of the moon (Luna), the moon being re- sesh-Shukah), between Tripolis and lByblus, Pro
garded as the female Phoebus or sun.-3. Daugh- montorium Album (now Ras-el-Abiad, i. e., White
ter of Tyndareos and Leda, and a sister of Cly- Cape), south of Tyre, and Mount Carmel, betoemnestra. —4. Daughter of Leucippus, and sis- sides those occupied by the cities of Tripolis,
ter of Hilaira, a priestess of Athena (Minerva), Byblus, Berytus, Sidon, Tyrus, and Ptolemais.
was carried off with her sister by the Dioscuri, This conformation of the coast and the position
and became by Pollux (Polydeuces) the mother of the country rendered it admirably suited for
of Mnesileos.                            the home of great maritime states; and accord[PHCEBvrUM (Doe6eiov, in Hdt. qoe6t6iov), a place ingly we find the cities of Phoenicia at the head,
in the neighborhood of Sparta and not far from  both in time and importance, of all the naval
Therapne, with a sanctuary of the Dioscuri, enterprise of the ancient world. For the hiswhere the ephebi offered sacrifices to Enya- tory of those great cities, vid. SIDoN, TYRUs,
lius.]                                    and the other articles upon them. As to the
PHCEBSDAS (otL6ida.), a Lacedaemonian, who, country in general, there is some difficulty about
in'B.C. 382, was appointed to the command of the origin of the inhabitants and of their name.
the troops destined to re-enforce his brother Eu- In the Old Testament the name does not occur;
damidas, who had been sent against Olynthus. the people seem to be, included under the genOn his way Phoebidas halted at Thebes, and eral designation of Canaanites, and they are
treacherously made himself master of the Cad- also named specifically after their several citmea. The Lacedaemonians fined Phoebidas one ies, as the Sidonians, Giblites (from Gebal, i. e.,
hundred thousand drachmas, but. nevertheless Byblus), Sinites, Arkites, Arvadites, &c. The
kept possession of the Cadmea. In 378 he was name oetvitK is first found in Greek writers as
left by Agesilaus as harmost at Thespiae, and early as Homer, and is derived by some from
was slain in battle by the Thebans.       the abundance of palm-trees in the country
PHCEBUS (4o!6o'), the Bright or Pure, occurs (OoivLe, the date-palm), and by others from the
in Homer as an epithet of Apollo, and is used purple-red (CotvlS), which was obtained from a
to signify the brightness and purity of youth. fish on the coasts, and was a celebrated article
At a later time, when Apollo became connected of Phoenician commerce; besides the mythical
with the Sun, the epithet Phoebus was also ap- derivation from Phoenix, the brother of Cadmus.
plied to him as the Sun-god.              The people were of the Semitic (Syro-Arabian)
PHCENICE (O0LvlhC: Phoenicia is only found in race, and- closely allied to the Hebrews, and
a doubtfulpassage of Cicero: hoivme, pl. oivslcKe, they are said to have dwelt originally on the
fem. (oivLaaa, Phoenix, Phoenices: also, the adj. shores of the Erythraean Sea. Their language
Punicus, though used specifically in connection was a dialect of the Aramaic, closely related
with Carthago, is etymologically equivalent to to the Hebrew and Syriac. Their written charPoivt, by the well-known interchange of oe and acters were the same as the Samaritan or Old
v: now forming parts of the pashalics of Acre Hebrew; and from them the Greek alphabet,
and Alevpo), a country of Asia, on the coast of and through it most of the alphabets of Europe,
Syria, extending from  the River Eleutherus were undoubtedly derived; hence they were
(now Nahr-el-Kebir) on the north to below Mount regarded by the Greeks as the inventors of letCarmel on the south, and bounded on the east ters. Other inventions in the sciences and arts
by Ccelesyria and Palestine.  (Sometimes, are ascribed to them, such as arithmetic, asthough rarely, the name is extended to the tronomy, navigation, the manufacture of glass,
whole western coast of Syria and Palestine). and the coining of money. That, at a very
It was a mountainous strip of coast-land, not early time, they excelled in the fine arts, is
more than ten or twelve miles broad, hemmed clear from the aid which Solomon received from
in between the Mediterranean and the chain of Hiram, king of Tyre, in the building and the
Lebanon, whose lateral branches, running out sculptured decorations of the temple at Jerusainto the sea in bold promontories, divided the lem, and from the references in Homer to Sicountry into valleys, which are well watered by donian artists.  Respecting Phoenician literarivers flowing down from Lebanon, and are ex- ture, we know of little beyond the celebrated
tremely fertile. Of these rivers, the most im- work of SANCRUNIATHON. In the sacred hisportant are, to one going from north to south, tory of the Israelitish conquest of Canaan, in
the Eleutherus (now Nahr-el-Kebir); the Sab- that of the Hebrew monarchy, and in the b-earbaticus (now Arka); the river of Tripolis (now  liest Greek poetry, we find the Phoenicians alKadisha); the Adonis (now Nahr-Ibrahim), south ready a great maritime people. Early formed
of Byblus; the Lycus (now Nahr-el-Kelb), north into settled states, supplied with abundance of
of Berytus; the Magoras (now Nahr- Beirut), by timber from Lebanon, and placed where the carBerytus; the Tamyras (now Nahr-el-Damur), avans from Arabia and the East came upon the
between Berytus and Sidon; the Leo, or Bos- Mediterranean, they carried over to the coasts
trenus (now Nahr-el-Auly), north of Sidon; the of this sea the products of those countries, as
great river (now Litany and Kasimiyeh) which well as of their own, which was rich ir metals,
flows from Heliopolis south-southwest through and the shores of which furnished the materials
C Jlesyria, and then, turning westward, falls of glass and the purple-fish already mentioned.
into the sea north of Tyre, and which some Their voyages and their settlements extended
658




PH(ENICE.                                  PHOLUS.
beyond the Pillars of Hercules, to the western Troy. According to another tradition, Phcenix
coasts of Africa and Spain, and even as far as did not dishonor his father's mistress, but she
our own islands.  Vid. BRITANNIA, p. 149, a. merely accused him of having made improper
Within the Mediterranean they planted numer- overtures to her, in consequence of which his
ouscolonies, onits islands,onthe coast of Spain, father put out his eyes. But Peleus took him
and especially on the northern coast of Africa, to Chiron, who restored to him his sight. Phoethe chief of which was CARTHAGO; they had nix, moreover, is said to have called the son of
also settlements on the Eusine and in Asia Achilles Neoptolemus, after Lycomedes had callMinor. In the eastern seas we have records ed him Pyrrhus. Neoptolemus was believed to
of their voyages to OPIR, in connection with have buried Phoenix at Eion in:Macedonia or at
the navy of Solomon, and to the coasts of Af- Trachis in Thessaly.-3. A fabulous bird Phceica under the kings of Egypt.  Vid. AFRICA, P. nix, which, according to a tale related to Herod27, b. They were successively subdued by the otus (ii., 73) at Heliopolis in Egypt, visited that
Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Macedonians, place once in every five hundred years, on his
and Romans; but neither these conquests, nor father's death, and buried him in the sanctuary
the rivalry of Carthage, entirely ruined their of Helios. For this purpose the Phoenix was
commerce, which was still considerable at the believed to come from Arabia, and to make an
Christian era; on thecontrary, their ships form- -egg of myrrh as large as possible; this egg he
ed the fleet of Persia and the Syrian kings, and then hollowed out and put into it his father,
partly of the Romans. Vid. SIDON, TYRus, &C. closing it up carefully, and the egg was believed
Under' the Romans, Phoenice formed a part of then to be of exactly the same weight as before.
the province of Syria; and under the Eastern This bird was represented as resembling an
empire, it was erected, with the addition of eagle, with feathers partly red and partly golden.
Ccelesyria, into the province of Phcenice Liba-'It is further related, that when his life drew to
nesia or Libanensis.                      a close, he built a nest for himself in Arabia, to
PHrINICE (IotVbiKj). 1. (Now Finiki), an im- which he imparted the power of generation, so
portant commercial town on the coast of the that after his death a new phoenix rose out of
Epirus, in the district Chaonia, fifty-six miles- it. As soon as the latter was grown up, he,
-northwest of Buthrotum, in the midst of a like his predecessor, proceeded to Heliopolis in
marshy country. It was strongly fortified by Egypt, and burned and buried his father in the
Justinian.-2. A small island off Gallia Narbo- temple of Helios. According to a story which
nensis, belonging to the Stcechades.      has gained more currency in modern times, the
1PH(ENICYUMr MARE (7TO dOLVotCtOV reiracyo': Xt- Phcenix, when he arrived at a very old age
dovios 64Zauca), the part of the Mediterranean (some say five hundred, aid others one thousand
which washes the coast of Phoenice.       four hundred and sixty-tne years), committed
PH(EuNICUfS (OTVtCuOfS:  O)LvC0oVIvro7oC, -OLVL- himself to the flames. Others, again, state that
Kodvaacof). 1. Also P-ICENIX (ofivtl), a harbor only one Phcenix lived at a time, and that when
on the south of Crete, visited by St. Paul dur- he died a worm crept forth from his body, and
ing his voyage to Rome. (Acts, xxvii., 12.)-  was developed into a new Phoenix by the heat
[2. A harbor on the south coast of Messenia, of the sun. His death, further, took place in
opposite the CEnussae Insulwa.]-3. A sea-port Egypt after a life of seven thousand and six
of the island of Cythera.-4. (Now Chesmeh or years. Another modification of the same story:Egri Liman?), a harbor of Ionia, in Asia Minor, relates, that when the Phcenix arrived at the
at the foot of Mount Mimas.-5. (Ruins at De- age of five hundred years, he built for himself
liktash), a flourishing city in the south of Lycia, a funeral pile, consisting of spices, settled upon
on Mount Olympus, with a harbor below it. It it, and died. Out of the decomposing body he
is often called OLYMPUS. Having become, un- then rose again, and, having grown up, he
der the Romans, one of the head-quarters of wrapped the remains of his old body up in myrrh,
the pirates, who celebrated here the festival and carried them to Heliopolis, and burned them
mysteries of Mithras, it was destroyed by Ser- there. Similar stories of marvellous birds ocvilius Isauricus.                         cur in many parts of the East, as in Persia the
PHMCNICUSA. Vid.,oLio2Ea   INSUL2E.    legend of the bird Simorg, and in India that of
PHCENIX ()Oevt:). 1. Son of Agenor by Agri- thebird Semendar.
ope or Telephassa, and brother of Europa, but  PHuENIX (4IOlVtf), a small river in the southHomer makes him the father of Europa.: Being east of Thessaly, flowing into the Asopus near
sent by his father in search of his sister, who Thermopylae.
was carried off by Jupiter (Zeus), he settled in  PHCENIX. Vid. PHaNmICUS, No. 1.
the country, which was called after him Phue-  PH(ETIu or PHYTIA (OoTrefal,,'kotL, 4)vrta,
nicia.-2. Son of Amyntor by Cleobule or Hip- Thuc.), a town in Acarnania, on a hill west of
podamia, and king of the Dolopes, took part in Stratus.
the Calydonian hunt. His father Amyntor neg-  PHOLEGANDROS (Q)o2Xyav6poC: now Polykanlected his legitimate wife, and attached himself dro), an island in the 2Egean Sea, one of the
to a mistress, whereupon Cleobule persuaded smaller Cyclades, between Melos and Sicinos.
her son to seduce her rival. When Amyntor   PH6LE (q0o2067: now Olono), a mountain formdiscovered the crime, he cursed Phoenix, who ing the boundary between Arcadia and Elis,
shortly afterward fled to Peleus. Peleus re- being a southern continuation of Mount Eryceived him kindly, made him the ruler of the manthus, in which the rivers Selluis and Ladon
country of the Dolopes, on the fiontiers of took their origin. It is mentioned as one of the
Phthia, and intrusted to him his son Achilles, seats of the Centaurs. Vid. PHOLUS.
whom he was to educate. He afterward ac-    PH6LUS (F6DXog). 1. A Centaur, a son of Sicompanied Achilles on his expedition against lenus and the nymph Melia. He was accident659




PHORBANTIA.                                 PHOTIUS
ally slain by one of the poisoned arrows of Her- he became intimate with Gelon, whose children
cules.  The mountain, between Arcadia and he educated. He distinguished himself as a soElis, where he was buried, was called Pholoe dier, both under Gelon and Hieron his brother.
after him. The details of his story are given In gratitude for his martial successes, he dedion p. 357, a.-[2. A follower of tEneas, slain by cated gifts to Jupiter (Zeus) at Olympia, and to
Turnus in Italy.]                         Apollo at Delphi. He is associated byAristotle
PHORBANTIA. Vid. LEGATES.               with Epicharmus as one of the originators of
PHORBAS (o6p6Sa). 1. Son of Lapithes and comedy, or of a particular form of it.
Orsinome, and brother of Periphas. The Rho-  PHOR6NEUS (Dopwvevr), son of Inachus and
dians, in pursuance of an oracle, are said to the Oceanid Melia or Archia, was a brother of
have invited him into their island to deliver it 2Egialeus and the ruler of Argos. He was marfrom snakes, and afterward to have honored ried to the nymph Laodice, by whom he became
him with heroic worship. From this circum- the father of Niobe, Apis, and Car. According
stance he was called Ophiuchus, and is said by to other writers, his sons were Pelasgus, Iasus,
some to have been placed among the stars. and Agenor, who, after their father's death, diAccording to another tradition, Phorbas went vided the kingdom of Argos among themselves.
from Thessaly to Olenos, where Alector, king Phoroneus is said to have been the first who ofof Elis, made use of his assistance against Pe- fered sacrifices to Juno (Hera) at Argos, and to
lops, and shared his kingdom with him. Phor- have united the people, who until then had lived
bas then gave his daughter Diogenia in mar- in scattered habitations, into a city, which was
riage to Alector, and he himself married Hyr- called after him, aoarrv  opwoVlo6v. The patromine, a sister of Alector, by whom he became nymic Phoronides is sometimes used for Arthe father of Augeas and Actor. He is also de- gives in general, and especially to designate
scribed as a bold boxer, and is said to have Amphiaraus and Adrastus.
plundered the temple of Delphi along with the  PHORONIs (Cbopuvi), a surname of Io, being
Phlegyae, but to have been defeated by Apollo. according to some a descendant, and according
-[2. A Lesbian, father of Diomede, whom   to others a sister of Phoroneus.
Achilles carried off.-3. A Trojan, father of Ili-  PHOTIUS (4')rTOc), patriarch of Constantinople
oneus.-4. Of Syene, son of Methion, confeder- in the ninth century, played a distinguished part
ate of Phineus. -5. One of the followers of in the political and religious history of his age.
AEneas, whose form was assumed by the god After holding various high offices in the Byzanof Sleep to deceive Palinurus.]           tine court, he was, although previously a layPHORCiDES, PHORCYDES, or PHORCYN~DEs, that man, elected patriarch of Constantinople in A.
is, the daughters of Phorcus and Ceto, or the D. 858, in place of Ignatius, who had been deGorgons andGraee.  rd. GoRGoNEsandGRaE. posed by Bardas, who was all-powerful at the
PHORCUS, PHORcYS, or PHORCYN (dO6pKoc, b6p- court of his nephew Michael III., then a minor.
KVc, 4O6plCvv). 1. A sea-deity, is described by The patriarchate of Photius was a stormy one,
Homer as "the old man of the sea," to whom  and full of vicissitudes. The cause of Ignatius
a harbor in Ithaca was dedicated, and is called was espoused by the Romish Church, and Phothe father of the nymph Thoosa. Later writers tius thus became one of the great promoters of
call him a son of Pontus and Ge (Terra), and a the schism between the Eastern and Western
brother ofThaumas, Nereus, Eurybia, and Ceto. Churches. In 867, Photius was himself deBy his sister Ceto he became the father of the posed by the Emperor Basil I., and Ignatius was
Graeae and Gorgones, the Hesperian dragon, and restored; but on the death of Ignatius in 877,
the Hesperides; and by Hecate or Cratais, he Photius, who had meantime gained the favor of
was the father of Scylla.-2. Son of Phenops, Basil, was again elevated to the patriarchate.
commander of the Phrygians of Ascania, agsist- On the death of Basil in 886, Photius was aced Priam in the Trojan war, but was slain by cused of a conspiracy against the life of the
Ajax. - [3. A Rutulian, father of seven sons, new emperor Leo VI., and was banished to a
who fought on the side of Turnus against LEneas monastery in Armenia, where he seems to have
on his arrival in Italy.]                 remained till his death. Photius was one of the
PHORMION (opPiWuv). 1. A celebrated Athe- most learned men of his time, and in the midst
nian general, the son of Asopius. He distin- of a busy life found time for the composition of
guished himself particularly in the command of numerous works, several of which have come
an Athenian fleet in the Corinthian Gulf, where down to us. Of these the most important is
with far inferior forces he gained some brilliant entitled Myriobiblon seut Bibliotheca (Mvpt66t6tLov
victories over the Peloponnesian fleet in B.C. y B6?Lta00eKr). It may be described as an ex429. In the ensuing winter he landed on the tensive review of ancient Greek literature by a
coast of Acarnania, and advanced into the in- scholar of immense erudition and sound judgterior, where he also gained some successes. ment. It is an extraordinary monument of litHe was a man of remarkably temperate habits, erary energy, for it was written while the auand a strict disciplinarian. -2. A peripatetic thor was engaged in an embassy to Assyria, at
philosopher of Ephesus, of whom is told the the request of Photius's brother Tarasius, who
story that he discoursed for several hours be- desired an account of the books which Photius
fore Hannibal on the military art and the duties had read in his absence. It contains the analyof a general. When his admiring auditory asked ses of, or extracts from, two hundred and eighty
Hannibal what he thought of him, the latter re- volumes; and many valuable works are only
plied, that of all the old blockheads whom he known to us from the account which Photius
had seen, none could match Phormion.      has given of them. The best edition of this
PHORMIS orPHORMus (Qp6pLc, Co6puOc), a native work is by Bekker, Berlin, 1824-1825. Photius
of Menalus in Arcadia, removed to Sicily, where was also the author of a Nomocanon, and of a
660




PHRAATA.                                   PHRYGIA.
Lexicon or Glossary, which has reached us in a yae, and is said to have derived its name from
very imperfect state. It was first published by Phrixus.
Hermann, Lips., 1808, and subsequently at Lon-  PHRIXUS (ip~foc), son of Athamas and Nedon, 1822, from the papers of Porson. Photius phele, and brother of Helle. In consequence of
likewise wrote many theological works, some the intrigues of his step-mother Ino, he was to
of which have been published, and others still be sacrificed to Jupiter (Zeus); but Nephele resremain in MS.                             cued her two children, who rode away through
PHRAATA (-rad pdara, and other forms), a great the air upon the ram with the golden fleece, the
city of Media Atropatene, the winter residence gift of Mercury (Hermes).  Between Sigeum
of the Parthian kings, especially as a refuge in and the Chersonesus, Helle fell into the sea,
time of war, lay southeast of Gaza, near the which was called after her, the Hellespont; but
RiverAmardus. The mountain fortress OfVERA  Phrixus arrived in safety in Colchis, the king(OVEpa), which was besieged by Antony, was dom of Eetes, who gave him his daughter Chalprobably the same place.                  ciope in marriage. Phrixus sacrificed the ram
PHRAATACES, king of Parthia. Vid. ARSACES, which had carried him to Jupiter (Zeus) PhyxNo. 16.                                   ius or Laphystius, and gave its fleece to.Eetes,
PHRAATES, the names of four kings of Parthia. who fastened it to an oak-tree in the grove of
Vid. ARSACES, Nos. 5, 7, 12, 15.          Mars (Ares). This fleece was afterward car[PHRADMON (Ipd6Ewv), of Argos, a statuary, ried away by Jason and the Argonauts. Vid.
whom Pliny places, as the contemporary of JASON. By Chalciope Phrixus became the faPolycletus, Myron, &c., at 01. 90, B.C. 420.]  ther of Argus, Melas, Phrontis, Cytisorus, and
[PHRAGAND E, a people of Thrace, on the bor- Presbon. Phrixus either died of old age in the
ders of Macedonia.]                       kingdom of.Eetes, or was killed by _Eetes in
PHRANZA or PHRANZES (Dpavrr or DpavT7'), consequence of an oracle, or returned to Orchothe last and one of the most important Byzan- menus, in the country of the Minyans.
tine historians, was frequently employed on im-  PHRIxus (Cppio7), a river in Argolis, which
portant public business by Constantine XIII., flows into the Argolic Gulf between Temenium
the last emperor of Constantinople.  On the and Lerna.
capture of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453,  [PHRONIMA (1~povluy), daughter of Etearchus,
Phranza was reduced to slavery, but succeeded king of Axus in Crete, was, at the instigation
in making his escape. He subsequently retired of her step-mother, cast into the sea, but was
to a monastery, where he wrote his Chronicon. saved, and afterward married to Polymnestus,
This work extends from 1259 to 1477, and is the to whom she bore Battus.]
most valuable authority for the history of the  [PHRONTIS (4p6vGrt). 1. Son of Onetor, pilot
author's time, especially for the capture of Con- of the ship of Menelaus.-2. Wife of Panthous.]
stantinople. It is edited by Alter, Vienna, 1796,  PHRYGIA MATER, a name frequently given to
and by Bekker, Bonn, 1838.                Cybele, because she was especially worshipped
PHRAORTES (ppaopriT), second king of Media, in Phrygia.
and son of Deioces, whom he succeeded, reigned  PHRYGIA ({pvyla: ~Qpvi, pl. ~pvyer, Phryx,
from B.C. 656 to 634. He first conquered the Phryges), a country of Asia Minor, which was
Persians, and then subdued the greater part of of very different extent at different periods.
Asia, but was at length defeated and killed while According to the division of the provinces unlaying siege to Ninus (Nineveh), the capital of der the Roman empire, Phrygia formed the
the Assyrian empire. He was succeeded by his eastern part of the province of Asia, and was
son Cyaxares.                             bounded on the west by Mysia, Lydia, and Caria,
[PHRASAORTES ({paca6p7rri), son of Rheo- on the south by Lycia and Pisidia, on the east
mithres, a Persian, who was appointed by Alex- by Lycaonia (which is often reckoned as a part
ander the Great satrap of the province of Per- of Phrygia) and Galatia (which formerly belongsia Proper, B.C. 331. He died during the expe- ed to Phrygia), and on the north by Bithynia.
dition of the king to India.]             With reference to its physical geography, it
[PHRATAGUNE (Iparayo6?vy), a wife of Darius formed the western part (as Cappadocia did the
I., king of Persia, whose two children by this eastern) of the great central table-land of Asia
monarch fell at the battle of Thermopylae.]  Minor, supported by the chains of Olympus on
[PHRATAPHERNES (4parafepvic), leader of the the north and Taurus on the south, and breakPartfhians, Hyrcanians, and Tapurians in the ing on the west into the ridges which separate
army of Darius at Gaugamela. He came after the great valleys of the HERMUS, the MEANDER,
the death of Darius to Alexander, when the lat- &c., and which forms the headlands of the westter entered Hyrcania, and made his submission ern coast. This table-land itself was intersectto him. He proved himself on several occa- ed by mountain chains, and watered by the upsions worthy of confidence, so that Alexander per courses and tributaries of the rivers just
gave back to him his satrapies Parthia and Hyr- mentioned in its western part, and in its northcania. In the division of the provinces B.C. 323, ern part by those of the RHYNDACUS and SANGAhe still retained Hyrcania.]              RIUS. These parts of the country were very
PHRICIUM (hpiactOV), a mountain in the east of fertile, especially in the valley of the Sangarius,
Locris, near Thermopylae.                 but in the south and east the streams which dePHRICONIS. Vid. CYME, LARISSA, II., 2.  scend from Taurus lose themselves in extensive
PHRIXA ((piEa,; Dpia,, Opip ai: now Paleofa- salt marshes and salt lakes, some of which are
naro), a town of Elis in Triphylia, on the bor- still famous, as in ancient times, for their manders of Pisatis, was situated upon a steep hill ufactures of salt. The Phrygians were a dison the River Alpheus, and was thirty stadia tinct and remarkable people, whose origin is
from Olympia.  It was founded by the Min- one of the most difficult problems of antiquity.
661




PHRYGIA.                                PHRYNICHUS.
They claimed a very high antiquity; and ac- vided into Phrygia Salutaris on the east, with
cording to the amusing account given by He- Synnada for its capital, and Phrygia Pacatiana
rodotus of the absurd experiment of Psammeti- on the west, extending north and south from
chus, king of Egypt, on the first spontaneous Bithynia to Pamphylia. Phrygia was rich in
speech of children, they were thought to have products of every kind. Its mountains furnishbeen proved the most ancient of people. Else- ed gold and marble; its valleys oil and wine;
where Herodotus mentions a Macedonian tra- the less fertile hills in the west afforded pasture
dition that the Phryges formerly dwelt in Ma- for sheep, whose wool was highly celebrated;
cedonia, under the name of Briges; and later and even the marshes of the southeast furnishwriters add that they passed over into Asia ed abundance of salt. In connection with the
Minor one hundred years after the Trojan war. early intellectual culture of Greece, Phrygia is
They are, however, mentioned by Homer as highly important. The earliest Greek music,
already settled on the banks of the Sangarius, especially that of the flute, was borrowed in
where later writers tell us of the powerful part, through the Asiatic colonies, from Phrygia,
Phrygian kingdom of GORDIUS and MIDAS. Al- and one of the three musical modes was called
though any near approach to certainty is hope- the Phrygian. With this country also were
less, it would seem that they were a branch of closely associated the orgies of Bacchus (Diothe great Thracian family, settled, in times of nysus), and of Cybele, the mother of the gods,
unknown antiquity, in the northwest of Asia the Phrygia Mater of the Roman poets. After
Minor, as far as the shores of the Hellespont the Persian conquest, however, the Phrygians
and Propontis, and perhaps of the Euxine, and seem to have lost all intellectual activity, and
that the successive migrations of other Thra- they became proverbial among the Greeks and
cian tribes, as the Thyni, Bithyni, Mysians, Romans for submissiveness and stupidity. It
and Teucrians, drove them further inland, till, should be observed that the Roman poets confrom this cause, and perhaps, too, by the con- stantly use the epithet Phrygian as equivalent
quests of the Phrygian kings in the opposite di- to Trojan.
rection, they reached the Halys on the east and  PHRYNE (QpvV7), one of the most celebrated
the Taurus on the south. They were not, how- Athenian heteere, was a native of Thespiae in
ever, entirely displaced by the Mysians andTeu- Boeotia. Her beauty procured for her so much
crians from the country between the shores of wealth that she is said to have offered to rethe Hellespont and Propontis and Mounts Ida build the walls of Thebes, after they had been
and Olympus, where they continued side by destroyed by Alexander, if she might be allowside with the Greek colonies, and where their ed to put up this inscription on the walls:
name was preserved in that of the district un- "Alexander destroyed them, but Phryne, the
der all subsequent changes, namely, PHRYGIA heteara, rebuilt them." She had among her adMINOR or PHRYGIA HELLESPONTUS. The king- mirers many of the most celebrated men of the
dom of Phrygia was conquered by Croesus, and age of Philip and Alexander, and the beauty of
formed part of the Persian, Macedonian, and her form gave rise to some, of the greatest works
Syro-Grecian empires; but, under the last, the of art. The most celebrated picture of Apelles,
northeastern part, adjacent to Paphlagonia and his "Venus Anadyomene" (vid. APELLES), is said
the Halys, was conquered by the Gauls, and to have been a representation of Phryne, who,
formed the western part of GALATIA; and a part at a public festival at Eleusis, entered the sea
west of this, containing the richest portion of with dishevelled hair. The celebrated Cnidian
the country, about the Sangarius, was subject- Venus of Praxiteles, who was one of her lovers,
ed by the kings of Bithynia: this last portion was taken from her.
was the object of a contest between the kings  PHRYNICHUS (IPZvIxO0f). 1. An Athenian, and
of Bithynia and Pergamus, but at last, by the one of the early tragic poets, is said to have
decision of the Romans, it was added, under the been the disciple of Thespis. He gained his
name of Phrygia Epictetus (4). iTrtiCTTOc, i. e., first tragic victory in B.C. 511, twenty-four
the acquired Phrygia), to the kingdom of Per- years after Thespis (535), twelve years after
gamus, to which the whole of Phrygia was as- Chcerilus (523), and twelve years before LEschysigned by the Romans, after the overthrow of lus (499); and his last in 476, on which occaAntiochus the Great in B.C. 190. With the sion Themistocles was his choragus, and recordrest of the kingdom of Pergamus, Phrygia pass- ed the event by an inscription. Phrynichus
ed to the Romans by the testament of Attalus probably went, like other poets of the age, to
III., and thus became a part of the province of the court of Hiero, and there died. In all the
Asia, B.C. 130. As to the distinctive names: accounts of the rise and development of tragethe inland district usually understood by the dy, the chief place after Thespis is assigned to
name of Phrygia, when it occurs alone, was Phrynichus, and the improvements which he
also called Great Phrygia, or Phrygia Proper, introduced in the internal poetical character of
in contradistinction to the Lesser Phrygia, or the drama entitle him to he considered as the
Phrygia on the Hellespont; and of this Great real inventor of tragedy. For the light, ludior Proper Phrygia, the northern part was call- crous, Bacchanalian stories of Thespis, he subed, as just stated, Phrygia Epictetus, and the stituted regular and serious subjects, taken
southern part, adjacent to the Taurus, was call- either from the heroic age, or the heroic deeds
ed, from its position, Phrygia Parorios (I. 7rap6- which illustrated the history of his own time.
peLOf). At the division of the provinces in the In these he aimed, not so much to amuse the
fourth century, the last-mentioned part, also audience as to move their passions; and so
called Phrygia Pisidica, was assigned to Pisid- powerful was the effect of his tragedy on the
ia, and the southwestern portion, about the capture of Miletus, that the audience burst into
Mueander, to Caria; and the remainder was di- tears, and fined the poet one thousand drachma
662




PHRYNNIS.                                  PHYLE.
because he had exhibited the sufferings of a the Caucasus, or, according to some, beyond the.
kindred people, and even passed a law that no River Rha, in Sarmatia Asiatica.
one should ever again make use of that drama.  PHYA. Vid. PISISTRATUS.
To the light mimetic chorus of Thespis he add-  PHYCJUS (VicOViC: now Ras-Sem or Ras-eled the sublime music of dithyrambic choruses. Kazat), a promontory on the coast of Cyrenaica,
Aristophanes more than once contrasts these a little west of Apollonia and northwest of Cyancient and beautiful melodies with the involved rene. It is the northernmost headland of Librefinementsof later poets. Phrynichus was the ya east of the Lesser Syrtis, and the nearest
first poet who introduced masks, representing point of this coast to that of Europe, the distance
female persons in the drama. He also paid par- from Phycus to Tsenarum, the southern promticular attention to the dances of the chorus. ofitory of Peloponnesus, being two hundred and
In the drama of Phrynichus, however, the chorus eight miles. There was a small town of the
still retained the principal place, and it was re- same name on the headland.
served for Eschylus and Sophocles to bring the  PHYLAE (<vudcnc). 1. A small town of Thesdialogue and action into their due position. saly in Phthiotis, southeast of Eretria, and east
[The few fragments of Phrynichus are given by of Enipeus, on the northern slope of Mount
Wagner in Trag. Greac. Fragm. (in Didot's Bibl. Othrys. It was the birth-place of Protesilaus.
Graeca), p. 10-16.]-2. A distinguished comic -2. A town of Epirus inMolossia.-3. A town
poet of the Old Comedy, was a contemporary in Arcadia, near the sources of the Alpheus, on
of Eupolis, and flourished B.C. 429. [The frag- the frontiers of Tegea and Laconia.
ments are given by Meineke, Comn. Graec. Frag.,  PHYLXCUS ( a/aKcof). 1. Son ofDeion and Dioi., 228-40, ed. minor.]-3. A Greek sophist and mede, and husband of Periclymene or Clymene,
grammarian, described by some as an Arabian, the daughter of Minyas, by whom he became
and by others as a Bithynian, lived under M. the father of Iphiclus and Alcimede. He was
Aurelius and Commodus. His great work was believed to be the founder of the town of Phyentitled ZOLcTt7t) HIapacrev j, in thirty-seven lace, in Thessaly. Either from his name or
books, of which we still possess a fragment, that of the town, his descendants, Phylacus,
published by Bekker, in his Anecdota Grceca, Iphiclus, and Protesilaus, are called Phylacide.
Berol., 1814, vol. i. He also wrote a Lexicon -[2. A Trojan warrior, slain by Leitus.-3. A
of Attic words ('E?2toy? il/ucI'TrV ccai ovo/aTrv Delphian hero, to whom a sanctuary was dedi-'ArrLKcOv), which is extant: the best edition is cated at Delphi.-4. Son of Histieus of Samos.]
by Lobeck, Lips., 1830.                     PHYLARCHUS (nv2apxoC), a Greek historical
PHRYNNIS (lpDvvVLS) or PHRYNIS (4pavvfi), a writer, and a contemporary of Aratus, was probcelebrated dithyrambic poet, of the time of the ably a native of Naucratis in Egypt, but spent
Peloponnesian war, was a native of Mytilene, the greater part of his life at Athens. His great
but flourished at Athens. His innovations, ef- work was a history in twenty-eight books, which
feminacies, and frigidness are repeatedly at- embraced a period of fifty-two years, from the
tacked by the comic poets. Among the innova- expedition of Pyrrhus into Peloponnesus, B.C.
tions which he is said to have made was the 272, to the death of Cleomenes, 220. Phylaraddition of two strings to the heptachord. He chus is vehemently attacked by Polybius, who
was the first who gained the victory in the charges him with falsifying history through his
musical contests established by Pericles, in con- partiality to Cleomenes, and his hatred against
nection with the Panathenaic festival, probably Aratus and the Achseans. The accusation is
in B.C. 445.                              probably not unfounded, but it might be retort[PHRYNON ({pv'vov), an Athenian, who had ed with equal justice upon Polybius, who has
been an Olympian victor, and was celebrated fallen into the opposite error of exaggerating
for his strength and courage, commanded the the merits of Aratus and his party, and depreAthenian forces in their contest with the Myti- ciating Cleomenes. The style of Phylarchus
leneans for the possession of Sigeum. He en- appears to have been too oratorical and declamgaged in single combat with Pittacus (vid. PIT- atory; but it was, at the same time, lively and
TACUS), who entangled him in a net, and then attractive. The fragments of Phylarchus have
dispatched him with a trident and a dagger, just been collected by Lucht, Lips., 1836; by Brickas the retiarii afterward fought at Rome.]  ner, Vratisl., 1838; and by Miller, Fragm. HisPHTHIA. Vid. PHTHIOTIS.                 tor. Grcec., Paris, 1840.
PHTHIOTIS (  arT8tgC': i40it(rc-), a district in the  PHYLAS (qib.af). 1. King of the Dryopes,
southeast of Thessaly, bounded on the south by was attacked and slain by Hercules because he
the Maliac Gulf, and on the east by the PagasEean had violated the sanctuary of Delphi. By his
Gulf, and inhabited by Achaeans. Vid. THES- daughter Midea, Hercules became the father of
SALIA. Homer calls it PHTHIA (40iV), and men- Antiochus.-2. Son of Antiochus, and grandson
tions a city of the same name, which was cele- of Hercules and Midea, was married to Deiphile,
brated as the residence of Achilles. Hence the by whom he had two sons, Hippotas and Thero,
poets call Achilles Phthius heros, and his father -3. King of Ephyra in Thesprotia, and the faPeleus Phthius rex.                      ther of Polymele and Astyoche, by the latter of
PHTHIRA (Ta ~4Oipa, qDOElpwv 6pof), a mountain whom Hercules was the father of Tlepolemus,
of Caria, forming a part or a branch of Latmus,  PH-TLE ( bv v:v vJdaCiocg: now Fili), a demus
inhabited by a people called 0lipeg.      in Attica, and a strongly fortified place, belongPHTHIROPHXGI (rOetpoaPyot, i. e., eaters of lice, ing to the tribe (Eneis, was situated on the con[or, according to another derivation, eaters of fines of Bceotia, and on the southwestern slope
pine-cones (from feOip, the fruit of the 7rirvf dOet- of Mount Parnes. It is memorable as the place
poS6pof), as the Budini (Hdt., iv., 109). Vid. which Thrasybulus and the Athenian patriots
litter, Vorhalle, p. 459]), a Scythian people near seized soon after the end of the Peloponnesian
6- 3




PHYLEUS.                              PICTOR, FABIUS.
war, B.C. 404, and whence they directed their hills and by the River Matrinus. It is said to
operations against the thirty tyrants at Athens. have derived its name from the bird picus,
PHYLEUS (vev'C), son of Augeas, was ex- which directed the Sabine immigrants into the
pelled oy his father from Ephyra because he land, or from a mythical leader Picus: some
gave evidence in favor of Hercules. (Vid. p. modern writers connect the name with the
357, b.) He then emigrated to Dulichium. By Greek rev/ic, a pine-tree, on account of the pineCtimene or Timandra he became the father of trees growing in the country on the slopes of
Meges, who is hence called Phylides.     the Apennines; but none of these etymologies
[PHYLLIDAS (4~vUisdar), a Theban, secretary can be received. Picenum formed the fifth reto the polemarchs who held office under Spartan gion in the division of Italy made by Augustus.
protection, after the seizure of the Cadmea by The country was traversed by a number of hills
Phcebidas. He was a secret enemy ofthe new  of moderate height, eastern offshoots of the
government, and contributed greatly to the sue- Apennines, and was drained by several small
cess of the plot formed by Pelopidas for the rivers flowing into the Adriatic through the
liberation of his country from Spartan tyranny.] valleys between these hills. The country was
PHYLLIS. Vid. DEMOPHON, NO. 2.          upon the whole fertile, and was especially celPHYLLIS (Vjatca), a district in Thrace south ebrated for its apples; but the chief employof the Strymon, near Mount Pangaeus.      ment of the inhabitants was the feeding of
[PHYLLIS, the nurse of Domitian, whom she cattle and swine. The Picentes, as already
buried after his assassination.]          remarked, were Sabine immigrants; but the
PHYLLUS (    0'4AOg: now Petrino), a town of population of the country appears to have been
Thessaly, in the district Thessaliotis, north of of a mixed nature. The Umbrians were in posMetropolis.                               session of the land when it was conquered by
[PHYiLO (hv;Lh), one of the female attendants the Sabine Picentes, and some of the Umbrian
of Helen.]                                population became intermingled with their SaPHYscA (5d/ica), a town of Macedonia, in the bine conquerors. In addition to this, the southdistrict Eordea.                          ern part of the country was for a time in posPHYSCON. Vid. PTOLEM EUS.               session of the Liburnians, and Ancona was ocPHYSCUS (467cKOC). 1. A city of the Ozolian cupied by Greeks from Syracuse. In B.C. 299
Locrians in Northern Greece.-2. (Now Paitch- the Picentes made a treaty with the Romans;
shin), a town on the southern coast of Caria, in but having revolted in 269, they were defeated
the Rhodian territory, with an excellent harbor, by the consul Sempronius Sophus in the followwhich was used as the port of Mylasa, and was ing year, and were obliged to submit to the Rothe landing-place for travellers coming from  man supremacy. A portion of the people was
Rhodes-3. (Now Odorneh), an eastern tribu- transplanted to the coast of the Sinus PeestataryoftheTigris in LowerAssyria. Thetown nus, where they founded the town Picentia.
of Opis stood at its junction with the Tigris.  Vid. PICENTIA. Two or three years afterward
PHYT.UM (4U'Srazov: bvralo~), a town in zEto- the Romans sent colonies to Firmum and Caslia, southeast of Thermum, on the Lake Tri- trum Novum in Picenum, in order to secure
chonis.                                   their newly-conquered possession. The PicenPICENI. Vid. PICENUM.                   tes fought with the other Socii against Rome
PICENTES. Vid. PICENUM.                 in the Social or Marsic war (90-89), and receivPICENTIA (Picentinus: now Vicenza), a town ed the Roman franchise at the close of it.
in the south of Campania, at the head of the  PICTAVI. Vid. PICTONES.
Sinus Pabstanus, and between Salernum  and  PICTI, a people inhabiting the northern part of
the frontiers of Lucania, the inhabitants of Britain, appear to have been either a tribe of
which were compelled by the Romans, in con- the Caledonians, or the same people as the Calsequence of their revolt to Hannibal, to abandon edonians, though under another name. They
their town and live in the neighboring villages. were called Picti by the Romans, from their
Between the town and the frontiers of Lucania, practice of painting their bodies. They are first
there was an ancient temple of the Argive Juno, mentioned by the rhetorician Eumenius in an
said to have been founded by Jason, the Argo- oration addressed to Constantius Chlorus, A.D.
naut. The name of Picentini was not confined 296; and after this time their name frequently
to the inhabitants of Picentia, but was given to occurs in the Roman writers, and often in conthe inhabitants of the whole coast of the Sinus nection with that of the Scoti. In the next cenPsestanus, from the promontory of Minerva to tury we find them divided into two tribes, the
the River Silarus. They were a portion of the Dicaledonse or Dicaledones, and theVecturiones
Sabine Picentes, who were transplanted by the or Vecturones. At a still later period their prinRomans to this part of Campania after the con- cipal seat was in the northeast of Scotland.
quest of Picenum, B.C. 268, at which time they  PICT6NES, subsequently PICTiVI, a powerful
founded the town of Picentia.             people on the coast of Gallia Aquitanica, whose
PICENTINI. Vid. PICENTIA and PICENUM.   territory extended north as far as the Liger
PICEiNUM (Picentes, sing. Picens, more rarely (now Loire), and east probably as far the River
Picentini and Piceni), a country in Central Ita- Creuse. Their chief town was Limonum, subly, was a narrow strip of land along the west- sequently Pictavi (now Poitiers).
ern coast of the Adriatic, and was bounded on  PICTOR, FABIUS. 1. C., painted the temple
the north by Umbria, from which it was sepa- of Salus, which the dictator C. Junius Brutus
rated by the River.Esis, on the west by Um- Bubulcus contracted for in his censorship, B.C.
bria and the territory of the Sabines, and on 307, and dedicated in his dictatorship, 302.
the south by the territory of the Marsi and Ves- This painting, which must have been on the
tini, from which it was separated by a range of walls of the temple, was probably a representa664;




PICUMNUS.                                   PILIA.
tion of the battle which Bubulcus had gained  [PiELuS (HIILeof), son of Pyrrhus and Anagainst the Samnites. This is the earliest Ro- dromache; brother of Molossus and Pergamus.]
rman painting of which we have any record. It  PIERIA (Illepia: ~ Ieper). 1. A narrow slip of
was preserved till the reign of Claudius, when country on the southeastern coast of Macedothe temple was destroyed by fire. Ih conse- nia, extending from the mouth of the Peneus in
quence of this painting, C. Fabius received the Thessaly to the Haliacmon, and bounded on the
surname of PICTOR, which was borne by his de- west by Mount Olympus and its offshoots. A
scendants.-2. C., son of No. 1, consul 269.-  portion of these mountains was called by the
3. N. (i. e., Numerius), also son of No. 1, con- ancient writers PIERUS, or the Pierian Mountsul 266.-4. Q., son of No. 2, was the most an- ain. The inhabitants of this country, the Piecient writer of Roman history in prose. He res, were a Thracian people, and are celebrated
served in the Gallic war 225, and also in the in the early history of Greek poetry and music,
second Punic war.  His history, which was since their country was one of the earliest seats
written in Greek, began with the arrival of of the worship of the Muses, and Orpheus is said
XEneas in Italy, and came down to his own to have been buried there. After the establishtime. Hence Polybius speaks of him as one ment of the Macedonian kingdom in Emathia
of the historians of the second Punic war. [A in the seventh century B.C., Pieria was confew fragments of the history of Pictor are col- quered by the Macedonians, and the inhabitants
lected by Krause in Fragmenta Historicorum  were driven out of the country.-2. A district
Lat., p. 52-63.]-5. Q., praetor 189, and flamen in Macedonia, east of the Strymon near Mount
Quirinalis.-6. SER., is said by Cicero to have Pangeum, where the Pierians settled, who had
been well skilledih law, literature, and antiqui- been driven out of their original abodes by the
ty. He lived about B.C. 150. He appears to Macedonians, as already related.  They posbe the same as the Fabius Pictor who wrote a sessed in this district the fortified towns of
work De Jure Pontificio, in several books. He Phagres and Pergamus.-3. A district on the
probably wrote Annals likewise in the Latin northern coast of Syria, so called from the
language, since Cicero (de Orat., ii., 12) speaks Mountain Pieria, a branch of the Amanus, a
of a Latin annalist Pictor, whom he places after name given to it by the Macedonians after their
Cato, but before Piso; which corresponds with conquest of the East. In this district was the
the time at which Ser. Pictor lived, but could city of Seleucia, Which is distinguished from
not apply to Q. Pictor, who lived in the time other cities of the same name as Seleucia in
of the second Punic war.                  Pieria.
PIcuMNcs and PILUMNUS, two Roman divin-   PIERIDES (TItepiEE). 1. A surname of the
ities, were regarded as two brothers, and as the Muses, which they derived from Pieria, near
beneficent gods of matrimony in the rustic re- Mount Olympus, where they were first worshipligion of the ancient Romans. A couch was ped among the Thracians. Some derived the
prepared for them in the house in which there name from an ancient king Pierus, who is said
was a newly-born child.  Pilumnus was be- to have emigrated from Thrace into Bceotia,
lieved to ward off all sufferings from the infant and to have established their worship at Theswith his pilum, with which he taught to pound piae. Pieris also occurs in the singular.-2.
the grain; ahd Picumnus, who, under the name The nine daughters of Pierus, king of Emathia
of Sterquilinius, was believed to have discov- (Macedonia), whom he begot by Euippe or Anered the use of manure for the fields, conferred tiope, and to Whom he gave the names of the
upon theinfant strength and prosperity. Hence nine Muses. They afterward entered into a
both were also looked upon as the gods of good contest with the Muses, and, being conquered,
deeds, and were identified with Castor and Pol- they were metamorphosed into birds called Colux. When Danae landed in Italy, Picumnus lymbas, Iyngx, Cenchris, Cissa, Chloris, Acais said to have built with her the town of Ar- lanthis, Nessa, Pipo, and Dracontis.
dea, and to have become by her the father of  PIERUS (lTepof). 1. Mythological. Vid. PIEDaunus.                                   RIDES.-2. A mountain. Vid. PIERIA, No. 1.
PIcus (IIKco), a Latin prophetic divinity, is  PIETAS, a personification of faithful attachdescribed as a son of Saturnus or Sterculus, as ment, love, and veneration among the Romans.
the husband of Canens, and the father of Fau. At first she had only a small sanctuary at Rome,
nus. In some traditions he was called the first but in B.C. 191 a larger one was built. She is
king of Italy. He was a famous soothsayer and represented on Roman coins as a matron throwaugur, and as he made use in his prophetic art ing incense upon an altar, and her attributes
of a picus (a woodpecker), he himself was also are a stork and children.  She is sometimes
called Picus. He was represented in a rude represented as a female figure offering her
and primitive manner as a wooden pillar with breast to an aged parent.
a woodpecker on the top of it, but afterward  PIETAS JULIA. Vid. POLA.
as a young man with a woodpecker on his     PIGRES (IIypnr), of Halicarnassus, either the
head. The whole legend of Picus is founded brother or the son of the celebrated Artemisia,
on the notion that the woodpecker is a prophet- queen of Caria. He is said to have been the
ic bird, sacred to Mars. Pomona, it is said, author of the Margites, and the Batrachomyowas beloved-by him, and when Circe's love for machia.
him was not requited, she changed him into a  [PIGRUM MARE, called by the Greeks 6 Kp6woodpecker, who, however, retained the pro- vtoc'QKea6vg, the names under which the Arctic
phetic powers which he had formerly possessed or Frozen Ocean was known to the ancients.]
as a man.                                   PILIA, the wife of T. Pomponius Atticus, to
[PIDYTES (II65rvc), of Percote, an ally of the whom she was married on the 12th of FebruaTrojans, was slain by Ulysses.]          ry, B.C. 56. In the summer of the following
665




PILORUS.                                 PINDARUS.
year she bore her husband a daughter, who sub- near Issus, between the mouth of the Pyramus
sequently married Vipsanius Agrippa.      and the Syrian frontier.
PILORUS (HIi2wpof), a town of Macedonia in  PINDXRUs(Ilivdapor). 1 The greatest lyric poet
Chalcidice, at the head of the Singitic Gulf.  of Greece, was born either at Thebes or at CyPILUMNUS. Vicd. PICUMNUS.               noscephalae, a village in the territory of Thebes,
PIMPLEA (IIiurraeta), a town in the Macedo- about B.C. 522. His family was one of the
nian province of Pieria, sacred to the Muses, noblest in Thebes, and seems also to have been
who were hence called Pimpleides.         celebrated for its skill in music. The father or
[PIMPRAPMA (HTilirpaya), the capital city of the uncle of Pindar was a flute-player, and Pindar
Adraista, a tribe in the northwest of India in- at an early age received instruction in the art
tra Gangem.]                              from the flute-player Scopelinus. But the youth
PINXRA (Ta Iivapa: Iivapev': ruins at Pina- soon gave indications of a genius for poetry,
ra or Minara), an inland city of Lycia, some dis- which induced his father to send him to Athens
tance west of the River Xanthus, at the foot of to receive more perfect instruction in the art.
Mount Cragus. Here Pandarus was worship- Later writers tell us that his- future glory as a
ped as a hero.                            poet was miraculously foreshadowed by a swarm
PINARIA GENS, one of the most ancient pa- of bees which rested upon his lips while he was
trician gentes at Rome, traced its origin to a asleep, and that this miracle first led him to
time long previous to the foundation of the city. compose poetry. At Athens Pindar became the
The legend related that when Hercules came pupil of Lasus of Hermione, the founder of the
into Italy, he was hospitably received on the Athenian school of dithyrambic poetry. He respot where Rome was afterward built by the turned to Thebes before he completed his twenPotitii and the Pinarii, two of the most distin- tieth year, and is said to have received instrucguished families in the country. The hero, in tion there from Myrtis and Corinna of Tanagra,
return, taught them the way in which he was two poetesses who then enjoyed great celebto be worshipped; but as the Pinarii were not rity in Beotia. With both these poetesses Pinat hand when the sacrificial banquet was ready, dar contended for the prize in the musical conand did not come till the entrails of the victim  tests at Thebes; and he is said to have been
were eaten, Hercules, in anger, determined that defeated five times by Corinna. Pindar comthe Pinarii should in all future time be excluded menced his professional career as a poet at an
from partaking of the entrails of the victims, early age, and was soon employed by different
and that in all matters relating to his worship states and princes in all parts of the Hellenic
they should be inferior to the Potitii. These world to compose for them choral songs for
two families continued to be the hereditary specialoccasions. He received money and prespriests of Hercules till the censorship of App. ents for his works; but he never degenerated
Claudius (B.C. 312), who purchased from the into a common mercenary poet, and he continPotitii the knowledge of the sacred rites, and ue'd to preserve to his latest days the respect of
intrusted them to public slaves; whereat the all parts of Greece. He composed poems for
god was so angry that the whole Potitia gens, Hieron, tyrant of Syracuse, Alexander, son of
containing twelve families and thirty grown-up Amyntas, king of Macedonia, Theron, tyrant of
men, perished within a year, or, according to Agrigentum, Arcesilaus, king of Cyf'ene, as well
other accounts, within thirty days, and Appius as for many free states and private persons. He
himself became blind.  The Pinarii did not was courted especially by Alexander, king of
share in the guilt of communicating the sacred Macedonia, and Hieron, tyrant of Syracuse; and
knowledge, and therefore did, not receive the the praises which he bestowed upon the former
same punishment as the Potitii, but continued are said to have been the chief reason which led
in existence to the latest times. It appears that his descendant, Alexander, the son-of Philip, to
the worship of Hercules by the Potitii and Pi- spare the house of the poet when he destroyed
narii was a sacrum gentilitium belonging to these the rest of Thebes. Pindar's stated residence
gentes, and that in the time of Appius Claudius was at Thebes, though he frequently left home
thesesacraprivataweremade sacrapublica. The in order to witness the great public games, and
Pinarii were divided into the families of Mamer- to visit the states and distinguished men who
cinus, Natta, Posca, Rusca, and Scarpus, but none courted his friendship and employed his servof them obtained sufficient importance to require ices. Thus about B.C. 473 he visited the court
a separate notice.                        of Hieron at Syracuse, where he remained four
PINnARus, L.  [1. The commander of the Ro- years. He probably died in his eightieth year
man garrison at Enna in the second Punic war, in 442. The only poems of Pindar which have
B.C. 214, suppressed with vigor an attempt at come down to us entire are his Epinicia, or triinsurrection which the inhabitants made.]-2. umphal odes. But these were but a small porThe great-nephew of the dictator C. Julius Cme- tion of his works. Besides his triumphal odes,
sar, being the grandson of Julia, Cwesar's eldest he wrote hymns to the gods, proans, dithyrambs,
sister. In the will of the dictator, Pinarius was odes for processions (rpoC6&ea), songs of maidnamed one of his heirs along with his two oth- ens (-rapivEma), mimic dancing songs (i7ropx -
er great-nephews, C. Octavius and Q. Pedius, para), drinking-songs (ac6oXta), dirges (QnUvo0),
Octavius obtaining three fourths of the prop- -and encomia (iycb6la), or panegyrics on princes
erty, and the remaining fourth being divided Of these we have numerous fragments. Most
between Pinarius and Pedius. [Pinarius after- of them are mentioned in the well-known lines
ward served in the army of the triumvirs in the of Horace (Carrm., iv., 2):
war against Brutus and Cassius.]
PINXLRus (flivapof), a river of Cilicia, rising in  eu per audaees nova dithyrambortu
Mons Amanus, and falling into the Gulf of Issus         Lege solutis;
666




PINDASUS.                                 PIIREEUS.
Seu deos (hymens and paans) regesve  Mount Temnus in Mysia, extending to the ElaiS(eaUneomi) cant deorm           tic Gulf, and containing the sources of the River
Sanguinemm:...
Sive quos Elea domum reducit        Cetius.
Palma ccelestes (the Epinicia):...  [PINDENISSUS (Pindenissitme in pl.; now, acFlebili sponsaw juvenemve raptumn   cording to Von Hammer, Schahmaran), a city of
Cilicia, besieged and taken by Cicero during his
In all of these varieties Pindar equally excelled, administration of the province of Cilicia.]
as we see from the numerous quotations made  PINDUS (IITV6Or). 1. A lofty range of mountfrom them by the ancient writers, though they ains in Northern Greece, a portion of the great
are generally oftoo fragmentary a kind to allow  back-bone which runs through the centre of
us to form a judgment respecting -them. Our Greece from north to south. The name of Pin-,estimate of Pindar as a poet must be formed dus was confined to that part of the chain which
almost exclusively from his Epinicia, which were separates Thessaly and Epirus, and its most
composed in commemoration of some victory in northerly and also highest part was called LACthe public games. The Epinicia are divided into MON.-2. One of the four towns of Doris, near
four books, celebrating respectively the victories the sources of a small river of the same name,'
gained in the Olympian, Pythian, Nemean, and which flowed through Locris into the Cephisus.
Isthmian games. In order to understand them  [PINEUS. Vid. PINNES.]
properly, we must bear in mind the nature of the  PINNA (Pinnensis: now Civita di Penna), the
occasion for which they were composed, and the chief town of the Vestini at the foot of the Apobject which the poet had in view. A victory ennines, surrounded by beautiful meadows.
gained in one of the four great national festivals  PINNES, PINNEUS, or PINEUS, was the son of
conferred honor not only upon the conqueror Agron, king of Illyria, by his first wife Triteuta.
and his family, but also upon the city to which At the death of Agron (B.C. 231), Pinnes, who
he belonged.  It was accordingly celebrated was then a child, was left in the guardianship of
with great pomp and ceremony. Such a cele- his step-mother Teuta, whom Agron had marbration began with a procession to a temple, ried after divorcing Triteuta. When Teuta was
where a sacrifice was offered, and it ended with defeated by the Romans, the care of Pinnes dea banquet and the joyous revelry, called by the volved upon Demetrius of Pharos; but when
Greeks comus (cCu/or). For this celebration a Demetrius, in his turn, made war against the
poem was expressly composed,,which was sung Romans and was defeated, Pinnes was placed
by a chorus. The poems were sung either dur- upon the throne by the Romans, but was coming the procession to the temple, or at the comus pelled to paystribute.
at the close of the banquet. Those of Pindar's  [PINTIA (IITvia: now Valladolid), a city of the
Epinician odes which consist of strophes with- Vaccoei in Hispania Tarraconensis, situated on
out. epodes were sung during the procession, but the road from Asturica to Cuesaraugusta.]
the majority of them appear to have been sung  PINTUARIA (HItvrovapia: now Teneriffe), one
at the comus. In these odes Pindar rarely de- of the INsuLn FORTUNATE (now Canary Islands)
scribes the victory itself, as the scene was fa- off the western coast of Africa, also called CONmiliar to all the spectators, but he dwells upon vALLIs, and, from the perpetual snowon its peak,
the glory of the victor, and celebrates chiefly NIVARIA.
either his wealth (5d26or) or his skill (apezre): his  [PIONIA (iltovia: Pionites), a city in the inwealth, if he had gained the victory in the char- terior of Mysia, on the River Satniols, northiot-race, since it was only the wealthy that west of Antandrus, and northeast of Gargara,
could contend for the prize in this contest; his said to have derived its name from- Pionis, a deskill, if he had been exposed to peril in the con- scendant of Hercules.]
test. The metres of Pindar are too extensive  PIREEUS orPiRLEus (IIepalevs: nowPorto Leand difficult a subject to admit of explanation in one orPorto Dracone). 1. The most important of
the present work. No two odes possess the the harbors of Athens, was situated in the penilnsame metrical structure.  The Doric rhythm  sula about five miles southwest ofAthens. This
chiefly prevails, but he also makes frequent use peninsula, which is sometimes called by the genof the AXolian and Lydian as well. The best edi- eral name of Piraeeus, contained three harbors,
tions of Pindar are byB6ckh, Lips., 1811-1821, 2 Piraeeus proper on the western side, by far the
vols. 4to, and by Dissen, Gotha, 1830, 2 vols. 8vo, largest of the three, Zear on the eastern side,
of which there is a second edition by Schneide- separated from Piraeeus by a narrow isthmus,
win, Gotha, 1843, seq.-[2. Under the name of and Munychia (now Pharnari) still further to the
Pindarus there exists a Latin poem in hexame- east. The position of Piraeeus and of the Atheter verse, commonly called Epitome Iliados Ho- nian harbors has been usually misunderstood.
merL. Wernsdorf tried to prove that the name In consequence of a statement in an ancient
of the author was Pentadius, from which Pin- scholiast, it was generally supposed that the
darus was a corruption, but this idea he after- great harbor of Piraeeus was divided into three
ward abandoned; Bahr thinks the poem must smaller harbors, Zea for corn vessels, Aphrodishave been composed in the third or fourth cen- ium for merchant ships in general, and Cantury A.D.; it is published byWernsdorf in Poetee tharus for ships of war; but this division of the
Latini Minores, vol. iv. pt. ii., and separately, with Pirteeus is now rejected by the best topograthe notes of Theod. Van Kooten, byH. Weytingh, phers. Zea was a harbor totally distinct from
Lugd. Bat., 1809.-3. The freedman of C. Cas- the Pireeeus, as is stated above; the northern
sius Longinus, put an end to his master's life portion of the Piraeeus seems to have been used
at the request of the latter after the loss of the by the merchant vessels, and the Cantharus,
battle of Philippi.]                      where the ships of war were stationed, was on
PINDISUS (Ilivdaaof), a southern branch of the southern side of the harbor, near the enm




PIR.EUS.                                   PISE.
trance. It was through the suggestion of The- With the assistance of Pirithojis, Theseus carmistocles that the Athenians were induced to ried off Helen from Sparta, and placed her at
make use of the harbor of Piraeeus.  Before Aphidnae, under the care of.thra. Pirithois
the Persian wars their principal harbor was Pha-. was still more ambitious, and resolved to carry
lerum, which was not situated in the Piraean offPersephone (Proserpina), the wife of theking
peninsula at all, but lay to the east of Munychia. of the lower world. Theseus would not desert
Vid. PHALERUM. At the entrance of the harbor his friend in the enterprise, though he knew the
of Piraeeus there were two promontories, the risk which they ran. The two friends accordone on the right hand called Alcimus ("A2WALoC), ingly descended to the lower world, but they
on which was the tomb of Themistocles, and were seized by Pluto (Hades) and fastened to a
the-other on the left called Eetionea ('Hertveia), rock, where they both remained till Hercules
on which the Four Hundred-erected a fortress. visited the lower world. Hercules delivered
The entrance of the harbor, which was narrow  Theseus, who had made the daring attempt only
by nature, was rendered still narrower by two to please his friend, but Pirithois remained formole-heads, to which a chain was attached to ever in torment (amalorem trecenta Pirithoum coprevent the ingress of hostile ships. The town hibent catence, Hor., Carm. iii., 4, 80). Pirithois
or demus of Piraeeus was surrounded with strong was worshipped at Athens, along with Theseus,
fortifications by Themistocles, and was connect- as a hero.
ed with Athens by means of the celebrated Long  [PIROUS (Jleipoof), son of Imbrasus, a leader
Walls under the administration of Pericles. of the Thracians, in alliance with the Trojans,
(Vid. p. 122, a.) The town possessed a consid- slain by Thoas.]
erable population, and many public and private  PIgus (HIepos), PIERUS (lfepof), or ACHELOUS,
buildings. The most important of its'public the chief river of Achaia, which falls into the
buildings were the Agora Hippodamia, a tem- Gulf of Patrae near Olenus.
pie of Jupiter (Zeus) Soter, a large stoa, a the-  PIRUST-, a people in Illyria, exempted from
atre, the Phreattys or tribunal for the admirals, taxes by the Romans because they deserted
the arsenal, the docks, &c.-[2. PIRmus, an open Gentius and passed over to the Romans.
roadstead on the eastern coast of Corinthia, near  PisA (Ilae: HIILtdro ), the capital of PISATIS
the Promontory Spirmum, close to the borders of (IILdarC), the middle portion of the province of
the territory of Epidaurus, where, in the twenti- Elis in Peloponnesus. Vid. ELIs. In the most
eth year of the Peloponnesian war, the Atheni- ancient times Pisatis formed a union of eight
ans blockaded a part of the Peloponnesian fleet.] states, of which, in addition to Pisa, we find
[PIREUS (Heipatof), son of Clytius in Ithaca, mention of Salmone, Heraclea, Harpinna, Cycea friend of Telemachus.]                  slum, and Dyspontium. Pisa itself was situaPIaENE (IeRLpmrvj), a celebrated fountain at ted north of the Alpheus, at a very short disCorinth, which, according to tradition, took its tance east of Olympia, and, in consequence of
origin from Pirene, a daughter of Ebalus, who its proximity to the latter place, was frequently
here melted away into tears through grief for identified by the poets with it. The history of
the loss of her son Cenchrias. At this fountain the Pisate consists of their struggle with the
Bellerophon is said to have caught the horse Eleans, with whom they contended for the presPegasus. It gushed forth from the rock in the idency of the Olympic games. The Pisate obAcrocorinthus, was conveyed down the hill by tained this honor in the eighth Olympiad (B.C.
subterraneous conduits, and fell into a marble 748) with the assistance of Phidon, tyrant of
basin, from which the greater part of the town Argos, and also a second time in the thirtywas supplied with water. The fountain was fourth Olympiad (644) by means of their own
celebrated for the purity and salubrity of its wa- king Pantaleon. In the fifty-second Olympiad
ter, and was so highly valued that the poets fre- (572) the struggle between the two tribes was
quently employed its name as equivalent to that brought to a close by the conquest and destrucof Corinth itself.                        tion of Pisa by the Eleans. So complete was
PIRESIiE (Ileipeacai), probably the same as the the destruction of the city, that not a trace of it
TRESHm  of Livy, a town of Thessaly, in the dis- was left in later times; and some persons, as
trict Thessaliotis, on the left bank of the Pe- we learn from Strabo, even questioned whether
neus.                                    it had ever existed, supposing that by the name
PiRITHOUS (IetpiOoof), son oflxion or Jupiter of Pisa the kingdom of the Pisatae was alone
(Zeus) by Dia, was king of the Lapithae in Thes- intended. The existence, however, of the city
saly, and married to Hippodamia, by whom he does not admit of dispute. Even after the debecame the father of Polypcetes. When Pirith- struction of the city, the Pisatae did not relinoils was celebrating his marriage with Hippo- quish their claims; and in the one hundred and
damia, the intoxicated centaur Eurytion or Eu- fourth Olympiad (364), they had the presidency
rytus carried her off, and this act occasioned of the Olympic games along with the Arcadians,
the celebrated fight between the Centaurs and when the latter people were making war with
Lapitha, in which the Centaurs were defeated. the Eleans.
Pirithoiis once invaded Attica, but when Theseus  PISE, more rarely PISA (Pisanus: now Pisa),
came forth to oppose him, he conceived a warm  one of the most ancient and important of the
admiration for the Athenian king, and from this cities of Etruria, was situated at the confluence
time a most intimate friendship sprung up be- of the Arnus and Ausar (now Serchio), about six
tween the two heroes. Theseus was present miles from the sea; but the latter river altered
at the wedding of Pirithoiis, and assisted him in its course in the twelfth century, and now flows
his battle against the Centaurs. Hippodamia into the sea by a separate channel. According
afterward died, and each of the two friends re- to some traditions, Pisae was founded by the
solved to wed a daughter of Jupiter (Zeus). companions of Nestor, the inhabitants of Pisa
668




PISANDER.                              PISISTRATIDiE.
in Elis, who were driven upon the coast of Italy desses with mortals, and of the heroic progeny
on their return from Troy, whence the Roman thus produced.
poets give the Etruscan town the surname    PISATIS. Vid. PISA.
of Alphea. This legend, however, like many  PISAURUM (Pisaurensis: now Pesaro), an anothers, probably arose from the accidental simi- cient town of Umbria, near the mouth of the
larity of the names of the two cities. It would River PISAURus (now Foglia), on the road to
seem that Pisa was originally a Pelasgic town, Ariminum. It was colonized by the Romans in
that it afterward passed into the hands of the B.C. 186, and probably colonized a second time
Ligyae, and from them into those of the Etrus- by Augustus, since it is called in inscriptions
cans. It then became one of the twelve cities Colonia Julia Felix.
of Etruriag and was, down to the time of Au-  PIsAURus.  Vid. PISAURUM.
gustus, the most northerly city in the country.  PIsGAH. Vid. NEBO.
Pisa is frequently mentioned in the Ligurian  PIsiD)iA (} Htal&clK ~: lliatdr, pl. Hlt'edat, also
wars as the head-quarters of the Roman legions. Hetaidat, HIIaedat, and HetUlUeCOi, PisIDA, pl. PISTIn B.C. 180 it was made a Latin colony, and Dio, anc. PEISID.E), an inland district of Asia
appears to have been colonized again in the Minor, bounded by Lycia and Pamphylia on the
time of Augustus, sincewe find it called in in- south, Cilicia- on the southeast, Lycaonia and
scriptions Colonia Julia Pisana.  Its harbor, Isauria (the latter often reckoned a part of Picalled P'rtus Pisanus, at the mouth of the Ar- sidia) on the east and northeast, Phrygia Paronus, was much used by the Romans; and in the reios on the north, where the boundary varied
time of Strabo the town of Pisa was still a place at different times, and was never very definite,
of considerable importance on account of the and Caria on the west. It was a mountainous
marble-quarries in its neighborhood, and the region, formed by that part of the main chain
quantity of timber which it yielded for ship- of Mount Taurus which sweeps round in a semibuilding. About three miles north of the town circle parallel to the shore of- the Pamphylian
were mineral springs, calledAque Pisance, which Gulf, the strip of shore itself, at the foot of
were less celebrated in antiquity than they are the mountains, constituting the district of PAMat the present day. There is scarcely a vestige PHYLIA. The inhabitants of the mountains were
of the ancient city in the modern Pisa.   a warlike aboriginal people, related apparently
PISANDER (leiTavdoo). [1. Son of Maemalus, to the Isaurians and Cilicians. They maintaina leader of the Myrmidons before Troy.-2. Son ed their independence, under petty chieftains,
of Antimachus, brother of Hippolochus, a Tro- against all the successive rulers of Asia Minor.
jan warrior, slain by Agamemnon.-3. Another The Romans never subdued the Pisidians in
Trojan warrior, slain by Menelaus. ] —4. Son of their mountain fortresses, though they took
Polyctor, and one of the suitors of Penelope. — some of the towns on the outskirts of their
5. An Athenian, of the demnus of Acharnae, lived country; for example, Antiochia, which was
in the time of the Peloponnesian war, and was made a colony with the Jus Italicum. In fact,
attacked by the comic poets for his rapacity and the northern part, in which Antiochia stood,
cowardice. In 412 he comes before us as the had originally belonged to Phrygia, and was
chief ostensible agent in effecting the revolu- more accessible and more civilized than the
tion of the Four Hundred. In all the measures mountains which formed the proper country of
of the new government, of which he was a the Pisidians. Nominally, the country was conmember, he took an active part; and when The- sidered a part of Pamphylia till the new subramenes and others withdrew from it, he sided division of the empire under Constantine, when
with the more violent aristocrats, and was one Pisidia was made a separate province. The
of those who, on the counter-revolution, took country is still inhabited by wild tribes, among
refuge with Agis at Decelea. His property was whom travelling is dangerous, and it is thereconfiscated, and it does not appear that he ever fore little known. Ancient writers say that it
returned to Athens.-6. A Spartan, brother-in- contained, amid its rugged mountains, some
law of Agesilaus II., who made him admiral of fertile valleys, where the olive flourished; and
the fleet in 395. In the following year he was it also produced the gum storax, some medicdefeated and slain in the sea-fight off Cnidus, inal plants, and salt. On the southern slope of
against Conon and Pharnabazus. —7. A poet of the Taurus, several rivers flowed through PiCamirus in Rhodes, flourished about B.C. 648- sidia and Pamphylia into the Pamphylian Gulf,
645. He was the author of a poem in two the chief of which were the Cestrus and the
books on the exploits of Hercules, called Hera- Catarrhactes; and on the north the mountain
cl&a ('HpdiAeela). The Alexandrean gramma- streams form some large salt lakes, namely,
rians thought so highly of the poem that they Ascania (now Hoiran and Egerdir) south of
received Pisander, as well as Antimachus and Antiochia, Caralius or Pusgusa (now Bei Shehr
Panyasis, into the epic canon together with or Kereli) southeast of the former, and Trogitis
Homer and Hesiod. Only a few lines of it have (now Soghla) further to the southeast in Isaubeen preserved. In the Greek Anthology we ria. Special names were given to certain disfind an epigram attributed to Pisander of Rhodes, tricts, which are sometimes spoken of as parts
perhaps the poet of Camirus.  [The few re- of Pisidia, sometimes as distinct countries,
maining fragments are published by Diibner namely, Cibyratis, in the southwest along the
among the Poets Epici IMfinores, Paris, 1840.]-  north of Lycia, and Cabalia, the southwestern
8. A poet of Laranda, in Lycia or Lycaonia, was corner of Cibyratis itself; Milyas, the district
the son of Nestor, and flourished in the reign east of Cibyratis, northeast of Lycia, and northofAlexanderSeverus (A.D. 222-235). Hewrote west of Pamphylia, and Isauria, in the east of
a poem, called'Hpee/eato Oe oyaziat, which prob- Pisidia, on the borders of Lycaonia.
ably treated of the marriages of gods and god-  PISISTRXTIDhE (Illetacr7parieda), the legitimate
669




PISISTRATUS.                              PISISTRATUIS.
sons of Pisistratus. The name is used some- ate Athehs. He remained in banishment six
times to indicate only Hippias and Hipparchus, years. Meantime the factions of Megacles and
and sometimes in a wider application, em- Lycurgus revived their old feuds, and Megacles
bracing the grandchildren and near connections made overtures to Pisistratus, offering to reinof Pisistratus (as by Herod., viii., 52, referring state him in the tyranny- if he would connect
to a time when both Hippias and Hipparchus himself with him by receiving his daughter in
were dead).                               marriage. The proposal was accepted by PisisPISISTRXTUS (ITEltaiOrparo), the youngest son tratusj and the following stratagem was devised,
of Nestor and Anaxibia, was a friend of Telem- for accomplishing his restoration, according to
achus, and accompanied him on his journey from  the account of Herodotus. A damsel named
Pylos to Menelaus at Sparta.              Phya, of remarkable stature and beauty, was
PISISTRXTUS (Iletlacirpa7ro ), an Athenian, son dressed up as Minerva (Athena) in a full suit of
of Hippocrates, was so named after Pisistratus, armor, and placed in a chariot, with Pisistratus
the youngest son of Nestor, since the family of by her side. The chariot was then driven toHippocrates was of Pylian origin, and traced ward the city, heralds being sent on before to
their descent to Neleus, the father of Nestor. announce that Minerva (Athena) in person was
The mother of Pisistratus (whose name we do bringing back Pisistratus to her Acropolis. The
not know) was cousin-german to the mother of report spread rapidly, and those in the city beSolon. Pisistratus grew up equally distinguish- lieving that the woman was really their tutelaed for personal beauty and for mental endow- ry goddess, worshipped her, and admitted Pisisments. The relationship between him and So- tratus. Pisistratus nominally performed his part
lon naturally drew them together, and a close of the contract with Megacles; but, in consefriendship sprang up between them. He as- quence of the insulting manner in which he
sisted Solon by his eloquence in persuading the treated his wife, Megacles again made common
Athenians to renew their struggle with the Me- cause with Lycurgus, and Pisistratus was a seegarians for the possession of Salamis, and he ond time compelled to evacuate Athens. He
afterward fought with bravery in the expedi- retired to Eretria in Euboea, and employed the
tion which Solon led against the island. When next ten years in making preparations to regain
Solon, after the establishment of his constitu- his power. At the end of that time he invaded
tion, retired for a time from Athens, the old Attica with the forces he had raised, and also
rivalry between the' parties of the Plain, the supported by Lygdamis of Naxos with a conHighlands, and the Coast broke out into open siderable body of troops. He defeated his opfeud.' The party of the Plain, comprising chief- ponents near the temple of Minerva (Athena)
ly the landed proprietors, was headed by Lycur- at Pallene, and then entered Athens without
gus; that of the Coast, consisting of the wealth- opposition. Lygdamis was rewarded by being
ier classes not belonging to the nobles, by Mega- established as tyrant of Naxos, which island
cles, the son of Alcmaeon; the party of the High- Pisistratus conquered. Vid. LYGDAMIS. Havlands, which aimed at more of political freedom  ing now become tyrant of Athens for the third
and equality than either of the two others, was time, Pisistratus adopted measures to secure
the one'at the head of which Pisistratus placed the undisturbed possession of his supremacy.
himself, because they seemed the most likely He took a body of foreign mercenaries into his
to be useful in the furtherance of his ambitious pay, and seized as hostages the children of sevdesigns. His liberality, as well as his military eral of the principal citizens, placing them in
and oratorical abilities, gained him the support the custody of Lygdamis in Naxos. He mainof a large body of citizens. Solon, on his re- tained at the same time the form of Solon's inturn, quickly saw through the designs of Pisis- stitutions, only taking care, as his sons did after
tratus, who listened with respect to his advice, him, that the highest offices should always be
though he prosecuted his schemes none the less held by some member of the family. He not
diligently. -When -Pisistratus found his plans only exacted obedience to the laws from his
sufficiently ripe for execution, he one day made subjects and friends, but himself set the examhis appearance in the agora with his mules and ple of submitting to them. On one occasion he
his own person exhibiting recent wounds, pre- even appeared before the Areopagus to answer
tending that he had been nearly assassinated by a charge of murder, which, however, was not
his enemies as he was riding into the country. prosecuted. Athens was indebted to him for
An assembly of the people was forthwith call- many stately and useful buildings.  Among
ed, in which one of his partisans proposed that these may be mentioned a temple to the Pytha body-guard of fifty citizens, armed with clubs, ian Apollo, and a magnificent temple to the
should be granted to him. It was in vain that Olympian Jupiter (Zeus),'which remained unSolon opposed this; the guard was given him. finished for several centuries, and was at length
Through the neglect or connivance of the peo- completed by the Emperor Hadrian. Besides
ple, Pisistratus took this opportunity of rais- these, the Lyceum, a garden with stately building a much larger force, with which he seized ings a short distance from the city, was the
the citadel, B.C. 560, thus becoming what the work of Pisistratus, as also the fountain of the
Greeks called Tyrant of Athens. Having se- Nine Springs. Pisistratus also encouraged litcured to himself the substance of power, he erature in various ways. It was apparently unmade no further change in the constitution or der his auspices that Thespis introduced at Athin the laws, which he administered ably and ens his rude form, of tragedy (B.C. 535), and
well. His first usurpation lasted but a short that dramatic contests were made a regular
time. Before his power was firmly rooted, the part of the Attic Dionysia. It is to Pisistratus
factions headed by Megacles and Lycurgus com- that we owe the first written text of the whole
bined, and Pisistratus was compelled to evacu- of the poems of Homer, which, without his care,
670




PIS0.                                     PISO.
would most likely now exist only in a few dis- first time in the preceding year (212), should be
jointed fragments. Vid. HOMIERUS. Pisistratus repeated, and should be celebrated in future anis also said to have been the first person in nually. The senate passed a decree to this efGreece who collected a library, to which he feet. The establishment of these games by
generously allowed the public access. By his their ancestor was comimemorated on coins by
first wife Pisistratus had two sons, Hippias and the Pisones in later times.-2. C., son of No.
Hipparchus. By his second wife, Timonassa, 1, was praetor 186, and received Further Spain
he had also two sons, Iophon and Thessalus, as his province. He returned to Rome in 184,
who are rarely mentioned. He had also-a bas- and obtained a triumph for a victory he had
tard son, Hegesistratus, whom he made tyrant gained over the Lusitani and Celtiberi. He was
of Sigeum, after taking that town from the Myt- consul in 180, and died during his consulship.
ilenaans. Pisistratus died at an advanced age
in 527, and was succ6eded in the tyranny by his  Pisones with the agnomen Ccesoninus.
eldest son Hippias; but Hippias and his broth-  3. L., received the agnomen Caesoninus beer Hipparchus- appear to have administered the cause he originally belonged to the Caesonia
affairs of the state with so little outward dis- gens. He was praetor in 154, and obtained the
tinction, that they are frequently spoken of as province of Further Spain, but was defeated by
though they had been joint tyrants. They con- -the Lusitani. He was consul in 148, and was
tinued the government on the same principles sent-to conduct the war against Carthage; he
as their father. Thucydides (vi., 54) speaks in was succeeded in the command in the following
terms of high commendation of the virtue and year by Scipio.-4. L., son of No. 3, consul 112
intelligence with which their rule was exer- with M. Livius Drusus. In 107 he served as
cised till the death of Hipparchus. Hipparchus legatus to the consul, L. Cassius Longinus,'who
inherited his father's literary tastes. Several was sent into Gaul to oppose the Cimbri and
distinguished poets lived at Athens under the their allies, and he fell together with the conpatronage of Hipparchus, as, for example, Simo- sul in the brttle, in which the Roman army was
nides of Ceos, Anacreon of Teos, Lasus of Her- utterly defeated by the Tigurini in the territory
mione, and Onomacritus. After the murder of of the Allobroges. This Piso was the grandfaHipparchus in 514, an account of which is given ther of Caesar's father-in-law, a circumstance
under HARMODIus, a great change ensued in to which Caesar himself'alludes in recording his
the character of the government. Under the own victory over the Tigurini at a later time.
irifluence of revengeful feelings and fears for his (Caes., B. G., i., 7, 12.)-5. L., son of No. 4,
own safety, Hippias now became a morose and never rose to any of the offices of state, and is
suspicious tyrant. He put to death great num- only known from the account given of him by
hers of the citizens, and raised money by ex- -Cicero in his violent invective against his son.
traordinary imposts. His old enemies the Alc- He married the daughter of Calventius, a namaconidMa, to whom Megacles belonged, availed tive of Cisalpine Gaul, who came from Placenthemselves of the growing discontent of the cit- tia and settled at Rome; and hence Cicero calls
izens; and after one or two unsuccessful at- his son, in contempt, a semi-Placentian.-6. L.,
tempts, they at length succeeded, supported by son of No. 5, was an unprincipled debauchee
a large force under Cleomenes, in expelling the and a cruel and corrupt magistrate. He is first
Pisistratidae from Attica. Hippias and his con- mentioned in 59, when he was brought to trial
nections retired to Sigeum in 510. The family by P. Clodius for plundering a province, of which
of the tyrants was condemned to'perpetual ban- he had the administration after his praetorship,
ishment, a sentence which was maintained even and he was only acquitted by throwing himself
in after times, when decrees of amnesty were at the feet of the judges. In the same year
passed. Hippias afterward repaired to the court Caesar married his daughter Calpurnia; and
of Darius, and looked forward to a restoration through his influence Piso obtained the consulto his country by the aid of the Persians. He ship for 58, having for his colleague A. Gabinius,
accompanied the expedition sent under Datis who was indebted for the honor to Pompey.
and Artaphernes, and pointed out to the Per- Both consuls supported Clodius in his measures
sians the plain of Marathon as the most suita- against Cicero, which resulted in the banishble place for their landing. He was now (490) ment of the orator. The conduct of Piso in
of great age., According to some accounts, he support of Clodius produced that extreme refell in the battle' of Marathon; according to oth- sentment in the mind of Cicero which he disers, he died at Lemnos on his return. Hippias played against Piso on many subsequent occawas the only one of the legitimate sons of Pisis- sions. At the expiration of his consulship Piso
tratus who had children; but none of them at- went to his province of Macedonia, where he
tained distinction.                       remained during two years (57 and 56), plunPIso, CALPURNIUS, the name of a distinguish — dering the province in the most shameless maned plebeian family. The name of Piso, like ner. In the latter of these years the senate remany other Roman cognomens, is connected solved that a successor should be appointed;
with agriculture, the noblest and most honor- and irf the debate in the senate which led to
able pursuit of the' ancient Romans: it comes his recall, Cicero attacked him in the most unfrom the,verb pisere or pinsere, and refers-to the measured terms-in an oration, which has come
pounding or. grinding of corn. 1. Was taken down to us (De Provinciis Consularibus). Piso,
prisoner at the battle of Cannae, B.C. 216; was on his return (55), complained in the senate of
praetor urbanus 211, and afterward commanded the attack of Cicero, and justified the adminisas propraeter in Etruria 210. Piso in his prae- tration of his province,, whereupon Cicero retorship proposed to the senate -that the Ludi iterated his charges in a speech which is like
Apollinares, which had been exfibited for the wise extant (In Pisonern). Cicero, howevei
671




PISO.                                     PISO.
did not venture to bring to trial the father-in- the conspirators of Catiline.-13. M., usually
law of Caesar. In 50 Piso was censor with Ap. called M. PUPIUS Piso, because he was adopted
Claudius Pulcher. On the breaking out of the by M. Pupius when the latter was anold man.
civil war (49) Piso accompanied Pompey inhis He retained, however, his family name Piso,
flight from the city; and although he did not go just as Scipio, after his adoption by Metellus,
with him across the sea, he still kept alooffrom  was called Metellus Scipio. Vid. METELLUS,
Cgesar. He subsequently returned to Rome, No. 15. On the death of L. Cinna in 84, Piso
and remained neutral during the civil war. married his wife Annia. In 83 he was appointAfter Caesar's death (44) Piso at first bpposed ed quaestor to the consul L. Scipio; but he
Antony, but is afterward mentioned as one.of quickly deserted this party, and went over to
his partisans.-7. L., son of No. 6, was consul Sulla, who compelled him to divorce his wife
in 15, and afterward obtained his province of on account of her previous connection with
Pamphylia; from thence he was recalled by Cinna. After hispraetorship, the yearof which
Augustus in 11, in order to make war upon the is uncertain, he received the province of Spain
Thracians, who had attacked the province of with the title of proconsul, and on his return to
Macedonia.  He was appointed by Tiberius Rome in 69, enjoyed the honor of a triumph.
preefectus urbi. While retaining the favor of He served in the Mithradatic war as a legatus
the emperor, without condescending to servility, of Pompey.  He was elected'consul for 61
he at the same time earned the good-will of his through the influence of Pompey. In his confellow-citizens by the integrity and justice with sulship Piso gave great offence to Cicero by
which he governed the city. He died in A.D. not asking the orator first in the senate for his
32, at the age of eighty, and was honored by a opinion, and by taking P. Clodius under his prodecree of the senate with a public funeral. It tection after his violation of the mysteries of
was to this Piso and his two sons that Horace the Bona Dea. Cicero revenged himself on
addressed his epistle on the Art of Poetry.  Piso by preventing him from obtaining the province of Syria, which had been promised him,
Pisones with the agnomen Frugi.    Piso, in his younger days, had so high a repu8. L., received from his integrity and con- tation as an orator, that Cicero was taken to
scientiousness the surname of Frugi, which is him by his father in order to receive instrucperhaps nearly equivalent to our " man of hon- tion from him. He belonged to the Peripatetic
or." He was tribune of the plebs 149, in which school in philosophy, in which he received inyear he proposed the first law for the punish- structions from Staseas. —14. CN., a young noment of extortion in the provinces. He was ble who had dissipated his fortune by his exconsul in 133, and carried on war against the travagance and profligacy, and therefore joined
slaves in Sicily. He was a staunch supporter Catiline in what is usually called his first conof the aristocratical party, and offered a strong spiracy (66). (For details, vid. p. 183, a.) The
opposition to the measures of C. Gracchus. senate, anxious to get rid of Piso, sent him into
Piso was censor, but it is uncertain in what Nearer Spain as questor, but with the rank and
year. He wrote Annals, which contained the title of propraetor. His exactions in the provhistory of Rome from the earliest period to the ince soon made him so hateful to the inhabitage in which Piso himself lived.-9. L., son of ants that he was murdered by them. It was,
No. 8, served with distinction under his father however, supposed by some that he was murin Sicily in 133, and died in Spain about 111, dered at the instigation of Pompey or of Craswhither he had gone as proprietor.-l0. L., son sus.-15. CN., fought against Caesar in Africa
of No. 9, was a colleague of Verres in the prs- (46), and after the death of the dictator joined
torship 74, when he thwarted many of the un- Brutus and Cassius. He was subsequently parrighteous schemes of the latter.-11. C., son of doned, and returned to Rome; but he disdainNo. 10, married Tullia, the daughter of Cicero, ed to ask Augustus for any of the honors of the
in 63, but was betrothed to her as early as 67. state, and was, without solicitation, raised to
He was quaestor in 58, when he used every ex- the consulship in 23.-16. CN., son of No. 15,
ertion to obtain the recall of his father-in-law  inherited all the pride and haughtiness of his
from banishment; but he died in 57, before Cic- father. He was consul B.C. 7, and was eent
ero's return to Rome. He is frequently men- by Augustus as legate into Spain, where he
tioned by Cicero in terms of gratitude on ac- made himself hated by his cruelty and avarice.
count of the zeal which he had manifested in Tiberius, after his accession, was chiefly jealous
his behalf during his banishment.         of Germanicus, his brother's son; and accordingly, when the eastern provinces were assignPisones without an agnomen.       ed to Germanicus in A.D. 18, Tiberius conferred
12. C., consul 67, belonged to the high aris- upon Piso the command of Syria, in order that
tocratical party, and in his consulship opposed the latter might do every thing in his power to
with the utmost vehemence the law of the trib- thwart and oppose Germanicus. Plancina, the
une Gabinius for giving Pompey the command wife of Piso, was also urged on by Livia, the
of the war against the pirates. In 66 and 65 mother of the emperor, to vie with and annoy
Piso administered the province of Narbonese Agrippina. Germanicus and Agrippina were
Gaul as proconsul, and while there suppressed thus exposed to every species of insult and opan insurrection of thevAllobroges. In 63 he position from Piso and Plancina; and when
was accused of plundering the province, and Germanicus fell ill in the autumn of 19, he bewas defended by Cicero. The latter charge lieved that he hadbeen poisoned by them. Piso,
was brought against Piso at the instigation of on his return to Rome (20), was accused of murCaesar; and Piso, in revenge, implored Cicero, dering Germanicus; the matter was investi.
but without success, to accuse Ceesaf as one of gated by the senate; but before the investiga.672




PISON.                                  PITTACUS.
tfon camne to an end, Piso was found one morn- have been introduced at Athens by Theseus,
ing in his room with his throat cut, and his when he united the country communities into
sword lying by his side. It was generally sup- towns. At Athens the statues of Pitho and
posed that, despairing of the emperor's protec- Venus (Aphrodite) Pandemos stood close totion, he put an end to his own life; but others gether, and at Megara the statue of Pitho stood
believed that Tiberius dreaded his revealing his in the temple of Venus (Aphrodite), so that the
secrets, and accordingly caused him to be put two divinities must be conceived as closely conto death. The powerful influence of Livia se- nected, or the one, perhaps, merely as an attricured the acquittal of Plancina.-17. C., the bute of the other.
leader of the well-known conspiracy against  [PITHOLAUS (IIeO66laos), one of the three
Nero in A.D. 65. Piso himself did not form  brothers-in-law and murderers of Alexander of
the plot; but as soon as he had joined it, his Pherae. In B.C. 352 Pitholaus and his brother
great popularity gained him many partisans. Lycophron were expelled from Pherae by Philip
He possessed most of the qualities which the of Macedon; but Pitholaus re-established himR.omans prized, high birth, an eloquent address, self in the tyranny, and was again driven out
liberality, and affability; and he also displayed by Philip, B.C. 349.]
a sufficient love of magnificence and luxury to  PITHON (Ii0ov, also IIet0cv and TIOuvv). 1.
suit the taste of the day, which would not have Son of.Agenor, a Macedonian officer of Alextolerated austerityof manner or character. The ander the Great. He received from Alexander
conspiracy was discovered by Milichus, a freed- the government of part of the Indian provinces,
man of Flavius Scevinus, one of the conspira- in which he was confirmed after the king's
tors. Piso thereupon opened his veins, and death. In B.C. 316 he received from Antigothus died. There is extant a poem in two nus the satrapy of Babylon. He afterward
hundred lines, containing a panegyric on a cer- fought with Demetrius against Ptolemy, and
tain Calpurnius Piso, who is probablythe same was slain at the battle of Gaza, 312.-2. Son
person as the leader of the conspiracy against of Crateuas or Crateas, a Macedonian officer
Nero.-18. L., surnamed LICINIANUS, was the of Alexander, who is frequently confounded
son of M. Licinius Crassus Frugi, and was with the preceding. After Alexander's death
adopted by one of the Pisones. On the acces- he received from Perdiccas the satrapy of Mesion of Galba to the throne, he adopted as his dia. He accompanied Perdiccas on his expedison and successor Piso Licinianus; but the lat- tion to Egypt (321), but he took part in the
ter only enjoyed the distinction four days, for mutiny against Perdiccas, which terminated in
Otho, who had hoped to receive this honor, in- the death of the latter. Pithon rendered imduced the praetorians to rise against the em- portant service to Antigonus in his war against
peror. Piso fled for refuge into the temple of Eumenes; but after the death of Eumenes, he
Vesta, but was dragged out by the soldiers, and began to form schemes for his own aggrandizedispatched at the threshold of the temple, A. ment, and was accordingly put to death by AnD. 69.                                    tigonus, 316.
[PISON (IIHEGlv), one of the thirty tyrants at  PITINUM (Pitinas, -atis). 1. (Now Pitino), a
Athens, to gratify his cupidity was the author municipium in the interior of Umbria, on the
of cruel and oppressive enactments against the River Pisaurus, whence its inhabitants are callmetceci.]                                 ed in inscriptions Pitinates Pisaurenses. The
PISTOR, that is, the baker, a surname of Jupi- town also bore the surname Mergens.-2. A
ter at Rome, which is said to have arisen in the town in Picenum, on the road from Castrum
following manner. When the Gauls were be- Novun to Prifernum.
sieging Rome, the god suggested to the besieged  PITTACUS (IIT7ra/c6), one of those early culthe idea of throwing loaves of bread among the tivators of letters who were designated as " the
enemies, to make them believe that the Ro- Seven Wise Men of Greece," was a native of
mans had plenty of provisions, and thus caused Mytilene in Lesbos, and was born about B.C.
them to give up the siege.                652. He was highly celebrated as a warrior,
PISTORIA or PIsTORIUM (Pistoriensis: nowPis- a statesman, a philosopher, and a poet. He is
toia), a small place in Etruria, on the road from  first mentioned in public life as an opponent
Luca to Florentia, rendered memorable by the of the tyrants of Mytilene. In conjunction with
defeat of Catiline in its neighborhood.   the brothers of Alcaeus, he overthrew and killed
[PISTYRUS (Iliarvpog), a place of trade in the the tyrant Melanchrus, B.C. 612. In 606 he
interior of Thrace, near a salt-lake of consider- commanded the Mytilenseans in their war with
able circuit.]                           the Athenians for the possession of Sigeum, on
PITANA. Vid. SPARTA.                    the coast of the Troad, and signalized himself
PITXNE (HiTdv7: now Sanderli), a sea-port by killing in single combat Phrynon, the comtown of Mysia, on the coast of the Elaitic Gulf, mander of the Athenians. This feat Pittacus
at the mouth of the Evenus, or, according to performed by entangling his adversary in a net,
some, of the Caicus; almost destroyed by an and then dispatching him with a trident and a
earthquake under Titus. It was the birth-place dagger, exactly after the fashion in which the
of the Academic philosopher Arcesilaus.   gladiators called retiarii long afterward fought
PITHECUfSA. Vid. Vd.  NARIA.            at Rome. This war was terminated by the
PiTIO (IIet0G), called SUADk or SUADELA by mediation of Periander, who assigned the disthe Romans, the personification of Persuasion. puted territoryto the Athenians; but the interShe was worshipped as a divinity at Sicyon, nal troubles of Mytilene still continued. The
where she was honored with a temple in the supreme power was fiercely disputed between
agora. Pitho also occurs as a surname of Ve- a succession of tyrants, and the aristocratic
aus (Aphrodite), whose worship was said to party, headed by Alceeus and his brother Anti-.
43                                                            673




PITTHEUS.                                 PLANCUS.
imenidas; and the latter were driven into exile. 1  PLXCIA (ITactr/, Ion.: IIlae 7)v6g), an ancient
As the exiles tried to effect their return by Pelasgian settlement in Mysia, east of Cyzicus,
force of arms, the popular party chose Pittacus at the foot of Mount Olympus, seems to have
as their ruler, with absolute power, under the been early destroyed.
title of Aisymnetes. (aiavvr7j7Tc). He held this  PLACIDIA, GALLA. Vid. GALLA.
office for ten years (589-579), and then volun-  [PLACIDUS, JuLIUS, the tribune of a cohort of
tarily resigned it, having by his administration Vespasian's army, who dragged Vitellius out
restored order to the state, and prepared it for of the lurking-place in which he had concealed
the safe enjoyment of a republican form of gov- himself.]
ernment. He lived in great honor at Mytilene  PLACITUS, SEX., the author of a short Latin
for ten years after the resignation of his gov- work entitled De Medicina (or Medicamentis) ex
ernment, and died in 569, at an advanced age. Animalibus, consisting of thirty-four chapters,
Of the proverbial maxims of practical wisdom  each of which treats of some animal whose
which were current under the names of the body was supposed to possess certain medical
seven wise men of Greece, two were ascribed properties., As might be expected, it contains
to Pittacus, namely, Xa2e7rov ia082v  qU'eevae, numerous absurdities, and is of little or no value
and KatpOv y7v0Ot.                        or interest. The date of the author is uncerPITTHEUS (IIer0evdr), king of Trcezene, was tain, but he is supposed to have lived in the
son of Pelops and Dia, father of JEthra, and fourth century after Christ. The work is printgrandfather and instructor of Theseus. When ed by Stephanus in the Medicce Artis Principe's
Theseus married Phmedra, Pittheus took Hippo- Paris, fol., 1567, and elsewhere.
lytus into his house. His tomb and the chair  PL)cus (II2dicoc), a mountain of Mysia, above
on which he had sat in judgment were shown the city of Thebe: not in the neighborhood of
at Triezene down to a late time. He is said to PLACIA, as the resemblance of the names had
have taught the art of speaking, and even to led somC 4o suppose.
have written a book upon it. AlEthra, as his  PLANAIRIA (now probably Canaria, Canary),
daughter, is called Pittheis.             one of the islands in the Atlantic called FORPI!TIA (TIIlrTeta: now probably Shamelik), a TUNATv3.
town mentioned by Homer, in the north of Mys-  PLANASIA. 1. (Now Pianosa), an island beia, between Parium  and Priapus, evidently tween Corsica and the coast of Etruria, to
named from the pine forests in its neighborhood. which Augustus banished his grandson Agrippa
PITYONESUS (IIerv6vyog: now Anghistri), an Postumus. —2. An island off the southern coast
island off the coast of Argolis.          of Gaul, east of the Stcechades.
PiTmUfS (IIHrvoD: now probably Pitzunda), a  PLANCIXiDES, FULGENTiUS. Vid. FULGENTIUSo
Greek city in Sarmatia Asiatica, on the north-  PLANciNA, MUNJTIA, the wife of Cneius Piso,
eastern coast of the Euxine, three hundred and who was appointed governor of Syria in A.D.
sixty stadia northwest of Dioscurias. In the 18. While her husband used every effort to
time of Strabo it was a considerable city and thwart Germanicus, she exerted herself equally
port. It was afterward destroyed by the neigh- to annoy and insult Agrippina.'She was enboring tribe of the Heniochi, but it was restored, couraged in this conduct by Livia, the mother
and long served as an important frontier fort- of the emperor, who saved her from condemnaress of the Roman empire.                tion by the senate when she was accused along
PITYfsA,PITVYUSSA(HILTvoUaa, H-TvoiCoa, con- with her husband in 20. (Vid. PIso, No. 16.)
tracted from n-trvooeaa, fem. of 7rtrv6eet), i. e., She was brought to trial again in 33, a few years
abounding in pine-trees. 1. The ancient name after the death of Livia; and, having no longer
of Lampsacus, Salamis, and Chios.-2. A sdall any hope of escape, she put an end to her life.
island in the Argolic Gulf.-3. The name of  PLANCiUS, CN., first served in Africa under
two islands off the southern coast of Spain, the proprretor A. Torquatus, subsequently in
west of the Baleares. The larger of them was B.C. 68 under the proconsul Q. Metellus in
called Ebusus (now Iviza), the smaller Ophiussa Crete, and next in 62 as military tribune in the
(now Formentera): the latter was uninhabited. army of C. Antonius in Macedonia. In 58 he
PIXODuXus (Tlh6dapoc), prince or king of Ca- was quoestor in Macedonia under the propraetor
ria, was the youngest of the three sons of Hec- L. Appuleius, and here he showed great kindatomnus, all of whom successively held the sov- ness to Cicero when the latter came to this
ereignty of Caria. Pixodarus obtained posses- province during his banishment. He was tribsion of the throne by the expulsion of his sister une of the plebs in 56, and was elected curule
ADA, the widow and successor of her brother eadile with A. Plotius in 54. But before PlanIDRIEUS, and held it ivithout opposition for five cius and Plotius entered upon their office, they
years, B.C. 340-335  He was succeeded by were accused by Juventius Laterensis and L.
his son-in-law Orontobates.               Cassius Longinus of the crime of sodalitium, or
PLACENT.A (Placentinus: now Piacenza), a the bribery of the tribes by means of illegal asRoman colony in Cisalpine Gaul, founded at the sociations, in accordance with the Lex Licinia,
same time as Cremona, B.C. 219. It was situ- which had been proposed by the consul Licinius
ated in the territory of the Anamares, on the Crassus in the preceding year. Cicero defendright bank of the Po, not far from the mouth of ed Plancius in an oration still extant, and obthe Trebia, and on the road from Mediolanum  tained his acquittal. Plancius espoused the
to Parma. It was taken and destroyed by the Pompeian party in the civil wars, and after
Gauls in 200, but was soon rebuilt by the Ro.- Cesar had gained the supremacy, lived in exile
mans, and became an important place. It con- in Corcyra.
tinued to be a flourishing town down to the  PLANCUS, MUNRTIUS, the name of a distintime of the Goths.                        guished plebeian family. The surname Plancus
674




PLANCUS, MUNATIUS.                        PLANUDES MAXIMUS.
signified a person havingflat splay feet without  PLANSDES MAXIAUS, was one of the most
any bend in them. 1. L., was a friend of Julius learned of the Constantinopolitan monks of the
Caesar, and served under him both in the Gallic last age of the Greek empire, and was greatly
and the civil wars. Caesar, shortly before his distinguished as a theologian, grammarian, and
death, nominated him to the government of rhetorician; but his name is now chiefly interTransalpine Gaul for B.C. 44, with the excep- esting as that of the compiler of the latest of
tion of the Narbonese and Belgic. portions of those collections of minor Greek poems, which
the province, and also to the consulship for 42, were known by the names of Garlands or Anwith D. Brutus as his colleague. After Caesar's thologies(ZrTbavot,'AvOo2loyiae). Planudesfiourdeath Plancus hastened into Gaul, and took pos- ished at Constantinople in the- first half of the
session of his province. Here he prepared at fourteenth century, under the emperors Anfirst to support the senate against Antony; but dronicus II. and III. Palaeologi. In A.D. 1327
when Lepidus joined Antony, and their united he was sent by Andronicus II. as ambassador
forces threatened to overwhelm Plancus, the to Venice. As the Anthology of Planudes was
latter was persuaded by Asinius Pollio to fol- not only the latest compiled, but was also that
low his example, and to unite with Antony and which was recognized as The Greek Anthology,
Lepidus. Plancus, during his government of until the discovery of the Anthology of ConstanGaul, founded the colonies of Lugdunum and tinus Cephalas, this is chosen as the fittest place
Raurica. He was consul in 42, according to for an account of the Literary History of the
the arrangement made by Caesar, and he subse- Greek Anthology. 1. Materials. The various colquently followed Antony to Asia, where he re- lections, to which their compilers gave the name
mained for some years, and governed in sue- of Garlands and Anthologies, were made up of
cession the provinces of Asia and Syria. He short poems, chiefly of an epigrammatic chardeserted Antony in 32, shortly before the break-' acter, and in the elegiac metre. The earliest
ling out of the civil war between the latter and examples of such poetry were furnished by the
Octavianus.  He was faivorably received by inscriptions on monuments, such as those erectOctavianus, and continued to reside at Rome ed to commemorate heroic deeds, the statues of
during the remainder of his life. It was on his distinguished men, especially victors in the pubproposal that Octavianus received the title of lie games, sepulchral monuments, and dedicaAugustus in 27; and the emperor conferred tory offerings in temples (hvaOiYara); to which
upon him the censorship in 22, with Paulus may be added oracles and proverbial sayings.
jEmilius Lepidus. Both the public and pri- At an early period in the history of Greek litvate life of Plancus was stained by numerous erature, poets of the highest fame cultivated
vices. One of Horace's odes (Carm., i., 7) is this species of composition, which received its
addressed to him.-2. T., surnamed BuRSA, most perfect development from the hand of Sibrother of the former, was tribune of the plebs monides. Thenceforth, as a set form of poetry,
B.C. 52, when he supported the views of Pom- it became a fit vehicle for the brief expression
pey, who was anxious to obtain the dictatorship. of thoughts and sentiments on any subject; unWith this object he did every thing in his pow- til at last the form came to be cultivated for its
erto increase the confusion which followed upon own sake, and the literati of Alexandrea and
the death of Clodius. At the close of the year, as Byzantium'deemed the ability to make epigrams
soon as his tribunate had expired, Plancus was an essential part of the character of a scholar.
accused by Cicero of Vis, and was condemned. Hence the mere trifling, the stupid jokes, and
After his condemnation Plancus went to Raven- the wretched personalities which form so large
ha in Cisalpine Gaul, where he was kindly, re- a part of the epigrammatic poetry contained in
ceived by Caesar. Soon after the beginning of the Greek Anthology.-2. The Garland of lIe
the civil war he was restored to his civic rights leager. At a comparatively early period in the
by Caesar, but he appears to have taken no part history of Greek literature, various persons colin the civil war. After Caesar's death Plancus lected epigrams of particular classes, and with
fought on Antony's side in the campaign of Mu- reference to their use as historical authorities;
tina. He was driven out of Pollentia by Pon- but the first person who made such a collection
tius Aquila, the legate of D. Brutus, and in his solely for its own sake, and to preserve epiflight broke his leg.-3. CN., brother of the two grams of all kinds, was MELEAGER, a cynic phipreceding, praetor elect 44, was charged by Cae- losopher of Gadara, in Palestine, about B.C. 60.
sar in that year with the assignment to his sol- His collection contained epigrams by forty-six
diers of lands at Buthrotum in Epirus. As At- poets, of all ages of Greek poetry, up to the most
ticus possessed property in the neighborhood, ancient lyric period. He entitled it The GarCicero commended to Plancus with much ear- land (1Zrgavor), with reference to the common
nestness the interests of his friend. He was comparison of small beautiful poems to flowers.
praetor in 43, and was allowed by the senate to The same idea is kept up in the word Antholojoin his brother Lucius (No. 1) in Transalpine gy (hvfo2ooyia), which was adopted by the next
Gaul.-4. L. PLAUTIUS PLANCUS, brother of the compiler as the title of his work. The Garland
three preceding, was adopted by a L. Plautius, of Meleager was arranged in alphabetical order,
and therefore took his praenomen as well as no- according to the initial letters of the first line
men, but retained his original cognomen, as was of each epigram.-3. The Anthology of Philip
the case with Metellus Scipio (vid. METELLUS, of Thessalonica was compiled in the time of
No. 15) and Pupius Piso.  Vid. Piso, No. 13. Trajan, avowedly in imitation of the Garland
Before his adoption his praenomen was Caius. of Meleager, and chiefly with the view of addHIe was included in the proscription of the tri- ing to that collection the epigrams of more reumvirs, 43, with the consent of his brother Lu- cent writers.-4. Diogenianus, Straton, and Dicius, and was put to death.               ogenes Laertius.  Shortly after Philip, in the
675




PLANUDES MAXIMUS.                                PLATO.
reign of Hadrian, the learned grammarian, Di- volumes of the Text, one of Indices, and thd'eo
ogenianus of Heraclea; compiled an Anthology, of Commentaries, divided into eight parts, Lips.,
which is entirely lost. It might have been well 1795-1814. After the restoration of the MS.
if the same fate had befallen the very polluted of the Palatine Anthology to tlie University of
collection of his contemporary, Straton of Sar- Heidelberg, Jacobs published a separate edition
dis.' About the same time Diogenes Latirtius of the Palatine Anthology, Lips., 1813-1817, 3
collected the epigrams which are interspersed vols.
in his lives of the philosophers, into a separate  PLATEA, more commonly PLATiAn  (Iailrata,
book.-5. Agathias Scholasticus, who lived in II2a-raali: 2lz-liateui), an ancient city of Bceotia,
the time of Justinian, made a collection entitled on the northern slope of Mount Cithsaron, not
Kv'i2of g7riypaeuez-uOv. It was divided into sev- far from the sources of the Asopus, and on the
en books, according to subjects. The poems frontiers of Attica. It was said' to have been
included in it were those of recent writers, and founded by Thebes, and its name was comchiefly'those of Agathias himself and of his con- monly derived from Platnea, a daughter of Asotemporaries, such as Paulus Silentiarins and, pus. The town, though not large, played an
Macedonius.-6. The Anthology of Constantinus important part in Greek history, and experienced
Cephalas, or the Palatine Anthology. Constan- mi ny striking vicissitudes of fortune. At arn
tinus Cephalas appears to have lived about four early period the Platnaans deserted the Bceotian
centuries after Agathias, and to have flourished confederacy, and placed themselves under the
in the tenth century, under the Emperor Con- protection of Athens; and when the Persians
stantinus Porphyrogenitus. The labors of pre- invaded Attica in B.C. 490, they sent one thouceding compilers may be viewed as merely sup- sand men to the assistance of the Athenians,
plementary to the Garland of Meleager; butthe and had the honor of fighting on their side at
Anthology of Constantinus Cephalas was an en- the battle of Marathon. Ten years afterward
tirely new collection from the preceding An- (480) their city was destroyed by the Persian
thologies and from original sources. -Nothing army under Xerxes at the instigation of the
is known of Constantine himself. The MS. of Thebans, and the place was still in ruins in the
the Anthology was discovered by Salmasius-in following year (479), when the memorable bat1606, in the library of the Electors Palatine at tle was fought in their territory in which MarHeidelberg: It was afterward removed to the donius was defeated and the independence of
Vatican, with the rest of the Palatine library Greece secured. In consequence of this vic(1623), and has become celebrated under the tory, the territory of Platnae was declared innames of the Palatine Anthology and the Vati- violable, and Pausanias and the other Greeks
can Codex of the Greek Anthology. This MS. swore to guarantee its independence. Thesancwas restored to its old home at Heidelberg after tity of the city was still further secured by its
the peace of 1815.-7. The Anthology of Pla- being selected as the place in which the great
nudes is arranged in seven books, each of which, festival of the Eleutheiria was to be celebrated
except the fifth and -seventh, is divided into in honor of those Greeks who had fallen in the
chapters according to subjects, and these chap- war. (Vid. Dict. ofAntiq., art. ELEUTHERIA.) The
ters are arranged in alphabetical order. The Plataeans further received from the Greeks the
contents of the books are as follows: 1. Chief- large sum of eighty talents. Platges now enly rreleStcrLrca, that is, displays of skill in this joyed a prosperity of fifty years; but in the
species of poetry, in ninety-one chapters. 2. third year of the Peloponnesian war (429) the
Jocular or, satiric (alcogrrTrcc), chaps. 53. 3. Se- Thebans persuaded the Spartans to attack the
pulchral (Ezrsrt7i6ea), chaps. 32. 4. Inscriptions town, and after a siege of two years at length
on statues of athletes and other works of art, de- succeeded in obtaining possession of the place
scriptions of places, &c., chaps. 33. 5. The Ec- (427). Plataeee was now razed to the ground,
phrasis of Christodorus, and epigrams on stat- but was again rebuilt after the peace of Antalues of charioteers in the Hippodrome at Con- cidas (387). It was destroyed the third time
stantinople.i 6. Dedicatory (avaeOyearelud), chaps. by its inveterate enemies, the Thebans, in 374.
27. 7. Amatory (Epour-Kc). Planudes did little It was once more restored under the Macedomore than abridge and rearrange the Anthology nian supremacy, and continued in existence till
of Constantinus Cephalas. Only a few epigrams a very late period. Its walls were rebuilt by
are found in the Planudean Anthology which are Justinian.
not in the Palatine. The best editions of the  PLATAM6DES (I2tara uidS: now Aja KyriaGreek Anthology are by Brunck and Jacobs. ki), a promontory in the west of Messenia.
Brunck's edition, which appeared under the ti-  PLXTXNA, -UM, -US (Il;aradv, 1lcZldravov, 1IAtle of Analecta Veterurm Poetarum Gracorum, Ar- ravoc), a fortress in Phoenicia, in a narrow pass
gentorati, 1772-1776, 3 vols. 8vo, contains the between Lebanon and the sea, near the River
whole of the Greek Anthology, besides some Damuras or Tamyras (now Damur).
poems which are not properly included under  PLXTdA (HII3arTa, also -eIa, -etai, -aia), an islthat title. Brunck adopted a new arrangement; and on the coast of Cyrenaica, in Northern Afhe discarded the books and chapters of the early rica, the first place taken possession of by the
Anthology, placed together all the epigrams of Greek colonists under Battus. Vid. CYRENAICA.
each poet, and arranged the poets themselves  PLATO (HIIadroV). 1. The comic poet, was a
in chronological order, placing those epigrams, native of Athens, contemporary with Aristophthe authors of which were unknown, under the anes, Phrynichus, Eupolis, and Pherecrates, and
separate head of h'io&rora. Jacobs's editionis flourished from B.C. 428 to 389. He ranked
founded upon Brunck's, but is much superior, among the very best poets of the Old Comedy.
and ranks as the standard edition of the Greek From the expressions of the grammarians, and
Anthology. It is in 13 vols. 8vo, namely, four fiom the large number of fiagments which are
676




PLATO.                                   PLATO.
preserved, it is evident that his plays were only narrow circle of his disciples assembled themsecond in popularity to those of Aristophanes. selves in his garden at common simple meals,
Purity of language, refined sharpness of wit, and it was probably to them alone that the inand a combination of the vigor of the Old Corn- scription, said to have been set up over the
edy with the greater elegance of the Middle and vestibule of the house, " Let no one enter who
the New, were his chief characteristics. Sui- is unacquainted with geometry," had reference.
das gives the titles of thirty of his dramas. [The From this house came forth his nephew Speufragments of his comedies are contained in Mei- sippus, Xenocrates of Chalcedon, Aristotle, Herneke's Comic. Grcnc. F'ragn., vol. i., p. 357-401, aclides Ponticus, Hestiaeus of Perinthus, Philipedit. minor.]-2. The philosopher, was the son pus the Opuntian, and others, men from the most
of Ariston and Perictione or Potone, and was distant parts of Greece. To the wider circle
born at Athens either in B.C. 429 or 428. Ac- of those who, without, attaching themselves to
cording to others, he was born in the neighbor- the more narrow community of the school,
ing island ofEgina. His paternal family boast- sought instruction and incitement from him,
ed of being descended from Codrus; his mater- such distinguished men as Chabrias, Iphicrates,
nal ancestors of a relationship with Solon. Pla- Timotheus, Phocion, Hyperides, Lycurgus, and
to himself mentions the relationship of Criti- Isocrates are said to have belonged. Whether
as, his maternal uncle, with Solon. Originally, Demosthenes was of the number is doubtful.
we are told, he was named after his grandfa- Even women are said to have attached themther Aristocles, but in consequence of -the flu- selves to him as his disciples. Plato's occupaency of his speech, or, as others have it, the tion as an instructor was twice interrupted by
breadth of his chest, he acquired that name un- his voyages to Sicily: first when Dion, probably
der which alone we know him. One story made soon after the death of the elder Dionysius, perhim the son of Apollo; another related that bees suaded him to make the attempt to win the
settled upon the lips of the sleeping child. He younger Dionysius to philosophy; the second
is also said to have contended, when a youth, time, a few years later (about 360), when the
in the Isthmian and other games, as well as to wish of his Pythagorean friends, and the invitahave made attempts in epic, lyric, and dithy- tion of Dionysius to reconcile the disputes which
rambic poetry, and not to have devoted himself had broken out between him and his step-uncle
to philosophy till a later time, probably after Dion, brought him baqk to Syracuse. His efSocrates had drawn liim within the magic cir- forts were both times unsuccessful, and he owed
cle of his influence. Plato was instructed in his own safety to nothing but the earnest intergrammar,. music, and gymnastics by the most cession of Archytas. That Plato cherished the
distinguished teachers of that time. At an early hope of realizing, through the conversion of Dioage he had become acquainted, through Craty- nysius, his idea of a state in the rising city of
lus,with the doctrines of Heraclitus, and through. Syracuse, was a belief pretty generally spread
other instructors with the philosophical dogmas in antiquity, and which finds some confirmation
of the Eleatics and of Anaxagoras. In his twen- in the expressions of the philosopher himself,
tieth year he is said to have betaken himself and of the seventh Platonic letter, which, though
to Socrates, and became one of his most ar- spurious, is written with the most evident acdent admirers.  After the death of Socrates quaintance with the matters treated of. With
(8-99) he withdrew to Megara, where he proba- the exception of these two visits to Sicily, Plato
bly composed several of his dialogues, especial- was occupied from the time when he opened the
ly those of a dialectical character. He next school in the Academy in giving instruction and
went to Cyrene, through friendship for the math- in the composition of his works. He died in the
ematician Theodorus, and is said to have visited eighty-second year of his age, B.C. 347. Acafterward Egypt, Sicily, and the Greek cities in cording to some, he died while writing; accordLower Italy, through his eagerness for knowl- ing to others, at a marriage feast. According
edge. The more distant journeys of Plato into to his last will, his garden remained the property
the interior of Asia, to the Hebrews, Babylo- of the school, and passed, considerably increased
nians, and Assyrians, to the Magi and Persians, by subsequent additions, into the hands of the
are mentioned only by writers on whom no re- Neo-Platonists, who kept as a festival his birthliance can be placed. That Plato, during his res- day as well as that of Socrates. Athenians and
idence in Sicily, became acquainted, through strangers honored his memory by monuments.
Dion, with the elder Dionysius, but very soon Still he had no lack of enemies and enviers.
fell out with the tyrant, is asserted by credible He was attacked by contemporary comic poets,
witnesses.  But more doubt attaches to the as Theopompus, Alexis, Cratinus the younger,
story, which relates that he was given up by the' and others, by one-sided Socratics, as Antisthetyrant to the Spartan ambassador Pollis, by him  nes, Diogenes, and the later Megarics, and also
sold into _gina, and set at liberty by the Cy- by the Epicureans, Stoics, certain Peripatetics,
renian Anniceris. Plato is said to have visited and later writers eager for detraction. Thius
Sicily when forty years old, consequently in 389. even Antisthenes and Aristoxenus charged him
After his return he began to teach, partly in the with sensuality, avarice, and sycophancy; and
gymnasium of the Academy and its shady av- others with vanity, ambition, and envy toward
enues, near the city, between the exterior Ce- other Socratics, Protagoras, Epicharmus, and
ramicus and.the hill Colonus Hippius, and partly Philolaus.-THE WRITINGS OF PLATO.'These
in his garden, which was situated at Colonus. writings have come down to us complete, and
He taught gratuitously, and without doubt main- have always been admired as a model of the
ly in the form of lively dialogue; yet on the more union of ail-istic perfection with philosophical
difficult parts of his doctrinal system he probably acuteness and depth. They are in the form of
delivered also connected lectures. The more dialogue; but Plato was not the first writer who
677




PLATO.                                     PLATO.
employed this style of composition for philosoph- eient comnprehension of their subject mat er.
ical instruction. Zeno the Eleatic had already  Plato, like Socrates, was penetrated with the
written in the form of question and answer. idea that wisdom is the attribute of the God..
Alexamenus the Teian and Sophron in the head; that philosophy, springing from the imra
mimes had treated ethical subjects in the form  pulse to know, is the necessity of the intellectual
of dialogue. Xenophon,_/Eschines,Antisthenes, man, and the greatest of the blessings in which
Euclides, and other Socratics also had made use he participates. When once we strive after
of the dialogistic form; but Plato has handled Wisdom with the intensity of a lover, she bethis form not only with greater mastery than comes the true consecration and purification of
any one who preceded him, but, in all probabil- the soul, adapted to lead us from the night-like
ity, with the distinct intention of keeping by this to the true day. An approach to wisdom, howvery means true to the admonition of Socrates, ever, presupposes an original communion with
not to communicate instruction, but to lead to Being, truly so called; and this communion
the spontaneous discovery of it. The dialogues again presupposes the divine nature or imrmorof Plato are closely connected with one another, tality of the soul, and the impulse to become like
and various arrangements of them have been the Eternal. This impulse is the love which
proposed. Schleiermacher divides them into generates in Truth, and the development of it
three series or classes. In the first he consid- is termed Dialectics. Out of the philosophical
ers that the germs of dialectic and of the doe- impulse which is developed by Dialectics, not
trine of ideas begin to unfold themselves in all only correct knowledge, but also correct action,
the freshness of youthful inspiration; in the springs forth. Socrates'sdoctrine respectingthe
second, those germs develop themselves further unity of virtue, and that it consists in true, vigorby means of dialectic investigations respecting ous, and practical knowledge, is intended to be
the difference between common and philosoph- set forth in a preliminary manner in the Protaical acquaintance with things, respecting notion goras and the smaller dialogues attached to it.
and knowledge (66fa and irtar/tur?); in the third They are designed, therefore, to introduce a
they receive their completion by means of an foundation for ethics, by the refutation of the
objectively scientific working out, with the sep- common views that were entertained of morals
aration of ethics and physics. The first series and of virtue; for although not even the words
embraces, according to Schleiermacher, thePhie- ethics and physics occur in Plato, and even diadrus, Lysis, Protagoras,,aches, Charmides, Eu- lectics are not treated of as a distinct and septhyphron, and Parmenides; to which may be add- arate province, yet he must rightly be regarded
ed as an appendix; the Apologia, Crito, Ion, Hiv- as the originator of the three-fold division of
pias Minor, Hipparchus, Minos, and Alcibiadem II. philosophy, inasmuch as he had before him the
The second series contains the Gorgias, Theeet'e- decided object to develop the Socratic method
tus, Meno, Euthydemus, Cratylus, Sophistes, P6olg.- into a scientific system of dialectics, that should
icus, Symposium, Phcedo, and Philebus; to which supply the grounds of our knowledge as well as
may be added as an appendix, the Theages, of our moral action (physics and ethics), and
Erastce, Alcibiades I., Menexenzus, Hippias Major, therefore he separates the general investigaand Clitophon. The third series comprises the tions on knowledge and understanding, at least
Republic, Timacus, C7itias, and the Laws. This relatively, fiom those which refer to physics and
arrangement is perhaps the best that has hith- ethics. Accordingly, the Thentetus, Sophistes,
erto been made of the dialogues, though open to Parmenides, and Cratylus, are principally diaexception in several particulars. The genuine- lectical; the Protagoras, Gorgias, Politicus, Phiness of several of the dialogues has been ques- lebus, and the Politics, principally ethical; while
tioned, but for the most part on insufficient the Timteus is exclusively physical.  Plato's
grounds. The Epinomis, however, is probably dialectics and ethics, however, have been more
to be assigned to a disciple of Plato, the Minos successful than his physics. Plato's doctrine
and Hipparchus to a Socratic. The second Alci- of ideas was one of the most prominent parts
biades was attributed by ancient critics to Xeno- of his system. He maintained that the existphon. The Anterastee and Clitophon are proba- ence' of things, cognizable only by means of
bly of much later origin. The Platonic letters conception, is their true essence, their idea.
were composed at different periods: the oldest Hence he asserts that to deny the reality of
of them, the seventh and eighth, probably by dis- ideas is to destroy all scientific research. He deciples of Plato. The dialoguesDemodocus, Sisy- parted from the original meaning of the word
2hus, Eryxias, Axiochus, and those on justice and idea (namely, that of form or figure), inasmuch
virtue, were with good reason regarded by an- as he understood by it the unities (Evider, ytov6cient critics as spurious, and with them may be uic) which lie at the basis of the visible, the
associated the Hipparchus, Theages, and the Def- changeable, and which can only be reached by
initions. The genuineness of the firstAlcibia- pure thinking.'He included under the expresdes seems doubtful. The smaller Hippias, the sion idea every thing stable amid the changes
Ion, and the Menexenus, on the other hand, which of mere phenomena, all really existing and unare assailed by many modern critics, may very changeable definitudes, by which the changes
well maintain their ground as occasional com- of things and our knowledge of them are eonpositions of Plato.-THE PHILOSOPHY OF PLATO. ditioned, such as the ideas of genus and species,
The nature of this work will allow only a few  the laws and ends of nature, as also the prinbrief remarks upon this subject. The attempt ciples of cognition and of moral action, and the
to combine poetry and philosophy (the two funda- essences of individual, concrete, thinking souls.
mental tendencies of the Greek mind) gives to His system of ethics was founded upon his diathe Platonic dialogues a charm which irresisti- lectics, as is remarked above. Hence he asbly attracts us, though we may have but a defi- serted that, not being in a condition to grasp the
678




PLATOR.                                   PLAUTUS.
idea of the good with full distinctness, we are Rome and set up in business, but his specula
able to approximate to it only so far as we ele- tions failed; he returned to Rome, and his nevate the power of thinking to its original purity. cessities obliged him to -enter the service of a
The best editions of the collected works of Plato baker, who employed him in turning a handmill.
are by Bekker, Berol., 1816-1818; by Stall- While in this degrading occupation he wrote
baum, Gotha, 1827, seq., [not yet completed]; three plays, the sale of which to the managers
and by Orelli and others, Turic., 1839, 4to.  of the public games enabled him to quit his
[PLATOR. 1. The commander of Oreum for drudgery and begin his literary career. He was
Philip, betrayed the town to the Romans, B.C. then probably about thirty years of age (224),
207.-2. The brother of Gentius, the Illyrian and accordingly commenced writing comedies
king, called Plator by Livy, but Pleuratus by a few years before the breaking out of the secPolybius. Vid. PLEURATUS.-3.-Of Dyrrhachium, ond Punic war. He continued his literary ocwas slain by Piso, proconsul in Macedonia B.C. cupation for about forty years, and died in 184,
57, although he had been hospitably received in when he was seventy years of age. His conthe house of Plator.]                     temporaries at first were Livius Andronicus and
PLAUTIA GENS, a plebeian gens at Rome. The Naevius, afterward Ennius and Caecilius: Tername is also written Plotius, just as we have ence did not rise into notice till almost twenty
both Clodius and Claudius. The gens was di- years after his death. During the long time
vided into the families of Hypsceus, Proculus, that he held possession of the stage, he was
Silvanus, Venno, Venox; and although several always a great favorite of the people; and he
members of these families obtained' the consul- expressed a bold consciousness of his own powship, none of them are of sufficient importance ers in the epitaph which he wrote for his tomb,
to require a separate notice.             and which has come down to us:
PLAUTIANUS, FULVIUS, an African by birth, the, Postquam est mortem aptlus Plautus, comcedia luget
fellow-townsman of Septimius Severus.  He   Scena deserta, dein risus, ludus jocusque
served as praefect of the praetorium under this  Em numeri innumeri simul omnes colltcrumarunt."
emperor, who loaded him with honors and     Plautus wrote a great number of comedies,
wealth, and virtually made over much of the and in the last century of the republic there
imperial authority into his hands. Intoxicated were one hundred and thirty plays which bore
by these distinctions, Plautianus indulged in the his name. Most of these, however, were not
most despotic tyranny, and perpetrated acts of considered genuine by the best Roman critics.
cruelty almost beyond belief. In A.D. 202 his There were several works written upon the subdaughter Plautilla was married to Caracalla; ject; and of these the most celebrated was the
but having discovered the dislike cherished by treatise of Varro, entitled Qumstiones Plautincz.
Caracalla toward both his daughter and himself, Varro limited the undoubted comedies of the
and looking forward with apprehension to the poet to twenty-one, which were hence called
downfall which awaited him upon the death of the Fabulce Varroniance, TheseVarronian comthe sovereign, he formed a plot against the life edies are the same as those which have come
both of Septiriius and Caracalla. His treach- down to our own time, with the loss of one.
ery was discovered, and he was immediately At present we possess only twenty comedies
put to death, 203. His daughter Plautilla was of Plautus; but there were originally twentybanished first to Sicily, and subsequently to one in the manuscripts, and the Vidularia, which
Lipara, where she was treated with the greatest was the twenty-first, and which came last in
harshness. After the murder of Geta in 212, the collection, was torn off from the manuscript
Plautilla was put to death by order of her hus- in the Middle Ages. The titles of the twentyband.                                     one Varronian plays are, 1. Amphitruo. 2. AsiPLAUTILLA. Vid. PLAUTIANUS.             naria. 3. Aulularia. 4. Captivi. 5. Curculio.
PLAUTYUS. 1. A., a man of consular rank, 6. Casina. 7. Cistellaria. 8. Epidicus. 9. Bacwho was sent by the Emperor Claudius in A.D. chides. 10. Mostellaria.. 11. Mencechmi. 12.
43 to subdue Britain. He remained in Britain tMiles. 13. Mercator. 14. PseudolIs. 15. Pefouryears, and subdued the southern part of the nulus. 16. Persa.  17. Rudens. 18. Stichus.
island. He obtained an ovation on his return 19. Trinummus.  20. Truculentus.  21. Viduto Rome in 47.-2. A Roman jurist, who lived laria. This is the order in which they occur in
about the time of Vespasian, and is cited by sub- the manuscripts, though probably not the one
sequent jurists.                          in which they were originally arranged by Varro.
PLAUTUS, the most celebrated comic poet of The present order is evidently alphabetical; the
Rome, was a native of Sarsina, a small village initial letter of the title of each play is alone rein Umbria. He is usually called M. Accius Plau- garded, and no attention is paid to those which
ttus, but his real name, as an eminent modern follow: hence we find Captivi, Curculio, Casina,
scholar has shown, was T. MAccIus PLAUTUS. Cistellaria: Mostellaria, Menechmi, Miles, MerThe date of his birth is uncertain, but it may cator: Pseudolus, Pcenulus, Persa. The play of
be placed about B.C. 254. He probably came the Bacchides forms the only exception to the
to Rome at an early age, since he displays such alphabetical order. It was probably placed after
a perfect mastery- of the Latin language, and an the Epidicus by some copyist, because he had
acquaintance with Greek literature, which he observed that Plautus, in the Bacchides (ii., 2,
could hardly have acquired in a provincial town. 36), referred to the Epidicus as an earlier work.
Whether he ever obtained the Roman franchise The names of the comedies are either taken
is doubtful. When he arrived at Rome he was from some leading character in the play, or from
in -needy circumstances, and was first employed some circumstance which occurs in it: those
in the service of the actors. With the money titles ending in aria are adjectives, giving a
he had saved in this inferior station he left general description of the play: thus Asinaria
679




PLAUTUS.                                  PLEURON.
is the "Ass-Comedy." The comedies of Plan-  PLAVIS (now Piave), a river in Venetia, in the
tus enjoyed unrivalled popularity among the north of Italy, which fell into the Sinus TerRomans, and continued to be represented down gestinus.
to the time of Diocletian. The continued popu-  PLEIADES (HIIset6e~ or IIae;ddef), the Pleiads,
larity of Plautus through so many centuries was are usually called the daughters of Atlas and
owing, in a great measure, to his being a na- P16oine, whence they bear the name of the Attional poet. Though he founds his plays upon lantides. They were called Vergilie by the RoGreek models, the characters in them act, speak, mans. They were the sisters of the Hyades,
and joke like genuine Romans, and he thereby and seven in'number, six of whom are described
secured the sympathy of his audience more corn- as visible, and the seventh as invisible. Some
pletely than Terence could ever have done. call the seventh Sterope, and relate that she beWhether Plautus borrowed the plan of all his came invisible from shame, because she alone
plays from Greek models, it is impossible to say. among her sisters had had intercourse with a
The Cistellaria, Bacchides, Posnulus, and Stichus mortal man; others call her Electra, and make
were taken from Menander, the Casina and Ru- her disappear from the choir of her sisters on
dens from Diphilus, and the Mercator and the account of her grief at the destruction of the
Trinummus from Philemori, and many others house of Dardanus. The Pleiades are said to
were undoubtedly founded upon Greek originals. have made away with themselves from grief at
But in all cases Plautus allowed himself much the death of their sisters, the Hyades, or at the
greater liberty than Terence; and in some in- fate of their father Atlas, and were afterward
stances he appears to have simply taken the placed as stars at the back of Taurus, where
leading idea of the play from the Greek, and to they formed a cluster resembling a bunch of
have filled it up in his own fashion. It has been grapes, whence they were sometimes called
inferred from a well-known line of Horace f6rpvc. According to another story, the Plei(Epist., ii., 1, 58), "Plautus ad exemplar Siculi ades were virgin companions of Diana (Arteproperare Epicharmi," that Plautus took great mis), and, together with their mother Pleione,
pains to imitate Epicharmus. But there is no were pursued by the hunter Orion in Bceotia;
correspondence between any of the existing their prayer to be rescued from him was heard
plays of Plautus and the known titles of the by the gods, and they were metamorphosed into
comedies of Epicharmus; and the verb prope- doves (wetcdeef), and placed among the stars.
rare probably has reference only to the liveliness The rising of the Pleiades in Italy was about
and energy of Plautus's style, in which he bore the beginning of May, and their setting about
a resemblance to the Sicilian poet. It was, the beginning of November. Their names are
however, not only with the common people that Electra, Maia, Taygete, Alcyone, Celeeno, SterPlautus was a favorite; educated Romans read ope, and Merope.
and admired his works down to the latest times.  PLEIONE (IIaVl'ofv), a daughter of Oceanus,
Cicero (De Off., i., 29) places his wit on a par and mother of the Pleiades by Atlas. Vid.
with that of the old Attic comedy, and St. Jerome ATLAS and PLEIADES.
used to console himself with the perusal of the  [PLEMINIUS, Q., proprmtor and legatus of
poet after spending many nights in tears on ac- Scipio Africanus, was sent in B.C. 205 against
count of his past sins. The favorable opinion the town of Locri, in Southern Italy, which still
which the ancients entertained of the merits continued in the possession of the Carthaginof Plautus has been confirmed by the judgment ians. He took the town, of which he was left
of the best modern critics, and by the fact that governor by Scipio; but his treatment of the
several of his plays have been imitated by many inhabitants was so cruel that they sent to Rome
of the best modern poets. Thus the Amphitruo to make complaint, and the senate ordered his
has been imitated by Moliere and Dryden, the return; he was thrown into prison B.C. 204,
Aulularia by Moliere in his Avare, the Mostel- but died before his trial came on.]
laria by Regnard, Addison, and others, the Me-  PLEMMYRIUM (HJ1 E#UpLov: now Punta di Gincechmi by Shakspeare in his Comedy of Errors, gante), a promontory on the southern coast of
the Trinummus by Lessing in his Schatz, and Sicily, immediately south of Syracuse.
so with others. Horace (De Arte Poet., 270),  PLEUMOXII, a small tribe in Gallia Belgica,
indeed, expresses a less favorable opinion of subject to the Nervii.
Plautus; but it must be recollected that the  PLEURATUS (TIlEparoc)). 1. King of Illyria,
taste of Horace had been formed by a different was the son of Scerdilaidas. His name occurs
school of literature, and that he disliked the as an ally of the Romans in the second Punic
ancient poets of his country. Moreover, it is war, and in their subsequent wars in Greece.
probable that the censure of Horace does not -[2. A brother of Gentius, and son of the prerefer to the general character of Plautus's po- ceding. Vid. PLATOR. He was put to death
etry, but merely to his inharmonious verses and by Gentius in order that the king might himself
to some of his jests. The text of Plautus has marry a daughter of Monunins, who had been
come down to us in a very corrupt state. It betrothed to Pleuratus.-3. A son of Gentius.,
contains many lacunas and interpolations. Thus king of Illyria, who was taken prisoner, together
the Aulularia has lost its conclusion, the Bac- with his father, and carried captive to Rome,
chides its commencement, &c. Of the present -4. An Illyrian exile, of whose services Percomplete editions, the best are by Bothe, Lips., seus, king of Macedonia, availed himself on his
1834, 2 vols. 8vo, and by Weise, Quedlinb., embassies to Gentius, king of Illyia, in B.C
1837-1838, 2 vols. 8vo, [2d edition, 1847-48, 169.]
2 vols. 8vo]; but Ritschl's edition, of which the  PLEURON (1eVPLvpjV: ITI2vpwvto~), an ancient
first volume only has yet appeared (Bonn., 1849), city in 2Etolia, and along with Calydon the most
will far surpass all others.              important in the country, 7was situated at a lit
680




PLINIUS.                                  PLINIUS.
tle distance from the coast, northwest from the count has been preserved by his nephew (Epist.,
mouth of the Evenus, and on the southern slope iii., 5). It was his practice to begin to spend
ofMountAracynthusorCurius. It was originally a portion of the night in studying by caninhabited by the Curetes. This ancient city was die-light, at the festival of the Vulcanalia (toabandoned by its inhabitants, when Demetrius ward the end of August), at first at a late hour
Poliorcetes laid waste the surrounding country, of the night, in winter at one or two o'clock in
and a new city was built under the same name to the morning. Before it was light he betook
the west of the ancient one. The two cities are himself to the Emperor Vespasian, and after
distinguished by geographers under the names executing such commissions as he might be
of Old Pleuron and New Pleuron respectively.  charged with, returned home and devoted the
PLiNI~S. 1. C. PLINIUS SECUNDUS, the cele- time which he still had remaining to study.
brated author of the Historia Naturalis, and fre- After a slender meal, he would, in the summerquently called Pliny the elder, was born A.D. time, lie in the sunshine while some one read
d3, either at Verona or Novurn Comum (now  to him, he himself making notes and extracts.
Como), in the north of Italy.  But whichever He never read any thing without making exwas the place of his birth, it is certain that his tracts in this way, for he used to say that there
family belonged to Novum Comum, since the was no book so bad but that some good might
estates of the elder Pliny were situated there, be got out of it. He would then take a cold
the younger Pliny was born there, and several bath, and after a slight repast sleep a very litinscriptions found in the neighborhood relate to tie, and then pursue his studies till the time of
various members of the family. He came to the ecena. During this meal some book was
Rome while still young, and being descended read to, and commented on by him. At table,
from a family of wealth and distinction, he had as might be supposed, he spent but a short time.
the means at his disposal for availing himself Such was his mode of life when in the midst
of the instruction of the best teachers to be of the bustle and confusion of the city. When
found in the imperial city. At the age of about in retirement in the country, the time spent in
twenty-three he went to Germany, where he the bath was nearly the only interval not allotserved under L. Pompenius Secundus, of whom  ted to study, and that he reduced to the narhe afterward wrote a memoir, and was appoint- rowest limits; for during all the process of
ed to the command of a troop of cavalry (prao- scraping and rubbing he had some book read to'fectus alce). It appears from notices of his own him, or himself dictated. When on a journey
that he travelled over most of the frontier of he had a secretary by his side with a book and
Germany, having visited the Cauci, the sources tablets. By this incessant application, perseof the Danube, &c. It' was in the intervals vered in throughout life, he amassed an enorsnatched from his military duties that he cornm- mous amount of materials, and at his death left
posed his treatise de Jaculatione equestri. At to his nephew one hundred and sixty volumina
the same time he commenced a history of the of notes (electorum commentarii), written exGermanic wars, which he afterward completed tremely small on both sides. With some reason
in twenty books. He returned to Rome with might his nephew say that, when compared with
Pomponius (52), and applied himself to the Pliny, those who had spent their whole lives in
study of jurisprudence. He practiced for some literary pursuits seemed as if they had spent
time as a pleader, but does not seem to have them in nothing else than sleep and idleness.
distinguished himself very greatly. in that ca- From the materials which he had in this way
pacity. The greater part of the reign of Nero collected he compiled his celebrated Historia
he spent in retirement, chiefly, no doubt, at his Naturalis, which he published about 77. The denative place. It may have been with a view  tails of Pliny's death are given in a letter of the
to the education of his nephew that he. corn- younger Pliny to Tacitus (Ep., vi., 16).: He perposed the work entitled Studiosnzs, an extensive ished in the celebrated eruption of Vesuvius,
treatise in three books, occupying six volumes, which overwhelmed Herculaneum and Pompeii,
in which he marked out the course that should in 79, being fifty-six years of age. He was at the
be pursued in the training of a young orator, time stationed at Misenum in the command of
from the cradle to the completion of his educa- the Roman fleet; and it was his anxiety to extion and his entrance into public life. During amine more closely the extraordinary phaenoimthe reign of Nero he wrote a grammatical work enon, which led him to sail to Stabiae, where
in eight books, entitled Dubius Sermo;- and to- he lafided and perished.  The only work of
ward the close of the reign of this emperor he Pliny which has come down to us is his Histowas appointed procurator in Spain. He was ria Naturalis. By Natural History the ancients
here in 71, when his brother-in-law died, leav- understood more than modern writers would
ing his son, the younger Pliny, to the guardian- usually include in, the subject. It embraced
ship of his uncle, who, on account of his ab- astronomy, meteorology, geography, mineralosence, was obliged to intrust the care of him to gy, zoology, botany-in short, every thing that
Virginius Rufus. Pliny returned to Rome in does not relate to the results of human skill or
the reign of Vespasian, shortly before 73, when the products of human faculties.- Pliny, howhe adopted-,his nephew. He had known Ves- ever, has not kept within even these extensive
pasian in the Germanic wars, and the emperor limits. He has broken in upon the plan implied
-eceived him into the number of his most inti- by the title of the work, by considerable digresmate friends. It was at this period of his life sions on human inventions and institutions
that he wrote a continuation of the history of (book vii.), and on the history of the fine arts
Anfidius Bassus,iin thirty-one books, carrying (xxxv.-xxxvii.). Minor digressions on similar
the narrative down to his own times. Of his topics are also interspersed in various parts of
manner of life at this period an interesting ac- the work, the arrangement of which in other
681




PLINIUS.                                  PLINIUS.
respects exhibits but little scientific discrimina- had the same honorable distinction. He was
tion. It comprises, as Pliny says in the pref- also an orator. In his nineteenth year he began
ace, twenty thousand matters of importance, to speak in the forum, and he was frequently
drawn from about two thousand volumes. It employed as an advocate before the court of the
is divided into thirty-seven books, the first of Centumviri and before the Roman senate. He
which consists of a dedicatory epistle to Titus, filled numerous offices in succession. While a
followed by a table of contents of the other young man he served in Syria as tribunus milibooks. When it is remembered that this work tumrn, and was there a hearer of the stoic Euwas- not the result of the undistracted labor of phrates and of Artemidorus.  He was subsea life, but'written in the hours of leisure secured quently quaestor Coesaris, praetor in or about 93,
from active pursuits, and that, too, by the author and consul 100, in which year he -wrote his
of other extensive works, it is, to say the least, Panegyricus, which is addressed to Trajan. In
a wonderful monument of human industry. It 103 he was appointed propruetor of the province
may easily be supposed that Pliny, with his in- Pontica, where he did not stay quite two years.
ordinate appetite for accumulating knowledge Among his other functions he also discharged
out of books, was not the man to produce a that of curator of the channel and the banks of
scientific work of any value. He was not even the Tiber. He was twice married. His secan original observer. The materials which he ond wife was Calpurnia, the grand-daughter of
worked up into his huge encyclopedic compila- Calpurnius Fabatus, and an accomplished womtion were almost all derived at second-hand, an; she was considerably younger than her
though doubtless he has incorporated the re- husband, who has recorded her kind attentions
suits of his own observation in a larger number to him.  He had no children by either wife
of instances than those in which he indicates born alive. The life of Pliny is' chiefly known
such to be the case. Nor did he, as a compiler, from his letters. So far as this evidence shows,
show either judgment or discrimination in the he was a kind and benevolent man, fond of litselection of his materials, so that in his accounts erary pursuits, and of building on and improving
the true and the false are found intermixed. his estates. He was rich, and he spent liberHis love of the marvellous, and his contempt ally.  He was a kind master to his slaves.
for human nature, lead him constantly to intro- His body was feeble, and his health not good.
duce what is strange or wonderful, or adapted Nothing is known as to the time of his death.
to illustrate the wickedness of man, and the un- The extant works of Pliny are his Panegyricus
satisfactory arrangements of Providence. His and the ten books of his Epistolce. The Panework is of course valuable to us from the vast gyricus is a fulsome eulogium on Trajan; it is
number of subjects treated of, with regard to of small value for the information which it conmany of which we have no other sources of in- tains about the author himself and his times.
formation. But what he tells us is often unin- Pliny collected his own letters, as appears from
telligible, from his retailing accounts of things the first letter of the first book, which looks
with which he was himself personally unac- something like a preface to the whole collection.
quainted, and of which he in consequence gives It is not an improbable conjecture that he may
no satisfactory idea to the reader. Though a have written many of his letters with a view
writer on zoology, botany, and mineralogy, he to publication, or that when he was writing
has no pretensions to be called a naturalist. some of them the idea of future publication was
His compilations exhibit scarcely a trace of in his mind. However, they form avery agreescientific arrangement; and frequently it can able collection, and make us acquainted with
be shown that he does not give the true sense many interesting facts in the life of Pliny and
of the authors whom he quotes and translates, that of his contemporaries. The letters from
giving not uncommonly wrong Latin names to Pliny to Trajan and the emperor's replies are
the objects spoken of by his Greek authorities. the most valuable part of the collection: they
The best editions of Pliny's Natural History, form the whole of the tenth book. The letter
with a commentary, are by Hardouin (Paris, on the punishment of the Christians (x., 97), and
1685, 5 vols. 4to; second edition 1723, 3 vols. the emperor's answer (x., 98), have furnished
fol.), and by Panckoucke (Paris, 1829-1833, 20 matter for much remark. The fact of a person
vols.), with a French translation and notes by admitting himself to be a Christian was suffiCuvier and other eminent scientific and literary cient for his condemnation; and the punishmen of France. The most valuable critical ment appears to have been death. The Chrisedition of the text of Pliny is by Sillig (Lips., tians, on their examination, admitted nothing
1831-1836, 5 vols. 12mo).-2. C. PLINIUS CA- further than their practice of meeting on a fixed
CILIUS SECUNDus, frequently called Pliny the day before it was light, and singing a hymn to
younger, was the son of C. Cwecilius, and of Christ, as God (quasi Deo); their oath (whatPlinia, the sister of the elder Pliny. He was ever Pliny may mean by sacramentum) was not
born at Comum in A.D. 61; and having lost to bind them to any crime, but to avoid theft,
his father at an early age, he was adopted by robbery, adultery, breach of faith, and denial of
his uncle, as has been mentioned above. His a deposit. Two female slaves, who were said
education was conducted under the care of his to be deaconesses (ministrce), were put to the
uncle, his mother, and his tutor, Virginius Ru- torture by Pliny, but nothing unfavorable to the
fus. From his youth he was devoted to letters. Christians could be got out of them: the govIn his fourteenth year he wrote a Greek trage- ernor could detect nothing except -a perverse
dy. He studied eloquence under Quintilian. and extravagant superstition (superstitionem praHis acquirements finally gained him the repu- yam et immodicam). Hereupon he asked the
tation of being one of the most learned men of emperor's advice, for the colftagion of the suthe age, and his friend Tacitus, the historian, perstition was spreading; yet he thought that
682




PLINTHINE.                                 PLOTINUS.
it might. be stopped. The emperor, in his reply,  PLiSTUS (flewGTr6: now Xeropotamo), a small
approves of the governor's conduct, as explain —- river in Phocis, which rises in Mount Parnased in his letter,, and observes that no general sus, flows past Delphi, where it receives the
rule can be laid down. Persons supposed to be small stream Castalia, and falls into the CrisChristians are. not to be sought for: if they are seean Gulf near Cirrha.
accused and the charge is proved, they are to  PLOTINA, POMPEIA, the wife of the Emperor
be punished; but if a man denied the charge, Trajan, and a woman of extraordinary merit
and could prove its falsity by offering his pray- and virtue. As she had no children, she perers to the heathen gods (diis nostris), however suaded her husband to adopt Hadrian.  She
suspected he may have been, he shall be ex- died in the reign of Hadrian, who honored her
cused in respect of his repentance. Charges of memory by mourning for her nine days, by buildaccusation (libelli), without the name of the in- ing a temple in her honor, and by composing
formant or accuser, were not to be received, as hymns in her praise.
they had been: it was a thing of the worst ex-  PLOTIN6P6LIS (HTl2i-v607wro2tm), a town in
ample, and unsuited to the age. One of the Thrace, on the road from Trajanopolis to Habest editions of the Epistolce and Panegyricus is drianopolis, founded by Trajan, and named in
by Schaefer, Lips., 1805. The best editions of honor of his wife Plotina.
the Epistolce are by Cortius and Longolius, Am-  PLOTINUS (TIIbcrr7vof), the originator of the
sterdam, 1734, and by Gierig, Lips., 1800.  Neo-Platonic system, was born at Lycopolis, in
PLINTHINE (HIIatcviV), a city of Lower Egypt, Egypt, about A.D. 203. The details of his life
on the bay called from it SINUS PLINTHIIINTES have been preserved by his disciple Porphyry
(lX;tv0tvlj rV ic62orog), was the westernmost city in a biography which has come down- to us.
of Egypt (according to its narrower limits) on From him we learn that Plotinus began to study
the frontier of Marmarica. It stood a little north philosophy in his twenty-eighth year, and reof Taposiris (now Abousir).               mained eleven years under the instruction of
PLISTARCHUS (II2ecaapXog). 1. King of Sparta, Ammonius Saccas. In his thirty-ninth year he
was the son and successor of Leonidas, who  joined the expedition of the Emperor Gordian
was killed at Thermopylae B.C. 480. He reign- (242) against the Persians, in order to become
ed from 480 to 458, but, being a mere child at the acquainted with the philosophy of the Persians
time of his father's death, the regency was as- and Indians. After the death of Gordian he
sumed by his cousin Pausanias. It appears fled to Antioch, and from thence to Rome (244).
that the latter continued to administer affairs in For the first ten years of his residence at Rome
the name of the young king till his own death, he gave only oral instructions to a few friends;
about 467.- [2. Son of Antipater, brother of but he was at length induced in 254 to commit
Cassander, the Macedonian king.]          his instructions to writing.  In this manner,
PLiSTHFNES (HI2eeGaOvnf), son of Atreus, and when, ten years later (264), Porphyry came to
husband of Asrope or Eriphyle, by whom he Rome and joined himself to Plotinus, twentybecame the father of Agamemnon, Menelaus, one books of very various contents had been
and Anaxibia; but Homer makes the latter the already composed by him. During the six years
children of Atreus. Vid. AGAMEMNON, ATREUS. that Porphyry lived with Plotinus at Rome, the
PLISTIA(nowPrestia), avillageinSamnium, in latter, at the instigation of Amelius and Porthe valley between Mount Tifata and Taburnus. phyry, wrote twenty-three books on the subjects
PLISTXrNAx or PLISTSNAX (II2beearovaf, HIIee- which had been discussed in their meetings, to
arCSvac), king of Sparta, was the eldest son of which nine books were afterward added. Of
the Pausanias who conquered at Platseae, B.C. the fifty-four books of Plotinus, Porphyry re479. On the death of Plistarchus in 458, with- marks that the first twenty-one books were ok
out issue, Plistoanax succeeded to the throne, a lighter character, that only the twenty-three
being yet a minor. He- reigned from 458 to following were the production of the matured
408. In 445 he invaded Attica, but the prema- powers of the author, and that the other nine,
ture withdrawal of his army from the enemy's especially the four last, were evidently writterritory exposed him to the suspicion of hayv- ten with diminished vigor. The correction of
ing been bribed by Pericles. He was punished these fifty-four books was committed by Plotiby a heavy fine, which he was unable to pay, nus himself'to the care of Porphyry. On acand was therefore obliged to leave his country. count of the weakness of -his sight, Plotinus
He remained nineteen years in exile, taking up never read them through a second time, to say
his abode near the temple of Jupiter (Zeus), on nothing of making corrections; intent simply
Mount Lycaeus in Arcadia, and having half his upon the matter, he was alike careless of orthoghouse within the sacred precincts, that he might raphy, of the division of the syllables, and the
enjoy the benefit of the sanctuary. During this clearness of his hand-writing. The fifty-four
period his son Pausanias, a minor, reigned in books were divided by Porphyry into six Enhis stead. The Spartans at length recalled him  neads, or sets of nine books. Plotinus was eloin 426, in obedience to the injunctions of the quent in his oral communications, and was said
Delphic oracle. But heawas accused of having to be very clever in finding the appropriate
tampered with the Pythian priestess to induce word, even if he failed in accuracy on the whole.
her to interpose for him, and his alleged impiety Besides this, the beauty of his person was inin this matter was continually assigned by his creased when discoursing; his countenance
enemies as the cause of all Sparta's misfortunes was lighted up with genius, and covered with
in the war, and therefore it was that he used small drops of perspiration. He lived on the
all -his influence to bring about peace with scantiest fare, and his hours of sleep were reAthens in 421. He was succeeded by his son stricted to the briefest time possible. He was
Pausanias.                                regarded with admiration and respect not only
683




PLOTIUS.                               PLUTARCHUS.
by men of science like the philosophers Ame- Ie seems to have considered each pair of Lives
lius, Porphyry, the physicians Paulinus, Eusto- and the Parallel as making one book (Be6oiov).
chius, and Zethus the Arab, but even by sena- The forty-six Lives are the following: 1. Thetors and other statesmen. He enjoyed the favor seus and Romulus; 2. Lycurgus and Numa; 3.
of the Emperor Gallienus, and the Empress Solon and Valerius Publicola  4. Themistocles
Salonina, and almost obtained from them the and Camillus; 5. Pericles and Q. Fabius Maxirebuilding of two destroyed towns in Campania, mus; 6. Alcibiades and Coriolanus; 7. Timowith the view of their being governed according leon and IEmilius Paulus; 8. Pelopidas and
to the laws of Plato. He died at Puteoli in Marcellus; 9. Aristides and Cato the Elder;
262. The philosophical system of Plotinus is 10. Philopmmen and Flamininus; 11. Pyrrhus
foundedupon Plato's writings, with the addition and Marius; 12. Lysander and Sulla; 13. Cimon
of various tenets drawn from the Oriental phi- and Lucullus; 14. Nicias and Crassus; 15. Eulosophy and religion. He appears, however, to menes and Sertorius; 16. Agesilaus and Pomavoid studiously all reference to the Oriental peius; 17. Alexander and Caesar; 18. Phocion
origin of his tenets; he endeavors to find them  and Cato the younger; 19. Agis and Cleomeall under the veil of the Greek mythology, and nes, and Tiberius and Caius Gracchi; 20. Depoints out here the germ of his own philosoph- mosthenes and Cicero; 21. Demetrius Poliorical and religious convictions. Plotinus is not cetes and M. Antonius; 22. Dion and M. Juguilty of that commixture and falsification of nius Brutus. There are also the Lives of Arthe Oriental mythology and mysticism which is taxerxes Mnemon, Aratus, Galba, and Otho,'found.in Iamblichus, Proclus, and others of the which are placed in the editions after the fortyNeo-Platonic school. The best edition of the six lives. Perhaps no work of antiquity has
Enneads of Plotinus is by Creuzer, Oxonii, 1835, been so extensively read in modern times as
3 vols. 4to.                              Plutarch's Lives. The reason of their popuPLOTIUS, whose full name was MARIus PLO- larity is, that Plutarch has rightly conceived the
TIUS SACERDOS, a Latin grammarian, the au- business of a biographer: his biography is true
thor of De Metiis Liber, probably lived in the portraiture. Other biography is often a dull,
fifth or sixth century of the Christian era. His tedious enumeration of facts in the order of
work is published by Putschius in the Gram- time, with perhaps a summing up of character
maticc Latinc Auctores, Hannov., 1605, and by at the end. The reflections of Plutarch are neiGaisford in the Scriptores Latini Rei Metricc, ther impertinent nor trifling; his sound good
Oxon., 1837.                              sense is always there; his honest purpose is
[PLOTIUS GALLUS, of Lugdunum, the first who transparent; his love of humanity warms the
4taught rhetoric at Rome in the Latin language. whole. His work is and will remain, in spite
He met with great success, and had a large num- of all the fault that can be found with it by plodher of auditors, among whom was Cicero.]  ding collectors of facts and small critics, the
[PLoTIUS TuccA. Vid. TccA.]             book of those who can nobly think, and dare,
PLUTARCHUS (IIlovrapxoc). 1. Tyrant of Ere- and do. The best edition of the Lives is by
tria in Eubcea, whom the Athenians assisted in Sintenis, Lips., 1839-1846, 4 vols. 8vo. PluB.C. 354 against his rival, Callias of Chaleis. tarch's other writings, above sixty in number,
The Athenian army was commanded by Pho- are placed under the general title of Moralia, or
cion, who defeated Callias at Tamynae; but Ethical works, though some of them are of a
Phocion, having suspected Plutarchus oftreach- historical and anecdotical character, such as the
ery, expelled him from Eretria.-2. The biog- essay on the malignity (Icakcoieta) of Herodorapher and philosopher, was born at Chaeronea tus, which neither requires nor merits refutain Bootia. The year of his birth is not known; tion, and his Apophthegmata, many of which
but we learn from Plutarch himself that he was are of little value. Eleven of these essays are
studying philosophy under Ammonius at the generally classed among Plutarch's historical
time when Nero was making his progress works: among them also are his Roman Questhrough Greece, in A.D. 66; from which we tions or Inquiries, his Greek Questions, and the
may assume that he was a youth or a young Lives of the Ten Orators.  But it is likely
man at that time.  He spent some time at enough that several of the essays which are inRome, and in other parts of Italy; but he tells eluded in the Moralia of Plutarch are not by
us that he did not learn the Latin language in him. At any rate, some of them are not worth
Italy, because he was occupied with public com- reading. The best of the essays included among
missions, and in giving lectures on philosophy; the Moralia are of a different stamp. There is
and it was late in life before he busied himself no philosophical system in these essays: pure
with Roman literature. He was lecturing at speculation was not Plutarch's province. His
Rome during the reign of Domitian, but the best writings are practical, and their merits constatement of Suidas that Plutarch was the pre- sist in the soundness of his views on the ordiceptor of Trajan ought to be rejected. Plutarch nary events of human life, and in the benevospent the later years of his life at Chseronea, lence of his temper. His "Marriage Precepts"
where he discharged various magisterial offices, are a sample of his good sense and of his hapand held a priesthood. The time of his death piest expression.  He rightly appreciated the
is unknown. The work which has immortal- importance of a good education, and he gives
ized Plutarch's name is his Parallel Lives (BiOL much sound advice on the bringing up of chilIlapXd273o.L) of forty-six Greeks and Romans. dren. The best edition of the Moralia is by
The forty-six Lives are arranged in pairs; each Wyttenbach: it consists of six volumes of text
pair contains the life of a Greek and a Roman, (Oxon., 1795-1800) and two volumes of notes
and is followed by a comparison of the two men: (Oxon., 1810-1821), L4to, or 14 vols., text anid
in a few pairs the comparison is omitted or lost. notes, 8vo, with a copious index Grwecitatis,
684




PLUTO.                                  POLELMON,
2 vols. Svo, Oxon., 1830.]  The best editions rior and friend of Hector, was slain by a javelinof all the works of Plutarch are by Reiske, blow from Menelaus in the fight over the corpse
Lips., 1774-1782,12 vols. 8vo, and by Hutten, of Patroclus.]
1791-1805, 14 vols. 8vo.-3. The younger, was  PxEA (Iloia), son of Phylacus or Thaumaa son of the last, and is supposed by some to eus, husband of Methone, and the father of Phihave been the author of several of the works loctetes, who is hence called Paantiades, Poanwhich pass usually for his father's, as, e. g., the tius heros, Poeantia proles, and Poeante satus.
Apophthegmata.-4. An Athenian, son of Nes- Peas is mentioned among the Argonauts, and
torius, presided with distinction over the Neo- is said to have killed with an arrow Talaus in
Platonic school at Athens in the early part of Crete. Pceas set fire to the pile on which Herthe fifth century, and was surnamed the Great. cules burned himself, and was rewarded by the
He numbered among his disciples Syrianus of hero with his arrows. Vid. HEIRULES, PHILOcAlexandrea, who succeeded him as head of the TETES.
school, and Proclus of Lycia. He wrote com-  [PCEEEssA (IIooeuEoa). 1. A city in Eastern
rnentaries, which are lost, on the " Timeus" Messenia, on the Nedon, with a temple of Miof Plato, and on Aristotle's treatise "On the nerva (Athena) Nedusia.-2. (Ruins still called
Soul." He died at an advanced age, about A.D. at IIoi[caaa), one of the four cities in Ceos (the
430.                                      inhabitants of which were removed to Carthea),
PLUTO or PLUTON (JIIUtoVr), the giver of containing a sanctuary of Apollo Smintheus, and
wealth, at first a surname of Hades, the god of in the vicinity another of Minerva (Athena) Nethe lower world, and afterward used as the real dusia, which Nestor was believed to have built
name of the god..In the latter sense it first oc- on his return from Troy.]
curs in Euripides. An account of the god is  PCEMANDER (IHoUIZavdpoc), son of Cheresilaus
given under HADES.                        and Stratonice, was the husband of Tanagra, a
PLUTUS (IHLoaro'), sometimes called Pluton, daughter of 2Eolus or ZEsopus, by whom he bethe personification of wealth, is described as a came the father of Ephippus and Leucippus.
son of asion and Demeter (Ceres). Vid. IASION. He was the reputed founder of the town of TaZeus (Jupiter) is said to have deprived him of nagra in Bieotia, which was hence called Po,sight, that he might not bestow his favors on mandria. When Pcmander had inadvertently
righteous men exclusively, but that he might killed his own son, he was purified by Elephedistribute his gifts blindly, and without any re- nor.
gard to merit. At Thebes there was a statue  PMCMANENUS (Ilotuavnv6o; ethnic, the same:
of Tyche or Fortune, at Athens one of Irene or now probably Maniyas), a fortified place in MysPeace, and at Thespiae one of Athena (Minerva) ia, south of Cyzicus, with a celebrated temple
Ergane, and in each of these cases Plutus was of AEsculapius.
represented as the child ofthose divinities, sym-  PENA (IoLtvj), a personification of retaliation,
bolically expressing the sources of wealth. He sometimes mentioned as one being, and someseems to have been commonly represented as a times in the plural. The Pcene belonged to the
boy with a Cornucopia.                    train of Dice, and are akin to the Erinnyes.
PLUVIALIA (IIovradba, Ptol.: now probably  [PENI. 1. Vid. PHOENICIA, CA'RTHAGO.-2. PCEFerro), one of the islands in the Atlantic called NI, BASTULI, a people of Hispania Betica, conFORTUNATE.                                sisting of Phoenician settlers blended with the
PLUVIUS, i. e., the sender of rain, a surname of old inhabitants of the land.]
Jupiter among the Romans, to whom sacrifices  PCeTOVI. Vid. PETOVIO.
were offered during long-protracted droughts.  PSOGN (IISywv,) the harbor of Trcezen in ArPNYTAGORAS (HIvvrayopar). 1. Eldest son of golis.
Evagoras, king of Salamis in Cyprus, was as-  POLA (now Pola), an ancient town in Istria,'
sassinated along with his father, B.C. 374.- situated on the western coast, and near the
2. King of Salamis in Cyprus, probably sue- Promontory PLATICUM (nowPunta di Promonceeded Nicocles, though we have no account of toria), which was the most southerly point in
his accession, or his relation to the previous the country. According to tradition, Pola was
monarchs. He submitted to Alexander in 332, founded by the Colchians, who had been sent in
and served with a fleet under that monarch at pursuit of Medea. It was subsequently a Rothe siege of Tyre.                        man colony, with the surname Pietas Julia, and
PoDALIRius (IIo6aXeiptoI). 1. Son of zEscula- became an important.commercial town, being
pius and Epione or Arsinoe, and brother of Ma- united by good roads with Aquileia and the princhaon, along with whom he led the Thessalians cipal towns of Illyria. Its importance in anof Tricca against Troy. He was, like his broth- tiquity is attested by its magnificent ruins, of
er, skilled in the medical art. On his return which the principal are those of an amphitheafrom Troy he was cast by a storm on the coast tre, of a triumphal arch (Porta aurea), erected
of Syros in Caria, where he is said to have set- to L. Sergius by his wife Salvia Postuma, and
tled. He was worshipped as a hero on Mount of several temples.
Dria.-[2. A companion of /Eneas, slain by Al-  PSOLEMON (IHo2uXov).  1. I. King of Pontus
sus in Italy.]                            and the Bosporus, was the son of Zenon, the
PODARCES (no0ddpKICV). 1. The original name orator ofLaodicea. As a reward for the servof Priam. Vid. PRIAMUS.-2. Son of Iphiclus ices rendered by his father as well as himself,
and grandson of Phylacus, was a younger broth- he was appointed by Antony in B.C. 39 to the
er of Protesilaus, and led the Thessalians of government of Cilicia, and he subsequently obPhyla'ce against Troy.                    tained in exchange the kingdom of Pontus. He
PODARGE. Vid. HARPYIE.                  accompanied Antony in his expedition against
[PODES (oIIdoS ), son of Eetion, a Trojan war- the Parthians in 36. After the battle ofActium
685




POLEMON.                                   POLITES.
he was able to make his peace with Octavianus, zianzen.  His style of oratory was imposing
who confirmed him in his kingdom. About the rather than pleasing, and' his character was
year 16 he was intrusted by Agrippa with the haughty and reserved. During the latter part
charge of reducing the kingdom of Bosporus, of of his'life he was so tortured by the gout that
which-he was made king after conquering the he resolved to put an end to his existence; he
country. His reign after this was long and had himself shut up in the tomb of his ancestors
prosperous; he extended his dominions as far at Laodicea, where he died of hunger at the age
as the River Tanais; but having engaged in an of sixty-five. The only extant work of Poleexpedition against the barbarian tribe oftheAs- mon is the funeral orations for Cynuegirus and
purgians, he was not only defeated by them, but Callimachus, the generals who fell at Marathon,
taken prisoner, and put to death  By his sec- which are supposed to' be pronounced by their
ond wife Pythodoris, who succeeded him on the fathers. These orations are edited by Orelli,
throne, he left two sons, Polemon II., and Zenon, Lips., 1819.-6. The author of a short Greek
king of Armenia, and one daughter, who was work on Physiognomy, which is still extant.
married to Cotys, king of Thrace.-2. II. Son He must have lived in or before the third cenof the preceding and of Pythodoris, was raised tury after Christ, as he is mentioned by Origen,
to the sovereignty of Pontus and Bosporus by and from his style he can not be supposed to
Caligula in A.D. 39. Bosporus was afterward have lived much earlier than this time. His
taken from him by Claudius, who assigned it to work consists of two books; in the first, which
Mithradates, while he gave Polemon a portion contains twenty-three chapters, after proving
of Cilicia in its stead, 41. In 62, Polemon was the utility of physiognomy, he lays down the
induced by Nero to abdicate the throne, and general principles of the science; in the second
Pontus was reduced to the condition of a Roman book, which consists of twenty-seven chapters,
province.-3. Of Athens, an eminent Platonic he goes on to apply the principles he had before
philosopher, was the son of Philostratus, a man laid down, and describes in a few words the
of wealth and political distinction. In his youth characters of the courageous man, the timid,
Polemon was extremely profligate; but one day, the impudent, the passionate, the talkative, &c.
when he was about thirty, on his bursting into The best edition of it is by Franz in his " Scripthe school of Xenocrates, at the head of a band tores Physiognomonie Veteres," Altenburg,
of revellers, his attention was so arrested by the 1780.
discourse, which chanced to be upon temper-  P6LfiMoNIUM (rIOREUVZVov: Ilo2Qe/U6vztoc, and
ance, that he tore off his garland and remained IIoe/yovevCg: now Poleman), a city on the coast
an attentive listener, and from  that day he of Pontus, in Asia Minor, built by King POLEadopted an abstemious course of life, and con- MON (probably the second) on the site of the
tinued to frequent the school, of which, on the older city of Side, at the mouth of the River
death'of Xenocrates, he became the head, B.C. Sidenus (now Poleman Chai), and at the bottom
315. He died in 273, at a great age. He es- of a deep gulf, with a good harbor. It was the
teemed the object of philosophy to be, to exer- capital of the kingdom of Polemon, comprising
cise men in things and deeds, not in dialectic the central part of Pontus, east of the Iris, which
speculation. He placed the summum bonum in was hence called Pontus Polemoniacus.
living according to the laws of nature.-4. Of  P6LIAS (HIoLCti), i. e., "the goddess protectAthens by citizenship, but by birth either of I1- ing the city," a surname of Minerva (Athena)
ium, or Samos, or Sicyon, a Stoic philosopher at Athens, where she was worshipped as the
and an eminent geographer, surnamed Periege- protecting divinity of the Acropolis.
tes (o nEptpVy7~c),. lived in the time of Ptolemy  POLICHNA (HIo0XiXV~, Dor. TIoXixva ~ o ITo2tXvEpiphanes, at the beginning of the second cen- -rn), a town. 1. In the northwest of Messenia,
tury B.C. In philosophy he was a disciple of west of Andania.-2. In the northeast of LacoPanoatius. He made extensivejourneys through nia.-3. In Chios.-4. In Crete, whose territoGreece to collect materials for his geographical ry bordered on that of Cydonia.-5. In Mysia,
works, in the course of which he paid particu- in the district Troas, on the left bank of the
lar attention to the inscriptions on votive offer- _/Esepus, near its source.
ings and on'columns. As the collector of these  P6LIEUS (HoIIotL), " the protector of the city,"
inscriptions, he was one of the earlier contribu- a surname of Jupiter (Zeus), under which he
tors to the Greek Anthology.  Athenaeus and had an altar on the acropolis at Athens.
other writers make very numerous quotations  POLIORCEiTES, DEMETRIUS. Vid. DEMETRIUS.
from his works. They were chiefly descrip-  POLIS (16tttC), a village of the Locri Opuntii,
tions of different parts of Greece: some were subject to Hyle.
on the paintings preserved in various places,  [POLIsMA (HII6ata5, a small town of the Mysand several are controversial, among which is ian district Troas, on the Simois, already in
one against Eratosthenes. [The fragments of Strabo's time in ruins.]
Polemon have been published by Preller in the  PdLITES (IlOairTv). 1. Son of Priam and Hecwork entitled Polemonis Periegetce Fragmenta, uba, and father of Priam the younger, was a valcollegzt,. digessit, notis auxit L. Preller, Lips., iantwarrior, but was slain by Pyrrhus.-[2. One
1838.]-5. ANTONIUS, a celebrated sophist and of the companions of Ulysses, changed by Circe
rhetorician, flourished under Trajan, Hadrian, into swine; later legends made him to have
and the first Antoninus, and was in high favor been stoned to death by the inhabitants of the
with' the two former emperors. He was born coast of Bruttium, near Temesa, for having vioof a consular family at Laodicea, but spent the lated a maiden in a fit of intoxication: in regreater part of his life at Smyrna. His most venge, his spirit is said to have pursued them
celebrated disciple was Aristides. Among his until they erected a temple to his honor, where
imitators in subsequent times was Gregory Na- a maiden was yearly sacrificed to him, until Eu
686




POLITORIUM.                                  POLLIO.
thymon freed them by having vanquished the evil Illyrian campaign that Virgil addressed to him
spirit.]                                  the eighth Eclogue.  From this time Pollio
POLITORIUM, a town in the interior of Latium, withdrew altogether from political life, and dedestroyed by Ancus Marcius.               voted himself to the study of literature. He
PoLIUcHUS (HoItooXoc), i. e., " protecting the still continued, however, to exercise his oratorcity," occurs as a surname of several divinities, ical powers, and maintained his reputation for
such as Minerva (Athena) Chalcicecus at Spar- eloquence by his speeches both in the senate
ta, and of Minerva (Athena) at Athens.    and the courts of justice. He died at his TusPOLLA, ARGENTARIA, the wife of the poet Lu- culan villa, A.D. 4, in the eightieth year of his
can.                                      age, preserving to the last the full enjoyment
POLLENTIA (Pollentinus). 1. (Now Polenza), of his health and of all his faculties. Pollio dea town of the Statielli in Liguria, at the conflu- serves a distinguished place in the history of
enee of the Sturia and the Tanarus, and subse- Roman literature, not so much on account of
quently a Roman municipium. It was cele- his works as of the encouragement which he
brated for its wool. In its neighborhood Stili- gave to literature. He was not only a patron
cho gained a victory over the Goths under Ala- of Virgil, Horace (vid. Carm., ii., 1), and other
ric.-2. A town in Picenum, probably identical great poets and writers, but he has the honor of
with Urbs Salvia.-3. (Now Pollenza), a Roman having been the first person to establish a pubcolony on the northeastern point of the Balearis lie library at Rome, upon which he expended
Major.                                    the money he had obtained in his Illyrian camPOLLYO, ANNIUS, was accused of treason (ma- paign. None of Pollio's own works have come
jestas) toward the end of the reign of Tiberius, down to us, but they possessed sufficient'merit
but was not brought to trial. He was subse- to lead his contemporaries and successors to
quently one of Nero's intimate friends, but was class his name with those of Cicero, Virgil, and
accused of taking part in Piso's conspiracy Sallust as an orator, a poet, and a historian. It
against that emperor in A.D. 63, and was in con- was, however, as an orator that he possessed
sequence banished.                        the greatest reputation. Catullus describes him
POLLIO, C. ASINIUS, a distinguished orator, in his youth (Carm., xii., 9) as "leporum diserpoet, and historian of the Augustan age. He tus puer et facetiarum," and Horace speaks of
was born at Rome in B.C. 76, and became dis- him in the full maturity of his powers (Carm.,
tinguished as an orator at an early age. On the ii., 1, 13) as " Insigne maestis presidium reis et
breaking out of the civil war he joined Caesar, consulenti, Pollio, curiae;" and We have also
and in 49 he accompanied Curio to Africa. Aft- the more impartial testimony of Quintilian, the
er the defeat and death of Curio he crossed over two Senecas, and the author of the Dialogue on
to Greece, and fought at Caesar's side at the Orators to the greatness of his oratorical powbattle of Pharsalia (48). He also accompanied ers. Pollio wrote the history of the civil wars
Caesar in his campaigns against the Pompeian in seventeen books. It commenced with the
party in Africa (46) and Spain (45). He return- consulship of Metellus and Afranius, B.C. 60,
ed with Caesar to Rome, but was shortly after- in which year the first triumvirate was formed,
ward sent back to Spain, with the command of and appears to have come down to the time
the Further Province, in order to prosecute the when Augustus obtained the undisputed suwar against Sextus Pompey. He was in his premacy of the Roman world. As a poet Pollio
province at the time of Caesar's death (44). He was best known for his tragedies, which are
took no part in the war between Antony and the spoken of in high terms by Virgil and Horace,
senate; but when Antony was joined by Lepi- but which probably did not possess any great
dus and Octavianus in 43, Pollio espoused their merit, as they are hardly mentioned by subsecause, and persuaded L. Plancus in Gaulto fol- quent writers. The words of Virgil (Eel., iii.,
low his example. In the division of the prov- 86), "Pollio et ipse facit nova carmina," probinces among the triumvirs, Antony received the ably refer to tragedies of a new kind, namely,
Gauls. The administration of the Transpadane such as were not borrowed from the Greek,
Gaul was committed to Pollio by Antony, and but contained subjects entirely new, taken from
he had accordingly the difficult task of settling Roman story. Pollio also enjoyed great reputhe veterans in the lands which had'been as- tation as a critic, but he is chiefly known in this
signed to them in this province. It was upon capacity for the severe judgment which he passthis occasion that he saved the property of the ed upon his great contemporaries. Thus he
poet Virgil at Mantua from confiscation, whom  pointed out many mistakes in the speeches of
he took under his protection from his love of Cicero, censured the Commentaries of Caesar
literature. In 40 Pollio took an active part in for their want of historical fidelity, and found
effecting the reconciliation between Octavianus fault with Sallust for affectation in the use of
and Antony at Brundisium. In the same year antiquated words and expressions.  He also
he was consul; and it was during his consul- complained of a certain Patavinity in Livy, reship that Virgil addressed to him his fourth Ec- specting which some remarks are made in the
logue. In 39 Antony went to Greece, and sent life of Livy (p. 444, b). Pollio had a son, C.
Pollio with a part of his army against the Par- Asinius Gallus Saloninus. Vid. p. 320. Asinthini, an Illyrian people. Pollio defeated the ius Gallus married Vipsania, the former wife of
Parthini and took the Dalmatian town of Sa- Tiberius, by whom he had several children,
lonae, and, in consequence of his success, ob- namely: 1. Asinius Saloninus. 2. Asinius Galtained the honrr of a triumph on the 25th of lus. 3. Asinius'Pollio, consul A.D. 23. 4. AsinOctober in this year. He gave his son Asin- ius Agrippa, consul A.D. 25. 5. Asinius Celer.
ius Gallus the agnomen of Saloninus after the  [POLLIO, TREBELLIUS.' Vid. TREBELLIUS.]
town which he had taken. It was during his  POLLIO, VEDius, a Roman eques and a friend
687




POLLUSCA.                                 POLYBIUS.
of Augustus, was by birth a freedman, and has Gorgias.-2. A celebrated tragic actor, the son
obtained a place in history on account of his of Charicles of Sunium, and a disciple of Archiriches and his cruelty. He was accustomed to as of Thurii. It is related of him, that at the
feed his lampreys with human flesh, and when- age of seventy, shortly before his death, he actever a slave displeased him, the unfortunate ed in eight tragedies on four successive days.
wretch was forthwith thrown into the pond as  PoLY.Gos (IIoraL7yoc: now Polyhos or Azfood for the fish. On one occasion Augustus timelos), an uninhabited island in the /ECgean
was supping with him, when a slave had the Sea, near Melos.
misfortune to break a crystal goblet, and his  POLYENUS (IoWatcvof). 1. Of Lampsacus, a
master immediately ordered him to be thrown mathematician and a fiiend of Epicurus, adoptto the fishes. The slave fell at the feet of Au- ed the philosophical system of his friend, and,
gustus, praying for mercy; and when the em- although he had previously acquired great repperor could not prevail upon Pollio to pardon utation as a mathematician, he now maintained
him, he dismissed the slave of his own accord, with Epicurus the worthlessness of geometry.
and commanded all Pollio's crystal goblets to -2. Of Sardis, a sophist, lived in the time of
be broken and the fish-pond to be filled up. Pol- Julius Casar. He is the author of four epilio died B.C. 15, leaving a large part of his prop- grams in the Greek Anthology. His full name
erty to Augustus. It was this Pollio who built was Julius Poly.anus.-3. The Macedonian, the
the celebrated villa of Pausilypum near Naples. author of the work on Stratagems in war (Zrpa[POLLUSCA, a city of the Volsci in Latium, ryV7i/ara), which is still extant, lived about the
belonging to the territory of Antium; accord- middle of the second century of the Christian
ing to Nibby, the modern Casal della Metndria, era.  Suidas calls him a rhetorician, and we
with ruins of old fortifications.]        learn from Polyanus himself that he was acPOLLUX or POLYDEUCES. Vid. DIOSCURI.    customed to plead causes before the emperor.
POLLUX, JULIUS ('Iov10io Ilo0v6dneK1C). 1. Of He dedicated his work to M. Aurelius and Verus,
Naucratis in Egypt, was a Greek sophist and wlhile they were engaged in the Parthian war,
grammarian. He studied rhetoric at Athens about A.D. 163, at which time, he says, he was
under the sophist Adrian, and afterward opened too old to accompany them in their campaigns.
a private school in the city, where he gave in- This work is divided into eight books, of which
struction in grammar and rhetoric. At a later the first six contain an account of the stratatime he was appointed by the Emperor Comn- gems of the most celebrated Greek generals,
modus to the chair of rhetoric at Athens. He the seventh of those of barbarous or foreign peodied during the reign of Commodus at the age pie, and the eighth of the Romans and illustriof fifty-eight. We may therefore assign A.D. ous women. Parts, however, of the sixth and
183 as the year in which he flourished.  He seventh books are lost, so that of the nine hundseems to have been attacked by many of his red stratagems which Polyarnus described, only
contemporaries on account of the inferior char- eight hundred and thirty-three have come down
acter of his oratory, and especially by Lucian in to us. The work is written in a clear and pleashis'Pyr6 opv d&6alca2oc. Pollux was the author ing style, though somewhat tinged with the arof several works, all of which have perished, tificial rhetoric of the age. It contains a vast
with the exception of the Onomasticon. This number of anecdotes respecting many of the
work is divided into ten books, each of which most celebrated men in antiquity; but its value
contains a short dedication to the Ccsar Com- as a historical authority is very much diminmodus: it was therefore published before A.D. ished by the little judgment which the author
177, since Commodus became Augustus in that evidently possessed, and by our ignorance of the
year. Each book forms a separate treatise by sources from which he took his statements. The
itself, containing the most important words re- best editions are by Maasvicius, Leyden, 1690;
lating to certain subjects, with short explana- by Mursinna, Berlin, 1756; and by Coray, Paris,
tions of the meanings of the words. The alpha- 1809.
betical arrangement is not adopted, but the  POLYBIUS (IIo2L6toc). 1. The historian, the
words are given according to the subjects treat- son of Lycortas, and a native of Megalopolis, in
ed of in each book. The best editions are by Arcadia, was born about B.C. 204. His father
Lederlin and Hemsterhuis, Amsterdam, 1706; Lycortas was one of the most distinguished
by Dindorf, Lips., 1824; and by Imm. Bekker, men of the Achean league; and Polybius reBerol., 1846.-2. A Byzantine writer, the au- ceived the advantages of his father's instruction
thor of a Chronicon, which treats at some length in political knowledge and the military art. He
of the creation of the world, and is therefore must also have reaped great benefit from his
entitled'Icropia ~valicO. Like most other By- intercourse with Philopcemen, who was a friend
zantine histories, it is a universal history, be- of his father's, and on whose death in 182 Poginning with the creation of the world, and corn- lybius carried the urn in which his ashes were
ing down to the time of the writer. The two deposited. In the following year Polybius was
manuscripts from which this work is published appointed one of the ambassadors to Egypt, but
end with the.reign of Valens, but the Paris man- he did not leave Greece, as the intention of
uscript is said to come down as low as the death sending an embassy was abandoned.  From
of Romanus, A.D. 963. The best edition is by this time he probably began to take part in pubHardt, Munich, 1792.                      lie affairs, and he appears to have soon obtained
P6LUS (IIHcXo). 1. A sophist and rhetorician, great influence among his countrymen. After
a native of Agrigentum. He was a disciple of the conquest of Macedonia in 1~8, the Roman
Gorgias, and wrote a treatise on rhetoric, as commissioners, who were sent into the south
well as other works mentioned by Suidas. He of Greece, commanded, at the instigation of
is introduced by Plato as an interlocutor in the Callicrates, that one thousand Achmans should
688




POLYBIUS.                                 POLYBIUS.
be crried to Rome, to answer the charge of second Punic war, and the Social war in Greece,
not having assisted the Romans against Per- and ending with the conquest of Perseus and
seus. This number included all the best and the downfall of the Macedonian kingdom in 168.
noblest part of the nation, and among them  This was, in fact, the main portion of his work,
was Polybius. They arrived in Italy in B.C. and its great object was to show how the Ro167, but, instead of being put upon their trial, mans had in this brief period of fifty-three years
they were distributed among the- Etruscan conquered the greater part of the world; but
towns. Polybius was more fortunate than the since the Greeks were ignorant for the most
rest of his countrymen. He had probably be- part of the early history of Rome, he gives a
come acquainted in Greece with XEmilius Pau- survey of Roman history from the taking of the
lus, or his sons Fabius and Scipio, and the two city by the Gauls to the commencement of the
young men now obtained permission from the second Punic war, in the first two books, which
praetor for Polybius to reside at Rome in the thus form an introduction to the body of the
house of their father Paulus. - Scipio was then work. With the fall of the Macedonian kingeighteen years of age, and soon became warmly dom the supremacy of the Roman dominion
attached to Polybius. Scipio was accompanied was decided, and nothing more remained for
by his friend ina all his military expeditions, and the other nations of the world than to yield subreceived much advantage from his experience mission to the Romans. The second part of
and knowledge. Polybius, on the other hand, the work, which formed a kind of supplement
besides finding a liberal patron and protector in to the former part, comprised the period from
Scipio, was able by his means to obtain access the conquest of Perseus in 168 to the fall of
to public documents, and to accumulate mate- Corinth in 146. The history of the conquest
rials for his great historical work. After re- of Greece seems to have been completed in the
maining in Italy seventeen years, Polybius re- thirty-ninth book; and the fortieth book probaturned to Peloponnesus in 151, with the surviv- bly contained a chronological summary of the
ing Achean exiles, who were at length allowed whole work.' The history of Polybius is one
by the senate to revisit their native land. He of the most valuable works that has come down
did not, however, remain long in Greece. He to us from antiquity. He had a clear apprehenjoined Scipio in his campaign against Carthage,, sion of the knowledge which a historian must
and was present at the destruction of that city possess; and his preparatory studies were carin 146. Immediately afterward he hurried to ried on with the greatest energy and perseverGreece, where the Acheans were waging a mad ance. Thus he not only collected with accuand hopeless war against the Romans. He ap- racy and care an account of the events that he
pears to have arrived in Greece soon after the intended to narrate, but he also studied the
capture of Corinth; and he exerted all his in- history of the Roman constitution, and made
fluence to alleviate the misfortunes of his coun- distant journeys to become acquainted with the
trymen, and to procure favorable terms for them. geography of the countries that he had to deHis grateful fellow-countrymen acknowledged scribe in his work. In addition to this, he had
the great services he had. rendered them, and a strong judgment and a striking love of truth,
statues were erected to his honor at Megalopo- and, fiom having himself taken an active part
lis, Mantinea,. Pallantium, Tegea, and other in political life, he was able to judge of the
places. Polybius seems now to have devoted motives and actions of the great actors in hishimself to the composition of the great histor- tory in a way that no mere scholar or rhetorician
ical work for which he had long been collect- could possibly do. But the characteristic feating materials. At what period of his life he ure of his work, and the one which distinguishes
made the journeys into foreign countries for it from all other histories which have come
the piurpose of visiting the places which he had down to us from antiquity, is its didactic nature.
to describe in his history, it is impossible to He did not, like other historians, write to afford
determine. He tells us (iii., 59) that he under- amusement to his readers; his object was to
took long and dangerous journeys into Africa, teach by the past a knowledge of the future,
Spain, Gaul, and even as far as the Atlantic, on and to deduce from previous events lessons of
account of the ignorance which prevailed re- practical wisdom. Hence he calls his work a
specting those parts. Some of these countries Pragmateia (7paypaireca), and not a History (iche visited while serving under Scipio, who af- ropia). The value of history consisted, in his
forded him every facility for the prosecution of opinion, in the instruction that might be obtainhis design. At a later period of his life he ed from it. Thus the narrative of events bevisited Egypt likewise. He probably accom- came in his view of secondary importance;
panied Scipio to Spain in 134, and was present they formed only the text of the political and
at the fall of Numantia, since Cicero states (ad moral discourses which it was the province of.Fam., v., 12) that Polybius wrote a history of the historian to deliver. Excellent, however,
the Numantine war. He died at the age of as these discourses are, they materially detract
eighty-two, in consequence of a fall from his from the merits of the history as a work of art;
horse, about 122. The history of Polybius con- their frequent occurrence interrupts the contisisted of forty books. It began B.C. 220, where nuity of the narrative, and destroys, to a great
the history of Aratus left off, and ended at 146, extent, the interest of the reader in the scenesin which year Corinth was destroyed, and the which are described. Moreover, he frequently
independence of Greece perished. It consisted inserts long episodes, which have little conof two distinct parts, which were probably pub- nection with the main subject of his work, belished at different times, and afterward united cause they have a didactic tendency. Thus we
into- one work.  The first part comprised a find that one whole book (the sixth) was deperiod of thirty-five years, beginnin'g with the voted to a history of the Roman constitution;
44                                                             689




POLYBOTES.                                 POL YCLES.
and the thirty-fourth book seems to have been He was the husband of Peribcea or Merope.
exclusively a treatise on geography. The style Pausanias makes him king of Sicyon, and deof Polybius bears the impress of his mind; and scribes him as a son of Mercury (Hermes) and
as instruction, and not amusement, was the great Chthonophyle, and as the father of Lysianassa,
object for which he wrote, he did not seek to whom he gave in marriage to Talaus, king of
please his readers by the choice of his phrases the Argives.-[2. A Trojan warrior, son of Anor the composition of his sentences. Hence tenor.-3. Husband of Alcandra, king of Egypthe later Greek critics were severe in their con- tian Thebes, guest-friend of Menelaus.-4. An
demnation of his style. The greater part of Ithacan, father of the suitor Eurymachus.-5.
the history of Polybius has perished. We pos- One of the suitors of Penelope, slain by Eumaesess the first five books entire, but of the rest us.-6. A Phaeacian mentioned in the Odyswe have only fragments and extracts, some of sey.]-7. A Greek physician, one of the pupils
which, however, are of considerable length, of Hippocrates, was also his son-in-law, and
such as the account of the Roman army, which lived in the island of Cos, in the fourth century
belonged to the sixth book. There have been B.C. Polybus, with his brothers-in-law, Thesdiscovered at different times four distinct col- salus and Dracon, were the founders of the anlections of extracts from the lost books. The cient medical sect of the Dogmatici. He was
first collection, discovered soon after the revival sent abroad by Hippocrates, with his fellowof learning in a MS. brought from Corfu, con- pupils, during the time of the plague, to assist
tained the greater part of the sixth book, and different cities with his medical skill, and he
portions of the following eleven. In 1582 Ursi- afterward remained in his native country. He
nus published at Antwerp a second collection has been supposed, both by ancient and modern
of Extracts, entitled Excerpta de Legationibus, critics, to be the author of several treatises in
which were made in the tenth century of the the Hippocratic collection.
Christian era by order of Constantinus Por-  POLYCARPUS (IIo2lv/Cap7ro), one of the aposphyrogenitus.  In 1634, Valesius published a tolical fathers, was a native of Smyrna. The
third: collection of extracts from Polybius, also date of his birth and of his martyrdom are untaken from the Excerpta of Constantinus, en- certain. He is said to have been a disciple of
titled Excerpta de Virtutibus et Vitiis.  The the apostle John, and to have been consecrated
fourth collection of extracts was published at by this apostle bishop of the church at Smyrna.
Rome in 1827 by Angelo Main who discovered It has been conjectured that he was the angel
in the Vatican library at Rome the section of of the church of Smyrna to whom CHRIST dithe Excerpta of Constantinus Porphyrogenitus, rected the letter in the Apocalypse (ii., 8-11);
entitled Excerpta de Sententiis. The best edi- and it is certain that he was bishop of Smyrna
tion of Polybius with a commentary is by at the time when Ignatius of Antioch'passed
Schweighaeuser, Lips., 1789-1795, 8 vols. 8vo. through that city on his way to suffer death at
The best edition of the text alone is by pekker Rome, some time between 107 and 116. Igna(Berol., 1844, 2,vols. 8vo), who has added the tius seems to have enjoyed much this interVatican fragments. Livy did not use Polybius course with Polycarp, whom he had known in
till he came to the second Punic war, but from  former days, when they were both hearers of
that time he followed him very closely. Cicero the apostle John. The martyrdom of Polycarp
likewise chiefly followed Polybius in the ac- occurred in the persecution under the emperors
count which he gives of the Roman constitution Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus.  As he
in his De Republica. The history of Polybius was led to death, the proconsul offered him his
was continued by-Posidonius and Strabo. Vid. life if he would revile CHRIST. "Eighty and
POSIDONIUS, STRABO.  Besides the great his- six years have I served him," was the reply,
torical work of which we have been speaking, " and he never did me wrong: how, then,'can I
Polybius wrote, 2. The Life of Philopocmen, in revile my King and my Saviour'l" We have
three books. 3. A treatise on'tactics. 4. A  remaining only one short piece of Polycarp, his
History of the Numantine Var.-2. A freedman Letter to the Philippians, which is published along
of the Emperor Augustus, read in the senate with Ignatius and the other apostolical writers.
the will of the emperor after his decease.-3. A  Vid. IGNATIUS.
favorite freedman of the Emperor Claudius.  [PoLYCASTE (lotvcavKars).  1. Daughter of
He was the companion of the studies of Clau- Lygaeus, wife of Icarius, mother of Penelope.
dius; and on the death of his brother, Seneca -2. Daughter of Nestor and Anaxibia, wife of
addressed to him a Consolatio, in which he be- Telemachus, to whom she bore Perseptolis.]
stows the highest praises upon his literary at-  POLYCLES (HIIoAv2Ca). 1. The name of two
tainments. Polybius was put to death through artists. The elder Polycles was probably an
the intrigues of Messalina, although he had been Athenian, and flourished about B.C. 370. He
one of her paramours.                     appears to have been one of the artists of the
POLYBOTES (oIIov6rcS), one of the giants later Athenian school, who obtained great cewho fought against the gods, was pursued,by lebrity by the sensual charms exhibited in their
Neptune (Poseidon) across the sea as far as the works. One of his chief works was a celebrated
island of Cos. There Neptune (Poseidon) tore statue of an Hermaphrodite.  The younger
away a part of the island, which was afterward Polycles is placed by Pliny in 155, and is said
called Nisyrion, and, throwing it upon the giant, to have made a statue of Juno, which was placed
buried him under it.                      in the portico of Octavia at Rome, when that
POLYBOTUS (IIoaiV6oTO: ruins at Bulawadin), portico was erected by Metellus Macedonicus.
a city of Great Phrygia, east of Synnada.  But since most of the works of art with which
POLYBUS (II6Xv6oc). 1. King of Corinth, by Metellus decorated his portico were not the
whom CEdipus was brought up. Vid. (EDIPUS. original productions of living artists, but the
690




POLYCLETUS.                               POLYCRATES.
works of former masters, it has been conjec-  PQLYCRXTES (ITHoltvwpdr7C). 1. Of Samos, one
tured that this Polycles may be no other than  of the most fortunate, ambitious, and treacherthe Athenian artist already mentioned.-[2. A  ous of the Greek tyrants. With the assistance
famous athlete, often crowned at the four great of his brothers Pantagnotus and Syloson, he
games of Greece: his statue was placed in the made himself master of the island toward the
sacred grove at Olympia.]                 latter end of the reign of Cyrus. At'first he
PoLYCLErTUS (loteiX7etrog). 1. The Elder, of shared the supreme power with his brothers;
Argos, probably by citizenship, and of Sicyon, but he shortly afterward put Pantagnotus to
probably by birth, was one of-the most cele- death, and banished Syloson. Having thus bebrated statuaries of the ancient world; he was come sole despot, he raised a powerful fleet,
also a sculptor, an architect, and an artist in and extended his sway over several of the
toreutic. He was the pupil of the great Argive neighboring islands, and even conquered some
statuary Ageladas, under whom he had Phidias towns on the main land. He had formed an aland Myron for his fellow-disciples.  He was liance with Amasis, king of Egypt, who, howsomewhat younger than Phidias, and about the ever, finally renounced it through alarm at the
same age as Myron. He flourished about B.C. I amazing good fortune ofPolycrates, which never
452-412.  Of his personal history we know I met with any check or disaster; and which therenothing further. As an artist, he stood at the fore was sure, sooner or later, to incur the envy
head of the schools of Argos and Sicyon, and of the gods. Such, at least, is the account of
approached more nearly than any other to an Herodotus, who has narrated the story of the
equality with Phidias, the great head of the rupture between Amasis and Polycrates in his
Athenian- school. The essential difference be- most dramatic manner. In a letter which Amatween these artists was that Phidias was un- sis wrote to Polycrates, the Egyptian monarch
surpassed in making the images of the gods, advised him to throw away one of his most valPolycletus in those of men. One of the most uable possessions, in order that he might thus
celebrated works of Polycletus was his Dory- inflict some injury upon himself. In accordphorus or Spear-bearer, a youthful figure, but ance with this advice, Polycrates threw into the
with the full proportions of a man. This was sea a seal-ring of extraordinary beauty; but in
the statue which became known by the name a few days it was found in the belly of a fish,
of Canon, because in it the artist had embodied which had been presented to him by a fishera perfect representation of the ideal of the hu- man. In the reign of Cambyses, the Spartans
man figure. Another of his great works was and Corinthians sent a powerful force to Samos
his ivory and gold statue of Juno (Hera) in her in order to depose the tyrant; but their expetemple between Argos and Mycenae.   This dition failed, and after besieging the city forty
work was executed by the artist in his old age, days, they left the island. The power of Polyand was doubtless intended by him to rival crates now became greater than ever. The
Phidias's chryselephantine statues of Minerva great works which Herodotus saw at Samos
(Athena) and of Jupiter (Zeus), though it was were probably executed by him. He lived in
surpassed by them in costliness and size. The great pomp and luxury, and, like others of the
goddess was seated on a throne, her head Greek tyrants, was a patron of literature and
crowned with a garland, on which were work- the arts. The most eminent artists and poets
ed the Graces and the Hours, the one hand found a ready welcome at his court, and his
holding the symbolical pomegranate, and the friendship for Anacreon is particularly celeother a sceptre, surmounted by a cuckoo, a bird brated. But in the midst of all his prosperity
sacred to Juno (Hera) on account of her having he fell by the most ignominious fate. Orcetes,
been once seduced by Jupiter (Zeus) under that the satrap of Sardis, had formed a deadly hatred
form. This statue remained always the'ideal against Polycrates. By false pretences, the samodel of Juno (Hera). In the department of trap contrived to allure him to the main land,
toreutic, the fame of Polycletus no doubt rest- where he was arrested soon after his arrival,
ed chiefly on the golden ornaments of his statue and crucified, 522.-2. An Athenian rhetorician
of Juno (Hera); but he also made small bronzes and sophist of some repute, a contemporary of
(sigilla) and drinking-vessels (phialce). As an Socrates and Isocrates, taught first at Athens
architect, Polycletus obtained great celebrity by and afterward at Cyprus. He was the teachthe theatre, and the circular building (tholus) er of Zoilus.  He wrote, 1. An accusation
which he built in the sacred inclosure of zEs- of Socrates, which was a declamation on the
culapius at Epidaurus.-2. The Younger, also a subject, composed some years after the death
statuary of Argos, of whom very little is known, of the philosopher. 2. A defence of Busiris.
because his fame was eclipsed by that of his The oration of Isocrates, entitled Busiris, is admore celebrated namesake, and, in part, con- dressed to Polycrates, and points out the faults
temporary.  The younger Polycletus may be which the latter had committed in his oration
placed about 400.-3. Of Larissa, a Greek his- on this subject. 3. An obscene poem, which
torian, and one of the numerous writers of the he published under the name of the poetess Phihistory of Alexander the, Great. [Most of the laenis, for the purpose of injuring her reputation.
extracts from his histories refer to the geogra- -[3. An Athenian, a lochagus in the army of
phy of the countries which Alexander invaded. the Greek auxiliaries of the younger Cyrus, a
They,are collected, with a notice of the author, friend of Xenophon, whom he defended on one
by C. Muller, in his Scriptores Rerum Alexandri occasion. -4. Descended from an illustrious
Magni, p. 129-33, in Didot's Bibliotheca Graeca, family at Argos, went to the court of Ptolemy
Paris, 1846.]-4.,A favorite freedman of Nero, Philopator, and proved of great service in drillwho sent him into Britain to inspect the state ing the Egyptian troops. He commanded the
of the island.                            cavalry on the left wing at the battle of Raphia
691




POLYCTOR.                                  POLYIDUS.
in B.C. 217 against Antiochus III., in which Another tradition stated thatiPolydorus was inl
Antiochus was defeated, and which secured to trusted to his sister Iliona, who was married to
Ptolemy the provinces of Ccelesyria, Phcenicia, Polymestor. She brought him up as her own
and Palestine. Although young, Polycrates was son, while she made every one else believe that
appointed governor of Cyprus, which office he her own son Deiphilus or Deipylus was Polyfilled with ability and integrity. In his later dorus. The Greeks, anxious to destroy the
years he appears to have changed for the worse, race of Priam, promised to Polymestor Electra
and to have indulged in every vice.]      for his wife, and a large amount of gold, if he
[POLYCTOR (ITIoavticrp), son of Pterelaus, a would kill Polydorus. Polymestor was preprince of Ithaca. A place in Ithaca, Polycto- vailed upon, and he accordingly slew his own
rium, was believed to have derived its name son. Polydorus thereupon persuaded his sisfrom him.]                                ter Iliona to kill Polymestor.-3. King of Sparta,
POrYDAMiAS (IIovddwaa). 1. Son of Panthous was the son of Alcamenes and the father of
and Phrontis, was a Trojan hero, a friend of Eurycrates, who succeeded him. He assisted
Hector, and brother of Euphorbus.-2. Of Sco- in bringing the first Messenian war to a conclutussa in Thessaly, son of Nicias, conquered in sion, B.C. 724. He was murdered by Polemarthe Pancratium at the Olympic games in 01. 93, chus, a Spartan of high family; but his name
B C. 408. His size was immense, and the most was precious among his people on account of his
marvellous stories are related of his strength, justice and kindness. Crotona and the Epihow he killed without arms a huge and fierce zephyrian Locri were founded in his reign.-4.
lion on Mount Olympus, how he stopped a char- Brother of Jason of Pherne, obtained the suiot at full gallop, &c. His reputation led the preme power, along with his brother Polyphron,
Persian king, Darius Ochus, to invite him to on the death of Jason in B.C. 370, but was
his court, where he performed similar feats.-  shortly afterward assassinated by Polyphron.3. Of Pharsalus in Thessaly, was intrusted by 5. A sculptor of Rhodes, one of the associates
his fellow-citizens, about B.C. 375, with the su- ofAgesander, in the execution of the celebrated
preme government of their native town. He group of the Laocoon. Vid. AGESANDER.
afterward entered into a treaty with Jason of  POLYEUCTUS (IIo'Oev~Kro), an Athenian orator
Pheree. On the murder of Jason in 370, his of the demus Sphettus, was a political friend of
brother Polyphron put to death Polydamas.  Demosthenes, with whom he worked in resistPOLYDECTES (HITo2LvdEK C). 1. King of the ing the Macedonian party.
island of Seriphos, was son of Magnes, and  POLYGNOTUS (Ho2vyvuTrog), one of the most
brother of Dictys. He received kindly Danat  celebrated Greek painters, was a native of the
and Perseus, when the chest in which they had island of Thasos, and was honored with the citibeen exposed by Acrisius floated to the island zenship of Athens, on which account he is someof Seriphos. His story is related under PER- times called an Athenian. His father, AglaoSEUS.-2. Kinglof Sparta, was the eldest son of phon, was his instructor in his art; and he had
Eunomus, the brother of Lycurgus the lawgiver, a brother, named Aristophon, who was also a
and the father of.Charilaiis, who succeeded painter. Polygnotus lived on intimate terms
him. Herodotus, contrary to the otherauthori- with Cimon and his sister Elpinice; and he
ties, makes Polydectes the father of Eunomus. probably came to Athens in B.C: 463, after the
PoLYDEucEs(IIo;vVdeiK 7),one oftheDioscuri, subjugation of Thasos by Cimon. He appears
and the, twin-brother of Castor, called by the to have been at that time an artist of some repuRomans Pollux. Vid. DioscurI.             tation, and he continued to exercise his art al[POLYDORA (IlotvJ6pa); 1. A daughter of most down to the beginning of the PeloponneOceanus and Tethys.-2. Daughter of Meleager sian war (431). The period of his greatest arand Cleopatra, was married to Protesilaus, after tistic activity at Athens seems to have been
whose death she made away with herself.-3. that which elapsed from his removal to Athens
Daughter of Peleus and Antigone was a sister (463) to the death of Cimon (449), who employof Achilles, and married to Spercheius or Borus, ed him in the pictorial decoration of the public
by whom she became the motherof Menesthius.] buildings with which he began to adorn the
POLYDORUS (IIoa1vopog). 1. King of Thebes, city, such as the temple of Theseus, the Anason of Cadmus and Harmonia, husband of Nyc- ceum, and the Pcecile. He afterward went to
teis, and father of Labdacus.-2. The youngest Delphi, when he was employed with other artamong the sons of Priam and Laothoe, we   ists in decorating the buildings connected with
slain by Achilles. This is the Homeric ac- the temple. He appears to have returned to
count; but later traditions make him a son of Athens about 435, where he executed a series
Priam and Hecuba, and give a different account of paintings in the Propylsea of the Acropolis.
of his death. One tradition relates that, when The Propylaaa were commenced in 437, and
Ilium was on the point of falling into the hands completed in 432. The subjects of the pictures
of the Greeks, Priam intrusted Polydorus and a of Polygnotus were almost invariably taken from
large sum of money to Polymestor or Polym- Homer and the other poets of the epic cycle.
nestor, king ofthe Thracian Chersonesus. Aft- They appear to have been mostly painted on
er the destruction of Troy, Polymestor killed panels, which were afterward let into the walls
Polydorus for the purpose of getting possession where they were to remain.
of his treasures, and cast his body into the sea.  POLYHYMNIA. Vid. POLYMNIA.
His body was afterward washed.upon the coast,  POLYIDUS (IHojtuiSog). 1. Son of Cceranus,
where it was found and recognized by his moth- grandson of Abas, and great-grandson of Meer Hecuba, who, together with other Trojan cap- lampus. He was, like his ancestor Melampus,
tives, took vengeance upon Polymestor by kill- a celebrated soothsayer at Corinth, and is deing his two children, and putting out his eyes. scribed as the father of Euchenor, Astycratia,
692




POLYMEDIUM.                                POLYXENA.
and Manto. When Alcathous had murdered cruelty, and was murdered in his turn, 369, by
his own son Callipolis at Megara, he was puri- his nephew Alexander, who proved a still greatfled by Polyidus, who erected at Megara a sane- er tyrant.
tuary to Bacchus (Dionysus), and a statue of  POLYP(ETES (TIo2vrotri?7c), son of Pirithous
the god. —2. A dithyrambic poet of the most and Hippodamia, was one of the Lapithea, and
flourishing period of the later Athenian dithy-joined the Greeks in the Trojan war.
ramb, and also skillful as a painter, was con-  POLYRRHNIA or -IUM (HovSSppjvia: Hlo~vjP6temporary with Philoxenus, Timotheus, and vLor), atown in Crete, whose territory embraced
Telestes, about B.C. 400.                 the whole western corner of the island. It pos[PoLYMEDIUMI (HOtv&jdLOV), a village of the sessed a sanctuary of Dictynna, and is said to
Mysian district Troas, forty stadia from the have been colonized by Achaeans and Lacedmprornontory of Lectum, and in the neighbor- monians.
hood of Assus.]                             POLYSPERCHON (IHo2var-Ep,UV), a Macedonian,
[POLYMELE (HIIovtCjr), daughter of Phylas, and a distinguished officer of Alexander the
wife of Echecles, by Mercury (Hermes) mother Great. In B.C. 323 he was appointed by Alexof Eudorus.]                              ander second in command of the army of in[POTLYMELUS (IIo oy/?X77lo), a Trojan warrior, valids and veterans, which Craterus had to conslain by Patroclus before Troy.]          duct home to Macedonia. He afterward served
POLYMESTOR or POLYMNESTOR. Vid. POLY- under Antipater in Europe, and so great was
DORUS.                                    the confidence which the latter reposed in him,
POLYMNESTUS or POLYMNASTUS (IIoAV/iuv7aroC), that Antipater on his death-bed (319) appointed
the son of Meles of Colophon, was an epic, ele- Polysperchon to succeed him as regent and
giac, and lyric poet, and a musician. He flour- guardian of the king, while he assigned to his
ished B.C. 675-644. He belongs to the school own son Cassander the subordinate station of
of Dorian music, which flourished at this time chiliarch. Polysperchon soon became involved
at Sparta, where he carried on the improve- in war with Cassander, who was dissatisfied
ments of Thaletas. The Attic comedians at- with this arrangement. It was in the course
tacked his poems for their erotic character. of this war that Polysperchon basely surrenderAs an elegiac poet, he may be regarded as the ed Phocion to the Athenians, in the hope of
predecessor of his fellow-countryman, Mimner- securing the adherence of Athens. Although
mus.                                      Polysperchon was supported by Olympias, and
[POLYMNESTUS (IIHo2Xvgarog). Vid. PHRONI- possessed great influence with the Macedonian
MA.]                                      soldiers, he proved no match for Cassander, and
POLYMNIA or, POLYHYMNr A (IIori/v'a), daugh- was obliged to yield to him possession of Macter of Jupiter (Zeus), and one of the nine Muses. edonia about 316. For the next few years PolyShe presided overlyric poetry, and was believed sperchon is rarely mentioned, but in 310 he
to have invented the lyre. In works of art she again assumed an important part by reviving
was usually represented in a pensive attitude. the long-forgotten pretensions of Hercules, the
Vid. MUSrE.                               son of Alexander and Barsine, to the throne of
POLYNICES (TIotvveiKcC), son of CEdipus and Macedonia. Cassander marched against him,
Jocasta, and brother of Eteocles and Antigone. but, distrusting the fidelity of his own troops, he
His story is given under ETEOCLES and ADRAS- entered into secret negotiations with PolyTUS.                                      sperchon, and persuaded the latter, by prom.
[POLYPA'DES. Vid. THEOGNIS.]           ises and flatteries, to murder Hercules. From
POLYPHE.MUS (TIoHv0/7c). 1. Son of Neptune this time he appears to have served under Cas(Poseidon) and the nymph Thoosa, was one of sander; but the period of his death is not menthe Cyclopes in Sicily. Vid. CYCLOPES. He is tioned.
represented as a gigantic monster, having only  [POLYSTRATUS (IIoo1arparoc). 1. An eminent
one eye in the centre of his forehead, caring Epicurean philosopher, succeeded Hermarchus
nought for the gods, and devouring human flesh. as the head of the sect, and was himself succeedHe dwelt in a cave near Mount Etna, and fed ed by Dionysius.  2. An epigrammatic poet,
his flocks upon the mountain. He fell in love who lived probably soon after the taking of Corwith the nymph Galatea, but as she rejected inth, B.C. 146: two of his epigrams are given
him for Acis, he destroyed the latter by crush- in the Anthology, one of which is on the deing him under a huge rock. When Ulysses was struction of Corinth.]
driven upon Sicily, Polyphemus devoured some  POLYTIMETUS (IIOXvrUTo roc: now Sogd or J.oof his companions; and Ulysses would have hik in Bokhara), a considerable river of Sogdiana,
shared the same fate, had he not put out the which, according to Strabo, vanished under
eye of the monster while he was asleep. Vid. ground near Maracanda (now Samarkand), or,
ULYSSES.-2. Son of Elatus or Neptune (Po- as Arrian says, was lost in the sands of the
seidon) and Hippea, was one of the Lapithe at steppes.
Larissa in Thessaly. He was married to Lao-  [POLYTROPUS (TIoUrporroc), leader of a troop
nome, a sister of Hercules. He was also one of mercenaries in the Spartan service, seized
of the Argonauts, but being left behind by them  Orchomenus B.C. 370; he fell in an attack
in Mysia, he founded Cios, and fell fighting made by the Mantineans under Lycomedes on
against the Chalybes.                     Orchomenus.]
POLYPHRON (IHoXvtpov), brother of Jason of  POLTYXENA-(IIo2v1Sv), daughter of Priam and
Phere, succeeded to the supreme power with Hecuba, was beloved by Achilles. When the
his brotler Polydorus on the death of Jason in Greeks, on their voyage home, were still lingerB.C. 370. Shortly afterward he murdered Poly- ing on the coast of Thrace, the shade of Achildors. He exercised his power with great les appeared to them, demanding that Polyxena
693




POLYXENUS.                                  POMIPEUS.
should be sacrificed to him. Neoptolemus ac- knight originally from Antioch, rose to the highcordingly sacrificed her on the tomb of his fa-est dignities under M. Aurelius. This emperor
ther. It was related that Achilles had promised gave him his daughter Lucilla in marriage. He
Priam to bring about a peace with the Greeks, lived to the reign of Severus.
if the king would give him his daughter Polyx-  PoMlPII (TIo irgIoio, HoY/raia, Hojyrnia: Pomena in marriage; and that when Achilles had peianus), a city of Campania, was situated on
gone to the temple of the Thymbraean Apollo, the coast, at the mouth of the River Sarnus, and
for the purpose of negotiating the marriage, he at the foot of Mount Vesuvius; but, in consewas treacherously killed by Paris.  Another quence of the physical changes which the surtradition stated that Achilles and Polyxena fell rounding country has undergone, the ruins of
in love with each other when Hector's body was Pompeii are found at present about two miles
delivered up to Priam; and that Polyxena fled from the sea. Pompeii was first in the hands
to the Greeks after the death of Achilles, andi of the Oscans, afterward of the Tyrrhenians,
killed herself on the tomb of her beloved with and finally became a Roman municipium. It
a sword.                                  was partly destroyed by ah earthquake in A.D.
[POLYXENUS (JIo2vevoc), son of Agasthenes, 63, but was overwhelmed in 79, along with
grandson of Augeas, father of Amphimachus, Herculaneum and Stabiae, by the great eruption
was the leader of the Epeans before Troy.]  of Mount Vesuvius. The lava did not reach
POLYXO (IIo2vG)). 1. The nurse of Queen Pompeii, but the town was covered with sucHypsipyle in Lemnos, was celebrated as a proph- cessive layers of ashes and other volcanic matetess.-2. An Argive woman, marriedto Tlepo- ter, on which a soil was gradually formed.
lemus, son of Hercules, followed her husband to Thus a great part of the city has been preserved,
Rhodes, where, according to some traditions, with its market-places, theatres, baths, temples,
she is said to have put to death the celebrated and private houses; and the excavation of it in
Helen. Vid. HELENA.                       modern times has thrown great light upon many
POLYZELUS (TIo2'rX.Lot). 1. Brother of Hieron, points of antiquity, such as the construction of
the tyrant of Syracuse. Vid. HIERON.-2. Of Roman houses, and, in general, all subjects conRhodes, an historian, of uncertain date, wrote nected with the private life of the ancients. The
a history of his native country.-3. An Athenian first traces of the ancient city were discovered
comic poet, belonging to the last period of the in 1689, rising above the ground;- but it was
Old Comedy and the beginning of the Middle. not till 1721 that the excavations were com[His fragments are edited by Meineke, in Comic. menced. These have been continued with vaGrcec. Fragm., vol. i., p. 477-79, edit. minor.]  rious interruptions down to the present day,
[POMETIA. Vid. SUESSA POMETIA.]         and now about half the city is exposed to view.
POM6NA, the Roman divinity of the fruit of It was surrounded by walls, which were about
trees, hence calledPomorum Patrona. Her name two miles in circumference, surmounted at inis evidently derived from Pomum. She is rep- tervals by towers, and containing six gates.
resented by the poets as beloved by several of  POMPE'OPrLIS (Ho/ZTnrio7wo;2Lt), the name of
the rustic divinities, such as Silvanus, Picus, several cities founded or enlarged by Pompey.
Vertumnus, and others. Her worship must orig- 1. (Now Tash KSpri), an inland city of Cappainally have been of considerable importance, docia, southwest of Sinope, on the River Amsince a special priest, under the name of flamen nias (now Gok Irmak), a western tributary of
Pomonalis, was appointed to attend to her serv- the Halys.-2. Vid. POMPELON.-3. Vid. SOLOE.
ice.                                        POMPEIUS. 1. Q. POMPEIUS, said to have been
[POMPrMDIUS SILO. Vid. SILO.]           the son of a flute-player, was the first of the
POMPEIA. 1. Daughter ofQ. Pompeius Rufus, family who rose to dignity in the state. He was
son of the consul of B.C. 88, and of Cornelia, consul in 141, when he carried on war against
the daughter of the dictator Sulla. She mar- the Numantines in Spain. Having been defeatried C. Caesar, subsequently the dictator, in 67, ed by the enemy in several engagements, he conbut was divorced by him in 61, because she eluded a peace with them; but on the arrival
was suspected of intriguing with Clodius, who of his successor in the command, he disowned
stealthily introduced himself into her husband's the treaty, which was declared invalid by the
house while she was celebrating the mysteries senate. He was censor in 131 with Q. Metelof the Bona Dea.-2. Sister of Cn. Pompey, the lus Macedonicus.-2. Q. POMPEIUS RUFUS, either
triumvir, married C. Memmius, who was killed son or grandson of the preceding, was a zealous
in the war against Sertorius in 75.-3. Daughter supporter of the aristocratical party. He was
of the triumvir by his third wife Mucia. She tribune of the plebs 100, praetor 91, and conmarried Faustus Sulla, the son of the dictator, sul 88, with L. Sulla. When Sulla set out for
who perished in the African war, 46. She aft- the East to conduct the war against Mithraerward married L. Cornelius Cinna, and her dates, he left Italy in charge of Pompeius Rufus,
son by this marriage, Cn. Cinna Magnus, enter- and assigned to him the army of Cn. Pompeius
ed into a conspiracy against Augustus. As her Strabo, who was still engaged in carrying on
brother Sextus survived her, she must have died war against the Marsi. Strabo, however, who
before 35.-4. Daughter of Sextus Pompey, the was unwilling to be deprived of the command,
son of the triumvir, and of Scribonia. At the caused Pompeius Rufus to be murdered by the
peace of Misenum in 39 she was betrothed to soldiers.  Cicero mentions Pompeius Rufu^s
M. Marcellus, the son of Octavia, the sister of among the orators whom he had heard in his
Octavianus, but was never married tohim. She youth.-3. Q. POMPEUS RUFUS, son of No. 2,
accompanied her father in his flight to Asia, 36. married Sulla's daughter, and was murdered by
-5. PAULINA. Vid. PAULINA.                the party of Sulpicius and Marius in the forur
POMPEIANUS, TIB. CLAUDIUS, son of a Roman  during the consulship, of his father, 88.-4. Q.
694




POMPEIUS.                                 POMPEIUS.
POMPEIUS RUFUS, son of No. 3, and grandson of Sulla was on the point of returning from Greece
the dictator Sulla, was tribune of the plebs 52, to Italy, Pompey hastened into Picenum, where
when he distinguished himself as the great par- he raised an army of three legions. Although
tisan of the triumvir Pompey, and assisted the only twenty-three years of age, Pompey displaylatter in obtaining the sole consulship. Rufus, ed great military abilities in opposing the Marian
however, on the expiration of his office, was ac- generals by whom he was surrounded; and when
cused of Vis, was condemned, and went into he succeeded in joining Sulla in the course of the
exile at Bauli in Campania.-5. Q. POMPEIUS year (83), he was saluted by the latter with the
RUFUS, prator 63, was sent to Capua to watch title ofImperator. During the remainder of the
over Campania and Apulia during Catiline's war in Italy Pompey distinguished himself as
conspiracy. In 61 he obtained the province one of the most successful of Sulla's generals;
of Africa, with the title of proconsul.-6. SEx. and when the war in Italy was brought to a
POMPEIUS, married Lucilia, a sister of the poet close, Sulla sent Pompey against the Marian
C. Lucilius.-7. SEX. POMPEIUS, elder son of party in Sicily and Africa. Pompey first proNo. 6, never obtained any of the higher offices ceeded to Sicily, of which he easily made himof the state, but acquired great reputation as a self master (82): here he put Carbo to death.
rman of learning, and is praised by Cicero for In 81 Pompey crossed over to Africa, where he
his accurate knowledge of jurisprudence, geom- defeated Cn. Domitius Ahenorbarbus and the
etry, and the Stoic philosophy.-8. SEX. POM- Numidian king Hiarbas, after a hard-fought batPEIUS, a descendant of No. 7, consul A.D. 14, tle. On his return to Rome in the same year,
with Sex. Appuleius, in which year theEmperor he was received with enthusiasm by the peoAugustus died. He seems to have been a pa- pie, and was greeted by Sulla with the surname
tron of literature. Ovid addressed him several of MAGNUS, a name which he bore ever afterletters during his exile; and it was probably ward, and handed down to his children. Pomthis same Sex. Pompeius whom the writer Va- pey, however, not satisfied with this distinction,
lerius Maximus accompanied to Asia, and of sued for a triumph, which Sulla at first refused 
whom he speaks as his Alexander.-9. CN. POM- but at length, overcome by Pompey's importuPEIUS STRABO, younger son of No. 6, and father nity, he allowed him to have his own way. Acof the triumvir. He was questor in Sardinia cordingly, Pompey, who had not yet held any
103, praetor 94, and propraetor in Sicily in the public office, and was still a simple eques, enfollowing year. He was consul 89, when he tered Rome in triumph in September, 81, and
carried on war with success against the allies, before he had completed his twenty-fifth year.
subduing the greater number of the Italian peo- Pompey continued faithful to the aristocracy
pie who were still in arms. Toward the end after Sulla's death (78), and supported the conof the year he brought forward the law (lex Pom- sul Catulus in resisting the attempts of his colpeia) which gave to all the towns of the Trans- league Lepidus to repeal the laws of Sulla; and
padani the Jus Latii or Latinitas. He continu- when Lepidus had recourse to arms in the foled in the south of Italy as proconsul in the fol- lowing year (77), Pompey took an active part in
lowing year (88), and when Pompeius Rufus the war against him, and succeeded in driving
(No. 2) was appointed to succeed him in the him out of Italy.  The aristocracy, however,
command of the army, Strabo caused him to be now began to fear the young and successful
assassinated by the troops. Next year (87) the general; but since Sertorius in Spain had for
Marian party obtained the upper hand. Strabo the last three years successfully opposed Metelwas summoned by the aristocratical party to lus Pius, one of the ablest of Sulla's generals,
their assistance; and, though not active in their and it had become necessary to send the latter
cause, he marched to the relief of the city, and some effectual assistance, the senate, with confought a battle near the Colline Gate with Cinna siderable reluctance, determined to send Pomand Sertorius. Shortly afterward he was killed pey to Spain, with the title of proconsul, and
by lightning. His avarice and cruelty had made with equal powers to Metellus. Pompey rehim hated by the soldiers to such a degree that mained in Spain between five and six years
they tore his corpse from the bier and dragged (76-71); but neither he nor Metellus was able
it through the streets. Cicero describes him to gain any decisive advantage over Sertorius.
(Brut., 47) " as worthy of hatred on account of But when Sertorius was treacherously murderhis cruelty, avarice, and perfidy."  He possess- ed by his own officer Perperna in 82, the war
ed some reputation as an orator, and still more was speedily brought to a close. Perperna was
as a general. He left behind him a considerable easily defeated by Pompey in the first battle,
property, especially in Picenum.-10. CN. POM- and the whole of Spain was subdued by the
PEIUS MAGNUS, the TRIUMVIR, son of No. 9, was early part of the following year (71). Pompey
born on the 30th of September, B.C. 106, in the then returned to Italy at the head of his army.
consulship of Atilius Serranus and Servilius In his march toward Rome he fell in with the
Caepio, and was, consequently, a few months remains of the army of Spartacus, which M.
younger than Cicero, who was born on the 3d Crassus had previously defeated. Pompey cut
of January in this year, and six years older than to pieces these fugitives, and therefore claimed
Caesar. He fought under his father in 89 against for himself, in addition to all his other exploits,
the Italians, when he was only seventeen years the glory of finishing the.Servile war. Pompey
of age, and continued with him till his death was now a candidate for the consulship; and
two years afterward. For the next few years although he was ineligible by law, inasmuch as
the Marian party had possession of Italy; and he was absent from Rome, had not yet reached
accordingly Pompey, who adhered to the aristo- the legal age, and had not held any of the lower
cratical party, was obliged to keep in the back offices of the state, still his election was cerground. But when it became known in 84 that tain. His military glory had charmed the peo695




POMPEIUS.                                 POMPEIUS.
ple; and as it was known that the aristocracy war to a conclusion. On the approach of Pornlooked upon Pompey with jealousy, they ceased pey, Mithradates retreated toward Armenia, but
to regard him as belonging to this party, and he was defeated by the Roman general; and as
hoped to obtain, through him, a restoration of'Tigranes now refused to receive him into his
the rights and privileges of which they had been dominions, Mithradates resolved to plunge into
deprived by Sulla.  Pompey was accordingly the heart of Colchis, and from thence make his
elected consul, along with M. Crassus; and on way to his own dominions in the Cimmerian
the 31st of December, 71, he entered the city Bosporus. Pompey now turned his arms against
a second time in his? triumphal car, a simple Tigranes; but the Armenian king submitted to
eques. In his consulship (70), Pompey openly him without a contest, and was allowed to conbroke with the, aristocracy, and became the elude a peace with the republic. In 65 -Pomgreat popular hero. He proposed and carried pey set out in pursuit of Mithradates, but he
a law, restoring to the tribunes the power of met with mtch opposition from the Iberians and
which they had been deprived by Sulla. He Albanians; and after advancing as far as the
also afforded his all-powerful aid to the Lex River Phasis (now Faz), he resolved to leave
Aurelia, proposed by the prmtor L. Aurelius these savage districts. He accordingly retraced
Cotta, by which the judices were to be taken in his steps, and spent the winter at Pontus, which
future from the senatus, equites, and tribuni he reduced to the form of a Roman province.
aerarii, instead of from the senators exclusive- In 64 he marched into Syria, deposed the king
ly, as Sulla had ordained.  In carrying both Antiochus Asiaticus, and made that country also
these measures Pompey was strongly support- a Roman province. In 63 he advanced further
ed by Cuesar, with whom he was thus brought south, in order to establish the Roman supreminto close connection. For the next two years acy in Phocenicia, Coelesyria, and Palestine.
(69 and 68) Pompey remained in Rome. In 67 The Jews refused to submit to him, and shut
the tribune A. Gabinius brought forward a bill, the gates of Jerusalem against him, and it was
proposing to confer upon Pompey the command not till after a siege of three months that the
of the war against the pirates with extraordi- city was taken. Pompey entered the Holy of
nary powers. This bill was opposed by the Holies, the first time that any human being, exaristocracy with the utmost vehemence, but cept the high priest, had dared to penetrate into
was notwithstanding carried. The pirates were this sacred spot. It was during the war in Palat this time masters of the Mediterranean, and estine that Pompey received intelligence of the
had not only plundered many cities on the coasts death of Mithradates. Vid. MITHRADATES, NO. 6.
of Greece and Asia, but had even made descents Pompey spent the next winter in Pontus; and
upon Italy itself. As soon as Pompey received after settling the affairs of Asia, he returned to
the command, he began to make his prepara- Italy in 62. He disbanded his army almost imtions for the war, and completed them by the mediately after landing at Brundisium, and thus
end of the winter. His plans were formed with calmed the apprehensions of many, who feared
great skill and judgment, and were crowned that, at the head of his victorious troops, he
with complete success. In forty days he cleared would seize upon the supreme power. He did
the Western Sea of pirates, and restored com- not, however, return to Rome till the following
munication between Spain, Africa, and Italy. year (!1), and he entered the city in triumph
He then followed the main body of the pirates on the 30th of September. He had just comto their strong-holds on the coast of Cilicia; pleted his forty-fifth year, and this was the third
and after defeating their fleet, he induced a great time that he had enjoyed the honor of a tripart of them, by promises of pardon, to surren- umph. With this triumph the first and most
der to him. Many of these he settled at Soli, glorious part of Pompey's life may be said to
which was henceforward called Pompeiopolis. have ended. Hitherto his life had been an alThe second part of the campaign occupied only most uninterrupted succession of military glory.
forty-nine days, and the whole war was brought But now he was called upon to play a prom inent
to a conclusion in the course of three months; part in the civil commotions of the commonso that, to adopt the panegyric of Cicero (pro wealth, a part for which neither his natural talLeg. Man., 12), "Pompey made his preparations ents nor his previous habits had in the least fitfor the war at the end of the winter, entered ted him. It would seem that, on his return to
upon it at the commencement of spring, and fin- Rome, Pompey hardly knew what part to take
ished it in the middle of the summer." Pom- in the politics of the city. He had been appointpey was employed during the remainder of this ed to the command against the pirates and Mithyear and the beginning of the following in vis- radates in opposition to the aristocracy, and they
iting the cities of Cilicia and Pamphylia, and still regarded him with jealousy and distrust.
providing for the government of the newly-con- At the same time, he was not disposed to unite
quered districts. Duringhis absence from Rome, himself to the popular party, which had risen
Pompey was appointed to succeed Lucullus in into importance during his absence in the East,
the command of the war against Mithradates and over which Cwsar possessed unbounded in(66). The bill conferring upon him this com- fluence. The object, however, which engaged
mand was proposed by the tribune C. Manil- the immediate attention of Pompey was to obius, and was supported by Cicero in an oration tain from the senate a ratification for all his acts
which has come down to us (pro Lege lMaanilia). in Asia, and an assignment of lands which he
Like the Gabinian law, it was opposed by the had promised to his veterans. The senate, howwhole weight of the aristocracy, but was carried ever, glad of an opportunity to put an affront
triumphantly. The power of Mithradates had upon a man whom they both feared and hated,
been broken by the previous victories of Lucul- resolutely refused to sanction his measures in
ius, and it was only left to Pompey to bring the Asia. This was the unwisest thing the senate
696




POMPEIUS.                                 POMPEIUS.
could have done. If they had known their real ciled to the aristocracy, and was now regarded
interests, they would have sought to win Pom- as their acknowledged head. The history of
pey over to their side, as a counterpoise to the the civil war which followed is related in the
growing and more dangerous influence of Ce- life of CGESAR. It is only necessary to mention
sar. But their short-sighted policy threw Pom- here, that after the battle of Pharsalia (48) Pompey into Caesar's arms, and thus sealed the pey sailed to Egypt, where he hoped to meet
downfall of their party. Caesar promised to ob- with a favorable reception, since he had been
tain for Pompey the ratification of his acts, and the means of restoring to his kingdom the father
Pompey, on his part, agreed to support Caesar of the young Egyptian monarch. The ministers
in all his measures. That they might be more of the latter, however, dreading Caesar's anger
sure of carrying their plans into execution, Cae- if they received Pompey, and likewise Pomsar prevailed upon Pompey to become recon- pey's resentment if they forbade him to land,
ciled to Crassus, with whom he was at variance, resolved to release themselves from their diffibut who, by his immense wealth, had great in- culties by putting him to death. They accordfluence at Rome. The three agreed to assist ingly sent out a small boat, took Pompey on
one another against their mutual enemies, and board, and rowed for the shore. His wife and
thus was first formed the first triumvirate. This friends watched him from the ship, anxious to
union of the three most powerful men at Rome see in what manner he would be received by
crushed the aristocracy for the time. Support- the king, who was standing on the edge of the
ed by Pompey and Crassus, Cmsar was able in sea with his troops; but just as the boat reachhis consulship (59) to carry all his measures. ed the shore, and Pompey was in the act of
Pompey's acts in Asia were ratified, and Cae- rising from his seat in order to step on land, he
sar's agrarian law, which divided the rich Cam- was stabbed in the back by Septimius, who had
panian land among the poorer citizens, enabled formerly been one of his centurions, and was
Pompey to fulfill the promises he had made to now in the service of the Egyptian monarch.
his veterans. In order to cement their union Pompey was killed on the 29th of September,
more closely, Caesar gave to Pompey his daugh- IB.C. 48, and had just completed his fifty-eighth
ter Julia in marriage. Next year (58) Caesar year.  His head was cut off, and his body,
went to his province in Gaul, but Pompey re- which was thrown out naked on the shore, was
mained in Rome. While Caesar was gaining buried by his freedman Philippus, who had acglory and influence in Gaul, Pompey was grad- companied him from the ship. The head was
uallylosingthe confidence ofallparties atRome. brought to Cesar when he arrived in Egypt
The senate hated and feared him; the people soon afterward, but he turned away from the
had deserted him for their favorite Clodius, and sight, shed tears at the melancholy death of his
he had no other resource left but to strengthen rival, and put his murderers to death. Pomhis connection with Caesar. Thus he came to pey's untimely death excites pity; but no one
be regarded as the second man in the state, and who has well studied the state of parties at the
was obliged to abandon the proud position which close of the Roman commonwealth can regret
he had occupied for so many years. According his fall. There is abundant evidence to prove
to an arrangement made with Caesar, Pompey that, had Pompey's party gained the mastery,
and Crassus were consuls for a second time in a proscription far more terrible than Sulla's
55. Pompey received as his provinces the two would have taken place, and Italy and the provSpains, Crassus obtained Syria, while Casar's inces have been divided as booty among a few
government was prolonged for five years more, profligate and unprincipled nobles. From such
namely, from the 1st of January, 53, to the end horrors the victory of Caesar saved the Roman
of the year 49. At the end of his consulship world. Pompey was married five times. The
Pompey did not go in person to his provinces, names of his wives were, 1. Antistia. 2. nEmilbut sent his legates, L. Afranius and M. Petre- ia. 3. Mucia. 4. Julia. 5. Cornelia.-11. CN.
ius, to govern the Spains, while he himself re- POMPEIUS MAGNUS, elder son of the triumvir by
mained in the neighborhood of the city. His his third wife, Mucia. In the civil war in 48
object now was to obtain the dictatorship, and he commanded a squadron of the fleet in the
to make himself the undisputed master of the Adriatic Sea. After his father's defeat at PharRoman world. Caesar's increasing power and salia, he crossed over to Africa, and, after reinfluence had at length made it clear to Pom- maining there a short time, sailed to Spain
pey that a struggle must take place between in 47. In Spain he was joined by his brother
them, sooner or later. The death of his wife Sextus and others of his party, who had fled
Julia in 54, to whom he was tenderly attached, from Africa after their defeat at Thapsus. Here
broke one link which still connected him with the two brothers collected a powerful army, but
Ceesar, and the fall of Crassus in the following were defeated by Caesar himself at the battle
year (53), in the Parthian expedition, removed of Munda, fought on the 17th of March, 45.
the only person who had the least chance of con- Cneius escaped from the field of battle, but was
testing the supremacy with them. In order to shortly afterward tmaken prisoner and put to
obtain the dictatorship, Pompey secretly en- death.-12. SEXTUS POMPEIUS MAGNUS, younger
couraged the civil discord with which the state son of the triumvir by his third wife, Mucia,
was torn asunder; and such frightful scenes of i was born 75. After the battle of Pharsalia he
anarchy followed the death of Clodius at the accompanied his father to Egypt, and saw him
beginning of 52, that the senate had now no al- murdered before his eyes. After the battle of
ternative but calling in the assistance of Pom- Munda and the death of his brother, Sextus lived
pey, who was accordingly made sole consul in for a time in concealment in the country of the
52, and succeeded in restoring order to the Lacetani, between the Iberus and the Pyrenees;
state. ISoon afterward Pompey became recon- but when Caesar quitted Spain, he collected a
697




POMPEIUS FESTUS.                                PONTIA.
body of troops, and emerged from his lurking- long, and from eight to ten miles in breadth.
place. In the civil wars which followed Cae- The marshes are formed chiefly by the rivers
sar's death, the power of Sextus increased. He Nymphaeus, Ufens, and Amasenus, and some
obtained a large fleet, became master of the sea, other small streams, which, instead of finding
and eventually took possession of Sicily. His their way into the sea, spread over this plain.
fleet enabled him to stop all the supplies of corp Hence the plain is turned into a vast number
which were brought to Rome from Egypt and of marshes, the miasmas arising from which
the eastern provinces; and such scarcity began are exceedingly unhealthy in the summer. At
to prevail in the city, that the triumvirs were an early period, however, they appear not to
compelled by the popular discontent to make have existed at all, or, at any rate, to have been
peace with Pompey. This peace was concluded confined to a narrow district. We are told that
at Misenum in 39, but the war was renewed in originally there were twenty-three towns situthe following year. Octavianus made great ef- ated in this plain; and in B.C. 432, the Pompfortsto collect a large and powerful fleet, which tinus Ager is mentioned as yielding a large
he placed under the command of Agrippa.  In quantity of corn. Even as late as 312, the
36, Pompey's fleet was defeated off Naulochus greater part of the plain must still have been
with great loss.  Pompey himself fled from  free from the marshes, since the censor Appius
Sicily to Lesbos, and from Lesbos to Asia. Claudius conducted the celebrated Via Appia in
Here he was taken prisoner by a body of Anto- that year through the plain, which must then
ny's troops, and carried to Miletus, where he have been sufficiently strong to bear the weight
was put to death (35), probably by command of of this road. In the course of a century and a
Antony, though the latter sought to throw the half after this, the marshes had spread to a great
responsibility of the deed upon his officers.  extent; and, accordingly, attempts were made
POMPEIUS FESTUS. Vid. FESTUS.           to drain them by the consul Cethegus in 160,
POMPEIUS TROGUS. Vid. JUSTINUS.         by Julius Caesar, and by Augustus. It is usuPOMPELON (now Pamplona), which name is ally said that Augustus caused a navigable caequivalent to Pompeiopolis, so-called by the sons nal to be dug alongside of the Via Appia from
of Pompey, was the chief town of the Vascones Forum Appii to the grove of Feronia, in order
in Hispania Tarraconensis, on the road from  to carry off a portion of the waters of the marshAsturica to Burdigala.                    es; but this canal must have been dug before
[POMPILIus, NUMA. Vid. NUMA.]           the time of Augustus, since Horace embarked
[POMPILIUS ANDRONICUS, a Syrian by birth, upon it on his celebrated journey from Rome to
taught rhetoric at Rome in the former half of Brundisium in 37, at which time Octavianus,
the century before Christ: being eclipsed by as he was then called, could not have undertaother grammarians, he retired to Cumae, where ken any of his public works. Subsequently the
he composed many works, the chief one of marshes again spread over the whole plain, and
which was entitled Annalium Ennii Elenchi.]  the Via Appia entirely disappeared; and it was
POMPONIA. 1. Sister of T. Pomponius Atti- not until the pontificate of Pius VI. that any secus, was married to Q. Cicero, the brother of rious attempt was made to drain them. The
the orator, B.C. 68. The marriage proved an works were commenced in 1778, and the greatextremely unhappy one. Q. Cicero, after lead- er part of the marshes was drained; but the
ing a miserable life with his wife for almost plain is still unhealthy in the great heats of the
twenty-four years, at length divorced her at the summer.
end of 45, or in the beginning of the following  POMPTINUS, C., was praetor B.C. 63, when he
year.-2. Daughter of T. Pomponius Atticus. was employed by Cicero in apprehending the
She is also called Caecilia, because her father ambassadors of the Allobroges. He afterward
was adopted by Q. Caocilius, and likewise At- obtained the province of Gallia Narbonensis,
tica. She was born in 51, and she was still and in 61 defeated the Allobroges, who had inquite young when she was married to M. Vip- vaded the province. He triumphed in 54, after
sanius Agrippa. Her daughter Vipsania Agrip- suing in vain for this honor for some years.
pina married Tiberius, the successor of Augus-  PONS, a common name for stations on the
tus..                                     Roman roads at the passage of rivers, some of
POMPONIANA. Vid. STCECHADES.            which stations on the more important roads
POMPONIUS, SEXTUS, a distinguished Roman grew into villages or towns. 1. P. lExN (now
jurist, who lived under Antoninus Pius and M. Pfi2nzen), in Vindelicia, at the passage of the
Aurelius.  Some' modern writers think that Inn, was a fortress with a Roman garrison.-2.
there were two jurists of this name. The works P. AUREOLI (now Pontirolo), in Gallia Transpaof Pomponius are frequently cited in the Digest. dana, on the road from Bergamum to MediolaPOMPONIUS ATTrcUS. Vid. ATTICUS.        num, derived its name from one of the thirty
POMIP6,NIU BONONIENSIS, the most celebrated tyrants, who was defeated and slain by Clauwriter of Fabulse Atellanas, was a native of Bo- dius in this place.-3. P. CAMPANUS,.in Campanonia (now Bologna), in Northern Italy, as his nia, between Sinuessa and Urbana, on the Save.
surname shows, and flourished B.C. 91.    Respecting the bridges of Rome, vid. ROMA.
PorMPNIUS MELA. Vid. MELA.                PONTIA (now Ponza), a rocky island off the
POMPTiNm PALUDES (IlojTrrTival C il.vat: now  coast of Latium, opposite Formiae, which was
Palude Poetine; in English, the Pontine Marsh- taken by the Romans from the Volscians, and
es), the name of a low, marshy plain on the colonized, B.C. 313. Under the Romans, it Was
coast of Latium, between Circeii and Terraci- used as a place of banishment for state crimna, said to have been so called after an ancient inals. There is a group of smaller islands round
town Pontia, which disappeared at an early Pontia, which are sonetimes called -Insula
period. The plain is about twenty-four miles Pontiae.
698




PONTINUS,                                  PONTUS.
PONTiNUS (TIovrTvof), a river and mountain'ever, was used very indefinitely, until the setimArgolis, near Lerna, with a sanctuary of Mi- tlement of the boundaries of the country as a
nerva (Athena) Saitis.                    Roman province. Originally it was regarded
PONTIUS, C., son of HERENNIUS PONTIUS, the as a part of CAPPADOCIA; but its parts were best
general of the Samnites in B.C. 321, defeated known by the names of the different tribes who
the Roman army under the two consuls T. Ve- dwelt along the coast, and of whom some acturius Calvinus and Sp. Postumius Albinus in' count is given by Xenophon in the Anabasis.
one of the mountain passes in the neighborhood We learn from the legends of the Argonauts,
of Caudium. The survivors, who were corn- who are represented as visiting this coast, and
pletely at the mercy of the Samnites, were dis- the Amazons, whose abodes are placed about
missed unhurt by Pontius. They had to sur- the River Thermodon, east of the Iris, as well
render their arms and to pass under the yoke; as from other poetical allusions, that the Greeks
and, as the price of their deliverance, the con- had some knowledge of these southeastern
suls and the other commanders swore, in the shores of the Euxine at a very early period. A
name of the republic, to a humiliating peace. great accession to such knowledge was made
The Roman state, however, refused to ratify by the information gained by Xenophon and his
the treaty. Nearly thirty years afterward, Pon- comrades when they passed through the countius was defeated by Q. Fabius Gurges (292), try in their famous retreat; and long afterward
was taken prisoner, and was put to death after the Romans became well acquainted with it by
the triumph of the consul.                means of the Mithradatic war, and Pompey's
PONTIUS AQUILA. Vid. AQUILA.            subsequent expedition through Pontus into the
PONTIUS PILATUS was the sixth procurator of countries at the foot of the Caucasus. The
Judaa, and the successor of Valerius Gratus. name first acquired a political rather than a terHe held the office for ten years in the reign of ritorial importance, through the foundation of a
Tiberius, from A.D. 26 to 36, and it was during new kingdom in it, about the beginning of the
his government that CHRIST taught, suffered, fourth century B.C., by ARIOBARZANES I. The
and died. By his tyrannical conduct he excited history of the gradual growth of this kingdom
an insurrection at Jerusalem, and at a later until, under Mithradates VI., it threatened the
period commotions in Samaria also, which were Roman empire in Asia, is given under the names
not put down without the loss of life. The Sa- of its kings, of whom the following is the list:
maritans complained of his conduct to Vitellius, (1.) ARIOBARZANES I., exact date unknown: (2.)
the governor of Syria, who deprived him of his MITHRADATES I., to B. C. 363: (3.) ARIOBARzAoffice, and sent him to Rome to answer before NES II., 363-337: (4.) MITHRADATESII.,337-302:
the emperor the accusations that were brought (5.) MITHRADATES III., 302-266: (6.) ARIOBARagainst him. Eusebius states that Pilatus put ZANES III., 266-240? (7.) MITHRADATES IV.,240an end to his own life at the commencement 190? (8.) PHARNACES I., 190-156? (9.) MITHRAof the reign of Caligula, worn out by the many DATES V. EUERGETES, 156-120 1 (10.) MITHRADAmisfortunes he had experienced. The early TES VI. EUPATOR, 120-63: (11.) PHARNACES II.,
Christian writers refer frequently to an official- 63-47. After the death of Pharnaces, the rereport, made by Pilatus to the Emperor Tibe- duced kingdom retained a nominal existence unrius, of the condemnation and death of CHRIST. der his son Darius, who was made king by Ant-oIt is very doubtful whether this document was nyin B.C. 39, but was soon deposed; and under
genuine; and it is certain that the acts ofPi- POLEMON I. and POLEMON II., till about A.D. 62,
late, as they are called, which are extant in when the country was constituted by Nero a
Greek, as well as his two Latin letters to the Roman province. Of this province the western
emperor, are the productions of a later age.  boundary was the River Halys, which divided
PONTIUS TELESINUS. 1. A Samnite, and com- it from Paphlagonia; the furthest eastern limit
mander of a Samnite army, with which he was the Phasis, which separated it from Colfought against Sulla. He was defeated by Sulla chis; but others carry it only as far as Trapein a hard-fought battle near the Colline gate, zus, and others to an intermediate point, at the
B.C. 82. He fell in the fight;' his head was River Acampsis: on the south it was divided
cut off, and carried under the walls of Preeneste, from Galatia, Cappadocia, and Armenia Minor
to let the younger Marius know that his last by the great chain of the Paryadres and by its
hope of succor was gone.-2. Brother of the branches. It was divided into-the three dispreceding, was shut up in Preeneste with the tricts of PONTUS GALATICUS, in the west, boryounger Marius, when his brother was defeated dering on Galatia, P. POLEMONIAcUS in the cenby Sulla. After the death of the elder Pontius, tre, so called from its capital POLEMONIUM, and
Marius and Telesinus, finding it impossible to P. CAPPADOCIUS in the east, bordering on Capescape from Praeneste, resolved to die by one padocia (Armenia Minor). In the new division
another's hands. Telesinus fell first, and Ma- of the provinces under Constantine, these three
rius put an end to his own life, or was slain by districts were reduced to two, HELENOPONTUS
his slave.                                in the west, so called in honor of the emperor's
[PONTON6US (IovrOvooo), a herald of Alcino- mother, Helena, and PONTUS POLEMONIACUS in
us, king of the Phaeacians.]              the east. The country was also divided into
PoNTUs (O IOVTroC). 1. The northeasternmost smaller districts, named from the towns they
district ofAsiaMinor, along the coast of the Eux- surrounded and the tribes who peopled them.
mne, east of the River Halys, having originally Pontus was a mountainous country; wild and
no specific name, was spoken of as the country barren in the east, where the great chains apev I6uvr9, on the Pontus (Euxinus), and hence proach the Euxine; but in the west watered by
acquired the name of Pontus, which is first the great rivers HALYS and IRIs and their trib.
found in Xenophon's Anabasis. The term, how- utaries, the valleys of which, as well as the land
699




PONTUS EUXINUS.                              POPULONIA.
along the coast, are extremely fertile. Besides waters between them: next we have the narcorn and olives, it was famous for its fruit trees, row strip of land between the Caucasus and the
and some of the best of our common fruits are northeastern coast of the sea; then on the east,
said to have been brought to Europe from this Colchis, hemmed in between the Caucasus and
quarter; for example, the cherry (rid. CERASUS). Moschici Montes, and watered by the Phasis;
The sides of the mountains were covered with and lastly, on the south, the whole of that part
fine timber, and their lower slopes with box and of Asia Minor which lies between the Paryaother shrubs. The eastern part was rich in dres and Antitaurus on the east and southeast,
minerals, and contained the celebrated iron the Taurus on the south, and the highlands of
mines of the CHALYBES. Pontus was peopled Phrygia on the west, the chief rivers of this
by numerous tribes, belonging probably to very portion being the Iris (now Yeshil Irmak), the
different races, though the Semitic (Syro-Arabi- Halys (now Iizil Irmak), and the Sangarius
an) race appears to have been the prevailing (now Sakariyeh).  The whole of the Asiatic
one, and hence the inhabitants were included basin of the Euxine is estimated at one hundred
under the general name of LEUCOSYRI. The thousand square miles. As might be expected
chief of these races are spoken of in separate from this vast influx of fresh water, the water
articles.-[2. The part of Lower Meesia which is much less salt than that of the Ocean. The
lay between the Euxine, the mouths of the Ister, waters which the Euxine receives from the
and Mount Hemus, and forming, therefore, a rivers that flow directly into it, and also from
considerable tract along the shore, was some- the Palus Maeotis (now Sea of Azov) through
times called Pontus: of this frequent mention the Bosporus Cimmerius (now Straits of Kaifa
is made in the poetry of Ovid. Tomi lay in this or Yenikaleh), find their exit at the southwestern
district, and Ovid's Epistolc e Ronto derived corner, through the Bosporus Thracius (now
their name from this quarter.]            Channel of Constantinople), into the Propontis
PONTUs EUXINUS, or simply PONTUS (O I6vroT, (now Sea of Marmara), and thence in a constant
TIIo6vo EiVetvoC: rT HIovrTICv rTiXayog, Mare rapid current through the Hellespontus (now
Euxinum: now the Black Sea, Turk. Kara Dei- Straits of Gallipoli or Dardanelles) into the 2Egueiz, Grk. Maurethalassa, Russ. Tcheriago More um Mare (now Archipelago). The Argonautic
or Czarne-MXore, all names of the same mean- and other legends show that the Greeks had
ing, and supposed to have originated from the some acquaintance with this sea at a very early
terror with which it was at first regarded by period. It is said that they at first called it
the Turkish mariners, as the first wide expanse'"Asvoc (inhospitable), from the savage character
of sea with which they became acquainted), the of the races on its coast, and from the supposed
great inland sea inclosed by Asia Minor on the terrors of its navigation, and that afterward, on
south, Colchis on the east, Sarmatia on the their favorite principle of euphemism (i. e., abnorth, and Dacia and Thracia on the west, and staining from words of evil omen), they changed
having no other outlet than the narrow BosPo- its name to EvSevoc, Ion. EV~evoc, hospitable.
RUS THRAcIUs in its southwestern corner. It The Greeks of Asia Minor, especially the people
lies between 28~ and 41~ 30' east longitude, and of Miletus, founded many colonies and commerbetween 41~ and 46~ 40' north latitude, its cial emporiums on its shores, and as early as
length being about seven hundred miles, and the Persian wars we find Athens carrying on a
its breadth varying from four hundred to one regular trade with these settlements in the corn
hundred and sixty. Its surface contains more grown in the great plains on its northern side
than one hundred and eighty thousand square (the Ukraine) and in the Chersonesus Taurica
miles. It receives the drainage of an immense (now Crimea), which have ever since supplied
extent of country in Europe and in Asia; but Western Europe with large quantities of grain.
much the greater portion of its waters flows The history of the settlements themselves will
from the former continent by the following be found under their several names. The Rorivers: the Ister or Danubius (now Danube), mans had a pretty accurate knowledge of the
whose basin contains the greater part of cen- sea. An account of its coasts exists in Greek,
tral Europe; the Tyras or Danaster (now Dnies- entitled " Periplus Maris Euxini," ascribed to
ter), Hypanis or Bogus (now Boug), Borysthe- Arrian, who lived in the reign of Hadrian. Vid.
nes (now Dnieper), and Tanais (now Don),, ARRIANUS.
which drain the immense plains of Southern  POPILUS LSNAS.    Vid. L.ENAS.
Russia, and flow into the northern side of the  POPLIC6LA. Vid. PUBLICOLA.
Euxine, the last of them (i. e., the Tanais)  POPPr A SABINA. Vid. SABINA.
through the Palus Mmotis (now Sea of Azov).  OPPor US SABINUS. Vid. SABINUS.
The space thus drained is calculated at above  POPULONIA or -IUM (Populoniensis: Populoeight hundred and sixty thousand square miles, nma), an ancient town of Etruria, situated on a
or nearly one fifth of the whole surface of Eu- lofty hill, sinking abruptly to the sea, and formrope. In Asia, the basin of the Euxinecontains, ing a peninsula. According to one tradition it
first, the triangular piece of Sarmatia Asiatica was founded by the Corsicans; but according
between the Tanals on the north, the Caucasus to another it was a colony from Volaterrs, or
on the south, and on the east the Hippici Mon- was taken from the Corsicans by the Volatertes, which form the watershed dividing the trib- rani. It was not one of the twelve Etruscan
utaries of the Euxine from those of the Caspi- cities, and was never a place of political importan; the waters of this space flow into the Ta- ance; but it carried on an extensive commerce,
nais and the Palus Meotis, and the largest of and was the principal sea-port of Etruria. It
them is the Hypanis or Vardanes (now Kuban), was destroyed by Sulla in the civil wars, and
which comes down to the Palus Mazotis and was in ruins in the time of Strabo. There are
the Euxine at their junction, and divides its still remains of the walls of the ancient Popu700




PORCIA.                                  PORPSENA.
lonia, showing that the city was only about one fifteen books. Of the remainder of his life we
and a half miles in circumference.        know very little. He returned to Rome, where
PoRCIA. 1. Sister of Cato Uticensis, married he continued to teach until his death, which
L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, consul B.C. 54, who took place about 305 or 306. Late in life he
was slain in the battle of Pharsalia. She died married Marcella, the widow of one of his
in 46.-2. Daughter of Cato Uticensis by his fiiends, and the mother of seven children, with
first wife Atilia. She was married first to M. the view, as he avowed, of superintending their
Bibulus, consul 59, to whom she bore three chil- education. As a writer Porphyry deserves condren. Bibulus died in 48; and in 45 she mar- siderable praise. His styleis tolerably clear,
ried M. Brutus, the assassin of Julius Caesar. and not unfrequently exhibits both imagination
She inherited all her father's republican princi- and vigor. His learning was most extensive.
ples, and likewise his courage and firmness of A great degree of critical and philosophical
will. She induced her husband, on the night acumen was not to be expected in one so arbefore the fifteenth of March, to disclose to her dently attached to the enthusiastic and somethe conspiracy against Caesar's life, and she is what fanatical system of Plotinus. His attempt
reported to have wounded herself in the thigh to prove the identity of the Platonic and Arisin order to show that she had a courageous soul, totelic systems would alone be sufficient to
and could be trusted with the secret. She put show  this.  Nevertheless, his acquaintance
an end to her own life after the death of Brutus with the authors whom he quotes was manifestin 42. The common tale was, that her friends, ly far from superficial. His most celebrated
suspecting her design, had taken all weapons work was his treatise against the Christian reout of her way, and that she therefore destroyed ligion; but of its nature and merits we are not
herself by swallowing live coals. The real fact able to judge, as it has not come down to us.
may have been that she suffocated herself by It was publicly destroyed by order of the Emthe vapor of a charcoal fire, which we know was peror Theodosius. The attack was sufficiently
a frequent means of self-destruction among the vigorous to call forth replies from above thirty
Romans.                                   different antagonists, the most distinguished of
PORcrIUS CATO. Vid. CATO.               whom were Methodius, Apollinaris, and EusePoRCIUS FESTUS. Vid. FESTUS.            bius. A large number, however, of his works
PoRCIUS LATRO. Vid. LATRO.              has come down to us, of which his Life of
PORcIus LICINUS. Vid. LICINUS.          Pythagoras and Life of Plotinus are some of
PORPHYRIO, POMPONIUS, the most valuable the best known.
among the ancient commentators on Horace.   PORPHYRIUS, PUBLILIUS OPTATIANUS, a Roman
He lived after Festus and Acro. [These scholia poet, who lived in the age of Constantine the
are printed in several editions of Horace, the Great. He wrote a Panegyric upon Constanlatest is that of G. Braunhard, Lips., 1831, seq., tine; three Idyllia, namely, 1. Ara Pythia, 2.
4 vols. 8vo.]                             Syrinx, 3. Organon, with the lines so arranged
PoRPHtYRION (Ieopovpiov), one of the giants as to represent the form of these objects; and
who fought against the gods. When he at- five Epigrams.
tempted to offer violence to Juno (Hera), or to  [PORRIMA.. Vid. POSTVERTA.]
throw the island of Delos against the gods, Ju-  PORSENA* or PORSENNA, LARS, king of the
piter (Zeus) hurled a thunder-bolt at him, and Etruscan town of Clusium, marched against
Hercules completed his destruction with his Rome at the head of a vast army, in order to
arrows.                                   restore Tarquinius Superbus to the throne. He
PORPHYRIs (IIopovpig), an earlier name of the took possession of the hill Janiculum, and would
island of NISYRus.                        have entered the city by the bridge which conPORPHYRIUS (IIoppvpwo), usually called POR- nected Rome with the Janiculum, had it not
PHYRY, the celebrated antagonist of Christianity, been for the superhuman prowess of Horatius
was a Greek philosopher of the Neo-Platonic Codes, who kept the whole Etruscan army at
school. He was born A.D. 2,33, either in Bata- bay, while his comrades broke down the bridge
neain Palestine or at Tyre. His original name behind him. Vid. COCES. The Etruscans prowas Malchus, the Greek form of the Syrophce- ceeded to lay siege to the city, which soon benician Melech, a word which signified king. gan to suffer from famine. Thereupon ayoung
The name Porphyrius (in allusion to the usual Roman, named C. Mucius, resolved to deliver
color of royal robes) was subsequently devised his country by murdering the invading king.
for him by his preceptor Longinus. After stud- He accordingly went over to the Etruscan camp,
ying under Origen at Ceesarea, and under Apol- but, ignorant of the person of Porsena, killed the
lonius and Longinus at Athens, he settled at royal secretary instead. Seized, and threatened
Rome in his thirtieth year, and there became a with torture, he thrust his right hand into the
diligent disciple of Plotinus. He soon gained fire on the altar, and there let it burn, to show
the confidence of Plotinus, and was intrusted how little he heeded pain. Astonished at his
by the latter with the difficult and delicate duty courage, the king bade him depart in peace;
of correcting and arranging his writings. Vid. and Scaevola, as he was henceforward called,
PLOTINUS. After remaining in Rome six years, told him, out of gratitude, to make peace with
Porphyry fell into an unsettled state of mind, Rome, since three hundred noble youths had
and began to entertain the idea of suicide, in sworn to take the life of the king, and he was
order to get free from the shackles of the flesh; the first upon whom the lot had fallen. Porbut on the advice of Plotinus he took a voyage sena thereupon made peace with the Romans,
to Sicily, where he resided for some time. It and withdrew his troops from the Janiculum
was during his residence in Sicily that he wrote  The quantity of the penultimate is doubtful. It is
nis treatise against the Christian relg-ior, in short in Horace and Martial, but long in Virgil.
701




PORTHAON.                                  POSEIDON.
after receiving twenty hostages from the Ro- Tr6vrof, and groTraif, according to which he is
mans. Such was the tale by which Roman the god of the fluid element. He was a son of
vanity concealed one of the earliest and great- Cronos (Saturn) and Rhea (whence he is called
est disasters of the city. The real fact is, that Cronizs, and by Latin poets Saturnius). He
Rome was completely conquered by Porsena. was accordingly a brother of Zeus (Jupiter),
This is expressly stated by Tacitus (Hist., iii., Hades (Pluto), Hera (Juno), Hestia (Vesta), and
72), and is confirmed by other writers. Pliny Demeter (Ceres), and it was determined by lot
tells us that so thorough was the subjection of that he should rule over the sea. Like his
the Romans that they were expressly prohibited brothers and sisters, he was, after his birth,
from using iron for any other purpose but agri- swallowed by his father Cronos (Saturn), but
culture. The Romans, however, did not long thrown up again. According to others, he was
remain subject to the Etruscans. After the concealed by Rhea, after his birth, among a
conquest of Rome, Aruns, the son of Porsena, flock of lambs, and his mother pretended to
proceeded to attack Aricia, but was defeated have given birth to a young horse, which she
before the city by the united forces of the Latin gave to Cronos (Saturn) to devour. In the Hocities, assisted by the Greeks of Cumne. The meric poems Poseidon (Neptune) is described
Etruscans appear, in consequence, to have been as equal to Zeus (Jupiter) in dignity, but less
confined to their own territory, on the right bank powerful. He resents the attempts of Zeus (Juof the Tiber, and the Romans to have availed piter) to intimidate him; he even threatens his
themselves of the opportunity to recover their mightier brother, and once conspired with Hera
independence.                             (Juno) and Athena (Minerva) to put him into
PORTHiAON (IopOdaov), son of Agenor and Epi- chains; but on other occasions we find him
caste, was king of Pleuron and Calydon in LEto- submissive to Zeus (Jupiter). The palace of
lia, and married to Euryte, by whom he became Poseidon (Neptune) was in the depth of the sea
the father of (Eneus, Agrius, Alcathous, Melas, near AEgae in Eubcea, where he kept his horses
Leucopeus, and Sterope.                   with brazen hoofs and golden manes. With
PORTHMUS (Il6p6OoC), a harbor in Euboea, be- these horses he rides in a chariot over the waves
longing to Eretria, opposite the coast of Attica. of the sea, which become smooth as he apPORTUNUS or PORTUMNUS, the protecting gen- proaches, and the monsters of the deep recogius of harbors among the Romans. He was in- nize him and play around his chariot. Generalvoked to grant a happy return from a voyage. ly he yoked his horses to his chariot himself,
Hence a temple was erected to him at the port but sometimes he was assisted by Amphitrite.
of the Tiber, from whence the road descended Although he generally dwelt in the sea, still he
to the port of Ostia. At his temple an annual also appears at Olympus in the assembly of the
festival, the Portunalia, was celebrated on the gods. Poseidon (Neptune), in conjunction with
17th of August. When the Romans became Apollo, is said to have built the walls of Troy
familiar with Greek mythology, Portunus was for Laomedon, whence Troy is called Neptunia
identified with the Greek Palemon.  Vid. PA- Pergama.  Laomedon refused to give these
L EMON.                                   gods the reward which had been stipulated, and
PO6iU (Id(poc). 1. King of the Indian prov- even dismissed them with threats. Poseidon
inces east of the River Hydaspes, offered a for- (Neptune), in consequence, sent a marine monmidable resistance to Alexander when the lat- ster, which was on the point of devouring La-ter attempted to cross this river, B.C. 327. The omnedon's daughter, when it was killed by Herbattle which he fought with Alexander was one cules; and he continued to bear an implacable
of the most severely contested which occurred hatred against the Trojans.,He sided with the
during the whole of Alexander's campaigns. Greeks in the war against Troy, sometimes
Porus displayed great personal courage in the witnessing the contest as a spectator from the
battle; and when brought before the conqueror, heights of Thrace, and sometimes interfering
he proudly demanded to be treated in a manner in person, assuming the appearance of a mortal
worthy of a king. This magnanimity at once hero and encouraging the Greeks, while Zeus
conciliated the favor of Alexander, who not only (Jupiter) favored the Trojans. In the Odyssey,
restored to him his dominions, but increased Poseidon (Neptune) appears hostile to Ulysses,
them by large accessions of territory. From  whom he prevents from returning home in conthis time Porus became firmly attached to his sequence of his having blinded Polyphemus, a
generous conqueror, whom he accompanied to son of Poseidon (Neptune)by the nymph Thoosa.
the Hyphasis. In 321 Porus was treacherous- Being the ruler of the sea (the Mediterranean),
ly put to death by Eudemus, who commanded he is described as gathering clouds and calling
the Macedonian troops in the adjacent province. forth storms, but at the same time h'e has it in
We are told that Porus was a man of gigantic his power to grant a successful voyage and save
stature-not less than five cubits in height; those who are in danger; and all other marine
and his personal strength and prowess in war divinities are subject to him. As the sea surwere not less conspicuous than his valor.-2. rounds and holds the earth, he himself is deAnother Indian monarch, who, at the time of scribed as the god who holds the earth (yaLoXoE),
Alexander's expedition, ruled over the district and who has it in his power to shake the earth
termed Gandaris, east of the River iHydraotes. (ivoaiXOov, ICtvr77rp ydS). He was further reHis dominions were subdued by Hephaestion, garded as the creator of the horse. It is said
and annexed to those of the preceding Porus, that when Poseidon (Neptune) and Athena (Miwho was his kinsman.                      nerva) disputed as to which of them should give
POSEIDON (IHOCeL6d), called NEPTfNUS by the the name to the capital of Attica, the gods deRomans, was the god of the Mediterranean Sea. cided that it should receive its name from the
His name seems to be connected with  6rTO,, deity who should bestow upon man the most use702




POSEIDON.                                POSIDONIUS.
fl gift. Poseidon (Neptune) then created the with Amphitrite, Tritons, Nereids, dolphins, the
horse, and Athena (Minerva) called forth the Dioscuri, Palemon, Pegasus, Bellerophontes,'
olive-tree, in consequence of which the honor Thalassa, Ino, and Galene. His figure does not
was conferred upon the goddess. According to present the majestic calm which characterizes
others, however, Poseidon (Neptune) did not his brother Zeus (Jupiter); but as the state of
create the horse in Attica, but in Thessaly, the sea is varying, so also is the god representwhere he also gave the famous horses to Pel- ed sometimes in violent agitation and someeus. Poseidon (Neptune) was accordingly be- times in a state of repose. The Roman god
lieved to have taught men the art of managing Neptunus is spoken of in a separate article.
horses by the bridle, and to have been the orig-  PosIDIPFUS (oaGeTidntrro, IHocid6rrtof). 1. An
inator and protector of horse races. Hence he Athenian comic poet of the New Comedy, was
was also represented on horseback, or riding in a native of Cassandrea in Macedonia. He was
a chariot drawn by two or four horses, and is reckoned one of the six most celebrated poets
designated by the epithets inrmrtoc, TrTretoc, or of the New Comedy. In time, he was the last
ZTsrirtoC vaf. He even metamorphosed himself of all the poets of the New Comedy. He began
into a horse for the purpose of deceiving Deme- to exhibit dramas in the third year after the
ter (Ceres). The symbol of Poseidon's (Nep- death of Menander, that is, in B.C. 289. - [The
tune's) power was the trident, or a spear with fragments of his plays are contained in Meithree points, with which he used to shatter neke's Comic. Grcec. Fragm., vol. ii., p. 1141-49,
rocks, to call forth or subdue storms, to shake edit. minor.]-2. An epigrammatic poet who
the earth, and the like. Herodotus states that was probably a different person from the comic
the name and worship of Poseidon (Neptune) poet, though he seems to have lived about the
were brought into Greece from Libya; but he same time. His epigrams formed a part of the
was probably a divinity of Pelasgian origin, and Garland of Meleag-er, and twenty-two of them
originally a personification of the fertilizing are preserved in the Greek Anthology.
power of water, from which the transition to  POSIDIUM (IIoaeidov), the name of several
regarding him as the god of the sea was not promontories sacred to Poseidon (Neptune). 1.
difficult.  The following legends respecting (Now Punta della Licosa), in Lucania, opposite
Poseidon (Neptune) deserve to be mentioned. the island Leucosia, the southern point of the
In conjunction with Zeus (Jupiter) he fought Gulf of Pastum.-2. In Epirus, opposite the
against Cronos (Saturn) and the Titans; and in northeast point of Corcyra. - 3. (Now Cape
the contest with the Giants he pursued Poly- Stavros), in Thessaly, forming the western
botes across the sea as far as Cos, and there point of the Sinus Pagasaeus, perhaps the same
killed him by throwing the island upon him. as the promontory which Livy (xxxi., 46) calls
He further crushed the Centaurs when they Zelasium.-4.(NowCapeHelene),thesouthwestwere pursued by Hercules, under a mountain in ern point of Chios.-5. On the western coast of
Leucosia, the island of the Sirens. He sued, Caria,, between Miletus and the Iassius Sinus,
together with Zeus (Jupiter), for the hand of with a town of the same name upon it.-6. On
Thetis; but he withdrew when Themis proph- the western coast of Arabia, with an altar dediesied that the son of Thetis would be greater cated to Poseidon (Neptune) by Ariston, whom
than his father. When Ares (Mars) had been Ptolemy had sent to explore the Arabian Gulf.
caught in the wonderful net by Hephsestus (Vul- -7. (Now Posseda), a sea-port town in Syria, in
can), the latter set him free at the request of the district Cassiotis.
Poseidon (Neptune); but the latter god after-  PosIDONI.A. Vid. PSTUM.
ward brought a charge against Ares (Mars) be-  POSIDONIUM (TloaEdOvmtov: now Cape Possidhi
fore the Areopagus for having killed his son or Kassandhrea), a promontory on the western
Halirrhothius. At the request of Minos, king coast of the peninsula Pallene in Macedonia,
of Crete, Poseidon.(Neptune) caused a bull to not far from Mende.
rise from the sea, which the king promised to  PosinONIUS (THoaetcSdvtoS), a distinguished
sacrifice; but when Minos treacherously con- Stoic philosopher, was a native of Apamea in.
cealed the animal among a herd of oxen, the Syria. The date of his birth is not known with
god punished Minos by causing his wife Pas- any exactness, but it may be placed about B.C.
iphai to fall in love with the bull. Poseidon 135. He studied at Athens under Panaetius,
(Neptune) was married to Amphitrite, by whom  after whose death (112) Posidonius set out on
he had three children, Triton, Rhode, and Ben- his travels. After visiting most of the counthesicyme; but he had also a vast number of tries on the coast of the Mediterranean, he fixed
children by other divinities and mortal women. his abode at Rhodes, where he became the presiHis worship extended over all Greece and dent of the Stoic school. Ile also took a promSouthern Italy, but he was more especially re- inent part in the political affairs of Rhodes, and
vered in Peloponnesus and in the Ionic towns was sent as ambassador to Rome in.86. Cicero,
on the coast. The sacrifices offered to him  when he visited Rhodes, received instruction
generally consisted of black and white bulls; from Posilonius. Pompey also had a great adbut wild boars and rams were also sacrificed to miration for Posidonius, and visited him twice,
him. Horse and chariot races were held in his in 67 and 62. To the occasion of his first visit
honor on the Corinthian isthmus. The Pan- probably belongs the story that Posidonius, to
ionia, or the festival of all the Ionians near prevent the disappointment of his distinguishMycale, was celebrated in honor of Poseidon ed visitor, though severely afflicted with the
(Neptune). In works of art, Poseidon (Nep- gout, had a long discourse on the topic that pain
tune) may be easily recognized by his attri- is not an evil. In 51 Posidonius removed to
butes, the dolphin, the horse, or the trident, and Rome, and appears to have died soon after at
he was frequently represented in groups along the age of 84. Posidonius was a man of exten703




POSTUMIA CASTRA.                              PR IN:ESTE.
sive and varied acquirements in almost all de-  POTHINoUs, a eunuch, the guardian of the
partmentsof humanknowledge. Cicero thought young King Ptolemy, recommended the assasso highly of his powers that he requested hfim  sination of Pompey when the latter fled to
to write an account of his consulship. As a Egypt, B.C. 48. Pothinus plotted against CAphysical investigator he was greatly superior to sar when he came to Alexandrea shortly afterthe Stoics generally, attaching himself in this ward, and was put to death by Casar's order.
respect rather to Aristotle. His geographical  POTIDnA (Iloridaa: HIorLdaTdrrg: now Piand historical knowledge was very extensive. naka), a town in Macedonia, on the narrow isthHe cultivated astronomy with considerable dili- mus of the peninsula Pallene, was a stronglygence. He also constructed a planetary ma- fortified place, and one of considerable importchine, or revolving sphere, to exhibit the daily ance. It was a colony of the Corinthians, and
motions of the sun, moon, and planets. His must have been founded before the Persian
calculation of the circumference of the earth wars, though the time of its foundation is not
differed widely from that of Eratosthenes. He recorded.  It afterward became tributary to
made it only one hundred and eighty thousand Athens, and its revolt from the latter city in
stadia, and his measurement was pretty gener- B.C. 432 was one of the immediate causes of
ally adopted. None of the writings of Posi- the Peloponnesian war. It was taken by the
donius have come down to us entire. His frag- Athenians in 429, after a siege of more than two
ments are collected by Bake, Lugd. Bat., 1810. years,,its inhabitants expelled, and their place
POSTUMIA CASTRA (now Salado), a fortress in supplied by Athenian colonists. In 356 it was
Hispania Baetica, on a hill near the River Sal- taken by Philip, who destroyed the city, and
sum (now Salado).                         gave its territory to the Olynthians. CassanPOSTUMIA GENS, patrician, was one of the der, however, built a new city on the same site,
most ancient patrician gentes at Rome. Its to which he gave the name ofCAssANDREA (Kaomembers frequently held the highest offices of altvpEta: Kaaaav6dpEv), and which he peopled
the state, from the banishment of the kings to with the remains of the old population and with
the downfall of the republic. The most distin- the inhabitants of Olynthus and the surroundguished family in the gens was that of ALUS ing towns, so that it soon became the most
or ALsINUS; but we also find at the commence- fourishing city in all Macedonia. It was taken
ment of the republic families of the names of and plundered by the Huns, but was restored
Megellus and Tubertus.                    by Justinian.
POSTUMUS, whose full name was M. Cassia-  POTIDANIA, a fortress in the northeast of Etonus Latinius Postumus, stands second in the list lia, near the frontiers of Locris.
of the so-called thirty tyrants. Being nomi-  POTITII. Vid. PINARIA GENS.
nated by Valerian governor of Gaul, he assumed  POTITUS, the name of an ancient and celebratthe title of emperor in A.D. 258, while Valerian ed family of the Valeria gens. This family diswas prosecuting his campaign against the Per- appears about the time of the Samnite wars;
sians. Postumus maintained a strong and just but the name was revived at a later period by
government, and preserved Gaul from the dev- the Valeria gens as a preenomen: thus we find
astation of the warlike tribes upon the eastern mention of a Potitus Valerius Messala, who was
border.  After reigning nearly ten years, he consul suffectus in B.C. 29.
was slain by his soldiers in 267, and Lulianus  POTNeL (iorVLai: HorvLevr), a small town in
proclaimed emperor in his stead.          Bceotia, on the Asopus, ten stadia south of
POSTVERTA or POSTVORTA, properly a surname Thebes, on the road to Plateewe. The adjective
of Carmenta, describing her as turning back-'otniades (sing. Potnias) is an epithet frequently
ward and looking at the past, which she re- I given to the mares which tore to death Glaucus
vealed to poets and other mortals. In like man- of Potnie. Vid. GLAUCUS, No. 1.
ner, the prophetic power, with which she looked  PRAASPA. Vid. PHRAATA.
into the future, is indicated by the surnames  PRACTIUS (IIpdcrmoa: now Borgas or MuskaAntevorta, Prorsa (i. e., Proversa), and Porrimr. koi-Si), a river of the Troad, rising in Mount
Poets, however, have personified these attri- Ida, and flowing into the Hellespont north of
butes of Carmenta, and thus describe them as Abydus.
the companions of the goddess.              PREm NESTE (Prenestinus: now Palestrina),
POTAMI or POTAXMUS (HIorTaUo, HIoray6g: HTord- one of the most ancient towns of Latium, was,uor: now Keratia), a demus in the south of At- situated on a steep and lofty hill, about twenty
tica, belonging to the tribe Leontis, where the miles southeast of Rome, with which it was
tomb of Ion was shown.                    connected by a road called Via Praenestina. It
POTXMON (IloTaruOv). 1. A rhetorician ofMyt- was probably a Pelasgic city, but it'claimed a
ilene, lived in the time of Tiberius Caesar, Greek origin, and was said to have been foundwhose favor he enjoyed.-2. A philosopher of ed by Telegonus, the son of Ulysses. It wa
Alexandrea, who is said to have introduced at strongly fortified by nature and by art, and freRome an eclectic sect of philosophy. He ap- quently resisted the attacks of the Roman
pears to have lived at Rome a little before the Together with the other Latin towns, it became
time of Plotinus, and to have intrusted his chil- subject to Rome, and was at a later period made
dren to the guardianship of the latter.   a Roman colony.,It was here that the younger
POTENTIA (Potentinus). 1. A town of Pice- Marius took refuge, and was for a considerable
num, on the River Flosis, between Ancona and time besieged by Sulla's troops. Prseneste posCastellum Firmanum, was made a Roman col- sessed a very celebrated and ancient temple of
ony in B.C. 186.-2. (Now Potenza), a town of Fortuna, with an oracle, which is. often menLucania, on the Via Popilia, east of Forum Po- tioned under the name of Praenestinae sortes.
pilii.                                    It also had a temple of Juno. In consequence
704:




PRFISUS.                                PRAXITELES.
of its lofty situation, Preneste was a cool and  PR.AXAGORAS (Ipa:ay6pac), a celebrated physihealthy residence in the great heats of summer cian, was a native of the island of Cos, and lived
(frigidum FPrneste, Hor., Carm., iii., 4, 22), and in the fourth century B.C. He belonged to the
was therefore much frequented at that season medical sect of the Dogmatici, and was celeby the wealthy Romans. The remains of the brated for his knowledge of medical science in
ancient walls and some other antiquities are general, and especially for his attainments in
still to be seen at Palestrina.           anatomy and physiology.
PRtESUS (HpatcoG: Ilpafiato), an inland town  PRAXIAS (HIpaila), an Athenian sculptor of
in the east of Crete, belonging to the Eteocre- the age of Phidias, but of the more archaic
tes, which was destroyed by the neighboring school of Calamis, commenced the execution
town of Hierapytna.                       of the statues in the pediments of the great
PRYETORIA AUGUSTA. Vid. AUGUSTA, No. 4. temple of Apollo at Delphi, but died while he
[PRETUTII, a people of Central Italy, who are was still engaged upon the work. His date
often assigned to Picenurn, though they were may be placed about B.C. 448 and onward.
of a different race from the Picentes. Their ter-  PRAXDICE (IlpaSdilc), i. e., the goddess who
ritory was fertile, and celebrated for its wine. carries out the objects of justice, or watches
The principal places in their land were Inter- that justice is done to men. When Menelaus
aemna and HIadria (now Atri).]            arrived in Laconia, on his return from Troy, he
PRs (IIHpdS, gen. IlpavTr6: lHpavri), a town of set up a statue of Praxidice near Gytheum, not
Thessaly, in the west of the district Phthiotis, far from the spot where Paris, in carrying off
on the northeastern slope of Mount Narthacius. Helen, had founded a sanctuary of Aphrodite
PRASIE (HpaoLai: HpaanLEv). 1. Or PRASIA (Venus) Migonitis. Near Haliartus, inBoeotia,
(Ilpaela), a town of the Eleuthero-lacones, on we meet with the worship of Praxidicae, in the
the eastern coast of Laconia, was taken and de- plural: they were here called daughters of Oxstroyed by the Athenians in the second year of yges, and their names were Alalcomenia, Thelxthe Peloponnesian war. - 2. (Now Prassa), a incea, and Aulis. In the Orphic poets Praxidice
demus in Attica, south of Stiria, belonging to seems to be a surname of Persephone (Proserthe tribe Pandionis, with a temple of Apollo.  pina).
PRASIAS LACUS (IlpaoatC LA vvn: now Takino),  PRAXILLA (Hpa'd2a), of Sicyon, a lyric poeta lake in Thrace, between the Strymon and ess, who flourished about B.C. 450, and was one
Nestus, and near the Strymonic Gulf, with silver of the nine poetesses who were distinguished
mines in the neighborhood.                astheLyricMuses. Her scholiawere amongthe
PRASiI, PRE si, and PARRHASYi (IJpdaol': San- most celebrated compositions of that species.
serit Prachinas, i. e., people of the Eastern coun- She belonged to the Dorian school of lyric potry), a great and powerful people of India on etry, but there were also traces of Eolic influthe Ganges, governed at the time of Seleucus ence in her rhythms, and even in her dialect.
I. by King SANDROCOTTUS. Their capital city [The fragments of her poems are given in Praxwas Palibothra (now Patna); and the extent ille Grcecanicce vatis quce extant residua, Upsals,
of the kingdom seems to have embraced the 1826; and are found also in the collections of
whole valley of the Upper Ganges, at least as Schneidewin and Bergk.]
far down as that city. At a later time the mon-  PRAXYPHANES (IopaCLadvTfI), a Peripatetic phiarchy declined, so that in Ptolemy we only find losopher, a native either of Mytilene or of
the name as that of the inhabitants of a small Rhodes, was a pupil of Theophrastus, and lived
district, called Prasiaca (ilpaaia/cj), about the about B.C. 322. Epicurus is said to have been
River Soa.                                one of his pupils. Praxiphanes paid especial
PRASODIS MARE (Ilpafodrcf i-'d2acaa or c6o- attention to grammatical studies, and is hence
frog), the southwestern part of the Indian Ocean, named along with Aristotle as the founder and
about the Promontory PRASUM.              creator of the science of grammar.
PRASUM (HIpdaov cpcurr7ptov: now Cape Del-  PRAXITfELES (Ilpa$trelT), one of the most disgado), a promontory on the eastern coast of tinguished artists of ancient Greece, was both
Africa, in l10  south latitude, appears to have a statuary in bronze and a sculptor in marble.
been the southernmost point to which the an- We know nothing of his personal history, excient knowledge of this coast extended.   cept that he was a citizen, if not a native, of
PRATYNAS (IHparvac), one of the early tragic Athens, and that his career as an artist was inpoets atAthens, whose combined efforts brought timately connected with that city. He probthe art to its perfection, was a native of Phlius, ably flourished about B.C. 364 and onward.
and was therefore by birth a Dorian. It is not Praxiteles stands, with Scopas, at the head of
stated at what time he went to Athens; but he the later Attic school, so called in contradistincwas older than Choerilus, and younger than Es- tion to the earlier Attic school of Phidias. Withchylus, with both of whom he competed for the out attempting those sublime impersonations
prize about B.C. 500. The step in the progress of divine majesty in which Phidias had been so
of the art which was ascribed to Pratinas was inimitably successful, Praxiteles was unsurthe separation of the satyric from the tragic passed in the exhibition of the softer beauties
drama. His plays were much esteemed. Prat- of the human form, especially in the female
inas also ranked high among the lyric as well figure. The most celebrated work of Praxitas the dramatic poets of his age. He may, per- eles was his marble statue of Aphrodite (Vehaps, be considered to have shared with his con- nus), which was distinguished from other stattemporary Lasus the honor of founding the Athe- ues of the goddess by the name of the Cnidians,
nian school of dithyrambic poetry. [The frag- who purchased it. It was always esteemed the
ments of Pratinas are contained in Wagner's most perfectly beautiful of the statues of the
Tragic. Grac. Fragm., p. 7-10.]           goddess. Many made the voyage to Cnidus cx45                                                             705




PRAXITHEA.                                  PRIAPUS.
pressly to behold it. So highly did the Cnidi-  PRIAXus (IHpiuoe), the famous king of Troy
ans themselves esteem their treasure, that when at the time of the Trojan war. He was a son
King Nicomedes offered them, as the price of ofLaomedon and Strymo or Placia. His origit, to pay off the whole of their heavy public inal name is said to have been Podarces, i. e.,
debt, they preferred to endure any suffering  "the swift-footed," which was changed into
rather than part with the work which gave their Priamus, "the ransomed" (from Trpiauat), becity its chief renown. It was afterward carried cause he was the only surviving son of Laomto Constantinople, where it perished by fire in edon, and was ransomed by his sister Hesione
the reign of Justinian. Praxiteles modelled it after he had fallen into the hands of Hercules.
from a favorite courtesan named Phryne, of He is said to have been first married to Arisbe,
whom he also made more than one portrait the daughter of Merops, by whom he became
statue. Another of the celebrated works of the father of tEsacus; but afterward he gave
Praxiteles was his statue of Eros. It was pre- up Arisbe to Hyrtacus, and married Hecuba, by
served at Thespire, where it was dedicated by whom he had the following children: Hector,
Phryne; and an interesting story is told of the Alexander or Paris, Deiphobus, Helenus, Pammanner in which she became possessed of it. mon, Polites, Antiphus, Hipponous, Polydorus,
Praxiteles pad promised to give Phryne which- Troilus, Creusa, Laodice, Polyxena, and Casever of his works she might choose, but he was sandra. By other women he had a great many
unwilling to tell her which of them, in his own children besides. According to the Homeric
opinion, was the best. To discover this, she tradition, he was the father of fifty sons, ninesent a slave to tell Praxiteles that a fire had teen of whom were children of Hecuba, to whom
broken out in his house, and that most of his others add an equal number of daughters. In
works had already perished. On hearing this the earlier part of his reign Priam is said to
message, the artist rushed out, exclaiming that have supported the Phrygians in their war
all his toil was lost if the fire had touched his against the Amazons. When the Greeks landSatyr or his Eros. Upon this, Phryne confessed ed on the Trojan coast Priam was already adthe stratagem, and chose the Eros. This statue vanced in years, and took no active part in the
was removed to Rome by Caligula, restored to war. Once only did he venture upon the field
Thespike by Claudius, and carried back by Nero of battle, to conclude the agreement respecting
to Rome, where it stood in Pliny's time in the the single combat between Paris and Menelaus.
schools of Octavia, and it finally perished in the After the death of Hector, Priam, accompanied
conflagration of that building in the reign of by Mercury (Hermes), went to the tent of AchilTitus. Praxiteles had two sons, who were les to ransom his son's body for burial, and obalso distinguished sculptors, Timarchus and Ce- tained it. His death is not mentioned by Hophisodotus.                                mer, but is related by later poets. When the
PRAXITHEA (IIpaLOea), daughter of Phrasimus Greeks entered Troy, the aged king put on his
and Diogenia, was the wife of Erechtheus, and armor, and was on the point of rushing against
mother of Cecrops, Pandorus, Metion, Orneus, the enemy, but he was prevailed on by Hecuba
Procris, Creusa, Chthonia, and Orithyia.  to take refuge with herself and her daughters
PRECIANI, a people in Gallia Aquitanica, at the as a suppliant at the altar of Jupiter (Zeus).
foot of the Pyrenees.                     While he was tarrying in the temple, his son
PRELIUS LACUS (now Lago di Castiglione), a Polites, pursued by Pyrrhus, rushed into the
lake in Etruria, near the coast, near the north- sacred spot, and expired at the feet of his faern end of which was a small island.      ther, whereupon Priam, overcome with indig[PREXNIs (IHppitf). Vid. PRImIS.]       nation, hurled his spear with feeble hand against
PREPESINTHUS (Iper-ELvatv0o), one of the small- Pyrrhus, but was forthwith killed by the latter.
er Cyclades, between Oliaros and Siphnos.  Virgil mentions (,En., v., 564) another Priam,
[PREXASPES (IIp2d(Ia7rn). 1. A Persian, held a son of Polites, and a grandson of King Priam.
in the highest esteem and greatly trusted by  PRIANSUS (HIpiavao: HpLdavooc, fIptavatEV),
Cambyses: he was employed by the latter to a town in Crete, on the southern coast, south of
make away with his brother Smerdis secretly. Lyctus, confounded by Strabo with Praesus.
His fidelity was severely tested on one occa-  PRIPUS (lpiairoc), son of Bacchus (Dionysion, when Cambyses, in one of his fits of phren- sus) and Venus (Aphrodite). It is said that Vesy, shot the son of Prexaspes through the heart nus (Aphrodite), who was in love with Bacchus
with an arrow before the eyes of his parent to (Dionysus), went to meet the god on his return
prove that his hand was steady, and that the from India, but soon abandoned him, and procharge against him of too great fondness for ceeded to Lampsacus on the Hellespont to give
wine was unfounded. When the false Smerdis birth to the child of the god. Juno (Hera), who
usurped the throne, Cambyses suspected Prex- was dissatisfied with her conduct, caused her
aspes of treachery, but the latter cleared him- to give birth to a child of extreme ugliness, who
self. Subsequently the magi endeavored to gain was named Priapus. The earliest Greek poets,
Prexaspes to their side, but he, pretending at first such as Homer and Hesiod, do not mention this
to favor their views by denying the assassina- divinity, and it was only in later times that he
tion of Smerdis, declared before the assembled was honored with divine worship. He was worPersians the truth, and exposed the scheme of shipped more especially at Lampsacus on the
the magi, and then threw himself from the tow- Hellespont, whence he is sometimes called Heler on which he was standing.-2. Son of Aspa- lespontiacus. He was regarded as the promoter
thines, one of the naval commanders of Xerxes.] of fertility both in vegetation and in all animals
PRIAMxDES, that is, a son of Priam, by which connected with an agricultural life; and in this
name Hector, Paris, Helenus, Deiphobus, and capacity he was worshipped as the protector of
the other sons of Priam are frequently called.  flocks of sheep and goats, of bees, of the vine, of
706




PRIAPUS.                                  PRISCUS.
all garden produce, and even of fishing. Like first generals in Europe who declared in favor
other divinities presiding over agricultural pur- of Vespasian, and he rendered him the most imsuits, he was believed to be possessed of pro- portant services. In conjunction with the govphetic powers, and is sometimes mentioned in ernors of Mcesia and Pannonia, he invaded Itthe plural. As Priapus had many attributes in aly, gained a decisive victory over the Vitellian
common with other gods of fertility, the Orphics army at Bedriacum, and took Cremona, which
identified him with their mystic Bacchus (Dio- he allowed his soldiers to pillage and destroy.
nysus), Mercury (Hermes), Helios; &c. The He afterward forced his way into Rome, notAttic legends connect Priapus with such sens- withstanding the obstinate resistance of the Viualand licentious beings as Conisalus, Orthanes, tellian troops, and had the government of the
and Tychon. In like manner, he was confound- city till the arrival ofMucianus from Syria. Vid.
ed by the Italians with Mutunus or Muttunus, MUCIANUS, No. 2. We learn from Martial, who
the personification of the fructifying power in was a friend of Antonius Primus, that he was
nature. The sacrifices offered to him consist- alive at the accession of Trajan.
ed of the first-fruits of gardens, vineyards, and  PRISCIANUS, a Roman grammarian, surnamed
fields, of milk, honey, cakes, rams, asses, and  Cesariensis, either because he was born at Caesfishes. He was represented in carved images, area, or educated there. He flourished about
mostly in the form of herma, carrying fruit in A.D. 450, and taught grammar at Constantinohis garment, and either a sickle or cornucopia -ple.  He was celebrated for the extent and
in his hand. The hermse of Priapus in Italy, depth of his grammatical knowledge, of which
like those of other rustic divinities, were usu- he has left the evidence in his work on the subally painted red, whence the god is called ruber ject, entitled Commentariorum grammaticorum
or rubicundus.                            Libri XVIII., addressed to his friend and paPRIaPUS (IIpia-ro, Ion. Hpipnrog: HIpta7rrv6k: tron, the consul Julianus. Other titles are, howruins at Karlaboa). 1. A city of Mysia, on the ever, frequently given to it. The first sixteen
Propontis, east of Parium, with a small but ex- books treat of the eight parts of speech reccellent harbor. It was a colony of the Mile- ognized by the ancient grammarians, letters,
sians, and a chief seat of the worship of PRIA- syllables, &c. The last two books are on synPus. The surrounding district was calledPRIA- tax. This treatise soon became the standard
Pis (,pltapriS ) and PRIAPENE (IpLaartyvj).-[2. A  work on Latin grammar, and in the epitome of
small island of the 2Egean Sea, near Ephesus.] Rabanus Maurus obtained an extensive circuPRIENE (Hptj/y: HptvveVrf, IlptjLOfr: Prien- lation. The other works of Priscianus still exeus, pl. Prienenses: ruins at Samsun), one of tant are, 1. A grammatical catechism on twelve
the twelve Ionian cities on the coast of Asia Mi- lines of the.Eneid, manifestly intended as a
nor, stood in the northwestern corner of Caria, school book. 2. A treatise on accents. 3. A
at the southern foot of Mount Mycale, and on treatise on the symbols used to denote numbers
the northern side of the Sinus Latmicus. Its and weights, and on coins and numbers. 4. On
foundation was ascribed mythically to the Ne- the metres of Terence. 5. A translation of the
leid 4Epytus, in conjunction with Cadmeans, IIpoyvtva6cuaTa (Prceexercitamenta) of Hermogefrom whom it was also called Kadctj. It stood nes. 6. On the declensions of nouns. 7. A
originally on the sea-shore, and had two. har- poemon the Emperor Anastasius, in three hundbors and a small fleet, but the change in the red and twelve hexameters, with a preface in
coast by the alluvial deposits of the Masander twenty-two iambic lines. 8. A piece De Ponleft it some distance inland. It was of much deribus et Mlensuris, in verse. 9. An Epitome
religious importance in connection with the Pa- phenomenon, or De Sideribus, in verse. 10. A
nionian festival on Mount Mycale, at which the free translation of the Periegesis of Dionysius,
people of Priene took precedence in virtue of in one thousand four hundred and twenty-seven
their being the supposed descendants of those lines, manifestly made for the instruction of
of Helice in Greece Proper. The city was also youth. 11. A couple of epigrams. The best
celebrated as the birth-place of BIAS.    edition of Priscianus is by Krehl, Lips., 1819PRIFERNUM, a town of the Vestini, on the east- 20, 2 vols. 8vo.
ern coast of Central Italy.                 PRISCIANUS, THEODORUS, a physician, and a
[PRILIS LACUS, called by Cicero LACUS PRE- pupil of Vindicianus, lived in the fourth century
LIUS (now Lago di Castiglione), a lake of Etru- after Christ. He is supposed to have lived at
ria, near the city of Rusellke, and just above the the court of Constantinople, and to have attainRiver Umbro (now Ombrone).]               ed the dignity of Archiater. He is the author
[PRIMIS or PREMNIS (HIpEtf or HIpyvt). 1. 1.of a Latin work, entitled Rerum Medicarum LiCalled Magna, to distinguish it from No. 2, sit- bri Quatuor, published in 1532, both at Strasburg
uated near the junction of the Astaboras with and at Basel.
the Nile, immediately north of the island of  PRIscUS (IlpioIcof), a Byzantine historian, was
Meroe.-2. (Now Ibreem, with Egyptian and Ro- a native of Panium in Thrace, and was one
man ruins), on the Nile, further down than No. of the ambassadors sent by Theodosius the
1, occupied as a frontier post by the Romans.]  Younger to Attila, A.D. 445. He died about
PRIMUS, M. ANTONIUS, a native of Tolosa in 471. Priscus wrote an account of his embassy
Gaul, was condemned of forgery (falsum) in the to Attila, enriched by digressions on the life and
reign of Nero, was expelled the senate, of which reign of that king. The work was in eight books,
he was a member, and was banished from the but only fragments of it have come down to us.
city. After the death of Nero (68), he was re- Priscus was an excellent and trustworthy hisstored to his former rank by Galba, and appoint- torian, and his style was remarkably elegant
ed to the command of the seventh legion, which and pure. The fragments are published, with
was stationed in Pannonia. He was one of the those of Dexippus and others, by Bekker and
707




PRISCUS, HELVIDIUS.                             PROCLUS0
Niebuhr, in the Bonn Collection of the Byzan- downfall of FIorianus speedily removed his only
tines, 1829, 8vo.                         rival (vid. FLORIANUS), and he was enthusiasticPRIscvS, HELLVIDIUS, son-in-law of Thrasea ally hailed by the united voice of the senate,
Poetus, and, like him, distinguished by his love the people, and the legions. The reign of Proof virtue, philosophyand liberty. He was quees- bus presents a series of the most brilliant
tor in Achaia during the reign of Nero, and trib- achievements. He defeated the barbarians on
une of the plebs A.D. 56. When Thrasea was the frontiers of Gaul and Illyricum, and in othput to death by Nero (66), Priscus was banish- er parts of the Roman empire, and put down
ed from Italy. He was recalled to Rome by the rebellions of Saturninus at Alexandrea, and
Galba (68), but in consequence of his freedom  of Proculus and Bonosus in Gaul. But, after
of speech and love of independence, he was crushing all external and internal foes, he was
again banished by Vespasian, and was shortly killed at Sirmium by his own soldiers, who had
afterward put to death by order of this emperor. risen in mutiny against him because he had emHis life was written by Herennius Senecio at ployed them in laborious public works. Probus
the request of his widow Fannia; and the ty- was as just and virtuous as he was warlike, and
rant Domitian, in consequence of this work, is deservedly regarded as one of the greatest
subsequently put Senecio to death, and sent and best of the Roman emperors.
Fannia into exile. Priscus left a son, Helvid-  PROBUS, VALERIUS. 1. Of Berytus, a Romar
ins, who was put to death by bomitian.    grammarian, who lived in the time of Nero. To)
PRISCUS, SERVILIUS. The Prisci were an an- this Probus we may assign those annotations
cient family of the Servilia gens, and filled the on Terence, from which fragments are quoted
highest offices ofthe state during the early years in the scholia on the dramatist.-2. A Roman
of the republic. They also bore the agnomen grammarian, flourished some years before A,
of Structus, which is always appended to their Gellius, and therefore about the beginning of the
name in the East, till it was supplanted by that second century. He was the author of comof Fidenas, which was first obtained by Q. Ser- mentaries on Virgil, and possessed a copy of a
vilius Priscus Structus, who took Fidenee in his portion, at least, of the Georgics, which had
dictatorship, B.C. 435, and which was also borne been corrected by the hand of the poet himself
by his descendants.                       These are the commentaries so frequently cited
PRIscus, TARQUINIUS. Vid. TARQUINIUS.   by Servius; but the Scholia in Bucolica et GearPRIVERNUM (Privernas, -atis: now Piperno), gica, now extant under the name of Probus, bean ancient town of Latium, on the River Ama- long to a much later period. This Probus was
senus, belonged to the Volscians. It was con- probably the author of the life of Persius, conquered by the Romans at an early period, and monly ascribed to Suetonius. There is extant
was subsequently made a colony.           a work upon grammar, in two books, entitled
[PRIVERNUS, a Rutulian warrior under Tur- M. Valerii Probi Grammaticce Institutiones; but
nus, slain by Capys.]                     this work was probably not written by either of
PROmRESIUS (IpoatpFaleto), a teacher ofrhet- the preceding grammarians. It is published in
oric, was a native of Armenia, and was born the collections of Putschius, Hannov., 1605, and
about A.D. 276. He first studied at Antioch of Lindemann, Lips., 1831.
under Ulpian, and afterward at Athens under  PROCAS, one of the fabulous kings of Alba
Julianus. He became at a later time the chief Longa, succeeded Aventinus, and reigned twenteacher of rhetoric at Athens, and enjoyed a ty-three years: he was the father of Numitor
very high reputation. He died in 368, in his and Amulius.
ninety-second year.                         PROCHYTA (now Procida), an island off the
[PROBA, FALCONIA, a poetess, greatly admired coast of Campania, near the promontory Misein the Middle Ages, but whose real name and num, is said to have been torn away by an
the place of whose nativity are uncertain. Her earthquake either from this promontory or from
only production now extant, a Cento Virgilia- the neighboring island of Pithecusa or Enaria.
nus, contains narratives in hexameter verse of  [PROCILLA, JULIA, the mother of Agricola.]
striking events. in the Old and New Testament,  [PRocILLIUS, a Roman historian, a contemexpressed in lines and portions of lines derived porary of Cicero. He appears to have written
from the poems of Virgil. The best editions on early Roman history, as Varro quotes his
of the Cento Virgilianus are by Meibomius, account of the origin of the Curtian Lake, as well
Helmst., 4to, 1597; and of Kromayer, Hal. as on the later history, as he mentions PomMagd., 8vo, 1719.]                        pey's triumph on his return from Africa.]
PROBALINTHUS (Hpo6d(2tVvOS: npoa6aUitog), a  PRocLES (TIpoKc2O)  1. One of the twin sons
demus in Attica, south of Marathon, belonging of Aristodemus. For details, vid. EURYSTHENES.
to the tribe Pandionis.                   -[2. Tyrant of Epidaurus, the father of Lysis
PROBsATiA(Hpo6ania),a river ofBoeotia,which, or Melissa, the wife of Periander. Having reafter passing through the territory of Trachin, vealed to the son of the latter the secret of his
and receiving its tributary the Hercyna, flowed mother's death (rid. PERIANDER), he incurred
into the Lake Copais.                     the implacable resentment of Periander, who
PROBUS, EMILIUS. Vid. NEPOS, CORNELIUS. attacked and captured Epidaurus, and took ProPROBUs, M. AURELIUS, Roman emperor A.D. cles prisoner.]
276-282, was a native of Sirmium in Pannonia,  PRocLUS (IIpOS/oc). 1. Surnamed Diadochus
and rose to distinction by his military abilities. (Aidaoxoy), the successor, from his being regardHe was appointed by the Emperor Tacitus gov- ed as the genuine successor of Plato in docernor of the whole East, and, upon the death trine, was one of the most celebrated teachers
of that sovereign, the purple was forced upon of the Neo-Platonic school. He was born at Byhis acceptance by the armies of Syria. The zantium A.D. 412, but was brought up at Xan708




PROCLUS.                                 PROCOPIUS.
thus in Lycia, to which cityhis parents belonged, complete edition of Proclus. The edition of
and which Proclus himself regarded as his na- Cousin (Paris, 6 vols. 8vo, 1820-1827) contains
tive place. He studied at Alexandrea under the following treatises of Proclus: On ProviOlympiodorus, and afterward at Athens under dence and Fate; On Ten Doubts about ProviPlutarchus and Syrianus. At an early age his dence; On the Nature of Evil; a Commentary
philosophical attainments attracted the attention on the Alcibiades, and a Commentary on the
and admiration of his contemporaries. He had Parmenides. The other principal works of Prowritten his commentary on the Timeus of Pla- clus are: On the Theology of Plato, in six
to, as well as many other treatises, by his twen- books; Theological Elements;'a Commentary
ty-eighth year. On the death of Syrianus, Pro- on the Timeeus of Plato; five Hymns of an
clus succeeded him in his school, and inherited  Orphic character. Several of these have been
from him the house in which he resided and translated into English by Thomas Taylor.
taught. Marinus, in his life of Proclus, records, Proclus was also a distinguished mathematician
with intense admiration, the perfection towhich and grammarian. His Commentaries on the
his master attained in all virtues. The highest first book of Euclid, and on the Works and Days
of these virtues were, in the estimation of Ma- of Hesiod, are still extant.-[2. EUTYCHIUS, a
rinus, those of a purifying and ascetic kind. grammarian, who flourished in the second cenFrom animal food he almost totally abstained; tury, born at Sicca, in Africa. He was the infasts and vigils he observed with scrupulous structor of M. Antoninus, and is called the most
exactitude. The reverence with which he hon- learned grammarian of his age.]
ored the sun and moon would seem to have    PROCNE (IIp6Kvr), daughter of King Pandion
been unbounded. He celebrated all the import- of Athens, and wife of Tereus. Her story is
ant religious festivals of every nation, himself given under TEREUS.
composing hymns in honor, not only of Grecian  PROCONNESUS (TIpolc6vvUaog, or ITpouC6vvnog,
deities, but of those of other nations also. Nor i. e., Fawn Island, now Marmara), an island of
were departed heroes and philosophers except- the Propontis (now Sea of Marmara), which
ed from this religious veneration; and he even takes from it its modern name, off the northern
performed sacred rites in honor of the departed coast of Mysia, northwest of the peninsula of
spirits of the entire human race. It was, of Cyzicus or Dolionis. The latter was also called
course, not surprising that such a man should Proconnesus from 7rpoS (fawn), because it was
be favored with various apparitions and mirac- a favorite resort of deer in the fawning season,
ulous interpositions of the gods. He used to whence it was also called ELAPHONNESUS ('Eiatell how a god had once appeared and proclaimed  b6vvyao., i. e., deer-island); and the two were
to him the glory of the city. But the still higher distinguished by the names of Old and New
grade of what, in the language of the school, Proconnesus. The island was celebrated for
was termed the theurgic virtue, he attained by its marble, and hence its modern name.  It
his profound meditations on the oracles, and the was the native place of the poet ARISTEAS.
Orphic and Chaldaic mysteries, into the pro-  PROCOPIUS (IlpoKo67ro). 1. A native of Cilifound secrets of which he was initiated by As- cia, and a relative of the Emperor Julian, served
clepigenia, the daughter of Plutarchus, who with distinction under Constantius II. and Jualone was in complete possession of the theur- lian. Having incurred the suspicions of Jovian
gic knowledge and discipline, which had de- and of his successorValens, Procopius remainscended to her from the great Nestorius. He ed in concealment for about two years; but in
profited so much by her instructions as to be A.D. 365 he was proclaimed emperor at Conable, according to Marinus, to call down rain in stantinople, while Valens was staying at Caesaa time of drought, to stop an earthquake, and rea in Cappadocia. Both parties prepared for
to procure the immediate intervention of ZEs- war. In the following year (366) the forces of
culapius to cure the daughter of his friend Procopius were defeated in two great battles.
Archiadas. Proclus died A.D. 485. During the Procopius himself was taken prisoner, and put
last five years of his life he had become super- to death by order of Valens. -2. An eminent
annuated, his strength having been exhausted Byzantine historian, was born at Caesarea, in
by his fastings and other ascetic practices. As- Palestine, about A.D. 500. He went to Cona philosopher, Proclus enjoyed the highest ce- stantinople when still a young man, and there
lebrity among his contemporaries and success- obtained so much distinction as an advocate
ors; but his philosophical system is character- and a professor of eloquence, that he attracted
ized by vagueness, mysticism, and want of good the attention of Belisarius, who appointed him
sense. He professed that his design was not his secretary in 527. In this capacity Procoto bring forward views of his own, but simply pius accompanied the great hero on his differto expound Plato, in doing which he proceeded ent wars in Asia, Africa, and Italy, being freon the idea that every thing in Plato must be quently employed in state business of importbrought into accordance with the mystical the- ance, or in conducting military expeditions.
ology of Orpheus. He wrote a separate work Procopius returned with Belisarius to Constanon the coincidence of the doctrines of Orpheus, tinople a little before 542. His eminent talents
Pythagoras, and Plato. It was much in the were appreciated by the Emperor Justinian,
same spirit that he attempted to blend together who conferred upon him the title of illustris,
the logical method of Aristotle and the fanciful made him a senator, and in 562 created him
speculations of Neo-Platonic mysticism. Sev- prefect of Constantinople. Procopius died about
eral of the works of Proclus are still extant. the same time as Justinian, 565. As an histoThe most important of them consist of Com- rian, Procopius deserves great praise.  His
mentaries on Plato, a treatise on various theo- style is good, formed upon classic models, often
logical and philosophical subjects. There is no elegant, and generally full of vigor. His works
709




PROCRIS.                                  PR(ETUS.
are: 1. Histories ('Iropial), in eight books; ed to him, bidding him tell the people to honor
viz., two On the Persian War, containing the him in future as a god under the name of Quiriperiod from 408-553, and treating more fully nus.
of the author's own times; two On the War   PRODICUs (IIPp6dcoc), the celebrated sophist,
with the Vandals, 395-545; four On the Gothic was a native of Iulis, in the island of Ceos.
War, or, properly speaking, only three books, He lived in the time of the Peloponnesian war
the fourth (eighth)-being a sort of supplement and subsequently; but the date can not be decontaining various matters, and going down to termined either of his birth or of his death.
the beginning of 553. It was continued by Prodicus came frequently to Athens on the pubAgathias till 559. The work is extremely in- lic business of his native city. He was brought
teresting; the descriptions of the habits, &c., forward in the Clouds and the Birds of Arisof the barbarians are faithful, and done in a tophanes, which belong respectively to B.C. 423
masterly style. 2. On the Public Buildings erect- and 414. Prodicus is mentioned as one of the
ed by Justinian (Kriou/ara), in six books. A  teachers of Isocrates, and he was alive at the
work equally interesting and valuable in its time of the death of Socrates (399). Suidas
kind, though apparently too much seasoned relates that Prodicus was put to death by the
with flattery of the emperor. 3. Anecdota ('Av- Athenians as a corrupter of the youth, but this
scoTra), a collection of anecdotes, some of them  statement sounds very suspicious. He is menwitty and pleasant, but others most indecent, tioned both by Plato and Xenophon with more
reflecting upon Justinian, the Empress Theo- respect than the other sophists. Like Protagodora, Belisarius, and other eminent persons. ras and others, he travelled through Greece, deIt is a complete Chronique Scandaleuse of the livering lectures for money, and in this way he
court of Constantinople, from 549 till 562. 4. amassed a large fortune. He paid especial atOrationes, probably extracts from the', Histo- tention to the correct use of words. We have
ry," which is rather overstocked with harangues the substance of one of his lectures preserved
and speeches. The best edition of the collect- by Xenophon in the well-known fable called
ed works of Procopius is by Dindorf, Bonn, 3 "The choice of Hercules." When Hercules,
vols. 8vo, 1833-1838; [the best edition of the as he entered upon manhood, was upon the
Anecdota is by Orelli, Lipsie, 1827, 8vo.]  point of choosing between virtue and vice, there
PROCRIS (HIIPOCPI), daughter of Erechtheus appeared to him two women, the one of digniand wife of Cephalus. For details, vid. CEPH- fled beauty, adorned with purity, modesty, and
ALUS.                                     discretion, the other of a voluptuous form, and
PROCRUSTES (IIpoKpoDvavTf ), that is, "the meretricious look and dress. The latter promStretcher," a surname of the famous robber ised to lead him by the shortest road, without
Polypemon or Damastes. He used to tie all any toil, to the enjoyment of every pleasure.
travellers who fell into his hands upon a bed: The other, while she reminded him of his anif they were shorter than the bed, he stretched cestors and his noble nature, did not conceal
their limbs till they were of the same length; from him that the gods have granted nothing
if they were longer than the bed, he made them  really.beautiful and good without toil and labor.
of the same size by cutting off some of their The former sought to deter him from the path
limbs. He was slain by Theseus, on the Ce- of virtue by urging its difficulties; the latter
phisus, in Attica. The bed of Procrustes is impressed upon him the emptiness of pleasure,
used proverbially even at the present day.  and the honor and happiness flowing from a life
PROCUiEIUS, C., a Roman eques, one of the of virtue. Thereupon Hercules decided in fafriends of Augustus, was sent by the latter, after vor of virtue.
the victory at Actium, to Antony and Cleopa-  PROER NA (HpoBepva), a town of Thessaly, in
tra. It is of this Proculeius that Horace speaks the western part of the district of Phthiotis, on
(Carm., ii., 2). He is said to have divided his the western slope of Mount Narthacius, and
property with his brothers (perhaps cousins) near the sources of the Apidanus.
Caepio and Murena, who had lost their property  PRCTIDES. Vid. PRCETUS.
in the civil wars. Proculeius put an end to his  PRCETUS (HpolTrof), son of Abas and Ocalea,
life by taking gypsum, when suffering from a and twin-brother of Acrisius. In the dispute
disease in the stomach..        between the two brothers for the kingdom of
PROCULUS, the jurist, was the contemporary Argos, Prcetus was expelled, whereupon he
of the jurist Nerva the younger, who was prob- fled to Iobates, in Lycia, and married Antea or
ably the father of the Emperor Nerva. The Sthenebcea, the daughter of the latter. With
fact that Proculus gave his name to the school the assistance of Iobates, Proetus was restored
or sect (Proculiani or Proculeiani, as the name to his kingdom, and took Tiryns, which was
is also written) which was opposed to that of now fortified by the Cyclopes. Acrisius then
the Sabiniani, shows that he was a jurist of shared his kingdom with his brother, surrendernote. Proculus is often cited, and there are ing to him Tiryns, Midea, and the coast of Arthirty-seven extracts from him in the Digest golis. By his wife, Prcetus became the father
from his eight books of Epistolee. He appears of three daughters, Lysippe, Iphinoi, and Iphito have written notes on Labeo. Some writers anassa, who are often mentioned under the gensuppose that Proculus is the Licinius Proculus eral name of PRCETIDES. When these daughwho was Praefectus Praetorio under Otho.  ters arrived at the age of maturity, they were
PROCULUS, JULIUS, a Roman senator, is said, stricken with madness, the cause of which is
in the legend of Romulus, to have informed the differently related. Some say that it was a
sorrowing Roman people, after the strange de- punishment inflicted upon them by Bacchus
parture of their king from the world, that Rom- (Dionysus) because they had despised his worulus had descended from heaven and appear- ship; others relate that they were driven mad
710




PROMACHUS.                                PROIMETHEUS.
by Juno (Hera) because they presumed to con- details, vid. PANDORA.) This is an outline of
sider themselves more handsome than the god- the legend about Prometheus, as contained i.
dess, or because they had stolen some of the the poems of Hesiod. zEschylus, in his trilogy
gold of her statue. The phrensy spread to the Prometheus, added various new features to this
other women of Argos; till at length Prcetus legend. Although Prometheus belonged to the
agreed to divide his kingdom between Melam- Titans, he is nevertheless represented by AEspus and his brother Bias, upon the former prom- chylus as having assisted Jupiter (Zeus) against
ising that he would cure the women of their the Titans. But when Jupiter (Zeus) wanted
madness. Melampus then chose the most ro- to extirpate the whole race of man, whose place
bust among the young men, gave chase to the he. propos'ed to fill by an entirely new race of
mad women, amid shouting and dancing, and beings, Prometheus prevented the execution of
drove them as far as Sicyon. During this pur- the scheme, and saved mankind from destrucsuit Iphinoe died, but the two other daughters tion. Prometheus further deprived them of
were cured by Melampus by means of purifica- their knowledge of the future, and gave them
tions, and were then married to Melampus and hope instead. He taught them the use of fire,
Bias. The place where the cure was effected made them acquainted with architecture, astronupon his daughters is not the same in all tradi- omy, mathematics, writing, the treatment of
tions, some mentioning the well Anigros, oth- domestic animals, navigation, medicine, the art
ers the fountain Clitor in Arcadia, or Lusi in of prophecy, working in metal, and all the other
Arcadia. Besides these daughters, Prcetus had arts. But, as he had acted in all these things
a son, Megapenthes. When Bellerophon came contrary to the will of Jupiter (Zeus), the latter
to Prcetus to be purified of a murder which he ordered Vulcan (Hephestus) to chain him to a
had committed, the wife of Prcetus fell in love rock in Scythia, which was done in the preswith him; but, as Bellerophon declined her ad- ence of Cratos and Bia, two ministers of Jupiter
vances, she charged him before Prcetus with (Zeus). Prometheus, however, still continued
having made improper proposals to her. Prce- to defy Jupiter (Zeus), and declared that it was
tus then sent Bellerophon to Iobates, in Lycia, the decree of fate, by which Jupiter (Zeus) was
with a letter desiring the latter to murder Bel- destined to be dethroned by his own son. As
lerophon.  Vid..BELLEROPHON. According to Prometheus steadfastly refused to give any exOvid (Met., v., 238), Acrisius was expelled from  planation of this decree, Jupiter (Zeus) hurled
his kingdom  by Prcetus; and Perseus, the him into Tartarus, together with the rock to
grandson of Acrisius, avenged his grandfather which he was chained. After the lapse of a
by turning Prcetus into stone by means of the long time, Prometheus returned to the upper
head of Medusa.                           world, to endure a fresh course of suffering, for
[PROMACHUS (ITp/caXog), a Bceotian chief, son he was now fastened to Mount Caucasus, and
of Alegenor, slain by Acamas at the siege of his liver devoured by an eagle, as related in the
Troy.]                                    Hesiodic legend. This state of suffering was
PROMETHEUS (HIpoiryOevj), son of the Titan to last until some other god,,of his own accord,
Iapetus and Clymene, and brother of Atlas, Me- should take his place, and descend into Tarncetius, and Epimetheus. His name signifies tarus for him. This came to pass when Chi"forethought," as that of his brother Epime- ron, who had been incurably wounded by an
theus denotes "afterthought."  Once in the arrow of Hercules, desired to go into Hades;
reign df Jupiter (Zeus), when gods and men and Jupiter (Zeus) allowed him to supply the
were disputing with one another at Mecone place of Prometheus.  According to others,
(afterward Sicyon), Prometheus, with a view  however, Jupiter (Zeus) himself delivered Proof deceiving Jupiter (Zeus), cut up a bull and metheus, when the Titan was at length predivided it into two parts: he wrapped up the, vailed upon to reveal to Jupiter4(Zeus) the debest parts and the intestines in the skin, and at cree of fate, which was, that if he should bethe top he placed the stomach, which is one of come by Thetis the father of a son, that son
the worst parts, while the second heap consist- should deprive him of the sovereignty. There
ed of the bones covered with fat. When Ju- was also a legend which related that Promepiter (Zeus) pointed out to him how badly he theus had created man out of earth and water,
had made the division, Prometheus desired him  either at the very beginning of the human race,
to choose; but Jupiter (Zeus), in his anger, and or after the flood of Deucalion, when Jupiter
seeing through the stratagem of Prometheus, (Zeus) is said to have ordered him and Minerva
chose the heap of bones covered with the fat. (Athena) to make men out of the mud, and the
The father of the gods avenged himself by with- winds to breathe life into them. Prometheus
holding fire from mortals, but Prometheus stole is said to have given to men a portion of all the
it in a hollow tube (vapOj, ferula). Jupiter qualities possessed by the other animals (Hor.,
(Zeus) thereupon chained Prometheus to a pil- Cam., i., 16, 13). The kind of earth out of
lar, where an eagle consumed in the daytime which Prometheus formed men was shown in
his liver, which was restored in each succeed- later times near Panopeus in Phocis. In the
ing night. Prometheus was thus exposed to legend of Prometheus, he often appears in conperpetual torture; but Hercules killed the eagle nection with Minerva (Athena). Thus he is
and delivered the sufferer, with the consent of said to have been punished on Mount Caucasus
Jupiter (Zeus), who in this way had an oppor- for the criminal love he entertained for her;
tunity of allowing his son to gain immortal and he is further said, with her assistance, to
fame. Further in order to punish men, Jupiter have ascended into heaven, and there secretly
(Zeus) gave Pandora as a present to Epime- to have lighted his torch at the chariot of Helios,
thens, in consequence of which diseases and in order to bring down the fire to man. At
sufferings of every kind befell mortals. (For Athens Prometheus had a sanctuary in the
711




PROMONA.                                 PROPONTIS.
Academy, from whence a torch-race took place a poem on the Histric war. Vid. HOSTIUS. She
in honor of him.                          seems to have inherited a considerable portion
PRIOMNA (Ilp(ouova: now Petrovacz, on Mount of the family talent, and was herself a poetess,
Promina),a mountain fortress in the interior of besides being skilled in music, dancing, and
Dalmatia.                                 needle-work. It appears that Propertius subse[PROM ULUs, a Trojan warrior, slain by Turnus quently married, probably after Cynthia's death,
in Italy.]                                and left legitimate issue, since the younger
PRONAPIDES (IIpovea ridf), an Athenian, is Pliny twice mentions Passienus Paulus as desaid to have been the teacher of Homer. He is scended from  him.  This must have been
enumerated among those who used the Pelasgic through the female line. The year of Properletters, before the introduction of the Phceni- tius's death is altogether unknown. Propertius
cian, and is characterized as a graceful com- resided on the Esquiline, near the gardens of
poser of song.                            Maecenas. He seems to have cultivated the
PRONAX (llpdvae), son of Talaus and Lysi- friendship of his brother poets, as Ponticus,
mache, brother of Adrastus and Eriphyle, and Bassus, Ovid, and others. He mentions Virgil
father of Lycurgus and Amphithea. According (ii., 34, 63) in a way that shows he had heard
to some traditions, the Nemean games were in- parts of the Ai.neid privately recited.  But
stituted in honor of Pronax.              though he belonged to the circle of Maecenas,
PRONNI (Ilp6vvoL. IIpovvafo), a town on the he never once mentions Horace. He is equaleastern coast of Cephallenia, and one of the ly silent about Tibullus. His not mentioning
four towns of the island.                 Ovid is best explained by the difference in their
PRONOMUS (IIp6voiUO), of Thebes, son of ages; for Ovid alludes more than once to ProCEniadas, was one of the most distinguished pertius, and with evident affection. As an eleauletic musicians of Greece at the time of the giac poet, a high rank must be awarded to ProPeloponnesian war. He was the instructor of pertius, and among the ancients it was a disAlcibiades in flute-playing. He invented a new  puted point whether the preference should be
sort of flute, the compass of which was such given to him or to Tibullus. To the modern
that melodies could be played upon it.in all the reader, however, the elegies of Propertius are
three modes of music, the Dorian, the Phrygian, not nearly so attractive as those of Tibullus.
and the. Lydian, for each of which, before this This arises partly from their obscurity, but in a
invention, a separate flute had been necessary. great measure, also, from a certain want of naPRONOUS (p6ovooo). 1. Son of Phegeus, and ture in them. The fault of Propertius was too
brother of Agenor, in conjunction with whom  pedantic an imitation of the Greeks. His whole
he slew Alcmaeon. (For details, vid. AGENOR ambition was to become the Roman Callimaand ALCA1EON.)-[2. A Trojan warrior, slain by chus (iv., 1, 63), whom, as well as Philetas and
Patroclus in the Trojan war.]             other of the Greek elegiac poets, he made his
PRONUBA, a surname of Juno among the Ro- model. He abounds with obscure Greek myths,
mans, describing ler as the deity presiding over as well as Greek forms of expression, and the
marriage.                                 same pedantry infects even his versification.
PROPERTIUS, SEX. AURELIcUS, the Roman poet, Tibullus generally, and Ovid almost invariably,
was probably born about B.C. 51. He tells us close their pentameter with a word contained
that he was a native of Umbria, where it bor- in an iambic foot; Propertius, especially in his
ders on Etruria, but nowhere mentions the ex- first book, frequently ends with a word of three,
act spot. He was not descended from a fami- or four, or even five syllables. The best edily of any distinction (ii., 24, 37), and he was de- tions of Propertius are by BurmannUtrecht,
prived of his paternal estate by an agrarian di- 1780; by Kuinoel, Leipzig, 1804; by Lachmann,
vision, probably that in 36, after the Sicilian Leipzig, 1816; and by Hertzberg, Halle, 1844,
war. At the time of this misfortune he had 1845.
not yet assumed the toga virilis, and was there-  PROPHTHASIA (HpolOaafa: now probably Pefore under sixteen years of age. He had al- shawarun), the northernmost city of Drangiana,
ready lost his father, who, it has been conjec- on the borders of Asia, was probably the place
tured, was one of the victims sacrificed after where PHILOTAS was put to death.
the taking of Perusia; but this notion does not  PROPONTIS (1 IlpoTrovrg: now Sea of Marrest on any satisfactory grounds. We have no mara), so called from its position with reference
account of Propertius's education; but from one to the Pontus (Euxinus), and thus more fully
of his elegies (iv., 1) it would seem that he was described as 71 Trpo roi IIOVTOV rov Eifetivov i9ddestined to be an advocate, but abandoned the 2aaaa, and "Vestibulum Ponti," is the small
profession for that of poetry. The history of sea which united the Euxine and the LEgean
his life, so far as it is known to us, is the his- (vid. PONTUS EUXINUS), and divides Europe
tory of his amours, nor can it be said how much (Thracia) from Asia (Mysia and Bithynia). It
of this is fiction. He began to write poetry at is of an irregular oval shape, running out on
a very early age, and the merit of his produc- the east into two deep gulfs, the Sinus Astacetions soon attracted the attention and patronage nus (now Gulf of Ismid) and the Sinus Cianus
of Maecenas. This was most probably shortly (now Gulf of Modonia), and containing several
after the death of Antony in 30, when Proper- islands. It received the waters of the RHYNtius was about 21. It was probably in 32 or 31 DACUS and other rivers of Eastern Mysia and
that Propertius first became acquainted with his Western Bithynia, flowing from Mount Ida and
Cynthia. She was a native of Tibur, and her Olympus; and several important Greek cities
Teal name was Hostia. As Propertius (iii., 20, stood on its shores, the chief of which were
8) alludes to her doctus avus, it is probable that BYZANTIUM and HERACLEA PERINTHUS on the
shewas a grand-daughter of Hostius, who wrote north, and CYZIcus on the south. Its length is
712




PROSCHIUM.                                 PROTEUS.
calculated by Herodotus at one thousand four Whether he accompanied the colonists to Thuhundred stadia (one hundred and forty geograph- rii, we are not informed; but at the time of the
ical miles) and its greatest breadth at five hund- plague (430) we find him again in Athens. Bered stadia (fifty geographical miles), which is tween his first and second visit-to Athens, he
very near the truth.                      had spent some time in Sicily, where he had
PROSCHYUM. Vid. PYLENE.                 acquired great fame, and he brought with him
PROSERPINA. Vid. PERSEPHONE E.to Athens many admirers out of other Greek
PROSPALTA (T' IHIpioa2ra-a: ITpocrd2irtot), a cities through which he had passed. His indemus in the south of Attica, belonging to the structions were so highly valued that he sometribe Acamantis.                          times received one hundred minae from a pupil;
PROSPER, a celebrated ecclesiastical writer, and Plato says that Protagoras made more
was a native of Aquitania, and flourished during money than Phidias and.ten other sculptors.
the first half of the fifth century. He distin- In 411 he was accused of impiety by Pythodoguished himself by his numerous writings in rus, one of the Four Hundred. His impeachment
defence of the doctrines of Augustine against was founded on his book on the gods, which
the attacks of the Semipelagians. Many of his began with the statement: " Respecting the
theological works are extant; and there are gods, I am unable to know whether they exist
two Chronicles bearing his name: 1. Chronicon or do not exist."  The impeachment was folConsulare, extending from A.D. 379, the date lowed by his banishment, or, as others affirm,
atwhich the chronicle of Jerome ends, down to only by the burning of his book. Protagoras
455, the events being arranged according to the wrote a large number of works, of which the
years of the Roman consuls. We find short most important were entitled Truth ('A32/eOla),
notices with regard to the Roman emperors; the and On the Gods (IIepi Oefv). The first conRoman bishops, and political occurrences in tained the theory refuted by Plato in the Theaegeneral, but the troubles of the Church are tetus. Plato gives a vivid picture of the teachespecially dwelt upon, and, above all, the Pe- ing of Protagoras in the dialogue that bears his
lagianheresy. 2. Chronicon Imperiale, compre- name.  Protagoras was especially celebrated
hended within the same limits as the preceding for his skill in the rhetorical art. By way of
(379-455), but the computations proceed ac- practice in the art, he was accustomed to make
cording to the years of the Roman emperors, his pupils discuss Theses (communes loci); an
and not according to the consuls. While it exercise which is also recommended by Cicero.
agrees with the Chronicon Consulare in its He also directed his attention to language, and
general plan, it differs from it in many particu- endeavored to explain difficult passages in the
lars, especially in the very brief allusions to the poets.
Pelagian controversy, and in the slight, almost  [PROTEAS (IIporeaa). 1. An Athenian gendisrespectful notices of Augustine. The second eral in the time of the Peloponnesian war, the
of these Chronicles was probably not written son of Epicles. He was one of the three comby Prosper of Aquitania, and is assigned by manders of the squadron sent out to assist the
most critics to Prosper Tiro,-who, it is imagined, Corcyreans in their contest with the Corinthiflourished in the sixth century. There are like- ans. Again, in the first year of the Peloponwise several poems which have come down to nesian war, Proteas was one of the three comus under the name of Prosper. The best'edi- manders of the fleet of one hundred ships sent
tion of Prosper's works is the Benedictine, round Peloponnesus.-2. Son of Andronicus, a
Paris, 1711.                              Macedonian officer in the service of Antipater.]
PRosYMNA_(IIpp6Ov/,Va: IIpoavrvaloc), an an-  PROTESILAUS (Iporecisaaof), son of Iphiclus
cient town of Argolis, with a temple of Juno and Astyoche, belonged to Phylace in Thessaly.
(Hera), north of Argos.                   He is called Phylacius and Phylacides, either
PROTA (IHpoTa: now Prote), an island in the from his native place, or from his being a grandPropontis, near Chalcedon.                son of Phylacus. He led the warriors of sevPROTAGORAS (Hporay6paf), a celebrated soph- eral Thessalian places against Troy, and was
ist, was born at Abdera, in Thrace, probably the first of all the Greeks who was killed by the
about B.C. 480, and died about 411, at the age Trojans, being the first who leaped from the
of nearly seventy years. It is said that Pro- ships upon the Trojan coast. According to the
tagoras was once a poor porter, and that the common tradition, he was slain by Hector.' Proskill with which he had fastened together, and tesilaus is most celebrated in ancient story for
poised upon his shoulders, a large bundle of the strong affection existing between him and
wood, attracted the attention of Democritus, his wife Laodamia, the daughter of Acastus.
who conceived a liking for him, took him under (For details, vid. LAODAMIA.) His tomb was
his care, and instructed him in philosophy. shown near Eleus, in the Thracian ChersoneThis well-known story, however, appears to sus, where a magnificent temple was erected to
have arisen out of the statement of Aristotle, him. There was a belief that. nymphs had
that Protagoras invented a sort of porter's knot planted elm-trees around his grave, which died
for the more convenient carrying of burdens. away when they had grown sufficiently high to
In addition to which, Protagoras was about see Troy, and that fresh shoots then sprang
twenty years older than Democritus. Protag- from the roots. There was also a sanctuary of
oras was the first who called himself a sophist,) Protesilaus at Phylace, at which funeral games
and taught for pay; and he practiced his pro- were celebrated.
fession for the'space of forty years. He must  PROTEUS (flpureE), the prophetic old man of
have come to Athens before B.C. 445, since he the sea, is described in the earliest legends as
drew up a code of laws for the Thurians, who a subject of Neptune (Poseidon), whose flocks
ieft Athens for the first time in that year. (the seals) he tended. According to Homer, he
713




PROTHOENOR.                                  PRUSIAS.
resided in the island of Pharos, at the distance he refrained from attacking the city at its most
of one day's sail from  the River BEgyptus vulnerable point, lest he should injure this pic(Nile); whereas Virgil places his residence in ture, which had been placed in that quarter.
the island of Carpathos, between Crete and There is a celebrated story about this picture,
Rhodes. At midday Proteus rose from the sea, relating to the accidental production of one of
and slept in the shadow of the rocks of the coast, the most effective parts of it, the foam at the
with the monsters of the deep lying around him. mouth of a tired hound. The artist, it is said,
Any one wishing to learn from him the future, dissatisfied with his repeated attempts to prowas obliged to catch hold of him at that time; duce the desired effect, at last, in his vexation,
as soon as he was seized, he assumed every dashed the sponge, with which he had repeatpossible shape, in order to escape the necessity edly effaced his work, against the faulty place;
of prophesying; but whenever he saw that his and the sponge, charged as it was by repeated
endeavors were of no avail, he resumed his use with the necessary colors, left a mark in
usual form, and told the truth. After finishing which the painter recognized the very foam
his prophecy he returned into the sea. Homer which his art had failed to produce.
ascribes to him a daughter Idothea. Another  PROT6OGNIA (IpwroyeveLa), daughter of Deuset of traditions describes Proteus as a son of calion and Pyrrha, and wife of Locrus; but
Neptune (Poseidon), and as a king of Egypt, Jupiter (Zeus) carried her off, and became by
who had two sons, Telegonus and Polygonus or her the father of Opus.
Tmolus. His Egyptian name is said to have   [PROTOMACHUS (IIp0ro6ptaxo), an Athenian
been Cetes, for which the Greeks substituted commander at the battle of the Arginusae, had
that of Proteus. His wife is called Psamathe charge of the right wing, and defeated the eneor Torone, and, besides the above-mentioned my. He retired into voluntary exile to avoid
sons, Theoclymenus and Theonoe are likewise the action brought at Athens against the comcalled his children. He is said to have hospi- manders in that battle.]
tably received Bacchus (Dionysus) during his  PROXENUS (TIpo6evog), a Beotian, was a diswanderings. Mercury (Hermes) brought to him  ciple of Gorgias, and a friend of Xenophon.
Helena after her abduction, or, according to Being connected by the ties of hospitality with
others, Proteus himself took he' from Paris, the younger Cyrus, the latter engaged him in
gave to the lover a phantom, and restored the his service. He was seized by Tissaphernes
true Helen to Menelaus after his return from  and put to death, with the other Greek generals.
Troy.                                     It was at the invitation of Proxenus that Xeno[PROTHOENORE (flpoOovop), a son ofAreilycus, phon was induced to enter the service of Cyrus.
was one of the leaders of the Boeotians against  PRUDENTYUS, AURELIUS CLEMENS, the earliest
Troy, where he was slain by Polydamas.]   of the Christian poets of any celebrity, was a
[PROTHOON (IIpoO6ov), a Trojan warrior, slain native of Spain, and was born A.D. 348. After
by Teucer.]                               practicing as an advocate, and discharging the
[PROTHOUS (IIpoOooc), a son of Tenthredon, duties of a civil and criminal judge in two imcommander of the Magnetes who dwelt about portant cities, he received from the Emperor
Mount Pelion and the River Peneus, was one Theodosius, or Honorius, a high military apof the Greek heroes at Troy.]             pointment at court; but as he advanced in
[PROTO (IIpoTr), one of the Nereids.]   years, he became sensible of the emptiness of
PROTOGENES (HlprToy6vcn), a celebrated Greek worldly honor, and earnest in the exercises of
painter. He was a native of Caunus, in Caria, religion. His poems are composed in a great
a city subject to the Rhodians, and flourished variety of metres, but possess little merit either
B.C. 332-300. He resided at Rhodes almost in expression or in substance. The Latinity is
entirely; the only other city of Greece which impure, abounding both in words altogether barhe is said to have visited is Athens, where he barous, and in classical words employed in a
executed one of his great works in the Propy- barbarous sense; and the author is totally ignolbea. Up to his 50th year he is said to have rant or regardless of the common laws of proslived in poverty and in comparative obscurity, ody. The best editions of Prudentius are by
supporting himself by painting ships, which at Arevalus, Rom., 1788 and 1789, 2 vols. 4to., and
that period used to be decorated with elaborate by Obbarius, Tubing., 1845, 8vo.
pictorial devices.  His fame had, however,  PRUiSA or PRUSiAS (Hlpovaa: lpovatev).   1.
reached the ears of Apelles, who, upon visiting P. AD OLYMPUM (II. V Ek7r r5'02V/jrTT: now
Rhodes, made it his first business to seek out Brusa), a great city of Bithynia, on the northern
Protogenes. As the surest way of making the side of Mount Olympus, fifteen Roman miles
merits of Protogenes known to his fellow-citi- from Cius and twenty-five from Niceea, was
zeus, Apelles offered him, for his finished works, built by Prusias, king of Bithynia, or, according
the enormous sum of fifty talents apiece, and to some, by Hannibal.-2. Some writers distinthus led the Rhodians to understand what an guish from this a smaller city, called P. AD
artist they had among them. Protogenes was HYPIUM or HYPPIUM (Irpo rTO'7TTriW  ora0r,
distinguished by the care with which he Ptol.; sub Hypio monte, Plin.), which stood
wroughtup his pictures. His master-piece was northwest of the former, and was originally
the picture of Ialysus, the tutelary hero of called CIERus (Kiepor), and belonged to the terRhodes, on which he is said to have spent seven ritory of Heraclea, but was conquered by Prun
years, or even, according to another statement, sias, who named it after himself. It stood
eleven; and to have painted it four times over. northwest of the former. Perhaps it is only
This picture was so highly prized, even in the another name for Cius.
artist's lifetime, that when Demetrius Poliorce-  PRUSIAS (Ilpovaiar). 1. I. King of Bithynia
tes was using every effort to subdue Rhodes, from about B.C. 228 to 180, though the date
71,4




PRYMNESIA.                                  PSYCHE.
neither of his accession nor of his death is ex- and Carian pirates, he conquered the other
actly known. He was the son of Zielas, whom  kings, and became sole ruler of Egypt. He
lie succeeded. He appears to have been a provided a settlement for his Greek mercenamonarch of vigor and ability, and raised his ries on the Pelusiac or eastern branch of the
kingdom of Bithynia to a much higher pitch of Nile, a little below Bubastis, and he appears to
power and prosperity than it had previously at- have mainly relied upon them for the maintetained. It was at his court that Hannibal took nance of his power. In order to facilitate inrefuge; and when the Romans demanded the tercourse between the Greeks and his other
surrender of the Carthaginian general, the king subjects, he ordered a number of Egyptian chilbasely gave his consent, and Hannibal only es- dren to live with them, that they might learn
caped falling into the hands of his enemies by the Greek language; and from them sprung the
a voluntary death.-2. II. King of Bithynia, son class of interpreters. The employment of forand successor of the preceding, reigned from  eign mercenaries by Psammitichus gave great
about 180 to 149. He courted assiduously the offence to the military caste in Egypt; and
alliance of the Romans. He carried on war being indignant at other treatment which they
with Attalus, king of Pergamus, with whom, received from him, they emigrated in a body of
however, he was compelled by the Romans to two hundred and forty thousand men into.Ethiconclude peace in 154. K He was slain in 149 by opia, where settlements were assigned to them
order of his son Nicomedes, as is related in the by the.E thiopian king.  It must, therefore,
life of the latter. Vid. NICOMEDEs, No. 2. Pru- have been chiefly with his Ionian and Carian
sias is described to us as a man in whom per- troops that Psammitichus carried on his wars
sonal deformity was combined with a character against Syria and Phcenicia. He laid siege to
the most vicious and degraded. His passion the city of Azotus (the Ashdod of Scripture) for
for the chase is attested by the epithet of twenty-nine years, till he took it. As Psamthe " Huntsman" (Kvvvby6).                mitichus had displeased a large portion of his
PRYMNESiA or PRYMNiEsus (IIpv/zvrcae, HIpvu- subjects by the introduction of foreigners, he
vc6bg, Hpvvrna6tf: ruins ati Seid-el-Ghazi), a seems to have paid especial court to the priestcity in the north of Phrygia, which appears, from  hood. He built the southern propylaea of the
its coins, to have been a chief seat of the wor- temple of Vulcan (Hephaestus) at Memphis, and
ship of Midas as a hero.                  a splendid aula, with a portico round it, for the
(PRYMNEUS (IIpvivevd), a Phaeacian, one of habitation of Apis,- in front of the temple.
the competitors in the games celebrated by  [PSAPHIS (TaEaft, now Calano according to
Alcinous while Ulysses was in the Phaeacian Leake), the northernmost demus of Attica.]
island.]                                    PSELCIS (t'EI2uci: ruins at Dakke or Dekkeh),
[PRYrTANIS (HIpv7ravt). 1. A Lycian warrior the chief city in the Dodecascheenus, that is,
at the siege of Troy, slain by Ulysses.-2. A  the northern part of,Ethiopia, which was adjacompanion of _Eneas, slain by Turnus.]    cent to Egypt, to which it was regarded by the
PRYTXNIS (1TpU-aevt), king of Sparta, of the Romans as belonging. The city stood on the
Proclid line, was the son of Eurypon, and fourth western bank of the Nile, between Syene and
king of that race.                        Tachompso, the latter of which was so' far
[PSAMATHE (Eayadr). 1. Daughter of Nereus eclipsed by Pselcis as to acquire the name of
and Doris, by.Eacus mother of'Phocus.-2. Contrapselcis. Under the later empire, Pselcis
Daughter of Crotopus in Argos, mother of was garrisoned bya body of German horsemen.
Linus.]                                     PSELLUS (T   eROc).  1. MICHEIL PSELLUS,'the
PSAMXTHUS (Taa/aOofvf, -oivrogf: IapeaeOovnrl- elder, of Andros, flourished in the ninth century
oc, taueiaeloSoog), a sea-port town in Laconia, after Christ. He was a learned man, and an
near the promontory Tenarum.              eager student of the Alexandrean philosophy.
PSAMIMENITUS (Ta/ UeVITrog), king of Egypt, He was probably the author of some of the
succeeded his father Amasis in B.C. 526, and works which are ascribed to the younger Pselreigned only six months. He was conquered lus. —2. MICHAEL CONSTANTIUS PSELLUS, the
by Cambyses in 525, and his country made a younger, a far more celebrated person, flourishprovince of the Persian empire. His life was ed in the eleventh century of our era. He was
spared by Cambyses, but as he was detected born at Constantinople 1020, and lived at least
shortly afterward in endeavoring to excite a till 1105. He taught philosophy, rhetoric, and
revolt among the Egyptians, he was compelled dialectics at Constantinople, where he stood
to put an end to his life by drinking bull's blood. forth as almost the last upholder of the falling
PsxnnmIS (ItdCjzEt), king of Egypt, succeeded cause of learning. The emperors honored him
his father Necho, and reigned from B.C. 601 to with the title of Prince of the Philosophers.
595. He carried on war against _Ethiopia, and His works are both in prose and poetry, on a
died immediately after his return from the latter vast variety of subjects, and distinguished by
country. He was succeeded by his son Apries. an eloquence and taste which are worthy of a
PsAMMITYCHus or PSAMMETICHUS (T'aUUlyrLXoc better period. They are too numerous to be
or {a[u?77rtXog), the Greek form of the Egyptian mentioned in this place.
PSAMETIK, a king of Egypt, and founder of the  PSOPHIS ('Pido:  [IeodGlrO: now Khan of TriSaitic dynasty, reigned from B.C. 671 to 617. Tpotamo), a town in the northwest of Arcadia, on
He was originally one of the twelve kings who the River Erymanthus, is said to have been
obtained an independent sovereignty in the con- originally called PHEGIA. It sided with the _,tofusion which followed the death of Setho. Hav- lians against the Acheeans, but was taken B.C.
ing been driven into banishment by the other 219 by Philip, king of Macedonia, who was then
kings, he took refuge in the marshes; but in alliance with the Achaeans.
shortly afterward, with the aid of some Ionian  Ps:ca-E (TVX,), " the soul," occurs, in the lat715




PSYCHIUM.                                PTOLEMiEUS.
er times of antiquity, as a personification of the  [PTERELAUS (HTrepipaot), son of Taphius, king
human soul. Psyche was the youngest of the of the island Taphos, father of Comsetho: acthree daughters of a king, and excited by her cording to Strabo, he was a son of Deioneus.]
beauty the jealousy and envy of Venus. In or-  [PTERIA (IITepia), according to Herodotus,
der to avenge herself, the goddess ordered Cupid capital of a district of the same name belonging
or Amor to inspire Psyche with a love for the to Cappadocia; according to Stephanus of Bymost contemptible of all men; but Cupid was zantium, however, who also calls the place
so stricken with her beauty that he himself fell- IITrptov, it was a city of Media.] 
in love with her. He accordingly conveyed her  PTOLEMJEUS (ITroe/zaofr), usually called PTOLto a charming spot, where, unseen and unknown, EMY. I. Minor historical persons.  1. Nephew
he visited her every night, and left her as soon of Antigonus, king of Asia. He carried on war
as the day began to dawn. Psyche might have in Greece on behalf of Antigonus, but in 310 he
continued to enjoy this state of happiness if abandoned the cause of his uncle, and concluded
she had attended to the advice of her lover, who a treaty with Cassander and Ptolemy the son
told her never to give way to her curiosity, or of Lagus. He soon gave offence to the Egypto inquire who he was. But her jealous sisters tian king, and was, in consequence, compelled
made her believe that in the darkness of night to put an end to his life by poison, B.C. 309.she was embracing some hideous monster, and 2. Son of Lysimachus, king of Thrace. He was
accordingly once, while Cupid was asleep, she the eldest of the three sons of that monarch by
drew, near to him with a lamp, and, to her- his last wife Arsinoe, and the only one who
amazement, beheld the most handsome and escaped falling into the hands of Ptolemy Ceraulovely of the gods. In her excitement of joy nus. -3. Son of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, by
and fear, a drop of hot oil fell from her lamp his wife Antigone, the step-daughter of Ptolemy
upon his shoulder.  This awoke Cupid, who Lagi. When only fifteen years of age he was
censured her for her mistrust, and escaped. left by his father in charge of his hereditary doPsyche's happiness was now gone, and after minions, when Pyrrhus himself set out on his
attempting in vain to throw herself into a river, expedition to Italy, 280. At a later time he
she wandered about from temple to temple, in- fought under his father in Greece, and was slain
quiring after her lover, and at length came to in the course of Pyrrhus's campaign in the Pelthe palace of Venus. There her real sufferings oponnesus, 272.-4. Surnamed PHILADELPHUS,
began, for Venus retained her, treated her as a son of M. Antony, the triumvir, by Cleopatra.
slave, and imposed upon her the hardest and After the death of Antony, 30, his life was sparmost humiliating labors. Psyche would have ed by Augustus at the intercession of Juba and
perished under the weight of her sufferings, had Cleopatra, and he was brought up by Octavia
not Cupid, who still loved her in secret, in- with her own children.
visibly comforted and assisted her in her toils.
WTith his aid she at last succeeded in overcom-       II. Knzs of gypt.
ing the jealousy and hatred of Venus: she be-  I. Surnamed SOTER, the Preserver, but more
came immortal, and was united to him forever. commonly known as the son of Lagus, reigned
It is not difficult to recognize in this lovely story B.C. 323-285. His father Lagus was a Macethe idea of which it is merely the mythical em- donian of ignoble birth, but his mother Arsinoe
bodiment; for Psyche is evidently the human had been a concubine of Philip of Macedon, on
soul, which is purified by passions and misfor- which account it seems to have been generally
tunes, and is thus prepared for the enjoyment believed that Ptolemy was in reality the offof true and pure happiness. In works of art spring of that monarch. Ptolemy is mentioned
Psyche is represented as a maiden with the among the friends of the young Alexander bewings of a butterfly, along with Cupid in the fore the death of Philip. He accompanied Alexdifferent situations described in the-allegory.  ander throughout his campaigns in Asia, and
PsYCHiUM (TvXlov), a town on the southern  was always treated by the king with the greatcoast of Crete.                           est favor. On the division of the empire which
PSYLLI (UiR2;OL), a Libyan people, the earliest followed Alexander's death (323), Ptolemy obknown inhabitants of the district of Northern tained the government of Egypt. In 321 his
Africa called Cyrenaica.                  dominions were invaded by Perdiccas, the rePsYRA (r-ia ivpd: Tv'plog: now Ipsara), a small gent; but the assassination of Perdiccas by his
island of the Egean Sea, forty stadia (four ge- mutinous soldiers soon delivered Ptolemy from
ographical miles) in circuit, lying fifty stadia this danger. In the following year Ptolemy en(five geographical miles) west of the northwest- larged his dominions by seizing upon the imern point of Chios. It had a city of the same portant satrapy of Phoenicia and Ccelesyria.
name.                                     It was probably during this expedition that he
PSYTTALIEA. Vid. SALAMIS.               made himself master of Jerusalem by attacking
PTrLEOs (II7reLae), a small lake in Mysia, the city on the Sabbath day. A few years afternear Ophrynium, on the coast of the Helles- ward (316) Ptolemy entered into an alliance
pont.                                     with Cassander and Lysimachus against AntigPTrELEUM (IrTiEjOv: IlTeEatdrT, THree0Qovlcto). onus, whose growing power had excited their
1. (Now Ftclia), an ancient sea-port town of common apprehensions.  In the war which
Thessaly, in the district Phthiotis, at the south- followed, Antigonus conquered Ceolesyria and
western extremity of the Sinus Pagasaeus, was Phoenicia (315, 314); but Ptolemy recovered
destroyed by the Romans.-2. A town in Elis these provinces by the defeat of Demetrius, the
Triphylia, said to have been a colony from the son of Antigonus, in 312. In 311 hostilities
precqding.-3. A fortress of Ionia, on the coast were suspended by a general peace. This peace,
of Asia Minor, belonging to Erythree.     however, was of short duration, and Ptolemy
716




PTOLEM-:EUS.                              PTOLEMrEUS.
appears to have been the first to recommence who spent all the latter years of his life at the
the war. He crossed over to Greece, where he court of Ptolemy. But many other men of litannounced himself as the liberator of the Greeks, erary eminence were also gathered around the
but he effected little. In 306 Ptolemy was de- Egyptian king, among whom may be especially
feated by Demetrius in a great sea-fight off Sal- noticed the great geometer Euclid, the philosoamis in Cyprus. In consequence of this defeat, phers Stilpo of Megara, Theodorus of Cyrene,
Ptolemy lost the important island of Cyprus, and Diodorus'surnamed Cronus; as well as the
which had previously been subject to him. An- elegiac poet Philetas of Cos, and the grammatigonus was so much elated by this victory as rian Zenodotus. To the two last we are told
to assume the title of king, an example which Ptolemy confided the literary education of his
Ptolemy, notwithstanding his defeat, immedi- son Philadelphus. Many anecdotes sufficiently
ately followed. Antigonus and Demetrius fol- attest the free intercourse which subsisted belowed up their success by the invasion of Egypt, tween the king and the men of letters by whom
but were compelled to return to Syria without he was surrounded, and prove that the easy faeffecting any thing. Next year (305) Ptolemy  miliarity of his manners corresponded with his
rendered the most important assistance to the simple and unostentatious habits of life. We
Rhodians, who were besieged by Demetrius; also find him maintaining a correspondence with
and when Demetrius was at length compelled Menander, whom he in vain endeavored to atto raise the siege (304), the Rhodians paid di- tract to his court, and sending overtures probvine honors to the Egyptian monarch as their ably of a similar nature to Theophrastus. Nor
savior and preserver (IarWip), a title which ap- were the fine arts neglected: the rival painters
pears to have been now bestowed upon Ptolemy Antiphilus and Apelles both exercised their
for the first time. Ptolemy took comparatively talents at Alexandrea, where some of their most
little part in the contest, which led to the de- celebrated pictures were produced. Ptolemy
cisive battle of Ipsus, in which Antigonus was was himself an author: he composed a history
defeated and slain (301). The latter years of of the wars of Alexander, which is frequently
Ptolemy's reign appear to have been devoted cited by later writers, and is one of the chief
almost entirely to the arts of peace, and to pro- authorities which Arrian made the groundwork
mooting the internal prosperity of his dominions. of his own history.-II. PHILADELPHUS (B.C.
In 285 Ptolemy abdicated in favor of his young- 285-247), the son of Ptolemy I. by his wife
est son Ptolemy Philadelphus, the child of his Berenice, was born in the island of Cos, 309.
latest and most beloved wife, Berenice, exclud- His long reign was marked by few events of a
ing from the throne his two eldest sons Ptolemy striking character. He was engaged in war
Ceraunus and Meleager, the offspring of Euryd- with his half-brother Magas, who had governed
ice. The elder Ptolemy survived this event Cyrene as viceroyunder Ptolemy Soter, but on
two years, and died in 283. His reign is vari. the death of that monarch not only asserted his
ously estimated at thirty-eight or forty years, independence, but even attempted to invade
according as we include or not these two years Egypt. Magas Was supported by Antiochus II.,
which followed his abdication. The character king of Syria; and the war was at length termof Ptolemy has been generally represented in a inated by a treaty, which left Magas in undisvery favorable light by historians, and there is puted possession of the Cyrenaica, while his inno doubt that if we compare him with his con- fant daughter Berenice was betrothed to Ptoltemporary and rival potentates he appears to emy, the son of Philadelphus. Ptolemy also
deserve the praises bestowed upon his mildness concluded a treaty with the Romans. He was
and moderation. But it is only with this im- frequently engaged in hostilities with Syria,
portant qualification that they can be admitted, which were terminated toward the close of his
for there are many evidences that he did not reign by a treaty of peace, by which Ptolemy
shrink from any measure that he deemed requi- gave his daughter Berenice in marriage to Ansite in order to carry out the objects of his am- tiochus II. Ptolemy's chief care, however, was
bition. But as a ruler Ptolemy certainly de- directel to the internal administration of his
serves the highest praise. By his able and vig- kingdom, and to the patronage of literature and
orous administration he laid the foundations of science. The institutions of which the foundathe wealth and prosperity which Egypt enjoyed tions had been laid by his father quickly rose
for a long period.  Under his fostering care under his fostering care to the highest prosAlexandrea quickly rose to the place designed perity. The Museum of Alexandrea became
for it by its founder, that of the greatest com- the resort and abode of all the most distinmercial city of the world. Not less eminent guished men of letters of the day, and in the
were the services rendered by Ptolemy to the library attached to it were accumulated all the
advancement of literature and science. In this treasures of ancient learning. Among the other
department, indeed, it is not always easy to dis- illustrious names which adorned the reign of
tinguish the portion of credit due to the father Ptolemy may be mentioned those of the poets
from that of his son; but it seems certain that Philetas and Theocritus, the philosophers Hegeto the elder monarch belongs the merit of hav- sias and Theodorus, the mathematician Euclid,
ing originated those literary institutions which and the astronomers Tirnocharis, Aristarchus
assumed a more definite and regular form, as of Samos, and Aratus. Nor was his patronwell as a more prominent place, under his suc- age confined to the ordinary cycle of Hellenic
cessor. FSuch appears to have been the case literature. By his interest in natural history
with the two most celebrated of all, the Library he gave a stimulus to the pursuit of that science,
and the Museum of Alexandrea. The first sug- which gave birth to many important works, while
gestion of these important foundations is as-'he himself formed collections of rare animals
cribed by some writers to Demetrius of Phalerus, within the precincts of the royal palace. It was
717




PTOLEM.SEUS.                              PTOLEMIEUS.
during his reign also, and perhaps at his desire, carried off by Cambyses to Babylon or Persia.
that Manetho gave to the world in a Greek form  These he restored to their respective temples,
the historical records of the Egyptians; and ac- an act by which he earned the greatest popucording to a well-known tradition, it was by his larity with his native Egyptian subjects, who
express command that the Holy Scriptures of bestowed on him, in consequence, the title of
the Jews were translated into Greek. The new  Euergetes (the Benefactor), by which he is gencities or colonies founded by Philadelphus in erally known.. While the arms of the king himdifferent parts of his dominions were extremely self were thus successful in the East, his fleets
numerous. On the Red Sea alone we find at reduced the maritime provinces of Asia, includleast two bearing the name of Arsinoe, one ing Cilicia, Pamphylia, and Ionia, as far as the
called after another of his sisters Philotera, and Hellespont, together with Lysimachia and other
two cities named in honor of his mother Bere- important places on the coast of Thrace, which
nice. The same names occur also in Cilicia continuedfor a long period subject to the Egypand Syria; and in the latter country he founded tianrule. Concerning the events which followed
the important fortress of Ptolemais in Palestine. the return of Euergetes to his own dominions
All authorities concur in attesting the great pow- (probably in 243), we are almost wholly in the
er and wealth to which the Egyptian monarchy dark; but it appears that the greater part of the
was raised under Philadelphus. He possessed eastern provinces speedily fell again into the
at the close of his reign a standing army of two hands of Seleucus, while Ptolemy retained poshundred thousand foot and forty thousand horse, session of the maritime regions and a great part
besides war-chariots and elephants; a fleet of of Syria itself. He soon obtained a valuable
one thousand five hundred ships, and a sum of ally in the person of Antiochus Hierax, the
seven hundred and forty thousand talents in his younger brother of Seleucus, whom he supporttreasury; while he derived from Egypt alone ed in his wars against his elder brother. We
an annual revenue of fourteen thousand eight find Euergetes maintaining the same friendly
hundred talents. His dominions comprised, be- relations as his father with Rome. During the
sides Egypt itself, and portions ofzEthiopia, Ara- latter years of his reign he subdued the Ethiobia, and Libya, the important provinces of Phe- plan tribes on his southern frontier, and adnicia and Ccelesyria, together with Cyprus, Ly- vanced as far as Adule, a port on the Red Sea,
cia, Caria, and the Cyclades and during a great where he established an emporium, and set up
part at least of his reign, Cilicia and Pamphyl- an inscription commemorating the exploits of
ia also. Before his death Cyrene was reunited his reign. To a copy of this, accidentally preto the monarchy by the marriage of his son Ptol- served to us by an Egyptian monk, Cosrnas Inemy with Berenice, the daughter ofMagas. The dicopleustes, we are indebted for much of the
private life and relations of Philadelphus do not scanty information we possess concerning his
exhibit his character in as favorable a light as reign. Ptolemy Euergetes is scarcely less celwe might have inferred from the splendor of his ebrated than his father for his patronage of litadministration. He put to death two of his erature and science; he added so largely to the
brothers, and he banished his first wife Arsinoe, library at Alexandrea that he' has been somethe daughter of Lysimachus, to Coptos in Up- times erroneously deemed its founder. Eratosper Egypt, on a charge of conspiracy. After her thenes, Apollonius Rhodius, and Aristophanes
removal Ptolemy married his own sister Arsi- the grammarian, flourished at Alexandrea durnoe, the widow of Lysimachus: a flagrant vio- ing his reign-sufficient to prove that the literlation of the religious notions of the Greeks, ature and learning of the Alexandrean school
but which was fiequently imitated by his sue- still retained their former eminence. By his
cessors. He evinced his affection for Arsinoe wife Berenice, who survived him, Euergetes
not only by bestowing her name upon many of left three children: 1. Ptolemy, his successor;
his newly-founded colonies, but by assuming 2. Magas; and, 3. Arsinoe, afterward married
himself the surname of Philadelphus, a title to her brother Ptolemy Philopator.-IV. PHILOPwhich some writers referred in derision to his ATOR (B.C. 222-205), eldest son and successor
unnatural treatment of his two brothers. By of Euergetes. He was very far from inheriting
this second marriage Ptolemy had no issue, but the virtues or abilities of his father; and his
his first wife had borne him two sons-Ptole- reign was the commencement of the decline of
my, who succeeded him on the throne, and Ly- the Egyptian kingdom, which had been raised
simachus; and a daughter, Berenice, whose to such a height of power and prosperity by
marriage to Antiochus II., king of Syria, has his three predecessors. Its first beginning was
been already mentioned.-III. EUERGETES (B.C. stained with crimes of the darkest kind. He
247-222), eldest son and successor of Philadel- put to death his mother Berenice, and his brothphus. Shortly after his accession he invaded er Magas, and his uncle Lysimachus, the brothSyria, in order to avenge the death of his sister er of Euergetes. He then gave himself up withBerenice. Vid. BERENICE, NO. 2. He met with out restraint to a life of indolence and luxury,
the most striking success. He advanced as far while he abandoned to his minister Sosibius the
as Babylon and Susa, and after reducing all care of all political affairs. The latter seems
Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and Susiana, received to have been as incapable as his master, and
the submission of all the upper provinces of the kingdom was allowed to fall into a state of
Asia as far as the confines of Bactria and India. the utmost disorder, of which Antiochus the
From this career of conquest he was recalled Great, king of Syria, was not slow to avail himby the news of seditions in Egypt, and returned self. In the first two campaigns (219, 218),
to that country, carrying with him an immense Antiochus conquered the greater part of Crelebooty, comprising, among other objects, all the syria and Palestine, but in the third year of the
statues of the Egyptian deities which had been war (217) he was completely defeated by Ptol718




PTOLEMzEUS.                               PTOLE/ISU8.
emy in person at the decisive battle of Raphia, ually, however, he became estranged from his
and was glad to conclude a peace with the able and virtuous minister, and threw himself
Egyptian monarch.  On his return frotm his more and more into the power of flatterers and
Syrian expedition, Ptolemy gave himself up vicious companions, until at length he was inniore and more to every species of vice and de- duced to rid himself of Aristomenes, who was
bauchery. His mistress Agathoclea, and her compelled to take poison. Toward the close of
brother Agathocles, divided with Sosibius the his reign Ptolemy conceived the project of repatronage and distribution of all places of hon- covering Ccelesyria from Seleucus, the sucor or profit. Toward the close of his reign Ptol- cessor of Antiochus, and had assembled a large
emy put to death his wife Arsinoo. His de- mercenary force for that purpose; but having,
baucheries shortened his life. He died in 205, by an unguarded expression, excited the appreleaving only one son, a child of five years old. hensions of some of his friends, he was cut off
We find Ptolemy following up the policy of his by poison in the twenty-fourth year of his reign
predecessors by cultivating the friendship of the and the twenty-ninth of his age, 181. He left
Romans, to whom he furnished large supplies two sons, both named Ptolemy, who subseof corn during their struggle with Carthage. quently ascended the throne, under the names
Plunged as he was in vice and debauchery, of Ptolemy Philometor and Euergetes II., and
Philopator appears to have still inherited some- a daughter who bore her mother's name of Cleothing of the love of letters for which his prede- patra. His reign was marked by the rapid decessors were so conspicuous. We find him as- cline of the Egyptian monarchy, for the provsociating on familiar terms with philosophers inces and cities wrested from it during his miand men of letters, and especially patronising nority by Antiochus and Philip were never rethe distinguished grammarian Aristarchus.-V. covered, and at his death Cyprus and the CyEPIPHANES (B.C. 205-181), son and successor renaicawere almost the only foreign possesof Ptolemy IV. He was a child of five years sions still attached to the crown of Egypt.-VI.
old at the death of his father, 205. Philip king PHILOMETOR (B.C. 181-146), eldest son and sueof Macedonia and Antiochus III. of Syria de- cessor of Ptolemy V. He was a child at the
termined to take advantage of the minority of death of his father in 181, and the regency was
Ptolemy, and entered into a league to divide assumed during his minority by his mother Cleohis dominions between them. In pursuance of patra, who, by her able administration,, mainthis arrangement, Antiochus conquered Ccele- tained the kingdom in a state of tranquillity.
syria, while Philip reduced the Cyclades and But after her death in 173, the chief power fell
the cities in Thrace which had still remained into the hands of Eulaeus and Lenaeus, minissubject, to Egypt. In this emergency the Egyp- ters as corrupt as they were incapable, who had
tian ministers had recourse to the powerful in- the rashness to engage in war.with Antiochus
tervention of the Romans, who commanded both Epiphanes, king of Syria, in the vain hope of remonarchs to refrain from further hostilities, and covering the provinces of Colesyria and Phcerestore all the conquered cities. In order to nicia. But their army was totally defeated by
evade this demand without openly opposing the Antiochus near Pelusium, and Antiochus'was
power of Rome, Antiochus concluded a treaty able to advance without opposition as far as
with Egypt, by which it was agreed that the Memphis, 170. The young king himself fell
young king should marry Cleopatra, the daugh- into his hands, but was treated with kindness
ter of Antiochus, and receive back the Syrian and distinction, as Antiochus hoped by his means
provinces as her dower. This treaty took place -to make himself the master of Egypt. On learnin 199, but the marriage was not actually sol- ing the captivity of his brother, the young Ptolemnized until six years after. The adminis- emy, who was then at Alexandrea with his sistration of Egypt was placed in the hands of ter Cleopatra, assumed the title of king, unAristomenes, a man who was every way worthy der the name of Energetes II., and prepared
of the charge. As early, however, as 196, the to defend the capital to the utmost. Antiochus
young king was declared of full age, and the hereupon laid siege to Alexandrea, but he was
ceremony of his anacleteria, or coronation, was unable to take the city, and withdrew into Syria,
solemnized with great magnificence.  It was after establishing Philometor as king at Mereon this occasion that the decree was issued phis, but retaining in his hands the frontier fortwhich has been preserved to us in the celebra- ress of Pelusium. This last circumstance, toted inscription known as the Rosetta stone, a gether with the ravages committed by the Syrmonument of great interest in regard to the in- ian troops, awakened Philometor, who had hithternal history of Egypt under the Ptolemies, in- erto been a mere puppet in the hands- of the
dependent of its importance as having afforded Syrian king, to a sense of his true position, and
the key to the discovery of hieroglyphics. In he hastened to make overtures of peace to his
193 the marriage of Ptolemy with the Syrian brother and sister at Alexandrea. It was agreed
princess Cleopatra was solemnized at Raphia. that the two brothers should reign together, and
Ptolemy, however, refused to assist his father- that Philometor should marry his sister Cleoin-law in the war against the Romans, which patra. But this arrangement did not suit the
was at this time on the eve of breaking out, views of Antiochus, who immediately renewed
and he continued steadfast in his alliance with hostilities. The two brothers were unable to
Rome. But he derived no advantage from the offer any effectual opposition, and he had adtreaty which concluded it, and Antiochus still vanced a second time to the walls of Alexanretained possession of Ccelesyria and Phceni- drea, when he was met by a Roman embassy,
cia. As long as Ptolemy continued under the headed by M. Popilius Lunas, who haughtily
guidance and influence of Aristomenes, his ad- commanded him instantly to desist from hosninistration was equitable and popular. Grad- tilities. Antiochus did not venture to disobey,
719




PTOLEMAEUS.                               PTOLEM /EUS.
and withdrew to his own domninions, 168. Dis- uged with blood. Thousands of the inhabitsensions soon broke out between th'e two broth- ants fled from the scene'of such hor ros,' and
ers, and Euergetes expelled Phil-ometor from  the population of Alexandrea was so greatly
Alexandrea. Hereupon Philometor repaired in thinned that the king found himself compelled
person to Rome, 164, where he was received to- invite foreign settlers from all quarters to
by the senate with the utmost honor, and dep- repeople'his deserted capital.  At the same
uties were appointed to reinstate him in the time that he lthus incurred the. hatred of his
sovereign power. This they effected with lit- subjects by his cruelties,. he rendered himself
-tle-opposition,-but they settled that Euergetes an object of their aversion and contempt' by
should obtain Cyrene as a separate kingdom. abandoning himself to the most -degrading viEuergetes, however, shortly afterward laid ces. In consequence of these, he had become
claim to Cyprus as well, in which he was sup- bloated and deformed in person, and enormousported by the Romans; but Philometor refused ly corpulent, whence the Alexandreans gave
to surrender the island to him, and-in the war him the nickname of Phiyscon, by which appelwhich ensued, Euergetes was taken prisoner lation he is more universally known. His unby his' brother, who not only spared his life," but ion with Cleopatra was not of long duration.
sent him back to Cyrene on condition that he He -became enamored of his niece Cleopatra
should thenceforth content himself with that (the offspring of his wife'by her former markingdom. The attention of Philometor appears riage with Philometor),. and he did not hesitate
to have been from this time principally directed to divorce the mother and receive her daughter
to the side of Syria. Demetrius Soterhaving instead as his'wife and queen. By this prosought, during the dissensions between the two ceeding he alienated still more the minds of his
brothers, to make himself master of Cyprus, Greek subjects; and his vicesand cruelties at
Ptolemy now supported the usurper'Alexanider length produced an insurrection at Alexandrea.
Balas, to whom he gave his daughter Cleopatra Thereupon he fled to Cyprus, and the Alexanin marriage, 150. But when Ptolemy advanced dreans declared his sister Cleopatra queen (1.30).
with an army to'the assistance of his son-in- Enraged at this, Ptolemy put to -death Memphilaw, Ammonius, the favorite and minister Of tis, his son by Cleopatra, and sent his head and'Alexander, formed a plot against thelife of hands to his unhappy mother. But Cleopatra
Ptolemy; whereupon the latter took away his' having been shortly afterward expelled from
daughter Cleopatra from her faithless husband, Alexandrea in her turn, Ptolemy found himself
and bestowed her hand on Deinetrius Nicator, Unexpectedly reinstated on the throne (127).
the son of Soter, whose cause he now espoused. His sister Cleopatra fled to the court of her
In conjunction with Demetrius, Ptolemy carried elder daughter Cleopatra, the-wife of Demetrius
on war against Alexander, whom he defeated.I., king of Syria, who espoused the cause of the
in a decisive battle; but he died a few days aft- fugitive. Ptolemy, in revenge, set up against
erward, in consequence of an injury which he him a pretender named Zabinas or Zebina, who
received from a fall from his horse in this bat- assumed the title of Alexander II.  But the
tie,'146. He had reigned thirty-five years from  usurper behaved with such haughtiness to Ptol
the period of his first accession, and' eighteen emy, that the latter suddenly changed his polifrom his restoration by the Romans. Philome- cy, became reconciled to his sister Cleopatra,
tor is praised for the'mildness and humanity of whom he permitted to return'to Egypt, and
his disposition. Polybius even tells us that not gave his daughter Tryphmna in marriage to
a single citizen of Alexandrea was put to death Antiochus Grypus, the son of Demetrius. Ptolby him for any pdlitical or private offence. On emy died after reigning twenty-nine years from
the. whole, if not one of the greatest, he was at the death of his brother Philometor; but he
least one of the best of the race of the Ptole- himself reckoned the years of his reign from.nies' He left three'children: 1. A son, Ptol- the date of his-first assumption of the regal title
emy, who was proclaimed king after his fa- ini 170. Although'the character of Ptolemy
ther's death, under the name Ptolemy Eupator, Physcon was stained by the most infamous
but was put to death almost immediately after vices and by the most sanguinary cruelty, he
by his uncle Euergetes. 2. A daughter, Cleo- still retained-that love of letters which appears
patra, married first to Alexander Balas, then to to have been hereditary in the whole race of
Demetrius II., king of Syria; and, 3. Another the Ptolemies. He had in his youth been a
daughter, also named Cleopatra, who was aft- pupil of Aristarchus, and not only courted. the
erward married to her uncle PtolemyEuergetes. society of'learned men, but was himself the
— VII. EuERGETEs II. or PinYscoN (@uICai)), that author of a work called'Trioluvi/uara, or meis,-Big-Belly, reigned B.C. 146-117. His his- moirs, which extended to twenty-four books.
tory down. to, the. death of his brother has been He left two sons: Ptolemy; afterward known
already given. In order to secure undisputed as Soter II., and Alexander, both of whom subpossession of the throne, he married his sis- sequently ascended the throne of Egypt;'and
ter Cleopatra, the widow of his brother- Phi- three daughters: 1. Cleopatra, married to her
lometor, and put to death his nephew Ptolemy, brother Ptolemy Soter; 2. Tryphana, the wife
who had been proclaimed king under the sur- of Antiochus Grypus,-king of Syria; and, 3. Sename of Eupator. A reign thus commenced in lene, who was. unmarried at her father's death.
blood was continued in a similar spirit. Many To' his natural son Ptolemy, surnamed Apion,
of the leading citizens of Alexandrea, who had he bequeathed by his will the' separate kingdom
taken part against him on the death of his broth- of'Cyrene: —VIII.- SOTER II., and also PHILOer, were put to death, while the populace were METOR, but more commonly called LATHYRUS
given up to the cruelties of his mercenary troops, or LATHURUS (ACi: vpog), reigned B.C. 117-107,
and the streets of the city were repeatedly del- and also 89-81. Although he was of full age
720




PTOLEMzEUS.                               PTOLEMAEUJS.
at the time of his father's death (117), he was marrying Cleopatra, but only nineteen days aftobliged to reign jointly with his mother, Cleo- erward caused her to be assassinated. The
patra, who had been appointed by the will of Alexandreans thereupon rose against their new
her late husband to succeed him on the throne. monarch and put him to death.-XI. DIoNYSUS,
She was, indeed, desirous of associating with but more commonly known by the appellation
herself her younger son, Ptolemy Alexander; of AULETES, the flute-player, was an illegitimate
but since Lathyrus was popular with the Alex- son of Ptolemy Lathyrus. When the assassinandreans, she was obliged to give way, and sent ation of Berenice and the death of Alexander II.
Alexander to Cyprus. After declaring Lathy- had completed the extinction of the legitimate
rus king, she compelled him to repudiate his race of the Lagidae, Ptolemy was proclaimed
*sister Cleopatra, of whose influence she was king by the Alexandreans, B.C. 80. He was
jealous, and to marry his younger sister Selene anxious to obtain from the Roman senate their
in her stead. After reigning ten years jointly ratification of his title to the crown, but it was
with his mother, he was expelled from Alexan- not till the consulship of Cesar (59) that he was
drea by an insurrection of the people which she able to purchase by vast bribes the desired privhad excited against him (107). His brother ilege. He had expended immense sums in the
Alexander now assumed the sovereignty of pursuit of this object, which he was compelled
Egypt, in conjunction with his mother, while to raise by the imposition of fresh taxes, and
Lathyrus was able to establish himself in the the discontent thus excited combining with the
possession of Cyprus.  Cleopatra, indeed, at- contempt entertained for his character, led to
tempted to dispossess him of that island also, his expulsion by the Alexandreans in 58.
but without success, and Ptolemy held it as an Thereupon he proceeded in person to Rome -to
independent kingdom for the eighteen years procure from the senate his restoration. His
during which Cleopatra and Alexander reigned first reception was promising; and he procured
in Egypt. After the death of Cleopatra and a decree from  the senate commanding his
the expulsion of Alexander in 89, Ptolemy La- restoration, and intrusting the charge of effectthyrus was recalled by the Alexandreans, and ing it to P. Lentulus Spinther, then proconsul
established anew on the throne of Egypt, which of Cilicia. Meanwhile, the Alexandreans sent
he occupied thenceforth without interruption an embassy of one hundred of their leading cittill his death in 81. The most important event izens to plead their cause with the Roman
of this period was the revolt of Thebes, in Up- senate; but Ptolemy had the audacity to cause
per Egypt, which was still powerful enough to the deputies, on their arrival in Italy, to be
hold out for nearly three years against the arms waylaid, and the greater part of them murderof Ptolemy, but at the end of that time was ed. The indignation excited at Rome by this
taken and reduced to the state of ruin in which proceeding produced a reaction: the tribunes
it has ever since remained. Lathyrus reigned took up the matter against the nobility; and an
in all thirty-five years and a half; ten in con- oracle was produced from the Sibylline books,
junction with his mother (117-107), eighteen forbidding the restoration of the king by an
in Cyprus (107-89), and seven and a half as sole armed force. The intrigues and disputes thus
ruler of Egypt. He left only one daughter, raised were protracted throughout the year 56,
Berenice, called also Cleopatra, who succeeded and at length Ptolemy, despairing of a favorable
him on the throne; and two sons, both named result, quitted Rome in disgust, and withdrew
Ptolemy, who, though illegitimate, became sev- to Ephesus. But in 55, A. Gabinius, who was
erally kings of Egypt and Cyprus.-IX. ALEX- proconsul in Syria, was induced, by the influANDER I., youngest son of Ptolemy VII., reign- ence of Pompey, aided by the enormous bribe
ed conjointly with his mother Cleopatra from  of 10,000 talents from Ptolemy himself, to unthe expulsion of his brother Lathyrus, B.C. 107 dertake his restoration. The Alexandreans had
to 90. In this year he assassinated his mother; in the mean time placed on the throne of Egypt
but he had not reigned alone a year, when he Berenice, the eldest daughter of Ptolemy, who
was compelled by a general sedition of the popu- had married Archelaus, the son of the general
lace and military to quit Alexandrea.  He, of Mithradates, and they opposed Gabinius with
however, raised fresh troops, but was totally an army on the confines of the kingdom. They
defeated in a sea-fight by the rebels; where- were, however, defeated in three successive
upon Lathyrus was recalled by the Alexandre- battles, Archelaus was slain, and Ptolemy once
ans to Egypt, as has been already related. Al- more established on the throne, 55. One of his
exander now attempted to make himself master first acts was to put to death his daughter Berof Cyprus, and invaded that island, but was de- enice, and many of the leading citizens of Alexfeated and slain. He left a son, Alexander, who andrea. He survived his restoration only three
afterward ascended the throne of Egypt.-X. years and a half, during which time he was supALEXANDER II., son of the preceding, was at ported by a large body of Roman soldiers who
Rome at the death of Ptolemy Lathyrus in 81. had been left behind by Gabinius for his proSulia, who was then dictator, nominated the tection. He died in 51, after a reign of twentyyoung Alexander (who had obtained a high nine years from the date of his first accession.
place in his favor) king of Egypt, and sent him  He left two sons, both named Ptolemy, and two
to take possession of the crown. It was, how- daughters, Cleopatra and Arsino. —XII. Eldest
ever, agreed, in deference to the claims of Cle- son of the preceding. By his father's will the
opatra Berenice, the daughter of Lathyrus, sovereign power was left to himself and his
whom the Alexandreans had already placed on sister Cleopatra jointly, and this arrangement
the throne, that Alexander should marry her, was carried into effect without opposition, 51.
and admit her to share the sovereign power. Auletes had also referred the execution of his
He complied with the letter of this treaty by will to the Roman senate, and the latter accept46                                                             721




PTOLEMIEUS.                               PTOLEMI.EUS.
ed the office, confirmed its provisions, and be- oner, and put to death.-4. Tetrarch of CAI.CTIs
stowed on Pompey the title of guardian of the in Syria, the son of Mennaus. He appears to
young king. But the approach of the civil war have held the cities of Heliopolis and Chalcis
prevented them from taking any active part in as well as the mountain district of Itursea, from
the administration of affairs, which fell into the whence he was in the habit of infesting Damashands of a eunuch named Pothinus. It was cus and the more wealthy parts of Ccelesyria
not long before dissensions broke out between with predatory incursions. He reigned from
the latter and Cleopatra, which ended in the about 70 to 40, when he was succeeded by his
expulsion of the princess, after she had reigned son Lysanias. - 5. King of CYPRUS, was the
in conjunction with her brother about three younger brother of Ptolemy Auletes, king of
years, 48. Hereupon she took refuge in Syria, Egypt, being, like him, an illegitimate son qf
and assembled an army, with which she in- Ptolemy Lathyrus. He was acknowledged as
vaded Egypt. The young king, accompanied king of Cyprus at the same time that his brother
by his guardian, met her at Pelusium, and it Auletes obtained possession of the throAe of
was while the two armies were here encamped Egypt, 80. He had offended P. Clodius by negopposite to one another that Pompey landed in lecting to ransom him when he had fallen into
Egypt, to throw himself as a suppliant on the the hands of the Cilician pirates; and accordprotection of Ptolery; but he was assassinated ingly Clodius, when he became tribune (58),
by the orders of Pothinus, before he could ob- brought forward a law to deprive Ptolemy of
tain an interview with the king himself. Short- his kingdom, and reduce Cyprus to a Roman
ly after, Caesar arrived in Egypt, and took upon province. Cato, who had to carry into execuhimself to settle the dispute between Ptolemy tion this nefarious decree, sent to Ptolemy, adand his sister.  But as Cleopatra's charms vising him to submit, and offering him his pergained for her the support of Cesar, Pothinus sonal safety, with the office of high-priest at
determined to excite an insurrection against Paphos, and a liberal maintenance. But the
Caesar. Hence arose what is usually called unhappy king refused these offers, and put an
the Alexandrean war. Ptolemy, who was at end to his own life, 57.-6. King of EPIRus, was
first in Caesar's hands, managed to escape, and the second son of Alexander II., king of Epirus,
put himself at the head of the insurgents; but and Olympias, and grandson of the great Pyrhe was defeated by Caesar, and was drowned in rhus. He succeeded to the throne on the death
an attempt to escape by the river (47).-XIII. of his elder brother, Pyrrhus IT., but reigned
Youngest son of Ptolemy Auletes, was declared only a very short time. The date of his reign
king by Caesar in conjunction with Cleopatra, can not be fixed with certainty, but as he was
after the death of his elder brother Ptolemy contemporary with Demetrius II., king of MacXII., 47; and although he was a mere boy, it edonia, it may be placed between 239-229.-7.
was decreed that he should marry his sister, King of MAURETANIA, Was the son and successwith whom he was thus to share the power. or of Juba II. By his mother Cleopatra he was
Both his marriage and regal title were, of descended from the kings of Egypt, whose name
course, purely nominal; and in 43 Cleopatra he bore. The period of his accession can not
put him to death.                         be determined with certainty, but we know that
he was on the throne in A.D. 18. Hle continued
III. Kings of other Countries.    to reign without interruption till A.D. 40, when
1. Surnamed ALORITES, that is, of Alorus, re- he was summoned to Rome by Caligula, and
gent, or, according to some authors, king of shortly after put to death, his great riches havMacedonia. He obtained the supreme power ing excited the cupidity of the emperor.
by the assassination of Alexander II., the eldest
son of Amyntas, B.C. 367, but was, in his turn,          IV. Literary.
assassinated by Perdiccas III., 364. -2. Sur-  1. CLAUDIUS PTOLEM2EUS, a celebrated mathenamed APION, king of Cyrene (117-96), was an matician, astronomer, and geographer. Of Ptolillegitimate son of Ptolemy Physcon, king of emy himself we know absolutely nothing but his
Egypt, who left him by his will the kingdom of date. He certainly observed in A.D. 139, at Althe Cyrena'ca. At his death in 96, Apion be- exandrea; and, since he survived Antoninus,
queathed his kingdom by his will to the Roman he was alive A.D. 161. His writings are as
people. The senate, however, refused to ac- follows: 1. Mey6uvr Xwvrartf rTf'ATcpovoliac,
cept the legacy, and declared the cities of the usually known by its Arabic name of Almagest.
Cyrenaica free. They were not reduced to the Since the Tetrabiblus, the work on astrology,
condition of a province till near thirty years was also entitled avvrartr, the Arabs, to distinafterward. - 3. Surnamed CERAUNUS, king of guish the two, probably called the greater work
Macedonia, was the son of Ptolemy I., king of /eeyda2, and afterward IeyiaTr: the title AlmaEgypt, by his second wife Eurydice. When gest is a compound of this last adjective and the
his father in 285 set aside the claim of Cerau- Arabic article. The Almagest is divided into
nus to the throne, and appointed his younger thirteen books. It treats of the relations of the
son, Ptolemy Philadelphus, his successor, Ce- earth and heaven; the effect of position upon
raunus repaired to the court of Lysimachus. the earth; the theory of the sun and moon,
After Lysimachus had perished in battle against without which that of the stars can not be un-,Seleucus (281), Ptolemy Ceraunus was received dertaken; the sphere of the fixed stars, and
by the latter in the most friendly manner; but those of the five stars called planets. The sevshortly afterward (280) he basely assassinated enth and eighth books are the most interesting
Seleucus, and took possession of the Macedo- to the modern astronomer, as they contain a
nian throne. After reigning a few months, he catalogue of the stars. This catalogue gives
*was defeated in battle by the Gauls, taken pris- the longitudes and latitudes of one thousand.722




PTOLEMI3eUS.                               PTOLEMAIS.
and twenty-two stars, described by their posi- covery of Americaby Columbus. The first book
tions in the constellations. It seems that this is introductory. The next six and a half books
catalogue is in the main really that of Hippar- (ii.-vii., 4) are occupied with the description of
chus, altered to Ptolemy's own time by assum- the known world, beginning with the West of
ing the value of the precession of the equinoxes Europe, the description of which is contained
given by Hipparchus as the least which could in book ii.; next comes the East of Europe, in
be; some changes having also been made by book iii.; then Africa, in book iv.; then WestPtolemy's own observations. Indeed, the whole ern or Lesser Asia, in book v.; then the Greatwork of Ptolemy appears to have been based er Asia, in book vi.; then India, the Chersoneupon the observations of Hipparchus, whom he sus Aurea, Serica, the Sinae, and Taprobane, in
constantly cites as his authority. The best edi- book vii., cc. 1-4. The form in which the detion of the Almagest is by Halma, Paris, 1813, scription is given is that of lists of places, with
1816, 2 vols. 4to. There are also two other their longitudes and latitudes, arranged under
volumes by Halma (1819-1820), which contain the heads, first, of the three continents, and
some of the other writings of Ptolemy.-2. TE- then of the several countries and tribes. Pre-pd&6t62O acvvraTSC, generally called Tetrabiblon, fixed to each section is a brief general descripor Quadripartitum de Apotelesmatibus et Judiciis tion of the boundaries and divisions of the part
Astrorum. With this goes another small work, about to be described; and remarks of a miscalled Kcaporg, or FrucLtus Librorum Suorum, often cellaneous character are interspersed among the
called Centiloquium, from its containing a hund- lists, to which, however, they bear but a small
red aphorisms. Both of these works are as- proportion. The remaining part of the seventh,
trological, and it has been doubted by some and the whole of the eighth book, are occupied
whether they be genuine. But the doubt merely' with a description of a set of maps of the known
arises from the feeling that the contents are un- world. These maps are still extant. The best
worthy of Ptolemy.-3. Kavwiv Baoitiev, a cata- edition of the Geographia of Ptolemy is by Pelogue of Assyrian, Persian, Greek, and Roman trus Bertius, Lugd. Bat., 1619, fol.; reprinted
sovereigns, with the length of their reigns, sev- Antwerp, 1624, fol.-2. Of Megalopolis, the son
eral times referred to by Syncellus.-4. idaetC of Agesarchus, wrote a history of King Ptolemy
in'27aviSv aiiarEpv cau atvvvayj7 Eirtcuaaelotv, De IV. Philopator.-3. An Egyptian priest of MenApparenti1s et Significationibus inerrantium, an des, who wrote on the ancient history of Egypt.
annual list of sidereal phaenomena. - 5, 6. De He probably lived under the first Roman emAnalemmate and Planisphcerium. These works perors.-4. Surnamed CHEMNUS, a grammarian
are obtained from the Arabic. The Analemma of Alexandrea, flourished under Trajan and
is a collection of graphical processes for facili- Hadrian. An epitome of one of his works is
tating the construction of sun-dials. The Plani- preserved by Photius.
sphere is a description of the stereographic pro-  PTr6LMi.IS (HIroe2/auc': Ilroejotaetr  and IIrojection, in which the eye is at the pole of the;tejuaeeC). 1. Also called ACE ('AKe), a corrupcircle on which the sphere is projected.-.7. Irepi tion of the native name Acco, Old Testament:
7roOtaewov riCv TrraveyOfvov, De Planetarum Hy- now, in Arabic; Akka, French St. Jean d'Acre,
pothesibus.  This is a brief statement of the English Acre), a celebrated city on the coast of
principal hypotheses employed in the Almagest Phoenicia, south of Tyre, and north of Mount
for the explanation of the heavenly motions.-  Carmel, lies at the bottom of a bay surrounded
8.'Apjeovtlcdv fBi62ga y'., a treatise on the theory by mountains, in a position marked out by naof the musical scale.-9. Ilepit Kpterpiov Kaci eye- ture as a key ofthe passage between Celesyria
ovtcKO V, De Judicandi Facultate et Animi Princi- and Palestine. It is one of the oldest cities
patu, a metaphysical work, attributed to Ptol- of Phoenicia, being mentioned in the Book of
emy. —10. rewypaotcK'Toyniatlc, in eight books, Judges (i., 31). Under the Persians it was made
the great geographical work of Ptolemy. This the head-quarters of the expeditions against
work was the last attempt made by the ancients Egypt; but it was not till the decline of Tyre
to form a complete geographical system; it was that it acquired its great importance as a miliaccepted as the text-book of the science; and tary and commercial city. The Ptolemy who
it maintained that position during the Middle enlarged and strengthened it, and from whom it
Ages, and until the fifteenth century, when the obtained its Greek name, is supposed to have
rapid progress of maritime discovery caused it been Ptolemy I. the son of Lagus. After the,
to be superseded. It contains, however, very change of its name, its citadel continued to be
little information respecting the objects of in- called Ace. Under the Romans it was a colterest connected with the different countries ony, and belonged to Galilee. To recount its
and places; for, with the exception of the in- great celebrity in mediaeval and modern history
troductory matter in the first book, and the lat- does not fall within the province of this work.
ter part of the work, it is a mere catalogue of -2. (At or near the modern El-Lahum), a small
the names of places, with their longitudes and town of Middle Egypt, in the Nomos Arsinoites,
latitudes, and with a few incidental references between Arsino6 and Heracleopolis the Great.
to objects of interest. The latitudes of Ptol- -3. P. HE   (II (II.'Ep#eiov, TIroEeuaWKc 7Tr6e:
emy are tolerably correct; but his longitudes now Menshieh, ruins), a city of Upper Egypt, on
are very wide of the truth, his length of the the western bank of the Nile, below Abydos,
known world, from east to west, being much was a place of great importance under the Ptoltoo great. It is well worthy, however, of re- emies, who enlarged and adorned it, and made
mark, in passing, that the modern world owes it a purely Greek city, exempt from all peculmuch to this error; for it tended to encourage iarly Egyptian laws and customs. —4. P. THw:that belief in the practicability of a western  RON, or EPITvnERAS (II. Onp(v, 7 Enrrs Orpac), a
passage to the Indies, which occasioned the dis- port on the Red Sea, on the coast of the Troglo723




PTOON1.                                PULCHERIA.
dyt2e, an emporium for the trade with India and by his first wife. He espoused the republican
Arabia, but chiefly remarkable in the history party after Cesar's death (44), and went with
of mathematical geography, inasmuch as, the M. Brutus to Asia. After plotting against the
sun having been observed to be directly over it lives of both Brutus and Cassius, he deserted
forty-five days before and after the summer sol- to the triumvirs, Octavianus and Antony. He
stice, the place was taken as one of the fixed was rewarded for his treachery by the consulpoints for determining the length of a degree ship in 36. In the war between Octavianus
of a great circle on the earth's surface.-5. (Now  and Antony, he espoused the side of the latter,
Tolmeita, or Tolometa, ruins), on the northwest- and commanded the right wing of Antony's fleet
ern coast of Cyrenaica, one of the five great at the battle of Actium.-3. Brother probably
cities of the Libyan Pentapolis, was at first only of No. 1, is called step-son of L. Marcius Philipthe port of BARCA, which lay one hundred stadia pus, consul 91, and brother of L. Marcius Philip(ten geographical miles) inland, but which was pus, consul 56. According to Cicero's account,
so entirely eclipsed by PtolemaYs that, under he was a profligate and a spendthrift, and having
the Romans, even the name of Barca was trans- dissipated his property, united himself to P.
ferred to the latter city. From which of the Clodius.
Ptolemies it took its name, we are not informed.  PUBLILIA, the second wife of M. Tullius CicIts magnificence is attested by its splendid ruins, ero, whom he married B.C. 46. As Cicero
which are now partly covered by the sea. They was then sixty years of age, and Publilia quite
are four miles in circumference, and contain the young, the marriage occasioned great scandal.
remains of several temples, three theatres, and It appears that Cicero was at the time in great
an aqueduct.                              pecuniary embarrassments; and after the diPTOON (IIHTOV: now Palea and Strutzina), a vorce of Terentia, he was anxious to contract
mountain in Bceotia, an offshoot of Helicon, a new marriage for the purpose of obtaining
which extends from the southeast side of the money to pay his debts. Publilia had a large
Lake Copais southward to the coast.      fortune, which had been left to Cicero in trust
PUBLICOLA, or POPLICULA, or POPLICOLA, a Ro- for her. The marriage proved an unhappy one,
man cognomen, signified "one who courts the as might have been expected; and Cicero dipeople" (from populus and colo), and thus "a vorced her in 45.
friend of the people." The form Poplicula or  PUBLILIUS PHILO. Vid. PHILO.
Poplicola was the more ancient, but Publicola  PUBLILIUS, VOLERO, tribune of the plebs B.C.
was the one usually employed by the Romans 472, and again 471, effected an important change
in later times.                           in the Roman constitution. In virtue of the
PUBLiCOLA, P. VALERYUS, took an active part laws which he proposed, the tribunes of the
in expelling the Tarquins from the city, and plebs and the sediles were elected by the comitia
was thereupon elected consul. with Brutus (B. tributa instead of by the comitia centuriata, as
C. 509). He secured the liberties of the peo- had previously been the case, and the tribes obple by proposing several laws, one of the most tained the power of deliberating and determinimportant of which was that every citizen who ing in all matters affecting the whole nation,
was condemned by a magistrate should have and not such only as concerned the plebs. Some
the right of appeal to the people. He also or- said that the number of the tribunes was now
dered the lictors to lower the fasces before the for the first time raised to five, having been
people, as an acknowledgment that their power only two previously.
was superior to that of the consuls. Hence he  PUBLIUS SYRUS. Vid. SYRUS.
became so great a favorite with the people,  PUCINUM (HoVctVOV), a fortress in Istria, in the
that he received the surname of Publicola. He north of Italy, on the road from Aquileia to Pola,
was consul three times again, namely, in 508, was situated on a steep rock, which produced
507, and 504. He died in 503. He was buried wine, mentioned by Pliny under the name of
at the public expense, and the matrons mourn- Vinum Pucinum.
ed for him ten months, as they had done for  PUDiCITIA (Aid5C), a personification of modBrutus. The descendants of Publicola bore the esty, was worshipped both in Greece and at
same name, and several of them held the highest Rome. At Athens an altar was dedicated to
offices of state during the early years of the re- her. At Rome two sanctuaries were dedicated
public.                                  to her, one under the name of Pudicitia patricia,
PUBLYCLA, GELLIUS. 1. L., consul with Cn. and the other under that of Pudicitia plebeia.
Lentulus Clodianus, B.C. 72.  Both consuls The former was in the forum Boarium, near the
carried on war against Spartacus, but were de- temple of Hercules. When the patrician Virfeated by the latter. In 70 Gellius was censor, ginia was driven from this sanctuary by the
and in 67 and 66 he served as one of Pompey's other patrician women, because she had marlegates in the war against the pirates. He be- ried the plebeian consul L. Volumnius, she built
longed to the aristocratical party. In 63 he a separate sanctuary to Pudicitia plebeia in the
warmly supported Cicero in the suppression of Vicus Longus.
the Catilinarian conspiracy. In 59 he opposed  PULCHER, CLAUDIUS. Vid. CLAUDIUS.
the agrarian law of Caesar, and in 57 he spoke  PULCHERIA, eldest daughter of the Emperor
in favor of Cicero's recall from exile. He was Arcadius, was born A.D. 399. In 414, when
alive in 55, when Cicero delivered his speech she was only fifteen years of age, she became
against Piso, but he probably. died soon after- the guardian of her brother Theodosius, and
ward. He was married twice. He must have was declared Augusta or empress. She had
reached a great age, since he is mentioned as the virtual government in her hands during the
the contubernalis of C. Papirius Carbo, who whole lifetime of her brother, who died in 450.
was consul in 120.-2. L., son of the preceding On his death she remained at the head of af724




PULCHRUM     PROMONTORIUM.                          PYLADES.
fairs, and shortly afterward she married Mar- in course of time becomes as hard in water as
cian, with whom she continued to reign in corn- stone. The mole was built on arches like a
nmon till her death in 453. Pulcheria was a bridge, and seventeen of the piers are still visiwoman of ability, and was celebrated for her ble projecting above the water. To this mole
piety, and her public and private virtues.  Caligula attached a floating bridge, which exPULcHRUMI PROWONTORIUI (1CaX2v CIepsWjpLov), tended as far as Baiae, a distance of two miles.
a promontory on the northern coast of the Car- Puteoli was the chief emporium for the comthaginian territory in Northern Africa, where merce with Alexandrea and with the greater part
the elder Scipio Africanus landed; probably  of Spain. The town was colonized by the Roidentical with the APOLLINIS PROMONTORIUM.  mans in B.C. 194, and also anew by Augustus,
PULLUS, L. JuNIUs, consul B.C. 249, in the Nero, and Vespasian.  It was destroyed by
first Punic war. His fleet was destroyed by a Alaric in A.D. 410, by Genseric in 455, and also
storm, on account, it was said, of his neglect- by Totilas in 545, but was on each occasion
ing the auspices. In despair, he put an end to speedily rebuilt. There are still many ruins of
his own life.                             the ancient town at the modern Pozzuoli. Of
PUPIENUS MAXIwUS, M. CLODIUS, was elected these the most important are the remains of
emperor with Balbinus in A.D. 238, when the the temple of Serapis, of the amphitheatre,
senate received intelligence of the death of the and of the mole already described.
two Gordians in Africa; but the new emperors  PUTPUT (now probably Hamamet), a sea-port
were slain by the soldiers at Rome in the same town of Africa Propria (Zeugitana) on the Gulf
year.                                     of Neapolis (now Gulf of Hamamet). Its name
PurYus, a Roman dramatist, whose composi- is evidently Phmnician.
tions are characterized by Horace as the I"lacry-  PYDNA (IvIdva: HIvdvaio: now Kitron), a
mosa poemata Pupi."                       town of Macedonia, in the district Pieria, was
PuRA (Hodpa: now probably Bunpur), the cap- situated at a small distance west of the Therital of Gedrosia. in the interior of the country, maic Gulf, on which it had a harbor. It was
on the borders of Carmania.               originally a Greek colony, but it was subdued
PURPURRILE INSULAr (now probably the iMia- by the Macedonian kings, from whom, however,
deira group), a group of islands in the Atlantic it frequently revolted. Toward the end of the
Ocean, off the northwestern coast of Africa, Peloponnesian war it was taken after a long
which are supposed to have derived their name siege by Archelaus, and its inhabitants removed
from the purple muscles which abound on the twenty stadia inland; but at a later period we
opposite coast of Africa (Gaetulia). The islands still find the town situated on the coast. It
of Hera ('Hpa) and Autolala (A7ro0tdcZa), men- again revolted from the Macedonians, and was
tioned by Ptolemy, appear to belong to the subdued by Philip, who enlarged and fortified
group.                                    the place. It was here that Olympias sustainPURPURho, L. FURYUS, praetor B.C. 200, ob- ed a long siege against Cassander, B.C. 317tained Cisalpine Gaul as his province, and gain- 316. It is especially memorable on account of
ed a brilliant victory over the Gauls, who had the victory gained under its walls by iEmilius
laid siege to Cremona. He was consul 196, Paulus over Perseus, the last king of Macewhen he defeated the Boii.                donia, 168. Under the Romans it was also
POTidSLXNUM, a country house of Cicero near called Citrum or Citrus.
Puteoli, where he wrote his Qucestiones Acade-  PvYGLA or PHYGELA (HIIYE2a, qVdyea), a small
micce, and where the Emperor Hadrian was town of Ionia, on the coast of Lydia, with a temburied.                                   pie of' Diana (Artemis) Munychia. Tradition
POTT9SLANUS SINUS (now Bay of Naples), a bay ascribed its foundation to Agamemnon on his
of the sea on the coast of Campania, between return from Troy.
the promontory Misenum and the promontory of  PYGMII (IIvytaro', i. e., men of the height of
Minerva, which was originally called Cumanus, a rrvyT/i, i. e., thirteen and a half inches), a
but afterward Puteolanus, from the town Pute- fabulous people, first mentioned by Homer (II.,
oli. The northwest corner of it was separated iii., 5), as dwelling on the shores of Ocean, and
by a dike eight stadia in length from the rest attacked by cranes in spring time. The fable
of the bay, thus forming the LUCRINUS LACUs,  is repeated by numerous writers, in various
/ POT2i5LI (Puteolanus: now Pozzuoli), origin- forms, especially as to the locality, some
ally named DICeARCHIA (AtcatapXia, AucCatip- placing them in lEthiopia, others in India, and
Xema: AtcatapXef, AulcatapXeiTf1, -xiryt), a cele- others in the extreme north of the earth. The
brated sea-port town.of Campania, situated on story is referred to by Ovid and Juvenal, and
a promontory on the east side of the Puteolanus forms the subject of several works of art.
Sinus, and a little to the east of Cumtne, was  PYGMXLYON (HIvyuaJ2iov). 1. King of Cyprus
founded by the Greeks of Cumne, B.C. 521, un- and father of Metharme. He is said to have
der the name of Dicaearchia. In the second fallen in love with the ivory image of a maiden
Punic war it was fortified by the Romans, who which he himself had made, and therefore to
changed its name into that of Puteoli, either have prayed to Venus (Aphrodite) to breathe life
froml its numerous wells, or from the stench into it. When the request was granted, Pygarising from the mineral springs in its neigh- malion married the maiden, and became by her
borhood. The town was indebted for its im- the father of Paphus.-2. -Son of Belus and
portanee to its excellent harbor, which was brother of Dido, who murdered Sicheeus, Dido's
protected by an extensive mole formed from  husband. For details, vid. DIDo.
the celebrated reddish earth of the neighboring  PLiLXDES (HvX6d67r). 1. Son of Strophius and
hills. This earth, called Pozzolana, when mix- Anaxibia, a sister of Agamemnon. His father
ed with chalk, forms an excellent cement, which was king of Phocis; and after the death of Aga725




PYLE.                                    PYRENE.
memnon, Orestes was secretly carried to his ans proved unavailing; and the capture by
father's court. Here Pylades contracted that Cleon of the Spartans, who had landed in the
friendship with Orestes which became proverb- island of Sphacteria, was one of the most imial. He assisted Orestes in murdering his moth- portant events in the whole war.-There has
er Clytemnestra, and also accompanied him to been much controversy, which of these three
the Tauric Chersonesus; and he eventually places was the Pylos founded by Neleus, and
married his sister Electra, by whom he became governed by Nestor and his descendants. The
the father of Hellanicus, Medon, and Strophius. town in Elis has little or no claim to the honor,
For details, vid. ORESTES.-2. A pantomime and the choice lies between the towns in Triphyldancer in the reign of Augustus, spoken of un- ia and Messenia. The ancients usually decided
der BATHYLLUS.                            in favor of the Messenian Pylos; but most modPYLZE (IITJact, i. e., Gates). 1. A general ern critics support the claims of the.Triphylian
name for any narrow pass, such as THERMOPY- city.
LE, Pyle Albanie, Caspis, &c. (Vid. the sev-  [PYRACMON, one of the assistants of Vulcan
eral specific names.)-2. Two small islands at in forging the thunderbolts of Jupiter (Zeus).
the entrance into the Arabicus Sinus (now Red  Vid. CYCLOPES.]
Sea) from the Erythrean Sea.                [PYRE CHMES (IIvpaiXyf), leader of the PeeoPYLvEMENES (IIv21Laituv7), appears to have nians, an ally of the Trojans, slain by Patrobeen the name of many kings of Paphlagonia, clus according to Homer, or by Diomedes acso as to have become a kind of hereditary ap- cording to Dictys.]
pellation, like that of Ptolemy in Egypt and  PYRAMYA (ra Hvpduyta), a town of Argolis, in
Arsaces in Parthia. We have, however, very the district Thyreatis, where Danaus is said to
little definite information concerning them.  have landed.
[PvYLEUS (IIT;Leaio), son of Lethus, leader of  PYRXMJS. Vid. THISBE.
the Pelasgians from Larissa, an ally of the Tro-  PYRiMUS (JIvpapog: now Jihan), one of the
jans.]                                    largest rivers of Asia Minor, rises in the anti[PYLARTES (HIva;prnf), a Trojan warrior, Taurus range, near Arabissus in Cataonia (the
slain by Patroclus.]                      southeastern part of Cappadocia), and after runPYLAS (lvldac), son of Cteson, and king of ning southeast, first under ground, and then as
Megaia, who, after slaying Bias, his own fa- a navigable river, breaks through the Taurus
ther's brother, founded the town of Pylos in chain by a deep and narrow ravine, and then
Peloponnesus, and gave Megara to Pandion, flows southwest through Cilicia in a deep and
who had married his daughter Pylia, and ac- rapid stream, about one stadium (six hundred
cordingly was his son-in-law.             and six feet) in width, and falls into the sea
PYLENE (Illvvl), an ancient town ofiEtolia, near Mallus. Its ancient name is said to have
on the southern slope of Mount Aracynthus, on been Leucosyrus, from the LEUCOSYRI who dwelt
whose site PROSCHIUM was subsequently built.  on its banks.
[PYLON (HII'Ur2o), a Trojan warrior, slain by  [PYRANDER (ITpavdpof), a historian of an unPolypcetes.]                              known period, wrote a work entitled IHIEorovPYLOS (TIXUo)), the name of three towns on viozaiac.]
the western coast of Peloponnesus. 1. In Elis,  [PYRAsus (IITpaaoo), a city of the Thessalian
at the foot of Mount Scollis, and about seventy district Phthiotis, mentioned by Homer, but alor eighty stadia fiom the city of Elis, on the ready in Strabo's time in ruins: it was situated
road to Olympia, near the confluence of the on the coast, twenty stadia (two geographical
Ladon and the Peneus  It is said to have been miles) from Thebae, with a Demetrium.]
founded by Pylon or Pylas of Megara, to have  [PYRASUS (Ivpauof), a Trojan warrior, slain
been destroyed by Hercules, and to have been by Ajax.]
afterward rebuilt by the Eleans.-2. In Triphyl-  PYRENE or PYRENEI MONTES (IIvpjvn, T- HII.
ia, about thirty stadia from the coast, on the provaa 5opy: now Pyrenees), a range of mountRiver Mamaus, west of the Mountain Minthe, ains extending from the Atlantic to the Mediand north of Lepreum.-3. In the southwest of terranean, and forming the boundary between
Messenia, was situated at the foot of Mount Gaul and Spain. The length of these mount-.Egaleos on a promontory at the northern en- ains is about two hundred and seventy miles in
trance of the basin, now called the Bay of Nav- a straight line; their breadth varies from about
arino, the largest and safest harbor in all Greece. forty miles to twenty; their greatest height is
This harbor was fronted and protected by the between eleven thousand and twelve thousand
small island of Sphacteria (now Sphagia), which feet. The Romans first became acquainted with
stretched along the coast about a mile and three these mountains by their campaigns against the
quarters, leaving only two narrow entrances at Carthaginians in Spain in the second Punic war.
each end. In the second Messenian war the Their name, however, had'travelled eastward
inhabitants of, Pylos offered a long and brave at a much earlier period, since Herodotus (ii.,
resistance to the Spartans; but after the cap- 33) speaks of a city Pyrene belonging to the
ture of Ira, they were obliged to quit their na- Celts, near which the Ister rises. The ancient
tive country with the rest of the Messenians. writers usually derived the name from  rfnp,
Pylos now remained in ruins, but again became " fire," and then, according to a common pracmemorable in the Peloponnesian war, when the tice, invented a story to explain the false etyAthenians under Demosthenes built a fort on mology, relating that a great fire once raged
the promontory Coryphasium, a little south of upon the mountains. The name, however, is
the ancient city, and just within the northern probably connected with the Celtic Byrin or
entrance to the harbor (B.C. 425).  The at- Bryn, "a mountain." The continuation of tte
tempts of the Spartans to dislodge the Atheni- mountains along the Mare Cantabricum was
726




PYRENES PROMONTORIUM.                              PYRRHUS.
called Saltus Vasconum, and still further west and consequently on the narrowest part of the
Mons Vindius or Vinnius. The Romans were island.-2. A town and promontory of Phthioacquainted with only three passes over the Pyr- tis in Thessaly, on the Pagasaean Gulf, and near
enees, the one on the west near Carasae (now  the frontiers of Magnesia. Off this promontory
Garis), not far from the Mare Cantabricum, the there were two small islands, named Pyrrha
one in the middle leading from Caesaraugusta and Deucalion.-3. A small Ionic town in Cato Beneharnum (now Bareg'es), and the one on ria, on the northern side of the Sinus Latmicus,
the east, which was most frequently used, near and fifty stadia from the mouth of the Maeander.
the coast of the Mediterranean by Juncaria (now  PYRRHI CASTRA (HIIvppov xdpaS), a fortified
Junquera).                                place in the north of Laconia, where Pyrrhus
PYRENES PROMONTORYum,     PRMONTORIUM probably encamped in his invasion of the counVENERIS (now Cape Creus), the southeastern try in B.C. 272.
extremity of the Pyrenees in Spain, on.the  PYRRH1CHUS (II~p/5Xo), a town of the Eleufrontiers of Gaul, derived its second name from  thero-lacones in the southwest of Laconia.
a temple of Venus on the promontory.        PYRRHO (IUpp&)v), the founder of the SkepPYRGI. 1. (ITpyot or IIpyoc: tIvpyiTrn), the tical or Pyrrhonian school of philosophy, was a
most southerly town of Triphylia in Elis, near native of Elis in Peloponnesus. He is said to
the Messenian frontier, said to have been found- have been poor, and to have followed at first
ed by the Minyse.-2. (Pyrgensis: now Santa the profession of a painter. He is then said to
Severa), an ancient Pelasgic town on the coast have been attracted to philosophy by the books
of Etruria, was used as the port of Caere or of Democritus, to have attended the lectures of
Agylla, and was a place of considerable import- Bryson, a disciple of Stilpon, to have attached
ance as a commercial emporium. It was at an himself closely to Anaxarchus, and with him to
early period the head-quarters of the Tyrrhenian have joined the expedition of Alexander the
pirates. It possessed a very wealthy temple of Great. During the greater part of his life he
Ilithyia, which Dionysius of Syracuse plundered lived in retirement, and endeavored to render
in B.C. 384. Pyrgi is mentioned at a later time himself independent of all external circumstanas a Roman colony, but lost its importance un- ces. His disciple Timon extolled with admirader the Roman dominion. There are still re- tion his divine repose of soul, and his indiffermains at Sta Severa of the ancient polygonal ence to pleasure or pain. So highly was he
walls of Pyrgi.                           valued by his fellow-citizens that they made
[PYRGO, nurse of the children of Priam, ac- him their high priest, and erected a monument
companiedEneas after the destruction of Troy, to him after his death. The Athenians conand showed the Trojan women that it was a ferred upon him the rights of citizenship. We
goddess, and not Beroe, who urged them to fire know little respecting the principles of his skepthe Trojan ships in Sicily.]              tical philosophy; and the ridiculous tales told
PYRGOTELES (HvpyoOTrA;c), one of the most about him by Diogenes Laertius are probably the
celebrated gem engravers of ancient Greece, invention of his enemies. He asserted that cerwas a contemporary of Alexander the Great, tain knowledge on any subject was unattainable,
who placed him on a level with Apelles and and that the great object of man ought to be to
Lysippus, by naming him as the only artist who lead a virtuous life. Pyrrho wrote no works,
was permitted to engrave seal-rings for the king. except a poem addressed to Alexander, which
PYRicUs, a Greek painter, who probably lived was rewarded by the latter in a royal manner.
soon after the time of Alexander the Great. He His philosophical system was first reduced to
devoted himself entirelyto the production of writing by his disciple Timon. He reached the
small pictures of low and mean subjects.  age of ninety years, but we have no mention of
PYRIPHLEGETHON (IIvptL)eyeOo)v), that is, flam- the year either of his birth or of his death.
ing with fire, the name of one of the rivers in  PYRRHUS (HViP/5or). 1. Mythological. Vid.
the lower world.                          NEOPTOLEMUS..-2. I. King of Epirus, son of
PYROMACHUS, the name of two artists. The lEacides and Phthia, was born B.C. 318. His
name occurs in four different forms, namely, ancestors claimed descent from Pyrrhus, the
Phyromachus, Phylomachus, Philomachus, and son of Achilles, who was said to have settled in
Pyromachus.  1. An Athenian sculptor, who Epirus after the Trojan war, and to have beexecuted the bas-reliefs on the frieze of the come the founder of the race of Molossian kings.
temple of Minerva (Athena) Polias, about B.C. On the deposition of his father by the Epirots
415. The true form of his name appears to have (vid..EAcIDES), Pyrrhus, who was then a child
been Phyromachus.-2. An artist who flourish- of only two years old, was saved from destruced B.C. 295-240, is mentioned by Pliny (xxxiv., tion by the faithful adherents of the king, who
8, s. 19) as one of those statuaries who rep- carried him to Glaucias, the king of the Tauresented the battles of Attalus and Eumenes lantians, an Illyrian people. Glaucias took the
against the Gauls. Of these battles the most child under his care, and brought him up with
celebrated was that which obtained for Attalus his own children. He not only refused to surL the title of king, about 241. It is supposed render Pyrrhus to Cassander, but about ten
by the best writers on ancient art that the eel- years afterward he marched into Epirus at the
ebrated statue of a dying combatant, popularly head of an army, and placed Pyrrhus on the
called the Dying Gladiator, is a copy from one throne, leaving him, however, under the care
of the bronze statues in the works mentioned of guardians, as he was then only twelve years
by Pliny. It is evidently the statue of a Celt.  of age. In the course of four or five years,
PYRRHA (HIIvppa: Hv ppaloc). 1. A town on however, Cassander, who had gained his suthe western coast of the island of Lesbos, on premacy in Greece, prevailed upon the Epirots
the inner part of the deep bay named after it, to expel their young king. Pyrrhus, who was
727




PYRRHUS.                                  PYRRHUS.
still only seventeen years of age, joined Deme- the theatre and all other public places, and corntrius, who had married his sister Deidamia, ac- pelled their young men to serve in his ranks.
companied him to Asia, and was present at the In the first campaign (280), the Roman consul,
battle of Ipsus, 301, in which he gained great M. Valerius Laevinus, was defeated by Pyrrhus
renown for his valor.  Antigonus fell in the near Heraclea, on the bank of the River Siris.
battle, and Demetrius became a fugitive; but The battle was long and bravely contested, and
Pyrrhus did not desert his brother-in-law in his it was not till Pyrrhus brought forward his elemisfortunes, and shortly afterward went for him  phants, which bore down every thing before
as a hostage into Egypt. Here he was fortu- them, that the Romans took to flight. The loss
nate enough to win the favor of Berenice, the of Pyrrhus, though inferior to that of the Rowife of Ptolemy, and received in marriage An- mans, was still very considerable.  A large
tigone, her daughter by her first husband. Ptol- proportion of his officers and best troops had
emy now supplied him with a fleet and forces, fallen; and he said, as he viewed the field of
with which he returned to Epirus. Neoptole- battle, "Another such victory, and I must remus, who had reigned from the time that Pyr- turn to Epirus alone."  He therefore availed
Thus had been driven from the kingdom, agreed himself of his success to send his minister Cinto share the sovereignty with Pyrrhus. But eas to Rome with proposals of peace, while he
such an arrangement could not last long, and himself marched slowly toward the city. His
Pyrrhus anticipated his own destruction by put- proposals, however, were rejected by the senting his rival to death. This appears to have ate. He accordingly continued his march, ravhappened in 295, in which year Pyrrhus is said aging the Roman territory as he went along.
to have begun to reign. He was now twenty- He advanced within twenty-four milesof Rome;
three years old, and he soon became one of the but as he found it impossible to compel the Romost popular princes of his time. His daring mans to accept the peace, he retraced his steps,
courage made him a favorite with his troops, and withdrew into winter-quarters to Tarenand his affability and generosity secured the tur. As soon as the armies were quartered
love of his people. He seems at an early age for the winter, the Romans sent an embassy to
to have taken Alexander as his model, and to Pyrrhus to endeavor to obtain the ransom of
have been fired with the ambition of imitating the Roman prisoners. The ambassadors were
his exploits and treading in his footsteps. His received by Pyrrhus in the most distinguished
eyes were first directed to the conquest of Mace- manner; and his interviews with C. Fabricius,
donia. By assisting Alexander, the son of Cas- who was at the head of the embassy, form one
sander; against his brother Antipater, he obtain- of the most celebrated stories in Roman hised possession of the whole of the Macedonian tory. Vid. FABRICIUS. In the second campaign
dominions on the western side of Greece. But (279), Pyrrhus gained another victory near Asthe Macedonian throne itself fell into the hands culum over the Romans, who were commanded
of Demetrius, greatly to the disappointment of by the consuls P. Decius Mus and P. Sulpicius
Pyrrhus. The two former friends now became Saverrio. The battle, however, was followed
the most deadly enemies, and open war broke by no decisive results, and the brunt of it had
out between them in 291. After the war had again fallen, as in the previous year, almost exbeen carried on with great vigor and various elusively on the Greek troops of the king. He
vicissitudes for four years, Pyrrhus joined the was therefore unwilling to hazard his surviving
coalition formed in 287 by Seleucus, Ptolemy, Greeks by another campaign with the Romans,
and Lysimachus against Demetrius.  Lysim- and accordingly he lent a ready ear to the inachus and Pyrrhus invaded Macedonia; Deme- vitations of the Greeks in Sicily, who begged
trius was deserted by his troops, and obliged to him to come to their assistance against the
fly in disguise; and the kingdom was divided Carthaginians. The Romans were likewise
between Lysimachus and Pyrrhus.  But the anxious to get rid of so formidable an oppolatter did not long retain his portion; the Mace- nent, that they might complete the subjugation
donians preferred the rule of their old general of Southern Italy without further interruption.
Lysimachus, and Pyrrhus was accordingly driv- When both parties had the same wishes, it was
en out of the country after a reign of seven not difficult to find a pretext for bringing the
months (286). For the next few years Pyrrhus war to a conclusion. This was afforded at the
reigned quietly in Epirus without embarking in beginning of the following year (278) by one
any new enterprise. But a life of inactivity of the servants of Pyrrhus deserting to the
was insupportable to him, and accordingly he Romans and proposing to the consuls to poison
readily accepted the invitation of the Taren- his master. The consuls Fabricius and iEmiltines to assist them in their war against the ius sent back the deserters to the king, stating
Romans. He crossed over to Italy early in 280, that they abhorred a victory gained by treason.
in the thirty-eighth year of his age. He took Thereupon Pyrrhus, to show his gratitude, sent
with him twenty thousand foot, three thousand Cineas to Rome with all the Roman prisoners,
horse, two thousand archers, five hundred sling- without ransom and without conditions; and
ers, and either fifty or twenty elephants, hav- the Romans granted him a truce, though not a
ing previously sent Milo, one of his generals, formal peace, as he had not consented to evacwitha detachment of three thousand men. As uate Italy.' Pyrrhus now crossed over into
soon as he arrived at Tarentum, he began to Sicily, where he remained upward of two years,
make vigorous preparations for carrying on the from the middle of 478 to the latter end of 476.
war; and as the giddy and licentious inhabit- At first he met with brilliant success, defeated
ants of Tarentum complained of the severity of the Carthaginians, and took Eryx;: but having
his discipline, he forthwith treated them as failed in an attempt upon Lilybeumn he lost his
their master rather than as their ally, shut up popularity with the Greeks, who began to form
728




PYRRHUS.                                PYTHAGORAS.
cabals and plots against him. This led to re- Plutarch. Pyrrhus married four wives: 1. Antaliation on the part of Pyrrhus, and to acts tigone,the daughter of Berenice.: 2. A daughwhich were deemed both cruel and tyrannical ter of Audoleon, king of the Puonians. 3. Birby the Greeks. His position in Sicily at length cenna, a daughter of Bardylis, king of the
became so uncomfortable and dangerous that Illyrians. 4. Lanassa, a daughter of Agathohe soon became anxious to abandon the island. cles of Syracuse. His children were, 1. PtolAccordingly, when his Italian allies again beg- emy, born 295; killed in battle, 272. 2. Alexged him to come to their assistance, he gladly ander, who succeeded his father as king of
complied with their request. Pyrrhus returned Epirus. 3. Helenus. 4. Nereis, who married
to Italy in the autumn of 276. In the following Gelon of Syracuse. 5. Olympias, who married
year (275) the war was brought to a close. her own brother Alexander. 6. Deidamia or
Pyrrhus was defeated with great loss near Ben- Laodamia.-3. II. King of Epirus, son of Alexeventum by the Roman consul Curius Dentatus, ander II. and Olympias, and grandson of Pyrand was obliged to leave Italy. He brought rhus I., was a child at the time of his father's
back with him to Epirus only eight thousand death (between 262 and 258). During his mifoot and five hundred horse, and had not money nority the kingdom was governed by his mother
to maintain even these without undertaking Olympias. According to one account, Olympias
new wars.  Accordingly, in 273, he invaded survived Pyrrhus, who died soon after he had
Macedonia, of which Antigonus Gonatas, the grown up to manhood; according to another
son of Demetrius, was then king. His only account, Olympias had poisoned a maiden to
object at first seems to have been plunder; but whom Pyrrhus was attached, and was herself
his success far exceeded his expectations. An- poisoned by him in revenge.
tigonus was deserted by his own troops, and  PvYTHAGoRAS (HIvday6pac).  1. A celebrated
Pyrrhus thus became king of Macedonia a sec- Greek philosopher, was a native of Samos, and
ond time. But scarcely had he obtained pos- the son of Mnesarchus, who was either a mersession of the kingdom before his restless spirit chant, or, according to others, an engraver of
drove him into new enterprises. On the invita- signets. The date of his birth is uncertain,
tion of Cleonymus, he turned his arms against but all authorities agree that he flourished in -
Sparta, but was repulsed in an attack upon this the times of Polycrates and Tarquinius Superbcity. From Sparta he marched toward Argos us (B.C. 540-510).  He studied in his own
in order to support Aristeas, one of the leading country under Creophilus, Pherecydes of Syros,
citizens at Argos, against his rival Aristippus, and others, and is said to have visited Egypt
whose cause was espoused by Antigonus. In and many countries of the East for the purpose
the night time Aristeas admitted Pyrrhus into of acquiring knowledge. We have not much
the city; but the alarm having been given, the trustworthy evidence either as to the kind and
citadel and all the strong places were seized by amount of knowledge which he acquired, or as,
the Argives of the opposite faction. On the to his definite philosophical views. It is cerdawn of day Pyrrhus saw that it would be tain, however, that' he believed in the transminecessary for him to retreat; and as he was gration of souls; and he is said to have prefighting his way out of the city, an Argive tended that he had been Euphorbus, the son of
woman hurled down from    the house-top a Panthus, in the Trojan war, as well as various
ponderous tile, which struck Pyrrhus on the other characters. He is further said to have
back of his neck. He fell from his horse stun- discovered the propositions that the triangle
ned with the blow, and being recognized by inscribed in a semicircle is right-angled, that
some of the soldiers of Antigonus, was quickly the square on the hypotenuse of a right-angled
dispatched. His head was cut off and carried triangle is equal to the sum of the squares on
to Antigonus, who turned away from the sight, the sides. There is a celebrated story of his,and ordered the body to be interred with be- having discovered the arithmetical relations of
coming honors. Pyrrhus perished, in 272, in the the musical scale by observing accidentally the
forty-sixth year of his age, and in the twenty- various sounds produced by hammers of differthird of his reign. He. was the greatest war- ent weights striking upon an anvil, and suspendrior and one of the best princes of his time. ing by strings weights equal to those of the
With his daring courage, his military skill, and different hammers. The retailers of the story,
his kingly bearing, he might have become the of course, never took the trouble to verify the
mnost powerful monarch of his day if he had experiment, or they would have discovered that
steadily pursued the immediate object before different hammers do not produce different
him. But he never rested satisfied with any sounds from the same anvil, any more than difacquisition, and was ever grasping at some fresh ferent clappers do from the same bell. Discovobject: hence Antigonus compared him to a eries in astronomy are also attributed to Pythaggambler, who made many good throws with oras. There can be little doubt that he paid
the dice, but was unable to make the proper use great attention to arithmetic, and its applicaof the game. Pyrrhus was regarded in subse- tion to weights, m6asures, and the theory of
quent times as one of the greatest generals that music. Apart from all direct testimony, how-l
had ever lived. Hannibal said that of all gen- ever, it may safely be affirmed, that the very
erals Pyrrhus was the first, Scipio the second, remarkable influence exerted by Pythagoras,
and himself the third; or, according to another and even the fact that he was made the hero
version of the story, Alexander was the first, of so many marvellous stories, prove him to
Pyrrhus the second, and himself the third. have been a man both of singular capabilities
Pyrrhus wrote a work on the art of war, which and of great acquirements.  Ii may also be
was read in the time of Cicero; and his con- affirmed with safety that the religious element
mentaries are quoted by both Dionysius and was the predominant one in the character of
729




PYTHAGORAS.                               PYTHAGORAS.
Pythagoras, and that religious ascendency in ed. It is also stated that they had common
connection with a certain mystic. religious sys- meals, resembling the Spartan syssitia, at which
ten was the object which he chiefly labored to they met in companies of ten. Considerable
secure. It was this religious element which importance seems to have been attached to
made the profoundest impression upon his con- music and gymnastics in the daily exercises of
temporaries. They regarded him as standing the disciples. Their whole discipline is reprein a peculiarly close connection with the gods. sented as tending to produce a lofty serenity
The Crotoniats even identified him with the and self-possession, regarding the exhibition of
Hyperborean Apollo.  And without viewing which various anecdotes were current in antihim as an impostor, we may easily believe that quity. Among the best ascertained features of
he himself, to some extent, shared the same the brotherhood are the devoted attachment of
views. He pretended to divination and proph- the members to each other, and their sovereign
ecy; and he appears as the revealer of a mode contempt for those who did not belong to their
of life calculated to raise his disciples above the ranks. It appears that they had some secret
level of mankind, and to recommend them to conventional symbols, by which members of
the favor of the gods. No certainty can be ar- the fraternity could recognize each other, even
rived at as to the length of time spent by Pythag- if they had never met before. Clubs similar to
oras in Egypt or the East, or as to his resi- that at Crotona were established at Sybaris,
dence and efforts in Samos or other Grecian Metapontum, Tarentum, and other cities of
cities, before he settled at Crotona in Italy. He Magna Griecia. The institutions of Pythagoprobably removed to Crotona because he found ras were certainly not intended to withdraw
it impossible to realize his schemes in his na- those who adopted them from active exertion,
tive country while under the tyranny of Poly- that they might devote themselves exclusively
crates. The reason why he selected Crotona to religious and philosophical contemplations.
as the sphere of his operations it is impossible He rather aimed at the production of a calm
to ascertain; but soon after his arrival in that bearing and elevated tone of character, through
city he attained extensive influence, and gained which those trained in the discipline of the
over great numbers to enter into his views. Pythagorean life should exhibit in their perHis adherents were chiefly of the noble and sonal and social capacities a reflection of the
wealthy classes. Three hundred of these were order and harmony of the universe. Whether
formed into a select brotherhood or club, bound he had any distinct political designs in the
by a sort of vow to Pythagoras and each other, foundation of his brotherhood is doubtful; but
for the purpose of cultivating the religious and it was perfectly natural, even without any exascetic observances enjoined by their master, press-design on his part, that a club such as the
and of studying his religious and philosophical Three Hundred of Crotona should gradually
theories. Every thing that was done and taught come to mingle political with other objects, and,
among the members was kept a profound secret by the facilities afforded by their secret and
from all without its pale. It was an old Pytha- compact organization, should speedily gain exgorean maxim, that every thing was not to be tensive political influence. That this influence
told to every body. There were also gradations should be decisively on the side of aristocracy
among the members themselves. In the ad- or oligarchy resulted naturally both from the
mission of candidates Pythagoras is said to nature of the Pythagorean institutions, and from
have placed great reliance on his physiognom- the rank and social position of the members of
ical discernment. If admitted, they had to pass the brotherhood. Through them, of course,
through a period of probation, in which their Pythagoras himself exercised a large amount
powers of maintaining silence were especially of indirect influence over the affairs both of
tested, as well as their general temper, dispo- Crotona and of other Italian cities. This Pythsition, and mental capacity. As regards the agorean brotherhood or order resembled in many
nature of the esoteric instruction to which only respects-the one founded by Loyola. It is easy
the most approved members of the fraternity to understand how this aristocratical and exwere admitted, some have supposed that it had elusive club would excite the jealousy and hosreference to the political views of Pythagoras. tility not only of the democratical party in CroOthers have maintained, with greater probabili- tona, but also of a considerable number of the
ty, that it related mainly to the orgies, or secret opposite faction. The hatred which they had
religious doctrines and usages, which undoubt- excited speedily led to their destruction. The
edly formed a prominent feature in the Pytha- populace of Crotona rose against them; and an
gorean system, and were peculiarly connected attack was made upon them while assembled
with the worship of Apollo. There were some either in the house of Milo, or in some other
outward peculiarities of an ascetic kind in the place of meeting. The building was set on fire,
mode of life to which the members of the broth- and many of the assembled members perished;
erhood were subjected. Some represent him  only the younger and more active escaped.
as forbidding all animal food; but all the mem- Similar commotions ensued in the other cities
bers can not have been subjected to this pro- of Magna Greecia in which Pythagorean clubs
hibition, since the athletic Milo, for instance, had been formed. As an active and organized
could not possibly have dispensed with animal brotherhood, the Pythagorean order was every
food. According to some ancient authorities, where suppressed; but the Pythagoreans still
he allowed the use of all kinds of animal food continued to exist as a sect, the members of
except the flesh of oxen used for ploughing, and which kept up among themselves their relirams. -There is a similar discrepancy as to the gious observances and scientific pursuits, while
prohibition of fish and beans. But temperance individuals, as in the case of Archytas, acquired
of all kinds seems to have been strictly enjoin- now and then great political influence. Re730




PYTHAGORAS.                                 PYTHEAS.
specting the fate of Pythagoras himself, the Likeness to the Deity was to be the object of
accounts varied. Some say that he perished all our endeavors, man becoming better as he
in the temple with his disciples, others that approaches the gods, who are the guardians and
he fled first to Tarentum, and that, being driven guides of men. Great importance was attached.thence, he escaped to Metapontum, and there to the influence of music in controlling the force
starved himself to death. His tomb was shown of the passions. Self-examination was strongly
at Metapontum in the time of Cicero. Accord- insisted on. The transmigration of souls was
ing to some accounts, Pythagoras married The- viewed apparently in the light of a process of
ano, a lady of Crotona, and had a daughter purification. Souls under the dominion of senDamo, and a son Telauges, or, according to suality either passed into the bodies of animals,
others, two daughters, Damo and Myia; while or, if incurable, were thrust down into Tartarus,
other notices seem to imply that he had a to meet with expiation or condign punishment.
wife and a daughter grown up when he came The pure were exalted to higher modes of life,
to Crotona. When we come to inquire what and at last attained to incorporeal existence.
were the philosophical or religious opinions As regards the fruits of this system of training
held by Pythagoras himself, we are met at or belief, it is interesting to remark, that wherthe outset by the difficulty that even the au- ever we have notices of distinguished Pyththors from whom we have to draw possessed agoreans, we usually hear of them as men of
no authentic records bearing upon the age of great uprightness, conscientiousness, and selfPythagoras himself. If Pythagoras ever wrote restraint, and as capable of devoted and endurany thing, his writings perished with him, or ing friendship.  Vid. ARCHYTAS, DAMON, and
not long after. The probability is that he wrote PHINTIAs.-2. Of Rhegium, one of the most celnothing. Every thing current under his name ebrated statuaries of Greece, probably flourished
in antiquity was spurious. It is all but certain B.C. 480-430. His most important works apthat Philolaus was the first who published the pear to have been his statues of athletes.
Pythagorean doctrines, at any rate in a written  PYTHEAS (IIvOgaC). 1. An Athenian orator,
form. (Vid. PHILOLAUS.) Still there was so mark- distinguished by his unceasing animosity against'
ed a peculiarity running through the Pythago- Demosthenes. He had no political principles,
rean philosophy, that there can be little question made no pretensions to honesty, and changed
as to the germs of the system, at any rate, hav- sides as often as suited his convenience or his
ing been derived from Pythagoras himself. Py- interest. Of the part that he took in political
thagoras resembled the philosophers of the Ionic affairs only two or three facts are recorded.
school, who undertook to solve, by means of a He opposed the honors which the Athenians
single primordial principle, the vague problem  proposed to confer upon Alexander, but he aftof the origin and constitution of the universe as erward espoused the interests of the Macedonian
a whole.  His predilection for mathematical party. He accused Demosthenes of having restudies led him to trace the origin of all things ceived bribes from Harpalus. In the Lamian
to number, his theory being suggested, or at all war, B.C. 322, he joined Antipater, and had thus
events confirmed, by the observation of various the satisfaction of surviving his great enemy
numerical relations, or analogies to them, in the Demosthenes. He is said to have been the auphenomena of the universe. Musical principles thor of the well-known saying, that the orations
likewise played almost as important a part in of Demosthenes smelt of the lamp.-2. Of Masthe Pythagorean system as mathematical or silia in Gaul, a celebrated Greek navigator,
numerical ideas. We find running through the who sailed to the western and northern parts
entire system the idea that order, or harmony of Europe, and wrote a work containing the reof relation, is the regulating principle of the sults of his discoveries. He probably lived in
whole universe.  The intervals between the the time of Alexander the Great, or shortly aftheavenly bodies were supposed to be determ- erward. He appears to have undertaken voyined according to the laws and relations of ages, one in which he visited Britain and Thule,
musical harmony. Hence arose the celebrated and of which he probably gave an account in his
doctrine of the harmony of the spheres; for work On the Ocean; and a second, undertaken
the heavenly bodies, in their motion, could not after his return from his first voyage, in which
but occasion a certain sound or note, depending he coasted along the whole of Europe from Gaon their distances and velocities; and as these dira (now Cadiz) to the Tanais, and the descripwere determined by the laws of harmonical in- tion of which probably formed the subject of his
tervals, the notes altogether formed a regular Periplus, Pytheas made Thule a six days' sail
musical scale or harmony. This harmony, how- from Britain, and said that the day and the
ever, we do not hear, either because we have night were each six months long in Thule;
been accustomed to it from the first, and have hence some modern writers have supposed that
never had an opportunity of contrasting it with he must have reached Iceland, while others
stillness, or because the sound is so powerful as have maintained that he advanced as far as the
to exceed our capacities for hearing. The ethics Shetland Islands. But either supposition is very
of the Pythagoreans consisted more in ascetic improbable, and neither is necessary; for repractice, and maxims for the restraint of the ports of the great length of the day and night
passions, especially of anger, and the cultiva- in the northern parts of Europe had already
tion of the power of endurance, than in scien- reached the Greeks, before the time of Pytheas.
tifie theory. What of the latter they had was, There has been likewise much dispute as to
as might be expected, intimately connected with what river we are to understand by the Tanais.
their number-theory. Happiness consisted in The most probable conjecture is that', upon reachthe science of the perfection of the virtues of ing the Elbe, Pytheas concluded that he had artfe soul, or in the perfect science of numbers. rived at the Tanais, separating Europe from
73m




PYTHIAS.                               QUADRIFRONS.
Asia. - 3. A silver-chaser, who flourished at from whom they were separated by the River
Rome in the age immediately following that of Granuas (now Gran), and on the south by the
Pompey, and whose productions commanded a Pannonians, from whom they were divided by
remarkably high price.                    the Danube. They probably settled in this disPYTvIrAS (HvOid6). 1. The sister or adopted trict at the same time as the Marcomanni made
daughter of Hermias, and the wife of Aristotle. themselves masters of Bohemia (rid. MARCo-2. Daughter of Aristotle and Pythias.    MANNI); but we have no account of the earlier
PYTHIrM (HIIvIov). 1. A place in Attica, not settlements of the Quadi. When Maroboduus,
far from Eleusis.-2. A town of Thessaly in the and shortly afterward his successor Catualda,
eastern part of the district Hestieeotis, which, had been expelled from their dominions and had
with Azorus and Doliche, formed a Tripolis.  taken refuge with the Romans in the reign of
PYTHius (IIV0Loc), a Lydian, the son of Atys, Tiberius, the Romans assigned to the barbariwas a man of enormous wealth, which he de- ans, who had accompanied these monarchs, and
rived from his gold mines in the neighborhood who consisted chiefly of Marcomanni and Quadi,
of Celenae in Phrygia. When Xerxes arrived the country between the Marus (now March?
at Celmen, Pythius banqueted him and his lMorava? or Marosch?) and Cusus (now Waag?),
whole army. His five sons accompanied Xerx- and gave to them as king Vannius, who bees. Pythius, alarmed by an eclipse of the sun longed to the Quadi. Vannius was expelled by
which happened, came to Xerxes, and begged his nephews Vangio and Sido, but this new
that the eldest might be left behind. This re- kingdom of the Quadi continued for a long time
quest so enraged the king that he had the young afterward under Roman protection.  In the
man immediately killed and cut in two, and the reign of M. Aurelius, however, the Quadi jointwo portions of his body placed on either side ed the Marcomanni and other German tribes in
of the road, and then ordered the army to march the long and bloody war against the empire,
between them.                             which lasted during the greater part of that em[PYTHO. Yid. DELPHI.]                   peror's reign. The independence of the Quadi
PYTHOCLIDES (IIvOotc).eid[iy), a celebrated mu- and Marcomanni was secured by the peace
sician of the time of Pericles, was a native of which Commodus made with them in A.D. 180.
Ceos, and flourished at Athens, under the pa- Their name is especially memorable in the histronage of Pericles, whom he instructed in his tory of this war by the victory which M. Aurelart.                                      ius gained over them in 174, when his army
PYTHODORIS (HvOodWpig), wife of Polemon I., was in great danger of being destroyed by the
king of Pontus. After the death of her husband barbarians, and was said to have been saved by
she retained possession of the government. a sudden storm, which was attributed to the
She subsequently married Archelaus, king of prayers of his Christian soldiers. (Vid. p. 131,
Cappadocia, but after his death (A.D. 17) re- b.) The Quadi disappear from history toward
turned to her own kingdom, of which she con- the end of the fourth century. They probably
tinued to administer the affairs herself until her migrated with the Suevi further west.
decease, which probably did not take place un-  QUADRATUS, one of the Apostolic Fathers, and
til A.D. 38. Of her two sons, the one, Zenon, an early apologist for the Christian religion.
became king of Armenia, while the other, Pole- He passed the early part of his life in Asia
mon, succeeded her on the throne of Pontus.  Minor, and was afterward bishop of the Church
PYTHON (HIvtuv). 1. The celebrated serpent, at Athens. He presented his Apology to Hawhich was produced fiom the mud left on the drian in the tenth year of his reign (A.D. 126).
earth after the deluge of Deucalion. He lived This apology has been long lost.
in the caves of Mount Parnassus, but was slain  QUA.DRATUS, ASINIUS, lived in the times of
by Apollo, who founded the Pythian games in Philippus I. and II., emperors of Rome (A.D.
commemoration of his victory, and received in 244-249), and wrote two historical works in the
consequence the surname Pythius.-2. Of Ca- Greek language. 1. A history of Rome, in fiftana, a dramatic' poet of the time of Alexander, teen books, in the Ionic dialect, called XL;tterwhom he accompanied into Asia, and whose pig, because it related the history of the city,
army he entertained with a satyric drama when from its foundation to the thousandth year of
they were celebrating the Dionysia on the banks its nativity (A.D. 248), when the Ludi Saecuof the Hydaspes. The drama was in ridicule lares were performed with extraordinary pomp.
of Harpalus and the Athenians. [The frag- 2. A history of Parthia.
ments of Python are contained in Wagner's   QUADRATUS, FANNIUS, a contemporary of
Trag. Grc. Fragm., p. 134-136, Paris, 1846.]  Horace, was one of those envious Roman poets
PYXITES (TIvTir7V: now Vitzech), a river of who tried to depreciate Horace, because his
Pontus, falling into the Euxine near Trapezus. writings threw their own into the shade.
PYXUS. Vid. BUXENTUM.                     QUADRATUS, L. NINNiUS, tribune of the plebs
B.C. 58, distinguished himself by his opposition
Q.                     to the measures of his colleague, P. Clodius,
-Q~'.~ against Cicero.
QUADI, a powerful German people of the    QUADReTUS, UMMIDIUS. 1. Governor of Syria
Suevic race, dwelt in the southeast of Ger- during the latter end of the reign of Claudius,
many, between Mount Gabreta, the Hercynian and the commencement of the reign of Nero,
forest, the Sarmatian mountains, and the Dan- from about A.D. 51 to 60.-2. A friend and adube. They were bounded on the west by the mirer of the younger Pliny, whom he took as
Marcomann.i, with whom  they were always his model in oratory.
closely united, on the north by the Gothini and  QUADRYFRONS, a surname of Janus. It is said
Osi, on the east by the Iazyges Metanaste, that after the conquest of the Faliscans an im732




QUADRIGARIUS, Q. CLAUDIUS.                  QUINTILIANUS, M. FABIUS.
age of Janus was found with four foreheads.  QUINTILIANUS, M. FABIUS, the most celebrated
Hence a temple of Janus Quadrifrons was after- of Roman rhetoricians, was born at Calagurris
ward built in the Forum transitorium, which (nowCalahorra),inSpain,A.D.40. If not reared
had four gates. The fact of the god being rep- at Rome, he must, at least, have completed his
resented with four heads is considered by the education there, for he himself informs us that,
ancients to be an indication of his being the di- while yet a very young man, he attended the
vinity presiding over the year with its four lectures ofDomitius Afer, who died in 59. Havseasons.                                  ing revisited Spain, he returned from thence
QUADRIGARIUS, Q. CLAUDYUS, a Roman his- (68) in the train of Galba, and forthwith began
torian who flourished B.C. 100-78. His work, to practice at the bar, where he' acquired conwhich contained at least twenty-three books, siderable reputation. But he was chiefly discommenced immediately after the destruction tinguished as a teacher of eloquence, bearing
of Rome by the Gauls, and must in all proba- away the palm in this department from all his
bility have come down to the death of Sulla, rivals, and associating his name, even to a provsince the seventh consulship of Marius was erb, with pre-eminence in the art. Among his
commemorated in the nineteenth book. By pupils were numbered Pliny the younger and the
Livy he is uniformly referred to simply as Clau- two grand-nephews of Domitian. By this prince
dius or Clodius. By other authors he is cited he was invested with the insignia and title of
as Quintius, as Claudius, as Q. Claudius, as consul (consularia ornamenta), and is, moreover,
Claudius Quadrigarius, or as Quadrigarius. celebrated as the first public instructor who, in
From the caution evinced by Livy in making virtue of the endowment by Vespasian, received
use of him as an authority, especially in mat- a regular salary from the imperial exchequer.
ters relating to numbers, it would appear that After having devoted twenty years, commenche was disposed to indulge, although in a less ing probably with 69, to the duties of his prodegree, in those exaggerations which disfigured fession, he retired into private life, and is supthe productions of his contemporary Valerius posed to have died about 118. The great work
Antias. It is somewhat remarkable that he is of Quintilian is a complete system of rhetoric
nowhere noticed by Cicero. By A. Gellius, on in twelve books, entitled De Institutione Oratothe other hand, he is quoted repeatedly, and ria Libri XII., or sometimes Institutiones Orapraised in the warmest terms.             torice, dedicated to his friend Marcellus VictoQUARIATES, a people in Gallia Narbonensis, rius, himself a celebrated orator, and a favorite
on the western slope of the Alpes Cottine, in the at court. It was written during the reign of
valley of Queiras.                        Domitian, while the author was discharging his
QUIES, the personification of tranquillity, was duties as preceptor to the sons of the emperor's
worshipped as a divinity by the Romans. She niece. In a short preface to his bookseller Tryhad one sanctuary on the Via Lavicana, proba- pho, he acquaints us that he commenced this
bly a pleasant resting-place for the weary trav- undertaking after he had retired from his labors
eller, and another outside the Porta Collina.  as a public instructor (probably in 89), and that
QUIETUS, Q. LusIus. 1. An independent Moor- he finished his task in little more than two years.
ish chief, served with distinction under Trajan The first book contains a dissertation on the
both in the Dacian and Parthian wars. Trajan preliminary training requisite before a youth
made him governor of Judea, and raised him to can enter directly upon the studies necessary
the consulship inA.D. 116or 117. AfterTrajan's to mould an accomplished orator, and presents
death he returned to his native country, but he us with a carefully-sketched outline of the methwas suspected by Hadrian of fomenting the dis- od to be pursued in educating children, from
turbances which then prevailed in Mauretania, the time they leave the cradle until they pass
and was shortly afterward put to death by order from the hands of the grammarian. In the secof Hadrian.-[2. C. FULVIUS, included in the ond book we find an exposition of the first prinlist of the thirty tyrants enumerated by Trebel- ciples of rhetoric, together with an investigalius Pollio, was one of the two sons of that Ma- tion into the nature or essence of the art. The
rianus who assumed the purple after the cap- five following are devoted to invention and
ture of Valerian. Having charge of the east- arrangement (inventio, dispositio); the eighth,
ern provinces, when he heard of the defeat and ninth, tenth, and eleventh, to composition (indeath of his father and brother, he took refuge eluding the proper use of the figures of speech)
in Emesa, where he was besieged, captured, and and delivery, comprised under the general term
slain by Odenathus in A.D. 262.]          elocutio; and the last is occupied with what the
QUINITILIUS VARUS. Vid. VARUS.          author considers by far the most important porQUINTIA, or QUINCTIA GENS, an ancient patri- tion of his project, an inquiry, namely, into vacian gens at Rome, was one of the Alban houses rious circumstances not included in a course of
removed to Rome by Tullus Hostilius, and en- scholastic discipline, but essential to the formarolled by him among the patricians. Its mem- tion of a perfect public speaker, such as his
bers often held, throughout the whole history of manners; his moral character; the principles
the republic, the highest offices of the state. by which he must be guided in undertaking, in
Its three most distinguished families bore the preparing, and in conducting causes; the penames of Capitolinus, Cincinnatus, and Flamini- culiar style of eloquence which he may adopt
nus.                                      with greatest advantage; the collateral studies
[QUINTIANUS AFRANIUS, a senator of disso- to be pursued; the age at which it is most suitlute life, had been ridiculed by Nero in a poem, able to commence pleading; the necessity of
and in revenge took part in Piso's conspiracy retiring before the powers begin to fail; and
against that emperor. On the detection of the various other kindred topics. This production
conspiracy,' he had to put an end to his life.]  bears throughout the impress of a clear, sound
733




QUINTILLUS, M. AURELIUS:                        RABATHMOBA.
judgment; keen discrimination, and pure taste, of the Trojan war from the death of Hector to
improved by extensive reading, deep reflection, the return of the Greeks. In phraseology, simand long practice. The diction is highly polish- iles, and other technicalities, Quintus closely
ed and very graceful. The sections which pos- copied Homer. The materials for his poem he
sess the greatest interest for general readers are found in the works of the earlier poets of the
those chapters in the first book which relate to epic cycle. But not a single poetical idea of
elementary education, and the commencement his own seems ever to have inspired him. His
of the tenth book, which furnishes us with a gods and heroes are alike devoid of all characcompressed but spirited history of Greek and ter; every thing like pathos or moral interest
Roman literature. There are also extant one was quite beyond his powers. With respect to
hundred and sixty-four declamations under the chronology, his poem is as punctual as a diary.
name of Quintilian, nineteen of considerable His style, however, is clear, and marked on the
length; the remaining one hundred and forty- whole by purity and good taste, without any
five, which form the concluding portion only bombast or exaggeration. There can be little
of a collection which originally extended to doubt that his work is nothing more than an amthree hundred and eighty-eight pieces, are mere plification or remodelling of the poems of Arcskeletons or fragments. No one believes these tinus and Lesches. He appears to have also
to be the genuine productions of Quintilian, and made diligent use of Apollonius. The best edifew suppose that they proceeded from any one tion is by Tychsen, Strasburg, 1807: [it is also
individual. They apparently belong not only to contained in the Poetce Epici Graci Minores, in
different persons, but to different periods, and Didot's Bibliotheca Graeca, Paris, 1840.]
neither in style nor in substance do they offer  QUIRINALIS MONS. Vid. ROMA.
any thing which is either attractive or useful.  QUIRINUS, a Sabine word, perhaps derived
Some scholars suppose that the anonymous Di- from quiris, a lance or spear. It occurs first
alogus de Oratoribus, usually printed among the of all as the name of Romulus, after he had
works of Tacitus, ought to be assigned to Quin- been raised to the rank of a divinity; and the
tilian. The best editions of Quintilian are by festival celebrated in his honor bore the name
Burmann, 2 vols. 4to, Lug. Bat., 1720; by Ges- of Quirinalia. It is also used as a surname of
ner, 4to, Gott.,1738; and by Spalding and Zumpt, Mars, Janus, and even of Augustus.
6 vols. 8vo, Lips., 1798-1829.              QUIRINUS, P. SULPICIUS, was a native of Lanu* QUINTILLUS, M. AURELIUS, the brother of the vium, and of obscure origin, but was raised to
Emperor M. Aurelius Claudius, was elevated to the highest honors by Augustus. He was conthe throne by the troops whom he commanded sul B.C. 12, and subsequently carried on war
at Aquileia in A.D. 270. But as the army at against some of the robber tribes dwelling in
Sirmium, where Claudius died, had proclaimed the mountains of Cilicia. In B.C. 1, AugusAurelian emperor, Quintillus put an end to his tus appointed him to direct the counsels of his
own life, seeing himself deserted by his own. grandson C. Caesar, then in Armenia. Some
soldiers, to whom the rigor of his discipline had years afterward, but not before A.D. 5, he was
given offence.                            appointed governor of Syria, and while in this
T. QUINTIUS CAPITOLINUS BARBATUS, a cele- office he took a census of the Jewish people.
brated general in the early history of the repub- This is the statement of Josephus, and appears
lie, and equally distinguished in the internal to be at variance with that of Luke, who speaks
history of the state. He frequently acted as as if the census or enrollment of Cyrenius (i. e.,
mediator between the patricians and plebeians, Quirinus) was made at the time of the birth of
with both of whom he was held in the highest Christ. Quirinus had been married to.Emilia
esteem. He was six times consul, namely, in Lepida, whom he divorced; but in A.D. 20,
B.C. 471, 468, 465, 446, 443, 439. Several of twenty years after the divorce, he brought an
his descendants held the consulship, but none accusation against her. The conduct of Quiriof these require mention except T. QUINTIUS nus met with general disapprobation as harsh
PENNUS CAPITOLINUS CRISPINUS, who was con- and revengeful. He died in A.D. 21, and was
sul 208, and was defeated by Hannibal.    honored with a public funeral.
QUINTUS, an eminent physician at Rome in  QUizA (Kov'ia: now Giza, near Oran), a muthe former half of the second century after nicipium on the coast of Mauretania CeesarienChrist. He was so much superior to his med- sis, in Northern Africa, forty Roman miles west
ical colleagues that they grew jealous of his of Arsenaria.
eminence, and formed a sort of coalition against 
him, and forced him to quit the city by charging him with killing his patients. He died about  RAAMSES or RAMESES (LXX.'Pageana), a city
A.D. 148.                                 of Lower Egypt, built as a treasure city by the
QUINTUS CURTYUS. Vid. CURTIUS.          captive Israelites under the oppression of the
QUINTUS SMVYRNEUS (KOivTOc S/uvpvaCoC), com- Pharaoh "who knew not Joseph" (Exod., i.,
monly called QUINTUS CALABER, from the cir- 11), and usually identified with HEROOPOLIS.
cumstance that the first copy through which his  RABATHMOBA ('Pa6aOui66a, i. e., Rabbath-Moab
poem became known was found in a convent at in the Old Testament; also called Rabbah, Ar,
Otranto in Calabria. He was the author of an Ar.-Moab, and afterward Areopolis: now Rabepic poem in fourteen books, entitled rai- ueO' bah), the ancient capital of the Moabites, lay in
"O/?7pov, or rapa2etr6Oueva'Oi/p.9. Scarcely any a fertile plain on the eastern side of the Dead
thing is known of his personal history; but it Sea, and south of the River Arnon, in the disappears most probable that he lived toward the trict of Moabitis in Arabia Petraea, or, accordend of the fourth century after Christ. The ing to the latter division of the provinces, in
matters treated of in his poem are the events Palaestina Tertia.
734




RABB ATAMANA.                                RAURACI.
RABBATAMXNA ('Pa6ardjiava, i. e., Rabbath- is mentioned at a later time (46) as serving
Ammon in the Old Testament; ruins at Am- under Casar, who sent him from Africa into
mon), the ancient capital of the Ammonites, lay Sicily, in order to obtain provisions for his army.
in Peraea, on a southern tributary of the Jabbok, -3. A Roman poet, who lived in the last years
northeast of the Dead Sea. Ptolemy II. Phil- of the republic, and wrote a poem on the Civil
adelphus gave it the name of PHILADELPHIA, and Wars. A portion of this poem was found at
it long continued a flourishing and splendid city. Herculaneum, and was edited by Kreyssig, unRABIRIUS. 1. C., an aged senator, was ac- der the title " Carminis Latini de bello Acticused in B.C. 63, by T. Labienus, tribune of the co s. Alexandrino fragmenta," 4to, Schneeberg,
plebs, of having put to death the tribune L. Ap- 1814.
puleius Saturninus in 100, nearly forty years  RAcILUS, L., tribune of the plebs B.C. 56,
before. Vid. SATURNINUS. The accusation was and a warm friend of Cicero and of Lentulus
set on foot at the instigation of Caesar, who Spinther. In the civil war Racilius espoused
judged it necessary to deter the senate from  Caesar's party, and was with his army in Spain
resorting to arms against the popular party. in 48. There lie entered into the conspiracy
To make the warning still more striking, La- formed against the life of Q. Cassius Longinus,
bienus did not proceed against him on the charge the governor of that province, and was put to
of majestas, but revived the old accusation of death, with the other conspirators, by Longinus.
perduellio, which had been discontinued for some  RADAGAISUS, a Scythian, invaded Italy at the
centuries, since persons found guilty of the lat- head of a formidable host of barbarians in the
ter crime were given over to the public execu- reign of the Emperor Honorius. He was detioner and hanged on the accursed tree. The feated by Stilicho, near Florence, in A.D. 408,
Duumviri Perduellionis appointed to try Rabiri- and was put to death after the battle, although
us were C. Caesar himself and his relative L. he had capitulated on condition that his life
Caesar. With such judges the result could not should be saved.
be doubtful; Rabirius was forthwith condemned;  [RAETI (more correct than Rhaeti).  Vid.
and the sentence of death would have been car- RHETIA.]
ried into effect, had he not availed himself of  RAMA or ARIMATHzEA (TPa/1,'AptlaOaia:
his right of appeal to the people in the comitia now Er-Ram), a town of Judaea, north of Jeruof the centuries. The case excited the great- salem, in the mountains of Ephraim, frequently
est interest, since it was not simply the life or mentioned both in the Old and New Testament.
death of Rabirius, but the power and author-  RAMBAcIA ('Pa /6aKc^), the chief city of the
ity of the senate, which were at stake. Rabir- Oritae, on the coast of Gedrosia, colonized by
ius was defended by Cicero; but the eloquence Alexander the Great.
of his advocate was of no avail, and the people  RAMITHA. Vid. LAODICEA, No. 3.
would have ratified the decision of the duum-  RAMSES, the name of many kings of Egypt of
virs, had not the meeting been broken up by the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth dythe preetor Q. Metellus Celer, who removed nasties. It was during this era that most of
the military flag which floated on the Janicu- the great monuments of Egypt were erected,
lum. This was in accordance with an ancient and the name is consequently of frequent occurcustom, which was intended to prevent the rence on these monuments, where it appears
Campus Martius from being surprised by an en- under the form of Ramessu. In Julius Africaemy when the territory of Rome scarcely ex- nus and Eusebius it is written Ramses, Rametended beyond the boundaries of the city.-2. ses, or Ramesses. The most celebrated of the
C. RABIRIUS POSTUMUS, was the son of the sis- kings of this name is, however, usually called Seter of the preceding. He was born after the sostris by the Greek writers. Vid. SESOSTRIS.
death of his father, whence his surname Pos-  RAPHXNA or RAPHANE(E ('Paoaveac: ruins at
tumus; and he was adopted by his uncle, whence Rafaniat), a city of Syria, in the district of Cashis name C. Rabirius. He had lent large sums siotis, at the northern extremity of Lebanon.
of money to Ptolemy Auletes; and after the res-  RAPHIA or RAPHEA ('Papia,'Papa: now Retoration of Ptolemy to his kingdom by means of pha), a sea-port town in the extreme southwest
Gabinius in B.C. 55, Rabirius repaired to Alex- of Palestine, beyond Gaza, on the edge of the
andrea, and was invested by the king with the desert. Having been destroyed in some manoffice of Diozcetes, or chief treasurer. In this ner unknown to us, it was restored by Gabinioffice he had to amass money both for himself us.-[At this place Ptolemy Philopator gained
and for Gabinius; but his extortions were so a decisive victory over Antiochus the Great.
terrible that Ptolemy had him apprehended, ei- Vid. PTOLEMY.]
ther to secure him against the wrath of the  [RAPO, a Rutilian warrior in the army of
people, or to satisfy their indignation, lest they Turnus, slew Parthenius.]
should drive him again from his kingdom. Ra-  RASiENN. Vid. ETRURIA.
birius escaped from prison, probably through the  RATIARIA (now Arzer Palanka), an important
connivance of the king, and returned to Rome. town in Mcesia Superior, on the Danube, the
Here a trial awaited him. Gabinius had been head-quarters of a Roman legion, and the stasentenced to pay a heavy fine on account of his tion of one of the Roman fleets on the Danube.
extortions in Egypt; and as he was unable to  RATOMXGUS or ROTOMXGUS (now Rouen), the
pay this fine, a suit was instituted against Ra- chief town of the Vellocasses in Gallia Lugdubirius, who was liable to make up the deficien- nensis.
cy if it could be proved that he had received  RAUDcI CAMPI. Vid. CAMPI RAUDII.
any of the money of which Gabinius had ille-  RAURACI, a people in Gallia Belgica, bounded
gally become possessed. Rabirius was defend- on the south by the Helvetii, on the west by
ed by Cicero, and was probably condemned. He the Sequani, on the north by the Tribocci, and
735




RAURANUM.                              REGILLUS LACUS.
on the east by the Rhine. They must have    REITE (Reatinus: now Rieti), an ancient
been a people of considerable importance, as town of the Sabines in Central Italy, said to
twenty-three thousand of them are said to have have been founded by the Aborigines or Pelasemigrated with the Helvetii in B.C. 58, and they gians, was situated on the Lacus Velinus and
possessed several towns, of which the most im- the Via Salaria. It was the chief place of asportant were Augusta (now Angst) aid Basilia sembly for the Sabines, and was subsequently
(now Basle or Bdle).                      a praefectura or a municipium. The valley in
RAURANUM (now Rom or Raum, near Chenay), which Reate was situated was so beautiful that
a town of the Pictones in Gallia Aquitanica, it received the name of Tempe; and in its
south of Limonum.                         neighborhood is the celebrated waterfall, which
RAUSIUM or RAUSIA (now Ragusa), a town on is now known under the name of the fall of
the coast of Dalmatia, is not mentioned till a Terni or the Cascade delle Marmore.  This
late period, and only rose into importance after waterfall owed its origin to a canal constructed
the destruction of Epidaurus.'            by M'. Curius Dentatus, in order to carry off
RAVENNA (Ravennas, -atis: now Ravenna), the superfluous waters from the Lake Velinus
an important town in Gallia Cisalpina, on the into the River Nar. It falls into this river from
River Bedesis, and about a mile from the sea, a height of one hundred and forty feet. By this
though it is now about five miles in the interior, undertaking, the Reatini gained a large quan:
in consequence of the sea having receded all tity of land, which was called Rosea Rura.
along this coast. Ravenna was situated in the Reate was celebrated for its mules and asses.
midst of marshes, and was only accessible in  REBYLUS, C. CANINIUS, one of Ceesar's legates
one direction by land, probably by the road lead- in Gaul and in the civil war. On the last day
ing from Ariminum. The town laid claim to a of December in B.C. 45, on the sudden death
high antiquity. It was said to have been found- of the consul Q. Fabius Maximus, Caesar made
ed by Thessalians (Pelasgians), and afterward Rebilus consul for the few remaining hours of
to have passed into the hands of the Umbrians, the day.
but it long remained an insignificant place, and  REDICULUs, a Roman divinity, who had a temits greatness does not begin till the time of the pie near the Porta Capena, and who was believempire, when Augustus made it one of the two ed to have received his name from having inchief stations of the Roman fleet. This em- duced Hannibal, when he was near the gates of
peror not only enlarged the town, but caused a the city, to return (redire) southward. A place
large harbor to be constructed on the coast, on the Appian road, near the second mile-stone
capable of containing two hundred and forty from the city, was called Campus Rediculi.
triremes, and he connected this harbor with the This divinity was probably one of the Lares of
Po by means of a canal called Padusa or Au- the city of Rome.
gusta Fossa. This harbor was called Classes,  REDONES,'a people in the interior of Gallia
and between it and Ravenna a new town sprung Lugdunensis, whose chief town was Condate
up, to which the name of Ccsarea was given. (now Rennes).
All three were subsequently formed into one  REDUX, i.e., "the divinity who leads the travtown, and were surrounded by strong fortifica- eller back to his home in safety," occurs as a
tions. Ravenna thus suddenly became one of surname of Fortuna.
the most important places in the north of Italy.  REGALIANUS, REGALLIANUS, or REGILLIANUS,
The town itself, however, was mean in appear- a Dacian, who served with distinction under the
ance. In consequence of the marshy nature of emperors Claudius and Valerian. The Mcethe soil, most of the houses were built of wood, sians, terrified by the cruelties inflicted by Galand since an arm of the canal was carried lienus on those who had taken part in the rethrough some of the' principal streets, the corn- bellion ofIngenuus, suddenly proclaimedRegalimunication was carried on to a great extent by anus emperor, and quickly, with the consent of
gondolas,as in modernVenice. The town,also, the soldiers, in a new fit of alarm, put him to
was very deficient in a supply of good drinking- death, A.D. 263. Hence he is enumerated among
water; but it was not considered unhealthy, the thirty tyrants.
since the canals drained the marshes to a great  REGIANA (now Villa de Rayna), a town in Hisextent, and the ebb and flow of the tide pre- pania Baetica, on the road from Hispalis to
vented the waters from stagnating. In the Emerita.
neighborhood good wine was grown, notwith-  REGILLUM, a small place in the Sabine terristanding the marshy nature of the soil. When tory, from which Appius Claudius migrated to
the Roman empire was threatened by the bar- Rome. Its site is uncertain, as it disappeared
barians, the emperors of the West took up their at an early period.
residence at Ravenna, which, on account of its  REGILLUS,.iEMLIYUS. 1. M., had been declarsituation and its fortifications, was regarded as ed consul, with T. Otacilius, for B.C. 214, by
impregnable. After the downfall of the West- the centuria praerogativa, and would have been
ern empire, Theodoric also made it the capital elected had not Q. Fabius Maximus, who preof his kingdom; and after the overthrow of the sided at the comitia, pointed out that there was
Gothic dominion by Narses, it became the resi- need of generals of more experience to cope
dence of the exarchs or the governors of the with Hannibal. Regillus died in 205, at which
Byzantine empire in Italy till the Lombards time he is spoken of as Flamen Martialis.-2.
took the town, A.D. 752. The modern Ravenna L., son of the preceding, was praetor 190, when
stands on the site of the ancient town; the he received the command of the fleet in the war
village Porto di Fuori on the site of Caesarea; against Antiochus.
and the ancient harbor is called Porto Vecchio  REGILLUS LACUS, a lake in Latium, memodel Caudiano.                             rable for the victory gained on its banks by the
736




REGINUM.                                  REGULUS.
Romans over the Latins, B.C. 498. It was east in the people that he was forthwith placed at
of Rome, in the territory of Tusculum, and be- the head' of their troops. Relying on his four
tween Lavicum and Gabii; but it can not be thousand cavalry and one hundred elephants,
identified with certainty with any modern lake. Xanthippus boldly marched into the open counIt perhaps occupied the site of the valley of try to meet the enemy. In the battle which enIsidoro, which is now dry.                sued,Regulus was totally defeated; thirty thouREGINUM or CASTRA REGINA (now Regens- sand of his men were slain; scarcely two thouburg), a Roman fortress in Vindelicia, on the sand escaped to Clypea; and Regulus himself
Danube, and on the road leading to Vindobona, was taken prisoner, with five hundred more
was the head-quarters of a Roman legion.  (B.C. 255). Regulus remained in captivity for
REGIUTM FLUMEN. Vid. NAARMALCHA.        the next five years, till 250, when the CarthaREGIUM, LEPIDI, REGIUM LEPIDUM, or simply ginians, after their defeat by the proconsul MeREGituM, also FObRUM LEPIDI (Regienses a Le- tellus, sent an embassy to Rome to solicit peace,
pido: now Reggio), a town of the Boii in Gallia or at least an exchange of prisoners. They alCisalpina, between Mutina and Tarentum, which lowed Regulus to accompany the ambassadors
vas probably made a colony by the consul M. on the promise thathe would return to Carthage
nEmilius Lepidus, when he constructed the if their proposals were declined, thinking that he
-Emilia Via through Cisalpine'Gaul, though we would persuade his countrymen to agree to an
have, no record of the foundation of the colony. exchange of prisoners in order to obtain his own
REGiTLUS, M. AQUIrIUS, was one of the dela- liberty. This embassy of Regulus is one of the
tores or informers in the time of Nero, and thus most celebrated stories in Roman history. The
rose from poverty to great wealth. Under Do- orators and poets related how Regulus at first
mitian he resumed his old trade, and, became refused to enter the city as a-slave of the Carone of the instruments of that tyrant's cruelty. thaginians; how afterward he would not give
IHe survived Domitian, and is frequently spoken his opinion in the senate, as he had ceased by
of by Pliny with the greatest detestation and his captivity to be a member of that illustrious.
contempt. Martial, on the contrary, who flat- body; how, at length, when he was allowed by
tered all the creatures of Domitian, celebrates the Iomans to speak, he endeavored to dissuade
the virtues, the wisdom, and the eloquence of the senate from assenting to a peace, or even
Regulus.                                  to an exchange of prisoners; and when he saw
REGULUS, ATILIUS. 1. M.', consul B.C. 335, them wavering, fiom their desire of redeeming
carried on war against the Sidicini,-2. M., con- him from captivity, how he told them that the
sul 294, carried on war against.the Samnites.-  Carthaginians had given him a slow poison,
3. M., consul 267, conquered the Sallentini, took which would soon terminate his life; and how,
the town of Brundisium, and obtained, in con- finally, when the senate, through his influence,
sequence, the honor of a triumph. In 256 he refused the offers of the Carthaginians,- he
was consul a second time with L. Manlius Vulso firmly resisted all the persuasions of his friends
Longus. The two consuls defeated the Cartha- to remain in Rome, and returned to Carthage,
ginian fleet, and afterward landed in Africa with where a martyr's death awaited him. On his
a large force. They met with great and strik- arrival at Carthage he is said to have been put
ing success; and after Manlius returned to to death with the most excruciating tortures.
Rome with half of the army, Regulus remained It was related that he was placed in a chest
in Africa with'the other half, and prosecuted covered over in'the inside with iron nails, and
the war with the utmost vigor. The Cartha- thus perished; and other writers stated, in adginian; generals Hasdrubal, Bostar, and Hamil- dition, that after his eyelids had been cut off,
car avoided the plains, where their cavalry and he was first thrown into a dark dungeon, and
elephants would have given them an advantage then suddenly exposed to the full rays of a
over the Roman army, and withdrew into the burning sun.'When the news of the barbarous
mountains. There they were attacked by Reg- death of Regulus reached Rome; the senate is
ulus, and defeated with great loss; fifteen thou- said to have given Hamilcar and Bostar, two
sand men are said to have been killed in battle, of the noblest Carthaginian prisoners, to the
and five thousand men, with eighteen elephants, family of Regulus, who revenged themselves
to have been taken. The Carthaginian troops by putting them to death with cruel torments.
retired within the walls of the city, and Regu- This celebrated tale', however, has not been allus now overran the country without opposition. lowed to pass without question in modern times..
Numerous towns fell into the power of the Ro- Many writers supposed that it was invented in.
mans, and among others Tunis, at the distance order to excuse the cruelties perpetrated by the
of only twenty miles from the capital. The family of Regulus on the Carthaginian prisonCarthaginians, in despair, sent a herald to Reg- ers committed to their custody. Regulus was
ulus to solicit peace. But the Roman general one of the favorite characters of early Roman
would only grant it on such intolerable terms story. Not only was he celebrated on account
that the Carthaginians resolved to continue the of his heroism in giving the senate advice which
war and hold out to the last. In the midst of secured him a martyr's death, but also on actheir distress and alarm, success came to them  count of his frugality and simplicity of life.
from an unexpected quarter. Among the Greek Like Fabricius and Curius, he lived on his hemercenaries who had lately arrived at Carthage reditary farm, which he cultivated with his own
was a Lacedemonian of the name of Xanthip- hands; and subsequent ages loved: to tell how
pus. He pointed out to the Carthaginians that he petitioned the senate for his recall from
their defeat was owing to the incompetency of Africa when he was in the full career of victheir generals, and not to the superiority of the tory, as his farm was going to ruin in his aboRoman arms; and he inspired such confidence sence, and his family was, suffering from want.
47                                                             737




REII APOLLINARES.                               RHLETIA.
-4. C., surnamed SERRANUS, consul 257, when XIV., p. 753.-2. Q., consul 118, founded in this
he defeated the Carthaginian fleet off the Li- year the colony of Narbo Martius in Gaul, and
paraean islands, and obtained possession of the carried on war against the Stoeni, a Ligurian
islands of Lipara and Melite. He was consul people at the foot of the Alps.-3. Q., consul
a second time in 250 with L. Manlius Vulso. 68, and proconsul in Cilicia in the following
The two consuls undertook the siege of Lily- year. On his return to Rome in 66 he sued for
beum; but they were foiled in their attempts a triumph, but as obstacles were thrown in the
to carry the place by storm, and after losing a way by certain parties, he remained outside the
great number of men, were obliged to turn the city to prosecute his claims, and was still there
siege into a blockade. This Regulus is the first when the Catilinarian conspiracy broke out in
Atilius who bears the surname Serranus, which 63. The senate sent him to Faesulae to watch
afterward became the name of a distinct family the movements of C. Mallius or Manlius, Catiin the gens. The origin of this name is spoken line's general. [Manlius sent pioposals of peace
of under SERRANUS.-5. M., son of No. 3, was to Marcius, but the latter refised to listen to his
consul 227, and again 217, in the latter of which terms unless he consented to lay down his arms.
years he was elected to supply the place of C. Marcius Rex married theeldest sister of CloFlaminius, who had fallen in the battle of the dius. He died before B.C. 61, without leaving
Trasimene Lake. He was censor in 214.-6. his brother-in-law the inheritance he had exC., consul 225, conquered the Sardinians, who peeted.]
had revolted. On his return to Italy he fought  RHA ('Pa: now Volga), a great river of Asia,
against the Gauls, and fell in the battle.  first mentioned by Ptolemy, who describes it as
REII APOLLINARES (now Riez), a Roman col- rising in the north of Sarmatia, in two branches,
ony in Gallia Narbonensis, with the surname Rha Occidentalis and Rha Orientalis (now the
Julia Augusta, east of the RiverDruentia, north  Volga and the Kama), after the junction of
of Forum Voconii, and northwest of Forum  which it flowed southwest, forming the boundJulii.                                    ary between Sarmatia Asiatica and Scythia, till
REMESIANA or RoIESIiNA (now Mustapha Pa- near the Tanais (now Don), where it suddenly
lanka), a town in Mcesia Superior, between Nai- turns to the southeast, and falls into the northsus and Serdica.                          western part of the Caspian.
REMI or, RIIEMI, one of the most powerful  RHADAMANTHUS ('Pad/uavOoq), son of Jupiter
people in Gallia Belgica, inhabited the country (Zeus) and Europa, and brother of King Minos
through which the Axona flowed, and were of Crete. From fear of his brother he fled to
hounded on the south by the Nervii, on the Ocalea in Boeotia, and there married Alcmene.
southeast by the Veromandui, on the east by In consequence of his justice throughout life,
the Suessiones and Bellovaci, and on the west he became, after his death, one of the judges
by the Nervii. They formed an alliance with in the lower world.
Caesar when the rest of the Belge made war  RHETIA, a Roman province south of the
against him, B.C. 57. Their chief town was Danube, was originally distinct from Vindelicia,
Durocortorum, afterward called Remi (now  and was bounded on the west by the Helvetii,
Rheims).                                  on the east by Noricum, on the north by VinREMMIUS PALYEMON. Vid. PALzEMON.        delicia, and on the south by Cisalpine Gaul, thus
REMUS. Vid. ROMULUS.                    corresponding to the Grisons in Switzerland,
[REPENTINUS, CALPURNIUS, a centurion in the and to the greater part of the Tyrol. Toward
army in Germany, was put to death on account the end of the first century, however, Vindelicia
of his fidelity to the Emperor Galba, A.D. 69.] was added to the province of Rhaetia, whence
RESAINA, RESENA,,RESINA (Pecratva,'PeLva: Tacitus speaks of Augusta Vindelicorum as
now Ras-el-Ain), a city of Mesopotamia, near situated in Rhetia. At a later time Rhaetia
the sources of the Chaboras, on the road from  was subdivided into two provinces, Rhetia PriCarrae to Nisibis. After its restoration and for- ma and Rhetia Secunda, the former of which an.
tification by Theodosius, it was called THEODo- swered to the old province of Rhetia, and the
SIOPOLIS (0eodoaoOVro~tL). Whether it is the latter to that of Vindelicia. The boundaries
same as the Resen of the Old Testament (Gen., between the two provinces are not accurately
x., 12) seems very doubtful.              defined, but it may be stated in general that
RESTIO, ANTIUS. 1. The author of a sump- they were separated from each other by the
tuary law of uncertain date, but passed after Brigantinus Lacus (now Lake of Constance) and
the sumptuary law of the consul ZEmilius Le- the River CEnus (now Inn). Vindelicia. is
pidus, B.C. 78, and before the one of Caesar.-  spoken of in a separate article. Vid. VINDELI2. Probably a son of the preceding, proscribed CIA. Rhaetia was a very mountainous country,
by the triumvirs in 43, but preserved by the since the main chain of the Alps ran through
fidelity of a slave.                      the greater part of the province. These mount[RETINA (now Resina, east of Portici), a vil- ains were called Alpes Rhaeticse, and extended
lage on the coast of Campania, not far from  from the Saint Gothard to the Orteler by the
Promontorium Misenum.]                    pass by the Stelvio; and in them rose the
[RETOVIUM (now Retorbio), a place in the in- CEnus (now Inn) and most of the chief rivers
terior of Liguria.]                       in the north of Italy, such as the Athesis (now
REUDIGNI, a people in the north of Germany, Adige), and the Addua (now Adda). The valon the right bank of the Albis, north of the leys produced corn and excellent wine, the latter
Langobardi.                               of which was much esteemed in Italy. AugusREX, MARIcUS. 1. Q., praetor B.C. 144, built tus drank Rhaetian wine in preference to all
the aqueduct called Aqua Marcia, which was others. The original inhabitants of the country,
one of the mostimportant at Rome. Vid. ROMA, the RHETI, are said by most ancient writers to,738




RHACOTIS.                                   RHEA.
have been Tuscans, who were driven out of the account, but less trustworthy, relates that tlhe
north of Italy by the invasion of the Celts, and statue was the work of Phidias, and was made
who tookrefuge in this mountainous district out of the block of Parian marble which the
under a leader called Rhsetus. Many modern  Persians brought with them for the purpose of
writers suppose the Rhaeti and the Etruscans to setting up a trophy, when they were defeated
have been the same people, only they invert the at Marathon. There are still remains of this
ancient tradition, and believe that the Rhati temple, as well as of a smaller one to the same
descended from their original abodes on the goddess.
Alps, and settled first in the north of Italy and  [RAMPHIAS ('Pa/ojta), a Lacedemonian, father
next in the country afterward called Etruria. of Clearchus, was one of the three ambassadors
They support this view by the fact that the who were sent to Athens in B.C. 432 with the
Etruscans were called in their own language final demand of Sparta for the independence of
Rasena, which seems merely another form of all the Greek states. The demand was refused,
Rhaati, as well as by other arguments, into and the Peloponnesian war ensued. In B.C.
which it is unnecessary to enter in this place. 422, Ramphias, with two colleagues, command-It is impossible to arrive at any certain conclu- ed a force of nine hundred men, intended for
sion respecting the, original population of the the strengthening of Brasidas in Thrace; but
country. In the time of the Romans the coun- their passage through Thessaly was opposed by
try was inhabited by various Celtic tribes. The the Thessalians, and, hearing also of the battle
Rhasti are first mentioned by Polybius. They of Amphipolis and the death of Brasidas, they
were a brave and warlike people, and caused returned to Sparta.]
the Romans much trouble by their marauding  RHAMPSINITUS ('Pao/)ivtrof), one of the anincursions into Gaul and the north of Italy. cient kings of Egypt, succeeded Proteus, and
They were not subdued by the Romans till the was succeeded by Cheops. This king is said
reign of Augustus, and they offered a brave and to have possessed immense wealth; and in ordesperate resistance against both Drusus and der to keep it safe, he had a treasury built of
Tiberius, who finally conquered them. Rhsetia stone, respecting the robbery of which Herodowas then formed into a Roman province, to tus (ii., 121) relates a romantic story, which
which Vindelicia was afterward added, as has bears a great resemblance to the one told about
been already stated. The victories of Drusus the treasury built by the two brothers Agameand Tiberius were celebrated by Horace (Carm. des and Trophonius of Orchomenus. Vid. ACAiv., 14). The Rhaeti were divided into several MEDEs. Rhampsinitus belongs to the twentieth
tribes, such as the LEPONTII, VENNONES, TRI- dynasty, and is known in inscriptions by the
DENTINI, &c. The only town in Rheetia of any name of Ramessu Neter-kek-pen.
importance was TRIDENTINUM (now Trent).     RHAPTA (ra PaTrrda), the southernmost sea[RHACOTIS ('PaKcSrt), a village of Lower port known to the ancients, the capital of the
Egypt, afterward included in the city Alexan- district of Barbaria or Azania, on the eastern
drea.]                                    coast of Africa. It stood on a river called
RHXAG   ('Paya,'PTya,'Payeti: Payyvo6: RHAPTUS (now Doara), and near a promontory
ruins at Rai, southeast of Tehran), the greatest called RHAPTUM (now Formosa), and the people
city of Media, lay in the extreme north of Great of the district were called'Pdribo Alioiwer.
Media, at the southern foot of the mountains  [RHATHINES ('PaSOiv7), a Persian, was.one of
(Caspius Mons) which border the southern the commanders sent by Pharnabazus to aid the
shores of the Caspian Sea, and on the western Bithynians in opposing the passage of the Cyside of the great pass through those mountains rean Greeks under Xenophon through Bithynia,
called the Caspine Pyle. It was therefore the B.C. 400. The satrap's forces were completely
key of Media toward Parthia and Hyrcania. defeated. Wehear again ofRhathines inB.C.
Having been destroyed by an earthquake, it was 396, as one. of the commanders for Pharnabazus
restored by Seleucus Nicator, and named EURO- of a body of cavalry, which worsted that of
Pus (Evpwro6S). In the Parthian wars it was Agesilaus in a skirmish near Dascylium.]
again destroyed, but it was rebuilt by Arsaces,  RHEA ('PEa, Epic and Ion.'Peia, PTei, or'PI7),
and called ARSACIA ('Apcaaia). In the Middle an ancient Greek goddess, appears to have been
Ages it was still a great city under its original a goddess of the earth. She is represented as
name, slightly altered (Rai); and it was finally a daughter of Uranus (Ccelus) and Ge (Terra),
destroyed by the Tartars in the twelfth century. and the wife of Cronos (Saturn), by whom she
The surrounding district, which was a rugged became the mother of Hestia (Vesta), Demeter
volcanic region, subject to frequent earthquakes, (Ceres), Hera (Juno), Hades (Pluto), Poseidon
was called'Paytav7.                      (Neptune), and Zeus (Jupiter). Cronos devourRHAMNUS ('Pa/voVC, -oVVTo:'PaFvovatog: ed all his children by Rhea, but when she was
now Obrio Kastro), a demus in Attica, belonging on the point of giving birth to Zeus (Jupiter),
to the tribe 2Eantis, which derived its name she went to Lyctus in Crete, by the advice of
from the rhamnus, a kind of prickly shrub. her parents. When Zeus (Jupiter) was born,
('Pa/vovo is an adjective, a contraction of paf,- she gave to Cronos (Saturn) a stone wrapped
v6er', which comes from d/ivoS). Rhamnus up like an infant, which the god swallowed, supwas situated on a small rocky peninsula on the posing it to be his child. Crete was undoubteastern coast of Attica, sixty stadia from Mar- edly the earliest seat of the worship of Rhea,
athon. It possessed a celebrated temple of though many other parts of Greece laid claim
Nemesis, who is hence called by the Latin poets to the honor of being the birth-place of Zeus
Rhamnusia dea or virgo. In this temple there (Jupiter). Rhea was afterward identified by the
was a colossal statue of the goddess made by Greeks in Asia Minor with the great. Asiatic
Agoracritus, the disciple of Phidias. Another goddess, known under the name of " the Great
739




RHEA SILVIA.                                 RHENIEA
Mother," or the, Mother of the Gods," and also boring towns. Even before the Persian wars
bearing other names, such as Cybele, Agdistis, Rhegium was sufficiently powerful to send three
Dindymene, &c. Hence her worship became thousand of its citizens to the assistance of the
of a wild and enthusiastic character, and vari- Tarentines, and in the time of the elder Dionyous Eastern rites were added to it, which soon sius it possessed a fleet of eighty ships of waro
spread throughout the whole of Greece. From  The government was an aristocracy, but in the
the orgiastic nature of these rites, her worship beginning of the fifth century B.C., Anaxilaus,
became closely connected with that of Diony- who was of a Messenian family, made himself
sus (Bacchus). Under the name of Cybele her tyrant of the place. In 494 this Anaxilaus conworship was universal in Phrygia. I Under the quered Zancle in Sicily, the name of which he
name of Agdistis, she was worshipped with changed into Messana. He ruled over the two
great solemnity at Pessinus in Galatia,.which cities, and on his death in 476 he bequeathed
town was regarded as the principal seat of her his power to his sons. About ten years afterworship. Under different names we might trace ward (466) his sons were driven out of Rhegithe worship of Rhea even much further east, um and Messana, and republican governments
as far as the Euphrates -and even Bactriana. were established in both cities, which now beShe was, in fact, the great goddess of the East- came independent of one another. At a later
ern world, and we find her worshipped there period Rhegium incurred the aeadly enmity of
under a variety of forms and names. As re- the elder Dionysius in consequence of a persongards the Romans, they had from the earliest al insult which the inhabitants had offered him.
times worshipped Jupiter and his mother Ops, It is said that when he asked the Rhegians to
the wife of Saturn. During the war with Han- give him one of their maidens for his wife, they
nibal the Romans fetched the image of the replied that they could only grant him the
Mother of the Gods fiom Pessinus; but the daughter of their public executioner. Dionyworship then introduced was quite new to them, sius carried on war against the city for a long
and either maintained itself as distinct from the time, and after two or three unsuccessful atworship of Ops, or became united with it. A  tempts he at length took the place, which he
temple was built to her on the Palatine, and the treated with the greatest severity. Rhegium
Roman matrons honored her with the festival never recovered its former greatness, though it
of the Megalesia. In all European countries still continued to be a place of considerable imRhea was conceived to be accompanied by the portance. The younger Dionysius gave it the
Curetes, who are inseparably connected with name of Phoebia, but this name never came into
the birth and bringing up of Jupiter (Zeus) in general use, and was speedily forgotten. The
Crete, and in Phrygia by the Corybantes, Atys, Rhegians having applied to Rome for assistance
and Agdistis. The Corybantes were her en- when Pyrrhus was in the south of Italy, the
thusiastic priests, who with drums, cymbals, Romans placed in the town a garrison of four
horns, and in full armor, performed their orgi- thousand soldiers, who had been levied among
astic dances in the forests and on the mount- the Latin colonies in Campania. These troops
ains of Phrygia. In Rome the Galli were her seized the town in 279, killed or expelled the
priests. The lion was sacred to her. In works male inhabitants, and took possession of their
of art she is usually represented seated on a wives and children. The Romans were too
throne, adorned with the mural crown, from  much engaged at the time with their war against
which a veil hangs down. Lions appear crouch- Pyrrhus to take notice of this outrage; but when
ing on the right and left of her throne, and some- Pyrrhus was driven out -of Italy, they took sigtimes she is seen riding in a chariot drawn by nal vengeance upon these Campanians, and relions.                                    stored the surviving Rhegians to their city.
RHEA SILVIA. Vid. ROMULUS.              Rhegium suffered greatly from an earthquake
RHEBAs ('P}i6a','PS6atog: now Riva), a river shortly before the breaking out of the Social
of Bithynia, in Asia Minor, falling into the war, 90; but its population was augmented by
Euxine northeast of Chalcedon; very small and Augustus, who settled here a number of veterinsignificant in itself, but much celebrated in ans from his fleet, whence the town bears in
the Argonautic legends.                   Ptolemy the surname Julium. Rhegium was
RHEiDONEs   d. Vi a. REONES.the place from which persons usually crossed
RHEGIUM ('Pijytov: Rheginus: now Reggfio), over to Sicily, but the spot at which they ema celebrated Greek town on the coast of Brut- barked was called COLJMNA RHEGINA ('P)yTiv)v
tium, in the south of Italy, was situated on the arqXi<C: now Torre di Carallo), and was one
Fretum Siculum, or the straits which separate hundred stadia north of the town. The Greek
Italy and Sicily. The ancients derived its name language continued to be spoken at Rhegium
from the verb /yvvyp (" break"), because it was till a very late time, and the town was subject
supposed that Sicily was at this place torn asun- to the Byzantine court long after the downfall
der from Italy. Rhegium was founded about of the Western empire.
the beginning of the first Messenian war, B.C.  [IRHEGMA (I'P//a), the lagoon formed by the
743, by JEolian Chalcidians from Eubcea and by River Cydnus in Cilicia, at its mouth, and which
Doric Messenians, who had quitted their native served as a harbor to the city of Tarsus.]
country on the commencement of hostilities be-  RHENEA ('Pjveta, also'P.jv?,'PTviaa), formertween Sparta and Messenia. At the end of the ly called Ortygia and Celadussa, an island in the
second Messenian war, 668, a large body of Algean Sea and one of the Cyclades, west of
Messenians, under the conduct of the sons of Delos, from which it was divided by a narrow
Aristomenes, settled at Rhegium, which now be- strait only four stadia in width. When Polycame a flourishing and important city, and ex- crates took the island, he dedicated it to Apollo,
tended its authority over several of the neigh- and united it by a chain to Delos; and Nicias
740




RHENUS.                               RHIP.EI MONTES.
connected the two islands by means of a bridge. tie at the Granicus, B.C. 334, and fell in the
When the Athenians purified Delos in B.C. 426, battle at Issus, B.C. 333.]
they removed all the dead from the latter island  RHIEPHA IM, a valley of Judsea, continuous with
to'Rhenea.                                the valley of Hinnorn, southwest of Jerusalem.
RIHENUS. 1. (Now Rhein in German, Rhine in Rhephaim was also the name of a very ancient
English), one of the great rivers in Europe, people of Palestine.
forming in ancient times the boundary between  RHEsus ('PGao-). 1. A river-god in Bithynia,
Gaul and Germany, rises in Mons Adula (now  one of the sons of Oceanus and Tethys.-2. Son
St. Gothard) not far from the sources of the of King Eioneus in Thrace, marched to the asRhone, and flows first in a westerly direction, sistance of the Trojans in their war with the
passing through the Lacus Brigantinus (now  Greeks. An oracle had declared that Troy
Lake of Constance) till it reaches Basilia (now  would never be taken if the snow-white horses
Basle), where it takes a northerly direction, of Rhesus should once drink the water of the
and eventually flows into the ocean by several Xanthus, and feed upon the grass of the Trojan
mouths. The ancients spoke of two main arms plain. But as soon as Rhesus had reached the
into which the Rhine was divided in entering Trojan territory, and had pitched his tents late
the territory of the Batavi, of which the one on at night, Ulysses and Diomedes penetrated into
the east continued to bear the name of Rhe- his camp, slew Rhesus himself, and carried off
nus, while that on the west, into which the his horses. In later writers Rhesus is describMosa (how MIaas or Meuse) flowed, was called ed as a son of Strymon and Euterpe, or Calliope,
Vahalis (now Waal). After Drusus, in B.C. 12, or Terpsichore.
had connected the Flevo Lacus (now Zuyder-  [RHEXENOR ('PrTvwp), son of Nausithous,
See) with the Rhine by means of a canal, in the king of the Pheacians, and accordingly a
making which he probably made use of the bed brother of Alcinous.]
of the Yssel, we find mention of three mouths  RHIANUS ('PtLaiO), of Crete, a distinguished
of the Rhine. Of these the names, as given by Alexandrean poet and grammarian, flourished
Pliny, are, on the west, Helium (the Vahalis of B.C. 222. He wrote several epic poems, one
other writers); in the centre, Rhenus; and of which was on the Messenian wars. He also
on the east, Flevum; but at a later time we wrote epigrams, ten of which are preserved in
again find mention of only two mouths. The the Palatine Anthology, and one by Athenaeus.
Rhine is described by the ancients as a broad, His fragments are printed in Gaisford's Poets
rapid, and deep river. It receives many tribu- Minores Grci; and separately edited by Nic.
taries, of which the most important were the Saal, Bonn, 1831.
Mosella (now Moselle) and Mosa (now Maas or  RHIDAGus, a tributary of the River Ziobetis,
Mlezuse) on the left, and the Nicer (now Neckar), in Parthia; [but vid. ZIOBETIS.]
Mcenus (now Main), and Luppia (now Lippe) on  RHINooLURfA or RHINOCORURA (ri'PLvoIc6iovthe right. It passed through various tribes, of pa or'Pevoicopovpa, and }'PtvoKoiosppa or'Ptvowhich the principal on the west were the Nan- icopopa: now Kulat-el-Arish), the frontier town
tuates, Helvetii, Sequani, Mediomatrici, Triboc- of Egypt and Palestine, lay in the midst of the
ci, Treviri, Ubii, Batavi, and Canninefates, and desert, at the mouth of the brook (now El-Arish),
the principal on the east were the Rhsti, Vin- which was the boundary between the countries,
delici, Mattiaci, Sigambri, Tencteri, Usipetes, and which is called in Scripture the river of
Bructeri, and Frisii. The length of the Rhine Egypt. It was sometimes reckoned to Syria,
is stated differently by the ancient writers. Its sometimes to Egypt. Its name, " The-cut-offwhole course amounts to about nine hundred noses," is derived fiom its having been the place
and fifty miles. The inundations of the Rhine of exile of criminals who had first been so munear its mouth are mentioned by the ancients. tilated under the Ethiopian dynasty of kings
Caesar was the first Roman general who cross- of Egypt.
ed the Rhine. He threw a bridge of boats    RHINTHON ('PivOov), of Syracuse or Tarenacross the river, probably in the neighborhood tur, said to have been the son of a potter, was
of Cologne. The etymology of the name is a dramatic poet, of that species of burlesque
doubtful; some connect it with rinnen or rinnan, tragedy which was called 02vaKoypabia or ilaaccording to which it would mean the " current" porpayodia, and flourished in the reign of Ptolor 1" stream;" others with rhen or rein, that is, emy I., king of Egypt. When he is placed at
the <" clear" river.-2. (Now Reno), a tributary the head of the composers of this burlesque
of the Padus (now Po) in Gallia Cisalpina, near drama, we are not to suppose that he actually
Bononia, on a small island of which Octavianus, invented it, but that he was the first to develop
Antony, and Lepidus formed the celebrated tri- in a written form, and to introduce into Greek
umvirate. The small river Lavinius (now La- literature, a species of dramatic composition,
vino) flows into the Rhenus; and Appian places which had already long existed as a popular
in the Lavinius the island on which the trium- amusement among the Greeks of Southern Italy
virate was formed.                        and Sicily, and especially at Tarentum. The
[RHEOMITHRES (PeoliOpy7), a Persian, who species of drama which he cultivated may be
joined in the general revolt of the western prov- described as an exhibition of the subjects of
inces from Artaxerxes Mnemon in B.C. 362, tragedy, in the spirit and style of comedy. A
and was employed by his confederates to go to poet of this description was called 2ovakF. This
Tachos, king of Egypt, for aid. Although sue- name, and that of the drama itself, ~2mvaKoypacessful in this application, he made his own ~ia, seem to have been the genuine terms
peace with Artaxerxes by betraying a number used at Tarentum. Rhinthon wrote thirty-eight
of the rebel chiefs. He was also one of the dramas.
commanders of the Persian cavalry in the bat-  RHIPI MONTES (rai'PLwaca opp, also'Pxrra),
741




RHIUM.                                   RHODOPIS.
the name of a lofty range of mountains in the  RHSDIA and RHODIOPOLIS (TPo6a,'Po6Sro2f'r
northern part of the earth, respecting which'Podl&ef, PoIoT07roaiTc:.now Eski-Hissar, ruins),
there are diverse statements in the ancient a mountain city of Lycia, near Corydallus, with
writers. The name seems to have been given a temple of iEsculapius (Asclepius).
by the Greek poets quite indefinitely to all the  RHODIUS ('P6dos: now probably the Brook of
mountains in the northern parts of Europe and the Dardanelles), a small river of the Troad,
Asia. Thus the Rhipaei Montes are sometimes mentioned by both Homer and Hesiod. It rose
called the Hyperborei Montes. Vid. HYPERBO- on the lower slopes of Mount Ida, and flowed
REI. The later geographical writers place the northwest into the Hellespont, between Abydus
Rhipaean Mountains northeast of Mount Alau- and Dardanus, after receiving the Sellers from
nus, on the frontiers of Asiatic Sarmatia, and the west. It is identified by some with the
state that the Tanais rises in these mountains. River IHVLog, which Thucydides mentions, beAccording to this account, the Rhipaean Mount- tween Cynossema and Abydus. Some made it
ains may be regarded as a western branch of erroneously a tributary of the 2Esepus.  It is
the Ural Mountains.                       found mentioned on the coins of Dardanus.
RiIIUM ('Plov: now Castello di Morea), a prom-  [RHODOGUNE ('Poeoyovw7). 1. A daughter of
ontory in Achaia, opposite the promontory of Artaxerxes Mnemon, was given in marriage by
Antirrhium (now Castello di Romelia), on the him to Orontes. Vid. ORONTES, No. 3.- 2.
borders of zEtolia and Locris, with which it Daughter of Mithradates I., king of Parthia,
formed the narrow entrance to the Corinthian given by him in marriage to Demetrius Nicator,
Gulf, which straits are now called the Little king of Syria. Vid. ARSACES, No. 6.]
Dardanelles. It is sometimes called'Axaeiov  [RHODOPE ('Pod67T?), a fountain nymph, daugh-'Piov, to distinguish it from the opposite prom- ter of the river-god Strymon, wife of the Thraontory, which was surnamed Mo2RvKpit6v or Al- cian Hemus, and mother of Hebrus. She is
r2uLC6KOV. On the promontory of Rhium there mentioned also among the playmates of Prowas a temple of Neptune (Poseidon).       serpina (Persephone).]
RHIZON or RHIZINIUM ('PTirv:'PTI0V1iT: now  RI-IODOPE ('Po6Trr?), one of the highest ranges
Risano), an ancient town in Dalmatia, situated of mountains in Thrace, extending from Mount
at the upper end of the gulf, called after it Rhi- Scomius, east of the River Nestus and the
zoneous Sinus (now Gulf of Cattaro). [It is boundaries of Macedonia, in a southeasterly dimentioned by Polybius as a strong place, to rection almost down to the coast. It is highest
which Teuta, queen of the Illyrians, withdrew  in its northern part, and is thickly covered with
on being attacked by the Romans.]         wood. Rhodope, like the rest of Thrace, was
RHODA or RHODUS ('P6J,'P6doC: nowRozas), sacred to Dionysus (Bacchus), and is frequently
a Greek emporium on the coast of the Indigete, mentioned by the poets in connection with the
in Hispania Tarraconensis, founded by the Rho- worship of this god.
dians, and subsequently occupied by the inhab-  [RHODOPHON, a Rhodian statesman, who exitants of Massilia.                       erted himself when hostilities broke out between
RHODANUS (now Rh6ne), one of the chief riv- Perseus and the Romans to preserve unbroken
ers of Gaul, rises in Mons Adula on the Pen- the connection between his countrymen and the
nine Alps, not far from the sources of the Rhine, latter. He was one of the deputies sent, B.C.
flows first in a westerly direction, and, after 167, to convey a golden crown to Rome.]
passing through the Lacus Lemanus, turns to  -RHODoPIs ('PooCiTrr), a celebrated Greek courtthe south, passes by the towns of Lugdunum, esan, of Thracian origin, was a fellow-slave with
Vienna, Avenio, and Arelate, receives several the poet 2Esop, both of them belonging to the
tributaries, and finally falls by several mouths Samian Iadmon.  She afterward became the
into the Sinus Gallicus in the Mediterranean. property of Xanthes, another Samian, who carThe number of the mouths of the Rhone is ried her to Naucratis in Egypt, in the reign of
stated differently by the ancient writers, which Amasis, and at this great sea-port she carried
is not surprising, as the river has frequently al- on the trade of an hetaera for the benefit of her
tered its course near the sea. Pliny mentions master. While thus employed, Charaxus, the
three mouths, of which the most important was brother of the poetess Sappho, who had come
called Os Massalioticmn, while the two others to Naucratis as a merchant, fell in love with
bore the general name of Libyca ora, being dis- her, and ransomed her from slavery for a large
tinguished from each other as the Os Hispani- sum of money. She was, in consequence, atense and the Os Metapinum.  Besides these tacked by Sappho in a poem. She continued to
mouths there was a canal to the east of the Os live at Naucratis, and with the tenth part of her
Massalioticum, called Fossce lMarianae, which gains she dedicated at Delphi ten iron spits,
was dug by order of Marius during his war with which were seen by Herodotus. She is called
the Cimbri, in order to make an easier connec- Rhodopis by Herodotus, but Sappho in her poem
tion between the Rhone and the Mediterranean, spoke of her under the name of Doricha. It is
as the mouths of the river were frequently therefore probable that Doricha was her real
choked up with sand. The Rhone is a very name, and that she received that of Rhodopis,
rapid river, and its upward navigation is there- which signifies the " rosy-cheeked," on account
fore difficult, though it is navigable for large of her beauty. There was a tale current in
vessels as high as Lugdunum, and by means of Greece that Rhodopis built the third pyramid.
the Arar still further north.             It has been conjectured, with great probability,
RHODE. Vid. RHODOS.                     that in consequence of her name Rhodopis, the
[RHODEA ('P6Eta), a daughter of Oceanus and " rosy-cheeked," she was confounded with NitoTethys, was one of the playmates of Proser- cris, the beautiful Egyptian queen, and the hepina (Persephone).]                       roine of many an Egyptian legend, who is said
742




RHODOS.                                   RHCECUS.
by the ancient chronologers to have built the capital, called RHODUS, was built, and peopled
third pyramid.                            from the three ancient cities of Ialysus, Lindus,
RHODOS ('P6doO), sometimes called RHODE, and Camirus. The history of the island now
daughter of Neptune (Poseidon) and Halia, or presents a series of conflicts between the demoof Helios and Amphitrite, or of Neptune (Posei- cratical and oligarchical parties, and of subjecdon) and Venus (Aphrodite), or, lastly, of Oce- tion to Athens and Sparta in turn, till the end of
anus. From her the island of Rhodes is said the Social war, 355, when its independence was
to have derived its name; and in this island she acknowledged. Then followed a conflict with
bore to Helios seven sons.                the princes of Caria, during which the island was
[RHODUNTIA ('Podovvria), a fortress on Mount for a time subject toArtemisia, and, nominally at
CEta, near Heraclea and Thermopylae; accord- least, to Idrieus. During this period there were
ing to Livy, one of the summits of CEta.]  great internal dissensions, which were at length
RHODUS (j'P6odo:'P6Tor, Rhodius: now Rho- composed by a mixed form of government, unitdos, Rhodes), the easternmost island of the LEge- ing the elements of aristocracy and democracy.
an, or, more specifically, of the Carpathian Sea, At the Macedonian conquest, they submitted
lies off the southern coast of Caria, due south of to Alexander; but, upon his death, they expelled
the promontory of Cynossema (now Cape Alou- the Macedonian garrison. In the ensuing wars
po), at the distance of about twelve geographical they formed an alliance with Ptolemy, the son
miles. Its length, from northeast to southwest, of Lagus, and their city, Rhodes, successfully
is about forty-five miles; its greatest breadth endured a most famous siege by the forces of
about twenty to twenty-five. In early times it Demetrius Poliorcetes, who at length, in admiwas called ZEthraea and Ophiussa, and several ration of the valor of the besieged, presented
other names. The earliest Greek records make them with the engines he had used against the
mention of it. Mythological stories ascribed city, from the sale of which they defrayed the
its origin to the power of Apollo, who raised it cost of the celebrated Colossus, which is defrom beneath the waves; and its first peopling scribed under the name of its artist, CHARES.
to the Telchines, children of Thalatta (the Sea), The state now for a long time flourished, with
upon whose destruction by a deluge the He- an extensive commerce, and with such a mariliadse were planted in the island by Helios, time power that it compelled the Byzantines to
where they formed seven tribes, and founded remit the toll which they levied on ships passing
a kingdom, which soon became flourishing by the Bosporus. At length they came into contheir skill in astronomy and navigation, and nection with the Romans, whose alliance they
other sciences and arts. These traditions ap- joined, with Attalus, king of Pergamus, in the
pear to signify the early peopling of the island war against Philip III. of Macedon. In the enby some of the civilized races of Western Asia, suing war with Antiochus, the Rhodians gave
probably the Phoenicians. After other alleged the Romans great aid with their fleet; and, in
migrations into the island, we come to its Hel- the subsequent partition of the Syrian posseslenic colonization, which is ascribed to Tlepo- sions of Asia Minor, they were rewarded by
lemus, the son of Hercules, before the Trojan the supremacy of S. Caria, where they had
war, and after that war to Althaemenes. Ho- had settlements from an early period. Vid. PEmer mentions the three Dorian settlements in RHEA RHODIORUM. A temporary interruption of
Rhodes, namely, Lindus, Ialysus, and Camirus; their alliance with Rome was caused by their
and these cities, with Cos, Cnidus, and Hali- espousing the cause of Perseus, for which they
carnassus, formed the Dorian Hexapolis, which were severely punished, 168; but they recovwas established, from a period of unknown ered the favor of Rome by the important naval
antiquity, in the southwestern corner of Asia aid they rendered in the Mithradatic war. In
Minor. Rhodes soon became a great maritime the civil wars they took part with Caesar, and
state, or rather confederacy, the island being suffered in consequence from Cassius, 42, but
parcelled out between the three cities above were afterward compensated for their losses by
mentioned. The Rhodians made distant voy- the favor of Antonius. They were at length
ages, and founded numerous colonies, of which deprived of their independence by Claudius;
the chief were Rhoda in Iberia; Gela in Sicily; and their prosperity received its final blow from
Parthenope, Salacia, Siris, and Sybaris in Italy; an earthquake, which laid the city of Rhodes in
settlements in the Balearic Islands; and, in ruins, in the reign of Antoninus Pius, A.D. 155.
their own neighborhood, Soli in Cilicia, and The celebrated medieval history of the island,
Gage and Corydalla in Lycia. During this as the seat of the Knights of St. John, does not
early period the government of each of the three belong to this work. The island is of great
cities seems to have been monarchical; but beauty and fertility, with a delicious climate.
about B.C. 660 the whole island seems to have It was further celebrated as the home of disbeen united in an oligarchical republic, the chief tinguished schools of Greek art and of Greek
magistrates of which, called prytanes, were oratory. The city of Rhodes was famous for
taken from the family of the Eratidae, who had the beauty and regularity of its architecture,
been the royal family of lalysus. Vid. DIAGO- and the number of statues which adorned it;
RAS, DORIEUs. At the beginning of the Pelo- it was designed by Hippodamus of Miletus.
ponnesian war, Rhodes was one of those Dorian (Comp. IALYSUs, LINDUS, and CAMIRUS.)
maritime states which were subject to Athens;  RHCECUS ('PTo of). 1. A Centaur, who, in conbut in the twentieth year of the war, 412, it junction with Hyleus, pursued Atalanta in Arjoined the Spartan alliance, and the oligarchical cadia, but was killed by her with an arrow. The
party, which had been depressed, and their lead- Roman poets call him Rhetus, and relate that
ers, the Eratidae, expelled, recovered their for- he was wounded at the nuptials of Pirithous.mer power under Dorieus. In 408, the new  2. Son of Phileas or Phileus, of Samos, an ar743




RHCEMETALCES.                                 RICIMER.
chitect and statuary belonging to the earliest what east of the promontory named after it
period in the history of Greek art, is mentioned (alonretoc O'Poacc6SoC, now Cape Torose or Dog's
as the head of a family of Samian artists. He Cape), and at the southern point of the aboveflourished about B.C. 640. Hewas thefirst arch- named gulf, in the neighborhood of the Syrian
itect of the great temple of Juno (Hera) at Sa- passes. At this mountain pass Pococke found
mos, which Theodorus completed. In conjunc- ruins of ancient walls, which probably belonged
tion with Smilis and Theodorus, he constructed to the city Rhosus.]
the labyrinth of Lemnos; and he, and the mem-  [RHOTANUS ('Pravog, now, according to Manbers of his family who succeeded him, invented nert, Dalesani), a small river of Corsica, flowing
the art of casting statues in bronze and iron.  into the Tyrrhenian Sea at about the middle
[RHaEMETALCES ('POIpUrdacTC). 1. I., king of of the eastern coast, not far from Aleria.]
Thrace, was brother of Cotys, and uncle and  RHOXOLANI or RoxoLANI, a warlike people in
guardian of Rhascuporis, at whose death, B.C. European Sarmatia, on the coast of the Palus
13, he was expelled from Thrace. About two Meotis, and between the Borysthenes and the
years afterward Rhcemetalces received from  Tanais, usually supposed to be the ancestors of
Augustus his nephew's dominions, with some the modern Russians. They frequently attackadditions, since Tacitus calls him king of all ed and plundered the Roman provinces south
Thrace. On his death Augustus divided his of the Danube; and Hadrian was even obliged
kingdom between his son Cotys and his brother to pay them tribute. They are mentioned as
Rhascuporis. -2. II., King of Thrace, nephew  late as the eleventh century. They fought with
of the preceding, and son of Rhascuporis, re- lances and with long swords wielded with both
ceived a portion of the Thracian kingdom on hands; and their armies were composed chiefly
the deposition of his father. He remained faith- of cavalry.
ful to the Romans, and aided in putting down  [RHUBON ('Pov6ov, now probably the Dina), a
the Thracian malcontents in A.D. 26. Caligu- river of European Sarmatia, falling into the Ocela, in A.D. 38, assigned the whole of Thrace to anus Sarmaticus between the Chronus and TuRhcemetalces.]                            runtus.]
[RHCiE  ('Potl), a daughter of Staphylus, be-  RHYNDACUS ('Pvv6alc6;: now Edrenos), or LYloved by Apollo, to whom she bore Anius: she cus, a considerable river of Asia Minor. Rising
had been put in a chest, and set afloat on the in Mount Dindymene, opposite to the sources
sea by her father, but was wafted safely to Eu- of the Hermus, it flows north through Phrygia,
bma (or Delos).]                          then-turns northwest, then west, and then north,
[RHasAcEs('Po(tad cq inArrian and Plutarch; through the Lake Apolloniatis, into the Propon-'PoadKiec, Diod.), a Persian, who deduced his tis. From the point where it left Phrygia, it
lineage from one of the seven chiefs who over- formed the boundary of Mysia and Bithynia.
threw the government of the Magi, was satrap Its chief tributary, which joins it from the west
of Ionia and Lydia about 350 B.C., and was as- below the Lake Apolloniatis, was called MACESsociated with the Theban Lacrates in the war TUS. On the banks of the Rhyndacus Lucullus
against Egypt. In the battle at the Granicus, gained a great victory over Mithradates, B.C. 73.
having assailed Alexander, he was slain by that  RHYPES ('Preg and other forms: tPvrafog),
monarch's own hand. Diodorus and Curtius, one of the twelve cities of Achaia, situated behowever, say that, having cleft the king's helmet tween Egium and Patrae. It was destroyed by
with his sword, his hand was cut off by Clitus.] Augustus, and its inhabitants removed to Patrae.
RHCETEUM (r7'POirTEOV al(poV, 7'POLTreC aIctre,  RHYTIUM ('PVTrov), a town in Crete, mention-'Potritate eCrai: Virg. Rheetea litora: now Cape ed by Homer, which' is identified by modern
Intepeh or Barbieri), a promontory, or a strip of writers, but without any sufficient reasons, with
rocky coast breaking into several promontories, the later Ritymna.
in Mysia, on the Hellespont, near /Eantium,  RICIMER, the Roman "King-Maker," was the
with a town of the same name (now probably son of a Suevian chief, and was brought up at
Paleo Castro).                            the court of Valentinian III. He served with
RHCETUS. 1. A centaur. Vid. RHcrcus.-2. distinction under Aetius, in the reign of ValenOne of the giants, who was slain by Bacchus tinian III. In A.D. 456 he commanded the
(Dionysus); he is usually called Eurytus.-[3. fleet of the Emperor Avitus, with which he
One of the companions of Phineus, slain by gained a great victory over the Vandals, and in
Perseus.-4. King of the Marrubii in Italy, the same year he deposed Avitus; but as he
father of Anchemolus.  Vid. ANCHEMOLUS.-5. was a barbarian by birth, he would not assume
A Rutulian slain among the sine nomine plebem  the title of emperor, but gave it to Majorian, inby Euryalus.]                             tending to keep the real power in his own hands.
[RHOMBITES MAGNUS and MINOR ('Pou6iT7r  But as Majorian proved more able and enerfzeyaf and e2Lcaaov), two rivers of Asiatic Sar- getic than Ricimer had expected, he was put to
matia, which fell into two bays of the Palus death in 461 by order of Ricimer, who now
Mseotis, both abounding in fish: of these the raised Libius Severus to the throne. On the
smaller, according to Strabo, was six hundred death of Severus in 465, Ricimer kept the govstadiafrom theAnticites; the larger, eight hund- ernment in his own hands for the next eighteen
red stadia northeast of the smaller, and just as months; but in 467 Anthemius was appointed
far southwest from the Tanais. The larger riv- Emperor of the West by Leo, emperor of the
er is the modern Jei, Jeisse, or Jea; the smaller, East. Ricimer acquiesced in the appointment,,
the Tschelbasch or the Beisu; according to oth- and received the daughter of Anthemius in marers, the Atschujef.]                      riage; but in 472 he made war against his
[RHOsus or RHossus ('PocG6 and'Piocaoc), a father-.in-law, and took Rome by storm. Ansea-port of Syria, on the Issicus Sinus, some- themius perished in the assault, and Olybrius
744




MAP OF ANCIENT ROME, SHOWING THE WALLS OF SERVIUS AND
THOSE OF AURELIAN.
[To foae p. 745.
fs^ \t0        I,
CAMPVS VATCiCAV    \ 
PRATA TVENCT.A   o 0                 k.\..x..S Z.'   
3    N.,,::ta,    "'.'-" "J.l'. T  Pr V  a
\\       r Appia ( I.iae
L                              ALA
4. Por ta QNaerquetuanaSI
9. Po ta CMllmont   ana.
9  Pota aAi.O 
\ \       OTEVS   -, JiC7r\i2
s the Walls of Sers            19. Porta  aa.
1. Porta Collina.                20. Porta Tiburtia (S. Lorenzo.a
112~~~~~~~~~~~2. Porrtfa Prdestina?
27. Porta  O Asinaria.
4. Porta  uerquetulana?           2  Porta Ltia.
5. Porta Carellontana.            25.  Porta. pa  (fcma b
16. Porta CCapien                   /?a.  Bot   il \s t 
147. Porta Rauduscula              31 26. Porta Ardeatina?S
8. Porta Nma-ivia.                27. Porta Ostiensis.
9. Porta Minucia.                 28. Porta Portensis.
170. Porca Trig-emina29.              P orta Aurelia (S. Pancrazio ).
11. Porta Flumentana.              30. Portas T i ina   o e 
3. Porta Esarinetal.             231. Porta Aurelia of Procopius.
12. Porta Carmentails.
13. Porta Ratumena?                          Bridges.
14. Porta Fontinali Ps. 
32. Pons Eplius (PoSe S. Anstiao).
33. Pons Vaticanus?
Gates in the Walls of Aurelian.  34. Pos Janiculensis?
15. Porta Flaminia.                35. Pons FabrLcius.
16. Porta Pinciana.                36. Portns Cestiuis.
17. Porta Salaria.                937. Pons Palatinus ( PEamilius?).
18. Porta Nomentana                38. Supposed remains of the Sublician Bridge.
12. Part Carmentlis.         31.Porta Amlia of Poropius
13 at auenB/i s
14.PotsFo tinls                 32  asln  Pol  S  s'l)
30~~~~~~~3 Pans. \TaticannsN  1  ~
Gates in theWalls of Asrelas  3.4 pan Jneneni
15 orsFlmna.3. as arcis
16. Ports Pincians.         35. Pans Cestiae.~I/,
17.~ ~ Porta Saos              7 an aaia (mlu )
18 Prt onenan                  8.Sopoa rm nso te ubiia Bide








JICINA.                                    ROMA.
was proclaimed emperor by Ricimer, who died, on the other side of the Tiber, as a protection
however, only forty days after the sack of Rome. against the Etruscans, and connected it with
RICINA. 1. (Ricinensis), a town in Picenum, the city by means of the Pons Sublicius. Rome
colonized by the Emperor Severus. Its mines was still further improved and enlargedby Tarare on the River Potenza, near Macerata.-2. quinius Priscus and Servius.Tullius. The forOne of the Ebudm Insulee, or the Hebrides.  mer of these kings constructed the vast sewers
RIGODULUM (now Reol), a town of the Treviri (cloaca), by which the lower part of the city bein Gallia Belgica, distant three days' march tween the Palatine and Capitol was drained,
from Mogontiacum.                         and which still remain without a stone dis[RIPHESU, or, more correctly, RHIPEUS ('Ptr- placed. He also laid out the Circus Maximus
vc}),a Trojan warrior, who joined the band of and the Forum, and, according to some tradi-,Eneas the night that Troy was burned. and tions, commenced the erection of the Capitoline
fought with great bravery until he was at length temple, which was finished by Tarquinius Suoverpowered by superior numbers: he is corn- perbus. The completion of the city, however,
mended for his piety and justice.]        was ascribed to Servius Tullius.  This king
ROBeIGS or ROBIGO, is described by some added the Ions Vimzinalis and Mons Esquiliius,
Latin writers as a divinity worshipped for the and surrounded the whole city with a line of
purpose of averting blight or too great heat fortifications, which comprised all the seven
from the young corn-fields. The festival of the hills of Rome (Palatinus, Capitolinus, QuiriRobigalia was celebrated on the twenty-fifth of nalis, Calius, Aventinus, Viminalis, Esquilinus).
April, and was said to have been instituted by Hence Rome was called Urbs Septicollis. These
Numa. But considering the uncertainty of the fortifications were about seven miles in circumancients themselves as to whether the divinity ference. At the same time, Servius extended
was masculine or feminine, and that the Ro- the pomcerium so as to make the sacred inmans did not pay divine honors to any evil de- closure of the city identical with its walls. In
mon, it is probable that the divinity Robigus or B.C. 390 Rome was entirely destroyed by the
Robigo is only an abstraction of the later Ro- Gauls, with the exception of a few houses on
mans from the festival of the Robigalia.  the Palatine. On the departure of the barbariRoBus, a fortress in the territory of the Rau- ans it was rebuilt in great haste and confusion,
raci, in Gallia Belgica, which was built by Va- without any attention to regularity, and with
lentinian near Basilia, A.D. 374.         narrow and crooked streets. After the conROMA (Romanus: now Rome), the capital of quest of the Carthaginians and of the monarchs
Italy and of the world, was situated on the left of Macedonia and Syria, the city began to be
bank of the River Tiber, on the northwestern  adorned with many public buildings and handconfines of Latium, about sixteen miles from  some private houses; and it was still further
the sea.-A. HISTORY OF THE CITY. Rome is embellished by Augustus, who introduced great
said to have been a colony from Alba Longa, improvements into all parts of the city, and both
and to have been founded by Romulus about erected many public buildings himself, and inB.C. 753. Vid. ROMULUS. All traditions agree duced all the leading nobles of his court to folthat the original city comprised only the lons low his example. So greatly had the appearPalatinus or Palatium, and some portion of the ance of the city improved during his long and
ground immediately below it. It was surround- prosperous reign, that he used to boast that he
ed by walls, which followed the line of the Po- had found the city of brick, and had left it of
moerium (rid. Diet. of Antiq., s. v.), and was built marble. Still the main features of the city rein a square fbrm, whence it was called Roma mained the same; and the narrow streets and
Quadrata. This city on the Palatine was in- mean houses formed a striking and disagreeable
habited only by Latips. On the neighboring contrast to the splendid public buildings and
hills there also existed from the earliest times magnificent palaces which had been recently
settlements of Sabines and Etruscans. The erected. The great fire at Rome in the reign of
Sabine town, probably called Quirium, and in- Nero (A.D. 64) destroyed two thirds of the city.
habited by Quirites, was situated on the hills to Nero availed himself of this opportunity to inthe north of the Palatine, that is, the Quirinalis dulge his passion for building; and the city now
and Capitolinus, or Capitolium, on the lattei of assumed a more regular and stately appearance.
which hills was the Sabine Arx or citadel. The new streets were made both wide and
These Latin and Sabine towns afterward be- straight; the height of the houses was restrictcame united, according to tradition, in the reign ed; and a certain part of each was required to
of Romulus, and the two nations formed one be built of Gabian or Alban stone, which was
collective body, known under the name of proof against fire. Rome had long since ex"Populus Romanus(et) Quirites." TheEtrus- tended beyond the walls of Servius Tullins;
cans were settled on Mons Caelius, and extend- but down to the third century of the Christian
ed over Mons Cispius and lMons Oppius, which era the walls of this monarch continued to mark
are part of the Esquiline. These Etruscans the limits of the city properly so called. These
were at an early period incorporated in the walls, however, had long since been rendered
Roman state, but were compelled to abandon quite useless, and the city was therefore left
their seats on the hills, and to take up their without anyfortifications. Accordingly, theEmabode in the plains between the C.elius and the peror Aurelian determined to surround Rome
Esquiline, whence the Vicus Tuscus derived its with new walls, which embraced the city of
name. Under the kings the city rapidly grew  Servius Tullius and all the suburbs which had
in population and in size. Ancus Marcius add- subsequently grown up around it, such as the
ed the Meons Aventinus to the city. The same M. Janiculus on the right bank of the Tiber,
lung also built a fortress on the Janiculus, a hill and the Collis Hortulorum or Mons Pincianu.s on
745




ROMA.                                     ROMA.
the left bank of the river, to the north of the different families, and it was frequently surQuirinalis. The walls of Aurelian were corn- rounded with shops. The insulee contained
menced by this emperor before he set out on several stories; and as the value of ground inhis expedition against Zenobia (A.D. 271), and creased in Rome, they were frequently built of
were terminated by his successor Probus. They a dangerous height. Hence Augustus restrictwere about elevenmiles in circumference. They ed the height of all new houses to seventy feet,
were restored by Honorius, and were also part- and Trajan to sixty feet. No houses of any dely rebuilt by Belisarius.-B. DIVISIONS OF THE scription were allowed to be built close together
CITY. Rome was divided by Servius Tullius at Rome, and it was provided by the Twelve
into four Regiones or districts, corresponding to Tables that a space of at least five feet should
the four city tribes. Their names were, 1. Sub- be left between every house. The number of
urana, comprehending the space from the Sub- insulae, of course, greatly exceeded that of the
ura to the Caelius, both inclusive.  2. Esqui- domi. It is stated that there were forty-six
lina, comprehending the Esquiline Hill. 3. Col- thousand six hundred and two insulae at Rome,
lina, extending over the Quirinal and Viminal. but only one thousand seven hundred and nine4. Palatina, comprehending the Palatine Hill. ty domus.-C. SIZE AND POPULATION OF THE
The Capitoline, as the seat of the gods, and the CITY. It has been already stated that the cirAventine, were not included in these regiones. cumference of the walls of Servius Tullius was
These regiones were again subdivided into about seven miles; but a great part of the space
twenty-seven Sacella Argeeorum, which were included within these walls was at first not covprobably erected where two streets (compita) ered with buildings. Subsequently, as we have
crossed each other. It is probable that each of" seen, the city greatly extended beyond these
the four regiones contained six of these sacella, limits; and a measurement has come down to
and that the remaining three belonged to the us, made in the reign of Vespasian, by which it
Capitoline.  The division of Servius Tullius appears to have been about thirteen miles in
into four regiones remained unchanged till the circumference.  It was probably about this
time of Augustus; but this emperor made a time that Rome reached its greatest size. The
fresh division of the city into fourteen regiones, walls of Aurelian were only about eleven miles
which. comprised both the ancient city of Ser- in circuit. It is more difficult to determine the
vius Tullius and all the suburbs which had been population of the city at any given period.' We
subsequently added. This division was made learn, however, from the Monumentum Ancyby Augustus to facilitate the internal govern- ranum, that the plebs urbana in the time of Aument of the city. The names of the regiones gustus was three hundred and twenty thousand.
were, 1. Porta Capena, at the southeast corner This did not include the women, nor the senof the city, by the Porta Capena. 2. Ccalimon- ators, nor knights; so that the free population
tiunm, northeast of the preceding, embracing M. could not have been less than six hundred and
Ceelius. 3. Isis et Serapis, northwest of No. 2, fifty thousand. To this number we must add
in the valley between the Coelius, the Palatine the slaves, who must have been at least as nuand Esquiline. 4. Via Sacra, northwest of No. merous as the free population. Consequently,
3, embracing the valley between the Esquiline, the whole population of Rome in the time of
Viminal, and Quirinal, toward the Palatine. 5. Augustus must have been at least one million
Esquilina cum Colle Viminali, northeast of No. three hundred thousand, and in all probability
4, comprehending the whole of the Esquiline greatly exceeded that number. Moreover, as
and Viminal. 6. Alta Semita, northwest of No. we know that the city continued to increase in
5, comprising the Quirinal. 7. Via Lata, west size and population down to the time of Vespaof No. 6, between the Quirinal and Campus sian and Trajan, we shall not be far wrong in
Martius. 8. Forum Romanum, south of No. 7, supposing that the city contained nearly two
comprehending the Capitoline and the valley millions of inhabitants in the reigns of those
between it and the Palatine. 9. Circus Fla- emperors.-D. WALLS AND GATES. I. WALLS
minius, northwest of No. 8, extending as far as OF ROMUius. The direction of this wall is dethe Tiber, and comprehending the whole of the scribed by Tacitus. Commencing at the Forum
Campus Martius. 10. Palatium, southeast of Boarium, the site of which is marked by the
No. 8, containing the Palatine.  11. Circus arch'erected there to Septimius Severus, it ran
Maximus, southwest of No. 10, comprehending along the foot of the Palatine, having the valley
the plain between the Palatine, Aventine, and afterward occupied by the Circus Maximus on
Tiber. 12. Piscina Publica, southeast of No. the right, as far as the altar of Consus, nearly
11. 13. Aventinus, northwest of No. 12, em- opposite to the extremity of the Circus; thence
bracing the Aventine. 14. Trans Tiberinm, the it turned round the southern angle of the Palaonly region on the right bank of the river, con- tine, followed the foot of the hill nearly in a
taining the Insula Tiberina, the valley between straight line to the Curiae Veteres, which stood
the river and the Janiculus, and a part of this not far from the site of the Arch of Constanmountain. Each of these regiones was subdi- tine; thence ascended the steep slope, at the
vided into a certain number of Vici, analogous summit of which stands the Arch of Titus, and
to the sacella of Servius Tullius. The houses descended again on the other side to the angle
were divided into two different classes, called of the Forum, which was then a morass. In
respectively dormus and insulce. The former this wall there were three gates, the number
were the dwellings of the Roman nobles, cor- prescribed by the rules of the Etruscan religion.
responding to the modern palazzi; the latter 1. Porta Mugonia or Mugionis, also called Porta
were the habitations of the middle and lower vetus Palatii, at the northern slope of the Palaclasses. Each insula contained several apart- tine, at the point where the Via Sacra and the
rments or sets of apartments, which were let to Via Nova met. 2. Porta Ronmanula, at the
746




ROMA.                                     ROMA.
western angle of the hill, near the temple of issued the Via Appia. -,It stood southwest of
Victory, and between the modern churches of No. 5, and at the southwest foot of the Calian,
S. Teodoro and Santa Anastasia. 3. The name on the spot now occupied by the grounds of the
and position of the third gate is not mentioned, Villa Mattei. 7, 8, 9. P. Lavernalis, P. Ranfor the Porta Janualis appears to be identical dusculana, and P. Texviia, three of the most
with the Janus or archway, commonly known southerly gates of Rome, lying between the
as the temple of Janus, which stood on the other Caelian and the Aventine. The walls of Serside of the Forum, and could have had no con- vius probably -here took a great bend to the
nection with the original city of Romulus.-II. south, inclosing the heights of Sta BBlbina and
WALLS Or SERVIus TULLIUS. It is stated that Sta Saba. 10. P. Minucia, probably west of the
this king surrounded the whole city with a wall three preceding, and on the south of the Avenof hewn stone; but there are many reasons for tine. 11. P. Trigemnina, on the northwest of
questioning this statement. The seven hills on the Aventine, near the Tiber and the great salt
which Rome was built were most of them of magazines. 12. P. Flumentana, north of the pregreat natural strength, having sides actually ceding,,near the southwestern slope of the Capiprecipitous, or easily rendered so by cutting tol and close to the Tiber. 13. P. Carmentalis,
away-the soft tufo rock. Instead, therefore, of north of No. 12, and at the foot of the southbuilding a wall around the whole circuit of the western slope of the Capitoline, near the altar
city, Servius Tullus appears only to have con- of Carmenta, and leading to the Forum Olitorinected the several hills by walls or trenches um and the Theatre of Marcellus. This gate
drawn across the narrow valleys which separ- contained two passages, of which the right-hand
ated them. The most formidable part of these one was called Porta Scelerata from the time
fortifications was the agger or mound which ex- that the three hundred Fabii passed through it,
tended across the broad table-land formed by and was always avoided. 14. P. Ratumenalis,
the junction of the Quirinal, Esquiline, and Vim- north of No. 13, and at the northwestern slope
inal, since it was on this side that the city was of the Capitoline, leading from the Forum of
most open to the attacks of the enemy. The Trajan to the Campus Martius. 15. P. Fontiagger was a great rampart or mound of earth, nalis, north of No. 14, on the western slope of
fifty feet wide and above sixty high, faced with the Quirinal, also leading to the Campus Marflagstones and flanked with towers, and at its tius.  16. P. Sanqualis, north of No. 15, also
foot was a moat one hundred feet broad and on the western slope of the same hill. 17. P.
thirty deep. There are still traces of this work. Salutaris, north of No. 16, on the northwestern
Starting from the southern extremity of this slope of the same hill, near the temple of Salus.
mound at the Porta Esquilina, the fortifications 18. P. Triumphlalis. The position of this gate is
of Servius ran along the outside edge of the Cee- quite uncertain, exkept that it led, more or less
lian and Aventine Hills to the River Tiber by the directly, to the Campus Martius.-III. WALLS
Porta Trigemina. From this point to the Porta OF AURELIAN. These walls are essentially the
Flumentana, near the southwestern extremity same as those which surround the modern city
of the Capitoline Hill, there appears to have of Rome, with the exception of the part beyond
been no wall, the river itself being considered a the Tiber.  The Janiculus and the adjacent
sufficient defence. At the Porta Flumentana suburb was the only portion beyond the Tiber
the fortifications again commenced, and ran which was included within the fortifications of
along the outside edge of the Capitoline and Aurelian; for the Vatican was not surrounded
Quirinal Hills till they reached the northern ex- with walls till the time of Leo IV., in the ninth
tremity of the agger at the Porta Collina. The century. On the left bank of the Tiber the
number of the gates in the walls of Servius is un- walls of Aurelian embraced on the north the
certain, and the position of many ofthem is doubt- Collis Hortulorum or Pincianus, on the west
ful. Pliny, indeed, states that their number was the Campus Martius, on the east the Campus
thirty-seven; but it is almost certain that this Esquilinus, and on the south the Mons Testanumber includes many mere openings made ceus. There were fourteen gates in the Aurethrough the walls to connect different parts of lian walls, most of which derived their names
the city with the suburbs, since the walls of Ser- from the roads issuing from them. These were,
vius had long since ceased to be regarded. The on the northern side, 1. P. Aurelia, on the Tiber
following is a list of the gates as far as they can in front of the Pons.LElius. 2. P. Pinciana, on
be ascertained: 1. Porta Collina, at the northerly the hill of the same name. 3. P. Salaris, exextremity of the agger, and the most northern tant under the same name, but restored In modof all the gates, stood at the point of junction of ern times. 4. P. Nomentana, leading to the anthe Via Salaria and Via Nomentana, just above cient P. Collina. On the eastern side, 5. P.
the northern angle of the Vigna dei Certosini. Tiburtina, leading to the old Porta Esquilina,
2. P. Vinminalis, south of No. 1, and in the centre now Porta S. Lorenzo. 6. P. Prcenestina, now
of the agger. 3. P. Esquilina, south of No. 2, Porta Maggiore. On the southern side, 7. P.
on the site of the arch of Gallienus, which proba- Asinaria, on the site of the modern Porta S.
bly replaced it; the Via Praenestina and Labi- Giovanni. 8. P. Metronis, or Meltronii, or Mecana began here. 4. P. Querquetulana, south trovia, which has now disappeared, probably at
of No. 3. 5. P. Caeliomontana, south of No. 4, the entrance to the Caelian, between S. Stefano
on the heights of Mons Calius, behind the hos- Rotondo and the Villa Mattei. 9. P. Latina,
pital of S. Giovanni in Laterano, at the point of now walled up. 10. P. Appia, now Porta S.
junction of the two modern streets which bear Pancrazio. The roads through this gate and
the name of S. Stefano Rotondo, and the SS. through No. 9 both led to the old Porta Capena.
Quattro Coronati. 6. P. Capena, one of the most 11. P. Ostiensis, leading to Ostia, now Porta S.
celebrated of all the Roman gates, from which Paolo. On the western side, 12. P. Portuensius
747




RO1MA.                                     ROHA.
on the other side of the Tiber, near the river, degli Apostoli. 4. Campus Esquilinus, outside
from which issued the road to Portus. 13. A  of the agger of Servius and near the Porta Essecond P. Aurelia, on the western slope of the quilina, where criminals were executed, arid
Janiculus, now Porta S. Pancrazio. 14. P. Sep- the lower classes were buried. The greater
tim.iana, near the Tiber, which was destroyed part of this plain was afterward converted into
by Alexander VI. —E. BRIDGES. There were pleasure grounds belonging to the palace of
eight bridges across the Tiber, which probably Mmecenas. 5. Campus Viminalis, on the eastran in the following order from north to south: ern slope of the Viminal, near the Villa Negroni.
1. Peons lilius, which was built by Hadrian, and — II. STREETS AND DISTRICTS. There are said
led from the city to the mausoleum of that em- to have been, in all, two hundred and fifteen
peror, now the bridge and castle of St. Angelo. streets in Rome. The broad streets were call2. P. iNeronianus, or Vaticanus, which led from  ed Via and Vici;* the narrow streets Angiporthe Campus Martius to the Vatican and the gar- tus. The chief streets were, 1. Via Sacra, the
dens of Caligula and Nero. Theremains of its principal street in Rome. It began near the
piers may still be seen, when the waters of the Sacellum Streniae, in the valley between the
Tiber are low, at the back of the Hospital of Caelian and the Esquiline, and, leaving the FlaSan Spirito. 3. P. Aurelius, sometimes, but vian Amphitheatre (Colosseum) on the left, ran
erroneously, called Janiculensis, which led to along the northern slope of the Palatine, passthe Janiculus and the Porta Aurelia. It occu- ing under the arch of Titus, and past the Forum
pied the site of the present " Ponte Sisto," Romanum, till it reached the Capitol. 2. Via
which was built by Sixtus IV. upon the ruins of Lata, led from the northern side of the Capitol
the old bridge. 4, 5. P. Fabricius and P. Ces- and the Porta Ratumena to the Porta Flaminia,
tius, the two bridges which connected the In- whence the northern part of it was called Via
sula Tiberina with the opposite sides of the Flaminia. 3. Via Nova, by the side of the westriver, the former with the city, the latter with ern slope of the Palatine, led from the ancient
the Janiculus. Both are still remaining. The PortaRomanula and theVelabrum to the Forum,
P. Fabricius, which was built by one L. Fabri- and was connected by a side street with the Via
cius, curator viarum, a short time before the Sacra. 4. Vicus Jugarius, led from the Porta
conspiracy of Catiline, now bears the name of Carmentalis, under the Capitol, to the Forum
"Ponte Quattro Capi." The P. Cestius, which Romanum, which it entered near the Basilica
was built at a much later age, is now called Julia and the Lacus Servilius. 5. Vicus Tuscus,
"' Ponte S. Bartolommeo."  6. P. Senatorius or connected the Velabrum with the Forum, runPalatinus, below the island of the Tiber, form- ning west of, and nearly parallel with, the Via
ed the communication bectween the Palatine Nova. It contained a great number of shops,
and its neighborhood and the Janiculus. 7. P. where articles of luxury were sold, and its inSublicius, the oldest of the Roman bridges, said habitants did not possess the best of characters
to have been built by Ancus Marcius when he (Tusci turba'impia vici, Hor., Sat., ii., 3, 228).
erected a fort on the Janiculus. It was built 6. Vicus Cyprius, ran fromn the Forum to the
of wood, whence its name, which comes from  Esquiline. The upper part of it, turning on the
sublices, "wooden beams."  It was carried right to the Urbius Clivus, was called Scelesra
away several times by the river, but from a tus Vicus, because Tullia here drove her chariot
feeling of religious respect was always rebuilt over the corpse of her father Servius. 7. Vicus
of wood down to the latest times. 8. P. Mil- Patricius, in the valley between the Esquiline
vius or Mlulvius, now " Ponte Molle," was sit- and the Viminal, in the direction of the modern
uated outside the city, north of the P. ASElius, Via Urbana and Via di S. Pudenziana. 8. Vicus
and was built by LEmilius Scaurus the censor.-  Africus, in the district of the Esquiline, but the
F. INTERIOR OF THE CITY. I. FORA AND CAMPI. exact situation of which can not be determined,
The Fora were open spaces of ground, paved said to have been so called because African
with stones, surrounded by buildings, and used hostages were kept here during the first Punic
as market places, or for the transaction of pub- war. 9. Vicus Sandalarius, also in the district
lie business. An account of the Fora is given of the Esquiline, extending as far as the heights
elsewhere.  Vid. FORUM.  The Campi were of the Carint.. Besides the shops of the shoealso open spaces of ground, but much' larger, makers, from whom it derived its name, it concovered with grass, planted with trees, and tained several booksellers' shops.  10. Vicus
adorned with works of art. They were used Vitriarius or Vitrarius, in the southeastern part
by the people as places of exercise and amuse- of the city, near the Porta Capena. 11. Vicus
ment, and may be compared with the London Long-us, in theVallis Quirini, between the Quirparks.  These Campi were, 1. Campus. Aoar- inal and Viminal, now S. Vitale. 12. Caput
tins, the open plain lying between the city walls Africce, near the Colosseum, the modern Via de
and the Tiber, of which the southern part, in S. Quattro Coronati. 13. Subura or Suburra, a
the neighborhood of the Circus Flaminius, was district, through which a street of the same
called Campus Flaminius, or Pr-ata Flaminia. name ran, was the whole valley between the
This plain, which was by far the most celebrated Esquiline, Quirinal, and Viminal. It was one
of all, is spoken of separately.  Vid. CAMPUS of the most frequented parts of the town, and
MARTIUs. 2. Campus Sceleratus, close to the contained a great numberof shops and brothels.
Porta Collina and within the walls of Servius, 14. Velia, a height near the Forum, which exwhere the vestals who had broken their vows tended from the Palatine, near the arch of Tiof chastity were entombed alive. 3. Campus tus, to the Esquiline, and which separated the
Agrippce, probably on the southwestern slope
of the Pineian Hill, eas t of the Camp us Martius,  i [Ziczs properly signified a quarter of the city, but the
prncipal street in a vicus was frequently called by the
On the right of the Corso, and north of the Piazza name of the vices to which it belonged.
748




ROMA.                                     PROMA.
valley of the Forum from that of the Colosseum. Tarquinius Superbus, and restored successively
On the Velia were situated the Basilica of Con- by L. Munatius Plancus and Septimius Severus.
stantine and the temple of Venus and Rome. 9. Edes Castoris or T. Castoris et Pollucis, by the
15. Caring, a district on the southwestern part Forum, near the fountain of Juturna, in which
of the Esquiline, or the modern height of S. the senate frequently assembled. It was vowed
Pietro in Vincoli, where Pompey, Cicero, and by the dictator A. Postumius in the great battle
many distinguished Romans lived. 16. Vela  with the Latins near the Lake Regillus, and was
brum, a district on the western slope of the successively restored by L. Metellus DalmatiPalatine, between the Vicus Tuscus and the cus, Tiberius, Caligula, and Claudius.  10. 7T.
Forum Boarium, was originally a morass. 17. Mlercurii, between the Circus Maximus and the
XEquimelium, a place at the eastern foot of the Aventine. 11. T. Cereris, on the slope of the
Capitol and by the side of the Vicus Jugarius, Aventine, near the circus. 12. T. Apollinis, bewhere the house of Sp. Maelius once stood. tween the Circus Maximus and the theatre of
(Vid. p. 467, b.) 18. Argileturn, a district of un~  4arcellus, near the Porticus Octaviae, where the
certain site, but probably at the southern ex- senate often assembled.  13. T. Junonis Retremity of the Quirinal, between the Subura, the ginee, on the Aventine. 14. T. M1artis ExtraForum of Nerva, and the Temple of Peace. muranei, before the Porta Capena, on the Via
The etymology of the name is uncertain; some Appia. 15. T. Junonis Monetce, on the area of
of the ancients derived it from argilla, "white the Capitoline, where the house of M. Manlius
clay;" others from a hero Argus, a friend of had stood. 16. T. Junonis Lucinee, on the westEvander, who is said to have been buried here. ern summit of the Esquiline. 17. T. Concor19. Lautumiac, a district near the Argiletum and dice, on the slope of the Capitoline, above the
the Forum Piscatorium, on which subsequently Forum, in which the senate frequently assemthe Basilica Porcia was built. In this district bled. There were probably two temples of Conwas one of the state prisons, called Lauturnios, cordia, both by the Forum, of which the more
or Career Lautumiarum.-III1. TEMPLES. There ancient was consecrated by Camillus, and the
are said to have been four hundred temples in other by L. Opimius after the death of C. GracRome. Of these the following, enumerated for chus. The remains of the ancient temple of
the most part in chronological order, were the Concordia are to be seen behind the arch of Sepprincipal: 1. Templum Jovis Feretrii, on the timius Severus. 18. T. Salutis, on the slope of
Capitoline, the oldest of all the Roman temples, the Quirinal, near the Porta Salutaris, adorned
built, according to tradition, by Romulus, and with paintings by Fabius Pietor, burned down in
restored by Augustus. 2. T. Fidei, likewise on the reign of Claudius. 19. T. Bellonoe, before
the Capitoline, built byNuma, and restored sue- the Circus Flaminius, and near the confines of
cessively by A. Atilius Collatinus and M. A mil- the Campus Martins, in which the senate asius Sc'aurus. 3. T. Jani, also called Janus Bi- semrbled in order to give audience to foreign
frons or Biformis, Janus Geminus,o and Janus ambassadors, and to receive applications froml
Quirinus, also built by Numa, was, properly generals who solicited the honor of a triumph.
speaking, not a temple, but a passage with an 20. T. Jovis Victoris, on the Palatine, between the
entrance at each end, the gates of which were Domus Augusti and the Curia Vetus. 21. T.
opened during war and closed in times of peace. Victorias, on the summit of the Palatine, or the
It was situated northeast of the Forum toward Clivus Victoriae, above the Porta Romanula and
the Quirinal. There were also other temples the circus, in which the statue of the mother of
of Janus at Rome, of which one was near the the gods was at first preserved. 22. T. Magnea
Theatre of Marcellus, and the other near the Matris Idase, near the preceding and the Casa
Forum of Nerva. 4. fAdes Vestea, a round tem- Romuli, in which the above-named statue of the
ple built by Numa, in the southern part of the goddess was placed thirteen years after its arforum, or on the slope of the Palatine adjoining rival in Rome. 23. T. Joavis Statoris, near the
the Regica Numae, probably near Sta Maria Lib- arch of Titus on the Via Sacra, where the senate
eratrice. The Atrium Vestas, also called Atrium  frequently assembled. 24. T. Quirini, on the
Regium, probably formed a part of the Regia Quirinal, where also the senate frequently asNumae, which may be regarded as forming a sembled, enlarged and adorned by Augustus.
portion of the building sacred to Vesta. 5. T. 25. T. Fortunee, built by Servius Tullius in the
Dianee, on the Aventine, which hill is hence Forum Boarium. 26. T. _sculapii, in the islcalled by Martial Collis Diana, built by Servius and of the Tiber, which was called after it, InTullius, as the place of meeting for the Romans sula iEseulapii. 27. T. M1enwis and Veneris Eryand the members of the Latin league, and re- cina, both. of which were built at the same time,
stored by Augustus, probably near the modern and close to one another, on the Capitoline.
church S. Prisca. 6. T. Lunn,-frequently con- There was also another temple of Venus Eryfounded with the preceding, also built by Servius cina before the Porta Collina. 28. T. Honoris
Tullius, and on the Aventine, probably on the and Virt/tis, which were built, close to one anside adjoining the Circus. 7. T. Jovis, usually other, near the Porta Capena and Via Appia, by
called the Capitolium, situated on the southern Marcellus, and adorned with Greek works of art
summit of the Capitoline Hill, was vowed by brought from Syracuse. 29. T. Joyis, in the islTarquinius Priscus and built by Tarquinius Su- and of the Tiber, near the temple of Esculapius.
perbus. It was the most magnificent of all the 30. T. Fauni, in the island of the Tiber. 31. T.
temples in Rome, and is described elsewhere. Spei, in the Forum Olitorium. 32. T. Junonis
Vid. CAPITOLITJM. 8. T. Saturni, which was also Sospitce orMa/utta, in the Forum Olitorium, near
used as the AErarium, on the Clivus Capitolinus the theatre of Marcellus. 33. T. Pietatis, in the
and by the Forum, to which it is supposed that the Forum Olitorium, which was pulled down in orthree pillars inthe Forum belong. It was built by der to make rouom for the theatre of Marcellus.
749




ROMA.                                     ROMA.
34. Jdes Fortunze Equestris, in the Campus Fla- altar, on the northern side of the Forum above
minius, near the theatre of Pompey, built by the Comitium: it was so large that not only
Fulvius Flaccus, the roof of which, made of were the CuriaHostilia and the Edes Concordiae
marble, was brought from a temple of Juno Lu- built there, but also a fish-market was held in
cina in Bruttium. It was probably burned down the place.-IV. CIRCI. The Circi were places
in the reign of Augustus or Tiberius, since in for chariot-races and horse-races.  1. Circus
A.D. 22 we are told there was no temple of Maxirnus, frequently called simply the Circus,
Fortuna Equestris at Rome. There were other was founded by Tarquinius Priscus,, in the plain
temples of Fortuna on the Palatine, Quirinal, between the Palatine and Aventine, and was
&c. 35. JEdes Herculis Musarum, close to the successively enlarged by Julius Caesar and TraPorticus Octaviae, and between the theatre of jan. Under the emperors it contained seats for
Marcellus and the Circus Flaminius, built by M. three hundred and eighty-five thousand persons.
Fulvius Nobilior, and adorned with the statues It was restored by Constantine the Great, and
of the Muses brought from Ambracia. 36. T. games were celebrated in it as late as the sixth
Honoris et Virtutis, built by Marius, but of un- century. 2. C. Flaminius, erected by Flaminius
certain site: some modern writers suppose it to in B.C. 221, in the Prata Flaminia, before the
have been on the Esquiline, others on the Capi- Porta Carmentalis; it was not sufficiently large
toline. 37. T. Martis, in the Campus Martins, for the population of Rome, and was therefore
near the Circus Flaminius, built by D. Brutus seldom used. 3. C. Neronis, erected byCaligula
Callaicus, and adorned with a colossal statue in the gardens of Agrippina on the other side of
of the god. 38. T. Veneris Genetricis, in the the Tiber. There was also another C. Neronis
Forum of Caesar, before which Caesar's equestri- on the other side of the Tiber, near the MAoles
an statue was placed. 39. T. Martis Ultoris, in Hadriani, in the gardens of Domitia. 4. C. Palthe Forum of Augustus, to which belong the atinus, on the Palatine, in which the Ludi Palathree splendid Corinthian pillars near the con- tini were celebrated. There are traces of it in
vent S. Annunziata. 40. T. Apollinis, on the the Orto Roncioni, on the southern part of the
Palatine, surrounded byaporticus, in whichwas hill. 5. C. Heliogahali, in the gardens of this
the celebrated Palatine library. 41. Pantheon, emperor, behind the Amphitheatrum Castrense,
a celebrated temple in the Campus Martius, built at the eastern point of the Aurelian Walls. 6. C.
by Agrippa: it is described in a separate arti- Maxentii, commonly called Circo di Caracalla,
cle. Vid. PANTHEON. 42. T. Augusti, founded before the Porta Appia, in the southern part of
byTiberius and completed by Caligula, on the the city. Among the Circi we may reckon,
slope of the Palatine toward the Via Nova. It 7. The Stadium, likewise called C. Agonalis and
stood before the temple of Minerva, from which  C. Alexandri, in the Campus Martius, erected by
it was probably separated by the Via Nova. Domitian in place of the wooden stadium built
43. T. Pacis, one of the most splendid temples by Augustus. It contained seats for thirty-three
in the city, built by Vespasian on the Velia. thousand eight hundred and eighty-eight per44. T. Isidis et Serapidis, in the third Regio, sons. Its remains still exist in the Piazza Nawhich was named after the temple. 45. T. Ves- vona.-V. THEATRES. Theatres were not built
pasiani et Titi, in the Forum alongside of the at Rome till a comparatively late period, and
temple of Concordia. 46. T. Antonini et Faes- long after the Circi. At first they were only
tine, at the further end of the northern side of made of wood for temporary purposes, and were
the Forum, under theVelia. The remains of this afterward broken up; but many of these woodtemple are in the modern church of S. Lorenzo en theatres were, notwithstanding, constructed
in Miranda. 47. T. Minerve, on the southern with great magnificence. The splendid wooden
side of the Forum, behind the temple of Au- theatre of M. Enmilius Scaurus was capable of
gustus, built by Domitian. 48. T. Bonce Dee, containing eighty thousand spectators. 1. Theaa very ancient temple on a spot of the Aventine, trum Pompeii, the first permanent stone theatre,
which was called Saxum Sacrum, but removed was erected by Cneius Pompey, B.C. 55, in the
by Hadrian, undoubtedly on the southeastern  Campus Martius, northeast of the Circus Flaside of the hill, opposite the heights of S. Sabba minius, after the model of the theatre of Mytiand S. Balbina. 49. T. Rome et Veneris, subse- lene. It contained seats for fortythousand specquently called T. Urbis, a large and splendid tators. It was restored successively by Autemple, built by Hadrian, between the Esquiline gustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Diocletian, and Theand Palatine, northeast of the Colosseum. It odoric. Its ruins are by the Palazzo Pio, not
was burned down in the reign of Maxentius, but far from the Campo di Fiore. 2. Th. Cornelii
was subsequently restored. Its remains are be- Balbi, southeast of the preceding, near the Tiber,
tween the Colosseum and the Church of S. Maria on the site of the Palazzo Cenci. It was dedior S. Francesca Romana. 50. T. Solis, at the cated by Cornelius Balbus in B.C. 13, was partly
upper end of the Circus Maximus. 51. T. Her- burned down under Titus, but was subsequently
culis, in the Forum Boarium, probably the round restored. It contained seats for eleven thoutemple still extant of S. Maria del Sole, which sand six hundred persons. 3. Th. Marcelli, in
used to be erroneously regarded as the temple the Forum Olitorium, west of the preceding, beof Vesta. There was another temple of Her- tween the slope ofthe Capitoline and the island
cules by the Circus Maximus, near the Porta of the Tiber, on the site of the temple of Pietas.
Trigemina.  52. T. Solis, a splendid temple, It was begun by Julius Caesar, and dedicated
built by Aurelian, east of the Quirinal. 53. T. by Augustus, in B.C. 13, to the memory of his
Florce, an ancient temple on the southern point nephew Marcellus. It was restored by Vespaof the Quirinal, but the time of its foundation is sian, and perhaps also by Alexander Severus.
not recorded. 54. Vulcanale was not a temple, It contained seats for twenty thousand spectabut only an area dedicated to the god, with an tors. The remains of its cavea exist near the
750




ROMA.                                     ROMA.
Piazza Montanara. These were the only three They were, properly speaking, a Roman adaptatheatres at Rome, whence Ovid speaks of terna tion of the Greek gymnasia, and besides the
theatrt. There was, however, an Odeum or baths, they contained places for athletic games
concert-house, which may be classed among the and youthful sports, exedrse or public halls, portheatres. 4.,Odeum, in the Campus Martius, ticoes and vestibules for the idle, and libraries
built by Domitian, though some writers attribute for the learned.  They were decorated with
its erection to Trajan. It contained seats for the finest objects of art, and adorned with
about eleven thousand persons. -VI. AmPHI- fountains, and shaded walks and plantations.
THEATRES. The amphitheatres, like the thea- 1. Thermce Agrippae; in the Campus Martius,
tres, were originally made of wood for tempo- erected by M. Agrippa.  The Pantheon, still
rary purposes. They were used for the shows existing, is supposed by soume, but without sufof gladiators andwild beasts. Thefirstwooden ficient reason, to have served originally as a
amphitheatre was built by C. Scribonius Curio vestibule to these Thermca.  2. Tih. Veroais,
(the celebrated partisan of Cesar), and the next erected by Nero in the Campus Martius, alongby Julius Caesar during his perpetual dictator- side of the Therms of Agrippa: they were
ship, B.C. 46. 1. Amph. Statilii Tauri, in the restored by Alexander Severus, and were firom
Campus Martius, was the first stone amphithe- that time called Th. Alexandrince. 3. Th. Titi,
atre in IRome, and was built by Statilius Taurus, on the Esquiline, near the amphitheatre of
B.C. 30. This edifice was the only one of the this emperor, of which there are still considkind until the building of the Flavian amphi- erable remains.  4. Th. Trajani, also on the
theatre. It did not satisfy Caligula, who com- Esquiline, immediately behind the two premenced an amphitheatre near the Septa; but ceding, toward the northeast.  5. Th. Comrnthe work was not continued by Claudius. Nero modiance and Th. Severiance, close to one antoo, A.D. 57, erected a vast amphitheatre of other, near S. Balbina, in the southeastern
wood, but this was only a temporary building. part of the city. 6. Th. Antoniniance, also in
The amphitheatre of Taurus was destroyed in the southeastern part of the city, behind the
the burning of Rome, A.D. 64, and was proba- two preceding, one of the most magnificent of
bly never restored, asit is not again mentioned. all the Thermw, in which two thousand three
2. Amph. Flaviurn, or, as it has been called since hundred men could bathe at the same time.
the time of Bede, the Colosseum or Colisaeum, a The greater part of it was built by Caracalla,
name said to be derived from the Colossus of and it was completed by Elagabalus and AlexNero, which stood close by. It was situated in ander Severus. There are still extensive rethe valley between the Cuelius, the Esquiline, mains of this immense building below S. Baland the Velia, on the marshy ground which was bina.  7. Th. Diocletiani, in the northeastern
previously the pond of Nero's palace. It was part of the city, between the Agger of Servius
commenced by VYespasian, and was completed and the'Viminal and Quirinal. It was the most
by Titus, who dedicated it in A.D. 80, when five extensive of all the Therms, containing a lithousand animals of different kinds were slaugh- brary, picture gallery, Odeum, &c., and such imtexed. This wonderfulbuilding, of which there mense baths that three thousand men could
are still extensive remains, covered nearly six bathe in them at the same time, There are
acres of ground, and furnished seats for eighty- still extensive remains of this building near S.
seven thousand spectators.  In the reign of Maria d'Angeli. 8. Th. Constantini, on the QuiMacrinus it was struck by lightning, and so rinal, on the site of the modern Palazzo Rosmuch damage was done to it that the games pigliosi, but of which all traces have disappearwere for some years celebrated in the Stadium. ed. The following Thermwe were smaller and
Its restoration was commenced by Elagabalus, less celebrated. 9. Th. Deciance, on the Avenand completed byAlexander Severus. 3. Amph. tine. 10. Th. $Surance, erected by Trajan to the
Castrense, at the southeast of the AurelianWalls. memory of his friend Sulpicius Sura, also in the
-VII. NxAUMACHI. These were buildings of a neighborhood of the Aventine, probablythe same
kind similar to the amphitheatres. They were as the Th. Variance. 11. Th. Philippi, near S.
used for representations of sea-fights, and con- Matteo in Merulana. 12. Th. Agrippince, on the
sisted of artificial lakes or ponds, with stone Viminal, behind S. Lorenzo. 13. Th. Caii et
seats around them to accommodate the specta- Lucii, on the Esquiline, called in the Middle
tors. 1. Naumachia Julii Cesaris, in the'middle Ages the Terme di Galluccio.-IX. BASILICaE.
part of the Campus Martius, called the " Lesser The Basilica were buildings which served as
Codeta." This lake was filled up in the time courts of law, and exchanges or places of meetof Augustus, so that we find in later writers ing for merchants and men of business. 1. Bamention of only two naumachiae. 2. N. Au- silica Porcia, erected by M. Porcius Cato, in the
gusti, constructed byAugustus on the other side Forum adjoining the Curia, B.C. 184. It was
of the Tiber, under the Janiculus, and near the burned down along with the Curia in the riots
Porta Portuensis. It was subsequently called which followed the death of Clodius, 52. 2.
the Vetus Naumachia, to distinguish it from the B. Fulvia, also called'imilia et Fulvia, because
following one. 3. N. Domitialni, constructed by it was built by the censors L. lEmilius Lepidus
the Emperor Domitian, probably on the other and M. Fulvius Nobilior in 179. It was situside of the Tiber, under the Vatican and the ated in the Forum near the preceding one. It
Circus Neronis.-VIII. THERIaiE. The therme  was restored by tEmilius Paulus in the time of
were some of the most magnificent buildings of Caesar, and was hence called B. AErmilia or Pauli.
imperial Rome. They were distinct from the It was dedicated by his son Paulus2Emilius LepBalnece, or common baths, of which there were idus in his consulship, 34. It was burned down
a great number at Rome. In the thermae the twenty years afterward (14), and was rebuilt
baths constituted a small part of-the building. nominally by Paulus Lepidus, but in reality by
751




ROMA.                                     ROMA,
Augustus and the firiends of Paulus. The new  the theatre of Pompey and the Circus Flaminiuon
building was a most magnificent one; its col- It was rebuilt by Augustus, and contained two
umns of Phrygian marble were especially cele- rows of columns of the'Corinthian order, with
brated. It was repaired by another Lepidus in brazen capitals, whence it was also called P.
the reign of Tiberius, A.D. 22. 3. B. Sem pronia, Corinthia. S8. P. Europce, probably at the foot
built by Ti. Sempronius Gracehus, B.C. 171, in of the Pincius, in which the foot-races took
the Forum at the end of the Vicus Tuscus. 4. place., 9. P. Polae, built by the sister of Agrippa
B. Opimia,'in the Forum near the temple of Con- in the Campus Agrippa, in which also footcordia. 5. B. Julia, commenced by Julius Cmo- races took place. 10. P. Livia, on the Esquisar and finished by Augustus, in the Forum be- line, surrounding a temple of Coneordia. 1I.
tween the temples of Castor and Saturn, prob- P. Julia, or P. Caii et Lucii, built by Julia in
ably on the site of the B. Sempronia mentioned honor of these two sons of Agrippa, was probabove. Some writers suppose that _/Emilius ably also situated on the Esquiline near the
Paulus built two Basilice, and that the B. Julia Thermac Caii et Lucii. The following porticoes
occupied the site of one of them. 6. B. Argen- were less celebrated: 12. P. Vipsania, supposed
taria, in the Forum near the Clivus Argentarius by some writers to be only a later name of the
and before the temple of Concordia, probably P. Argonautarum. 13. P. Claudia, on the Esthe same as the one mentioned under the name quiline. -XI. TRIUMPHAL ARCHES. The triof B. Vascularia. - The remains of this building umphal arches (Arcus) were structures peculiar
are behind S. Martina, alongside of the Salita to the Romans, and were erected by victorious
di Marforio. 7. B. Ulpia, in the middle of the generals in commemoration of their victories.
Forum of Trajan, of which there are still con- They were built across the principal streets of
siderable remains. S. B. Constantiana, between the city, and, according to the space of their rethe temple of Peace and the temple of Rome spective localities, consisted either of a single
and Venus. -X. PORTIcoES. The porticoes arch-way, orof a central one for carriages, with
(Porticus) were covered walks, supported by two smaller ones on each side for foot pascolumns, and open on one side. There were sengers. Ancient writers mention twenty-one
several public porticoes at Rome, many of them  arches in the city of Rome. Of these the most
of great size, which were used as places of re- important were, 1. Arcus Fabianus, also called
reation, and for the transaction of business. Fornix Fabianus, near the beginning of theVia
1. Porticus Pompeii, adjoining the theatre of Sacra, builtlby Fabius Maximus in B.C. 121, in
Pompey, and erected to afford shelter to the commemoration of his victory over the Allospectators in the theatre during a shower of broges. 2. A. Drusi, erected by the senate in
rain. It was restored by Diocletian, and was B.C. 9, in honor of Nero Claudius Drusus. It
hence called P. Jovia. 2. P. Argonautarum, or was situated on the Via Appia, and still exists,
Neptuni or Agrippu, erected by Agrippa in the forming the inner gate, of the Porta di S. SebasCampus Martins around the temple of Neptune, tiano. 3. A. Augusti, in the Forum near the
and adorned with a celebrated painting of the house of Julius Caesar. 4: A. Tiberii, near thle
Argonauts. 3. P. Plilippi, by the side of the temple of Saturn, on the Clivus Capitolinus,
T. Herculis Musarum and the Porticus Octavia,, erected by Tiberius, A.D-. 16, in honor of the
built by M. Philippus, the father-in-law of Au- victories of Germanicus in Germany. 5. A.
gustus, and adorned with splendid works of art. Claudii, in the plain east of the Quirinal, erect4. P. Minucii, in the Campus Martins, near the ed A.D. 51, to commemorate the victories of
Circus Flamrninius, built by Q. Minucius Rufus Claudius in Britain. Remains of it have been
in B.C. 109, to commemorate his victories over dug up at the beginning of the Piazza di Sciarlra
the Scordisci and Triballi in the preceding year. by the Via di Pietra. 6. A. Titi, in the middle
There appear to have been two porticoes of this of the Via Sacra, at the foot of the Palatine,
name, since we find mention of a Miinucia Vetus which still exists. It was erected to the honor
et Frumentaria. It appears that the tesseram, or of Titus, after his conquest of Judeea, but was
tickets, which entitled persons to a share in the not finished till after his death, since in the
public distributions of corn, were given to them  inscription upon it he is called Q' Divus," and he
in the P. Minucia. 5. P. Metelli, built by Q. is also represented as being carried up to heaven
Metellus after his triumph over Perseus, king upon an eagle. The bas-reliefs of this arch repof Macedonia, B.C. 146. It was situated in the resent the spoils from the temple of Jerusalem
Campus Martius, between the Circus Flaminius carried in triumphal procession. 7. A. Trajani,
and the theatre of Marcellus, and surrounded in the Forum of this emperor, at the point where
the two temples of Jupiter Stator and Juno l.e- you enter it from the Forum of Augustus. 8. A.
gina. 6. P. Octavia, built by Augustus on- the  Veri, on the Via Appia, erected to the honor of
site of the P. Metelli just mentioned, in honor Verus after his victory over the Parthians. 9.
of his sister Octavia. It was a magnificent A. Marci Aurelii, in the seventh Regio, probably
building, containing a vast number of works of erected to commemorate the victory of this emart and a public library, in which the senate peror over the Marcomanni. It existed under
frequently assembled;. hence it is sometimes different names near the Piazzo Fiano down to
called Curia Octavia. It' was burned down in 1662, when it was broken up by order of Alexthe reign of Titus. Its ruins are near the church ander VII. 10. A. Se&ptimii Severi, in the Forum
of.S. Angelo in Pescaria. 7. P. Octavia, which at the end of tile Via Sacra and the Clivus Capmust be carefully distinguished from the P. Oc- itolinus, before the temple of Concordia, and still
taviam just mentioned, was built by Cn. Octa- extant near the church of SS. Sergio e Bacco,
vius, who commanded the Roman fleet in the was erected by the senate, A.D. 203, in honor
war against Perseus, king of Macedonia.  It of Septimius Severus and his two sons, Carawas situated in the Campus Martins, between calla and Geta, on account of his victories over
752




ROMA.                                     ROMA.
t.he Parthians and Arabians. 11. A. Gordiani, however, suppose Lautumiae to be only another
ona the Esquiline. 12. A. Gallieni, erected to name of the Career Mamertinus.-XIV. CASTRA
the honor of Gallienus by a private individual, or BARRACKS. 1. Castra Pretoria, in the northM1. Aurelius Victor, also on the Esquiline, south- eastern corner of the city, on the slope of the
east of the Porta Esquilina. It is still extant Quirinal and Viminal, and beyond the Thermie
near the Church of S. Vito. 13. A. Diocletiani, of Diocletian, were built by the Emperor Tibeprobably identical with the A. Novus in the sev- rius in the form of a Roman camp. Here the
senth Regio. 14. A. Constantini, at the entrance praetorian troops or imperial guards were always
to the valley between the Palatine and the Ce-v quartered. 2. Castra Peregrina, on the Caelius,
lius" is still extant. It was erected by the sen- probably built by Septimius Severus for the use
ate in honor of Constantine after his victory of the foreign troops, who might serve as a counover Maxentius, A.D. 312. It is profusely or- terpoise against the prwetorians.- XV. AQUEnamented, and many of the bas-reliefs which DucTs. The aqueducts (Aquaductus) supplied
adorn it were taken from one of the arches Rome with an abundance of pure water from
erected in the time of Trajan. 15. A. Theodo- the hills which surround the Campagna. The
siani, Gratiani et Valentiniani, opposite the Pons Romans at first had recourse to the Tiber and
/.Elius and the Moles Hadriani.-XII. CuRIm or to wells sunk in the city. It was not till B.C.
SENATE-HOUSES. 1. Curia Hostilia, frequently 313 that the first aqueduct was constructed, but
called, Curia simply, was built by Tullus Hos- their number was gradually increased till they
tilius, and was used as the ordinary place of amounted to fourteen in the time of Procopius,
assembly for the senate down to the time of that is, the sixth century of the Christian era.
Julius Caesar. It stood in the Forum, on the 1. Aqua Appia, was begun by the censor Apnorthern side of the Comitium. It was burned pius Claudius Caecus in B.C. 313. Its sources
to the ground in the riots which followed the, were near the Via Praenestina, between the
death of Clodius, B.C. 52. It was, however, seventh and eighth mile-stones, and its terminasoon rebuilt, the direction of the.work being in- tion was at the Salinwe by the Porta Trigemina.
trusted to Faustus, the son-of the dictator Sulla; Its length was eleven thousand one hundred
but scarcely had it been finished, when the sen- and ninety passus, for eleven thousand one
ate, at the suggestion of Caesar, decreed that it hundred and thirty of which it was carried unshould be destroyed, and a temple of Fortune der the earth, and for the remaining sixty paserected on its site, while a new curia should sus, within the city, from the Porta Capena to
be erected, which should bear the name of Julia. the Porta Trigemina, it was on arches. No
(Vid. below.) 2. C. Pompeia or Pomzpeii, attach- traces of it remain. 2. Anio Vetus, commenced
ed to the Portico of Pompey in the Campus B.C. 273, by the censor M'. Curius Dentatus,
Martius. It was in this curia that Caesar was and finished by M. Fulvius Flaccus. The waassassinated on the Ides of March. 3. C. Julia, ter was derived from the River Anio, above Tithe decree for the erection of which has been bur, at a distance of twenty Roman miles from
mentioned above, was finished and consecrated the city; but, on account of its windings, its acby Augustus. It did not stand on the site of tual lengthwas forty-three miles, of which length
the Curia Hostilia, as many modern writers less than a quarter of a mile only (viz., two
have supposed, but at the southwestern angle hundred and twenty-one passus) was above the
of the Comitium, between the temple of Vesta ground. There are considerable remains of this
and that of Castor and Pollux. 4. C. Pompili- aqueduct on the Aurelian wall, near the Porta
ana, built by Domitian and restored by Diocle- Maggiore, and also in the neighborhood of Titian, was the usual place of the senate's meet- voli. 3. Aqua Marcia, whidh brought the coldest
ingfrom the time of Domitian. It was situated and most wholesome water to Rome, was built
alongside of the temple of Janus, which was by the prator Q. Marcius Rex, by command of
said to have been built by Numa Pompilius, the senate, in B.C. 144. It commenced at the
whence this curia was called Pompiliana. -  side of the Via Valeria, thirty-six miles. fromr
XIII. PRIsoNs. There were two public prisons Rome; its length was sixty one thousand seven
(carceres) in Rome.  The more ancient- one, hundred and ten and a half passus, of which
called Carecer Mamertinus (a name, however, only seven thousand four hundred and sixtywhich does not occur in any ancient author), three were above ground; namely, five hundred
was built by Ancus Marcius on the slope of the and twenty-eight on solid substructions, and
Capitoline overhanging the Forum. It was en- six thousand nine hundred and thirty-five on
larged by Servius Tullius, who added to it a arches. It was high enough to supply water to
dismal subterranean dungeon, called from him the summit of the Capitoline Mount. It was
Tullianum, where the conspirators of Catiline repaired by Agrippa in his aedileship, B.C. 33
were put to death. This dungeon was twelve (vid. below, No. 5), and the volume of its water
feet under ground, walled on each side, and was increased by Augustus, by means of the
arched over with stone-work. It is still extant, water of a spring eight hundred passus from it.:
and serves as a subterranean chapeo to a small the short aqueduct which conveyed this water
church built on the spot called S. Pi-etro in Car- was called Aqua Augusta, but is never enumercere. Near this prison were the Scalae Gemonice ated as a distinct aqueduct. Several arches of
or-steps, down which the bodies of those who the Aqua Marcia are still standing. 4. Aqua
had been executed were thrown into the Forum, Tepula, which was built by the censors Cn. Serto be exposed. to the gaze of the Roman popu- vilius Caepio and L. Cassius Longinus in B.C.
lace. The other state prison was called Lau- 127, began in a spot in the Lucullan or Tuscutumia, and was probably situated toward the lan land, two miles to the right of the tenth.
northern side of the Forum, near the Curia mile-stone on the Via Latina. It was afterward
Hostilia and Basilica Porcia. Some writers, connected with,-5. Aqua. Julia. Among. the
48                                                             753




ROMA.                                     ROMA.
splendid public works executed by Agrippa in of which the aqueduct was carried over the Via
his medileship, B.C. 33, was the formation of a Labicana and the Via Pra nestina.  Over the
new aqueduct, and the restoration of all the old double arch are three inscriptions, which record
ones. From a source two miles-to the right of the names of Claudius as the builder, and of
the twelfth mile-stone of the Via Latina, he con- Vespasian andTitus as the restorers of the aquestructed his aqueduct (the Aqua Julia) first to duct. By the side of this arch the aqueduct
the Aqua Tepula, in which it was merged as passes along the, wall of Aurelian for some disfar as the reservoir (piscina) on the Via Latina, tance, and then it is continued upon the Arcus
seven miles from Rome. From the reservoir Neroniani or Cmlimontani, which were added
the water was carried along two distinct chan- by Nero to the original structure, and which
nels, on the same substructions (which were terminated at the temple of Claudius, which
probably the original substructions of the Aqua was also built by Nero on the Caelius, where
Tepula newly restored), the lower channel be- the water was probably conveyed to a casteling called the Aqua Tepula, and the upper the lum already built for the Aqua Julia, and for a
Aqua Julia; and this double aqueduct again branch of the Aqua Marcia, which had been at
was united with the Aqua IMarcia, over the some previous tirie continued to the Caelius.
water-course of which the other two were car- 10. Aqua Crabra, which had its source near that
ried. The monument erected at the junction of the Julia, and which was originally carried
of these three aqueducts is still to be seen close right through the Circus Maximus; but the
to the Porta S Lorenzo. It bears an inscrip- water was so bad that Agrippa would not bring
tion referring to the repairs under Caracalla. it into the Julia, but abandoned it to the people
The whole course of the Aqua Julia, from its of the Tusculan land. Hence it was called
source, amounted to fifteen thousand four hund- Aqua Damnata. At a later period, part of the
red -and twenty-six passus, partly on massive water was brought into the Aqua Julia. Consubstructions and partly on arches. 6. Aqua siderable traces of it remain. 11. Aqua TraiaVirgo, built by Agrippa to supply his baths. Its na, was brought by Trajan from the Lacus Sawater was as highly esteemed for bathing as batinus (now Bracciano) to supply the Janiculus
that of the Aqua Marcia was for drinking. It and the Regio Transtiberina. 12. Aqua Alexcommenced by the eighth mile-stone on the Via andrina, constructed by Alexander Severus; its
Collatina, and was conducted by a very circuit- source was in the lands of Tuseulum, about
ous route, chiefly under the ground, to the M. fourteen miles from Rome, between Gabii and
Pincius, whence it was carried on arches to the the Lake Regillus. Its small height shows that
Campus Martius: its length was fourteen thou- it was intended for the baths of Severus, which
sand one hundred and five passus, of which were in one of the valleys of Rome. 13. Aqua
twelve thousand eight hundred and sixty-five Septimiana, built by Septimius Severus, was perwere under ground. 7. Aqua Alsietina, some- haps only a branch of the Aqua Julia, formed by
times called also Aqua Augusta, on the other the emperor to bring water to his baths. 14.
side of the Tiber, was constructed by Augustus Aqua Al.entia had its'source at Mount Algidus
from the Lacus Alsietinus (Lago di Martignano), by the Via Tusculana. Its builder is unknown.
which lay six thousand five hundred passus to Three of these aqueducts still supply the modern
the right of the fourteenth mile-stone, on the city of Rome with water. (1.) The Acqua VerVia Claudia, and was brought to the part of the gine, the ancient Aqua Virgo, which was reRegio Transtiberina below the Janiculus. Its stored by Pope Pius IV., and further embellishlength was twenty-two thousand one hundred ed by Benedict XIV. and Clement XIII. The
and seventy-two passus, of which only three chief portion of its waters gush out through the
hundred and fifty-eight were on arches; and beautiful Fontana di Trevi, but it also supiplies
its water was so bad that it could only have twelve other public fountains and the greater
been intended for the supply of Augustus's Nau- part of the lower city. (2.) The Acqua Felice,
machia, and for watering gardens. 8, 9. Aqua named after the conventual name of its reClaudia and Anio ANovus (or Aqua Aniena Nova), storer, Sixtus V. (Fra Felice), is probably a part
the two most magnificent of all the aqueducts, of the ancient Aqua Claudia, though some take
both commenced by Caligula in A.D. 36, and it for the Alexandrina. It supplies twenty-seven
finished by Claudius in A.D. 50. The Aqua public fountains and the eastern part of the
Claudia commenced near the thirty-eighth mile- city. (3.) The Acqua, Paola, the ancient Alsiestone on the Via Sublacensis. Its water was tina, supplies the Transtevere and the Vatican,
reckoned the best after the Marcia. Its length and feeds, among others, the splendid fountains
was forty-six thousand four hundred and six before St. Peter's. -XVI. SrWERS. Of these
passus (nearly forty-six and a half miles), of the most celebrated was the Cloaca Maxima,
which nine thousand five hundred and sixty- constructed by Tarquinius Priscus, which was
seven were on arches. The Anio Novus began formed to carry off the waters brought down
at the forty-second mile-stone on the Via Sub- from the adjacent hills into the Velabrum and
lacensis. Its length was fifty-eight thousand valley of the Forum. It empties itself into the
seven hundred passus (nearly fifty-nine miles), Tiber nearly opposite one extremity of the Inand some of its arches were one hundred and sula Tiberina.  This cloaca was formed by
nine feet high. In the neighborhood of the city three arches, one within the other, the innerthese two aqueducts were united, forming two most of which is a semicircular vault about
channels on the same arches, the Claudia below  fourteen feet in diameter. - It is still extant in
and the Anio Novus above. An interesting its original state, with not a stone displaced.monument connected with these aqueducts is XVII. PALACES. 1. Palatium, or the imperial palthe gate now called Porta Maggiore, which was ace, was situated on the northeast side of the
originally a magnificent double arch, by means Palatine, between the arch of Titus and the
754




,ROMA.                                     ROMA.
sanctuary of Vesta; its front was turned toward modern palace of the Lateran occupies its site.
the Forum, and the approach to it was from the -XVIII. HonTI. The Horti were parks or garVia Saera, close by the arch of Titus. It was dens, which were laid out by wealthy Roman
originally, the house of the orator Hortensius, nobles on the hills around the city, and were
and was enlarged by Augustus, who made it the adorned with beautiflul buildings and works of
imperial residence.  A part of the Palatium  art.  1. Horti Luculliani, on Mount Pincius,
was called Domus Tiberiana, which was origin- which hill, was hence called Collis Hortorum.
ally a separate house of Tiberius on the Pala- They were laid out by Lucullus, the conqueror
tine, and was afterward united to the palace of of Mithradates. In the reign of Claudius they
Augustus. It was on the side of the hill turned belonged to Valerius Asiaticus, who was put
toward the Circus and the Velabrum, and is to death through the influence of Messalina,
sometimes called Postica Pars Palatii. It was chiefly because she coveted the possession of
through this part of the palace that-the Emperor these gardens. From this time they appear to
Otho fled into the Velabrum. We read of the have belonged to the imperial house. 2. H.
Domus Tiberiana even after the imperial palace  Sallustiani, laid out by the historian Sallust, on
had been burned to the ground in the reign of his return from Numidia, in the valley between
Nero; whence it follows that when the palace the Quirinal and the Pincius. 3. H. Cacsaris,
-was, rebuilt a portion of it still continued to bear bequeathed by Julius Caesar to the people, were
this name. The Palatium was considerably en- situated on the right bank of the Tiber, at the
larged by Caligula; but it did not satisfy Nero's foot of the Janiculus, probably on the spot where
love of pomp and splendor. Nero built two Augustus afterward constructed his great Naumagnificent palaces, which must be distinguish- machia. 4. H. lMlcenatis, in the Campus Esquied from one another. The first, called the Do- linus, bequeathed by Maecenas to Augustus, and
mus Transitoria Neronis, covered the whole of frequently used by the imperial family. 5. H.
the Palatine, and extended as far as the Esqui- Agrippince, on the right bank of the Tiber, in
line to the gardens of Maecenas. This palace which Caligula built his Circus. It was here
was burned to the ground in the great fire of that Nero burned the Christians to serve as
Rome, whereupon Nero commenced a new pal- lights for his nocturnal games, after previously
ace, known by the name of Domus Aurca, which wrapping them up in pitch. 6. H. Domitice, also
embraced the whole of the Palatine, the Velia, on the right bank of the Tiber, in which Hadrian
the valley of the Colosseum, and the heights of built his Mausoleum. 7. H. Pallantiani, on the
the Therms of Titus, extended near the Esqui- Esquiline, laid out by Pallas, the powerful freedline gate, and was cut through not only by the man of Claudius. 8. H. Getce, on the other side
Via Sacra, but also by other streets. The whole of the Tiber, laid out by Septimius Severus.
building, however, was not finished at the time -XIX. SEPULCHRAL MONUMENTS. 1. Mausoleof Nero's death; and Vespasian confined the ium Augusti, was situated in the Campus Marimperial palace to the Palatine, converting the tius, and was built by Augustus as the burialother parts of the Domus Aurea into public or place of the imperial family. It was surroundprivate buildings. The palace itself was not ed with an extensive garden or park, and was
finished till the time of Domitian, who adorned considered one of the most magnificent buildit with numerous works of art. The Emperor ings of his reign; but there are only some inSeptimius Severus added on the south side of significant ruins of it still extant. 2. Mausoleum
the Palatine a building called the Septizonium, Hadriani, was commenced by Hadrian in the
which was probably intended as an Atrium. gardens of Domitia, on the right bank of the
There were considerable remains of this Sep- Tiber, and was connected with the city by the
tizonium down to the end of the sixteenth cen- Pons'Elius;- it was finished and dedicated by
tury, when Sixtus V. caused them to be destroy- Antoninus Pius, A.D. 140. Here were buried
ed, and the pillars brought to the Vatican. Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, L. Verus, Commodus,
Among the numerous private palaces at Rome and probably also Septimius Severus, Geta, and
the following were some of the most important. Caracalla. This building, stripped of its orna2. Domus Ciceronis, close to the Porticus Catuli, ments, still forms the fortress of modern Rome
probablyonthe norlheastern edge ofthePalatine, (the castle of S. Angelo).  3. Mausoleum Helwas built by M. Livius Drusus, and purchased ena,, a round building on the Esquiline, of conby Cicero of one of the Crassi. It was destroy- siderable extent, erected by Constantine as the
ed by Claudius after the banishment of Cicero, sepulchre of his mother. Its remains, situated
but was subsequently rebuilt at the public ex- in the street on the right of the Porta Maggiore,
pense. 3. D. Pompeii, the palace of Pompey, are now called Torre Pignattara. 4. Sepulcrum
was situated in the Carinae near the temple of Scipionum, the burial-place of the Scipios, was
Tellus. It was afterward the residence of M. situated, left of the Via Appia, near the Porta
Antonius. 4. D. Crassi, the palace of L. Cras- Capena. Most of the tombs of the distinguishsus the orator, on the Palatine. 5. D. Scauri, ed Roman families during the Republican pealso on the Palatine, celebrated for its magnifi- riod lay on the Via Appia. The tomb of the
cence, subsequently belonged to Clodius. 6. D. Scipios was discovered in 1780, about four
Lateranorum, on the eastern confines of the Ca- hundred paces within the modern Porta S. Selius, was a palace originally belonging to the bastiano. It contained many interesting mondistinguished family of the Plautii Laterani; but uments and inscriptions, which are now deafter the execution of Plautius Lateranus under posited in the Museo Pio-Clementino. 5. SeNero, it became imperial property.: It was given pulcrum Ccecilice letelle, erected to the memory
by Septimius Severus to his friend Lateranus, of Czecilia Metella, the daughter of Metellus Creand was subsequently the palace of Constantine, ticus, not far from the Circus Maxentii. This
who adorned it with great magnificence. The imposing monument is still extant, and known
755




ROMA.                                   ROMiULUS.
by the name of Capo di Bove.  6. Sepulcrum  height is about one hundred and thirty-two feet,
Cestii, situated south of the Aventine, near the and without the base and modern ornaments at
Porta Ostiensis, being partly within and partly top about eighty-three feet.  But the largest
without the walls of Aurelian. This monument, obelisk at Rome is that which was. originally
which is still extant, is in the form of a Pyra- transported from Heliopolis to Alexandrea by
mid, and was built in the time of Augustus for Constantine, and conveyed to Rome by his soa
a certain C. Cestius.  7. Sepzlcrum Septihmii Constantius, who placed it in the Circus MaxSeveri, on the Via Appia, built by Septimius Se- imus. Its present position is before the north
verus in his life-time, after the-model of his Sep- portico of the Lateran church, where it was
tizonium. (Vid. above, XVI., No. 1).-XIX. placed in 1588. Its whole height is about one
COLUMNS. Columns (Columnse) were frequently  hundred and forty-nine feet, and without the
erected at Rome to commemorate persons and base about one hundred and five feet. There
events. 1. Columna Icenia, near the end of the are eight other obelisks at Rome, besides those
Forum, toward the Capitol, was erected to the mentioned above, but none of them are of hishonor of the consul C. Maenius, who conquered torical importance.-G. RoaDs LEADING OUT Ov
the Latins and took the town of Antium, B.C. ROME. Of these the most important were, 1.
338. 2. Col. Rostrata, also in the Forum, erect- Via Latina, the most ancient of the south roads.
ed in -honor of the consul C. Duilius, to com- which issued at first from the Porta Capena, and
memorate his victory over the Carthaginian after the time of Aurelian from the Poita Latina.
fleet, B.C. 260. The name of Rostrata was It joined the Via Appia at Beneventum. 2. Via
given to it from its being adorned with the Appia, the Great South Road, also issued from
beaks of the conquered ships. The inscription the Porta Capena, and was the most celebrated
upon this column, written in obsolete Latin, is of all the Roman roads. It was commenced by
still preserved. 3. Col. Trajani, in the Forum, Appius Claudius when censor, and was eventin which the ashes of the Emperor Trajan were ually carried to' Brundisium. Vid. APPIA VIA.
deposited. This column is still extant, and is 3. Via Ostiensis, originally passed through the
one of the most interesting monuments of an- Porta Trigemina, afterward through the Porta
cient Rome. It is; including the pedestal, one Ostiensis, and kept the left bank of the Tiber to
hundred and seventeen feet high. The top was Ostia. 4. Via Portuensis, issued from the same
originally crowned with the statue of the em- gate as the Via Ostiensis, and kept the right
peror; it is now surmounted by that of the bank of the Tiber to Portus, the new harbor
apostle Peter.  A spiral bas-relief is folded founded by Claudius, near Ostia. 5. Via Labiround the pillar, which represents the emperor's cana, issued from the Porta Esquilina, and passwars against Decebalus and the Dacians, and ing Labicum, fell into the Via Latina at the
is one of the most valuable authorities for station ad Bivium, thirty miles from Rome. 6.
archaeological inquiries. 4. Col. Antonini Pii, Via Prancstina, originally the Via Gabina, issued
erected in honor of Antoninus Pius after his at first from the Porta Esquilina, and subsedeath, consisted of a column of red granite on quently from the Porta Prmanestina. Passing
a pediment of white marble, and was situated through Gabii and Praeneste, it joined the Via
in the Campus Martius, near the temple dedi- Latina just below Anagnia. 7. Via Tiburtina,
cated to this emperor. It stood at an earlier issued originally from. the Porta Esquilina, or
period not far from the Curia Innocenziana on from  the Porta Viminalis, and subsequently
Monte Citorio, in the garden of the Casa della from the Porta Tiburtina, and proceeded to TiMissione. At present the basis only is extant, bur, from which it was continued under the
and is preserved in the garden of the Vatican. name of the Via Valeria, past Corfinium to Adria.
5. Col. M. Aurelii Antonini, generally called the 8. Via Nomnentaiza, anciently Ficulnensis, ran
Antonine Column, erected to the memory of the from the Porta Collina, subsequently from the
Emperor M. Aurelius, also in the Campus Mar- Porta Nomentana, across the Anio to Nomentius, and still extant. It is an imitation of the tum, and a little beyond fell into the Via Salaria
Column of Trajan, and contains bas-reliefs rep- at Eretrum. 9. Via Salaria, ran fiom the Porta
resenting the wars of M. Aurelius against the Collina, subsequently from the Porta Salaria,
Marcomanni. -XX. OBELIsKs. The Obelisks past Fidenim to Reate and Asculum Picenum.
(Obelisci) at Rome were mostly works of Egypt- At Castrum Truentinum it reached the coast,
ian art, which were transported from Egypt to which it followed until it joined the Via FlaRome in the time of the emperors. Augustus minia at Ancona. 10. Via Flaminia, the Great
caused two obelisks to be brought to Rome, one North Road, commenced in the censorship of
of which was erected in the Circus and another C. Flaminius, issued from the Porta Flaminia,
in the Campus Martius. The former was re- and proceeded past Ocriculum, Narnia, and Pistored in 1589, and is called at present the Fla- saurum to Ariminum, from which town it was
minian Obelisk. Its whole height is about one continued under the name of the Via.iEmilia to
hundred and sixteen feet, and without the base Placentia and Aquileia.  11. Via Aurelia, the
about seventy-eight feet. The obelisk in the Great Coast Road, issued originally from the
Campus Martius was set up by Augustus as a Porta Janiculensis.  It reached the coast at
sun-dial. It stands at present on the Monte Alsium, and followed the shore of the Lower
Citorio, where it was placed in 1792. Its whole Sea along Etruria and Liguria by Genoa, as far
height is about one hundred and ten feet, and as Fortum Julii in Gaul.'
without the base about seventy-one feet. An-  RoMOUIEA, an ancient town of the Hirpini in
other obelisk was brought to Rome by Caligula, Samnium, on the road from Beneventum to Taand placed on the Vatican in the Circus of Ca- rentuni, destroyed at an early period by the Roligula. It stands at present in front of St. Pe-  mans.
ter's, where it was placed in 1586, and its whole  ROMdLUS, the founder of the city of Rome,
756




ROMULUS.                                  ROMULUS.
must not be regarded as a real personage. The the city was built, Romulus found his people too
stories about him are mythical, and represent few in numbers. He therefore set apart, on the
the,-traditional belief of the Roman people re- Capitoline Hill, an asylum or a sanctuary, in
specting their origin. Romulus, which is only which homicides and runaway slaves might
a lengthened form of Romus, is the Roman peo- take refuge. The city thus became filled with
pie represented as an individual. The common men, but they wanted women. Romulus, therelegend about Romulus ran as follows: At Alba fore, tried to form treaties with the neighborLonga there reigned a succession of kings, de- ing tribes, in order to obtain connubium, or the
scended, from Iulus, the son of XEneas. One right of legal marriage with their citizens; but
of the last of these kings left two sons, Numi- his offers were treated with disdain, and he
tor and Amulius.  The latter, who was the accordingly resolved to obtain by force what
younger, deprived Numitor of the kingdom, but he could not gain by entreaty. In the fourth
allowed him to live in the enjoyment of his month after the foundation of the city, he proprivate fortune.  Fearful, however, lest the claimed that games were to be celebrated in
heirs of Numitor might not submit so quietly to honor of the god Consus, and invited his neighhis usurpation, he caused his only son to be bors, the Latins and Sabines, to the festival.
murdered, and made his daughter Silvia, or Suspecting no treachery, they came in numRhea Silvia, one of the Vestal virgins. Silvia bers, with their wives and children. But the
was violated by Mars, and in course of time Roman youths rushed upon their guests and
gave birth to twins. Amulius doomed the carried off the virgins. The parents of the virguilty Vestal and her babes to be drowned in gins returned home and prepared for vengeance.
the river. In the Anio Silvia exchanged her The inhabitants of three of the Latin towns,
earthly life for that of a goddess, and became Caenina, Antermnne, and Crustumerium, took up
the wife of the river god. The stream carried arms, one after the other, and were successivethe cradle in which the children were lying into ly defeated by the Romans. Romulus slew with
the Tiber, which had overflowed its banks far his own hand Acron, king of Ceenina, and dedand wide. It was stranded at the foot of the icated his arms and armor, as spolia opima, to
Palatine, and overturned on the root of a wild Jupiter. At last the Sabine king, Titus Tatius,
fig-tree, which, under the name of the Ficus advanced with a powerful army against Rome.
Ruminalis, was preserved and held sacred for The fortress of the Saturnian, afterward called
many ages after. A she-wolf, which had come the Capitoline Hill, was surrendered to the Sato drink of the stream, carried them into her bines by the treachery of Tarpeia, the daughter
den hard by, and suckled them, where they of the commander of the fortress. Vid. TARwere discovered by Faustulus, the king's shep- PEIA. On the next day the Romans endeavored
herd, who took the children to his own house, to recover the hill, and a long and desperate
and gave them to the care of his wife, Acca battle was fought in the valley between the PalLarentia. They were called ROMULUs and RE- atine and the Capitoline. At length, when both
AIms, and were brought up with the other shep- parties were exhausted with the struggle, the
herds on the Palatine Hill. As they grew up, Sabine women rushed in between them, and
they became distinguished by the beauty of their prayed their husbands and fathers to be reconperson and the bravery of their deeds, and ciled. Their prayer was heard; the two peofought boldly against wild beasts and robbers. ple not only made peace, but agreed to form
A quarrel having arisen between these shep- only one nation. The Romans continued to
herds and the herdsmen of Numitor, who stalled dwell on the Palatine under their king Romutheir cattle on the neighboring hill of the Aven- lus; the Sabines built a new town on the Captine, Remus was taken by a stratagem, during itoline and Quirinal Hills, where they lived unthe absence of his brother, and carried off to der their king Titus Tatius. The two kings
Numitor.  This led to the discovery of the and their senates met for deliberation in the
parentage both of Romulus and Remus, who valleybetween the Palatine and Capitoline Hills,
now slew Amulius, and placed their grand- which was hence called comitium, or the place
father Numitor on the throne. Romulus and of meeting. But this union did not last long.
Remus loved their old abode, and therefore left Titus Tatius was slain at a festival at LavinAlba to found a city on the banks of the Tiber. ium by some Laurentines, to whom he had reA strife arose between the brothers where the fused satisfaction for outrages which had been
city should be built, and after whose name it committed by his kinsmen.  Henceforward
should be called. Romulus wished to build it Romulus ruled alone over both Romans and
on the Palatine, Remus on the Aventine. It Sabines. After reigning thirty-seven years, he
was agreed that the question should be decided was at length taken away from the world. One
by augury; and each took his station on the top day, as he was reviewing his people in the Camof his chosen hill. The night passed away, and pus Martius, near the Goat's Pool, the sun
as the day was dawning Remus saw six vul- was suddenly eclipsed, darkness overspread the
tures; but at sun-rise, when these tidings were earth, and a dreadful storm dispersed the peobrought to Romulus, twelve vultures flew by ple. When daylight had returned Romulus had
him.  Each claimed the augury in his own disappeared, for his father Mars had carried him
favor; but the shepherds decided for Romulus, up to heaven in a fiery chariot (Quirinus Marand Remus was obliged to yield. Romulus now  tis equis Acheronta fugit. Hor., Carm., iii., 3).
proceeded to mark out the pomrnerium of his city Shortly afterward he appeared in more than
(vid. Diet. of Antiq., s. v.), and to raise the wall. mortal beauty to Proculus Julius, and bade him
Remus, who still resented the wrong he had tell the Romans to worship him as their guard,
suffered, leaped over the wall in scorn, where- ian god under the name of Quirinus. Such was
upon he was slain by his brother. As soon as the glorified end of Romulus in the genuine le757




ROMULUS AUGUSTULUS.                        RUBELLIUS PLAUTUS.
gend. But as it staggered the faith of a later at thetime, and though at a later period he found
age, a tale was invented to account for his mys- fault with it himself, as bearing marks of youth-.
terious disappearance. It was related that the ful exaggeration, it displays abundant evidence
senators, discontented with the tyrannical rule of his great oratorical powers.-3. Q., the most
of their king, murdered him during the gloom  celebrated comic actor at Rome, was a native
of a tempest, cut up his body, and carried home of Solonium, a small place in the neighborhood
the mangled pieces under their robes. As Rom- of Lanuvium. His histrionic powers procured
ulus was regarded as the founder of Rome, its him the favor of many of the Roman nobles,
most ancient political institutions and the or- and, among others, of the dictator Sulla, who
ganization of the people were ascribed to him. presented him With a gold ring, the symbol of
Thus he is said to have divided the people into equestrian rank. Roscius enjoyed the friendthree tribes, which bore the names Ramnes, Ti- ship of Cicero, who constantly speaks of him ini
ties, and Luceres. The Ramnes were supposed terms both of admiration and affection. Rosto have derived their name from Romulus, the cius was considered by the Romans to have
Tities from Titus Tatius the Sabine king, and reached such perfection in his own profession,
the Luceres from Lucumo, an Etruscan chief, that itp became the fashion to call every one
who had assisted Romulus in the war against who became particularly distinguished in his
the Sabines. Each tribe contained ten curiae, own art by the name of Roscius. In his younwhich received their names from the thirty Sa- ger years Cicero received instruction from Rosbine women who had brought about the peace cius; and at a later time he and Roscius often
between the Romans and their own people. used to try which of them could express a
Further, each curia contained ten gentes, and thought with the greatest effect, the orator by
each gens one hundred men. Thus the people, his eloquence, or the actor by his gestures.
according tothe generalbelief, were divided orig- These exercises gave Roscius so high an opininally into three tribes, thirty curiae, and three ion of his art, that he wrote a work in which he
hundred gentes, which mustered three thou- compared eloquence and acting. Like his celsand men, who fought on foot, and were called ebrated contemporary, the tragic actorE sopus,
alegion. Besides those there were three hund- Roscius realized an immense fortune by his
red horsemen, called Celeres, the same body as profession. He died in 62. One of Cicero's
the Equites of a later time. To assist him in extant orations is entitled Pro Q. Roscio Conmaethe government of the people, Romulus is said do. It was delivered before the judex C. Piso,
to have selected a number of the aged men in probably in 68, and relates to a claim for fifty
the state, who were called Patres or Senatores. thousand sesterces, which one C. Fannius ChaeThe council itself, which was called the senatus, rea brought against Roscius. —4. FABITUS. Vid.
originally consisted of one hundred members; FABArUS.-5. OTHO. Vid. OTHO.
but this number was increased to two hundred  ROTOMXGUS. Vid. RATOMAGUS.
when the Sabines were incorporated in the state.  ROXiNA ('PToedvy), daughter of Oxyartes the
In addition to the senate, there was another as- Bactrian, fell into the hands of Alexander on
sembly, consisting of the members of the gentes, his capture of the hill-fort in Sogdiana, named
which bore the name of comitia curiata, because "the rock," B.C. 327. Alexander was so capthey voted in it according to their division into tivated by her charms that he married her.
curia.                   eSoon after Alexander's death (323) she gave
RiMULUs AUGUSTrLUS. Vid. AUGUSTULUS.    birth to a son (Alexander- Egus), who was adROMULUS SILVIUS. Vid. SILVIUS.          mitted to share the nominal sovereignty with
ROSCIANUM (now Rossano), a fortress on the Arrhidaeus, under the regency of Perdiccas.
eastern coast of Bruttium, between Thurii and Before the birth of the boy she had drawn StaPaternum.                                 tira, or Barsine, to Babylon by a friendly letter,
RoscILLus. Vid..LEGus.                 and there caused her to be murdered. Roxana
Roscivs. 1. L., a Roman ambassador sent afterward crossed over to Europe with her son,
to Fidenme in B.C. 438. He and his three col- andplaced herself under the protection! of Olymleagues were killed by the inhabitants of Fide- pias. She shared the fortunes of Olyrrrpias, and
nam, at the instigation of Lar Tolumnius, king threw herself into Pydna along with the latter,
of the Veientes. The statues of all four were where they were besieged by Cassander. In
erected in the Rostra at Rome.-2. SEX., of 316 Pydna was taken by Cassander,,Olympias
Ameria, a town in Umbria. The father of this was put to death, and Roxana and herson were
Roscius had been murdered at the instigation placed in confinement in Amphipolis.  Here
of two of his relations and fellow-townsmen, T. they were detained under the charge of Glau-.Roscius Mignus and T. Roscius Capito, who cias till 311, in which year, soon after the gencoveted the wealth of their neighbor. These eral peace then concluded, they were murdered
two Roscii struck a bargain with Chrysogonus, in accordance with orders from Cassander.
the freedman and favorite of Sulla, to divide the  ROXOLANI. Vid. RHOXOLANI.
property of the murdered man between them.  [RUBEAS PROMONTORIUM, a promontory of
But as the proceeding excited the utmost in- Sarmatia Europaea, in the vicinity of the mouth
dignation at Ameria, and the magistrates of the of the Rubon. Mannert regards it as the north
town made an effort to obtain from Sulla the point of Curland.]
restitution of the property to the son, the rob-  [RUBELLIUS PLAUTUSS.   C., son of Rubellius
bers accused young Roscius of the murder of and of Julia, great-grandson of the Emperor Ti-'his father, and hired witnesses to swear to the berius, was involved in the accusations which
-fact. Roscius was defended by Cicero (B.C. Junia Silana brought against Agrippina A.D. 55
80) in an oration which is still extant, and was he was ordered by Nero to withdraw froml Rome
acquitted. Cicero's speech was greatly admired to his estates in Asia, where he employed him75S




IRUBI.                            RUFUS, L. CzECILIUS.
self in the study of the Stoic philosophy; but in silver plate. The dictator Sulla was descendA'.D. 62, Nero's fears having been again excited ed from this Rufinus. His grandson was the
against Rubellius, the latter was murdered by first of the family who assumed the surname of
order of the emperor.]                    Sulla.-2. LICINYUS RUFiNUS, a jurist, who lived
RuBI (Rubustinus: now Ruvo), a town in under Alexander Severus. There are in the
Apulia, on the road from Canusium to Brundis- Digest seventeen excerpts from twelve books
ium.                                      of Regul~a by Rufinus.-3. The chief minister
RuBnA1o, a small river in Italy, falling'into the of state under Theodosius the Great, was an
Adriatic a little north of Ariminum, formed the able, but, at the same time, a treacherous and
boundary in the republican period between the dangerous man. He instigated Theodosius to
-province of Gallia Cisalpina and Italia Proper. those cruel measures which brought ruin upon
It is celebrated in history on account of Caesar's Antioch, A.D. 390. After the death of Theopassage across it at the head of his army, by dosius in 395, Rufinus exercised paramount inwhich act he declared war against the republic. fluence over the weak Arcadius; but toward
A papal decree, issued in 1756, declared the the end of the year a conspiracy was formed
modern Lusa to be the ancient Rubico, but.the against him by Eutropius and Stilicho, who inPisatello, a little further north, has better claims duced Gainas, the Gothic ally of Arcadius, to
to this honD:.                           join in the plot. Rubinus was, in consequence,
RUBRA SAxA, called Rubria Breves (se. Pe- slain by the troops of Gainas.-4. Surnamed
trae) by/Martial, a small place in Etruria only a TYRANNIUS, or TURRANIUS, or TORANUS, a celefew miles from Rome, near the River Crernera, brated ecclesiastical writer, was probably born
and on the Via Flaminia. It was near this spot about A.D. 345 in Italy. He was at first an inthat-the great battle was fought in which Max- mate of the monastery at Aquileia, and he aftentius was defeated by Constantine, A.D. 312.  erward resided many years at a monastery in
[RUBRENUS LAPPA, a later Roman tragic writ- Palestine, where he became very intimate with
er, whose Atreus is mentioned by Juvenal (vii., St. Jerome. The two friends afterward quar72).]                                    reled, and Jerome attacked'Rufinus with the
RuBRsfsus LAcus. Vid. NARBO.            utmost vehemence on account of his supportRUBRRICTUS.  1. Or Usus (now Seibous), a ing the tenets of Origen. After remaining in
considerable river of Numidia in Northern Af- the East for about twenty-six years, Rufinus
rica, rising in the mountains southeast of Cirta returned to Italy in 397, where he published a
(now Constantineh), flowing northeast, and fall- Latin translation of the Apology for Origen by
ing into the Mediterranean east of Hippio Regi- Pamphilus, and of the books of Origen De Prinus (now iBonah).-2.,-(Now Llobregat), a small cipiis, together with an original tract De Adulriver of Hispania Tarraconensis, flowing into teratione Librorum Origenis. In the preface to
the sea wevst of Barcino.                the De. Principiis, he quoted a panegyric, which
[RUBRIuS. 1. Tribune oftheplebsalongwith Jerome had at an earlier period pronounced
C. Gracchus, proposed the law for founding the upon Origen. This led to a bitter correspondcolony at Carthage, which was carried into ef- ence between the two former friends, which
fect.-2. Q. RUBRIUS VARRO, who was declared was crowned by the Apologia of the one advera public enemy along with Marius in B.C. 88, sus Hieronymum, and the Apologia of the other
is mentio (ed by Cicero as an energetic and pas- adversus Rufinum.  Rufinus died in Sicily in
sionate apcuser.-3. One of the companions of 410, to which island he had fled upon the invaVerres ir his iniquities.-4. L., a senator, was sion of Italy by Alaric. Several of his works are
taken pritoner by Caesar at the capture of Cor- extant, but there is no complete edition of them.
finium BIC. 49, and was dismissed by him un- — 5. The author of a little poem in twenty-two
injured.]                                lines, Pasiphaes Fabula ex omnibus Metris HoraRUBRUM MARE. Vid. ERYTHREUMl MARE.      tianis, which, as the name imports, contains an
RuntDi  (Rudinus: now Rotigliano or Ruge), example of each of the different metres -ema town df the Pucetii in Apulia, on the road ployed by Horace. His date is quite uncertain,
from Btiindisium to Venusia, was originally a but he may be the same person with the folGreek colony, and afterward a Roman muni- lowing.-6. A grammarian of Antioch, whose
cipium. Rudime is celebrated as the birth-place treatise De Metris Comicis, or, rather, extracts
of Ennius.                               from it, is contained in the Grammaticce Latinca
RUESIUM, a town of the Vellavi or Velauni, Auctores Antiqui of Putschius, Hannov., 1605.
hence called simply Civitas Vellavorum, in Gal- — 7. The author of thirty-eight epigrams in the
lia Aquiianica (in the modern Velay), probably Greek Anthology. His date is uncertain; but
the modern St. Paulien or Paulhan, on the front- there can be no doubt that he was a Byzantine.
iers of Auvergne.                         His verses are of the same light, amatory charRUFI4us. 1. P. COsRNiLtUS RUFINUS, was con- acter as those of Agathias, Paulus, Macedonius,
sul B.C.i290 with M'. Curius Dentatus, and, in and others.
conjunceion with his colleague,brought the Sam-  RUFR E, a town in Campania, frequently connite war to a conclusion, and obtained a tri- founded with Rufrium.
umph in consequence. He was consul a see-   RUFRIUM,ia town of the Hirpini in Samnium.
ond time in 277, and carried on the war against  RUFUs, CURTYUS. Vid. CURTIUS.
the Samnites and the Greeks in Southern Italy.  RUFUS EPHESIUS, so called from the place of
The chief event of his second consulship was his birth, a celebrated Greek physician, lived in
the capture of the important town of Croton. the reign of Trajan (A.D. 98-117), and wrote
In 275 Rlfinus was expelled from the senate several medical works, some of which are still
by the censors C. Fabricius and Q. 2Emilius Pa- extant.
pus, on account of his possessing ten pounds of  RUFUS, L. CICILYUS, brother of P. Sulla by
759




RUFUS, M. ClELIUS.                             RUTENI.
the same mother, but not by the same father. of Leges Rupiliae. Rupilius was condemned in
He was tribune of the plebs B.C. 63, when he the tribunate of C. Gracchus, 123, on account
rendered warm support to Cicero, and, in par- of his illegal and cruel acts in the prosecution
ticular, opposed the agrarian law of Rullus. In of the friends of Tiberius Gracchus. He was
his pratorship, 57, he joined most of the other an intimate friend of Scipio Africanus the younmagistrates in proposing the recall of Cicero ger, who obtained the consulship for him, but
from banishment.                          who failed in gaining the same honor for his
RUFUS, M.- CELIUS, a young Roman noble, brother Lucius. He is said to have taken his
distinguished as an elegant writer and eloquent brother's failure so much to heart as to have
speaker, but equally conspicuous for his profli- died in consequence.
gacy and extravagance. Notwithstanding his  [RUPILIUS REX, P., of Praeneste, having been
vices, he lived on intimate terms with Cicero, driven from his native city, is said to have
who defended him in B.C. 56 in.an oration still served in Africa under Atius Varus, and later,
extant. The accusation was brought against when pretor, A.U.C. 711, being proscribed by
him-by Sempronius Atratinus, at the instigation Augustus, to have fled to the camp of Brutus:
of Clodia Quadrantaria, whom he had lately de- here his arrogance made Horace a bitter eneserted. Clodia charged him with having bor- my to him, and the poet subsequently took his
rowed money from her in order to murder Dion, revenge in a bitter satire on Rupilius.]
the head of the embassy sent by Ptolemy Au-  RusciNo, a town of the Sordones or Sordi in
letes to Rome; and with having made an at- the southeastern part of Gallia Narbonensis, at
tempt to poison her. In 52,Ceelius was tribune the foot of the Pyrenees, on the River Ruscino
of the plebs, and in 50 eedile. During the years (now Tet), and on the road from Spain to Narbo.
51 and 50 he carried on an active correspond- A tower of the ancient town is still extant near
ence with Cicero, who was then in Cilicia, and Perpignan, called la Tour de Rousillon.
many of the letters which he wrote to Cicero  RUSELL~E (Rusellanus: ruins near Grosseto),
at that time are preserved in the collection of one of the most ancient cities of Etruria, situCicero's Letters. On the breaking out of the ated on an eminence east of the Lake Prelius
civil war in 49 he espoused Caesar's side, and and on the Via Aurelia. It is first mentioned
was rewarded for his services by the praetor- in the time ofTarquinius Priscus. It was taken
ship in 48. Being at this time overwhelmed by the Romans in B.C. 294, when two thousand
with debt, he availed himself of Caesar's ab- of its inhabitants were slain, and as many more
sence from Italy to bring forward a law for the made prisoners. It was subsequently a Roman
abolition of debts. He was, however, resisted colony, and continued in existence till 1138,
by the other magistrates and deprived of his when its inhabitants were removed to Grosseto.
office, whereupon he went into the south of The walls of Rusellae still remain, and are some
Italy to join Milo, whom he had secretly sent of the most ancient in Italy. They are formed
for from Massilia. Milo was killed near Thurii of enormous masses oftravertine, piled up withbefore Ceelius could join him (vid. MILO), and out regard to form, with small stones inserted
Caelius himself was put to death shortly after- in the interstices. The masses vary from six
ward at Thurii.                           to eight feet in length, and from four to eight
RUFUS, SEXTUS. Vid. SEXTUS RUFUS.       in height. The area inclosed by the walls forms
RUGII, an important people in Germany, orig- an irregular quadrangle, between ten thousand
inally dwelt on the coast of the Baltic, between and eleven thousand feet, or about two miles in
the Viadus (now Oder) and the Vistula. After circuit.
disappearing a long time from history, they are  RUSICXDA (southeast of the modern Storah,
found at a later time in Attila's army; and after ruins), a sea-port and Roman colony in NumidAttila's death they founded a new kingdom on ia, used especially as the port of Cirta.
the. northern bank of the Danube, in Austria  RUSPINUM, a town of Africa Propria (Byzaand Hungary, the name of which is still pre- cium), two miles from the sea, between Leptis
served in the modern Rugildnd. They have Parva and Hadrumetum.
left traces of their name in the country which  RUSSADIR (now Ras-ud-Dir, or Capo di Tres
they originally inhabited in the modern Riugen, Forcas: Rus in ancient Punic, and Ras in Ara-.Rgenwalde, Rega, Regenwalde.             bic, alike mean cape), a promontory of MaureRULLUS, P. SERVILIUS, tribune of the plebs taniaTingitana, in Northern Africa, on the copst
B.C. 63, proposed an agrarian law, which Cicero of the Metagonitae. Southeast of it was a city
attacked in three orations which have come of the same name (now probably Melillah).
down to us. It was the most extensive agra-  RUSTICUS, FABIUs, a Roman historian, and a
rian law that had ever been brought forward; contemporary of Claudius and Nero.
but as it was impossible to carry such a sweep-  RusTrcvs, L. JUNivs ARULENUS, more usually
ing measure, it was withdrawn by Rullus him- called Arulenus Rusticus, but sometimes Junius
self.                                    Rusticus. He was a friend and pupil of Peetus
RUPLYiUS, P., consul B.C. 132, prosecuted Thrasea, and an ardent admirer of the Stoic
with the utmost vehemence all the adherents philosophy. He was put to death by Domitian,
of Tiberius Gracchus, who had been slain in the because he had written a panegyric upon Thrapreceding year. In his consulship he was sent sea.
into Sicily against the slaves, and brought the  RUSUCURRUM (now Coleah, opposite Algie), a
servile war to a close. He remained in the isl- considerable sea-port in the eastern part ofMauand as proconsul in the following year; and, retania Cesariensis, constituted a Roman colwith ten commissioners appointed by the senate, ony under Claudius.
he made various regulations for the government  RUTENI, a people in Gallia Aquitanica, on the
of the province, which were known by the nane frontiers of Gallia Narbanensis, in the moders
760




RUTILIA.                                   SABE I.
RAiergne. Their chief town was Segodunum, port-town of the Cantii in the southeast of BritafterwardCivitasRutenorum(nowRodez). The ain, from which persons frequently passed over
country of the Ruteni contained silver mines, to the harbor of Gessoriacum in Gaul. Exceland produced excellent flax.              lent oysters were obtained in the neighborhood
[RUTILIA, the mother of C. Cotta, the orator, of this place (Rutupino edita fuwzdo ostrea, Juv.,
accompanied her son into exile in B.C. 91, and iv., 141). There are still several Roman reremained with him abroad till his return some mains at Richborough.
years afterward.]
RUTILIUS LUPUS. V'id. LUPUS.
RUTILIUS NUMATIANUS, CLAUDIUS, a Roman
poet, and a native of Gaul, lived at the begin-  SXBA (Zaea). 1. (In the OldTestament, Sheba),
ning bf the fifth century of the Christian era. the capital of the SAnBrI in Arabia Felix, lay on
HIe resided at Rome a considerable time, where a high woody mountain, and was pointed out by
he attained the dignity of prefectus urbi about an Arabian tradition as the residence of the
A.D. 413 or 414. He afterward returned to his " Queen of Sheba," who went to Jerusalem to
native country, and has described his return to hear the wisdom of Solomon. Its exact site is
Gaul in an elegiac poem, which bears the title doubtful. -2. There was another city of the
of Itinerarium, or De Reditu. Of this poem the same name in the interior of Arabia Felix, where
first book, consisting of six hundred and forty- a place Sabea is still found, about in the centre
four lines, and a small portion of the second, of El-Yemen.-3. A sea-port town of.Ethiopia,
have come down to us. -It is superior both in on the Red Sea, south of Ptolemais Theron. A
poetical coloring and purity of language to most town called la6ar and i666ara is mentioned by
of the productions of the age; and the passage Ptolemy, who places it on the Sinus Adulitanus;
in which he celebrates the praises of Rome is and about in the same position Strabo mentions
not unworthy of the pen of Claudian. Rutilius a town Sabcr (Zd6at) as distinct from Saba.
was a heathen, and attacks the Jews and monks The sites of these places (if they are really difwith no small severity. The best edition is by ferent) are sought by geographers at Nowarat,
A. W. Zumpt, Berlin, 1840.                or Port Mornington, in the southern part of the
RUTILIUS RUFUS, P., a Roman statesman and coast of Nubia, and Massawah on Foul Bay, on
orator. He was military tribune under Scipio the northeastern coast of Abyssinia.
in the Numantine war, praetor B.C. 111, consul  SABCON (Ea6atcv), a king of zEthiopia, who
105, and legatus in 95 under Q. Mucius Sca- invaded Egypt in the reign of the blind king
vola, proconsul of Asia. While acting in this Anysis, whom he dethroned and drove into the
capacity, he displayed so much honesty and marshes. The 2Ethiopian conqueror then reignfirmness in repressing the extortions of the pub- ed over Egypt for fifty years, but at length quitlicani, that he became an object of fear and ted the country in consequence of a dream,
hatred to the whole body. Accordingly, on his whereupon Anysis regained his kingdom. This
return to Rome, he was impeached of malversa- is the account which Herodotus received from
tion (de repetundis), found guilty, and compelled the priests (ii., 137-140); but it appears from
to withdraw into banishment, 92. He retired Manetho that there were three -Ethiopian kings
first to Mytilene, and from thence to Smyrna, who reigned over Egypt, named Sabacon, Sewhere he fixed his abode, and passed the re- bichus, and Taracus, whose collective reigns
mainder of his days in tranquillity, having re- amount to forty or fifty years, and who form
fused to return to Rome, although recalled by the twenty-fifth dynasty of that writer. The
Sulla. Besides his orations, Rutilius wrote an account of Manetho is to be preferred to that
autobiography, and a History of Rome in Greek, of Herodotus. It appears that this zEthiopian
which contained an account of the Numantine dynasty reigned over Egypt in the latter half
war, but we know not what period it embraced. of the eighth century before the Christian era.
RUTILUS, C. MARCIUS, was consul B.C. 357, They are mentioned in the Jewish records.
when he took the town of Privernum. In 356 The So, king of Egypt, with whom Hosea, king'he was appointed dictator, being the first time of Israel, made an alliance about B.C. 722 (2
that a plebeian had attained this dignity. In Kings, xvii., 4), was probably the same as Sebihis dictatorship he defeated the Etruscans with chus; and the Tirhakah, king of the A.thiopigreat slaughter. In 352 he was consul a sec- ans, who was preparing to make war against
end time; and in 351 he was the first plebeian Sennacherib in 711 (Is., xxxvii., 9), is the same
censor. He was consul for the third time in as Taracus.
344, for the fourth time in 342. The son of this  SXABII or SAB2E (Za6aTot, 2d6at: in the Old
Rutilus took the surname of Censorinus, which Testament, Shebaiim), one of the chief people
in the next generation entirely supplanted that of Arabia, dwelt in the southwestern corner of
of Rutilus, and became the name of the family. the peninsula, in the most beautiful part of AraVid. CENSORINUS.                         bia Felix, the north and centre of the province
RUTBA. (now Roya), a river on the coast of of El-Yemen. So, at least, Ptolemyplaces them;
Liguria, which flows into the sea near Albium  but the earlier geographers give them a wider
Intemelium.                               extent, quite to the south of El-Yemen. The
RUTULI, an ancient people in Italy, inhabit- fact seems to be that they are the chief repreing a narrow slip of country on the coast of sentatives of a race which, at an early period,
Latium, a little to the south of the Tiber. Their was widely spread on both sides of the south-'
chief'town was Ardea, which was the residence ern part of the Red Sea, where Arabia and
of Turnus. They were subdued at an early pe- -Ethiopia all but joined at the narrow strait of
riod by the.Romans, and disappear from history. Bab-el-Mandeb; and hence, probably, the conRUTUPi    or RUTiUPLE (now Richborough), a fusion often made between the Sheha and Ssbt
761




SABATE.                                   SABIN.
of Scripture, or between the Shebaiim- of Arabia was the grand-niece of Trajan, being the daughand the Sebaiim of -Ethiopia. Another proof ter of Matidia, who was the daughter of Marof the wide extent of this race is furnished by ciana, the sister of Trajan. Sabina was. marthe mention, in the' book of Job, of Sabeans as ried to Hadrian about A.D. 100'through the infar north, probably, as Arabia Deserta (Job, i., fluence of Plotina, the wife of Trajan.  The
15). The Sabeans of El- Yemen were celebrated marriage did not prove a happy one. Sabina at
for their wealth and luxury.'Their country length put an end to her life, and there was a
produced all the most precious spices and per- report that she had even been poisoned by her
fumes of Arabia, and they carried on an exten- husband. She was certainly alive in 136, and
sive trade with the East. Their capital was at probably did not die till 138, a few months beSABA, where we are told that their king was fore Hadrian. She was enrolled among the gods
kept a close prisoner in his palace. The mon-after her decease.
archy was not'hereditary, but descended ac-  SABINA, POPPEA, awoman of surpassing beaucording to an order of succession arranged ty, but licentious morals, was the daughter of
among the chief families of the country.  T. Ollius, but assumed the name of her materSABATE, a town of Etruria, on the road from  nal grandfather Poppaeus Sabinus, who had been
Cosa to Rome, and on the northwestern corner consul in A.D. 9. She was first married to
of a lake, which was named after it LACUS SA- Rufus Crispinus, and afterward to Otho, who
BATINUS (now Lago di Bracciaho).          was one of the boon companions of Nero. The
[SABATIA VADA or SABATIUM VADUM. Vid. latter soon became enamored of her; and, in
SAVO.]                                    order to get Otho out of the way, Nero sent him
SABATINI, a people in Campania, who derived to govern the province of Lusitania (58). Poptheir name from the River Sabatus (now Sab- pea now became the acknowledged mistress of
bato), a tributary of the Calor, which flows into Nero, over whom she exercised absolute sway.
the Vulturnus.                            Anxious to become the wife of the emperor,
[SABATRA or SOATRA, a town of Lycaonia, she persuaded Nero first to murder his mother
where, accordingto Strabo, water was so scarce Agrippina (59), who was opposed to such a disas to be an article of sale.. On the neighboring graceful union, and next to divorce and shortly
downs were numerous wild asses.]          afterward put to death his innocent and virtuSABAZIUS (Za6dogC), a Phrygian divinity, com- ous wife Octavia (62). Immediately after the
monly described as a son of Rhea or Cybele. divorce of Octavia, Poppaea became the wife of
In later times he was identified with the mystic Nero. In the following year she gave birth to
Dionysus (Bacchus), who hence is sometimes a daughter at Antium, but the infant died at the
calledDionysusSabazius. Forthe samereason, age of four months. In 65 Poppaea was pregSabazius is called a son of Zeus (Jupiter) by nant again, but was killed by a kick from her
Persephone (Proserpina), and is said to have brutal husband in a fit of passion. She was
been reared by a nymph Nyssa; though others, enrolled among the gods, and a magnificent
by philosophical speculations, were led to con- temple was dedicated to her by Nero. Poppsea
sider him a son of Cabirus, Dionysus (Bacchus), was inordinately fond of luxury and pomp, and
or Cronos (Saturn). He was torn by the Titans took immense pains to preserve the beauty of
into seven pieces. The connection of Sabazius her person.  Thus we are told that all her
with the Phrygian mother of the gods accounts mules were shod with gold, and that five hundfor the fact that he was identified, to a certain red asses were daily milked to supply her with
extent, with Zeus (Jupiter) himself, who is men- abath.
tioned as Zeus (Jupiter) Sabazius, both Zeus  SABINI, one of the most ancient and power(Jupiter) and Dionysus (Bacchus) having been ful of the nations of Central Italy. The anbrought up by Cybele or Rhea. His worship cients usually derived their name from Sabinus,
and festivals (Sabazia) were also introduced a son of the native god Sancus. The different
into Greece; but, at least in the time of Demos- tribes of the Sabine race were widely spread
thenes, it was not thought reputable to take over the whole of Central Italy, and were conpart in them, for they were celebrated at night nected with the Opicans, Umbrians, and those
by both sexes in a licentious manner. Serpents, other nations whose languages were akin to the
which were sacred to him, acted a prominent Greek. The earliest traces of the Sabines are
part at the Sabazia and in the processions: the found in the neighborhood of Amiternum, at
god himself was represented with horns, be- the foot of the main chain of the Apennines,
cause, it is said, he was the first that yoked whence they spread as far south as the conoxen to the plough for agriculture.       fines of Lucania and Apulia. The Sabines may
[SABBATA. Vid. SAVO.]                   be divided into three great classes, called by
SABELLI. Vid. SABINI.                  the names of Sabini, Sabelli, and Samnites reSABELLIUS, an heresiarch of the third century, spectively.  The SABINI proper inhabited the
of whose personal history hardly any thing is country between the Nar, the Anio, and the Tiknown. He broached his heresies in the Libyan ber, between Latium, Etruria, Umbria, and PiPentapolis, of which he appears to have been a cenum.  This district was mountainous, and
native. His characteristic dogma relaed to the better adapted for pasturage than corn. The
Divine Nature, in which he conceived that there chief towns were Amiternum, Reate, Nursia,
was only one hypostasis or person, identifying Cutiliae, Cures, Eretum, and Nomentum. The
with each other the Father, the Son, and the SABELLI were the smaller tribes who issued
Spirit, " so that in one hypostasis there are three from the Sabines. To these belong the Vesdesignations" (c6 elvae Ev pta 7robreTaCet rpelO bvo- tini, Marsi, Marrucini, Peligni, Frentani, and
tiaGac).                                  Hirpini. In addition to these communities, to
SABINA, the wife of the Emperor Hadrian, whom the name of Sabellians is usually re762




SABINUS.                                  SABINUS.
striCted, the Picentes-in Picenum, the Picenti- Caesar's legates in the civil war, B.C. 48. In
ni, who were transplanted from the latter coun-.45 he received the province of Africa from Crctry to Campania, and the Lucani, were also of sar. Having been elected praetor in 44, he obSabine origin. The SAMNITES, who were by far tained from Antony the province of Africa again;
the most powerful of all the Sabine communi- but he did not return to Africa, as the senate,
ties, are treated of in a separate article. Vid. after the departure of Antony for Mutina, conSAMiNIU r. There were certain national charac- ferred it upon Q. Cornificius. Sabinus was conteristics which distinguished the whole Sabine sul 39, and in the following year commanded
race. They were a people of simple and vir- the fleet of Octavianus in the war with Sextus
tuous habits, faithful to their word, and imbued Pompey. He was superseded by Agrippa in the
with deep religious feeling. Hence we find fre- command of the fleet. He is mentioned, too,
quent mention of omens and prodigies in their at a later time as one of the friends of Octaviacountry.  They were a migratory race, and nus.-4. T. FLvIus, father of the Emperor Vesadopted a peculiar system of emigration. In pasian, was one of the farmers of the taxes in
times of great danger and distress they vowed Asia, and afterward carried on business as a
a Ver Sacrum, or Sacred Spring; and all the money-lender among the Helvetians.-5. FLAchildren born in that spring were regarded as vius, elder son of the preceding, and brother of
sacred to the god, and were compelled, at the -the Emperor Vespasian. He governed Moesia
end of twenty years, to leave their native coun- for seven years during the reign of Claudius,
try and seek a new home in foreign lands. The and held the important office of praefectus urbis
form of government among the Sabines was re- during the last eleven years of Nero's reign.
publican, but in war they chose a sovereign He was removed from this office by Galba, but
ruler (Embr atur), whom the Romans sometimes was replaced in it on the accession of Otho,
call dictator and sometimes king. With the ex- who was anxious to conciliate Vespasian, who
ception of the Sabines in Lucania and Campa- commanded the Roman legions in the' East.
nia, they never attained any high degree of civ- He continued to retain the dignity under Viilization or mental culture; but they were al-< tellius; but when Vespasian was proclaimed
ways distinguished by their love of freedom, general by the legions in the East, and Antowhich they maintained with the greatest brave- nius Primus and his other generals in the West,
ry. Of this the Samnites were the most stri- after the defeat of the troops of Vitellius, were
king example. After the decline of the Etrus- marching upon Rome, Vitellius, despairing of
can power, the Samnites were for a long time success, offered to surrender the empire, and
the greatest people in Italy; and if they had re- to place the supreme power in the hands of Samained united, they might have conquered the binus till the arrival of his brother. The Gerwhole peninsula. The Sabines formed one of man soldiers of Vitellius, however, refused subtthe                 he Roman people was mission to this arrangement, and resolved to
composed. In the time of Romulus, a portion support their sovereign by arms.  Sabinus
of the Sabines, after the rape of their wives and thereupon took refuge in the Capitol, where he
daughters, became incorporated with the Ro- was attacked by the Vitellian troops. In the
mans, and the two nations were united into one assault the Capitol was burned to the ground,
under the general name of Quirites. The re- Sabinus was taken prisoner, and put to death
mainder of the Sabini proper, who were less by the soldiers in the presence of Vitellius, who
warlike than the Samnites and Sabellians, were endeavored in vain to save his life. Sabinus
finally subdued by M'. Curius Dentatus, B.C. was a man of distinguished reputation and of
290, and received the Roman franchise, sine unspotted character. He left two-sons, Flavius
Isuffragio.  The Sabellian tribes concluded a Sabinus and Flavius Clemens. Vid. CLEMENS.
treaty with the Romans at an early period, -6. FLVIUSs,  son of the preceding, married Junamely, the Vestini in 328, and the Marsi, Mar- lia, the daughter of his cousin Titus. He was
rucini, Peligni, and Frentani in 304; but these consul 82, with his cousin Domitian, but was
communities again took up arms against the afterward slain by the latter.-7. MAssURIUs, a
Romans in the Social war (90-88), which ended hearer of Ateius Capito, was a distinguished
in the complete subjugation of all the Sabellian jurist in the time of Tiberius. This is the Satribes. The history of the wars between the binus from whom the school of the Sabiniani
Samnites and the Romans is given under SAM- took its name. Vid. CAPITO. There is no diNIUM.                                     rect excerpt from Sabinus in the Digest, but he
SABINUS.  1. A contemporary poet and a is often cited by other jurists, who commented
friend of Ovid. Ovid informs us that Sabinus upon his Libri tres Juris Civilis. It is conjechad written answers to six of the Epistolae Hero- tured that Persius means to refer to this work
dumn of Ovid. Three answers enumerated by (Sat., v., 90) when he says, " Excepto si quid
Ovid in this passage are printed in many edi- Masuri rubrica vetavit."  Massurius also wrote
tions of the poet's works as the genuine poems numerous other works, which are cited by name
of Sabinus; but they were written by a modern in the Digest.-8. NYMPHiDiUS. Vid. NYmPHIDscholar, Angelus Sabinus, about the year 1467. Ius.-9. PoPPrEus, consul A.D. 9, was appoint-2. M. CxLLius, a Roman jurist, who succeed- ed in the lifetime of Augustus governor of Mceed Cassius Longinus, was consul A.D. 69. He sia, and was not only confirmed in this governwas not the Sabinus from whom the Sabiniani ment by Tiberius, but received from the latter
took their name. He wrote a work, Ad Edic- the- provinces of Achaia and Macedonia in adtue mEdiliura CGurulium. There are no extracts dition. He continued to hold these provinces
from Ceelius in the Digest, but he is often cited, till his death in 35, having ruled over M esia
so metimes as Calius Sabinus, sometimes by the for twenty-four years. He was the maternal
ammm of Sabinus only. —3. C. CALvIsIs,   one of grandfather of Poppzea Sabina, the mistress,
763




SABIS.                                SAGALASSUS.
and afterward the wife of Nero.-10. Q. TITU-  SACILI, with the surname Martialium, a town
RIus, one of Caesar's legates in Gaul, who per- of the Turduli in Hispania Buetica.
ished along with Aurunculeius Cotta in the at-  SACRA VIA. Vid. ROMA, p. 748, b.
tack made upon them by Ambiorix in B.C. 54.  SACRARIA, a town in Umbria,.on the road beS.ABIS (now Sambre). 1. A broad and deep tween Treba and Spoletium, supposed by some,
river in Gallia Belgica and in the territory of to be identical with Clitumni Fanum on the
the Arnbiani, falling into the River Mosa.-2. River Clitumnus.
A small river on the coast of Carmania.-3. Vid.  [SACRATIVIR, M., of Capua, a Roman eques,
SAPIS.                                    who fell fighting on Caesar's side at the battle
SABRATA. Vid. ABROTONUM.                of Dyrrachium, B.C. 48.]
SABRINA, also called SABRIANA (now Severn),  SACRIPORTus, a small place in Latium, of una river in the west of Britain, which flowed by certain site, memorable for the victory of Sulla
Venta Silurum into the ocean.             over the younger Marius, B.C. 82.
[SABRINA LESTUARIUM or SABRIANA 2ESTUA-   [SAcROVIR, JULIUs, and JULIUS FLORUS, two
RIUM (Za6piava eiCXvac), the estuary formed by Gauls, the former an 2Eduan, the latter a Trevithe River Sabrina (now Severn). Vid. SABRINA.] ran, were both of noble family, and had received
[SABURA or SABURRA, the commander of Ju- the Roman citizenship on account of their servba's forces in Africa, defeated C. Curio, Caesar's ices. These chiefs, in the reign of Tiberius,
general, in B.C. 49. He was destroyed, with all A.D. 21, excited an insurrection among the
his forces, in B.C. 46, by P. SITTIUS.]   Gauls. Florus, who had excited the Belgae to
SACADAS (Zacidag), of Argos, an eminent revolt, was soon overthrown, while Sacrovir,
Greek musician, was one of the masters who who had stirred up the.Edui, though at first in
established at Sparta the second great school a measure successful, was defeated by the Roof music, of which Thaletas was the founder, man legate Silius: they both, after their defeat,
as Terpander had been of the first. He gained put themselves to death.]
the prize for flute-playing at the first of the mu-  SACRUM FLUMEN. 1. (Now Uras), a river on
sical contests which the Amphictyons estab- the western coast of Sardinia. —2. (Now Taviglished in connection with the Pythian games nano), a river on the eastern coast of Corsica,
(B.C. 590), and also at the next two festivals in which flowed into the sea at Aleria.
succession (586, 582). Sacadas was a compo-  SARUM PROMONTORIUM. 1. (Now Cape St.
ser of elegies as well as a musician.     Vincent), on the western coast of Spain, said
SXCA (Zaicat), one of the most numerous and by Strabo to be the most westerly point in the
most powerful of the Scythian nomad tribes, whole earth.-2. (Now Cape Corso), the northhad their abodes east and northeast of the easternpointofCorsica.-3.(NowCapeIria,also
Massagetae, as far as Serica, in the steppes of Makri, Efta Kavi, orJedi Burun, i. e., the seven
Central Asia, which are now peopled by the points), the extreme point of the mountain CraKirghiz Khasaks, in whose name that of their gus in Lycia, between Xanthus and Telmissus.
ancestors is traced bysome geographers. They — 4. (Now Cape Khelidoni), another promontory
were very warlike, and excelled especially as in Lycia, near the confines of Pamphylia, and
cavalry, and as archers both on horse and foot. opposite the Chelidonian islands, whence it is
Their women shared in their military spirit; also called PROMIONTORIUM CHELIDONIUM.
and, if we are to believe AElian, they had the  [SADALES, the son of Cotys, king of Thrace,
custom of settling before marriage whether the was sent by his father to the assistance of Pomman' or woman should rule the house, by the pey, and fought on his side against Caesar in
result of a combat between them. In early B.C. 48. In conjunction with Scipio, he detimes they extended their predatory incursions feated L. Cassius Longinus, one of Caesar's leas far west as Armenia and Cappadocia. They gates. He was pardoned by Caesar after the batwere made tributary to the Persian empire, to tie of Pharsalia. He died in B.C. 4-2, leaving
the army of which they furnished a large force his dominions to the Romans.]
of cavalry and archers, who were among the  SADYATTES (sadv6rrrn), king of Lydia, sucbest troops that the kings of Persia had. It ceeded his father Ardys, and reigned B.C. 629should be remembered that the name of the 617. He carried on war with the Milesians for
Sacae is often used loosely for other Scythian six years, and at his death bequeathed the war
tribes, and sometimes for the Scythians in gen- to his son and successor Alyattes. Vid. ALeral.                                     YATTES.
SACASEaNE (ZEacaacrv), a fertile district of Ar-  SAPINUM or SEPINUM (Sepinas, -atis: now Seilenia Major, on the River Cyrus and the con- pine), a municipium in Samnium, on the road
fines of Albania, so called fiom its having been from Allifae to Beneventum.
at one period conquered by the Sacae. A dis-  SETABIS. 1. (Now Alcoy?), a river on the
trict of Drangiana bore the same name for a southern coast of Hispania Tarraconensis, west
similar reason.                           of the Sucro.-2. Or SETIBIS (Setabitanus: now
SACER MONS. 1. An isolated hill in the coun- Jativa), an important town of the Contestani in
try of the Sahines, on the right bank of the Anio, Hispania Tarraconensis, and a Roman muniand west of the Via Nomentana, three miles cipium, was situated on a hill south of the Sufrom Rome, to which the plebeians repaired in cro, and was celebrated for its manufacture of
their celebrated secessions.  The hill is not linen.
ealled by any special name at the present day,  SAGALASUS (ZayaaaSo'C: now ruins at Aibut there is upon its summit the Torre di Spec- lahshun), a large fortified city of Pisidia, near
ceio. —, A mountain in Hispania Tarraconen- the Phrygian border, a day's journey southeast
sis, near the Minius, probably the modern Puer- of Apamea Cibotus. It lay, as its large ruins
to de Rabanon, near Ponferrada.           still show, in the form of an amphitheatre al
764




SAGANUS.                                  SALAMIS.
the side of a hill, and had a citadel- on a rock the ancient capital of Lower Egypt, and conthirty feet high. Its inhabitants were reckoned tained the palace and burial-place of the Phathe bravest of the Pisidians, and seem, from the raohs, as well as the tomb of Osiris. It was
word Aoaedaitcwv on their coins, to have claimed the chief seat of the worship of the Egyptian
a Spartan origin. Among the ruins of the city goddess Neith (also called Sais), who had here
are the remains of a very fine temple, of an a splendid temple in the middle of an artificial
amphitheatre, and of fifty-two other large build- lake, where a great feast of lamps was celeings.                                     brated yearly by worshippers from all parts of
SAGXNUS (Eayeav6), a small river on the coast Egypt. The city gave its name to the Saites
of Carmania.                              Nomos.
SAGAPA, one of the mouths of the Indus.'  SAITIS (Yairtc), a surname of Minerva (AtheSXAGRIS (Ovid, Ex Pont., iv., 10, 47), a river na), under which she had a sanctuary on Mount
of Sarrmatia Europaea, falling into a bay in the Pontinus, near Lerna, in Argolis. The name
northwest of the Euxine, which was called after was traced by the Greeks to the Egyptians,
it SAGARICUS SINUs, and which also received the among whom Minerva (Athena) was said to:River Axiaces. The bay appears to be that on have been called Sais.
Which Odessa now stands, and the rivers the  SALA. 1. (Now Saale), a river of Germany,
Bol-Kounalnik and the Mal-Kouialnik.      between which and the Rhine Drusus died. It
[SAGARIS, one of the companions of 2Eneas, was a tributary of the Albis.-2. (Now Saale),
slain by Turnus in Italy.]                also a river of Germany and a tributary of the
SAGARTII (Eayipriloe), according to Herodo- Menus, which formed the boundary between
tus, a nomad people of Persis. Afterward they the Hermunduri and Chatti, with great salt
are found, on the authority of Ptolemy, in Me- springs in its neighborhood, for the possession
dia and the passes of Mount Zagros.       of which these two communities frequently conSAGRA, a small river in Magna Grawcia, on the tended. —3. (Now Burargag), a river in the
southeastern coast of Bruttium, falling into the northern part of the western coast of Mauretasea between Caulonia and Locri, on the banks nia Tingitana, rises in the Atlas Minor, and falls
of which a memorable victory was gained by into the Atlantic, north of a town of the same
ten thousand Locrians over one hundred and name.-4. A river in the same province, south
twenty thousand Crotoniats. This victory ap- of the one last mentioned, rises in the Atlas
peared so extraordinary, that it gave rise to the Major, and falls into the Atlantic near the southproverbial expression, " It is truer than what ern boundary of Mauretania.-5. A Samothrahlappened on the Sagra," when a person wished cian town in Thrace, on the coast of the 2Egean
to make any strong asseveration.          Sea, west of the mouth of the Hebrus.-6. A
SAGUNTIA.  1. (Now Xigonza or Gigonza, town in Pannonia, on the road from Sabaria to
northwest of Medina Sidonia), a town in the Pcetovio.-7. (Now Shella), a town in the northwestern part of Hispania Butica, south of the ern part of the western coast of Mauretania TinBaetis.-2. A town of the Arevaci in Hispania gitana, south of the mouth of the river of the
Tarraconensis, southwest of Bilbilis, near the same name mentioned under No. 3. This town
Mons Solarius.                            was the furthest place in Mauretania toward
SAGUNTUM, more rarely SAGUNTUS (Sagunti- the south possessed by the Romans; for, alnus: now M1urviedro), a town of the Edetani or though the province nominally extended further
Sedetani in Hispania Tarraconensis, south of south, the Romans never fully subdued the nothe Iberus, on the River Palantias, about three mad tribes beyond this point.
miles from the coast. It is said to have    SALACYA, the female divinity of the sea among
been founded by Greeks from Zacynthus, with the Romans, and the wife of Neptune. The
whom Rutulians from'Ardea were intermingled, name is evidently connected with sal -(6ig), and
whence it is sometimes called Ausonia Sag2un- accordingly denotes the wide, open sea.
tus. It was situated on an eminence in the  SALACIA (now Alcacer do Sal), a municipium
midst of a fertile country, and became a place of Lusitania, in the territory of the Turdetani,
of great commercial importance.  Although northwest of Pax Julia and southwest of Ebora,
south of the Iberus, it had formed an alliance with the surname of Urbs Imperatoria, celewith the Romans; and its siege by Hannibal, brated for its woollen manufactures.;B.C. 219, was the immediate cause of the second  SALXMIS (Iaapabg i: Ia2Eauivtoa). I. (Now KoPunic war. The inhabitants defended their luri), an island off the western coast of Attica,
city with the utmost bravery against Hannibal, from which it is separated by a narrow channel.
who did not succeed in taking the place till It forms the southern boundary of the Bay of
after a siege of nearly eight months. The Eleusis. Its form is that of an irregular semigreater part of the city was destroyed by Han- circle toward the west, with many small indennibal; but it was rebuilt by the Romans eight tations along the coast. Its greatest length,
years afterward, and made a colony. Sagun- fiom north to south, is about ten miles, and its
turn was celebrated for its manufacture of width, in its broadest part, from east to west, is
beautiful drinking-cups; and the figs of the sur- a little more. In ancient times it is said to
rounding country were much valued in antiqui- have been called Pityuessa, from the pines which
ty. ~ The ruins of the ancient town, consisting grew in it, and also Sciras and Cychr/a, fronit
of a theatre and a temple of Bacchus, are extant the names of two native heroes. It is further
at Murviedro, which is a corruption of luri said to have been called Salamis from a daugh-,veteresterer of Asopus of this name. It was colonized
SAi' (1d&i', Zai'rn7: ruins at Sa-el-Hajjar), a at an early time by the Zacidue of _/Egina.
great city of Egypt, in the Delta, on the eastern Telamon, the son of _Eacus, fled thither after
side of the Canopic branch of the Nile. It was the murder of his half-brother Phocus, and be765




SALAPIA.                                SALERNUM.
came sovereign of the island. His son Ajax rison stationed in the town. The original site
accompanied the Greeks with twelve Salaminan of Salapia was at some distance from the coast;
ships to the Trojan war. Salamis continued an but, in consequence of the unhealthy exhalations
independent state till about the beginning of the arising from the lake above mentioned, the infortieth Olympiad (B.C. 620), when a dispute habitants removed to a new town on the seaarose for its possession between the Megarians coast, which was built by M. Hostilius with the
and the Athenians. After a long struggle, it approbation of the Roman senate, about B.C.
first fell into the hands of the Megarians, but 200. This new town served as the harbor of
was finally taken possession of by the Atheni- Arpi. The ruins of the ancient town still exist
ans through a stratagem of Solon (vid. SOLON), at some distance from the coast at the village
and became one of the Attic demi. It contin- of Salpi.
ued to belong to Athens till the time of Cas-  SALAPINA PALUS (now Lago di Salpi), a lake
sander, when its inhabitants voluntarily surren- of Apulia, between the mouths of the Cerbalus
dered it to the Macedonians, 318. The Athe- and Aufidus, which derived its name from the
nians recovered the island in 232 through means town of Salapia situated upon it, and which M.
of Aratus, and punished the Salaminians for Hostilius connected with the Adriatic by means
their desertion to the Macedonians with great of a canal.
severity. The old city of Salamis stood on the  SALARIA, a town of the Bastetani in Hispania
south side of the island, opposite AEgina; but Tarraconensis, and a Roman colony.
this was afterward deserted, and a new city of  SALARIA VIA. Vid. ROMA, p. 756, b
the same name built on the eastern coast, oppo-  SALASSI, a brave and warlike people m Gallia
site Attica, on a small bay now called Ambela- Transpadana, in the valley of the Dura, at the
kia. Even this new city was in ruins in the foot of the Graian and Pennine Alps, whom
time of Pausanias. At the extremity of the some.regarded as a branch of the Salyes or Salsouthern promontory forming this bay was the luvii in Gaul. They defended the passes of the
small island of PSYTTALIA (now Lypsokutali), Alps in their territory with such obstinacy and
which is about a mile long, and from two hund- courage that it was long before the Romans
red to three hundred yards wide. Salamis is were able to subdue them. At length, in the
chiefly memorable on account of the great battle reign of Augustus, the country was permanently
fought off its coast, in which the Persian fleet of occupied by Terentius Varro with a powerful
Xerxes was defeated by the Greeks, B.C. 480. Roman force; the greater part of the Salassi
The battle took place in the strait between'the were destroyed in battle, and the rest, amounteastern part of the island and the coast of Attica, ing to thirty-six thousand, were sold as slaves.
and the Greek fleet was drawn up in the small Their chief town was Augusta Prtetoria (now
bay in front of the town of Salamis. The battle Aosta), which Augustus colonized with soldiers
was witnessed from the Attic coast by Xerxes, of the Pratorian cohorts.
who had erected for himself a lofty throne on  SALDmE (2daSa: ruins at Boujayah or Delone of the projecting declivities of Mount lEga- lyz?), a large sea-port town of Northern Africa,
leos.-2. A city of Cyprus, situated in the mid- originally the eastern frontier town of the kingdle of the eastern coast, a little north of the dom of Mauretania, afterward in Mauretania
River Pedious. It is said to have been founded Casariensis, and, after the division of that provby Teucer, the son of Telamon, who gave it the ince, the western frontier town of Mauretania
name of his native island, from which he had Sitifensis. Augustus made it a colony.
been banished by his father. Salamis possess-  SALDUBA. 1. (Now Rio Verde), a river in the
ed an excellent harbor, and was by far the most territory of the Turduli in Hispania Baetica, at
important city in the whole of Cyprus. It be- the mouth of which was situated a town of the
came subject to the Persians with the rest of same name.-2. Vid. CESARAUGUSTA.
the island; but it recovered its independence  SALE (CE2s), a town on the coast of Thrace.
about 385, under Evagoras, who extended his  SALEBRO, a place in Etruria between Cosa
sovereignty over the greater part of the island. and Populonium.
Vid. CYPRUS. Under the Romans the whole of  SALEIU BASSUS. Vid. BAssUs.
the eastern part of the island formed part of the  SALEM, i. e., peace, the original name of JERuterritory of Salamis. In the time of Trajan a SALEM (Gen., xiv., 18).
great part of the town was destroyed in an in-  SALENTINI or SALLENTINI, a people in the
surrection of the Jews; and under Constantine southern part of Calabria, who dwelt around the
it suffered still more from an earthquake, which promontory Iapygium, which is hence called
buried a large portion of the inhabitants beneath SALENTINUM or SALENTINA. They laid claim to
its ruins. It was, however, rebuilt by Constan- a Greek origin, and pretended to have come
tine, who gave it the name of Constantia, and from Crete into Italy under the guidance of Idomade it the capital of the island. There are  neneus. They were subdued by the Romans
still a few ruins of this town.           at the conclusion of their war with Pyrrhus, and
SALAPIA (Salapinus: now Salpi), an ancient having revolted in the second Punic war, were
town of Apulia, in the district Daunia, was sit- again easily reduced to subjection.
uated south of Sipontum, on a lake named after  [SALENTINUM PROMONTORIUM.  Vid. SALENit. According to the common tradition it was TINI.]
founded by Diomedes, though others ascribe its  SALERNUMI (Salernitanus: now Salerno), an
foundation to the Rhodian Elpias. It is not ancient town in Campania, at the innermost
mentioned till the second Punic war, when it corner of the Sinus Pwestanus, was situated on
revolted to Hannibal after the battle of Cannae, a height not far from the coast, and possessed
but it subsequently surrendered to the Romans, a harbor at the foot of the hill. It was made a
and delivered to the latter the Carthaginian gar- Roman colony at the same time as Puteoli, B.C
766




SALGANEUS.                           SALLUSTIUS CRISPUS.
194; but it attained its greatest prosperity in The best edition of this treatise is by Orellius,
the Middle Ages, after it had been fortified by Turici, 1821.-2. A Cynic philosopher-of some
the Lombards.                             note, who lived in the latter part of the fifth
SALGANETS or SALGANES  A S(Zlayyavev':  aeyay- century after Christ. He was a native of EmevIog, Ia2oyave7ri), a small town of Beotia, on sa in Syria, and studied successively at Emesa,
the Euripus, and on the road from Anthedon to Alexandrea, and Athens. Sall.stius was susChalcis.                                  pected of holding somewhat impious opinions
[SALIENUS, T., a centurion in Caesar's army regarding the gods. He seems, at least, to have
in Africa, in B.C. 46, induced the two Titii to been unsparing in his attacks upon the fanatsurrender their ship to C. Virgilius, the Pom- ical theology of the Neo-Platonists.
peian leader. He was-subsequently dismissed, SALLUSTIUS CRISPUS, C., or SALUSTIUS. 1.
from the army by Caesar with disgrace.-2. CLE- The Roman historian, belonged to a plebeian
MENS, a senator in the reign of Nero.]    family, and was born B.C. 86 at Amiternum, in
SALiNE, salt-works, the name of several the country of the Sabines. He was quaestor
towns which possessed salt-works in their vicin- about 59, and tribune of the plebs in 52, the
ity. 1. A town in Britain, on the eastern coast, year in which Clodius was killed by Milo. In
in the southern part of Lincolnshire.-2. A town his tribunate he joined the popular party, and
of the Suetrii, in the Maritime Alps, in Gallia took an active part in opposing Milo. It is said
Narbonensis, east of Reii.-3. (Now Torre delle that he had been caught by Milo in the act of
Saline), a place on the coast of Apulia, near Sa- adultery with his wife Fausta, the daughter of
lapia.-4. A place in Picenum, on the River San- the dictator Sulla; that he had received a sound
nus (now Salino).-5. (Now Torda), a place in whipping from the husband, and that he had
Dacia.-6. SALINuE HERCULE,- near H-ercula- been let off only on payment ofaa sum ofmoney.
num, in Campania.                         In 50 Sallust was expelled from the senate by
SALINATOR, Livius. 1. M., consul B.C. 219 the censors, probably because he belonged to
with L. zEmilius Paulus, carried on war along Caesar's party, though some give as the ground
with his colleague against the Illyrians. On of his ejection from the senate the act of adultheir return to Rome, both consuls were brought tery already mentioned. In the civil war he
to trial on the charge of having unfairly divided followed Caesar's fortune. In 47 we find him
the booty among the soldiers. Paulus escaped praetor elect, by obtaining which dignity he was
with difficulty, but Livius was condemned. The restored to his rank. He nearly lost his life in
sentence seems to have been an unjust one, and a mutiny of some of Caesar's troops in CampaLivius took his disgrace so much to heart that nia, who had been led thither to pass over into
he left the city and retired to his estate in the Africa. He accompanied Caesar in his African
country, where he lived some years without war, 46, and was left by Caesar as the governor
taking any part in public affairs. In 210 the of Numidia, in which capacity he is charged
consuls compelled him to return to the city, and with having oppressed the people, and enriched
in 207 he was elected consul a second time with himself by unjust means. He was accused of
C. Claudius Nero. He shared with his col-maladministration before Caesar, but it does not
league in the glory of defeating Hasdrubal on appear that he was brought to trial. The charge
the Metaurus. (For details, vid. NERO, CLAU- is somewhat confirmed by the fact of his beDIus, No. 2). Next year (206) Livius was sta- coming immensely rich, as was shown by the
tioned in Etruria as proconsul, with an army, expensive gardens which he formed (horti Saland his imperium was prolonged for two suc- lustiani) on the Quirinalis. He retired into privcessive years. In 204 he was censor with his acy after he returned from Africa, and he passformer colleague in the consulship, Claudius ed quietly through the troublesome period after
Nero. The two censors had long been ene- Caesar's death. He died 34, about four years
mies; and their long-smothered resentment before the battle of Actium. The story of his
now burst forth, and occasioned no small scan- marrying Cicero's wife Terentia ought to be
dal in the state. Livius, in his censorship, im- rejected. It was probably not till after his reposed a tax upon salt, in consequence of which turn from Africa that Sallust wrote his historhe received the surname of Salinator, which ical works. 1. The Catilina, or Bellun Catiliseems to have been given him in derision, but narium, is a history of the conspiracy of Catiwhich became, notwithstanding, hereditary in line during the consulship of Cicero, 63. The
his family.-2. C., curule adile 203, and prator introduction to this history, which some critics
202, in which year he obtained Bruttium as his admire, is only a feeble and rhetorical attempt
province. In 193 he fought under the consul to act the philosopher and moralist. The hisagainst the Boii, and in the same year was an tory, however, is valuable. Sallust was a livunsuccessful candidate for the consulship.-3. ing spectator of the events which he describes,
C., praetor 191, when he had the command of and, considering that he was not a friend of
the fleet in the war against Antiochus. He was Cicero, and was a partisan of Caesar, he wrote
consul 188, and obtained Gaul as his province. with fairness. The speeches which he has inSALLENTINI. Vid. SALENTINI.             serted in his history are certainly his own comSALLusTIUS or SALUSTIUS (anoareoc). 1. 1.position; but we may assume that Caesar's
Praefectus Praetorio under the Emperor Julian, speech was extant, and that he gave the subwith whom he was on terms offriendship. Sal- stance of it. 2. The Jugurtha, or Bellum Julustius was a heathen, but dissuaded the em- gurthinum, contains the history of the war of
peror from persecuting the Christians. He was the Romans against Jugurtha, king of Numidia,
probably the author of a treatise IIepi 4edv Kal which began 111 and continued until 106. It
rc6uov,, which is still extant. If so, he was at- is likely enough that Sallust was led to write
tached to the doctrines of the Neo-Platonists. this work from having resided in Africa, and
767




SALMACIS.                          SALONINUS, P. LICINIUS.
that he collected some materials there. He nassus, the water of which was believed to have
cites the Punic Books of King Hiempsal as the property of rendering those who bathed in
authority for his general geographical descrip- it effeminate.]
tion'(Jug., c. 17). The Jugurthine war has a  SALMANTICA (now Salamanca), called HELphilosophical introduction of the same stamp as MANTICA or HERMANDICA by Livy, and ELMANthat to the Catilina. As a history of the cam- TICA by Polybius, an important town of the Vetpaign, the Jugurthine war is of no value: there tones in Lusitania, south of the Durius, on the
is a total neglect of geographical precision, and road from Emerita to Caesaraugusta. It was
apparently not a very strict regard to chronol- taken by Hannibal. A bridge was built here by
ogy. 3. Sallustius also wrote Historiarum Libri Trajan, of which the piers still exist.
Quinque, which were dedicated to Lucullus, ar ALM6NE or SALMONIA (1aoujvf, 2a;w/ovia),
son of L. Licinius Lucullus. The work is sup- a town of Elis, in the district Pisatis, on the
posed to have comprised the period from the River Enipeus, said to have been founded by
consulship of M._Emilius Lepidus and Q. Luta- Salmoneus.
tius Catulus, 78, the year of Sulla's death, to  SALM6NEUS (EZa;kove'g), son of 2Eolus and
the consulship of L. Vulcatius Tullus and M. Enarete, and brother of Sisyphus. He was first
/Emilius Lepidus, 66, the year in which Cicero married to Alcidice and afterward to Sidero;
was pretor. This work is lost, with the excep- by the former of whom he became the father
tion of fragments which have been collected of Tyro. He originally lived in Thessaly, but
and arranged. The fragments contain, among emigrated to Elis, where he built the town of
other things, several orations and letters. Some Salmone. His presumption and arrogance were
fragments belonging to the third book, and re- so great that he deemed himself equal to Jupilating to the war with Spartacus, have been ter (Zeus), and ordered sacrifices to be offered
published from a Vatican MS. in the present to himself; nay, he even imitated the thunder
century. 4. Duz Epistolc de Re Publica ordi- and lightning of Jupiter (Zeus), but the father
nanda, which appear to be addressed to Caesar of the gods killed him with his thunderbolt, deat the time when he was engaged in his Span- stroyed his town, and punished him in the lowish campaign (49) against Petreins and Afra- er world. His daughter Tyro bears the patronius, and are attributed to Sallust; but the opin- nymic Salmonis.
ions of critics on their authenticity are divided.  SALvONIUM or SALM1NE (1aeu(6vtov, ZalSa(ivv:
5. The Declamatio in Sallustium, which is at- now Cape Salmon), the most easterly prornontributed to Cicero, is generally admitted to be tory of Crete.
the work of some rhetorician, the matter of  SALMYDESSUS, called HALMYDESSUs also in
which is the well-known hostility between the later times (ZaAuv'7To6g,'A2lvd ooa6Sg: Saeqvorator and the historian.'The same opinion is d6,Uaog: nowlfidja or Midjch), a town of Thrace,
generally maintaintained as to the Declamatio in on the coast of the Euxine, south of the promCiceronem, which is attributed to Sallust. Some ontory Thynias. The name was originally apof the Roman writers considered that Sallustius plied to the whole coast from this promontory
imitated the style ofThucydides. His language to the entrance of the Bosporus; and it was
is generally concise and perspicuous: perhaps from this coast that the Black Sea obtained the
his love of brevity may have caused. the am- name of Pontus Axenos ("ASevoc), or inhospitabiguity that is sometimes found in his senten- ble. The coast itself was rendered dangerous
ces. He also affected archaic words. Though by shallows and marshes, and the inhabitants
he has considerable merit as a writer, his art were accustomed to plunder any ships that were
is always apparent. He had no pretensions to driven upon them.
great research or precision about facts. His  SALO (now Xalon), a tributary of the Iberus
reflections have often something of the same in Celtiberia, which flowed by Bilbilis, the birthartificial and constrained character as his ex- place of Martial, who accordingly frequently
pressions. One may judge that his object was mentions it in his poems.
to obtain distinction as a writer; that style was  [SALODURUM. Vid. SALORDURUM.]
what he thought of more than matter. He has,  SALSNA, SALONE, or SALON (2cia.V: now Sahowever, probably. the merit of being the first lona), an important town of Illyria and the capRoman who wrote what is usually called histo- ital of Dalmatia, was situated on a small bay of
ry. He was not above his contemporaries as a the sea. It was strongly fortified by the Ropolitician; he was a party man, and there are mans after their conquest of the country, and
no indications of any comprehensive views, was at a later time made a Roman colony, and
which had a whole nation for their object. He the seat of a conventus juridicus. The Emperhated the nobility, as a man may do, without or Diocletian was born at the small village Dioloving the people. The best editions of Sallust clea near Salona; and after his abdication he
are by Corte, Lips., 1724; Gerlach, Basil., 1823- retired to the neighborhood of this town, and
1831, 3 vols.; and by Kritz, Lips., 1828-1834, here spent the rest of his days. The remains
2 vols.; [second edition, 1847, 2 vols.]-2. The of his magnificent palace are still to be seen at
grandson of the sister of the historian, was the village of Spalatro, the ancient SPOLATUI,
adopted by the latter, and inherited his great three miles south of Salona.
wealth. In imitation of Maecenas, he prefer-  SALONINA, CORNELIA, wife of Gallienus and
red remaining a Roman eques. On the fall of mother of Saloninus. She witnessed with her
Maecenas he became the principal adviser of own eyes the death of her husband before MiAugustus. He died in A.D. 20, at an advanced lan in A.D. 268.
age. One of Horace's odes (Carm., ii., 2) is  SALoNINUS, P. LIcINIUS CORNELYUS VALERIAaddressed to him.                         NUS, son of Gallienus and Salonina, grandson
[iL-MACIs (.-a2;taaC.i), a fountain in Halicar- of the Emperor Valerian. When his father and
783




SALORDUtRUM.                                SAMARIA.
grandfather assumed the title of Augustus in April, in conjunction with Pax, Concordia, and
A.D. 253 the youth received the designation of Janus. It had been customary at Rome every
Caesar. Some years afterward he was left in year, about the time when the consuls entered
Gaul, and was put to death upon the capture of upon their office, for the augurs and other highColonia, Agrippina by Postumus in 259, being priests to observe the signs for the purpose of
about seventeen years old.                ascertaining the fortunes of the republic durSALORDtTRUMn (now Soleure or Solothurn), a ing the coming year: this observation of the
town of the Helvetii, on the road from Aventi- signs was called augurium Salutis. In the time
cum to Vindonissa, was fortified by the Romans of Cicero this ceremony had become neglected;
about A.D. 350.                           but Augustus restored it, and the custom aftertSALsUL., FONs, a fountain in the neighbor- ward remained as long as paganism was the rehood of the Sordice Lacus, in Gallia Narbonen- ligion of the state. Salus was represented, like
sis, south from Narbo: it corresponds to the Fortuna, with a rudder, a globe at her feet, and
Fountain ef Salses near the Etang de Leucate.] Sometimes in a sitting posture, pouring from a
SALSUM FLUMEN, a tributary of the Beetis, in patera a libation upon an altar, around which a
Hispania Bestica, between Attegua and Attubis. serpent is winding.
SALVIA.NUS, an accomplished ecclesiastical  SALUSTIUS. Vid. SALLUSTIUS.
writer of the fifth century, was born in the vi-  SALYES or SALLUVII, the most powerful and
canity ofTreves, and passed the latter part of his most celebrated of all the Ligurian tribes, inhablife as a presbyter of the church at Marseilles. ited the southern coast of Gaul from the Rhone
The following works of Salvianus are still ex- to the Maritime Alps. They were troublesome
tant: 1. Adversus Avaritiam Libri IV., ad Eccle- neighbors to Massilia, with which city they fresiam Catholicam, published under the name of quently carried on war. They were subdued
Timotheus about A.D. 440. 2. De Providentia s. by the Romans in B. C. 123 after a long and'obde Gubernatione Dei et de Justo Dei'prrssentique stinate struggle, and the colony of Aquae SexJudicio Libri, written during the inroads by the tiae was founded in their territory by the conbarbarians upon the Roman empire, 451-455. sul Sextius.
3. Epislol IX., addressed to friends upon fa-  SAMACHONITIS LACUS. Vid. SEMECHONITIS LAinilinr topics. The best edition of these works cus.
is by Baluzius, 8vo, Paris, 1684.           SAMARA. Vid. SAIAROBRIVA.
SALrVIDENrus  RUFus, Q., one of the early  SXAMARA (Zaldpeta: Heb. Shomron; Chaldee,
friends of Octavianus (Augustus), whose fleet Shamrain: a /eaperv,,ZefaperT7j, Samarites, pl.
he commanded in the war against Sextus Pomn-  ayuapef, Ia/aapeZrai, Samaritae), afterward Skpeius, B.C. 42. In the Perusinian war (41-40) BASTE ( -6aoarry: ruins at Sebustieh),-one of the
he took an active part as one of Octavianus's chief cities of Palestine, was built by Omri,
legates against L. Antonius and Fulvia.  He king of Israel (about B.C. 922), on a hill in the
was afterward sent into Gallia Narbonensis, midst of a plain surrounded by mountains, just
from whence he wrote to M. Antonius, offering in the centre of Palestine, west of the Jordan.
to induce the troops in his province to desert Its name was derived from Shemer, the owner
from Octavianus. But Antonius, who had just of the hill which Omri purchased for its site.
been reconciled to Octavianus, betrayed the It was the capital of the kingdom of Israel, and
treachery of Salvidienus. The latter was forth- the chief seat of the idolatrous worship to which
with summoned to Rome on some pretext, and the ten tribes were addicted, until it was taken
on his arrival was accused by Octavianus in the by Shalmaneser, king of Assyria (about B.C.
senate, and condemned to death, 40.       720), who carried away the inhabitants of the
SALVIUs, the leader of the revolted slaves in city and of the surrounding country, which is
Sicily, better known by the name of Tryphon, also known in history as Samaria (vid. below),
which he assumed. Vid. TRYPHON.           and replaced them by heathen tribes from the
SALVIUS JULIA.NUS. Vid. JULIAN.US.      eastern provinces of his empire. These setSALVIUS OTIO. Vid. OTHO.               tiers, being troubled with the wild beasts, who
[SALVIUS or SYLVIUS, otherwise called POLE- had become numerous in the depopulated counMnus, the author of a sacred calendar, drawn up try, sought to propitiate the god of the land;
A.D. 448, which is entitled Laterculus s. Index and Esarhaddon sent them a priest of the tribe
Dierum Festorum, and which includes heathen of Levi, who resided at Bethel, and taught them
as well as Christian festivals, is generally be- the worship of the true God. The result was
lieved to have been Bishop of Martigny, in the a strange mixture of religions and of races.
Valais.]                                  When the Jews returned from the Babylonish
SATUS, a Roman goddess, the personification captivity, those of the Samaritans who worof health, prosperity, and the public welfare. shipped Jehovah offered to assist them in reIn the first of these three senses she answers building the temple at Jerusalem; but their aid
closely to the Greek Hygieia, and was accord- was refused, and hence arose the lasting hatred
ingly represented in works of art with the same between the Jews and the Samaritans. This
attributes as the Greek goddess. In the see- religious animosity reached its height when, in
ond sense she represents prosperity in general. the reign of Darius Nothus, the son of the JewIn the third sense she is the goddess of the pub- ish high-priest, having married the daughter of
lie welfare (Sales publica or Romana). In this Sanballat, governor of Samaria, went over to
capacity a temple had been vowed to her, in the the Samaritans and became high-priest of a
year B.C. 397, by the censor C. Junius Bubul- temple which his father-in-law built for him on
cus, on the Quirinal Hill, which was afterward Mount Gerizim, near Sichem. The erection of
decorated with paintings by C. Fabius Pictor. this temple had also  effect of diminishing
She was worshipped publicly on the 30th of the importance of the; city of Saliaria. Under
49                                                             769




SAMAROBRIT A.                               SAMNIUM.
tle Syrian. kings and the Maccabean princes, was also the name of one of the four towns of
we find the name of Samaria used distinctly as Cephallenia.. The town Same or Samos was
that of a province, which consisted of the dis- situated on the eastern coast, opposite Ithaca,
trict between Galilee on the north and Judea and was taken and destroyed by the Romans
on the south. In the persecution- of Antiochus B.C. 189.
Epiphanes, the Samaritans escaped by conform-  SAMIA (ad/~ia: now Khaiaffa), a town of Elis
ing to the king's edicts and dedicating the tern- in the district Tripliylia, south of Olympia, bepie on Mount Gerizim to Jupiter (Zeus) Helle- tween Lepreum and the Alpheus, with a citadel
nius, B.C. 167. As the power oftheAsmonean called SAMIcuM (a/,Krc6v), the same as the Hoprinces increased, they attacked the Samari- meric Arene.
tans; and, about B.C. 129, John Hyrcanus took  [SAMICUM. Vid. SAMIA.]
and destroyed the temple on Mount Gerizim and  SAMINTHUS (Ed/tLog: near Phiklia), a place
the city of Samaria. The latter seems to have in Argolis, on the western edge of the Argive
been soon rebuilt. Pompey assigned the dis- plain, opposite Mycenae.
trict to the province of Syria, and Gabinius for-  SAMNYUM (Samnites, more rarely Samnitae,
tified the city anew. Augustus gave the dis- pl.), a country in the. centre of Italy, bounded
trict to Herod, who greatly renovated the city on the north by the Marsi, Peligni, and Marruof Samaria, which he called Sebaste, in honor cini, on the west by Latium and Campania, on
of his patron. Still, as the Samaritans contin- the south by Lucania, and on the east by the
ued to worship on Mount- Gerizim, even after Frentani and Apulia. The Samnites were an
their temple had been destroyed, the neighbor- offshoot of the Sabines, who emigrated from
ing city of Sichem was regarded as their cap- their country between the Nar, the Tiber; and
ital, and, as it grew, Samaria declined; and, by the' Anio, before the foundation of Rome, and
the fourth century of our era, it had become a settled in the country afterward called Samplace of no importance. Its beautiful site is nium. Vid. SABINI. This country was at the
now, occupied by a poor village, which bears the time of their migration inhabited by Opicans,
Greek name of the city, slightly altered, viz., whom the Samnites conquered, and whose lanSebustieh. As a district of Palestine, Samaria guage they adopted;;for we find, at a later time,
extended from Ginaea (now Jenin) on the north, that the Samnites spoke Opican or Oscan.
toBethhoron, northwestof Gibeon, on the south;'Samnium is a country marked by striking physor, along the coast, from a little south of Caes- ical features. The greater part of it is occupied
area on the north, to a little north of Joppa on by a huge mass of mountains, called at the presthe south. It was intersected by the mountains ent day the Matese, which stands out from the
ofEphraim, running north and south through its central line of the Apennines. The circummiddle, and by their lateral branches, which ference of the Matese is between seventy and
divide the country into beautiful and fertile val- eighty miles, and its greatest height is six thouleys. Forits political history after the time of sand feet. The two most important tribes of
Herod the Great, vid. PALs.STINA. A remnant the Samnites were the CAUDINI and PENTRI, of
of the ancient Samaritans have remained in the whom the former occupied the southern side,
country to the present day, especially at Nablous and the latter the northern side of the Matese.
(the ancient Sichem), and have preserved their To the Caudini belonged the towns of Allifae,
ancient version of the Five Books of Moses, the Telesia, and Beneventum; to the Pentri, those
only part of'the Old Testament which they ac- of Esernia, Bovianum, and Sepinum. Besides
knowledge. This version is known as the Sa- these two chief tribes, we find mention of the
maritan Pentateuch, and is of vast importance Caraceni, who dwelt north of the Pentri, and
An biblical criticism.                    to whom the town of Aufidena belonged; and
SAMAROBRIVA, afterward AMBIANI (now Ami- of the Hirpini, who dwelt southeast of the Cauens), the chief town of the Ambiani in Gallia dini, but who are sometimes mentioned as disBelgica, on the River Samara; whence its name, tinct from the Samnites. The Samnites were
which signifies Samara-Bridge.            distinguished for their bravery and love of freeSAMBANA -(dt6ava), a city of Assyria, two dom. Issuing from their mountain fastnesses,
days' journey north of Sittace. In its neigh- they overran a great part of Campania; and it
borhood. dwelt the people called Sambatee (Iay- was in consequence of Capua applying to the
6arat).                                   Romans for assistance against the Samnites
SAMBASTrE (Zap6daaai), a people of India intra that war broke out between the two nations in
Gangem, on the Lower Indus, near the island B.C. 343. TheRomans found the Samnites the
Pattalene. The fort of Sevistan or Sehoun in most warlike and formidable enemies whom
the same neighborhood has been thought to pre- they had yet encountered in Italy; and the war,
serve their name, and is by some identified with which commenced in 343, was continued with
the Brahman city taken by Alexander.     few interruptions for the space of fifty-three
[SAMBUS (Zaj6og: now Tschumbul or Sambul), years. It was not till 290, when all their brava tributary of the Jomanes in India intra Gan- est troops had fallen, and their country had
gem.]                                     been repeatedly ravaged in every direction by
-[SAMBUS (26E,6o, Arr.; Zd6og, Diod.;'d66ac, the Roman legions, that the Samnites sued for
Plut.), an Indian prince, whose kingdom bor- peace and submitted to the supremacy of Rome.
deredon Pattalene. WhenAlexanderpenetrat- They never, however, lost their love of freeed into India, Sambus hastened to make his sub- dom;, and, accordingly, they not only joined the
mission to him, and was accordingly left in the other Italian allies in the war against Rome (90),
possession of his kingdom.]               but, even after the other allies had submitted,
SXAME or SXMOS (Zd/iy, ayEor), the ancient they still continued in arms. The civil war bename of Cephallenia. Vid. CEPHALLENIA. It tween Marius and Sulla gave them hopes of re7:70




SAMOLAS.                                   SAMOS.
covering their independence; but they were de- were governed by tyrants, with a brief interval
feated before the gates of Rome (82), the great- at the time of the Ionic revolt, until the battle
er part of their troops fell in battle, and the re- of Myeale, which made them independent, B.C.
mainder were put to death. Their towns were 479. They now joined the Athenian confederlaid waste, the inhabitants sold as slaves, and acy, of which they continued independent memtheir place suipplied by Roman colonists.  bers until B.C. 440, when an opportunity arose
[SAMoL-AS (-a/c62ar), an Achaean, one of the for reducing them to entire subjection and dethree commissioners sent by the Greek auxili- priving them of their fleet, which was effected
aries. of Cyrus from Cotyora to Sinope in B.C. by Pericles after an obstinate resistance of nine
400 for ships to convey the army to Heraclea. months' duration. (For the details, vid. the his.
Not long after, when the Greeks were at Calpe, tories of Greece.) In the Peloponnesian war,
we find Samolas commanding a division of the Samos held firm to Athens to the last; and in
reserve in the successful engagement with the the history of the latter part of that war, the
allied troops of the Bithynians and Pharnaba- island becomes extremelyimportant as the headzus.3                                     quarters of the exiled democratical party,of the
SXANos or SXwnus (ci6Uor: ultoc, Samius: now  Athenians.  Transferred to Sparta after the
Grk. Samro, Turk. Su.sam Adassi), one of the battle of LEgospotami, 405, it was soon restored
principal islands of the zEgean Sea, lying in to Athens by that of Cnidus, 394, but went
that portion of it called the Icarian Sea, off the over to Sparta again in 390. Soon after, it fell
coast of Ionia, from which it is separated only into the hands of the Persians, being conquered
by a narrow strait formed by the overlapping by the satrap Tigranes; but it was recovered
of its eastern promontory Posidium (now Cape by Timotheus for Athens. In the Social war,
Colonna) with the westernmost spur of Mount the Athenians successfully defended it against
Mycale, Promontorium Trogilium (now Cape S. the attacks of the confederated Chians, Rholiaria). This strait, which is little more than  dians, and Byzantines, and placed in it a body
three fourths of a mile wide, was the scene of of two thousand cleruchi, B.C. 352. After Alexthe battle of MYCALE. The island is formed by ander's death, it was taken from the Athenians
a range of mountains extending from east to by Perdiccas, 323, but restored to them by
west, whence it derived its name; for ZSauoc Polysperchon, 319. In the subsequent period,
was an old Greek word signifying a mountain: it seems to have been rather nominally than
and the same root is seen in Same, the old -really a part of the Greco-Syrian kingdom: we
name of Cephallenia, and Samothrace, i. e., the find it engaged in a long contest with Priene-on
Thracian Samos. The circumference of the a question of boundary, which was referred to
island is about eighty miles. -It was and is very Antiochus II., and afterward to the Roman senfertile; and some of its products are indicated  ate. In the Macedonian war, Samos was taken
by its ancient names, Dryusa, Anthemura, Me- by the Rhodians again, B.C. 200. In the Syrian
lamphyllus, and Cyparissia. According to the war, the Samians took part with Antiochus the
earliest traditions, it was a chief seat of the Great against Rome. Little further mention is
Carians and Leleges, and the residence of their made of Samos till the time of Mithradates, with
first king, Anceus; and was afterward colo- whom it took part in his first war against Rome,
nized by 2Eolians from Lesbos, and by Ionians on the conclusion of which it was finally united
from Epidaurus. In the earliest historical ree- to the province of Asia, B.C. 84. Meanwhile it
ords, we find Samos decidedly Ionian, and a had greatly declined, and during the war it had
powerful member of the Ionic confederacy. been wasted by the incursions of pirates. Its
Thucydides tells us that the Samians were the prosperity was partially restored under the profirst of the Greeks, after the Corinthians, who prntorship of Q. Cicero, B.C. 62, but still more
paid great attention to naval affairs. They early by the residence in it of Antony and Cleopatra,
acquired such power at sea, that, besides ob- 32, and afterward of Octavianus, who made Sataining possession of parts of the opposite coast mos a free state. It was favored by Caligula,
of Asia, they founded many colonies; among but was deprived of its freedom by Vespasian,
which were Bisanthe and Perinthus, in Thrace; and it sank into insignificance as early as the
Celenderis and Nagidus, in Cilicia; Cydonia, second century, although its departed glory is
in Crete; Dicaearchia (Puteoli),- in Italy; and found still recorded, under the Emperor Decius,
Zancle (Messana), in Sicily. After a transition by the inscription on its coins, Zatuiov rp(Srov
from the state of an, heroic monarchy, through Ilviar.  Samos may be regarded as almost the
an aristocracy, to a democracy, the island be- chief centre of Ionian manners, energies, luxcame subject to the most distinguished of the ury, science, and art. In very early times there
so-called tyrants, POLYCRATES (B.C. 532), under was a native school of statuary, at the head of
whom, its power and splendor reached their.which was Rheecus, to whom tradition ascribed
highest pitch, and Samos would probably have the invention of casting in metal. Vida. RHCEbecome the mistress of the zEgean but-for the cus, TELECLES, THEODORUS. In the hands of
murder of Polycrates. At this period the Sa- the same school architecture flourished greatly;
mians had extensive commercial relations with the Heraum, one of the finest of Greek temples,
Egypt, and they obtained from Amasis the priv- was erected in a marsh, on the western side of
ilege of a separate temple at Naucratis. Their the city of Samos; and the city itself, especially
commerce extended into the interior of Africa, under the government of Polycrates, was fiurpartly through their relations with Cyrene, and nished with other splendid works, among which
also by means of a settlement which they effect- was an aqueduct pierced through a mountain.
ed in one of the Oases, seven days' journey  Samian architects became famous also beyond
from Thebes. The Samians now became sub- their own island; as, for example, Mandrocles,
ject to the Persian empire, under which they who constructed Dlarius's bridge over the Bos771




SAMOSATA.                                   SANCUS.
porus. In painting, the island produced Calli- which were some of the most famous in the
phon, Theodorus, Agatharchus, and Timanthes. ancient world. Their origin dates from the
Its pottery was celebrated throughout the an- time of the Pelasgians, who are said to bave
cient world. In literature, Samos was made been the original inhabitants of the island; and
illustrious by the poets Asius, Chcerilus, and they enjoyed great celebrity down to a very late.Eschrion; by the philosophers Pythagoras and period. Both Philip of Macedon and his wife
Melissus; and by the historians Pageus and Olympias were initiated in them. The political
Duris.  The capital city, also called SAMos, history of Samothrace is of little importance.
stood on the southeastern side of the island, The Samothracians fought on the side of Xerxes
opposite Promontorium Trogilium, partly on the at the battle of Salamis; and at this time they
shore, and partly rising on the hills behind in possessed on the Thracian main land a few
the form of an amphitheatre. It had a magnif- places, such as Sale, Serrhion, Mesambria, and
icent harbor, and numerous splendid buildings, Tempyra. In the time oftlie Macedonian kings,
among which, besides the Heraeum and other Samothrace appears to have been regarded as
temples, the chief were the senate-house, the, a kind of asylum, and Perseus accordingly fled
theatre, and a gymnasium dedicated to Eros. thither after his defeat by the Romans at the
In the time of Herodotus, Samos was reckoned battle of Pydna.
one of the finest cities of the world. Its ruins  SAMPSIcERAMUs, the name of a'petty prince
are so considerable as to allow its plan to be of Emesa in Syria, a nickname given by Cicero
traced: there are remains of its walls and to Cneius Pompeius.
towers, and of the theatre and aqueduct. The  [SANA (cvV), a town on the west coast of
Hermeum already mentioned, celebrated as one Pallene, south of Potid.ea, a colony of Andros.]
of-the best early specimens of the Doric order  SANCHUNIATHON (*-ayovvti6a0ov), said to have
of architecture, and as the chief centre of the been an ancient Phoenician writer, whose works
worship of Juno (Hera) among the Ionian were translated into Greek by Philo Byblius,
Greeks, stood about two miles west of the city. who lived in the latter half of the first century
Its erection is ascribed to Rhcecus and his sons. of the Christian era. A considerable fragment
It was burned by the Persians, but soon rebuilt, of the translation of Philo is preserved by Euprobably in the time ofPolycrates. This second sebius in the first book of his Pracparatio Evantemple was of the Ionic order, decastyle dipte- gelica. The most opposite opinions have been
ral, three hundred and forty-six feet long by one held by the learned respecting the authenticity
hundred and eighty-nine wide, and is spoken and value of the work of Sanchuniathon; but
of by Herodotus as the largest temple that he it is now generally agreed among modern
knew. It was gradually filled with works of scholars that the work was a forgery of Philo.
sculpture and painting, of which it was plunder- Nor is it difficult to see with what object the
ed, first by the pirates in the Mithradatic war, forgery was executed. Philo was one of the
then by Verres, and lastly by Marcus Antonius. many adherents of the doctrine of Euhemerus,
Nothing is left of it but traces of the founda- that all the gods were originally men, who had
tions and a single capital and base.      distinguished themselves in their lives as kings,
SXAMOSTA (ia  ayo6aaraa:'Zaloaarevc, Samo- warriors, or benefactors of man, and became
satensis: now Someisat), the capital of the prov- worshipped as divinities after their death. This
ince, and afterward kingdom, of Commagene, doctrine Philo applied to the religious system
in the north of Syria, stood W the right bank of the Oriental nations, and especially of the
of the Euphrates, northwest of Edessa. It was Phcenicians; and in order to gain more credit
strongly fortified as a frontier post against Os- for his statements, he pretended that they were
roene. In the first century of our era it was taken from an ancient Phoenician writer. Santhe capital of the kings of Commagene. It is chuniathon, he says, was a native of Berytus,
celebrated in literary history as the birth-place lived in the time of Semiramis, and dedicated
of Lucian, and in church history as that of the his work to Abibalus, king of Berytus. The
heretic Paul, bishop of Antioch, in the third fragments of'this work have been published
century. Nothing remains of it but a heap of separately by J. C. Orelli, Lips., 1826. In 1835,
ruins on an artificial mound.             a manuscript, purporting to be the entire transSAMOTHRiCE ( aFzoOp lpc, la/yoOpacida, Ep. t lation of Philo Byblius, was discovered in a
daoC' Op7tkid7: clao60paKtccc: now Samothraki), convent in Portugal. The Greek text was puba small island in the north of the 2Egean Sea, lished by Wagenfeld, Bremav, 1837. It was at
opposite the mouth of the Hebrus in Thrace, first regarded as genuine, but is now universalfrom which it was thirty-eight miles distant. ly agreed to have been the forgery of a later age.
It is about thirty-two miles in circumference,  SANCUS, SANGUS, or SEMO SANCUS, a Roman
and contains in its centre a lofty mountain, call- divinity said to have been originally a Sabine
ed SAOCE, from which Homer says that Troy god, and identical with Hercules and Dius Fidcouldbe seen. Samothrace bore various-names ius. The name, which is etymologically the
in ancient times. It is said to have been called same as Sanctus, and connected with Sancire,
Melite, Saonnesus, Leucosia, and more frequent- seems to justify this belief, and characterizes
ly Dardania, from Dardanus, the founder of Sancus as a divinity presiding over oaths. SanTroy, who is reported to have settled here. Ho- cus also had a temple at Rome, on the Quirinal,
mer calls the island simply Samos; sometimes opposite that of Quirinus, and close by the gate,
the Thracian'Samos, because it was colonized, which derived from him the name of Sanqualis
according to some accounts, from Samos on the porta. This sanctuary was the same as that
coast of Asia Minor. Samothrace was the chief of Dius Fidius, which was consecrated B.C. 465
seat of the worship of the Cabiri (vid. CABIRI), by Sp. Postumius, but was said to have been
and was celebrated for its religions mysteries, founded by Tarquinius Superbus.
772




SANDROCOTTUS.                                 SAPPHO.
SANDRO0COTTUS (Zav6p6Oorrog), an Indian king  [SAOCE. Vid. SAMOTHRACE.]
at the time of Seleucus Nicator, ruled over the  SASOCRAS. Vid. MASCAS.
powerful nation of the Gangarida and Prasii on  SAPrI (1arraoto, 6iratot), a people in Thrace,
the banks of the Ganges. He was a man of dwelt on Mount Pangeus, between the Lake
mean origin, and was the leader of a band of Bistonis and the coast.
robbers before he obtained the supreme power.  SAPHAR, SAPPHAR, or TAPHAR (Edqoap or'A0ap,
In the troubles which followed the death of ldirzoap, Tdbapov: ruins at Dhafar), one of the
Alexander, he extended his dominions overthe chief cities of Arabia, stood on the southern
greater part of Northern India, and conquered coast of Arabia Felix, opposite to the Aromata
the Macedonians, who had been left by Alexan- Promontorium (now Cape Guardafui) in Africa.
der in the Punjab.  His dominions were in- It was the capital of the Homeritae, a part of
vaded by Seleucus, who did not, however, sue- which tribe bore the name of Sapharitae or Sapceed in the object of his expedition; for, in the pharitae (2a7r0bapTrat).
peace concluded between the two monarchs,   SAPIs (now Savio), a small river in Gallia CisSeleucus ceded to Sandrocottus not only his alpina, rising in the Apennines, and flowing into
conquests in the Punjab, but also the country the Adriatic south of Ravenna, between the Po
of the Paropamisus. Seleucus, in return, re- and the Aternus.
ceived five hundred war elephants. Megas-   SAPOR. Vid. SASSANIDbE.
thenes subsequently resided for many years at  SAPPHO (Za7rp, or, in her own 2Eolic dialect;
the court of Sandrocottus as the ambassador of'd7rpa), one of the two great leaders of the lEoSeleucus. Vid. MEGASTHENES.  Sandrocottus lian school of lyric poetry (Alcaeus being the
is probably the same as the Chandragupla of other), was\ a native of Mytilene, or, as some
the Sanscrit writers. The history of Chandra- said, of Eresos in Lesbos. Her father's name
gupta forms the subject of a Hindoo drama, en- was Scamandronymus, who died when she was
titled Mudra Rakshasa, which has been trans- only six years old. She had three brothers,
lated from the Sanscrit by Prof. Wilson.  Charaxus, Larichus, and Eurigius. Charaxus
[SANGA FABIUS, Q., the patronus of the Al- was violently upbraided by his sister in a poem
lobroges, to whom the ambassadors of that peo- because he became so enamored of the courteple disclosed the treasonable designs of Cati- san Rhodopis at Naucratis, in Egypt, as to ranline and his accomplices. Sanga communicated som her from slavery at an immense price. Vid.
the intelligence to Cicero, who was thus ena- CHARAXUS. Sappho was contemporary with Albled to obtain the evidence which led to the caeus, Stesichorus, and Pittacus. That she was
apprehension and execution of Lentulus and his not only contemporary, but lived in friendly inassociates, B.C. 63. Q. F. Sanga is mentioned tercourse with Alcaeus, is shown by existing
as one of the friends of Cicero who besought fragments of the poetry of both. Of the events
the consul L. Piso, in B.C. 58, not to support of her life we have no other information than
Clodius in his measures against Cicero.]  an obscure allusion in the Parian Marble, and
SANGARIUS, SANGARIS, or SAGARIS (layydptof, in Ovid (Her., xv., 51), to her flight from Myti1dyyaptc, idypayor: now Sakariyeh), the larg- lene to Sicily to escape some unknown danger,
est river of Asia Minor after the Halys, had its between 604 and 592; and the common story
source in a mountain called Adoreus, near the'that, being in love with Phaon, and finding her
little town of Sangia, on the borders of Gala- love unrequited, she leaped down from the Leutia and Ptrygia, whence it flowed first north cadian rock. This story, however, seems to
through Galatia, then'west and northwest have been an invention of later times. The
through the northeastern part of Phrygia, and name of Phaon does not occur in one of Sapthen north through Bithynia, of which it orig- pho's poems, and there is no evidence that it
inally formed the eastern boundary. It fell at was mentioned in her poems  As for the leap
last into the Euxine, apout half way between from the Leucadian rock, it is a mere metaphor,
the Bosporus and Heraclea. It was navigable which is taken from an expiatory rite connected
in the lower part of its course. Its chief trib- with the worship of Apollo, which seems to
utaries were the Thymbres or Thymbrus, the have been a frequent poetical image. At MytiBathys, and the Gallus, flowing into it from the lene Sappho appears to have been the centre of
west.                                     a female literary society, most of the members
SANGIA. Vid. SANGARIUS.                 of which were her pupils in poetry, fashion,
SANNIO, a name of the buffoon in the mimes, and gallantry. Modern writers have indeed atderived from sanna, whence comes the Italian tempted to prove that the moral character of
Zanni (hence our Zany).                   Sappho was free from all reproach; but it is
SANNYRION (Zavvvpiv), an Athenian comic impossible to read the fragments which remain
poet, belonging to the latter years of the Old of her poetry without being forced to come to
Comedy, and the beginning of the Middle. He the conclusion that a female who could write
flourished B.C. 407 and onward.  We know  such poetry could not be the pure and virtuous
nothing of his personal history except that his woman which her modern apologists pretend.
excessive leanness was ridiculed by Strattis and Of her poetical genius, however, there can not
Aristophanes.                             be a question. The ancient writers agree in
_SANTONES or SANTONI, a powerful people in expressing the most unbounded admiration for
Gallia Aquitanica, dwelt on the coast of the her poetry. Already in her own age the reciocean, north of the Garumna. Under the Ro- tation of one of her poems so affected Solon
mans they were a free people. Their chief that he expressed an earnest desire to learn it
town was Mediolanum, afterward Santones before he died. Her lyric poems formed nine
(aow Saintes). Their country produced a spe- books, but of these only fragments have come
eies of wormwood which was much valued.   down to us. The most important is a splendid
773




SARANCE.                                  SARDINIA.
ode to Aphrodite (Venus), of which we perhaps and Pamphylia as far as Phaselis in Lycia,
possess the whole. The best separate edition whence, it was continued in the chain called
of the fragments is by Neue, Berol, 1827.  Climax. It divided the district of Milyas from
SARANCOE, SAPRANGE, or SARANGES (Sapiyya, Pisidia Proper.
lapayyeES, Herod.), a people of Sogdiana,   SARDENE (Zap6evy), a mountain of Mysia,
SARXVUS (now Saar), a small river in Gaul, north of the Hermus, near Cyme. The town
flowing into the Mosella on its right bank.  of Neontichos was built on its side.
SARDANAPALUS (Iapdav(iwrTaog), the last king  [SARDES. Vid. SARDIS.]
of the Assyrian empire of Ninus or Nineveh,  SARDI. Vid. SARDINIA.
noted for his luxury, licentiousness, and effem-  [SARDIcA, also called ULPIA SARDICA (now
inacy. He passed his time in his palace un- Triadita, near Sophia), a city of Mcesia Supeseen by any of his subjects, dressed in female rior, in a plain watered by the River (Escus. It
apparel, and surrounded by concubines.  At derived its name Ulpia from the inhabitants of
length Arbaces, satrap of Media, and Belesys, Ulpia, in Dacia Trajani, having been transferthe noblest of the Chaldaean priests, resolved to red thither. In its vicinity the Emperor Maxrenounce allegiance to such a worthless mon- imian was born, and it was also famous for a
arch, and advanced at the head of a formidable council held there.]
army against Nineveh. But all of a sudden the  SARDINIA (a apd5 or 2ap&ov, G. Iapd6vof,
effeminate prince threw off his luxurious hab- D. lap&ol, A. apS&: subsequently capdsvia,
its, and appeared an undaunted warrior. Placing;apdavia, or Yapdyvia,: 5;ap)oog, Zapdo6vto, Saphimself at the head of his troops, he twice de- d6vtoc, Sardus: now Sardinia), a large island
feated the rebels, but was at length worsted and in the Mediterranean, is in shape in the form of
obliged to shut himself up in Nineveh. Here a parallelogram, upward of one hundred and
he sustained a siege for two years, till at length, forty nautical miles in length from north to
finding it impossible to hold out any longer, he south, with an average breadth of sixty. It
collected all his treasures, wives, and concu- was regarded by the ancients as the largest of
bines, and placing them on an immense pile the Mediterranean islands, and this opinion,
which he had constructed, set it on fire, and though usually considered an error, is now
thus destroyed both himself and them. The found to be correct, since it appears by actual
enemies then obtained possession of the city. admeasurement that Sardinia is a little larger
This is the account of Ctesias, which has been than Sicily. Sardinia lies in almost a central
preserved by Diodorus Siculus, and which has position between Spain, Gaul, Italy, and Africa.
been followed by most subsequent writers and The ancients derived its name from Sardus, a
chronologists. The death of Sardanapalus and son of Hercules, who was worshipped in the
the fall of the Assyrian empire is placed B.C. island under the name of Sardus pater. The
876.  Modern writers, however, have shown Greeks called it Ichnusa ('Ixvoaoa), from its rethat the whole narrative of Ctesias is mythical, semblance to the print of a foot; and Sandalioand must not be received as a genuine history. is (Eavda2iuerng), fiom its likeness to a sandal.
The legend of Sardanapalus, who so strangely A chain of mountains runs along the whole of
appears at one time sunk in the lowest effem- the eastern side of the island from north to
inacy, and immediately afterward an heroic war- south, occupying about one third of its surface.
rior, has probably arisen from his being the same These mountains were called by the ancients
with the god Sandon, who was worshipped ex- Insani Montes, a name which they probably detensively in Asia, both as a heroic and a fe- rived from their wild and savage appearance,
male divinity. The account of Ctesias is also and from their being the haunt of numerous
in direct contradiction to Herodotus and the robbers. In the western and southern parts of
writers of the Old Testament. Herodotus places Sardinia there are numerous plains, intersected
the revolt of the Medes from the Assyrians about by ranges of smaller hills; but this part of the
710, but relates that an Assyrian kingdom still island was in antiquity, as in the present day,
continued to exist, which was not destroyed exceedingly unhealthy. The principal rivers
till the capture of Nineveh by the Median king are the Termus (now Termo) in the north, the
Cyaxares, about 606. Further, the writers of Thyrsus (now Oristano) on the west (the largthe Old Testament represent the Assyrian em- est river in the island), and the Flumen Sacrum
pire in its glory in the eighth century before the (now Uras) and the Saeprus (now Flumendoso)
Christian era. It was during this period that on the east. The chief towns in the island
Pul,Tiglath-pileser, Shalmaneser, and Sennach- were, on the northern coast,Tibula (now Porte
erib appear as powerful kings of Assyria, who, Pollo) and Turris Libyssonis; on the southern
not contented with their previous dominions, coast, Sulci and Caralis (now Cagliari); on the
subdued Israel, Phoenicia, and the surrounding eastern coast, Olbia; and in the interior, Corcountries. In order to reconcile these state- nus (now Corneto) and Nora (now Nurri). Sarments with those of Ctesias, modern writers dinia was very fertile, but was not extensively
have invented two Assyrian kingdoms at Nin- cultivated, in consequence of the uncivilized
eveh, one which was destroyed on the death character of its inhabitants. Still, the plains in
of Sardanapalus, and another which was estab- the western and southern parts of the island
lished after that event, and fell on the capture produced a great quantity of corn, of which a
of Nineveh by Cyaxares. But this is a purely large quantity was exported to Rome every
gratuitous assumption, unsupported by any evi- year. Among the products of the island, one of
dence. We nave only records of one Assyrian the most celebrated was the Sardonica herba, a
empire and of one destruction of Nineveh.  poisonous plant, which was said to produce faSARDEMISUS, a branch of Mount Taurus, ex- tal convulsions in the person who ate of it.
tending southward on the borders of Pisidia These convulsions agitated and distorted the
774




SARDINIA.                                 SARDOUM.
mouth so that the person appeared-to laugh, mountains in the eastern side of the island.
though in excruciating pain; hence the well- were never completely subdued, and gave'trouknown risus Sardonicus. No plant possessing ble to the'Romans even in the time of Tibethese properties is found at present in Sardinia; rius.'Sardinia continued to belong to the Roand it is not impossible that the whole tale may man empire till the fifth century, when it was
have arisen from a piece of bad etymology, since taken possession of by the Vandals.
we find mention in Homer of the Iapsdvtow ye-  SAXDIS or SARDES (at d6pbetg, Ion. 1Zpdser,
oge, which can not have any reference to Sar- contracted IdpdiS:-Z1pdtog, 2;apdtdv6S, Ion. Iapdinia, but is probably connected with the verb dvoV6g, S'ardianus: ruins at Sart), one of the
apev, "' to grin."  Another of the principal most ancient and famous cities of Asia Minor,
productions of Sardinia was its wool, which was and the capital of the great Lydian monarchy,
obtained from a breed of domestic animals be- stood on the southern edge of the rich valley
tween;a sheep and a goat, called musmones. of the Hermus, at the northern foot of Mount
The skins of these animals were used by the Tmolus, on the little River Pactolus, thirty stainhabitants as clothes, whence we find them  dia (three geographical miles) south-of-the juncoften called Pelliti and laslrucati.  Sardinia tion of that river with the Hermus.'.On a' lofty
also contained a large quantity of the precious precipitous rock, forming an outpost of the range
metals, especially silver, the mines of which of Tmolus, was the almost impregnable citadel,
were worked in antiquity to a great extent. which some suppose to be the Hyde of Homer,
There were likewise numerous mineral springs, who, though he never mentions the Lydians or
and large quantities of salt were manufactured Sardis by name, speaks of Mount Tmolus and
on the western and southern coasts. The pop- the Lake of Gyges. The erection of this citaelation of Sardinia was of a very mixed kind. del was ascribed' to Meles,' an ancient king of
To what race the original-inhabitants belonged Lydia. It was surrounded by a triple wall, and
we are not informed; but it appears that Phce- contained the palace and treasury of the Lydnicians, Tyrrhenians, and Carthaginians settled ian kings. At the downfall of the Lydian emin the island at different periods. The Greeks pire it resisted all the attacks of Cyrus, and
are also said to have planted colonies in'the was only taken by surprise. The story is told
island; but this account is very suspicious. The by Herodotus, who relates other legends of the
first Greek colony is said to have been led by fortress. The rest of the city, which stood on
Iolaus, a son of Hercules, and from him a tribe the plain on both sides of the Pactolus, was
in the island, called Iolai ('I6;Xaoe,'Ioa6etot,'Io- very slightly built, and was' repeatedly burned
Raesz), or' Ilienses ('IJ2eeg) derived their name. down,' first by the Cimmerians, then by the
These were some of the most ancient inhabit- Greeks in the great Ionic revolt,'and again, in
ants of Sardinia, and were probably not of Greek, part at least, by Antiochus the Great; but on
but Tyrrhenian origin. Their name is still pre- each occasion it was restored. For its history
served in the modern town of Iliola, in the mid- as the capital of the Lydian monarchy, vid.
die of the western coast. We also find in the LYDIA. Under the Persian and Greco-Syrian
island Corsi, who had crossed over from Corsi- empires, it was the residence of the satrap of
ca, and Balari, who were probably descendants Lydia. The rise of Pergamus greatly diminof the Iberian and Libyan mercenaries of the ished its importance; but under the Romans it
Carthaginians, who revolted from the latter in was still a considerable city, and the seat of a
the first Punic war, and settled.in the mount- conventus juridicus. In the reign of Tiberius
ains. At a later time all these names became it was almost entirely destroyed by an earthmerged under the general appellation of SARDI, quake, but it was restored by the emperor's aid.
although, even in the Roman period, we still It was one of the earliest seats of the Christian
find mention of several tribes in the island un- religion, and one of the seven churches of the
deer distinct names. The Sardi are described' province of Asia, to which St. John addressed
as a rude and savage people, addicted to thiev- the Apocalypse; but the apostle's language imery and lying.  Sardinia was. known to the plies that the church at Sardis.had already sunk
Greeks as early, as B.C. 500, since we find that into almost hopeless decay (Rev., iii., 1, foll.).
Histinus of Miletus promised Darius that he In the wars of the Middle Ages the city was
would render the island of Sardo tributary to entirely destroyed, and its site now presents one
his power. It was conquered by the Carthagin- of the most melancholy scenes of desolation to
ians at an early period, and continued in their be found among the "ruins of ancient' cities.
possession till the end of the first Punic, war. Though its remains extend over a large surShortly after this event, the Romans availed face on the plain, they scarcely present an obthemselves of the dangerous war which the ject of importance, except two or three Ionic
Carthaginians were carrying on against their columns, belonging probably to a celebrated
mercenaries in Africa to take possession of temple of Cybele. The chief of the other reSardinia, B.C. 238. It was now formed in'to a mains are those of a theatre, stadium, and a'Roman province, under the government of a building supposed to be the senate-house. The
prator; but a large portion of it was only nom- triple wall of the acropolis can still'be traced,
inally subject to the Romans, and it was not and some of its lofty towers are standing.' The
till after many years and numerous revolts that necropolis of the city stood on the banks of the
the inhabitants submitted-to the Roman domin- Lake of Gyges (vid. GYGEUus LACUS), near which
ion. It was after one of these revolts that so the sepulchre ofAlyattes may still-be seen. Vid.
many Sardinians were thrown upon the slave- ALYATTES.
market as to give rise to the proverb "Sardi  SARDolUM or SARDONICUM MARE -(rod Eapd8ov
venales," to indicate any cheap and worthless or Eap(5dvtov qriXay'og), the part of the Meditercommodity.  In fact, the inhabitants of the,ranean Sea on the west and south of Sardinia,
775




SARDUS.                                 SARPEDON.
separated from the Libyan Sea by a line drawn whole country was divided by the River Tanais
from the promontory Lilyboeum in Sicily.  (now Don) into two parts, called respectively
[SARDUs, a son of Hercules.  Vid. SARDINIA.] Sarmatia Europaea and Sarmatia Asiatica ( Ev.
[SARE, a village of the Maronitte in Thrace, Evp7ryg and v'vv AaiVa apparia); but it should
mentioned by Livy (xxxviii., 41).]        be observed that, according to the modern diSAREPTA or SAREPHTHA (1dpe~Oa,,a'pe7rra, vision of the continent, the whole of Sarmatia
Zcapawrra: in the Old Testament, Zarephath: belongs to Europe. -It should also be noticed
now Surafend, Serphant, or Tzarphand), a city that the Chersonesus Taurica (now Crimea),
of Phoenicia, about ten miles south of Sidon, to though falling within the specified limits, was
the territory of which it belonged; well known not considered as a part of Sarmatia, but as a
as the scene of two miracles of Elijah (1 Kings, separate country.,
xvii.). It was celebrated for its wine.     SARMATICE PORT2E (al EYapuarucKai  rvXat:
SARGOTYA (now Strel or Strey), a tributary of now Pass of Dariel), the central pass of the
the 11arosch), a river in Dacia, on which was Caucasus, leading from Iberia to Sarmatia. It
situated the residence of Decebalus.      was more commonly called Caucasian Ports.
SARIPHI MONTES (ra Zdiptpa 6opy: now Haza- Vid. CAUCASUS. It was also called Caspiae Porreh Mountains), a mountain-range of Central ta, apparently through a confusion with the pass
Asia, separating Margiana on the north from  of that name at the eastern'end of the CaucaAria on the south, and forming a western part sus. Vid. CASPIS PORTrE. The remains of
of the great chain of the Indian Caucasus, an ancient wall are still seen in the pass.
which may be regarded as a prolongation     SARMXTICI MONTES (ra' apeart.Ka'opty: part
through Central Asia of the chain of Anti-Tau- of the Carpathian Mountains), a range of mount-:us.                                      ains in Central Europe, extending from the
SARMXTME or SAUROMXTAE (;apt(-rat, Strabo; sources of the Vistula to the Danube, between
1avpozidrca, Herod.), a people of Asia, dwelling Germany on the west and Sarmatia on the east.
on the northeast of the Palus Meotis (now Sea  SARMITICUS OCEANUS and PoNTus, SARMATIof Azov), east of the River Tanais (now Don), CiU MARE (Zapam7rti/c6 tceav6: now Baltic), a
which separated them from the Scythians of great sea, washing the northern coast of EuroEurope.  This is the account of Herodotus, pean Sarmatia.
who tells us that the Sarmatians were allied  [SARMENTUS, a runaway slave, employed by
to the Scythians, and spoke a corrupted form  Maecenas as a scribe, and forming one of his
of the Scythian language; and that their origin train on the Brundisian journey so humorouswas ascribed to the intercourse of Scythians ly described by Horace (Sat., i., 5, 52, sqq.).]
with Amazons. Strabo also places the Sau-   [SARMIA (now Guernsey), an island of the Atromatee between the TanaYs and the Caspian; lantic Ocean, lying in the channel between Galbut he elsewhere uses the. word in the much lia and Britannia.],
more extended sense, in which it was used by  SARMIZEGETHUSA (near Vachely, also called
the Romans and by the later geographers. Vid. Gradischte, ruins), one of the most important
SARMATIA.'towns of Dacia, and the residence of its kings,
SARMXTIA (? papzaria~: papuaidra, lavpoyd- was situated on the River Sargetia (now Strel
ra ~ the eastern part of Poland, and southern or Strey). It was subsequently a Roman colopart of Russia in Europe), a name first used by ny under-the name of Colonia Ulpia Trajana
Mela for the part of Northern Europe and Asia Aug., and the capital of the province in which
extending from the Vistula (now Wisla) and the a legion had its head-quarters.
SARMATICI MONTES on the west, which divided  SARNUS (now Sarno), a river in Campania,
it from Germany, to the Rha (now Volga) on flowing by Nuceria, and falling into the Sinus
the east, which divided it from Scythia; bound- Puteolanus near Pompeii. Its course was
ed on the southwest and south by the rivers changed by the great eruption of Vesuvius,
Ister (now Danube), Tibiscus (now Theiss), and A.D. 79. On its banks dwelt a people named
Tyras (now Dniester), which divided it from  Sarrastes, who are said to have migrated from
Pannonia and Dacia, and, further, by the Euxine, Peloponnesus.
and beyond it by Mount Caucasus, which di-  SAR6N(SadpO: in the OldTestament, Sharon),
vided it from Colchis, Iberia, and Albania; and a most beautiful and fertile plain of Palestine,
extending on the north as far as the Baltic and extending along the coast north of Joppa toward
theunknownregions ofNorthernEurope. The Caesarea; celebrated for its pastures and its
part of this country which lies in Europe just'flowers.
corresponds to the Scythia of Herodotus. The  SARONYCUS SINUS (Sapcwvirtcoa Rotrof, also O6people from whom the name of Sarmatia was poe, Tritayor, and sr6vror: now Gulf of Egina),
derived inhabited' only a small portion of the a bay of the AEgean Sea lying between Attica
country. Vid. SARMAT^E. The greater part of and Argolis, and commencing between the
it was peopled by Scythian tribes; but some promontory of Sunium in Attica and that of
of the inhabitants of its western part seem to Scylleeum in Argolis. It contains within it the
have been of German origin, as the VENEDI on islands of JEgina and Salamis. Its name was
the Baltic, and the IAZYGES, RHOXOLANI, and usually derived from Saron, king of Trezene;
HAMAXOBII in Southern Russia; the chief of the who was supposed to have been drowned in
other tribes west of the Tanais were the Alauni this part of the sea while swimming in pursuit
or Alani Scythee, a Scythian people who came of a stag.
out of Asia and settled in the central parts of  SARPEDON (oapTrnd&v)... on of Jupiter
Russia. Vid. ALANI. The people east of the (Zeus) and Europa, and brother of Minos and
Tanais were not of sufficient importance in an- Rhadamanthus. Being involved in a quarrel.cient history to require specific mention. The with Minos about Miletus, he took refuge with
776




SARPEDON PROMONTORIUM.                             SASSANIDE.
Cilix, whom he assisted against the Lycians. served with distinction in the army of Ar-?id. MILETUS. He afterward became king of tabanus, the king of Parthia, was rewarded
the Lycians, and Jupiter (Zeus) granted him the with ingratitude, and took revenge in revolt.
privilege of living three generations.-2. Son of He obtained assistance from several grandees,
Jupiter (Zeus) and Laodamia, or, according to and having met with success, claimed the
others, of Evander and Deidamia, and a brother throne on the plea of beingdescended from the
of Clarus and Themon, was a Lycian prince. ancient kings of Persia, the progeny of the great
In the, Trojan war he was an ally of the Tro- Cyrus. The people warmly supported his cause,
jans, and distinguished himself by his valor, as he declared himself the champion of the anbut was slain by Patroclus. Apollo, by the con- cient Persian religion. In 226 Artabanus was
mand of Jupiter (Zeus), cleansed Sarpedon's defeated in a decisive battle, and Artaxerxes
body from blood and dust, covered it with am- thereupon assumed the pompous but national
brosia, and gave it to Sleep and Death to carry title.of" King of Kings."  One of-his first leginto Lycia, there to be honorably buried.  islative acts was the restoration of the pure reSARPEDON PROMONTORIUM (.apzrrlrjova aKipa: ligion of Zoroaster and the worship of fire. The
now Cape Lissan el Kapeh), a promontory of reigning branch of the Parthian Arsacidse was
Cilicia, in longitude 34~ east, eighty stadia west exterminated, but some collateral branches were
of the mouth of the Calycadnus. In the peace suffered to live and to enjoy the privileges of
between the Romans and Antiochus the Great, Persian grandees, who, along with the Magi,
the western boundary of the Syrian kingdom  formed a sort of senate. Having succeeded in
was fixed here.                           establishing his authority at home, Artaxerxes
SARPEDONIUM PROMONTORIUM ( ZVapTrVld&vinr demanded from the Emperor AlexanderSeverus
acpa), a promontory of Thrace, between the the immediate cession of all those portions of
mouths of the rivers Melas and Erginus, oppo- the Roman empire that had belonged to Persia
site the island of Imbros.                in the time of Cyrus and Xerxes, that is, the
SARRASTES. Vid. SARNus.                 whole of the Roman possessions in Asia as
SARS (now Sar), a small river on the western well as Egypt. An immediate war between
coast of Hispania Tarraconensis, between the the two empires was the direct consequence.
Promontorium Nerium and the Minius.       After a severe contest, peace was restored,
SARSINA (Sarsinas, -atis: now Sarsina), an shortly after the murder of Alexander in 237,
ancient town of Umbria, on the River Sapis, each nation retaining the possessions which
southwest of Ariminum, and subsequently a Ro- they held before the breaking out of the war.man municipium, celebrated as the birth-place 2. SAPOR I. (SHAPUR), the son and successor of
of the comic poet Plautus.                Artaxerxes I., reigned 240-273. He carried on
SARUS (O Capon: now Seihan), a considerable war first againt Gordian and afterward against
river in the southeast of Asia Minor. Rising Valerian. The latter emperor was defeated by
in the Anti-Taurus, in the centre of Cappadocia, Sapor, taken prisoner, and kept in captivity for
it flows south past Comana to the borders of the remainder of his life. After the capture of
Cilicia, where it receives a western branch that Valerian, Sapor conquered Syria, destroyed Anhas run nearly parallel to it; and thence, flow- tioch, and, having made himself master of the
ing through Cilicia Campestris in a winding passes in the Taurus, laid Tarsus in ashes, and
course, it falls into the sea a little east of the took Caesarea. His further progress was stopmouth of the Cydnus, and southeast of Tarsus. ped by Odenathus and Zenobia, who drove the
Xenophon gives three plethra (three hundred king back beyond the Euphrates, and founded a
and three feet) for its width at its mouth.  new empire, over which they ruled at Palmyra.
[SASERNA. 1. The name of two writers, fa- In his reign lived the celebrated Mani, who, enther and son, on agriculture, who lived in the deavoring to amalgamate the Christian and Zotime between Cato and Varro.-2. C. and P., roastrian religions, gave rise to the famous sect
two brothers, who served under Julius Caesar of the Manichaeans, who spread over the whole
in the African war, B.C. 46, and one of whom  East, exposing themselves to most sanguinary
is mentioned by Cicero as a friend of Antonius persecutions from both Christians and fire-worand Octavianus after the death of Caesar.]  shippers.-3. IIORMISDAS I. (HORMUZ), son of
SAso or SASONIS INSULA (now Saseno, Sasso- the preceding, who reigned only one year, and
no, Sassa), a small rocky island off the coast of died 274.-4. VARANES or VARARANES I. (BAHIllyria, north of the,croceraunian promontory, RAM or BAHARAM), son of Hormisdas I., reignmuch frequented by pirates.               ed 274-277. He carried on unprofitable wars
SASPIRES, or -I, or SAPIRES (Saonretpec, Zaa- against Zenobia, and, after her captivity, was
rtepo, 2adrepeC, ZdcirreltpEf), a Scythian people involved in a contest with Aurelian, which,
of Asia, south of Colchis and north of Media, in however, was not attended with any serious rean inland position (i. e. in Armenia) according suits, on account of the sudden death of Aureto Herodotus, but, according to others, on the lian in 275. In his reign the celebrated Mani
coast of the Euxine.                      was put to death.-5. VARANES II. (BAHRAM),
SASSANIDE, the name of a dynasty which son of Varanes I., reigned 277-294. He was
reigned in Persia from A.D. 226 to A.D. 651. defeated by Carus, who took both Seleucia and
1. ARTAXERXES (the ARDISHIR or ARDSHIR of Ctesiphon, and his dominions were only saved
the Persians), the founder of the dynasty of the from further conquests by the sudden death of
Sassanidae, reigned A.D. 226-240. He was a Carus (283).-6. VARANES III. (BAHRAM), elder
son of one Babek, an inferior officer, who was son of Varanes II., died after a reign of eight
the son of Sassan, perhaps a person of some months, 294.-7. NARSES (NARSI), younger son
consequence, since his royal descendants chose of Varanes II., reigned 294-303. He carried
to call themselves after him. Artaxerxes had on a formidable war against the Emperor Dio777




SASSANIDAE.                               SASSANIDE.
cletian. The Roman army was commanded by vorite hero in Persian poetry. He was arcciGalerius Caesar, who in the first campaign (296),dentally drowned in a deep well together with
sustained most signal defeats in Mesopotamia, his horse, and neither man nor beast ever rose
and fled in disgrace to Antioch. In the second again from the fathomless pit.-15. YEZDIGERD
campaign Narses was defeated with great loss, II., son of the preceding, reigned 448-458. The
and was obliged to conclude a peace with the persecutions against the Christians were reRomans, by which he ceded to Diocletian Mes- newed by him with unheard-of cruelty. His reopotamia, five small provinces beyond the Ti- lations with Rome were peaceful: -16. HORgris, the kingdom of Armenia, some adjacent MISDAS III. (HoRMU), and, 17. PERsEs (FIRozE),
Median districts, and the supremacy over Iberia, sons of the preceding, claimed the succession,
the kings of which were henceforth under the and rose in arms against each other. Peroses
protection of Rome. In 303 Narses abdicated gained the throne by the assistance of the White
in favor of his son, and died soon afterward.- Huns, against whom he turned his sword in
8. HORMISDAs II. (HORMUZ), son of Narses, reign- after years. He perished in a great battle with
ed 303-310. During his reign nothing' of im- them in 484, together with all of his sons exportance happened regarding Rome.-9. SAPOR cept Pallas and Cobades. -18. PALLAS (PALII. POSTUMUS (SHAPUR), son of Hormisdas II., LASH), who reigned 484-488, had to contest the
was born after the death of his father, and was throne with Cobades; He perished in a battle
crowned in his mother's womb, the Magi plac- with his brother Cobades in 488.-19. COBFADES
ing the diadem with great solemnity upon the (KOBAD), reigned 488-498, and again 501 or 502body of his mother. He reigned 310-381. His 531. The years from 498 till 502 were filled up
reign was signalized by a cruel persecution of by the short reign of, -20. ZAMES (JAMASPES).
the Christians. He carried on war for many The latter was the brother of Cobades, whom
years against Constantius II. and his successors. he dethroned, and compelled to fly to the Huns,
The armies of Constantius were repeatedly de- with whose assistance Cobades recovered his
feated; Julian, as is related elsewhere (vid. throne about 502. He carried on war with sucJULIANUS), perished in battle; and the war was cess against the Emperor Anastasius; but in
at length brought to a conclusion by Jovian consequence of the Huns, who had previously
ceding to the Persians the five provinces be- been his auxiliaries, turning their arms against
yond. the Tigris, and the fortresses of Nisibis, him, he made peace with Anastasius in 505, on
Singara, &c. Iberia and Armenia were left to receiving eleven thousand pounds of gold as an
their fate, and were completely reduced by Sa- indemnity. He also restored Mesopotamia and
por in 365 and the following year. Sapor has his other conquests to the Romans, being unbeen surnamed the Great, and no Persian king able to maintain his authority there on account
had ever caused such terror to Rome as this of the protracted war with the Huns. About
monarch.-10. ARTAXERXES II. (ARDISHIR), the this time the Romans constructed the fortress
successor of Sapor II., reigned 381-385, He of Dara, the strongest bulwark against Persia,
was a prince of royal blood, but was not a son and situated in the very face of Ctesiphon. The
of Sapor. —11. SAPOR III. (SHAPUR), reigned 385 war with Constantinople was renewed in 521,
-390. He sent an embassy to Theodosius the in the reign of the Emperor Justin I-21. CHOSGreat, with splendid presents, which was re- ROES I. (KHOSRU or KIOSREW), surnamed Nuturned by a Greek embassy headed by Stilicho SHIRWAN, or " the generous mind," reigned 531going to Persia. Owing to these diplomatic 579. He carried on several wars against the
transactions, an arrangement was made in 384, Romans. The first war was finished in 532 or
according to which Armenia and Iberia recov- 533, Justinian having purchased peace by an
ered their independence.-12. VARANES IV. annual tribute of four hundred and forty thou(BAHRAM), reigned A.D. 390-404, or perhaps not sand pieces of gold. One of the conditions of
so long. He was the brother of Sapor III., and Chosroes was, that seven Greek, but pagan
founded Kermanshah, still a flourishing town. philosophers, who had resided some time at the
-13. YESDIGERD I. (YEZDIJIRD), surnamed ULA- Persian court, should be allowed to live in the
THIM, or the SINNER, son or brother of the pre- Roman empire without being subject to the imceding, reigned 404-420 or 421. He, was on perial laws against pagans. The second war
friendly terms with the Emperor Arcadius, who lasted from 540 to 561. Peace was concluded
is said -to have appointed him the guardian of on condition of Justinian promising an annual
his infant son and successor, Theodosius the tribute of forty thousand pieces of gold, and reYounger. He concluded a peace with Arcadius ceiving, in return, the cession of the Persian
for one hundred years.-14. VARANES V. (BAH- claims upon Colchis and Lazica. The third,RAM), son of Yesdigerd I., surnamed GouR,'or war broke out in 571, in the reign of Justin II.,
the "WILD Ass," on account of his passion for but Chosroes died before it was concluded.
the chase of that animal, reigned 420 or 421- Chosroes was one of the greatest kings of Per448. He persecuted his Christian subjects with sia. In his protracted wars with the Romans
such severity that thousands of them took ref- he disputed the field with the conquerors of
uge within the Roman dominions. He carried Africa and Italy, and with those very generals,
on war with Theodosius, which was terminated Tiberius and Mauricius, who brought Persia to
by a peace for one hundred years, which' peace the brink of ruin but a few years after his death.
lasted till the twelfth year of the reign of the His empire extended from the Indus to the Red
Emperor Anastasius. During the latter part Sea, and large tracts in Central Asia, perhaps
of his reign Varanes carried on wars against a.:portion of Eastern Europe, recognized him
the Huns, Turks, and Indians, in which he is for a time as their sovereign. He received emsaid to have achieved those valorous deeds for bassies and presents'from the remotest kings
which he has ever since continued to be a fa- of Asia and Africa. His internal government
778




SASSULA.                                SATURNINUS.
Tas despotic and cruel, but of that firm descrip- of the Euphrates, in a valley surrounded by
tion which pleases Orientals,'so that he still mountains, three hundred and twenty-five Rolives in the memory of the Persians as a model man miles from Caesarea in Cappadocia, and
of justice. He provided for all the wants of one hundred and thirty-five from Trapezus.
his subjects; and agriculture, trade, and learn- Under the later Roman'empire it was the staing were equally protected by him. He caused tion of the fifteenth legion. Notwithstanding
the best Greek, Latin, and Indian works to be the above indications, its site has not yet been
translated into Persian. -22. HoRMISDAS IV. identified with certainty.
(HORMUZ), son of Chosroes, reigned 579-590.  SATARCH, a Scythian tribe on the eastern
He continued the war with the Romans, which coast of the Tauric Chersonesus.
had been bequeathed him by his father, but was  [SATASPES (aracTr?-), a Persian, son of Tedefeated successively by Mauricius and Hera- aspes, sentenced by Xerxes to be impaled for
clius. Hormisdas was deprived of his sight, having offered violence to the daughter of Zoand subsequently put to death by the Persian pyrus, the son of Megabyzus: this putishment
aristocracy.-23. VARANES VI. (BAHRAM) SHU- was remitted on condition of his circumnaviBIN, a royal prince, usurped the throne on the gating Africa. He set sail, accordingly from
death of Hormisdas, and reigned 590-591. Un- Egypt, passed through the Straits of Gibraltar,
able to maintain the throne against Chosroes, and continued his voyage for a considerable
who was supported by the Emperor Mauricius, time southward, but at length became discourhe fled to the Turks.-24. CHOSROES II. (KHOS- aged, and returned home. Xerxes thereupon
Ru) PURWIz, reigned 590 or 591-628. He was caused the original sentence to be executed.]
the son of Hormisdas IV., and recovered his  SATICULA (Saticulanus), a town of Samnium,
father's throne with the assistance of the Em- situated upon a mountain on the frontiers of
peror Mauricius. After the murder of Mauri- Campania, probably upon one of the furthest
cius, Chosroes declared war against the tyrant heights of the mountain chain of'Cajazzo. It
Phocas, and.met with extraordinary success. was conquered by the Romans and colonized
In several successive campaigns he conquer- B.C. 313.
ed Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Asia  SAT'NYIS (ZYa2vevrl: now Tuzla), a river in
Minor, and finally pitched his camp at Chalce- the south of the Troad, rising in Mount Ida,
don, opposite Constantinople. At length Herac- and flowing west into the AEgean north of Promlius saved the empire from the brink of ruin, ontorium Lectum, between Larissa and Hamaxand in a series of splendid campaigns not only itus.
recovered the provinces which the Romans had  [SATNIUS (E7rvtOC), son of Enops and of a
lost, but carried his victorious arms into the river-nymph of the Satniois, slain by Ajax, son
heart of the Persian empire. Borne down by of Oileus, in the Trojan war.]
his misfortunes, and worn out by age and fa-  [SATRE (Zarpae), a people of Thrace, on Mount
tigue, Chosroes resolved, in 628, to abdicate in Pangaeus, between the Nestus and the Strymon,
favor of his son Merdaza; but Shirweh, or a very brave race, and hence never deprived
Siroes, his eldest son, anticipated his design, of their freedom; they dwelt upon lofty heights
and at the head of a band of conspirators seized covered with forests and snow. On one of their
upon the person of his father, deposed him, and hills was an oracle of Bacchus (Dionysus),
put him to death. The Orientals say that Chos- whose priests were the Bessi, whence it is probroes reigned six years too long. No Persian able that they themselves were only a branch
king lived in such splendor as Chosroes; and of the Bessi.]
however fabulous the Eastern accounts respect-  SATRICUM (Satricanus: now Casale di Conca),
ing his magnificence may be, they are true in a town in Latium, near Antium, to the territhe main, as is attested by the Western writers. tory of which it belonged. It was destroyed
-25. SIROES (SHIRWEH), reigned only eight by the Romans.
months, 628. He concluded peace with the    SATURE PALUS (now Lago di Paola), a lake
Emperor Heraclius. The numerous captives or marsh in Latium, formed by the River Nymwere restored on both sides. Siroes also re- pheus, and near the Promontory Circeium.
stored the holy cross which had been taken at  SATURIUM or SATUREIUM (now Saturo), a town
the conquest- of Jerusalem. -26. ARTAXERXES in the south of Italy, near Tarentum, celebrated
III. (ARDISHIR), the infant son of Siroes, was for its horses. (Hor., Sat., i., 6, 59).
murdered a few days after the death of his fa-  SATURNIA. 1. An ancient name of Italy. Vid.
ther. He was the last male Sassanid. After ITALIA.- 2. (Saturninus: now Saturnia), forhim the throne was disputed by a host of candi- merly called AURINIA, an ancient town of Etrudates of both sexes and doubtful descent, who ria, said to have been founded by the Pelasgians,
had no sooner ascended the throne than they was situated in the territory of Caletra, on the
were hurried from it into death or captivity. road from Rome to Cosa, about twenty miles
The last king was YESDIGERD III., who was de- from the sea. It was colonized by the Romans,
feated and slain in 651 by Kaleb, the general B.C. 183. The ancient town was rather more
of'the khalif Abu-Bekr. Persia now became a than two miles in circuit,'and there are still reMohammedan country.                       mains of its walls and tombs.
SASSULA, a town in Latium, belonging to the  SATURNINUS I., one of the Thirty Tyrants,
territory of Tibur.                       was a general of Valerian, by whom he was
SATALA (ri Zairafa, 7ii Eara;a), a considerable much beloved. Disgusted by the debauchery
town in the northeast of Armenia Minor, im- of Gallienus, he accepted from the soldiers the
portant as the key of the mountain passes into title of emperor, but was put to death by the
Pontus. It stood at the junction of four roads troops, who could not endure the sternness of
leading to places on the Euxine, a little north his discipline. The country, however, in which
779




SATURNINUS.                                SATURNUS.
these events took place is not mentioned.-I. A  nus accused an aged senator Rabirius ofu having
native of Gaul, and an able officer, was appoint- been the murderer of Saturninius. An account1
ed byAurelian commander of the Eastern fron- of this trial is given elsewhere. Vid. RABIrx -
tier, and was proclaimed emperor at Alexan- Ius.
drea during the reign of Probus. He was event-  SATURNINUS, CLAUDIUs, a jurist from whose
ually slain by the soldiers of Probus, although Liber Singularis de Panis Paganorunz there is a
the emperor would willingly have spared his life. single excerpt in the Digest. He was praetor
SATURNIxNUS, L. ANTONIUS, governor of Upper under Antoninus Pius.
Germany in the reign of Domitian, raised a re-  SATURNINUS, POMPEIUS, a contemporary of
bellion against that emperor A.D. 91, but was the younger Pliny, is praised by the latter as a
defeated and put to death by Appius Maximus, distinguished orator, historian, and poet. Sevthe general of Domitian.                  eral of Pliny's letters are addressed to him.
SATURNINUS, L. APPULEIUS, the celebrated  SATURNINUS, C. SENTIUS. 1. Propretor of
demagogue, was quastor B.C. 104, and tribune Macedonia during the Social war, and probably
of the plebs for the first time, 102. He entered for some time afterward. He defeated the
into a close alliance with Marius and his friends, Thracians, who had invaded his province.-2.
and soon acquired great popularity. He be- One of the persons of distinguished rank who
came a candidate for the tribunate for the sec- deserted Sextus Pompeius in B.C. 35, and passend time, 100. At the same time, Glaucia, who, ed over to Octavianus. He was consul in 19,
next to Saturninus, was the greatest demagogue and afterward appointed to the government of
of the day, offered himself as a candidate for Syria. Three sons of Saturninus accompanied
the prastorship, and Marius for the consulship. him as legati to Syria, and were present with
Marius and Glaucia carried their elections; but their father at the trial of Herod's sons at BeryA. Nonius, a partisan of the aristocracy, was tus in B.C. 6.
chosen tribune instead of Saturninus. Nonius,  SATURNINUS, VENULEIUS, a Roman jurist, is
however, was murdered on the same evening said to have been a pupil of Papo.ianus, and a
by the emissaries of Glaucia and Saturninus, consiliarius of Alexander Severus. There are
and early the following morning Saturninus seventy-one excerpts from his writings in the
was chosen to fill up the vacancy. As soon as Digest.
he had entered upon his tribunate, he brought  SATURNiUS, that is, a sor of Saturnus, and acforward an agrarian law, which led to the ban- cordingly used as a surname of Jupiter, Nepishment of Metellus Numidicus, as is related tune, and Pluto. For the same reason, the name
elsewhere. Vid. METELLUS, NO. 10. Saturni- of SATURNIA is given both to Juno and Vesta.
nus proposed other popular measures, such as  SATURNUS, a mythical king of Italy, to whom
a Lex Frumentaria, and a law for founding new  was ascribed the introduction of agriculture and
colonies in Sicily, Achaia, and Macedonia. In the habits of civilized life in general.  The
the comitia for the election of the magistrates name is connected with the verb sero, semi, safor the following year, Saturninus obtained the trn. The Romans invariably identified Saturtribunate for the third time, and along with him  nus with the Greek Crones, and hence made
there was chosen a certain Equitius, a runaway the former the father of Jupiter, Neptune, Pluto,
slave, who pretended to be a son of Tiberius Juno, &c. (vid. CRONOS); but there is, in reality,
Gracchus. Glaucia was at the same time a no resemblance between the attributes of the
candidate for the consulship; the two other two deities, except that both were regarded as
candidates were M. Antonius and C. Memmius. the most ancient divinities in their respective
The election of M. Antonius was certain, and countries. The resemblance is much stronger
the struggle lay between Glaucia and Memmius. between Demeter and Saturn, for all that the
As the latter seemed likely to carry his election, Greeks ascribe to their Demeter is ascribed by
Saturninus and Glaucia hired some ruffians who the Italians to Saturn. Saturnus, then, deriving
murdered him openly in the comitia. This last his name from sowing, is justly called the inact produced a complete reaction against Satur- troducer of civilization and social order, both
ninus and his associates. The senate declared of which are inseparably connected with agrithem public enemies, and ordered the consuls culture. His reign is conceived for the same
-to put them down by force. Marius was un- reason to have been the golden age of Italy, and
willing to act against his friends, but he had no more especially of the Aborigines, his subjects.
alternative, and his backwardness was compen- As agricultural industry is the source of wealth
sated by the zeal of others. Driven out of the and plenty, his wife was Ops, the representative
forum, Saturninus, Glaucia, and the questor of plenty. The story ran that the god came to
Saufeius took refuge in the Capitol, but the par- Italy, in the reign of Janus, by whom he was
tisans of the senate cut off the pipes which sup- hospitably received, and that he formed a setplied the Capitol with water. Unable to hold tlement on the Capitoline Hill, which was hence
out any longer, they surrendered to Marius. called the Saturnian Hill. At the foot of that
The latter did all he could to save their lives: hill, on the road leading up to the Capitol, there
as soon as they descended fiom the Capitol, he stood in after times the temple of Saturn. Satplaced them for security in the Curia Hostilia, urn then taught the people agriculture, supbut the mob pulled off the tiles of the senate- pressed their savage mode of life, and introhouse, and pelted them with the tiles till they duced among them civilization and morality.
died. The senate gave their sanction to these The result was, that the whole country was
proceedings by rewarding with the citizenship called Saturnia, or the land of plenty. Saturn
a slave of the name of Scwrva, who claimed the was suddenly removed from earth to the abodes
honor of having killed Saturninus. Nearly forty of the gods, whereupon Janus erected an altar
years after these events, the tribune T. Labie- to him in the forum.'It is further related that
780




SATYRI.                                  SAXONES.
Latiumii received its name (fromn lateo) from this Christ, who wrote some works which are no
disappearance of Saturn, who for the same rea- longer extant.
son was regarded by some as a divinity of the  SAUCONNA. Vid. ARAR.
nether world. Respecting the festival solem-  SAUFEIUS. 1. C., quaestor B.C. 100, was one
nized by the Romans in honor of Saturn, vid. of the partisans of Saturninus, took refuge with
Diet. of Antiq., s. v. SATURNALIA. The statue of him in the Capitol, and was slain along with his
Saturnus was hollow and filled with oil, proba- leader when they were obliged to surrender to
bly to denote the fertility of Latium in olives; Marius.-2. L., a Roman eques, was an intiin his hand he held a crooked pruning knife, mate friend of Atticus, and a warm admirer of
and his feet were surrounded with a woollen the Epicurean philosophy. He had very valribbon. In the pediment of the temple of Sat- uable property in Italy, which was confiscated by
urn were seen two figures resembling Tritons the triumvirs, but was restored to him through
with horns, and whose lower extremities grew  the exertions of Atticus.
out of the ground; the temple itself was used  SAULOE PARTHAUNISA (Iav?671 HapOavvtaa),
as the treasury of the state, and many laws also the later capital of Parthia, called by the Greeks
were deposited in it.                     Nis.ea. Its site is not known.
SATRRI (2darpot), the name of a class of be-  SAUROMAT. Vid. SARMATTd.
ings in Greek mythology who are inseparably  SAUROMATES (cavpoldrrj), the name of sevconnected with the worship of Bacchus (Dio- eral kings of Bosporus, who are for the most
nysus), and represent the luxuriant vital pow- part known only from their coins. We find
ers of nature. Homer does not mention the kings of this name reigning over Bosporus from
Satyrs. Hesiod describes them as a race good the time of Augustus to that of Constantine.
for nothing and unfit for work. They are com-  SAVERRIO, P. SULPICIUS. 1. Consul B.C. 304,
monly said to be the sons of Mercury (Hermes) when he carried on the war against the Samand Iphthima, or of the Naiads. The Satyrs nites. He was censor in 219 with Sempronius
are represented with bristly hair, the nose round Sophus, his former colleague in the consulship.
and somewhat turned upward, the ears pointed In their censorship two new tribes were format the top like those of animals, with two small ed, the Aniensis and Terentina.-2. Son of the
horns growing out of the top of the forehead, preceding, consul 279 with P. Decius Mus, comand with a tail like that of a horse or goat. In manded, with his colleague, against Pyrrhus.
works of art they are represented at different  SAvo (now Saone),a river in Campania, which
stages of life; the older ones were commonly flows into the sea south of Sinuessa.
called Sileni, and the younger ones are termed  SAVUS (now Save or Sau), a navigable tribSatyrisci. The Satyrs are always described as utary of the Danube, which rises in the Carnic
fond of wine (whence they often appear either Alps, forms first the boundary between Noricum
with a cup or a thyrsus in their hand), and of and Italy, and afterward between Pannonia and
every kind of sensual pleasure, whence they Illyria, and falls into the Danube near Singiduare seen sleeping, playing musical instruments, num.
or engaged in voluptuous dances with nymphs.  SAXA, DECIDIUS, a native of Celtiberia, was
Like all the gods dwelling in forests and fields, originally one of Caesar's common soldiers. He
they were greatly dreaded by mortals. Later was tribune of the plebs in B.C. 44, and after
writers, especially the Roman poets, confound Cesar's death in this year he took an active
the Satyrs with the Italian Fauni, and accord- part in supporting the friends of his murdered
ingly represent them with larger horns and patron. He served under M. Antonius in the
goats' feet, although originally they were quite siege of Mutina, and subsequently under both
distinct kinds of beings. Satyrs usually appear Antonius and Octavianus in their war against
with flutes, the thyrsus, syrinx, the shepherd's Brutus and Cassius. After the battle of Philipstaff, cups or. bags filled with wine; they are pi Saxa accompanied Antony to the East, and
dressed with the skins of animals, and wear was made by the latter governor of Syria. Here
wreaths of vine, ivy, or fir. Representations he was defeated by the younger Labienus and
of them are still very numerous, but the most the Parthians, and was slain in the flight after
celebrated in antiquity was the Satyr of Praxit- the battle (B.C. 40).
eles at Athens.                             SAXA, Q. VocoNIUs, tribune of the plebs B.C.
SATYR'US (rvpO). 1. 1. I. King of Bosporus, 169, proposed the Voconia lex, which was supwas a son of Spartacus I., and reigned B.C. 407 ported by the elder Cato, who spoke in its faor 406-393. He maintained friendly relations vor when he was sixty-five years of age. Rewith Athens. He was slain at the siege of specting this lex, vid. Dict. of Antiq., s. v.
Theudosia in 393, and was succeeded by his  SAXA RUBRA. Vid. RUBRA SAXA.
son Leucon.-2. II. King of Bosporus, was the  SAX6NES, a powerful people in Germany, who
eldest of the sons of Paerisades I., whom he originally dwelt in the southern part of the Cimsucceeded in 311, but reigned only nine months. brie Chersonesus, between the rivers Albis and
-3. A distinguished comic actor at Athens, is Chalusus (now Trave), consequently in the modsaid to have given instructions to Demosthenes ern Holstein. They are not mentioned by Tacin the art of giving full effect to his speeches itus and Pliny, since these writers appear to
byappropriate action.-4. A distinguished Per- have comprehended all the inhabitants of the
ipatetic philosopher and historian, who lived in Cimbric Chersonesus under the general name
the time of Ptolemy Philopator, if not later. of Cimbri. The Saxones first occur in history
Ile wrote a collection of biographies, among in A.D. 286, when they are mentioned as brave
which were lives of Philip and Demosthenes, and skillful sailors, who often joined the Chauand which is frequently cited by ancient writ- ci in piratical expeditions against the coast of
ers.-5. A physician in the second century after Gaul. The Saxones afterward appear at the
781




SChEA PORTA.                           SCyEVOLA, MUCIIUS.
head of a powerful confederacy of German com- 179, and consul 175. In his consulship he gained
munities, who became united under the general a victory over the Ligurians.-5. P., probably
name of Saxons, and who eventually occupied son of No. 4, was tribune of the plebs 141, prenthe country between the Elbe, the Rhine, the tor urbanus 136, and consul 133, the year in
Lippe, and the German Ocean. A portion of ihich Tiberius Gracchus lost his life. In 131
the Saxons, in conjunction with the Angli, led he succeeded his brother Mucianus (vid. MucIAby'Hengist and Horsa, conquered Britain, as is NUS) as pontifex maximus. Scevola was diswell known, about the middle of the fifth cen- tinguished for his knowledge of the Jus Ponti-z
tury. The Romans never came into close con- ficium. He was also famed for his skill in playtact with the Saxons.                    ing at ball, as well as at the game called Duo[SCAIA PORTA (ZCKatiy -rJ2Vy, usually in pl. tcame- decim Scripta.  His fame as a lawyer is rea 7r&XeaL), a celebrated gate dfTroy, on the corded by Cicero in several passages. There
west side, toward the sea: near it was the tomb is no excerpt from his writings in the Digest,
of Laomedon. Vid. TROJA.]                 but he is cited several times by the jurists whose
ScEVA, CAssIus, a-centurion in Caesar's army, works were used for that compilation. —6. Q.,
who distinguished himself by his extraordinary called the AuGUR, was son of No. 3, and. marfeats ofvalor-at the battle of Dyrrhachium. He ried the daughter of C. Laelius, the friend of
survived the battle, and is mentioned as one of Scipio Africanus the younger. He was tribune
the partisans of Caesar after the death of the- of the plebs 128, plebeian aedile 125, and as praelatter.                                   tor was governor. of the province of Asia in 121,
ScEvoLA, Q. CERviDIUS, a Roman jurist, lived the year in which C. Gracchus lost his life. He
under Antoninus Pius. He wrote several works, was prosecuted after his return from his provand there are three hundred and seven excerpts, ince for the offence of repetundae in 120 by T.
from him in the Digest.                   Albucius, but was acquitted. He was consul
SC VO6LA, MUCIUS. 1. C., the hero of a ecel- 117. He lived at least to the tribunate of P.
ebrated story in early Roman history. VThen Sulpicius Rufus 88. Cicero, who was born 106,
King Porsenna was blockading Rome, C. Mu- informs us that, after'he had put on the toga
cilus, a young mani of the patrician class, re- virilis, his father took him to Scaevola, who was
solved to rid his country of the invader. He then an old man, and that he kept as close to
went out of the city, with a dagger hid beneath him as he could, in order to profit by his rehis dress, and approached the place where Por- nmarks. After his death Cicero became a hearsenna was sitting, with a secretary by his s'ide, er of Q. Mucius Scawvola, the pontifex. The audressed nearly in the same style as the king gur was distinguished for his knowledge of the
himself. Mistaking the secretary for the king, law; but none of his writings are recorded. MuMucius killed him on the spot.,He was seized cia, the augur's daughter, married L. Licinius
by the'king's guards, and brought before the Crassus, the orator, who was consul 95, with Q.
royal seat, when he declared his name, and his Mucius Scaevola,,the pontifex maximus; whence
design to kill the king himself, and told him it appears that the Q. Mucius, who is one of the
that there were many more Romans. ready to speakers in the treatise de Oratore, is not the
attempt his life. The king, in his passion and pontifex and the colleague of Crassus, but the
alarm, ordered him to be burned alive unless he augur, the father-in-law of Crassus.  He is
explained more clearly what he meant by his also one of the speakers in the Lcelius sive de
vague threats, upon which Mucius thrust his Amicitia (c. 1), and in the de Republica (i., 12).
right hand into a fire which was already lighted -7. Q., PONTIFEX MAXIMUS, was son of No. 5,
for a sacrifice, and held it there without flinch- and is quoted by Cicero as an example of a son
ing. The king, who was amazed at his firm- who aimed at excellence in that which had
ness, ordered him to be removed from the al- given his father distinction. He was tribune
tar, and bade him go away free and uninjured. of the plebs in 106, curule aedile in 104, and conTo make some return to the king for his gen- sul 95, with Licinius Crassus, the orator, as his
erous behavior, Mucius told him that there were colleague. After his consulship Scaevola was
three hundred of the first youths of Rome who the governor (proconsul) of the province of Asia,
had'agreed with one another to kill the king, in which capacity he gained the esteem of the
that the lot fell on him to make the first at- people who were under his government. Subtempt, and that the rest would do the same sequently he was made pontifex maximus, by
when their turn came. Mucius received the which title he is often distinguished fiom Q.
name of Scaevola, or left-handed, fromn the cir- Mucius the'augur. He lost his life in the concumstance of the loss of his right hand. Por- sulship of C. Marius the younger and Cn. Pasenna, being alarmed for his life, which he could pirius Carbo (82), having been proscribed by the
not secure against so many desperate men, made Marian party, from which we may conclude that
proposals of peace to the Romans, and evacu- he belonged to Sulla's party.  His body was
ated the territory. The patricians gave Mucius thrown into the Tiber. The virtues of Scaevola
a tract of land beyond the Tiber, which was are recorded by Cicero, who, after the death of
thenceforth called Mucia Prata. The Mucius the augur, became an attendant (auditor) of the
of this story was a patrician, but the Mucii of pontifex. The purity of his moral character,
the historical period were plebeians.-2. Q., his exalted notions of equity and fair dealing,
praetor B.C. 215, had Sardinia for his province, his abilities as an administrator, an orator, and
where he remained for the next three years. a jurist, place him among the first of thb\ illusHe was- decemvir sacrorum, and died 209.-3. trious men of all ages and countries. He was,
Q., probably son of No. 2, was praetor 179, with says Cicero; the most eloquent of jurists, and
Sicily for his province, and consul 174.-4. P., the most learned jurist among orators. Q. Scaebrother of No. 3, was praetor with his brother vola the pontifex -is the first Roman to whom
782




SCALABIS.                            SCAURUS, 2EMILIUS.
ywe can attribute a scientific and systematic town on the coast of Thrace, opposite the islhandling of the Jus Civile, which he accom- and of Thasos. It contained celebrated gold
plished in a work in eighteen books. He also mines, which were originally worked by the
wrote a Liber Singularis irep opcpv, a work on Thasians. Thucydides, who had some properDefinitions, or perhaps, rather, short rules of ty in these mines, retired to this place after his
law, from which there are four excerpts in the banishment from Athens, and here arranged the
Digest. This is the oldest work from which materials for his history.
there are any excerpts in the Digest, and even  SCAPTIA (Scaptiensis or Scaptius), an ancient
these may have been taken at second hand.  town in Latium, which gave its name to a RoSCALABIS (now Santarem), a town in Lusita- man tribe, but which disappeared at an early
nia, on the road from Olisipo to Emerita and period.
Bracara, also a Roman colony with the sur-  [SCAPULA'QUINTIUS, T., a Roman officer, passname Presidium Julium, and the seat of one of ed over into Spain with Cn. Pompeius, and took
the three Conventus Juridici of the province. an active part against Caesar: he fought at the
The town is erroneously called Scalabiscus by battle of Munda, B.C. 45, and after the battle,
Ptolemy.                                  seeing that all was lost, fled to Corduba, and
SCALDIs (now Scheldl), an important river in there burned himself to death on a pyre which
the north of Gallia Belgica, flowing into the he had erected for that purpose.]
ocean, but which Cesar erroneously makes a  SCAPULA, P. OSTORIUS, succeeddd A. Plautius
tributary of the Mosa. Ptolemy calls this river as governor of Britain about A.D. 50. He deTabudas or Tabullas, which name it continued feated the powerful tribe of the Silures, took
to bear in the Middle Ages under the form of prisoner their king Caractacus, and sent him in
Tabul or Tabula.                          chains to Rome. In consequence of this sucSCAMANDER (ZKacav6pog). 1. A river in the cess he received the insignia of a triumph, but
western part of the northern coast of Sicily, died soon afterward in the province.
falling into the sea near Segesta.-2. The eel-  SCARABANTIA (now (Edenburg), a town in Panebrated river of the Troad. Vid. TROAS. As a nonia Superior, on the road from Vindobona to
mythological personage, the river-god was call- Pcetovio, and a municipium with the surname
ed Xanthus by the gods. His contest with Flavia Augusta.
Achilles is described by Homer (II., xxi., 136,  SCARDONA (licdppSuva or scapdcov). 1. (Now
foll.).                                   Skardona or Skardin), the chief town of LiburSCAMANDRYus (ZlicacidvdpLo). 1. Son of Hec- nia in Illyria, on the right bank of the Titius,
tor and Andromache, whom the people of Troy twelve miles from its mouth, the seat of a Concalled Astyanax, because his father was the ventus Juridicus.-2. (Now Arbe), a small islprotector of the city of Troy.-[2. A Trojan and off the coast of Liburnia, also called Arba,
warrior, son of Strophius, slain by Menelaus.]  which was the iname of the principal town.
SCAIABONIDcE (icauc6wvovaL), a demus in Atti-  ScARDUS or ScoRDUS MONS (rO Ic(adpBov opo),
ca, between Athens and Eleusis, belonging to a small range of lofty mountains, forming the
the tribe Leontis.                        boundary between Mcesia and Macedonia.
SCAMPA (EI/Ccdra: now Skunibi or Iscampi), a  SCARPHE, SCARPHEA, or SCARPHIA (2cCpPr7,
town in the interior of Greek Illyria, on the Via Zcdpc6t, lcappia: ~ capecrv, ZlcapCtevC, alcapEgnatia, between Clodiana and Lychnidus.  0azoc, ZScKp~ot), a town of the Epicnemidii LoSCANDEA (ZAdvdeta), a port-town on the east- cri, ten stadia from the coast, at which the roads
ern side of the island Cythera, forming the har- united leading through Thermopylae. It posbor of the town of Cythera, from which it was sessed a harbor on the coast, probably at the
ten stadia distant.                       mouth of the River Boagrius.
SCANDIA or SCANDINAVIA, the name given by  SCARPONNA (now Charpeigne), a town in Gallia
the ancients to Norway, Sweden, and the sur- Belgica, on the Mosella, and on the road from
rounding islands. Even the later Romans had Tullum to Divodurum.
a very imperfect knowledge of the Scandinavian  ScATO or CATO, VETTiUs, one of the Italian
peninsula. They supposed it to have been sur- generals in the Marsic war, B.C. 90. He derounded by the ocean, and to have been com- feated the consuls, L. Julius Caesar and P. Rutilposed of several islands called by Ptolemy Scan- ius Lupus, in two successive battles. He was
die. Of these the largest bore especially the afterward taken prisoner, and was stabbed to
name of Scandia or Scandinavia, by which the death by his own slave as he was being dragged
modern Sweden was undoubtedly indicated. before the Roman general, being thus delivered
This country was inhabited by the Hilleviones, from the ignominy and punishment that awaitof whom the Suiones and Sitones appear to ed him.
have been tribes.                           SCAURUS, iEMILIUS. 1. M., raised his family
SCANDILA (now Scandole), a small island in from obscurity to the highest rank among the
the northeast of the AEgean Sea, between Pepa- Roman nobles. He was born in B.C. 163. His
rethos and-Scyros.                        father, notwithstanding his patrician descent,
SOANTIA SILVA, a wood in Campania, in which had been obliged, through poverty, to carry on
were probably the Aquae Scantie mentioned by the trade of a coal merchant, and left his son a
Pliny.'                                veryslender patrimony. The latter had thought
[SCANTILLA, MANLIA, the wife of Didius Ju- at first of carrying on the trade of a money-lendlianus, whom she urged to buy the empire when er; but he fin.Ily resolved to devote himself to
set up for- sale: she enjoyed the title Augusta the study of eloquence, with the hope of rising
during the brief period of her husband' reign.] to the honors )f the state. He likewise'served
ScAPTE HYLE (ca7TTrr' VTi)r, also called, but in the army, where he appears to,have gained
less correctly, SCAPTE sLE (;Kra7rTcva2) aa small some distinction. He was curule Eedile in 123.
783




SCAURUS, EMILIUS.                               SCEPSIS.
He obtained the consulship in 115, when he car- was acquitted, notwithstanding his guilt. Ha
ried on war with success against several of the was accused again in 52, under Pompey's new
Alpine tribes. In 112 he was sent at the head law against ambitus, and was condemned. He
of an embassy to Jugurtha; and in 111 he ac- married Mucia, who had been previously the
companied the consul' L. Calpurnius Bestia, as wife of Pompey, and by her he had one son
one of his legates, in the war against.-Jugurtha. (No. 4).-3. Younger son of No. 1, foughtunder
The Numidian king bestowed large sums of the:proconsul, Q. Catulus, against the Cimnbri at
money upon both Bestia and Scaurus, in conse- the Athesis, and, having fled from the field, was
quence of which the consul granted the. king indignantly commanded by his father notto come
most favorable terms of peace. This disgrace- into his presence, whereupon the youth put an
ful transaction excited the greatest indignation end to his life.-4. M., son of No. 2, and Mucia,
at Rome; and C. Mamilius, the tribune of the the former wife of Pompey the triumvir, and
plebs, 110, brought forward a bill by which an consequently the half-brother of Sextus Pominquiry was to be instituted against all those pey. He accompanied the latter intoAsia after
who had received bribes from Jugurtha. Al- the defeat of his fleet in Sicily, but betrayed him
though Scaurus had been one of the most guilty, into the hands of the generals of M. Antonius in
such was his influence in the state that he con- 35. After the battle of Actium he fell into the
trived to be appointed one of the three quae- power of Octavianus, and escaped death, to
sitores who were elected under the' bill for which he had been sentenced, only through the
the purpose of prosecuting the criminals. But, intercession of his mother, Mucia.-5. MAMERthough he thus secured himself, he was unable cus, son of No. 4, was a distinguished orator
to save any of his accomplices.  Bestia and and poet, but of a dissolute character. Hewas
many others were condemned. In 109, Scaurus a member of the senate at the time of the acwas censor with M. Livius Drusus. In his con- cession of Tiberius, A.D. 14, when he offendsulship he restored the Milvian bridge, and con- ed this suspicious emperor by some remarks
structed the _Emilian road, which ran by Pisae which he made in the senate. Being accused
and Luna as far as: Dertona. In 107 he was of majestas in 34, he put an end to his own
elected consul a second time, in place of L. Cas- life.
sius Longinus, who had fallen in battle against  ScAURUS, M. AUvRLIUS, consul suffectus B.C.
the Tigurini.  In the struggles between the 108, was three years afterward consular legate
aristocratical and popular parties, Scaurus was in Gaul, where he was defeated by the Cimbri;
always a warm supporter of.the former. He taken prisoner, and put to death.
was several times accused of different offences,  SCURUS, Q. TERENTIUS, a celebrated gramchiefly by his private enemies; but such was marian who flourished under the Emperor Hahis influence in the state that he was always drian, and whose son was one of the preceptors
acquitted. He died about 89. By his wife Ce- of the Emperor Verus. He was the author of
cilia Scaurus had three children, two sons men- an Ars Grammatica, and of commentaries upon
tioned below, and a.daughter.LEmilia, first mar- Plautus, Virgil, and the Ars Poetica of Horace,
ried to M'. Glabrio, and next to Cn. Pompey, which are known to us from a few scattered
subsequently the triumvir. —2. M., eldest son of notices only, for the tract entitled Q. Terentii,the preceding, and step-son of the dictator Sul- Scauri de Orthographia ad Theseum included in
la, whom his mother CGcilia married after the the "1 Grammaticee Latins Auctores Antiqui'
death of his father. In the third Mithradatic of Putschius (Hannov., 1605), is not believed to
war he served under Pompey as questor. The be a genuine production of this Scaurus.
latter sent him to Damascus with an army, and  SCELERATUS CAMPUS. Vid. ROMA, p. 748, a.
from thence he marched into Judea to settle'  ScEN  (Kevaia, i. e., the tents), a town of
the disputes between the brothers Hyrcanus and Mesopotamia, on the borders of Babylonia, on
Aristobulus. Scaurus was left by Pompey in a canal of the Euphrates, twenty-five days' jourthe command of Syria with two legions. Dur- ney below Zeugma. It belonged to the SCENIing his government of Syria he made a preda- Ta, and was evidently only a collection of tents
tory incursion into Arabia Petrsea, but with- or huts.
drew on the payment of three hundred talents  SCENITME (2cvCrat, i. e., dwellers in tents), the
by Aretas, the king of the country. He was general name used by the Greeks for the Bedacurule aedile in 58, when he celebrated the pub- wee (Bedouin) tribes of Arabia Deserta. It was
lie games with extraordinary splendor.  The also applied to nomad tribes in Africa, who liketemporary theatre which he built accommoda- wise lived in tents.
ted eighty thousand spectators, and was adorned  SCEPSIS (S/ZC t: now probably ruins at Eskiin the most magnificent manner. Three hund- Upshi or Eski-Shupshe), an ancient city in the inred and sixty pillars decorated the stage, ar- terior of the Troad, southeast of Alexandrea, in
ranged in three stories, of which the lowest was the mountains of Ida. Its inhabitants were remade of white marble, the middle one of glass, moved by Antigonus to Alexandrea; but, being
and the highest of gilt wood. The combats of permitted by Lysimachus to return to their
wild beasts were equally astonishing.  One homes, they built a new city, called i vea x/cu,
hundred and fifty panthers were exhibited in the and the remains of the old town were then callcircus, and five crocodiles and a hippopotamus ed IHaealcKcLtr. Scepsis is celebrated in litwere seen for the first time at Rome. In 56 he erary history as the place where certain MSS.
was praetor, and in the following year governed of Aristotle and Theophrastus were buried, to
the -province of Sardinia, which he plundered prevent their transference to Pergamus. When
without mercy. On his return to Rome he was dug up again, they were found nearly destroyed
accused of the crime of repetundae. He was by mould and worms, and in this condition they
defended by Cicero, Hortensius, and others, and were removed by Sulla to Athens: The philos784




SCERDILAIDAS.                                 SCIPIO.
opher Metrodorus and the grammarian Deme- ELK2oaovltoo), a town of Elis, in the district Tritrius were natives of Scepsis.            phylia, on the River Selinus, twenty stadia
SCEmDILAIDAS or SCEIDIL DUS (icEp6tdael6af south of Olympia. It was destroyed by the
or Z1cEpdiaicdo~), king of Illyria, was in all prob- Eleans in the war which they carried on against
ability a son of Pleuratus, and younger brother the Pisaeans, whose cause had been espoused
of Agron, both of them kings of that country. by the inhabitants of Scillus. The LacedaemoAfter the defeat and abdication of Teuta (B.C. nians subsequently took possession of the ter229), he probably succeeded to a portion of her ritory of Scillus; and, although the Eleans still
dominions, but did not assume the title of king laid claim to it, they gave it to Xenophon after
till after the death of his nephew Pinnes. He his banishment from Athens.  Xenophon recarried on war for some years against Philip, sided at this place during the remainder of his
king of Macedonia, and thus appears as an ally life, and erected here a sanctuary to Diana (Arof the Romans. He probably died about 205, temis), which he had vowed during the retreat
and was succeeded by his son Pleuratus.   of the Ten Thousand.
[SCHEDIA (EXedia), a large village of Lower  SCINGOMXGUS, a small place in the southeastEgypt, on the great canal which united Alex- ern part of Gallia Transpadana, in the kingdom
andrea with the Canobic mouth of the Nile, four of Cottius, west of Segusio, at the pass across
schceni from Alexandrea, was the station of the the Alps.
splendid galleys in which the prefects visited the  SCISNE (FK~V6: 2i:twvaioC,.t2woverV'), the
upper districts.]                         chief town in the Macedonian peninsula of PalSCHEDYUS (IXAeOCg). 1. Son of Iphitus and lene, on the western coast. It is said to have
Hippolyte, commanded the Phocians in the war been founded by some Pellenians of Achaia,
against Troy, along with his brother Epistro- who settled here after their return from Troy.
phus. He was slain byHector, and his remains It revolted from the Athenians in the Peloponwere carried from Troy to Anticyra in Phocis. nesian war, but was retaken by Cleon; where-2. Son of Perimedes, likewise a Phocian who upon all the men were put to death, the women
was killed at Troy by Hector.             and children sold as slaves, and the town given
SCHiRA (Scherinus), a town in the interior of to the Plataeans.
Sicily, in the southwest part of the island.  SciPIO, the name of an illustrious patrician
SOHERIA. Vid. PH-EACES.                 family of the Cornelia gens. This name, which
[SCHISTE (Via, aUxwCTi 6566, now Zimeno or signifies a stick or staff, is said to have been
Zemino), a road leading from Delphi over a de- given to the founder of the family, because he
clivity of Parnassus to Daulis, a'nd still further served as a staff in directing his blind father.
northward, deriving its name from the fact that This family produced some of the greatest men
it began in a mountain gorge, and then, two ge- in Rome, and to them she was more indebted
ographical miles east of Delphi, at a place called than to any others for the empire of the world.
TpeSc lc2evOol, divided itself into two roads, one The family tomb of the Scipios was discovered
to the northeast toward Daulis, the other to the in 1780, on the left of the Appia Via, about four
southeast toward Lebadea or Helicon. At the hundred paces within the modern Porta S. Sepoint where the three roads met was erected bastiano. The inscriptions and other curiosithe tumulus to commemorate the murder of ties are now deposited in the Museo Pio-ClemLaius by CEdipus, which was said to have oc- entino at Rome. 1l.(P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO, macurred there.]                            gister equitum B.C. 396, and consular tribune
SCHCENUS (EXotZvof:,Xotvtevg), a town of 395 and 394.-2. L. CORN. SCIPIO, consul 350.
Bceotia, on a river of the same name, and on -3. P. CORN. SCIPIO BARBATUS, consul 328, and
the road from Thebes to Anthedon.         dictator 306. He was also pontifex maximus.SCHCENUS (2EXOVOVf, -oU-vrof). 1. A harbor of 4. L. CORN. SCIPIO BARBATUS, consul 298, when
Corinth, north of Cenchreae, at the narrowest'he carried on war against the Etruscans, and depart of the isthmus.-2. A place in the interior feated them near Volaterrae. He also served
of Arcadia, near Methydrium.              under the consuls in 297, 295, and 293, against
SCIATHUS (KciaOof: KlecidOof: now Skiatho), the Samnites. This Scipio was the great-granda small island in the.Egean Sea, north of Eu- father of the conqueror of Hannibal. The genbcea and east of the Magnesian coast of Thes- ealogy of the family can be -traced with more
saly, with a town of the same name upon it. It is certainty from this time.-5. CN. CORN. SCIPIO
said to have been originally colonized by Pelas- AsINA, son of No. 4, was consul 260, in the first
gians from Thrace. It is frequently mentioned Punic war. In an attempt upon the Liparaan
in the history of the invasion of Greece byXerx- islands, he was taken prisoner with seventeen
es, since the Persian and Grecian fleets were ships. He probably recovered his liberty when
stationed near its coasts. It subsequently be- Regulus invaded Africa, for he was consul a seccame one of the subject allies of Athens, but at- ond time in 254. In this year he and his coltained such little prosperity that it only had to league, A. Atilius Calatinus, crossed over into
pay the small tribute of two hundred drachmae Sicily and took the town of Panormus.-6. L.
yearly. Its chief town was destroyed by the CORN. SCIPIO, also son of No. 4, was consul 259.
last Philip of Macedonia. At a later time it was He drove the Carthaginians out of Sardinia and
restored by Antonius to the Athenians. Scia- Corsica, defeating Hanno, the Carthaginian
thus produced good wine.                  commander.   He was censor in 258.-7. P.
SCIDRUS (2;/cipoS), a place in the south of CORN. SCIPIO AsINA, son of No. 5, was consul
Italy, of uncertain site, in which some of the 221, and carried on war, with his colleague M.
Sybarites settled after the destruction of their Minucius Rufus, against the Istri, who were
own city.                                 subdued by the consuls. He is mentioned again
SCILLUS ( KlctUOVr, -oivvroS: Scafiodvrtot, in 211, when he recommended that the senate
50                                                           785




SCIPIO.                                  SCIPIO,
should recall all the generals and armies from  which attended all his enterprises musb have
Italy for the defence of the capital, because Han- deepened this belief. He is first mentioned in
nibal was marching upon the city.-8. P. Conq. 218 at the battle of the Ticinus, when he saved
ScIPIO, son of No. 6, was consul, with Ti. Sem- the life of his father, as has been already repronius Longus, in 218, the first year of the see- lated. He fought at Cannae two years afterond Punic war. He sailed with an army to ward (216), when he was already a tribune of
Gaul, in order to encounter Hannibal before the soldiers, and was one of the few Roman ofcrossing the Alps; but, finding that Hannibal ficers who survived that fatal day. He was
had crossed the Rhone, and had got the start of chosen, along with Appius Claudius, to comrnhim by a three days' march, he resolved to sail mand the remains of the army, which had taken
back to Italy and await Hannibal's arrival in refuge at Canusium; and it was owing to his
Cisalpine Gaul. But as the Romans had an youthful heroism and presence of mind that the
army of twenty-five thousand men in Cisalpine Roman nobles, who had thought of leaving ItGaul, under the command of two prsetors, Scip- aly in despair, were prevented from carrying
io sent into Spain the army which he had brought their rash project into effect. He had already
with him, under the command of his brother gained the favor of the people to such an extent
Cun. Scipio. On his return to Italy, Scipio took that he was elected aedile in 212, although he
the command of the army in Cisalpine Gaul, had not yet reached the legal age. In 210, after
and hastened to meet Hannibal. An engage- the death of his father and uncle in Spain, the
ment took place between the cavalry and light- Romans resolved to increase their army in that
armed troops of the two armies. The Romans country, and to place it under the command of
were defeated; the consul himself received a a proconsul. But when the people assembled
severe wound, and was only saved from death to elect a- proconsul, none of the generals of exby the courage of his young son Publius, the perience ventured to suefor so dangerous a comfuture conqueror of Hannibal. Scipio now re- mand. At length Scipio, who was then barely
treated across the Ticinus, crossed the Po also, twenty-four, offered himself as a candidate, and
first took up his quarters at Placentia, and sub- was chosen with enthusiasm to take the comsequently withdrew to the hills on the left bank mand. His success in Spain was striking and
of the Trebia, where he was joined by the oth- rapid. In the first campaign (210) he took the
er consul, Sempronius Longus. The latter re- important city of Carthago Nova, and in the
solved upon a battle, in opposition to the advice course of the next three years he drove the
of his colleague. The result was the complete Carthaginians entirely out of Spain, and became
defeat of the Roman army, which was obliged master of that country. He returned to Rome
to take refuge within the walls of Placentia. in 206, and was elected consul for the followIn the following year, 217, Scipio, whose impe- ing year (205), although he had not yet filled
rium had been prolonged, crossed over into the office of praetor, and was only thirty years
Spain. He and his brother Cneius continued in of age. He was anxious to cross over at once
Spain till their death in 211; but the history of to Africa, and bring the contest to an end at
their campaigns, though important in their re- the gates of Carthage; but the oldest members
sults, is full of confusions and contradictions. of the senate, and among them Q. Fabius MaxThey gained several victories over the enemy, imus, opposed his project, partly through timidand they felt themselves so strong by the be- ity and partly through jealousy of the youthful
ginning of 212, that they resolved to cross the conqueror. All that Scipio could obtain was
Iberus, and'to make a vigorous effort to drive the province of Sicily, with permission to cross
the Carthaginians out of Spain. They accord- over to Africa; but the senate refused him an
ingly divided their forces, but they were defeat- army, thus making the permission of no praced and slain in battle by the Carthaginians.-9. tical use. But the allies had a truer view of
CN. CORN. SCIPIO CALVUS, son of No. 6, and the interests of Italy than the Roman senate,
brother of No. 8, was consul 222, with M. Clau- and from all the towns of Italy volunteers flockdius Marcellus. In conjunction with his col- ed to join the standard of the youthful hero.
league, he carried on war against the Insu- The senate could not refuse to allow him to enbrians. In 218 he carried on war as the legate list volunteers; and such was the enthusiasm
of his brother Publius for eight years in Spain, in his favor, that he was able to cross over to
as has been related above.-10. P. CoRN. SCIPIO Sicily with an army and a fleet contrary to the'AFRICANUS MAJOR, son of No. 8,was born in 234: expectations and even the wishes of the senHe was unquestionably one of the greatest men ate. After spending the winter in Sicily, and
of Rome, and he acquired at an early age the completing all his preparations for the invasion
confidence and admiration of his countrymen. of Africa, he crossed over to the latter country
His enthusiastic mind led him to believe that in the course of the following year. Success
he was a special favorite of the gods, and he again attended his arms. The Carthaginians
never engaged in any public or private business and their ally Syphax were defeated with great
without first going to the Capitol, where he sat slaughter, and the former were compelled to
some time alone, enjoying communication from  recall Hannibal from Italy as the only hope of
the gods. For all he proposed or executed, he saving their country. The long struggle bealleged the divine approval; and the Roman tween the two nations was at length brought
people gave credit to his assertions, and re- to a close by the battle fought near the city of
garded him as a being almost superior to the Zama on the 19th of October, 202, in which
common race of men. There can be no doubt Scipio gained a decisive and brilliant victory
that Scipio believed himself in the divine reve- over Hannibal. Carthage had no alternative
lations, which he asserted to have been vouch- but submission; but the final treaty was not
safed to him, and the extraordinary success concluded till the following year (201). Scipio
786




SCIPI0.                                   SCIPI0.
returned to Italy in 201, and entered Rome in of imprisonment. The successful issue of the
triumph. He was received with universal en- prosecution of Lucius emboldened his enemies
thusiasm, and the surname of Africanus was to bring the great Africanus himself before the
conferred upon him.  The people wished to people. His accuser wasM. Navius, the tribmake him consul and dictator f6r life, and to une of the people, and the accusation was
erect his statue in the comitia, the rostra, the brought in 185. When the trial came on, and
curia, and even in the Capitol, but he prudently Africanus was summoned, he proudly remind
declined all these invidious distinctions. - As ed the people that this was the anniversary
he did not choose to usurp the supreme power, of the day on which he had defeated Hannibal
and as he was an object of suspicion and dis- at Zama, and called upon them to follow him
like to the majority of the senate, he took no to the Capitol, in order there to return thanks
prominent part in public affairs during the next to the immortal gods, and to pray that they
few years. He was censor in 199 with P. iEli- would grant the Roman state other citizens like
us Peetus, and consul a second time in 194 with himself. Scipio struck a chord which vibrated
Ti. Sempronius Longus.  In 193 he was one on every heart, and was followed by crowds to
of th6 three commissioners who were sent to the Capitol. Having thus set all the laws at
Africa to mediate between Masinissa'and the defiance, Scipio immediately quitted Rome, and
Carthaginians; and in the same year he was retired to his country seat at Liternum. The
one of the ambassadors sent to Antiochus at tribunes wished to renew the prosecution, but
Ephesus, at whose court Hannibal was then re- Gracchus wisely persuaded them to let it drop.
siding. The tale runs that he had there an in- Scipio never returned to Rome. He passed his
terview with the great Carthaginian, who de- remaining days in the cultivation of his estate
elared him the greatest general that ever lived. at Liternum; and, at his death, is said to have
The compliment was paid in a manner the most requested that his body might be buried there,
flattering to Scipio'  The latter had asked, and not in his ungrateful country. The year
"Who was the greatest general,?"  "Alexan- of his death is equally uncertain, but he probder the Great," was Hannibal's reply. "Who ably died in 183. Scipio married AEmilia, the
was the second I" "6 Pyrrhus."  "Who the daughter of L. AEmilius Paulus, who fell at the
third." "Myself," replied the Carthaginian. battle of Canna, and by her he had four chil" What would you have said, then, if you had dren, two sons (Nos. 12, 13) and two daughconquered me." asked Scipio, in astonishment. ters, the elder of whom married P. Scipio Nasica
"' I should then have placed myself before Alex- Corculum (No. 17), and the younger Tib. Gracander, before Pyrrhus, and before all other gen- chus, and thus became the mother of the two
erals." In 190 Africanus served as legate un- celebrated tribunes. Vid. CORNELIA. — 11. L.
der his brother Lucius in the war against An- CORN. SCIPIO ASIATICUS, also called ASIAGENES
tiochus the Great. Shortly after his return, he or ASIAGENUS, was the son of No. 8, and the
and his brother Lucius were accused of having brother of the great Africanus. He served unreceived bribes from Antiochus to let the mon- der his brother in Spain; was prsetor in 193,
arch off too leniently, and of having appropria- when he obtained the province of Sicily; and
ted to their own use part of the money which consul in 190 with C. Lselius. The senate had
had been paid by Antiochus to the Roman state. not much confidence in his abilities, and it was
The details of the accusation are related with only through the. offer of his brother Africanus
such discrepancies by the ancient authorities, to accompany him as a legate that he obtained
that it is impossible to determine with certainty the province of Greece and the conduct of the
the true history of the affair, or the year in war against Antiochus. HIe defeated Antiowhich it occurred. It appears, however, that chus at Mount Sipylus in 190, entered Rome in
there were two' distinct prosecutions, and the triumph in the following year, and assumed the
following is-perhaps the most probable history surname of Asiaticus. The history of his accuof the transaction. In 187, two tribunes of the sation and condemnation has been already repeople of the name of Petillii, instigated by Cato lated in the life of his brother. He was a canand the other enemies of the Scipios, required didate for the censorship in 184, but was deL. Scipio to render an account of all the sums feated by the old enemy of his family, M. Porof money which he had received from Antio- cius Cato, who deprived Asiaticus of his horse
chus. L. Scipio accordingly prepared his ac- at the reviewof the equites. It appears, therecounts, but as he was in the act of delivering fore, that even as late as this time an eques did
them up, the proud conqueror of Hannibal in- not forfeit his horse by becoming a senator.dignantly snatched them out of his hands and 12. P. CORN. SCIPIO AFRICANUS, elder son of the'
tore them up in pieces before the senate. But great Africanus, was prevented by his weak
this haughty conduct appears to have produced health from taking any part in public affairs.
an unfavorable impression, and his brother, Cicero praises his oratiunculae and his Greek
when brought to trial in the course of the same history, and remarks that, with the greatness of
year, was declared guilty, and sentencedto pay his father's mind, he possessed a larger amount
a heavy fine. The tribune C. Minucius Augu- of learning. He had no son of his own, but
rinus ordered him to be dragged to prison and adopted the son of L. YAmilius Paulus (vid. be —
there detained till the money was paid; where- low, No. 15). - 13.-L. or CN. CORN. ScIPIO AFupon Africanus rescued his brother from the RICANUS, younger son of the great Africanus.
hands of the tribune's officer. The contest He accompanied his father into Asia in 190, and.would probably have been attended with'fatal was taken prisoner by Antiochus. This Scipio
results had not Tib. Gracchus, the father of the was a degenerate son of an illustrious sire, and
celebrated tribune, and then tribune himself, had only obtained the prsetorship in 174 through
the prudence to release Lucius from the sentence Cicereius, who had been a scriba of his father,
787




SCIPIO.                                  SCIPIO.
giving way to him. In the same year he was reducing Africa to the form of a Roman prov:
expelled from the senate by the censors.-14. ince, Scipio returned'to Rome in the same year,
L. CORN. SCIPIO ASIATICUS, a descendant of No. and celebrated a splendid triumph on account
11, belonged to the Marian party, and was con- of his victory. The surname of Africanus,
sul 83 with C. Norbanus. In this year Sulla which he had inherited by adoption from the
returned to Italy: Scipio was deserted by his conqueror of Hannibal, had been now acquired
troops, and taken prisoner in his camp along by him by his own exploits. In 142 Scipio
with his son Lucius, but was dismissed by Sulla was censor, and in the administration of the
uninjured. He was, however, included in the duties of his office he attempted to repress the
proscription in the following year (82), where- growing luxury and immorality of his contemupon he fled to Massilia, and passed there the poraries. His efforts, however, were thwartremainder of his life. His daughter was mar- ed by his colleague Mummius, who had himried to P. Sestius.-15. P. CORN. SCIPIO 2EMILI- self acquired a love for Greek and Asiatic luxANUS AFRICANUS MINOR, was the younger son uries. In 139 Scipio was accused by Ti. Clauof L. 2Emilius Paulus, the conqueror of Mace- dius Asellus ofmajestas. Asellus attacked him
donia, and was adopted by P. Scipio (No. 12), out of private animosity, because he had been
the son of the conqueror of Hannibal. He was deprived of his horse, and reduced to the conborn about 185. In his seventeenth year he dition of an aerarian by Scipio in his censorship.
accompanied his father Paulus to Greece, and Scipio was acquitted, and the speeches which
fought under him at the battle of Pydna, 168. he delivered on the occasion obtained great
Scipio devoted himself with ardor to the study celebrity, and were held in high esteem in a
of literature, and formed an intimate friendship later age. It appears,to have been after this
with Polybius when the latter came to Rome event that Scipio was sent on an embassy to
along with the other Achean hostages in 167. Egypt and Asia to attend to the Roman interVid. POLYBIUS. At a later period he also cultiva- ests in those countries. The long continuance
ted the acquaintance of the philosopher Panae- of the war in Spain again called Scipio to the
tius, and he likewise admitted the poets Lucilius consulship. He was appointed consul in his
and Terence to his intimacy, and is said to have absence, and had the province of Spain assigned
assisted the latter in the composition of his com- to him in 134. His operations were attended
edies. His friendship with Laelius, whose tastes with success; and in 133 he brought the war
and pursuits were so congenial to his own,-has to a conclusion by the capture of the city of Nubeen immortalized by Cicero's celebrated treat- mantia after a long siege. He now received
ise- entitled "Lalius sive de Amicitia." Al- the surname of Numantinus in addition to that
though thus devoted to the study of polite liter- of Africanus. During his absence in Spain Tiature, Scipio is said to have cultivated the vir- berius Gracchus had been put to death. Seipio
tues which distinguished the older Romans, and was married to Sempronia, the sister of the
to have made Cato the model of his conduct. fallen tribune, but he had no sympathy with his
If we may believe his panegyrists, he possessed reforms, and no sorrow for his fate. Upon his
all the simple virtues of an old Roman, mellow- return to Rome in 132, he did not disguise his
ed by the refining influences of Greek civiliza- sentiments, and when asked in the assembly of
tion. Scipio first served in Spain with great the tribes by C. Papirius Carbo, the tribune,
distinction as military tribune under the consul what he thought of the death of Tiberius GracL. Lucullus in 151. On the breaking out of the chus, he boldly replied that he was justly slain
third Punic war in 149, he accompanied the Ro- (jure cacsum). The people loudly expressed
man army to Africa, again with the rank of their disapprobation; whereupon Scipio proudly
military tribune. Here he gained still more re- bade them to be silent. He now took the lead
nown. By his personal bravery and military in opposing the popular party, and endeavored
skill he repaired, to a great extent, the mistakes to prevent the agrarian law of Tiberius Gracof the consul Manilius, whose army on one oc- chus from being carried into effect. In order
casion he saved from destruction. He returned to accomplish this object, he proposed in the
to Rome in 148, and had already gained such senate (129) that all disputes respecting the
popularity, that when he became a candidate for lands of the allies should be taken out of the
the medileship for the following year (147), he hands of the commissioners appointed under
was elected consul, although he was only thirty- the law of Tiberius Gracchus, and should be
seven, and had not, therefore, attained the legal committed to other persons. This would have
age. The senate assigned-to him Africa as is.been equivalent to an abrogation of the law;
province, to which he forthwith sailed, accom- and accordingly, Fulvius Flaccus, Papirius Carpanied by his friends Polybius and Lelius. He bo, and C. Gracchus, the three commissioners,
prosecuted the siege of Carthage with the ut- offered the most vehement opposition to his promost vigor. The Carthaginians defended them- posal. In the forum he was accused by Carbo
selves with the courage of despair, and the Ro- with the bitterest invectives as the enemy of
mans were unable to force their way into the the people, and upon his again expressing his
city till the spring of the following year (146). approval of the death of Tiberius Gracchus, the
The inhabitants fought from street to street, people shouted out, "Down with the tyrant."
and from house to house, and the work of de- In the evening he went home with the intention
struction and butchery went on for days. The of composing a speech for the following day;
fate of this once magnificent city moved Scipio but next day he was found dead in his room.
to tears, and, anticipating that a similar catas- The most contradictory rumors were circulated
trophe might one day befall Rome, he repeated respecting his death; but it was generally bethe lines of the Iliad (vi., 448-9), in which Hec- lieved that he was murdered. Suspicion fell
tor bewails the approaching fall of Troy. After upon various persons; his wife Sempronia and
788




SCIPIO.                              SCIRONIA SAXA.
her mother Cornelia were suspected by some; tempted to escape. In consequence of his conCarbo, Fulvius, and C. Gracchus by others. Of duct on this occasion, Nasica became an object
all these, Carbo was most generally believed to of such detestation to the people, that the senate
have been guilty, and is expressly mentioned found it advisable to send him on a pretended
as the murderer by Cicero. The general opin- mission to Asia, although he was pontifex maxion entertained by the Romans of a subsequent imus, and ought not, therefore, to have quitted
age respecting Scipio is given by Cicero in his Italy. He did not venture to return to Rome,
work on the Republic, in which Scipio is intro- and after wandering about from place to place,
duced as the principal speaker.-16. P. CORN. died soon afterward at Pergamum. —19. P.
SCIPIO NASICA, that is, " Scipio with the pointed  CORN. SCIPIO NASICA, son of No. 18, was consul
nose," was the son of Cn. Scipio Calvus, who 111, and died during his consulship.-20. P.
fell in Spain in 211. (Vid. No. 9). He is first CORN. SCIPIO NASICA, son of No. 19, praetor 94,
mentioned in 204) as a young man who was is mentioned by Cicero as one of the advocates
judged by the senate to be the best citizen in the of Sextus Roscius of Ameria. He married Listate, and was therefore sent to Ostia along with cinia, the second daughter of L. Crassus, the
the Roman matrons to receive the statue of the orator. He had two sons, both of whom were
Idaean Mother, which had been brought from  adopted, one by his maternal grandfather L.
Pessinus. He was curule aedile 196; praetor Crassus in his testament, and is therefore called
in 194, when he fought with success in Further L. Licinius Crassus Scipio, and the other by
Spain; and consul 191, when he defeated the Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius, consul 80, and is
Boii, and triumphed over them on his return to therefore called Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius ScipRome. Scipio Nasica was a celebrated jurist, io. This Scipio became the father-in-law of
and a house was given him by the state in the Cn. Pompey the triumvir, and fell in Africa in
Via Sacra, in order that he might be-more easily 46. His life is given under METELLUS, NO. 15.
consulted. —17. P. CORN. SCIPIO NASICA COR- -21. CN. CORN. SCIPIO HISPALLUS, son of L.
CULUM, son of No. 16, inherited from his father Scipio, who is only known as a brother of the
a love of jurisprudence, and became so cele- two Scipios who fell in Spain. Hispallus was
brated for his discernment and for his knowl- praetor 179, and consul 171. -22. CN. CORN.
edge of the pontifical and civil law, that he re- SCPIO HISPALLUS, son of No. 21, was praetor
ceived the surname of Corculum. He married  139, when he published an edict that all Chala daughter of Scipio Africanus the elder. He deans (i. c., astrologers) should leave Rome and
was consul for the first time 162, but abdicated, Italy within ten days.
together with his colleague, almost immediately  [SCIRADIUM (Kutpdicov), a promontory of Salaafter they had entered upon their office, on ac- mis, on the north side of the island, with a temcount of some fault in the auspices. He Was pie of Minerva (Athena) Sciras.]
censor 159 with M. Popilius Laenas, and was  SCIRAS or SCLERIAS (icGpa~, Zcm;piaf), ofTaconsul a second time in 155, when he subdued rentum, was one of the followers of Rhinthon
the Dalmatians. He was a firm upholder of in that peculiar sort of comedy, or rather burthe old Roman habits and manners, and in his lesque tragedy, which was cultivated by the Dosecond consulship he induced the senate to order rians of Magna Graecia, and especially at Tathe demolition of a theatre, which was near rentum. Vid. RHINTHON.
completion, asinjurious topublic morals. When  SCIRAS (YEclpif), a surname of Minerva (AtheCato repeatedly expressed his desire for the de- na), under which she had a temple in the Attic
struction of Carthage, Scipio, on the other hand, port of Phalerum, and in the island of Salamis.
declared that he wished for its preservation, The foundation of the temple at Phalerum is
since the existence of such a rival would prove ascribed by Pausanias to a soothsayer, Scirus
a useful check upon the licentiousness of the of Dodona, who is said to have come to Attica
multitude. He was elected pontifex maximus at the time when the Eleusinians were at war
in 150.-18. P. CORN. SCIPIO NASICA SERAPIO, with Erechtheus.
son of No. 17, is chiefly known as the leader of  SCIRITIS (KIptrlt), a wild and mountainous
the senate in the murder of Tiberius Gracchus. district in the north of Laconia, on the borders
He was consul in 138, and in consequence of of Arcadia, with a town called SCIRUS (2Kdpof),
the severity with which he and his colleague which originally belonged to Arcadia. Its inconducted the levy of troops, theywere thrown habitants, the SCIRIT2E (2Kiplrai), formed a speinto prison by C. Curiatius, the tribune of the cial division of the Lacedaemonian army. This
plebs. It was this Curiatius who gave Nasica body, which, in the time of the Peloponnesian
the nickname of Serapio, from his resemblance war, was six hundred in number, was stationed
to a person of low rank of this name; but, though in battle at the extreme left of the line, formed
given him in derision, it afterward became his on march the vanguard, and was usually emdistinguishing surname. In 133, when the tribes ployed on the most dangerous kinds of service.
met to re-elect Tiberius Gracchus to the tribu-  SCIRON (.i cipo or INeipuv), a famous robber
nate, and the utmost confusion prevailed in the who infested the frontier between Attica and
Forum, Nasica called upon the consuls to save Megaris.  He not only robbed the travellers
the republic; but as they refused to have re- who passed through the country, but compelled
course to violence, he exclaimed, "( As the con- them, on the Scironian rock, to wash his feet,
sul betrays the state, do you who wish to obey and kicked them into the sea while they were
the laws follow me;" and, so saying, he rushed thus employed. At the foot of the rock there
forth from the temple of Fides, where the senate was a tortoise which devoured the bodies of
was sitting, followed by the greater number of the robber's victims. He was slain by Theseus.
the senators.  The people gave way before   SCIRSNA SAXA (EktpuVidef 7rErpat, also EcLthem, and Gracchus was assassinated as he at- pdceS: now Derveni Bouno), large rocks on the
789




SCIRRI.                                 SCORDISCI.
eastern coast of Megaris, between which and a leading position among his countrymen at the
the sea there was only a narrow dangerous pass, period of the outbreak of the war with Philip
called the Scironian road (1 ZKZp6pV or K tp(covl  and the Acheans,' B.C. 220. He commanded
dd6g: now Kaki Skala). This road was after- the _.Etolian army in the first year of the war;
ward enlarged by the Emperor Hadrian. The and he is mentioned again as general of the
name of the rocks was derived from the cele- _ELtolians, when the latter people concluded an
brated robber Sciron.                     alliance with the Romans to assist them against
ScIRRI or SCIRI, a people in European Sarma- Philip (211). After the close of the war with
tia, on the northern coast, immediately east of Philip, Scopas and Dorimachus were appointed
the Vistula, in the modern Curland and Samo- to reform the.Etolian constitution (204). Scogitien. The Sciri afterward joined the Huns; pas had only undertaken the charge from moand to this people belonged Odoacer, the con- tives of personal ambition; on finding himself
queror of Italy.                          disappointed in this object, he withdrew to
SCIRTONYIUM (EtcLpTjvtLOv), a town in the south Alexandrea. Here he was; received with the
of Arcadia, belonging to the districty Egytis, the utmost favor by the, ministers of the young
inhabitants of which removed to Megalopolis king, Ptolemy V., and appointed to the chief
upon the foundation of the latter.        command of the army against Antiochus the
SCIRTUS (KCipTof: nowJillab), a river in Mes- Great. At first he was successful, but was aftopotamia, flowing past Edessa into a small lake erward defeated by Antiochus at Panium, and
near Ch'arrae. Its name, which signifies leap- reduced to shut himself up within the walls of
ing, was derived from its rapid descent in a se- Sidon, where he was ultimately compelled by
ries of small cascades..                 famine to surrender. Notwithstanding this ill
[ScIRus (icipOf, 6). 1. A soothsayer of Do- success, he continued in high favor at the Egypdona. Vid. ScIRAs.-2. (ZKcpof, m), a town of tian court; but, having formed a plot in 196 to
Laconia. Vid. SCIRITIS.-3. (s1Cpoe, 6), a brook obtain by force the chief administration of the
near Scirum, which.traversed the sacred road kingdom, he was arrested and put to death.northwest of Athens, and watered the gardens 2. A distinguished sculptor, was a native of
north of Dipylon.]                        Paros, and appears to have belonged to a famSCLERIAS. Vid. SCIRAS.                  ily. of artists in that island. He flourished fiorm
ScoDRA (Scodrensis: now Scodar or Scutari),. B.C. 393 to 350. He was probably somewhat
one of the most important towns in Illyricum, older than Praxiteles, with whom he stands at
on the left bank of the River Barbana,, at the the head of that second period of perfected art
southeastern corner of the Lacus Labeatis, and which is called the later Attic school (in conabout seventeen miles from the coast. It was tradistinction to the earlier Attic school of
strongly fortified, and was the residence of the Phidias), and which arose at Athens after the
Illyrianking Gentius. It subsequently contain- Peloponnesian war. Scopas was an architect
ed many Roman inhabitants.                and a statuary as well as a sculptor. He was
SCoDRus. Vid. SCARDUS.                  the architect of the temple of Minerva (AtheSCEDiSES, SCYDISSES, or SCORDISCUS (EKot- na) Alea at Tegea, in Arcadia, which was comGS, Vf[ic, Kepdvtcoef,:p nowDassim Dagh, menced soon after B.C. 394.' He was one of
or Chambu-Bel Dagh), a mountain in the north- the artists employed in executing the bas-reeast of Asia Minor, dividing Pontus Cappado- liefs which decorated the frieze of the Mausocius from Armenia Minor, and forming a part leum at Halicarnassus in Caria. A portion of
of the same range as Mount Paryades.      these bas-reliefs is now deposited in the BritSCOLLIS (1c62~tPa: now Sandameri), a rocky ish Museum. Among the single statues and
mountain between Elis and Achaia, three thou- groups of Scopas, the best known in modern
sand three hundred and thirty-three feet high, times is his group of figures representing the
which joins on the east the mountain Lampea.  destruction of the sons and daughters of Niobe.
SCSL6TI T(Z6ITOLro), the native name of the In Pliny's time the statues stood in the temple
Scythians, according to Herodotus, is in all prob- of Apollo Sosianus. The remaining statues of
ability the Greek form of Slave-nie or Slovenie,  this group, or copies of them, are all in the
the generic name of the Slavonian race. Vid. Florence Gallery, with the exception of the soSCYTHIA. The later Greek writers call them  called Ilioneus at Munich, which some suppose
C2xa6evoi.                               to have belonged to the group. There is a head
ScoLus (YKSXofc: c ec: t tof, 1ZKeoueVG). 1. An of Niobe in the collection of Lord Yarborough
ancient town in Bceotia, on the road from'which has some claim to be considered as the
Thebes to Aphidnae in Attica, was situated on original. But the most esteemed of all the
the northern slope of Mount Cithmeron, and forty works of Scopas, in antiquity, was his group
stadia south of the River Asopus.-2. A small which stood in the shrine of Cn. Domitius in
place in Macedonia, near Olynthus.        the Flaminian circus, representing Achilles conSCOMBRARIA (now Islote), an island in front of ducted to the island of Leuce by the divinities
the bay, on the southeastcoast of Spain, which of the sea. It consisted of figures of Neptune
formed the harbor of Carthago Nova. It re- (Poseidon), Thetis, and Achilles, surrounded by
ceived its name from the scombri or mackerel Nereids, and attended by Tritons, and by an astaken off its coast, from which the Romans pre- semblage of sea monsters.
pared their garum.                          Sc6PAS (;K6'raf now Aladan), a river of GaScMfius MONS (7r ZK ooOv poeg), a mountain latia, falling into the Sangarius, from the east,
in Macedonia, which runs east of Mount Scar- at Juliopolis.
dus, in the direction of north to south toward  SCORDISCI, a people in Pannonia Superior.
Mount Heemus.                             are sometimes classed among the Illyrians, but
Sc6PAs (K6wraS). 1. An zEtolian, who held were the remains of an ancient and powerfx'll
790




SCORDISCUS.                                  SCYLLA.
Celtic tribe. They dwelt between the Savus Bruttium, was only twenty miles broad, and
and Dravus.                               formed the ancient boundary of (Enotria.
ScoRDIscus. Vid. SC(EDISES.               ScYLAx (KvcXaaf). 1. Of Caryanda in Caria,
SCOTI, a people mentioned, together with the was' sent by Darius Hystaspis on a voyage of
PICTI, by the later Roman writers as one of the discovery down the Indus. Setting out from
chief tribes of the ancient Caledonians. They the city of Caspatyrus and the Pactyican disdwelt in the south of Scotland and in Ireland; trict, Scylax reached the sea, and then sailed
and from them the former country has derived west through the Indian Ocean to the Red Sea,
its name.                                 performing the whole voyage in thirty months.
SCOTITAS (IKori7af), a woody district in the -2. Of Halicarnassus, a friend of Panaetius,
north of Laconia, on the frontiers of Tegea-, distinguished for his knowledge of the stars,
tis.                                      and for his political influence in his own state.
SCOTUSSA (Eic0rovaca: Yorovaaaiof), a very There is still extant a Periplus, containing a
ancient town of Thessaly, in the district Pelas- brief description of certain countries in Europe,
giotis, near the source of the Onchestus, and not Asia, and Africa, and bearing the name of Scyfar from the hills Cynoscephales, where Flarni- lax of Caryanda. This work has been ascribed
ninus gained his celebrated victory over Philip, by some writers to the Scylax mentioned by
B.C. 197.                                 Herodotus, and by others to the contemporary
SCRIBONIA, wife of Octavianus, afterward the of Pansetius and Polybius; but most modern
Emperor Augustus, had been married twice be- scholars suppose the writer to have lived in the
fore. By one of her former husbands, P. Scip- first half of the reign of Philip, the father of
io, she had two children, P. Scipio, who was Alexander the Great, about B.C. 350.  It is
consul B.C. 16, and a daughter, Cornelia, who clear from internal evidence thtat the Periplus
was married to Paulus iEmilius, censor B.C. must have been composed after the time of He-: 22. Scribonia was the sister of L. Scribonius rodotus; while, from its omitting to mention any
Libo, who was the father-in-law of Sextus Pom- of the cities founded by Alexander, such as Alpey. Augustus married her in 40, on the ad- exandrea in Egypt, we may conclude, that it
vice of Mncenas, because he was then afraid was drawn up before the reign of Alexander.
that Sextus Pompey would form an alliance It is probable that the author prefixed to his
with Antony to crush him; but, having re- work the name of Scylax of Caryanda on acnewed his alliance with Antony, Octavianus count of the celebrity of this navigator. This
divorced her, in order to marry Livia, in the Periplus is printed by Hudson, in his Geographi
following year (39), on the very day on which  Grceci Ilinores, and by Klausen, attached to his
she had borne him a daughter, Julia. Scribonia fragments of Hecataeus, Berlin, 1831.
long survived her separation from Octavianus.  SCYLAx (Z~Iv;ae: now Choterlek-Irmak), a rivIn A.D. 2 she accompanied, of her own accord, er in the southwest of Pontus, falling into the
her daughter Julia into exile, to the island of Iris, between Amasia and Gaziura.
Pandataria.                                 SCYLITZES or SCYLITZA, JOANNES, a Byzantine
SCRIBONiUS CURIO. Vid. CURIO.           historian, surnamed, from his office, CuropaSRIBSNiUS LARGUS. Vid. LARGUS.          lates, flourished A.D. 1081. His work extends
SCRIBoNYUS LIBo. Vid. LIso.             from the death of Nicephorus I. (811) down to
SCRIBONIUS PROCiLUS.  Vid. PRocuLus.    the reign of Nicephorus Botaniotes (1078-1081).
SCULTENNA (now Panaro), a river in Gallia The portion of the history of Cedrenus, which
Cispadana, rising in the Apennines, and flow- extends from the death of Nicephorus I. (811)
ing to the east of Mutina into the Po.    to the close of the work (1057), is found almost
ScUPI (now Uskub), a town in Mcesia Supe- verbatim in the history of Scylitzes. Hence it
rior, on the Axius, and the capital of Dardania. has been supposed that Scylitzes copied from
It was the residence of the Archbishop of Illyr- Cedrenus, and consequently the entire work of
icum, and in the Middle Ages of the Servian Scylitzes has not been published separately,
kings.                                    but only the part extending from 1057 to 1080,
ScsDISSES. Vid. SCCEDISES.              which has been printed as an appendix to CedreSCYLXCE (lZcvdicns), or ScYLnACEoN, an an- nus. Vid. CEDRENUS. It is now, however, gencient city on the coast of Mysia Minor, at the erally admitted that Cedrenus copied from Scyfoot of Mount Olympus, said to have been found- litzes.
ed by the Pelasgians.                       SCYLLA (Zxcv2Rta) and, CHARYBDIS, the names
ScYLACinM, also SCYLACEUM or SCYLLIUTYUI  of two rocks between Italy and Sicily, and only
(1vicuiCLov, Zcvtateov, ZiKvX;jrtov: now Squil- a short distance from one another. In the one
lace), a Greek town on the eastern coast of of these rocks which was nearest to Italy, there
Bruttium, was situated on two adjoining hills was a cave, in which dwelt Scylla, a daughter
at a short distance from the coast, between the of Crateis, a fearful monster, barking like a dog,
rivers Coecinus and Carcines. It is said to have with twelve feet, and six long necks and heads,
been founded by the Athenians. It belonged each of which contained three rows of sharp
to the territory of Croton, but was subsequently teeth.  The opposite rock, which was much
given by the elder Dionysius to the Locrians, lower, contained an immense fig-tree, under
and came eventually into the possession of the which dwelt Charybdis, who thrice every day
Romans. Ithadno harbor, whenceVirgil (/En., swallowed down the waters of the sea, and
iii., 553) speaks of it as navifragum Scylace'un. thrice threw them up again: both were formiFrom this town the SCYLACIUS or SCYLLETICUS  dable to the ships which had to pass between
SINUS (Z*vXt3jK71XOC  2,f -?rof) derived its name. them.  This is the Homeric account. Later
The isthmus which separated this bay from the traditions give different accounts of Scylla's
Sinus Hipponiates, on the western coast of parentage.  Some describe her as a nionster
791




SCYLLA.                                   SCYTHIA
with six heads of different animals, or with only ges;s, or description of the earth, which is re.
three heads. One tradition relatestthat Scylla ferred to by later writers. This woik was in
was originally a beautiful maiden, who often prose, and consequently different from the Peplayed with the nymphs of the sea, and was be- riegesis in Iambic metre which has come down
loved by the marine god Glaucus. The latter to us, and which many modern writers have erapplied to Circe for means to make Scylla re- roneously ascribed to Scymnus of Chios. The
turn his love; but Circe, jealous of the fair poem is dedicated to Nicomedes III., king of
maiden, threw magic herbs into the well in Bithynia, who died B.C. 74; but this is quite
which Scylla was wont to bathe, by means of uncertain. The best edition of the poem is by
which the lower part of her body was changed Meineke, Berlin, 1846.
into the tail of a fish or serpent, surrounded by  [ScYRAS (ZKvpaf: now River of Dhikova), a
dogs, while the upper part remained that of a river in the southwest of Laconia, which rises
woman. Another tradition related that Scylla in Mount Taygetus, flows in an easterly direcwas beloved by Neptune (Poseidon), and that tion, -and empties into the Laconicus Sinus
Amphitrite, from jealousy, metamorphosed her south of Gytheum.]
into a monster. Hercules is said to have killed  SCYRos (;lcipof: llcvptof: now Scyro), an islher because she stole some of the oxen of Ge- and in the -,Egean Sea, east of Eubcea, and one
ryon; but Phorcys is said to have restored her of the Sporades. It contained a town of the
to life. Virgil (En., vi., 286) speaks of several same name, and a river called Cephisus. Its
Scyllee, and places them in the lower world. ancient inhabitants are said to have been PeCharybdis is described as a daughter of Nep- lasgians, Carians, and Dolopians. The island
tune (Poseidon) and Terra (Gaea), and a vora- is frequently mentioned in the stories of the
cious woman, who stole oxen from Hercules, mythical period. Here Thetis concealed her
and was hurled by the thunderbolt of Jupiter son Achilles in woman's attire among the daugh(Zeus) into the sea.                      ters of Lycomedes, in order to save him from
SGYLLA, daughter of King Nisus of Megara, the fate which awaited him under the walls of
who fell in love with Minos. For details, vid. Troy. It was here, also, that Pyrrhus, the son
Nisus and MINOS.                          of Achilles by Deidamia, was brought up, and
SCYLL^EUM (ZiciA2laov). 1. (Now Sciglio), a it was from this island that Ulysses fetched him
promontory on the coast of Bruttium, at the to the Trojan war. According to another tranorthern entrance to the Sicilian Straits, where dition, the island was conquered by Achilles, in
the monster Scylla was supposed to live. Vid. order to revenge the death of Theseus, who is
SCYLLA. —2. (Now Scilla or Sciglio), a town said to have been treacherously destroyed in
in Bruttium, on the above-named promontory. Scyros by Lycomedes. The bones of Theseus
There are still remains of the ancient citadel. were discovered by Cimon in Scyros, after his
-3. A promontory in Argolis, on the coast of conquest of the island in B.C. 476, and were
Trcezen, forming, with the promontory of Su- conveyed to Athens, where they were preservnium in Attica, the entrance to the Saronic ed in the Thes6um. From this time Scyros
Gulf. It is said to have derived its name from  continued subject to Athens till the period of
Scylla, the daughter of Nisus. Vid. Nisus.  the Macedonian supremacy; but the Romans
SCYLLETICUS SINUS. Vid. SCYLACIUM.      compelled the last Philip to restore it to AthSCYLLETIUM. Vid. ScYLACIUM.             ens in 196.  The soil of Scyros was unpro[SCYLLIAS or SCYLLIS (ZIecv2.UinC (Ion.), Hdt.; ductive; but it was celebrated.for its breed:ICVU2t., Paus.), a celebrated diver of Scione in of goats, and for its quarries of variegated
Macedonia.; When the Persian fleet of Xerxes marble.
was wrecked off Mount Pelion and the Prom-  SCYTHIA (?7 2'vOlK,,  zlcvOia, Ion. /cvriV, V?
ontory of Sepias, much treasure was sunk with r-5v'ZvOe2v  % Hpy, Herod.: Z;cv0C, Scythes,
the vessels that were overtaken by the storm; Scytha, pl. lnvcOa, Scythae; fem. ZKicvf, Scythis,
Scyllias recovered much of this treasure for the Scythissa), a name applied to very different
Persians, and also obtained considerable for him- countries at different times. The Scythia of
self. Wishing to escape from thePersians, he Herodotus comprises, to speak generally, the
is said to have swum under water from Aphe- southeastern parts of Europe, between the Cartae to Artemisium, where the Greek fleet lay, a pathian Mountains and the River Tana'is (now
distance of eighty stadia (nearly ten miles), and Don). The Greeks became acquainted with
to have communicated to the Greeks the plans this country through their settlements on the
of the Persians. This is the account of He- Euxine; and Herodotus, who had himself visrodotus, who, in relating the story, ranks the ited the coasts of the Euxine, collected all the
latter part among the pbevcie elICELa T7epi'roV information he could obtain about the Scythians
vd(po~ roVTov. Pausanias relates that Scyllis and their country, and embodied the results in
(as he calls him) had his daughter Cyana (al. a most interesting digression, which forms the
Hydna) taught swimming, and that they two, first part of his fourth book. The details, for
on occasion of the storm off Pelion, dove under which there is not room in this article, must be
water and tore up the anchors of the Persian read in Herodotus. He describes the country
fleet, thereby causing much loss to the Per- as a square of four thousand stadia (four hundsians: for this exploit, the Amphictyons conse- red geographical miles) each way, the western
crated at Delphi statues of Scyllis and his daugh- boundary being the Ister (now Danube) and the
ter. The statue of Cyana (Hydna) was among mountains of the Agathyrsi; the southern,, the,those that were carried from Delphi to Rome shores of the Euxine and Palus Mwotis, from
by Nero.]                                 the, mouth of the Ister to that of the Tanais,
SCYLLIS. Vid. DIP(ENUS.                 this side being divided into two equal pants, of
SCYMNUS (ZI/KYVOS), of Chios, wrote a Perie- two thousand stadia each, by the mouth of the
792




SCYTHIA.                               SCYTHOTAUR1.
Borysthenes (now Dnieper); the eastern bound- the River PANTICAPES. Beyond these, to the
ary was the Tanais, and on the north Scythia east, dwelt " the nomad Scythians (vopucidce lcvwas divided by deserts from the Melanchlweni, Oat), who neither sow nor plough at all." HeAndrophagi, and Budini. It corresponded to rodotus expressly states that the tribes east of
the southern part of Russia in Europe. The the Borysthenes were not Scythian. Ofthehispeople who inhabited this region were called by tory of these Scythian tribes there is little to
the Greeks EicvOat, a word of doubtful origin, state, beyond the tradition already mentioned,
which first occurs in Hesiod; but, in their own that they migrated from Asia and expelled the
language, EK2corot,i.e., Slavonians. They were Cimmerians; their invasion of Media, in the
believed by Herodotus to be of Asiatic origin; reign of Cyaxares, when they held the supremand his account of them, taken in connection acy of Western Asia for twenty-eight years,
with the description given by Hippocrates of and the disastrous expedition of Darius into
their physcial peculiarities, leaves no doubt that their country. In later times they were graduthey were a part of the great Mongol race, who ally overpowered by the neighboring people, eshave wandered, from unknown antiquity, over pecially the Sarmatians, who gave their name
the steppes of Central Asia. Herodotus says to the whole country. Vid. SARMATIA. Meanfurther that they were driven out of their abodes while, the conquests of Alexander and his sucin Asia, north of the Araxes, by the Massage- cessors in Central Asia had made the Greeks
te; and that, migrating into Europe, they drove acquainted with tribes beyond the Oxus and
out the Cimmerians. -If this account be true, the Jaxartes, who resembled the Scythians, and
it can hardly but have some connection with the belonged, in fact, to the same great Mongol
irruption of the Cimmerians into Asia Minor, in race, and to whom, accordingly, the same name
the reign of the Lydian king Ardys, about B.C. was applied. Hence, in writers of the time of'640. The Scythians were a nomad people, that the Roman empire, the name of Scythia denotes
is, shepherds or herdsmen, who had no fixed the whole of Northern Asia, from the River Rha
habitations, but roamed over a vast tract of (now Volga) on the west, which divided it from
country at their pleasure, and according to the Asiatic Sarmatia, to Serica on the east, exwants of their cattle. They lived in a kind of tending to. India on the south. It was divided
covered"wagons, which zEschylus describes as by Mount Imaus into two parts, called respect" lofty houses of wicker-work, on well-wheeled ively Scythia intra Imaum, i. e., on the northchariots." They kept large troops of horses, western side of the range, and Scythia extra
and were most expert in cavalry exercises and Imaum, on its southeastern side. Of the peoarchery; and hence, as the Persian king Da- pie of this region nothing was known except
rius found, when he invaded their country (B.C. some names; but the absence of knowledge
507), it was almost impossible for an invading was supplied by some marvellous and not uninarmy to act against them. They simply re- teresting fables.
treated, wagons and all, before the enemy, har-  SCYTHINI (:KvOtvoi), a people on the western
assing him with their light cavalry, and leaving border of Armenia, through whose country the
famine and exposure, in their bare steppes, to Greeks under Xenophon marched four days'
do the rest.  Like all the Mongol race, they journey. Their territory was bounded on the
were divided into several hordes, the chief of east by the River Harpasus, and on the west by
whom were called the Royal Scythians; and to the River Apsarus.
these all the rest owned some degree of alle-  SCYTHINUS (acvOivof), of Teos, an iambic
giance. Their government was a sort of pa- poet, turned into verse the great work of the
triarchal monarchy or chieftainship. An im- philosopher Heraclitus, of which a considerable
portant modification of their habits had, how- fragment is preserved by Stobaeus.
ever, taken place, to a certain extent, before  SCYTH6PrLIS (aKvi0rooLtf: in the Old TestHerodotus described them. The fertility of the ament, Bethshean: ruins at Beisan), an implains on the north of the. Euxine, and the in- portant city of Palestine, in the southeast of
fluence of the Greek settlements at the mouth Galilee, according to the usual division, but
of the Borysthenes and along the coast, had led sometimes also reckoned to Samaria, somethe inhabitants of this part of Scythia to settle times to Decapolis, and sometimes to Coeledown as cultivators of the soil, and had brought syria. It stood on a hill in the Jordan valley,
them into commercial and other relations with west of the river, and near one of its fords. Its
the Greeks. Accordingly, Herodotus mentions site was fertilized by numerous springs; and to
two classes or hordes of Scythians who had this advantage, as well as to its being the centre
thus abandoned their nomad life; first, on the of several roads, it owed its great prosperity
west of the Borysthenes, two tribes of Hellen- and its importance in the history of Palestine.
ized Scythians, called Callipidae and Alazones; It is often mentioned in Old Testament histhen, beyond these, "the Scythians who are tory, in the time of the Maccabees, and under
ploughers (2:KdOa aporpeSg), who do not grow  the Romans. It had a mixed population of Catheir corn for food, but for sale;" these dwelt naanites, Philistines, and Assyrian settlers; Joabout the River Hypanis (now Boug), in the re- sephus adds Scythians, but this is perhaps an
gion now called the Ukraine, which is still, as error, founded on a false etymology of the name.
it was' to the Greeks, a great corn-exporting Under the later Roman empire it became the
country. Again, on the east of the Borysthenes seat of the Archbishop of Palastina Secunda,
were "' the Scythians who are husbandmen" and it continued a flourishing city to the time
(IivOat yeupyoi), i. e., who grew corn for their of the first Crusade.
own consumption: these were called Borys-   SCYTHOTAURI, TAURI SCYTHE, or TAUROthenitae by the Greeks; their country extended  scYTHE, a people of Sarmatia Europsa, just
three days' journey east of the Borysthenes to without the Chersonesus Taurica, between the
793




SEBASTE.                                    SEGNI.
rivers Carcinites and Hypanis, as far as the collection of texts from the Old and New Testongue of land called Dromos Achilleos.   taments, arranged in such a manner as to enSEBASTE (Ie6aar7 =Augusta: Ze6acTavofr). 1. able the reader to compare the two dispensar
(Now ruins' at Ayash), a'city on the coast of tions. 3. Hymnus de Christo, an account of the
Cilicia Aspera, built for a residence by Arche- life and miracles of Christ. 4. De Vebi Incarlaus, king of Cappadocia, to, whom the Romans natione, a Cento Virgilianus. The best editions
had granted the sovereignty of Cilicia, and are by Cellarius, Hal., 1704 and 1739; by Arntnamed in honor of Augustus. It stood west of zenius, Leovard., 1761; and by Arevalus, Rom.,
the River Lamus, on a small island called Ele- 1794.
ousa, the name of which appears to have been  SEDUNI, an Alpine people in Gallia Belgicd,
afterward transferred to the city.-2. (Now Se- east of the Lake of Geneva, in the valley of the
gikler), a city of Phrygia, northwest of Eume- Rhone, in the modern Vallais. Their chief
nia.-3. Vid. CABIRA. This city was also call- town was called Civitas Sedunorum, the modern
ed ~e6dareGa.-4. Vid. SAMARIA.            Sion.
SEBASTOPOLIS (Y.e6acdrOtZLf: now Tarkhal), a  SEDus~I, a German people, forming part of the
city of Pontus, on the Iris, southeast of Ama- army of Ariovistus when he invaded Gaul, B.C.
sia, by some identified with GAZIURA. There 58. They are not nientioned at a later period,
were some other places of the name, which do and consequently their site can not be determnot require particular notice.            ined.
SEBENNYTUS (~Je6evvvroC,  Y 2e6evvvr7ti' r6o-  [SEGALLAUNI or SEGOVELLAUNI, a people of
Alt: now ruins at Semennout), a considerable Gallia Naxbonensis, between the Vocontii and
city of Lower Egypt, in the Delta, on the west- Allobroges, to whom Ptolemy assigns the city
ern side of the branch of the Nile called after it Valentia.]
the Sebennytic Mouth, just at the fork made by  SEG2SXiAMor SEGIsXMo (Segisamonensis: now
this and the Phatnitic Mouth, and south of Busi- Sasamo), a town of the Murbogi or Turmodigi
ris. It was the capital of the Nomos Sebenny- in Hispania Tarraconensis, on the road from
tes or Sebennyticus.                      Tarraco to Asturica.
SEBEITHUS (now Maddalena), a small river in  SEGESTA (Segestanus: ruins near Alcamo),
Campania, flowing roundi Vesuvius, and falling the later Roman form of the town, called by the
into the Sinus Puteolanus at the eastern side Greeks EGESTA or _EGESTA (]aeara, Atyeara,
of Neapolis.                              in Virg. Acesta:'EyeGTatog, Atyear-av6q, AcesSEBINUs LAcus (now Lago Seo or Isco), a lake taeus), situated in the northwest of Sicily, near
in Gallia Cisalpina, formed by the River Ollius the coast, between Panormus and Drepanum.
between the lakes Larius and Benacus.     It is said to have been founded by the Trojans
[SEBOSUS, STATIUS, a writer on geography, on' two small rivers, to which they gave the
cited by Pliny. He is, perhaps, the same as Se- names of Simois and Scamander; hence the
bosus, the friend of Catulus.]            Romans made it a colony of AEneas. One traSECUNDUS, POMPONIUS.  1. A distinguished dition, indeed, ascribed to it a Greek origin; but
poet in the reigns of.Tiberius, Caligula, and in later times it was never regarded as a Greek
Claudius. He was one of the friends of Seja- city. Its inhabitants were constantly engaged
nus, and on the fall of that minister in A.D. 31, in hostilities with Selinus; and it was at their
was thrown into prison, where he remained till solicitation that the Athenians were, led to emthe accession of Caligula in 37, by whom he bark in their unfortunate expedition against Siwas released. He was consul in 41, and in the cily. The,town was taken by Agathocles, who
reign of Claudius commanded in Germany, when destroyed or sold as slaves all its inhabitants,
he defeated the Chatti. Secundus was an in- peopled the city with a body of deserters, and
timate friend of the elder Pliny, who wrote his changed its name into that of Dicaeopolis; but
life in-two books. His tragedies were the most after the death of this tyrant, the remains of
celebrated of his literary compositions.-[2. Ju- the ancient inhabitants returned to the city and
LIrus, a Roman orator, and a friend of Quintil- resumed their former name. In the neighborian, is one of the speakers in the Dialogus de hood of the city, on the road to Drepanum, were
Oratoribus, usually ascribed to Tacitus.]  celebrated mineral springs, called Aquee SegesSEDE.TXNI. Vid. EDETANI.                taner or Aqute Pintianoe.
SEDIGiTUSs, VOLCiTiUS, from whose work'De  SEGESTES, a Cheruscan chieftain, the oppoPoitis A. Gellius (xv., 24) has preserved thir- nent of Arminius. Private injuries embittered
teen iambic senarians, in which the principal their political feud, for Arminius carried off and
Latin comic dramatists are enumerated in the forcibly married the daughter of Segestes. In
order of merit. In this' "Canon," as it has A.D. 9 Segestes warned Quintilius Varus of the
been termed,:the first place is assigned to Ca-  conspiracy of Arminius and other Cheruscan
cilius Statius, the second to Plautus, the third chiefs against him; but his warning was disreto Neevius, the fourth to Licinius, the fifth to garded, and YVarus perished. In 14 Segestes
Attilius, the sixth to Terentius; the seventh to was forced by his tribesmen into a war with
Turpilius, the eighth to Trabea, the ninth to Rome; but he afterward made his peace with
Luscius, the tenth, " causa antiquitatis," to En- the Romans, and was allowed to reside at Narnius.                                     bonne.
SEDuLius, CCeLIUS, of Seville, a Christian po-  SEGETIA, a Roman divinity, who, together
et, flourished about A.D. 450. Of his personal with Setia or Seja and Semonia, was invoked
history we know nothing. His works are: 1. by the early Italians at seed-time, for Segetia,
Paschale Carmen s. Mirabilium Divinorum Libri like the two other names, is connected with
V., in heroic measure. 2. Veteris et Novi Tes- sero and seg'es.
aunmenti Collatio, a sort of hymn containing a  SEGNI, a German people in Gallia Belgica,
794




SEGOBRIGA.                                 SELEUCIA.
between the Treveri and Eburones, the name trance of the cave suddenly fell in and crushed
of whom is still preserved in the modern town some of the slaves; and all the guests, in alarm,
of Sinei or Signei.                       tried to make their escape. Sejanus, resting
SEGOBRIGA, the chief town of the Celtiberi, in his knees on the couch of Tiberius, and placing
Hispania Tarraconensis, southwest of Caesarau- his shoulders under the falling rock, protected
gusta, probably in the neighborhood of the mod- his master, and was discovered in this posture
ern Priego.                               by the soldiers who came to their relief. After
[SEGODUNUM   Vid. RUTENI.]              Tiberius had shut himself up in the island of
[SEGONAX. Vid. SEGOVAX.]                Capreae, Sejanus had full scope for his machinaSEGONTIA or SEGUNTIA, a town of the Celti- tions; and the death of Livia, the mother of
beri, in Hispania Tarraconensis, sixteen miles Tiberius (29), was followed by the banishment
from Cesaraugusta.                        of Agrippina and her sons Nero and Drusus.
[SEGONTIACI, according to Caesar (B. G., v., Tiberius at last began to suspect the designs of
21), a people in the extreme south of Britannia.] Sejanus, and felt that it was time to rid himself
[SEGONTIUM, a town of Britain, from which a of a man who was almost more than a rival.
road led to Deva: its ruins are found near Caer- To cover his schemes and remove Sejanus from
narvon, on the little river Seiont.]      about him, Tiberius made him joint consul with
[SEGOVAX (where the common text has SEGO- himself in 31. He then sent Sertorius Macro
NAX), one of the kings of the nations in the south to Rome, with a commission to take the comof Britannia, who aided Cassivellaunus against mand of the praetorian cohorts. Macro, after
the Romans under Caesar.]                 assuring himself of the troops, and depriving
SEGOVIA. 1. (Now Segovia), a town of the Sejanus of his usual guard, produced a letter
Arevaci, on the road from Emerita to Caesarau- from Tiberius to the senate, in which the emgusta. A magnificent Roman aqueduct is still peror expressed his apprehensions of Sejanus.
extant at Segovia.-2. A town in Hispania Bae- The consul Regulus conducted him to prison,
tica, on the Flumen Silicense, near Sacili.  and the people loaded him with insult and outSEGUSIANI, one of the most important com- rage. The senate on the same day decreed his
munities in Gallia Lugdunensis, bounded by the death, and he was immediately executed. His
Allobroges on the south, by the Sequani on the body was dragged about the streets, and finally
east, by the EiEdai on the north, and by the Ar- thrown into the Tiber. Manyof the friends of
verni on the west. In the time of Caesar they Sejanus perished at the same time; and his son
were dependent on the.Edui. In their terri- and daughter shared his fate.
tory was the town of Lugdunum, the capital of  [SELEMNUS (12etUZvoC, now River of Kastritza),
the province.                             a river of Achaia, emptying near the promonSEGUSIO (now Susa), the capital of the Segu- tory Rhium, to the waters of which tradition
sini and the residence of King Cottius, was sit- ascribed the power of curing the pangs of love.]
uated'in Gallia Transpadana, at the foot of the  SiELNE (Zea;cv), called L'-NA by the Romans,
Cottian Alps. The triumphal arch erected at was the goddess of the moon, or the moon perthis place by Cottius in honor of Augustus is sonified as a divine being. She is called a
still extant.                             daughter of Hyperion and Thia, and accordingSEIUS STRABO. Vid. SEJANUS.             ly a sister of Helios (Sol) and Eos (Aurora);
SEJANUS,.2ELIUs, was born at Vulsinii, in but others speak of her as a daughter of HypeEtruria, and was the son of Seius Strabo, who rion by Euryphaessa, or of Pallas, or of Jupiter
was commander of the praetorian troops at the (Zeus) and Latona. She is also called Phoebe,
close of the reign of Augustus, A.D. 14. In the as the sister of Phoebus, the god of the sun. By
same year Sejanus was made the colleague of Endymion, whom she loved, and whom she sent
his father in the command of the praetorian to sleep in order to kiss him, she became the
bands; and upon his father being sent as gov- mother of fifty daughters; and to Jupiter (Zeus)
ernor to Egypt, he obtained the sole command she bore Pandia, Ersa, and Nemea. Pan also
of these troops. He ultimately gained such in- is said to have had connection with her in the
fluence over Tiberius, that this suspicious man, shape of a white ram. Selene is described as
who was close and reserved to all mankind, a very beautiful goddess, with long wings and
opened his bosom to Sejanus, and made him his a golden diadem. She rode, like her brother
confidant. For many years he governed Tibe- Helios, across the heavens in a chariot drawn
rius; but, not content with this high position, by two white horses. In later times Selene
he formed the design of obtaining the imperial was identified with Artemis or Diana, and the
power. With this view he sought to make him- worship of the two became amalgamated. In
self popular with the soldiers, and gave posts works of art, however, the two divinities are
of honor and emolument to his creatures and usually distinguished; the face of Selene being
favorites. With the same object, he resolved more full and round, her figure less tall, and
to get rid of all the members of the imperial always clothed in a long robe; her veil forms
family. He debauched Livia, the wife of Dru- an arch over her head, and above it there is the
sus, the son of Tiberius; and by promising her crescent. At Rome Luna had a temple on the
marriage and a participation in the imperial Aventine.
power, he was enabled to poison Drusus with  SELENNE. Vid. CLEOPATRA, NO. 9.
her connivance and assistance (23). An'acci-  SELEUCiA, and rarely SELEUCEA (Ze2evKceta:
dent increased the credit of Sejanus, and con- Zeaev/ce7J: Seleucensis, Seleucenus), the name
firmed the confidence of Tiberius. The emper- of several cities in Asia, built by Seleucus I.,
or, with Sejanus and others, was feasting in a king of Syria. 1. S. AD TIGRIN (  ri Z rov Tinatural cave, between Amyclae, which was on yprTroc 7rorTacyo, irpob Tiypet, raO Tiyptof), also
the sea-coast, and the hills of Fundi. The en- I called S. BABYLONIA (S. 7 EVt Ba6vAivm), S. As795




SELEUCIA.                                 SELEUCUS.
SYRI.E, and S. PARTHORUM, a great city on the Syria, in the valley of the Orontes, near Apas
confines of Assyria and Babylonia, and for a mea. Its site is doubtful.-4. SELEUCIA TRAlong time the capital of Western Asia, until it CHEOTIS (now ruins at Selefkeh), an important city
was eclipsed by CTESIPHON. Its exact site has of Cilicia Aspera, was built by Seleucus I. on
been disputed; but the most probable opinion the western bank of the River Calycadnus,
is that it stood on the western bank of the Ti- about four miles from its mouth, and peopled
gris, north of its junction with the Royal Canal, with the inhabitants of several neighboring,
opposite to the mouth of the River Delas or cities. It'had an oracle of Apollo, and annual
Silla (now Diala), and to the spot where Ctesi- games in honor of Jupiter (Zeus) Olympius. It
phon was afterward built by the Parthians. It vied with Tarsus in power and splendor, and
was a little to the south of the modern city of was a free city under the Romans. It has reBagdad. Perhaps a better site could not be markable claims to renown both in political and
found in WesternAsia. It commanded the nav- literary history: in the former, as the place
igation of the Tigris and Euphrates, and the where Trajan and Frederic Barbarossa died;
whole plain of those two rivers; and it stood at in the latter, as the birth-place of the philosothe junction of all the chief caravan roads by phers Athenaeus and Xenarchus, of the sophist
which the traffic between eastern and western Alexander, the secretary of M. Aurelius AntoAsia was carried on. In addition to these ad- ninus, and of other learned men. On its site
vantages, its people had, by the gift of Seleucus, are still'seen the ruins of temples, porticoes,
the government of their own affairs. It was aqueducts, and tombs. —5. SELEUCIA IN MEsobuilt in the form of an eagle with expanded POTAMIA (now Bir), on the left bank of the Euwings, and was peopled by settlers from Assyria, phrates, opposite to the ford of Zeugma, was a
Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Syria, and Judaea. It fortress of considerable importance in ancient
rapidly rose, and eclipsed Babylon in wealth and military history.-6. A considerable city of Marsplendor. Even after the Parthian kings had giana, built by Alexander the Great, in a beaubecome masters of the banks of the Tigris, and tiful situation, and called Alexandrea; destroyhad fixed their residence at Ctesiphon, Seleu- ed by the barbarians, and rebuilt by Antiochus
cia, though deprived of much of its importance, I., who named it Seleucia after his father Seremained a very considerable city. In the reign leucus I. The Roman prisoners taken at the
of Titus, it had, according to Pliny, six hundred defeat of Crassus by the Parthians were settled
thousand inhabitants. It was burned by Trajan here by King Orodes. -7. SELcEUCIA IN CARIA.
in his Parthian expedition, and again by L.'Ve- (Vid. TRALLES.) There were other cities of the
rus, the colleague of M. Aurelius Antoninus, name, of less importance, in Pisidia, Pamphylia,
when its population is given by different au- Palestine, and Elymais.
thorities as three hundred thousand or four  SELEUCIS (2;evevwicG). 1. The most beautiful
hundred thousand. It was again taken by Se- and fertile district of Syria, containing the northverus; and from this blow it never recovered. western part of the country, between Mount
In Julian's expedition it was found entirely de- Amanus on the north, the Mediterranean on the
serted.-2. SELEUCIA PIERIA (Z. HLepia, ev IIe- west, the districts of Cyrrhestice and Chalypia, 4 trpOc'AvrLoXeia, 4 irpOb Oaaoapa37, knrriOa2- bonitis on the northeast, the desert on the east,
Zaaaia, ruins, called Seleukeh or Kepse, near and Ccelesyria and the mountains of Lebanon
Suadeiah), a great city and fortress of Syria, on the south. It included the valley of the
founded by Seleucus in April, B.C. 300, one Lower Orontes, and contained the four great
month before the foundation of Antioch. It cities of Antioch, Seleucia, Laodicea, and Apastood on the site of an ancient fortress, on the mea, whence it was also called Tetrapolis. In
rocks overhanging the sea, at the foot of Mount later times the name was confined to the small
Pieria, about four miles. north of the Orontes, district north of the Orontes, the southern part
and twelve miles west of Antioch. Its natural of the former Seleucis being divided into Casstrength was improved by every known art of siotis, west of the Orontes, and Apamene, east
fortification, to which were added all the works of the river.-2. A district of Cappadocia.-3.
of architecture and engineering required to A name which SelecusI. endeavored to give to
make it a splendid city and a great sea-port, the Caspian Sea, in memory of a voyage of exwhile it obtained abundant supplies from the ploration made round it by his command.
fertile plain between the city and Antioch. The  SELEUCUS (XiElevKwc), the name of several
remains of Seleucus I. were interred at Seleu- kings of Syria. I. SurnamedNICATOR, the foundcia, in a mausoleum surrounded by a grove. In er of the Syrian monarchy, reigned B.C. 312the war with Egypt, which ensued upon the 280. He was the son of Antiochus, a Macedomurder of Antiochus II., Seleucia surrendered nian of distinction among the officers of Philip
to Ptolemy III. Euergetes (B.C. 246). It was II., and was born about 358. He accompanied
afterward -recovered by Antiochus the Great Alexander on his expedition to Asia, and dis(219). In the war between Antiochus VIII. tinguished himself particularly in the Indian
and IX., the people of Seleucia made themselves campaigns. After the death of Alexander (323)
independent (109 or 108). Afterward, having he espoused the side of Perdiccas, whom he acsuccessfully resisted the attacks of Tigranes for companied on his expedition against Egypt; but
fourteen years (84-70), they were confirmed in he took a leading part in the mutiny of the soltheir freedom by Pompey. The city had fallen diers, which ended in the death of Perdiccas
entirely into decay by the sixth century of our (321). In the second partition of the provinces
era. There are considerable ruins of the har- which followed, Seleucus obtained the wealthy
bor and mole, of the walls of the city, and of its and important satrapy of Babylonia. In the war
necropolis. The surrounding district was called between Antigonus and Eumenes, Seleucus afSELEUCi, —3. SELEUCIA AD BELUM, a city of forded efficient support to the former; but after
796




SELEUCUS.                                 SELEUCUS.
the death of Eumenes (316), Antigonus began to farther than Lysimachia, when he was assastreat the other satraps as his subjects. There- sinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus, to whom, as the
upon Seleucus fled to Egypt, where he induced son of his old friend and ally, he had extended
Ptolemy to unite with Lysimachus and Cassan- a friendly protection. His death took place in
der in a league against, their common enemy. the beginning of 280, only seven months after
In the war that ensued Seleucus took an active that of Lysimachus, and in the thirty-second.part. At length, in 312, he recovered Babylon; year of his reign. He was in his seventy-eighth
and it is from this period that the Syrian mon- year. Seleucus appears to have carried out,
archy is commonly reckoned to commence. with great energy and perseverance, the proThis era of the Seleucide, as it is termed, has jects originally formed by Alexander himself
been determined by chronologers to the 1st of for the Hellenization of his Asiatic empire; and
October, 312. Soon afterward Seleucus defeat- we find him founding, in almost every province,
ed Nicanor, the satrap of Media, and followed Greek or Macedonian colonies, which became
up his victory by the conquest of Susiana, Me- so many centres of civilization and refinement.
dia, and some adjacent districts. For the next Of these no less than sixteen are mentioned as
few years he gradually extended his power over bearing the name of Antiochia, after his father;
all the eastern provinces which had formed part five that of Laodicea, from his mother; seven
of the empire of Alexander, from the Euphrates were called after himself, Seleucia; three fiom
to the banks of the Oxus and the Indus. In 306 the name of his first wife, Apamea; and one
Seleucus followed the example of Antigonus Stratonicea, from his second wife, the daughter
and Ptolemy, by formally assuming the regal of Demetrius. Numerous other cities, whose
title and diadem. In 302 he joined the league names attest their Macedonian origin-Bercea,
formed for the second' time by Ptolemy, Ly- Edessa, Pella, &c.-likewise owed their first
simaclus, and Cassander, against their-com- foundation to Seleucus. -II. Surnamed CALmon enemy Antigonus. The united forces of LINICUS (246-226), was the eldest son of AntioSeleucus and Lysimachus gained a decisive vic- chus II. by his first wife Laodice. The first
tory over Antigonus at Ipsus (301), in which measure of his administration, or rather that
Antigonus himself was slain. In the division of his mother, was to put to death his stepof the spoil, Seleucus obtained the largest share, mother Berenice, together with her infant son.
being rewarded for his services with a great This act of cruelty produced the most disastrous
part of Asia Miior (which was divided between effects. In order to avenge his sister, Ptolemy
him and Lysimachus), as well as with the whole Euergetes, king of Egypt, invaded the dominof Syria, from the Euphrates to the Mediterra- ions of Seleucus, and not only made himself
nean. The empire of Seleucus was now by far master of Antioch and the whole of Syria, but
the most extensive and powerful of those which carried his arms unopposed beyond the Euphrahad been formed out of the dominions of Alex- tes and the Tigris. During these operations
ander. It comprised the whole of Asia, from  Seleucus kept wholly aloof; but when Ptolemy
the remote provinces of Bactria and Sogdiana had been recalled to his own dominions by doto the coasts of Phcenicia, and from the Paro- mestic disturbances, he recovered possession
pamisus to the central plains of Phrjgia, where of the greater part of the provinces which he
the boundary which separated him from Lysim- had lost. Soon afterward Seleucus became inachus is not clearly defined. Seleucus appears volved in a dangerous war with his brother Anto have felt the difficulty of exercising a vigilant tiochus Hierax, who attempted to obtain Asia
control over so extensive an empire, and ac- Minor as an independent kingdom for himself.
cordingly, in 293, he consigned the government This war lasted several years, but was at length
of all the provinces beyond the Euphrates to terminated by the decisive defeat of Antiochus,
his son Antiochus, upon whom he bestowed the who was obliged to quit Asia Minor and take
title of king, as well as the hand of his own refuge in Egypt. Seleucus undertook an expeyouthful wife, Stratonice, for whom the prince dition to the East, with the view of reducing
had conceived a violent attachment. In 288, the revolted provinces of Parthia and Bactria,
the ambitious designs of Demetrius (now be- which had availed themselves of the disordered
come king of Macedonia) once more aroused state of the Syrian empire to throw off its yoke.
the common jealousy of his old adversaries, and He was, however, defeated by Arsaces, king of
led Seleucus again to unite in a league with Parthia, in a great battle, which was long after
Ptolemy and Lysimachus against him. After celebrated by the Parthians as the foundation
Demetrius had been driven from his kingdom  of their independence. After the expulsion of
by Lysimachus, he transported the seat of war Antiochus, Attalus, king of Pergamus, extendinto Asia Minor, but he was compelled to sur- ed his dominions over the greater part of Asia
render to Seleucus in 286. The Syrian king Minor; and Seleucus appears to have been enkept Demetrius in confinement till three years gaged in an expedition for the recovery of these
afterward, but during the whole of that time provinces, when he was accidentally killed by
treated thim in a friendly and liberal manner. a fall from his horse, in the twenty-first year
For some time jealousies had existed between of his reign, 226. He left two sons, who sucSeleucus and Lysimachus; but the immediate cessively ascended the throne, Seleucus Ceraucause of the war between the two monarchs, nus and Antiochus, afterward surnamed the
which terminated in the defeat and death of Great.  His own surname of Callinicus was
Lysimachus (281), is related in the life of the probably assumed after his recovery of the provlatter. Seleucus now crossed the Hellespont inces that had been overrun by Ptolemy.-III.
in order to take possession of the throne of Surnamed CERAUNUS (226-223), eldest son and
Macedonia, which had been left vacant by the successor of Seleucus II. The surname of Cedeath of Lysimachus; but he had advanced no raunus was given him by the soldiery, appar797




SELGE.                                SEMECHONITIS.
ently in derision, as he appears to have been the Dorians from Miegara Hyblaea, on the easte
feeble both in mind and body. He was assas- ern coast of Sicily, B.C. 628. It soon attained
sinated by two of his officers, after a reign of great prosperity; but'it was taken by the Caronly three years, and was succeeded by his thaginians in 409, when most of its inhabitants
brother, Antiochus the Great.-IV. Surnamed were slain or sold as slaves, and the greater
PHILOPATOR (187-175), was the son and sue- part of the city destroyed. The population of
cessor of Antiochus the Great; The defeat of' Selinus must,at that time have been very conhis father by the Romans, and the ignominious siderable, since we are told that sixteen thoupeace which followed it, had greatly diminished sand men fell in the,siege and conquest of the
the power of the Syrian monarchy, and the town, five thousand were carried to Carthage
reign of Seleucus was, in consequence, feeble as slaves, two thousand six hundred fled to Agand inglorious, and was marked by no striking rigentum, and many others took refuge in the
events. He was assassinated in 175 by one of surrounding villages. The Carthaginians, howhis own ministers. He left two children: De- ever, allowed the inhabitants to return to Selimetrius, who subsequently ascended the throne; nus in the course of.the same year, and it conand Laodice, married to Perseus, king of Mace- tinued to be a place of secondary importance
donia.-V. Eldest son of Demetrius II., assum- till 249, when it was again destroyed by the
ed the royal diadem on learning the death of Carthaginians, and its inhabitants transferred to
his father, 125; but his mother Cleopatra, who Lilybaum. The surrounding country produced
had herself put Demetrius to death, was indig- excellent wheat. East of Selinus, on the road
nant at hearing that her son had ventured to to Agrigentum, were celebrated mineral, springs
take such a step without her authority, and called Aquce Selinuntice, subsequently Aquce Lacaused Seleucus also to be assassinated.-VI. bode or Labodes, the modern Baths of Sciacca.
Surnamed EPIPHANES, and also'NICATOR (95- There are still considerable ruins of Selinus.93), was the eldest of the five sons of Antio- 6. (Now Selenti), a town in Cilicia, situated on
chus VIII. Grypus. On the death of his father the coast, and upon a rock which was almost
in 95, he ascended the throne, and defeated entirely surroundedbythe sea. In consequence
and slew in battle his uncle Antiochus Cyzice- of the death of the Emperor Trajan in this
nus, who had laid claim to the kingdom. But town, it was for a longtime called Trajanopolis.
shortly after Seleucus was in his turn defeated  SELLASIA (1e;t[aaia or leXaeia), a town in
by Antiochus Eusebes, the son of Cyzicenus, Laconia, north of Sparta, was situated' near the
and expelled from' Syria. He took refuge in River (Enus, and commanded one of the princiCilicia, where he established himself in the.city pal passes leading to Sparta. Here the celeof Mopsuestia; but, in consequence of his tyr- brated battle was fought between Cleomenes
anny, he was burned to death by the inhabit- III. and Antigonus -Doson, B.C. 221, in which
ants in his palace.                       the former was defeated.
SELGE (2;e"y7': 2e;yev': now Sicrk? ruins),  SELLEIS (ZEX2tett). 1. A river in Elis, on
one of the chief of the independent mountain which the Homeric Ephyra stood, rising in
cities of Pisidia, stood on the -southern side of Mount Pholoa, and falling into the sea south
Mount Taurus, on the Eurymedon, just where of the Peneus.-2. A river near Sicyon.-3. A
the river breaks through the mountain chain. river in Troas, near Arisbe, and a tributary of
On a rock above it was a citadel named KEa- the Rhodius.
6dGov,'in which was a temple of Juno (Hera).  SELLI or HELLI. Vid. DODONA.
Its inhabitants, who were the most warlike of  SELYMBRIA or SELYBRIA,(2Z]aVuBpta, EZjXv6pfa,
all the Pisidians, claimed descent from the La- Dor. Ia2~ap6pia: y27v/s6ptLavo6: now Selivria),
cedeemonians, and inscribed the name Aaledai- an important town in Thrace, situated on the,uov on their coins. They could bring an army Propontis. It was a colony of the Megarians,
of twenty thousand men into the field, and, as and was founded earlier than Byzantium. It
late as the fifth century, we find them beating perhaps derived its name from its founder Seback a, horde of Goths. In a valley near the lys and the Thracian word Bria, a town. It
city, in the heart of lofty mountains, grew wine, continued to be a place of considerable importand oil, and other products of the most luxuri- ance till its conquest by Philip, the father of
ant vegetation.                           Alexander, from which time its decline may be
[SELGOvmE (Ze3tyoofat, Ptol.), a people on the dated. Under the later emperors it was called
western coast of Britannia Barbara, in the east- Eudoxiupolis, in honor of Eudoxia, the wife of
ern part of the modern.Galloway and in Dum- Arcadius; but it afterward recovered its anfriesshire.]                              cient name.
SELiNUS (E2tVWOVf0, "-oiVTOf, contraction of ce-  SiECHaNITIS or SAMACHONITIS LACUS (euEXLv6Set, from aihtvov, "parsley"). 1. A small Xcovirtc, laFgaXowvivS, and -tr4-v;2/uvn: in the
river on the southwestern coast of Sicily, flow- Old Testament, Waters of Merom: now Nabhring by the'town of the same name.-2. (Now  el-Huleh), a small lake in the north of Palestine,
Crestena), a river of Elis, in the district Tri- the highest of the three formed by the Jordan,
phylia, near Scillus, flowing into the Alpheus both branches of which fall into its northern
west of Olyrnpia.-3. (Now Vostitza), a river of end, while the river flows out of its southern
Achaia, rising in Mount Erymanthus. -4. A  end in one stream. The valley in which it lies
tributary of the Caicus in Mysia, flowing by the is inclosed on the west and east by mountains
town of Pergamum.-5. (ZEtlV0evTeof, 1e;tvodV- belonging to the two ranges of Lebanon, form-'aof: near the modern Castel vetrsano, ruins), one ing a position which has been of military imof theb most important towns in Sicily, situated portance both in ancient and modern times, esupon a hill on the southwestern coast, and upon pecially as the great Damascus road crosses the
a river of the same name. It was founded by Jordan just below the lake. According to the
798




SEMELE.                                   SENECA.
division of Palestine under the Roman empire, in Media, of which later writers -give us such
it belonged to Galilee, but in earlier times, un- strange accounts. Besides conquering many
der the Syrianwkings, it was reckoned to Coele- nations of Asia, she subdued Egypt and a great
syria.                                    part of LEthiopia, but was unsuccessful in an
SEMELE (ZerpAf), daughter of Cadmus and attack which she made upon India. After a
Harmonia, at Thebes, and accordingly sister of reign of forty-two years she resigned the sovIno, Agave, Autonoe,.and Polydorus. She was ereignty to her son Ninyas, and disappeared
beloved by Jupiter (Zeus). Juno (Hera), stim- from the earth, taking her flight to heaven in
ulated by jealousy, appeared to her in the form  the form of a dove. The fabulous nature of
of her aged nurse Beroe, and induced her to ask this narrative is apparent. It is probable that
Jupiter (Zeus) to visit her in the same splendor Semiramis was originally a Syrian goddess, perand majesty with which he appeared to Juno haps the same who was worshipped at Asca(Hera). Jupiter (Zeus) warned her of the dan- Ion under the name of Astarte, or the Heavenly
ger of her request; but as he had sworn to Aphrodite, towhom the dovewas sacred. Hence
grant whatever she desired, he was obliged to the stories of her voluptuousness, which were
comply with her prayer. He accordingly ap- current even in the time of Augustus (Ov., Am.,
peared before her as the god of thunder, and i., 5, 11).
Semele was consumed by the lightning; but   SEMNONES, more rarely SENNONES, a German
Jupiter (Zeus) saved her child Bacchus (Dio-'people, described by Tacitus as the most pownysus), with whom she was pregnant. Her son erful tribe of the Suevic race, dwelt between
afterward carried her out of the lower world, the rivers Viadus (now Oder) and Albis (now
and conducted her to Olympus, where she be- Elbe), from the Riesengebirge in the south as
came immortal under the name of Thyone.   far as the country around Frankfurt on the Oder
SEMIRAMIS (Xe/zipaptu) and NiNUS (Niyvo), the and Potsdam in the north.
mythical founders of the Assyrian empire of  SEMO SANCUS. Vid. SANCUs.
Ninus or Nineveh. Ninus was a great war-    SEMPRONIA. 1. Daughter of Tib. Gracchus,
rior, wlho biuilt the town of Ninus or Nineveh censor B.C. 169, and sister of the two celebraabout B.C. 2182, and siuibded the greater part ted tribunes, married Scipio Africanus minor.
of Asia. Semiramis wlas the daughter of the -2. Wife of D. Junius Brutus, consul 77, was
fish-goddess Derceto ofiscalon in Syria by a a woman of great personal attractions and litSyrian youth; but, being ashamed of her-frail- erary accomplishments, but of a profligate charty, she made away with the youth, and exposed acter. She took part in Catiline's conspiracy,
her infant daughter. But the child was mirac- though her husband was not privy to it.
ulously preserved by doves, who fed her till she  SEMPRONIA GENS, was of great antiquity, and
was discovered By the shepherds of the neigh- one of its members, A. Sempronius Atratinus,
borhood. She was then brought up by the chief obtained the consulship as early as B.C. 497,
shepherd of the royal herds, whose name was twelve years after the foundation of the repubSimgas, and from whom she derived the name lie. The Sempronii were divided into many
of Semiramis. Her surpassing beauty attracted families, of which the ATRATINI were-patrician,
the notice of Onnes, one of the king's friends but all the others were plebeian: their names
and generals, who married her. He subse- are ASELLIO, BL^SUS, GRACCHUS, SOPHUS, Tuquently sent for his wife to the army, where DITANUS.
the Assyrians were engaged in the siege of  SENA (Senensis). 1. (Now Senigaglia), sur
Bactra, which they had long endeavored in vain named GALLICA, and sometimes called SENO
to take.  Upon her arrival in the camp she GALLIA, a town on the coast of Umbria, at the
planned an attack upon the citadel of the town, mouth of the small river Sena, was founded
mounted the walls with a few brave followers, by the Senones, a Gallic people, and was made
and obtained possession of the place. Ninus a colony by the Romans after the conquest of
was so charmed by her bravery and beauty that the Senones, B.C. 283. In the civil war it eshe resolved to make her his wife, whereupon poused the Marian party, and was taken and
her unfortunate husband put an end to his life. sacked by Pompey.-2. (Now Siena), a town in
By Ninus Semiramis had a son, Ninyas, and on Etruria and a Roman colony, on the road from
the death of Ninus she succeeded him on the Clusium to Florentia, is only mentioned in the
throne. According to another account, Semi- times of the emperors.
ramis had obtained from her husband permis-  SENECA. 1. M. ANNsUS, the rhetorician, was
sion to rule over Asia for five days, and availed born at Corduba (now Cordova), in Spain, about
herself of this opportunity to cast the king into B.C. 61. Seneca was at Rome in the early pea dungeon, or, as is also related, to put him to riod of the power of Augustus, for he says that
death, and thus obtained the sovereign power., he had seen Ovid declaiming before Arellius
Her fame threw into the shade that of Ninus; Fuscus. He afterward returned to Spain, and
and later ages loved to tell of her marvellous married Helvia, by whom he had three sons, L.
deeds and her heroic achievements. She built Annaeus Seneca, L. Ann eus Mela or Mella, tleY
numerous cities, and erected many wonderful father ofthe poetLucan, and M. Novatus. Novabuildings; and several of the most extraordi- tus was the eldest son, and took the name of Junary works in the East, which were extant in nius Gallio upon being adopted by Junius Gallio.'a later age, and the authors of which were un- Seneca was rich, and lie belonged to the equesknown, were ascribed by popular tradition to trian class. At a later period Seneca returned
this queen. In Nineveh she erected a tomb for to Rome, where he resided till his death, which
her husband, nine stadia high and ten wide; probably occurred near the end of the reign of
she built the city of Babylon, with all its won- Tiberius. Two of Seneca's works have come
ders; andshe constructed the hanging gardens down to us. 1. Controversiarum Libri decem,
799




SENECA.                                   SENECA.
which he addressed to his three sons. The in driving and singing, were all urged against
first, second, seventh, eighth, and tenth books him; and it was time, they said, for Nero to get
only are extant, and these are somewhat mu- rid of a teacher. Seneca heard of the charges
tilated: of the other books only fragments re- against him: he was rich, and he knew that
main. These Controversiae are rhetorical ex- Nero wanted money. He asked the emperor
ercises on imaginary cases, filled with common- for permission to retire, and offered to surrenplaces, such as a man of large verbal memory der all that he had. Nero affected to be grateand great reading carries about with him as his ful for his past services, refused the proffered
ready money. 2. Suasoriaruzm Liber, which is gift, and sent him away with perfidious assurprobably not complete. We may collect from  ances of his respect and affection. Seneca now
its contents what the subjects were on Which altered his mode of life, saw little company, and
the rhetoricians of that age exercised their wits: seldom visited the city, on the ground of feeble
one of them is, " Shall Cicero apologize to M. health, or being occupied with his philosophical
Antonius 1 Shall he agree to burn his Philip- studies. The conspiracy of Piso (65) gave the
pics, if Antonius requires it?" Another is, emperor a pretext for putting his teacher to
<" Shall Alexander embark on the ocean?" If death, though there was not complete evidence
there are some good ideas and apt expressions of Seneca being a party to the conspiracy. Senin these puerile declamations, they have no val- eca was at the time returning from Campania,
ue where they stand, and probably most of them  and had rested at a villa four miles from the
are borrowed. No merit of form can compen- city. Nero sent a tribune to him with the orsate for worthlessness of matter. The best edi- der of death. Without showing any sign of
tion of these works is by A. Schottus, Heidel- alarm, Seneca cheered his weeping friends by
berg, 1603, frequently reprinted.-2. L. ANNr- reminding them of the lessons of philosophy.
us, the philosopher, the son of the preceding, Embracing his wife Pompeia Paulina, he prayed
was born at Corduba, probably a few years B.C., her to moderate her grief, and to console herand brought to Rome by his parents when he self for the loss of her husband by tl  ection
was a child. Though hewasnaturally ofaweak that he had lived a  onorable lii  ut as
body, he was a hard student from his youth, and Paulina protested thhe would die ith him,
he devoted himself with great ardor to rhetoric Seneca consented, athe same blow opened
and philosophy. He also soon gained distine- the veins in the art  of both. Seneca's body
tion as a pleader of causes, and he excited the was attenuated by age and meagre diet; the
jealousy and hatred of Caligula by the ability blood would not flow easily, and he opened the
with which he conducted a case in the senate veins in his legs. His torture was excessive;
before the emperor. In the first year of the and, to save himself and his wife the pain of
reign of Claudius (A.D. 41), Seneca was ban- seeing one another suffer, he bade her retire to
ished to Corsica on account of his intimacy her chamber. His last words were taken down
with Julia, the niece of Claudius, of whom Mes- in writing by persons who were called in for the
salina was jealous. After eight years' residence purpose, and were afterward published. *Senin Corsica, Seneca was recalled (59) by the in- eca's torments being still prolonged, he took
fluence of Agrippina, who had just married her hemlock from his friend and physician, Statius
uncle the Emperor Claudius. He now obtained Annauns, but it had no effect. At last he ena prtetorship, and was made the tutor of the' tered a warm bath, and as he sprinkled some
young Domitius, afterward the Emperor Nero, of the water on the slaves nearest to him, he
who was the son of Agrippina by a former hus- said that he made a libation to Jupiter the Libband. On the accession of his pupil to the im- erator. He was then taken into a vapor stove,
perial throne (54) after the death of Claudius, where he was quicklysuffocated. Seneca died,
Seneca became one of the chief advisers of the as was the fashion among the Romans, with
young emperor. He exerted his influence to the courage of a stoic, but with somewhat of a
check Nero's vicious propensities, but at the theatrical affectation, which detracts from the
same time he profited from his position to amass dignity of the scene. Seneca's great misforan immense fortune. He supported Nero in tune was to have known Nero; and though we
his contests with his mother Agrippina, and can not say that he was a truly great or a truly
was not only a party to the death of the latter good man, his character will not lose by com(60), but he wrote the letter which Nero ad- parison with that of many others who have been
dressed to the senate in justification of the mur- placed in equally difficult circumstances. Sender. After the death of his mother Nero aban- eca's fame rests on his numerous writings, of
doned himself without any restraint to his vi- which the following are extant: 1. De Ira, in
cious propensities; and the presence of Seneca three books, addressed to Novatus, probably
soon became irksome to him, while the wealth the earliest of Seneca's works.  In the first
of the philosopher excited the emperor's cupid- hook he combats what Aristotle says of Anger
ity. Burrus, the praefect ofthe praetorian guards, in his Ethics. 2. De Consolatione ad Helvian
who had always been a firm supporter of Sen- Matrem Liber, a consolatory letter to his motheca, died in 63  His death broke the power of er, written during his residence in Corsica. It
Seneca; and Nero now fell into the hands of is one of his best treatises. 3. De Consolatione
persons who were exactly suited to his taste. ad Polybium Liber, also written in Corsica. If
Tigellinus and Fennius Rufus, who succeeded it is the work of Seneca, it does him no credit.
Burrus in the command of the praetorians, be- Polybius was the powerful freedman of Claugan an attack on Seneca. His enormous wealth, dius, and the Consolatio is intended to comfort
his gardens and.villas, more magnificent than him on the occasion of the loss of, his brother.
those of the emperor, his exclusive claims to But it also contains adulation of the emperor,
eloquence, and his disparagement of Nero's skill and many expressions unworthy of a true stoic,
800




SENECA.                                   SENECIO.
or of an honest man. 4. Liber de Consolatione  Junior, is not a systematic work, but a collecad Marciarn, written after his return from exile, tion of natural facts from various writers, Greek
was designed to console Marcia for the loss of and Roman, many of which are curious. The
her son. Marcia was the daughter of A. -Cre- first book treats of meteors, the second of thunmutius Cordus. 5. De Providentia Liber, or der and lightning, the third of water, the fourth
Qclare baois viris male accidant'cem, sit Provi- of hail,, snow, and ice, the fifth of winds, the
dentia, is addressed to the younger Lucilius, sixth of earthquakes and the sources of the
procurator of Sicily. The question that is here Nile,. and the seventh of comets. Moral rediscussed often engaged the ancient philoso- marks are scattered through the work; and, inphers: the stoical solution of the difficulty is deed, the design of the whole appears to be tothat suicide is the? remedy when misfortune has find, a foundation for ethic, the chief part of
become intolerable. In this discourse Seneca philosophy, in the knowledge of nature (Physic).
says that he intends to prove ", that Providence 16. Trageedice, ten in number. They are enhathl a power over all things, and that God is titled Hercules Furens, Thyestes, Thebais or Phoealways present with us." 6. De Animi Tran- nissc, Hippolytus or Phaedra, (Edipus, Troades
quillitate, addressed to Serenus, probably writ- or Hecuba, Medea, Agamemnon, Hercules CEtceus,
ten soon after Seneca's return from'exile. It and Octavia. -The titles themselves, with the
is in the form of-a letter rather than -a treatise: exception of the Octavia, indicate sufficiently
the object is to discover the means by which  what the tragedies are, Greek mythological subtranquillity of mind can be obtained. 7. De Con- jects treated in a peculiar fashion. They are
stantia Sapientis seu quod in sapientem non cadit written in'Iambic senarii, interspersed'with
injuria, also addressed to Serenus, is founded choral parts, in anapoestic and other metres.
on the stoical doctrine of the impassiveness of The subject oIf the Octavia is Nero's ill-treatthe wise man.  8. De Clementia ad Neronem  ment of his wife, his passion for Poppuea, and
Ccesarem Libri duo, written at the beginning of the exile of Octavia. These tragedies are not
Nero's reign. There is too much of the flat- adapted, and certainly were never intended for
terer in this; but the advice is good. The sec- the stage. They were designed for reading or
ond book is incomplete. It is in the first chap- for recitation after the Roman fashion, and they
ter of this second book that the anecdote is. told bear the stamp of a rhetorical age. They conof Nero's unwillingness to sign a sentence' of tain many striking passages, and have some
execution, and his exclamation,, I would I merit as poems. Moralsentiments and maxims
could neither read nor write."  9. De Brevitate abound, and the style and character of Seneca
Vitse ad Paulinum Liber, recommends the proper are as conspicuous here as in his prose works.
employment of time and the getting of wisdom  The judgments on Seneca's writings have been
as the chief purpose of life.'10. De Vita Beata as various as the opinions about his character,
ad Qallionem, addressed to his brother, L. Junius and both in extremes. It has been said of hint
Gallio, is probably one of the later works of that he looks best in quotations; but this is an
Seneca, in which he maintains the stoical doc- admission- that there is something worth quottrine that there is no happiness without virtue; ing, which can not be said of all writers. That
but he does not deny that other things, as health  Seneca possessed great mental powers can not
and riches, have their value. The conclusion be doubted. He had seen much of human life,
of the treatise is lost. 11. De Otio aut Secessie and he knew well what man was. His philosSapientis, is sometimes joined to No. 10. 12. ophy, so far as he adopted a system, was the
De Beneficiis Libri septem, addressed to ALEbu- stoical, but it was rather an eclecticism of stoicius Liberalis, is an excellent discussion of the cism than pure stoicism. His style is antithetway of conferring a favor, and of the duties of ical, and apparently labored; and when there is
the giver and of the receiver. The handling is much labor, there is generally affectation. Yet
not very methodical, but it is very complete. his language is clear and forcible; it is not
It is a treatise which all persons might read mere words: there isthoughtalways. It would
with profit. 13. Epistolel ad Lucilium, one hund- not be easy to name any modern writer who
red and twenty-four in number, are not the cor- has treated on morality, and has said so much
respondence of daily life, like that of Cicero, that is practically good and true, or has treated
but a collection of moral maxims and remarks the matter in so attractive a way. The best ediwithout any systematic order.  They contain tions of Seneca are by J. F. Gronovius, Leiden,
much good matter, and have been favorite read- 1649-1658, 4 vols. 12mo; by Ruhkopf, Leipzig,
ing with many distinguished men. It is pos- 1797-1811, 5 vols. 8vo; and the Bipont edition,
sible that these letters, and, indeed, many of Strassburg, 1809, 5 vols. 8vo. [A new edition
Seneca's moral treatises, were written in the is in course of publication by Fickert, of which
latter part of his life, and probably after he had three volumes have appeared, Leipzig, 1842-5.]
lost the favor of Nero. That Seneca sought   SENEcIo, HERENNIUS. 1. WVas a native of
consolation and tranquillity of mind in literary  Baetica in Spain, where he served as quaestor.
occupation is manifest. 14. Apocolocyntosis, is He was put to death by Domitian on the accusaa satire against the Emperor Claudius. The tion of Metius Carus, in consequence of his
word is a play on the term Apotheosis or deifi- having written the life of Helvidius Priscus,
cation, and is equivalent in meaning to Pump- which he composed at the, request of Fannia,.
kinification, or the reception of Claudius among the wife of Helvidius.-[2. C. Sosius, consul
the pumpkins. The subject was well enough, suffectus A.D. 98, and consul A.D. 99, 102, and
but the treatment has no great merit; and Sen- 107.-3. TULLiUs, a, friend of Nero, nevertheeca probably had no other object than to gratify less took part in Piso's conspiracy against the
his spite against the emperor. 15. Quaestionum  emperor, and on its detection was obliged to
Aaturaliunm Libri septemn, addressed to Lucilius put andend to his life.]
51                                                             801




SENIA.                                 SERAPION.
SENIA (Senensis: now Segna or Zengg), a the Po by the frequent overflows of this rivel
Roman colony in Liburnia in Illyricum, on the Persons usually sailed through these lagoon,
coast, and on the road from Aquileia to Siscia. from Ravenna to Altinum.
SENONES, a powerful people in Gallia Lugdu-  SEPTEiMPiDA (Septempedanusi now San Sev
nensis, dwelt along the upper course of the Se- erino), a Roman municipium in the interior ol
quana (now Seine), and were bounded on the Picenum, on the road from Auximum to Urb,
north by the Parisi, on, the west by the Car- Salvia.
nutes, on the south by the.Edui, and on the  SEPTIMIUS GETA. Vid. GETA.
east by the Lingones and Mandubii. Their    SEPTIMIUS SERENUS. Vid. SSEREUS.
chief town was Agendicum, afterward called  SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS. Vid. SEVERUS.
Senones (now Sens). A portion of this people  SEPTIMIUS TITiUS, a Roman poet, whom Hor.
crossed the Alps about B.C. 400, in order to ace (i., 3, 9-14) represents as having ventured
settle in Italy; and as the greater part of Upper to quaff a draught from the Pindaric spring, and
Italy was already occupied by other Celtic tribes, as having been ambitious to achieve distinction
the Senones were obliged to penetrate! a con- in tragedy. In this passage Horace speaks of
siderable distance to the south, and took up him under the name of Titus; and he is probtheir abode on the Adriatic Sea, between the ably the same individual- with the Septimiu&
Rivers Utis and 2Esis (between -Ravenna and who is addressed in the sixth ode of the second
Ancona), after expelling the Umbrians. In this book, and who is introduced in the ninth epistle
country they founded the town of Sena. They of the first book.
extended their ravages into Etruria; and it was  [SEPTIMIUS, Q., the translator of the work on
in consequence of the interference of the Ro- the Trojan war, bearing the name of Dictys
mans while they were laying siege to Clusium  Cretensis.]
that they marched against Rome and took the  [SEPYRA, a city of Cilicia, at the base of
city, B.C. 390.: From this time we find them  Mount Amanus, near Arae Alexandri, taken by
engaged in constant hostilities with the Ro- Cicero while proconsul in that province.]
mans, till they were at length completely sub-  SEQUANA (now Seine), one of the principal
dued, and the greater part of them destroyed rivers of Gaul, rising in the central parts of that
by the consul Dolabella, 283.             country, and flowing through the province of
SENTINUM (Sentinas, Sentinatis: ruins near Gallia Lugdunensis into the ocean opposite
Sassoferrato), a fortified town in Umbria, not Britain. It is three hundred and forty-six miles
far from the River AEsis.                 in length. Its principal affluents are the Ma[SENTIUS AUGURINUS, an epigrammatic poet trona (now Marne), Esia (now Oise), with its tribin the time of the younger Pliny, whom he utary the Axona (now Aisne) and Incaunus (now
praised in his verses. One of his poems in  Yonne). This river has a slow current, and
praise of Pliny is preserved in a letter of the is navigable beyond Lutetia Parisiorum (now
latter.]                                  Paris).
SENTIUS SATURNINUS. Vid. SATURNINUS.      SEQUANI, a powerful Celtic people in Gallia
SEPIAS (Zs7nrlf: now St. George), a promon- Belgica, separated from the Helvetii by Mons
tory in the southeast of Thessaly, in the district Jurassus, from the /Edui by the Arar, and from
Magnesia, on which a great part of the fleet of the province Narbonensis by the Rhone, inhabXerxes was wrecked.                       iting the country called Franche Compte and
[SEPINUM (now Attilia, about ten miles from  Burgundy. In the later division of the provSepino), a city of the Samnites, to the south- inces of the empire, the country of the Sequani
east of Bovianum: it became a Roman colony formed a special province under the name of
in the reign of Nero.]                    MaximaSequanorum. Theyderived theirname
SEPLASIA, one of the principal streets in Cap- from the River Sequana, which had its source
ua, where perfumes and luxuries of a similar in the northwestern frontiers of their territory;
kind were sold.                           but their country was chiefly watered by the
SEPPHORIS (EtrwOPiC: now Sefurieh), a city rivers Arar and Dubis.. Their chief town was
of Palestine, in the middle of Galilee, about Vesontio (now Besancon). They were governhalf way between Mount Carmel and the Lake ed by kings of their own, and were constantly
of Tiberias, was an insignificant place until at war with the.LEdui.
Herod Antipas fortified it, and made it the cap-  SEQUESTER, VIBIus, the name attached to a
ital of Galilee, under the name of DOC ESAREA. glossary which professes to give an account of
It was the seat of one of the five Jewish San- the geographical names contained in the Roman
hedrim, and continued to flourish until; the poets. The tract is dividedinto seven sections:
fourth century, when it was destroyed by the 1. Flumina. 2. Fontes. 3. Lacus. 4. Nemora.
Caesar Gallus on account of a revolt of its in- 5. Paludes. 6. Montes. 7. Gentes. To which,
habitants.                               in some MSS., an eighth is added, containing a
SEPTEM AQUiE, a place in the territory of the list of the seven wonders of the world. ConSabini, near Reate.                       cerning the author personally we know nothing;
SEPTEM FRATRES ('ETrra asde2Aoi: now Jebel and he probably lived not earlier than the nidZatout, i. e., Apes' Hill), a mountain on the die of the fifth century. The best edition is by
northern coast of Mauretania T-ngitana, at the Oberlinus, Argent., 1778.
narrowest part of the Fretum Gaditanum (now  - SERA. Vid. SERIcA.
Straits; of Gibraltar), connected by a low tongue  SERAPIO, a surname of P. Cornelius Scipio
of land with the promontory of ABYLA, which is Nasica, consul B.C. 138. Vid. SCIIO, No. 18.
also included under the modern name.       SERAPION (Sepairov), a physician of AlexanSEPTEM MARIA, the name given by the an- drea, who lived in the third century B.C. He
cients to the lagoons formed at the mouth of belonged to the sect of the Empirici, and —so
802




SERAPIS.                                 SERIPHUS.
much extended and improved the system of Sulla. Sergia, like herbrother,bore abadcharPhilinus, that the invention of it is by some au- acter.]
thors attributed to him. Serapion wrote against  SERG1A GENS, patrician. The Sergii traced
Hippocrates with much vehemence; but neither their descent from the Trojan Sergestus (Virg.,
this, nor any of his'other works, is now extant. iEn., v., 121). The Sergii were distinguished
He is several times mentioned and quoted by in the early history of the republic, and the first
Celsus, Galen, and others.                member of the gens who obtained the consulSERAPIs or SARAPIS (Zdpap-r), an Egyptian ship was L. Sergius Fidenas, in B.C. 437. Catdivinity, whose worship was introduced into iline belonged to this gens.  Vid. CATILINA.
Greece in the time of the Ptolemies. His wor- The Sergii bore also the surnames of Esquiliship was introduced into Rome together with nus, Fidenas, Orata, Paulus, P7ancus, and Silus;
that of Isis. For details, via. Isis.     but none of them are of sufficient importance
[SERBONIs LACUs. Vid. SIR.BONIS LACUS.]  to require a separate notice.
SERDICA or SARDICA, an important town in  SERGIUS, a grammarian of uncertain date, but
Upper Mmesia, and the capital of Dacia Interior, later than the fourth century after Christ, the
situated in a fertile plain near the sources of author of two tracts; the first entitled In prithe (Escus, and on the road from Naissus to mamn Donati Editionem Commentarium; the seePhilippopolis. It was the birth-place of the ond, In secundam Donati Editionem CommentaEmperor Maximianus; it was destroyed by At- sia. They are printed in the Grammaticce Latitila, but was soon afterward rebuilt; and it bore ne azuctores antiqui of Putschius (Hannov., 1605,
in the Middle Ages the name of Triaditza. Its p. 1816-1838).
extensive ruins' are to be seen south of Sophia.  SERIC (Rj C ypuc, E i/pef; Seres, also rarely in
Serdica derived its name from the Thracian the sing. S:ip, Ser), a country in the extreme
people SERDI.                             east of Asia, famous as the native region of the
SERENA, niece of Theodosius the Great, fos- silk-worm, which was also called ao7p; and hence
ter-mother of the Emperor Honorius, and wife the adjective," sericus" for silken. The name
of Stilicho.                              was known to the western nations at a very early
SERENUS, ANNEUS, one of the most intimate period, through the use of silk, first in Western
friends of the philosopher Seneca, who dedi- Asia, and afterward in Greece. It is clear,
cated to him his work De Tranqiillitate and De however, that, until some time after the comConstantia. He was praefectus vigilum under mencement of our era, the name had no distinct
Nero, and died in consequence of eating a pois- geographical signification.  Serica and Seres
onous kind of fungus.                     were simply the unknown country and people
SERENUS, Q. SAMMONICUS, (or Samonicus), en- in the far East, from whom the article of comjoyed a high reputation at Rome, in the early merce, silk, was obtained. At a later period,
part of the third century after Christ, as a man some knowledge of the country was obtained
of taste and varied knowledge. As the friend from the traders, the results of which are reof Geta, by whom his compositions were studied corded by Ptolemy, who names several posiwith great pleasure, he was murdered while at tions that can be identified with reasonable
supper, by command of Caracalla, A.D. 212, probability, but the detailed mention of which
leaving behind him many learned works. His does not fall within the object of this work.
son, who bore the same name, was the precep- The&Serica of Ptolemy corresponds to the northtor of the younger Gordian, and bequeathed to western part of China, and the adjacent porhis pupil the magnificent library which he had tions of Thibet and Chinese Tartary. The capinherited from his father. A medical poem, ex- ital, SERA, is supposed by most to be Singan, on
tending to one hundred and fifteen hexameter the Hoang-ho, but by some Peking. The counlines, has descended to us under the title Q. try was bounded, according to Ptolemy, on the
Sereni Sammonici de Mlledicina precepta saluber- north by unknown regions, on the west by
rima, or Prcecepta de Mledicina parvo pretio para- Scythia, on the south and southeast by India
bili, which is usually ascribed to the elder Sam- and the Sinae. The people were said by some
monicus. It contains a considerable amount of to be of Indian, by others of Scythian origin,
information, extracted from the best authorities, and by others to be a mixed race. The Great
on natural history and the healing art, mixed up Wall of China is mentioned by Ammianus Marwith a number of puerile superstitions, the cellinus under the name of Aggeres Serium.
whole expressed in plain and almost prosaic  SEirPHUS (Eptorg: Y lepitog: now Serpho),
language. The best edition is that of Burmann, an island in the zEgean Sea, and one of the Cycin his Poete Latini Minores (4to, Leid., 1731, lades, lying between Cythnus and Siphnus. It
vol. ii., p. 187-388).                    was a small rocky island about twelve miles in
SERENUS, A. SEPTIMIUS, a Roman lyric poet, circumference. It is celebrated in mythology as
who exercised his muse chiefly in depicting the the island where Danae and Perseus landed
charms of the country and the delight of rural after they had been exposed by Acrisius, where
pursuits. His works are lost, but are frequent- Perseus was brought up, and where he afterly'quoted by the grammarians.             ward turned the inhabitants into stone with
SEnRE. Vid. SERICA.                     the Gorgon's he id. Seriphus was colonized by
[SERGESTUS, a Trojan warrior, who accom- Ionians from Athens, and it was one of the
panied lEneas to Italy after the destruction of few islands which refused submission to XerxTroy, and from whom the Sergia gens were es. At a later time the inhabitants of Serifabled to have derived their name and lineage.] phus were noted for their poverty and wretch[SERGIA, sister of Catiline, was married to edness; and for this reason the island was
Q. Cacilius, a Roman eques, who was slain by employed by the Roman emperors as a place
his brother-in-law during the proscription of of banishment for state criminals. The an803




SERMYLA.                                  SERVILIA.
cient writers relate that the frogs in Seriphos bloody massacre which ensued after Mariun
were mute.                                and Cinna entered Rome; and he was so inSERMYLA (1epPVdt: SeppJZvtoC), a town in dignant at the horrible deeds committed by the
Macedonia, on the isthmus of the peninsula Si- slaves whom Marius kept as guards, that he fell
thonia.                                   upon them in their camp, and speared four thouSERRANUS, ATILIUS. Serranus was originally sand of them. In 83 Sertorius was preetor, and
an agnomen of C. Atilius Regulus, consul B.C. either in this year or the following he went into
257, but afterward became the name of a dis- Spain, which had been assigned to him as his
tinct family of the Atilia gens. Most of the an- province by the Marian party. After collecting
cient writers derive the name from serere, and a small body of troops in Spain, he crossed over
relate that Regulus received the surname of to Mauretania, where he gained a victory over
Serranus, because he was engaged in sowing Paccianus, one of Sulla's generals. In consewhen the news was brought him of his eleva- quence of his success in Africa, he was invited
tion to the consulship (Virg., en., vi., 845). It by the Lusitani, who were exposed to the invaappears, however, from coins, that Saranus is sion of the Romans, to become their leader. He
the proper form of the name, and some modern gained great influence over the Lusitanians and
writers think that it is derived from Saranum, the other barbarians in Spain, and soon succeeda town of Umbria.-1. C., prastor B.C. 218, the ed in forming an army which for some years
first year of the second Punic war, and was sent successfully opposed all the power of Rome.
into Northern Italy. At a later period of the He also availed himself of the superstitious
year he resigned his command to the consul P. character of the people among whom he was
Scipio. He was an unsuccessful candidate for to strengthen his authority over them. A fawn
the consulship for 216.-2. C., curule aedile 193, was brought to him by one of the natives as a
with L. Scribonius Libo. They were the first present, which soon became so tame as to acaediles who exhibited the Megalesia as ludi see- company him in his walks, and attend him on
nici. He was praetor 185.-3. A., praetor 192, all occasions. After Sulla had become master
when he obtained, as his province, Macedonia of Italy, Sertorius was joined by many Romans
and the command of the fleet. He was praetor who had been proscribed by the dictator; and
a second time in 173. He was consul in 170. this not only added to his consideration, but
-4. M., praetor 174, when he obtained the prov- brought him many good officers. In 79 Metelince of Sardinia.-5. M., praetor 152, in Further lus Pius was sent into Spain with a consideraSpain, defeated the Lusitani.-6. SEX., consul ble force against Sertorius; but Metellus could
136.-7. C., consul 106 with Q. Servilius Cas- effect nothing against the enemy. He was unpio, the year in which Cicero and Pompey were able to bring Sertorius to any decisive battle,
born. Although a " stultissimus homo" ac- but was constantly harassed by the guerilla warcording to Cicero, he was elected in preference fare of the latter. In 77 Sertorius was joined
to Q. Catulus. He was one of the senators who by M. Perperna with fifty-three cohorts. Vid.
took up arms against Saturninus.in 100.-8. PERPERNA. TO give some show of form to his
SEX., surnamed GAVIANUs, because he original- formidable power, Sertorius established a senly belonged to the Gavia-gens. He was quas- ate of three hundred, into which no provincial
tor in 63 in the consulship of Cicero, who treat- was admitted; but, to soothe the more distined him with distinguished favor; but in his guished Spaniards, and to have some security
tribunate of the plebs, 57, he took an active part for their fidelity, he established a school at Huin iopposing Cicero's recall from banishment. esca (now Osca), in Aragon, for the education
After Cicero's return to Rome he put his veto of their children in Greek and Roman learning.
upon the decree of the senate restoring to Ci- The continued want of success on the part. of
cero the site on which his house had stood, but Metellus induced the Romans to send Pompey
he found it advisable to withdraw his opposition. to his assistance, but with an independent comSERRHIUM (ZeLppiov), a promontory of Thrace mand. Pompey arrived in Spain in 76 with
in the iEgean Sea, opposite the island of Samo- thirty thousand infantry and one thousand cavthrace, with a fortress of the same name upon it. airy, but even with this formidable force he was
S.ERTORIUS, Q., one of the most extraordinary unable to gain any decisive advantages over
men in the later times of the republic, was a Sertorius. For the next five years Sertorius
native of Nursia, a Sabine village, and was born kept both Metellus and Pompey at bay, and cut
of obscure but respectable parents. He served to pieces a large number of their forces. Serunder Marius in the war against the Teutones; torius was at length assassinated in 72 at a
and before the battle of Aquae Sextiae (now Aix), banquet by Perperna and some other Roman
B.C. 102, he entered the camp of the Teutones officers, who had long been jealous of the auin disguise as a spy, for which hazardous un- thority of their commander.
dertaking his intrepid character and some knowl-  SERVILIA. 1. Daughter of Q. Servilius Cmedge of the Gallic language well qualified him. pio and the daughter of Livia, the sister of the
He also served as tribunus militum in Spain celebrated M. Livius Drusus, tribune of the
under T. Didius (97). He was questor in 91, plebs B.C. 91. Servilia was married twice
and had before this time lost an eye in battle. first to M. Junius Brutus, by whom she became
On the outbreak of the civil war in 88, he de- the mother of the murderer of Caesar, and seedared himself against the party of the nobles, ondly to D. Junius Silanus, consul 62. She was
though he was by no means an admirer of his the favorite mistress of the dictator Caesar; and
old commander, C. Marius, whose character he it is reported tlhat Brutus was her son by Caesar.
well understood. He commanded one of the This tale, however, can not be true, as Caesar
four armies which besieged Rome under Marius was only fifteen years older than Brutus, the
and Cinna. He was, however, opposed to the former having been born in 100, and the latter
804




SERVILIA GENS.                                 SETIA.
in 85. She survived both her lover and her ments, and it was probably a popular surname
son. After the battle of Philippi, Antony sent given to the great hero of the nineteenth dyher the ashes of her son.-2. Sister of the pre- nasty, and borrowed from Sesostris, one of the
ceding, was -the second wife of L. Lucullus, ren'owned kings of the twelfth dynasty, or perconsul 74. She bore Lucullus a son, but, like haps from Sesorthus, a king of the third dyher sister, she was faithless to her husband; nasty.
and the latter, after putting up with her conduct  [SESSITES (now Sessia or Sesia), a small river
for some time from regard to M. Cato Uticen- of Gallia Cisalpina, flowing past Vercellae, and
sis, her half-brother, at length divorced her.  emptying into the Padus (now Po).]
SERVILIA GENS, was one of the Alban houses  SESTIAN.A ARE (now Cape Villano), the most
removed to Rome by Tullus Hostilius. This westerly.promontory on the northern coast of
gens was very celebrated during the early ages Hispania Tarraconensis in Gallecia, with three
o'f the republic, and it continued to produce men altars consecrated to Augustus.
of influence in the state down to the imperial  SESTiNUM (Sestinas, -atis: now Sestino), a
period. It was divided into numerous families, town in Umbria, on the Apennines, near the
of which the most important bore the names of sources of the Pisaurus.
AHALA, CiEPIO, CAscA, GIAU.CIA, RULLUS, VATIA.  SESTIUS. Vid.,SEXTIUS.
SERVIUS MAURUS HONORATUS, or SERY;IUS MA-  SESTUS (y:7dr6': S;yaTtof: nowlalova), a town
RIUS HONORATUS, a celebrated Latin gramma- in Thrace, situated at the narrowest part of the
rian, contemporary with Macrobius, who intro- Hellespont, opposite Abydos in Asia, from which
duces him among the-'&hamatis persone of the it was only seven stadia distant. It was foundSaturnalia.  His most celebrated production ed by the 2Eolians. It was celebrated in Grewas an elaborate commentary upon Virgil. clan poetry on account of the loves of Leander
This is, nominally at least, still' extant; but, and Hero (vid. LEANDER), and in history on acfrom the widely different forms which it as- count of the bridge of boats which Xerxes here
sumes in different MSS., it is clear that it must built across the Hellespont. Sestus was always
have been changed and interpolated to such an reckoned a place of importance in consequence
extent by the transcribers of the Middle Ages of its commanding, to a great extent, the passage
that it is impossible to determine how much of the Hellespont. It was for some time in the
belongs to Servius and how much to later hands. possession of the Persians, but' was retaken
Even in its present condition, however, it is by the Greeks, B.C. 478, after a long siege. It
deservedly regarded as the most important and subsequently formed part of the Athenian emvaluable of all the Latin Scholia. It is attach- pire.
ed to many of the earlier editions of Virgil, but  [SESUVII, a people of Gallia Celtica, inhabitit will be found under its best form in the edi- ing part of the department de lOrne and of that
tion of Virgil by Burmann. [A separate edition of Calvados: Seez, in the former of these, recalls
was published by Lion, Gottingen, 1825, 2 vols. the ancient name.]
8vo.] We possess also the following treatises  SETXBIS. Vid. STETABIS.
bearing the name of Servius: 1. In secundam  SETHON (2e0jv), a priest of Vulcan (HephaesDonati Editionem Interpretatio. 2. De Ratione tus), made himselfmaster of Egypt after the exlltimarum Syllabarumn ad Aquilinum Liber. 3. pulsion of Sabacon, king of the Ethiopians, and
Ars de centumr Metris s. Centimetrum.     was succeeded by the Dodecarchia, or governSERVIUS TULLIUS. Vid. TULLIUS.          ment of the twelve chiefs, which ended in the
SEstsimus (y7-aae6C), a little coast river of sole sovereignty of Psammitichus. Herodotus
Paphlagonia, with a town of the same name: relates (ii., 141) that in Sethon's reign, Sanaboth called afterward AMASTRIS.           charibus, king of the Arabians and Assyrians,
SESOSTRIS (Ea9o-Tptf), the name given by the advanced against Egypt, at which Sethon was
Greeks to the great King of Egypt, who is call- in great alarm, as he had insulted the warrior
ed'in Manetho and on the monuments Ramses class, and deprived them of their lands, and
or Ramesses. Ramses is a name common to they now refused to follow him to the war. But
several kings of the eighteenth, nineteenth, and the god Vulcan (Hephsestus) came to his assisttwentieth dynasties; but Sesostris must be iden- ance; for while the two armies were encamped
tified with Ramses, the third king of the nine- near Pelusium, the field-mice in the night gnawteenth dynasty, the son of Seti, and the father ed to pieces the bow-strings, the quivers, and the
of Menephthah. Sesostris was a great con- shield-handles of the Assyrians, who fled on the
queror. He is said to have subdued' Ethiopia, following day with great loss. The recollection
the greater part of Asia, and the Thracians in of this miracle was perpetuated by a statue of
Europe; and in all the countries which he con- the king in the temple of Vulcan (Hephaestus),
quered he erected stele, on which he inscribed holding a mouse in his hand, and saying, " Let
his own name. He returned to Egypt after an every man look at me and be pious." This Sanabsence of nine years, and the countless cap- acharibus is the Sennacherib of the Scriptures,
tives whom he brought back with him were and the destruction of the Assyrians at Peluemployed in the erection of numerous public sium is evidently only another version of the
works.  Memorials of Ramses-Sesostris still miraculous destruction of the Assyrians by the
exist throughout the whole of Egypt, from the' angel of the Lord, when they had advanced
mouth of the Nile to the south of Nubia. In the against Jerusalem in the reign of Hezekiah.
Yemains of his palace-temple at Thebes we see According to the' Jewish records, this event
his victories and conquests represented on the happened in B.C. 711.
walls, and we can still trace there some of the  SETIA (Setinus: now Sezza or Sesse), an annations of Africa and Asia whom he subdued. cient town of Latium, in the east of the Pontine
The name of Sesostris is not found on monu- Marshes, originally belonged to the Volscian
805




SETIUM PROMONTORIUM.                        SEVERUS, SEPTIMIUS.
confederacy, but was subsequently taken by the the reign of Augustus, Severus was banished
Romans and colonized. It was here that the by Augustus to the island of Crete on account
Romans kept the Carthaginian hostages. It of his libellous verses; but as he still continued
was celebrated for the excellent wine grown in to write libels, he was removed by Tiberius, in
the neighborhood of the town, which was reck- in A.D. 24, to the desolate island of Seriphos,
oned in the time of Augustus the finest W'ine in where he died in great poverty in the twentyItaly.                                   fifth year of his exile, A.D. 33.
[SETIUM PROMONTORIUM (now Cape' Cette), a  SEVERUS, CORNELIUS, the author of a poem
promontory on the south coast of Gallia, north- entitled Bellurn Siculum, was contemporary with
east of Agatha (now Agde), and near the island Ovid, by whom he is addressed in one of the
Blascon (now Brescon).]                   Epistles written from Pontus.
SEVERUS, M. AURELIUS ALEXANDER, usually   SEVERUS, FLAVIus VALERIUS, Roman empercalled ALEXANDER SEVERUS, Roman emperor or A.D. 306-307. He was proclaimed Casar
A.D. 222-235, the son of Gessius Marcianus and by Galerius in 305; and on the death of ConJulia Mamma, and first cousin of Elagabalus, stantius Chlorus in the following year, he was
was born at Arce, in Phmenicia, in the temple of further proclaimed Augustus by Galerius. Soon
Alexander the Great, to which his parents had afterward he was sent against Maxentius, who
repaired for the celebration of a festival, the 1st had assumed the imperial title at Rome. The
of October, A.D. 205. His original name ap- expedition, however, was unsuccessful; and
pears to have been Alexiafnus Bassianus, the Severus, having surrendered at Ravenna, was
latter appellation having been derived from his taken prisoner to Ronle and compelled to put
maternal grandfather. Upon the elevation of an end to his life.
Elagabalus, he accompanied his mother and the  SEVEfRUs, LIBiUS, Roman emperor A.D. 461court to Rome, a report having been spread 465, was a Lucanian by birth, and owed his acabroad that he also, as well as the emperor, cession to Ricimer, who placed' him on the
was the son of Caracalla. In 221 he was adopt- throne after the assassination, of Majorian.
ed by Elagabalus and created Caesar. The During his reign the real government was in
names Alexianus and Bassianus were laid aside, the hands of Ricimer. Severus died a natural
and those of iM. Aurelius Alexander substituted; death.
M. Aurelius in virtue of his adoption; Alexan-  SEVE2RUS, SEPTIMIUS L., Roman emperor A.D.
der in consequence, as was asserted, of a direct 193-211, was born 146, near Leptis in Africa.
revelation on the part of the Syrian god. On After holding various important military cornthe death of Elagabalus, on the 11th of March, mands under M. Aurelius and Commodus, he
A.D. 222, Alexander ascended the throne, add- was at length appointed commander-in-chief of
ing Severus to his other designations, in order the army in Pannonia and Illyria. By this army
to mark more explicitly the descent which he he was proclaimed emperor after the death of
claimed from the'father of Caracalla. After. Pertinax (193). He forthwith marched upon
reigning in peace some years, during which he Rome, where Julianus had been made emperor
reformed many abuses in the state, he was in- by the pretorian troops. Julianus was put to
volved in a war with Artaxerxes, king of Per- death upon his arrival before the city. Vid. Jusia, who had lately founded the new empire of MIANUS. Severus then turned his arms against
the Sassanidw on the ruins of the Parthian mon- Pescennius Niger, who had been saluted emarchy. Alexander gained a great victory over peror by the eastern legions. The struggle was
Artaxerxes in. 232; but he was unable to pros- brought to a close by a decisive battle near Isecute his advantage in consequence of intelli- sus, in which Niger was defeated by Severus,
gence having reached him of a great movement and, having been shortly afterward taken prisamong the German tribes. He celebrated a tri- oner, was put to death by order of the latter
umph at Rome in 233, and in the following year (194). Severus then laid siege to Byzantium,
(234) set out for Gaul, which the Germans were which refused to submit to him even after the
devastating; but, before he had made any prog- death of Niger, and which was not taken till
ress in the campaign, he was waylaid by a small 196. The city was treated with great severity
band of mutinous soldiers, instigated, it is said, by Severus. Its walls were levelled with the
by Maximinus, and slain, along with his moth- earth, its soldiers and magistrates put to death,
er, in the early part of 235, in the thirtieth year and the town itself, deprived of all its political
of his age and the fourteenth of his reign. - Al- privileges, made over to the Perinthians. Durexander Severus was distinguished by justice, ing the continuance of this siege, Severus had
wisdom, and clemency in all public transactions, crossed the Euphrates (195) and subdued the
and by the simplicity and purity of his private Mesopotamian Arabians. He returned to Italy
life.                                     in 196, and in the same year proceeded to Gaul
SEVERus, A. CTcINA. Vid. CECINA..      to oppose Albinus, who had been proclaimed
SEVEIRUS, CASSIus, a celebrated orator and emperor bythe troops in that country. Albinus
satirical writer in the time of Augustus and Ti-: was defeated and slain in a terrible battle fought
berius, was born about B.C. 50, at Longula, in near Lyons on the 19th of February, 197. SeLatium. He was a man of low origin and dis- verus returned to Rome in the same year; but
solute character, but was much feared by the after remaining a short time in the capital, he
severity of his attacks upon the Roman nobles. set out for the East in order to repel the inva,
He must have commenced his career as a pub- sion of the Parthians, who were ravaging Meslic slanderer very early, if he is the person opotamia. He crossed the Euphrates early in
against whom the sixth epode of Horace is di- 198, and commenced a series of operations which
rected, as is supposed by many ancient and mod- were attended with brilliant results. Seleucia
ern commentators. Toward the latter end of and Babylon were evacuated by the enemyr nand
806




SEVERUS, SULPICIUS.                             SIBYLLE.
Cte.siphon was taken and plundered after a short correspondence.-2. L., son of the preceding by
siege. After spending three years in the East, his first wife, Postumia. He served under M.
and visiting Arabia, Palestine, and Egypt, Se- Brutus in Macedonia, but subsequently became
verus returned to Rome in 202. For the next the friend of Augustus. One of Horace's odes
seven years he remained tranquilly at Rome, is addressed to him.-3. T., one of Caesar's lebut in 208 he went to Britain with his sons gates in Gaul, and afterward governor-of the
Caracalla and G-eta. Here he carried on war province of Numidia or New Africa, at the time
against the Caledonians, and erected the cele- of Caesar's death (44). Here he carried on war
brated wall, which bore his name, from the Sol- against Q. Cornificius, who held the province of
way to the mouth of the Tyne. After remain- Old Africa, and whom he defeated and slew in
ing two years in Britain, he died at Eboracum  battle.
(York); on the 4th of February, 211,-in the six-  SEXTIUS CALVINUS. Vid. CALVINUS.
ty-fifth year of his age and the eighteenth of  SEXTUS EPIRIiCUS, was a physician, and rehis reign.                                ceived his name Empiricus from belonging to
SEVERUS, SULPICIUS, chiefly celebrated as an the school of the Empirici. He was a contemecclesiastical historian, was a native ofAquita- porary of Galen, and lived in the first half of
nia, and flourished toward the close of the fourth the third century of the Christian era. Nothcentury under Arcadius and Honorius. He was inf is known of his life. He belonged to the
descended from a noble family, and was orig- Skeptical school of philosophy. Two of his
inally an advocate; but he eventually became works are extant: 1. HIIvj5Wivta'Trorvraeotcg 0
a presbyter of the church, and attached himself aciewrrts vrnov/vriara, containing the doctrines
closely to St. Martin of Tours. The extant of the Skeptics in three books. 2. HIpio Tovc
works of Severus are, 1. Historia Sacra, an epit- iua0?uarlKovfv avrTqp-rTLKoi, against the Matheome of sacred history, extending from the crea- matici, in eleven books, is an attack upon all
tion of the world to the consulship of Stilicho positive philosophy. The first six books are a
and Aurelianus, A.D. 400. 2. Vita S. Martini refutation of the six sciences of grammar, rhetTuronensis. 3. Tres Epistolc. 4. Dialogi duo, oric, geometry, arithmetic, astrology, and mucontaining a review of the dissensions which sic. The remaining five books are directed
had arisen among ecclesiastics in the East re- against logicians, physical philosophers, and
garding the works of Origen. 5. Epistola Sex. ethical writers, and form, in fact, a distinct
The best edition of the complete works of Se- work, which may be viewed as belonging to the
verus is by Hieronymus de Prato, 4to, 2 vols.,'TrorvljaeroW c. The two works are a great reVeron., 1741-1754.                        pository of doubts; the language is as clear and
[SEVEiRUS, the architect, with Celer, of Ne- perspicuous as the subject will allow. Edited
ro's golden house.]                       by Fabricius, Lips., 1718. [A reimpression of
[SEVERUS MONS, a rocky eminence in the land this edition appeared at Leipzig, -1842, 2 vols.
of the Sabini, on the borders of Picenum, prob- 8vo: a new edition, with an amended text, was
ably belonged to Mons Fiscellus (now Mlonti published by Bekker at Berlin, 1842.]
della Sibilla).]                            [SEXTUS, of Chseronea, Plutarch's sister's
[SEVINUS LACUS. Vid. SEBINUS LACUS.     son, a Stoic philosopher, instructor of the Em[SEVO MONS (now Mount Kjolen), an exten- peror Antoninus.]
sive and lofty range of mountains in Scandi-  SEXTUS RUFUS. 1. The name prefixed to a
navia.]                                   work entitled De Regionibus Urbis Roma, pubSEUTHES (2:eurc), the name of several kings lished by Onuphrius Panvinius at Frankfort in
of the Odrysians in Thrace. Of these themost 1558. This work is believed by the best toimportant was the nephew of Sitalces, whom he pographers to have been compiled at a late pesucceeded on the throne in 424. During a long riod, and is not regarded as a document of aureign he raised his kingdom to a height of pow- thority.-2. SEXTUS RUFUS is also the name preer and'prosperity which it had never previously fixed to an abridgment of Roman History in
attained.                                 twenty-eight short chapters, entitled Breviariumn
SEXTYA or SESTIA GENS, plebeian, one of whose de Victoriis et Provinciis Populi Romani, and exmembers, namely, L. Sextius Sextinus Latera- ecuted by command of the Emperor Valens, to
nus, was the first plebeian who obtained the whom it is dedicated. This work is usually
consulship, B.C. 366.                     printed with the larger editions of Eutropius,
SEXTIzE AQUzE. Vid. AQUE SEXTILE.       and of the minor Roman historians. There are
SEXTIUS or SESTIUS. 1. P., quaestor B.C. 63, no grounds for establishing a connection beand tribune of the plebs 57. In the latter year tween Sextus Rufus the historian and the auhe took an active part in obtaining Cicero's re- thor of the work De Regionibus.
call from banishment. Like Milo, he kept a  SIBA or SIBI (116at, Ji6on), a rude people in
band of armed retainers to oppose P. Clodius the northwest of India (in the Punjab), above
and his partisans; and in the following year the confluence of the Rivers Hydaspes (now
(56) he was accused of Vis on account of his Jelum) and Acesines (now Chenab), who were
violent acts during his tribunate. He was de- clothed in skins and armed with clubs, and
fended by Cicero in an oration still extant, and whom, therefore, the soldiers of Alexander rewas:acquitted on the 14th of March, chiefly in garded, whether seriously or in jest, as descendconsequence of the powerful influence of Pom- ants of Hercules.
pey. In 53 Sextius was praetor. On the break-  SIBYLLE (Si6vaL2La), the name by which seving out of the civil war in 49, Sextius first es- eral prophetic women are designated. The first
poused Pompey's party, but he afterward joined Sibyl, from whom all the rest are said to have
Caesar, who sent him, in 48, into Cappadocia. derived their name, is called a daughter of DarHe was alive in 43, as appears from Cicero's darius and Neso. Some authors mention only
807




SICAMBRI                                   SICILIA.
four Sibyls, the Erythrsean, the Samian, the southern coast of Italy by a narrow channel
Egyptian, and the Sardian; but it was more called FRETUM SICULUM, sometimes simply FREcommonly believed that there were ten, namely, TUM (IIopo6f), and also SCYLLAuxM FRETUM, of
the Babylonian, the Libyan, the Delphian (an which the modern name is Faro di Messina.
elder Delphian, who was a daughter of Zeus The sea on the east and south of the island was
and Lamia, and a younger one), the Cimmerian, also called Mare SICULUM. The island itself is
the Erythrsean (also an elder and a younger in the shape of a triangle. The northern and
one, the latter of whom was called Herophile), southern sides are about one hundred and sevthe Samian, the Cumrean (sometimes identified enty-five miles each in length, not including the
with the Erythrean), the Hellespontian or Tro- windings of the coast; and the length of the
jan, the Phrygian, and the Tiburtine. The eastern side is about one hundred and fifteen
most celebrated of these Sibyls is the Cumrean, miles. The northwestern point, the Promontowho'is mentioned under the names of Hero- rium Lilybeum, is about ninety miles from Cape
phile, Demo, Phemonoe, Deiphobe, Demophile, Bon, on the coast of Africa; the northeastern
and Amalthea. She was consulted by ZEneas point, PromontoriumPelorus, is about three miles
before he descended into the lower world. She from the coast of Calabria in Italy; and the
is said to have come to Italy from the East, and southeastern point, Promontorium Pachynus, is
she is the one who, according to tradition, ap- sixty miles from the island of Malta. Sicily
peared before King Tarquinius, offering him the formed originally part of Italy, and was torn
Sibylline books for sale. Respecting the Sibyl- away from it by some volcanic eruption, as the
line books, vid. Dict. of Antiq., art. SIBYLLINI ancients generally believed. A range ofmountLIBRI.                                    ains, which are a continuation of the ApenSICAMBRI. Vid. SYGAMBRI.                nines, extends throughout the island from east
[SICANA (eC(dv?), a city of Iberia, on the River to west. The general name of this mountain
Sicarius, whence tradition made the Sicani to range was Nebrodi Montes (now Madonia), of
have emigrated to Sicily. Vid. SICILIA.]  which there were several offshoots known by
SICANI, SICELI, SICELISTE. Viid. SICILIA.  different names. Of these the most important
[SICANUS. Vid. SICANA.]                 were the celebrated volcano 2Etna on the east[SICANUS (iiKavhO), a Syracusan, son of Exe- ern side of the island, Eryx (now St. Giuliano)
cestus, one of the generals of the Syracusans in the extreme west, near Drepanum, and the
at the time of the Athenian expedition, B.C. Herai Montes (now Monti Sort) in the south,
415. He was sent to Agrigentum, which he running down to the promontory Pachynus. A
endeavored to regain by stratagem from the large number of rivers flow down from the
party who had seized upon it and driven out mountains, but most of them are dry, or nearly
those favorable to Syracuse. At the great bat- so, in the summer. The soil of Sicily was very
tie in the harbor of Syracuse he commanded a fertile, and produced in antiquity an immense
wing of the Syracusan fleet.]             quantity of wheat, on which the population of
SIcARII (i. e., assassins), the name given by Rome relied to a great extent for their subsistthe Romans to certain savage mountain tribes ence. So celebrated was it even in early times
of the Lebanon, who were, like the Thugs of on account of its corn, that it was represented
India, avowed murderers by profession. In the as sacred to Demeter (Ceres), and as the favorsame mountains there existed, at the time of ite abode of this goddess. Hence it was in this
the Crusades, a branch of the fanatic sect call- island that her daughter Persephone (Prosered Assassins, whose habits resembled those of pina) was carried away by Pluto. Besides corn
the Sicarii, and whose name the Crusaders im- the island produced excellent wine, saffron,
ported into Europe; but these were of Arabian honey, almonds, and the other southern fruits.
origin.                                   The earliest inhabitants of Sicily are said to
SIccAVENERIA (now probably Al-Kaff), acon- have been the savage Cyclopes and Laestrysiderable city of Northern Africa, on the fron- gones; but these are fabulous beings, and the
tier of Numidia and Zeugitana, built on a hill first inhabitants mentioned in history are the
near the River Bagradas. It derived its name SICANI (icKavoi) or SIC-ULI (UctZErO), who crossfrom a temple of Venus, in which the goddess ed over into the island from Italy. Some writwas worshipped with rites peculiar to the cor- ers, indeed, regard the Sicani and Siculi as two
responding Eastern deity Astarte, whence it distinct tribes, supposing the latter only to have
may be inferred that the place was a Phoenician migrated from Italy, and the former to have
settlement.                               been the aboriginal inhabitants of the country;
SICHiEUS, also called Acerbas. Vid. AcERBAS. but there is no good reason for making any disSICILIA (now Sicily), one of the largest islands tinction between them. They appear to have
in the Mediterranean Sea. It was supposed by been a Celtic people. According to Thucydthe ancients to be the same as the Homeric isl- ides, their original settlement was on the River
and Thrinacia (Optva$ia), and.it was therefore Sicanus in Iberia; but as Thucydides extends
frequently called THRINACIA, TRINACIA, or TRI- Iberia as far as the Rhone, it is probable that
NACRIS, a name which was believed to be de- Sicanus was a river of Gaul, and it may have
rived from the triangular figure of the island. been the Sequana, as some modern writers supFor the same reason, the Roman poets called it pose. The ancient writers relate that these
TRIQUETRA. Its more usual name came from  Sicani, being hard pressed by the Ligyes (Liits later inhabitants, the Siceli, whence it was gures), crossed the Alps and settled in Latium -,called SICELIA (ZtKe-ia), which the Romans that, being driven out of this country by the
changed into SIGILIA. As the Siceli also bore Aborigines with the help of Pelasgians, they
the name of Sicalli, the island was also called migrated to the south of the peninsula, where
SICANIA (eiKavia). Sicily is separated from the they lived for a considerable time along with
808




SICILIA.                            SICULUS FLACCUS.
the'fnotrians; and that at last they crossed conquest of Sex. Pompey, who had held the islover to Sicily, to which they gave their name. and for several years, founded colonies at MesThey spread over the greater part of the island, sana, Tauromenium, Catana, Syracuse, Therbut in later times were found chiefly in the in- mroe, and Panormus. On the downfall of tho
terior and in the northern part; some of the Roman empire, Sicily-formed part of the kingmnost important towns belonging to them were dom of the Ostrogoths; but it was taken from
Herbita, Agyrium,. Adranum, and Enna. The them by Belisarius in A.D. 536, and annexed
next immigrants into the island were Cretans, to the Byzantine empire. It continued a provwho are said to have come to Sicily under their ince of this empire till 828, when it-was conking, Minos, in pursuit of Daedalus, and to have quered by the Saracens. Literature and the
settled on.the southern coast in the neighbor- arts were cultivated with great success in the
hood of Agrigentum, where they founded Minoa Greek cities of Sicily. It was the- birth-place
(afterward Heraclea Minoa). Then came the of the. philosophers Empedocles, Epicharmus,
Elymaei, a small band of fugitive Trojans, who and Dicaearchus; of the mathematician Archiare said to'have built Entella, Eryx, and Egesta. medes; of the physicians Herodicus and Acron;
These Cretans and Elymaei, however, if indeed of the historians Diodorus, Antiochus, Philisthey ever visited Sicily, soon became incorpo- tus, and Timaeus; of the rhetorician Gorgias;
rated with the Siculi. The Phcenicians, like- and'of the poets Stesichorus and Theocritus.
wise, at an early period formed settlements, for  SIcYMA. Vid. NEAPOLIS, No. 5.
the- purposes of commerce, on all the coasts of  SICINYUS. 1. L. SICINIUSBELLUTUS, the leader
Sicily, but more especially on the northern and of the plebeians in their secession to the Sanorthwestern parts. They were subsequently cred Mount in B.C. 494. He was chosen one
obliged to retire from the greater part of their of the first tribunes.-2. L. SICINIUs DENTATUS,'
settlements before the increasing power of'the called by some writers the Roman Achilles. He
Greeks, and to confine themselves to Motya, is said to have fought in one hundred and twenty
Solus, and Panormus. But the most important battles, to have slain eight of the enemy in sinof all the immigrants into Sicily were the gle combat, to have received forty-five wounds
Greeks. The first body of Greeks who landed on the fiont of his body, and to have accomin the island were Chalcidians from Eubcea, and panied the triumphs of nine generals, whose
Megarians ledbythe Athenian Thucles. These victories were principally owing to his valor.
Greek colonists built the town of Naxos, B.C. He was tribune of the plebs in 454. He was
735. They were soon followed by other Greek put to death by the decemvirs in 450, because
colonists, who founded a number of very flour- he endeavored to persuade the plebeians to seishing cities, such as Syracuse in 734, Leontini cede to the Sacred Mount. The persons sent
and Catana in 730, Megara Hybla in 726, Gela to assassinate him fell upon him in a lonely
in 690, Selinus in 626, Agrigentum in 579, etc. spot, but he killed most of them before they sucThe Greeks soon became the ruling race in the ceeded in dispatching him.
island, and received the name of SICELIOTAEr  [SICINNUS or SICINUS (KIctVVOt, ZlbCtvor), a
(ze2tIeTrat) to distinguish them from the earlier Persian, according to Plutarch, a slave of Theinhabitants. At a later time the Carthaginians mistocles, and 7raedayey6C to his children. In
obtained a firm footing in Sicily. Their first B. C. 480 he was employed by his master to conattempt was made in 480; but they were de- vey to Xerxes the intelligence of the intended
feated by Gelon of Syracuse, and obliged to re- flight of the Greeks from Salamis; and after
tire with great loss. Their second invasion in the battle, when the Greeks had desisted from
409 was more successful. They took Selinus the further pursuit of the Persians, Themistoin this year, and four years afterward (405) the cles again sent Sicinnus, with others, to Xerxes,
powerful city of Agrigentum. They now be- to claim merit with him for having dissuaded
came the permanent masters of the western the Greeks from intercepting his flight. As a
part of the island, and were engaged in frequent reward for his services, Themistocles afterward
wars with Syracuse and the other Greek cities. enriched Sicinnus, and obtained for him the
The struggle between the Carthaginians and citizenship of Thespise.]
Greeks continued, with a few interruptions,  SIciNUS (1icVvof: Lt/cvitrnf: now Sikino), a
down to the first Punic war; at the close of small island in the iEgean Sea, one of the Spowhich (241) the Carthaginians were obliged to rades, between Pholegandrus and Ios, with a
evacuate the island, the western part of which town of the same name. It is said to have been
now passed into the hands of the Romans, and originally called CEnos from its cultivation of
was made a Roman province.    The eastern the vine, but to have been named Sicinus after
part still continued under the rule of Hieron of a son of Thoas and (Eno,. It was probably
Syracuse as an ally of Rome; but after the re- colonized by the Ionians. During the Persian
volt of Syracuse in the second Punic war, and war it submitted to Xerxes, but it afterward
the conquest of that city by Marcellus, the whole formed part of the Athenian maritime empire.
island was made a Roman province, and was   SIchRIs (now Segre), a river in Hispania Taradministered by a praetor.  Under the Roman raconensis, which had its source in the terridominion more attention was paid to agricul- tory of the Cerretani, divided the Ilergetes and
ture than to commerce; and, consequently, the Lacetani, flowed by Ilerda, and after receiving
Greek cities on the coast gradually declined in the River Cinga (now Cinca), fell into the Ibeprosperity and in wealth. The inhabitants of rus near Octogesa.
the province received the Jus Latii fror Julius  SICiLI. Vid. SICILIA.
Caesar; and Antony conferred upon them, in  SICULUM  FRETUM, SICrLUM MARE. Vid. Siaccordance, as it was said, with Caesar's will, CILIA.
the full Roman franchise. Augustus, after his  SICaLUS r1LACCUS. Vid. FLACCUs.
809




SICUM.                                    SIDON.
[SICUM (tScovV), the northernmost maritime in the middle of the third century Sicyon tool
city of Dalmatia, where the Emperor Claudius, an active part in public affairs, in consequence
according to Pliny, planted a colony of veter- of its being the native town of Aratus, who
ans.]                                     united it to the Achaean league in 251. Under
SICYSN~.A (lZIvcova), a small district in the the Romans it gradually declined; and in the
northeast of Peloponnesus, bounded on the east time of Pausanias, in the second century of the
by the territory of Corinth, on the west by Ach- Christian era, many of its public buildings were
aia, on the south by the territory of Phlius and in ruins. Sicyon was for a long time the chief
Cleonae, and on the north by the Corinthian seat of Grecian art. It gave its name to one of
Gulf. The area of the country was probably the great schools of painting, which was foundsomewhat less than one hundred square miles. ed by Eupompus, and which produced PamphiIt consisted of a plain near the sea, with mount- lus and Apelles. It is also said to have been
ains in the interior. Its rivers, which ran in a the earliest school of statuary in Greece, which
northeasterly direction, were Sythas on the fron- was introduced into Sicyon by Dipcenus and
tier of Achaia, Helisson, Selleis, and Asopus in Scyllis from Crete about 560; but its earliest
the interior, and Nemea on the frontier of the native artist of celebrity was Canachus. Lyterritory of Corinth. The land was fertile, and sippus was also a native of Sicyon. The town
produced excellent oil. Its almonds and its fish was likewise celebrated for the taste and skill
were also much prized. Its chief town was Sic- displayed in the various articles of dress made
YON (Zticv6v: IucvvteoS), which was situated a by its inhabitants, among which we find menlittle to the west of the River Asopus, and at tion of a particular kind of shoe, which was
the distance of twenty, or, according to others, much prized in all parts of Greece.
twelve stadia from the sea. The ancient city,  SIDA, SiDE (EiiS, S0di5Tyf, and NGIjrC, Sidites
which was situated in the plain, was destroyed and Sidetes). 1. (Ruins at Eski Adalia), a city
by Demetrius Poliorcetes, and a new city, which of Pamphylia, on the coast, a little west of the
bore for a short time the name of Demetrias, was River Melas. It was an 2Eolian colony from
built by him on the high ground close to the Cyme in._Eolis, and was a chief seat of the
Acropolis.  The harbor, which, according to worship of Minerva (Athena), who is represome, was connected with the city by means of sented on its coins holding a pomegranate (calv)
long walls, was well fortified, and formed a town as the emblem of the city. In the division of
of itself.  Sicyon was one of the most an- the provinces under Constantine, it was made
cient cities of Greece. It is said to have been the capital of Pamphylia Prima.-2. The old
originally called SZgialea or _Egiali (Aiytd2lesa, name of POLEMONIUM, from which a flat district
AiyLtaoi), after an ancient king, AEgialeus; to in the northeast of Pontus Polemoniacus, along
have been subsequently named Mecone (My- the coast, obtained the name of Sid6ne (Yhd6v)).
x6vV), and to have been finally called Sicyon  [SIDENE (Z1idUvy), a town of Mysia, on the
from an Athenian of this name. Sicyon is rep- Granicus, already, in Strabo's time, destroyed.]
resented by Homer as forming part of the em-  [SIDERO (2;t7p5p), wife of Salmoneus, steppire of Agamemnon; but on the invasion of Pe- mother of Tyro, was slain by Pelias in the grove
loponnesus it became subject to Phalces, the and at the altar of Juno.]
son of Temenus, and was henceforward a Do-  SIDENUS. Vid. POLEMONIUM.
rian state. The ancient inhabitants, however,  SIDICINI, an Ausonian people in the northwere formed into a fourth tribe called AEgialeis, west of Campania and on the borders of Samwhich possessed equal rights with the three nium, who, being hard pressed by the Samnites,
tribes of the Hylleis, Pamphyli, and Dymanate, united themselves to the Campanians. Their
into which the Dorian conquerors were divided. chief town was Teanum.
Sicyon, on account of the small extent of its  SIDON, gen. -oNIs (d&5(v, gen. ZtSuvoc, someterritory, never attained much political impor- times also Ztd6vof, in the Old Testament Tsidon,
tance, and was generally dependent either on or, in the English form, Zidon: tzidv, tidSvtoc,
Argos or Sparta. At the time of the second 2td'vzto, Sidonius: ruins at Saida), for a long
Messenian war it became subject to a succes- time the. most powerful, and probably the most
sion of tyrants, who administered their power ancient of the cities of Phcenice. As early as
with moderation and justice for one hundred the conquest of Canaan by the Israelites it is
years. The first of these tyrants was Andreas, called " Great Zidon" (Joshua, xi., 8). It stood
who began to rule B.C. 676. He was followed in a plain, about a mile wide, on the coast of the
insuccession by Myron, Aristonymus, and Clis- Mediterranean, two hundred stadia (twenty gethenes, on whose death, about 576, a republican ographical miles) north of Tyre, four hundred
form of government was established. Clisthe- stadia (forty geographical miles) south of Berynes had no male children, but only a daughter, tus, sixty-six miles west of Damascus, and a
Agariste, who was married to the Athenian day's journey northwest of the source of the
Megacles. In the Persian war the Sicyonians Jordan at Paneas. It had a fine double harbor,
sent fifteen ships to the battle of Salamis, and now almost filled with sand, and was strongly
three hundred hoplites to the battle of Plataeae. fortified. It was the chief seat of the maritime
In the interval between the Persian and the Pe- power of Phcenice, until eclipsed by its own colloponnesian wars, the Sicyonians were twice ony, Tyre (vid. TYRus); and its power on the
defeated and their country laid waste by the land side seems to have extended over all PhceAthenians, first under Tolmides in 456, and nice, and at one period (in the time of the
again under Pericles in 454. In the Pelopon- Judges) over at least a part of Palestine. In
nesian war they took part with the Spartans. the time of David and Solomon, Sidon appears
From this time till the Macedonian supremacy to have been subject to the King of Tyre. It
their history requires no special mention; but probably regained its former rank, as the first
810




SIDONIUS APOLLINARIS.                            SILANION.
of the Phoenician cities, by its submission to dom touch upon ecclesiastical matters. The
Shalmanezer at the time of the Assyrian con- writings of Sidonius are characterized by great
quest of Syria, for we find it governed by its subtlety of thought, expressed in phraseology
own king under the Babylonians and Persians. abounding with harsh and violent metaphors.
In the expedition of Xerxes against Greece, the Hence he is generally obscure; but his works
Sidonians furnished the best ships in the whole throughout bear the impress of an acute, vigorfleet, and their king obtained the highest place, ous, and highly-cultivated, intellect. The best
next to Xerxes, in the council, and above the edition of his works is that of Sirmond, 4to,
King of Tyre. Sidon receivedthe great blowto Paris, 1652.-[2. A sophist in Athens in the
her prosperity in the reign of Artaxerxes III. second century after Christ.]
Ochus, when the Sidonians, having taken part.SIDS (e6doir, -OVvro: Iloovvrtog), a fortified
in\the revolt of Phcenice and Cyprus, and being place in the territory of Corinth, on the bay of
betrayed to Ochus by their own king Tennes, Cenchreee, and a little to the east of Crommyon.
burned themselves with their city, B.C. 351. It was celebrated for its apples.
Thecity was rebuilt, but the fortifications were  SIDUSSA (Itdobacaa), a small place in Lydia,
not restored, and the place was therefore of belonging to the territory of the Ionian city of
no further importance in military history. It Erythrae.
shared the fortunes of the rest of PHCENICE, and  SIDYMA (ra ~i-dvza: ruins at Tortoorcar Hiunder the Romans it retained much of its cor- sar), a town in the interior of Lycia, on a mountmercial importance, which it has not yet en- ain, north of the mouth of Xanthus.
tirely lost. In addition to its commerce, Sidon  SIGA (Ziya), a considerable sea-port town of
was famed for its manufactures of glass, the Mauretania Cwesariensis, ona river of the same
invention of which was said to have been made narre, the mouth of which opened into a large
in Phoenicia.                             bay, which formed the harbor of the town. Its
SIDONIUS APOLLINARIS, whose full name was site has not been identified with certainty.
C. Sollius Sidonius Apollinaris, was born at Lug-  [SIGEI CAMPI, in the 2Eneid of Virgil (vii.,
dunum (now Lyons) about A.D. 431. At an 294), the region around the Sigeum Promontoearly age he married Papianilla, the child of rium.]
Flavius Avitus; and upon the elevation of his  SIGEUM (now Yenisheri), the northwestern
father-in-law to the imperial dignity (456) he promontory of the Troad, of Asia Minor, and of
accompanied him to Rome, and celebrated his all Asia, and the southern headland at the enconsulship in a poem still extant. Avitus raised trance of the Hellespont, opposite to the PromSidonius to the rank of a senator, nominated ontoriurn Mastusium (now Cape Helles), at the
him prefect of the city, and caused his statue extremity of the Thracian Chersonese. It is
to be placed among: the effigies which graced here that Homer places the Grecian fleet and
the library of Trajan. The downfall of Avitus camp during the Trojan war. Near it was a
threw a cloud over the fortunes of Sidonius, sea-port town of the same name, which was the
who, having been shut up in Lyons, and having object of contention between the.Eolians and
endured the hardships of the siege, purchased the Athenians in the war in which Pittacus dispardon by a complimentary address to the vic- tinguished himself by his valor, and in which Altorious Majorian. The poet was not only for- ceus lost his shield. Vid. PITTACUS. ALCEUS.
given, but was rewarded with a laurelled bust, It was afterward the residence of the Pisistraand with the title of count. After passing some tidae, when they were expelled from Athens. It
years in retirement during the reign of Severus, was destroyed by the people of Ilium soon after
Sidonius was dispatched to Rome (467) in the the Macedonian conquest.
character of ambassador from the Arverni to An-  SIGNIA (Signinus: now Segni), a town in Lathemius, and on this occasion delivered a third tium, on the east side of the Volscian Mountpanegyric in honor of a third prince, which ains, founded by Tarquinius Priscus. It was
proved not less successful than his former ef- celebrated for its temple of Jupiter Urius, for
forts, for he was now raised to the rank of a its astringent wine, for its pears, and for a parpatrician, again appointed prefect of the city, ticular kind of pavement for the floors of houses,
and once more honored with a statue. But a called opus Signinum, consisting of plaster made
still more remarkable tribute was soon after- of tiles beaten to powder and tempered with
ward rendered to his talents; for, although not mortar. There are still remains of the polygoa priest, the vacant see of Clermont in Auvergne nal walls of the ancient town.
was forced upon his reluctant acceptance (472)  [SIGRIANE (;typtavj), an extensive tract of
at the death of the bishop Eparchius. During country in the southeast of Media.]
the remainder of his life he devoted himself to  SIGRIUM (Yiyptov: now Sigri), the western
the duties of his sacred office, and especially re- promontory of the island of Lesbos.
sisted with energy the progress of Arianism.  SILA SILVA (now Sila), a large forest in BrutHe died in 482, or, according to others, in 484. tium, on the Apennines, extending south of ConThe extant works of Sidonius are, I. Carmina, sentia to the Sicilian Straits, a distance of seven
twenty-four in number, composed in various hundred stadia. It was celebrated for the exmeasures upon various subjects. Of these the cellent pitch which it yielded.
most important are-the three panegyrics already  [SILANA (now probably Poliana), a city in the
mentioned. 2. Epistolarum Libri IX., contain- western part of Thessaly, south of the Peneus.]
nlg one hundred and forty-seven letters, many  SILANION (42iaavicwv), a distinguished Greek
of them interspersed with pieces of poetry. statuary in bronze, was an Athenian and a conThey are addressed to a wide circle of relatives temporary of Lysippus, and flourished 324. The
and friends upon topics connected with politics, statues of Silanion belonged to two classes, ideal
Literature, and domestic occurrences, but sel- and actual portraits. Of the former the most
811




SILANUS, JUNIUS.                              SILICIUS.
celebrated was his dying Jocasta, in which a when Octavia was married to Nero in 48, Siladeadly paleness was given to the face by the nus knew that his fate was sealed, and' theremixture of silver with the bronze. His statue fore put an end to his life.-10. D. JUNIUS TORof Sappho, which stood in the prytaneum at Syr- QUATUS SILANUS, probably also a son of No. 7,
acuse in the time of Verres, is alluded to by was consul 53. He was compelled by Nero in,
Cicero in terms of the highest praise.'   64 to put an end to' his life, because he had
SILANUS, JUNIUS. 1. M., was praetor 212 B.C. boasted of being descended from Augustus.In 210 he accompanied P. Scipio to Spain, and 11. L. JUNIus TORQUATUS SILANUS, son of No. 8,
served under him with great distinction- during and consequently the atnepos, or. great-greatthe whole of the war in that country. He fell great-grandson of Augustus., His descent from
in battle against the Boii in 196, fighting-under Augustus rendered him an object of suspicion
the consul M. Marcellus.-2. D., surnamed MAN- to Nero. He was accordingly accused in 65;
LIANUS, son of the jurist.T. Manlius Torquatus, was sentenced to banishment; and was shortly
but adopted by a D. Junius Silanus.. He was afterward put to death at Barium in Apulia.
pretor 142, and obtained Macedonia as his prov-  SILARUS (now Silaro), a river in Lower Italy,
ince. Being accused of extortion by the inhab- forming the boundary between Lucania and
itants of the province, the senate referred the Campania, rises in the Apennines, and, after
investigation-of the charges to his own father receiving the Tanager (now Negri) and Calor
Torquatus, who condemned his son, and banish- (now Calore), falls into the Sinus Paestanus a,
ed him from his presence; and when Silanus little to the north of Paestum. Its water is said
hanged himself in grief, his father would not at- to have petrified plants.
tend his funeral.-3. M., consul 109, fought in  SILENUS (ZeLrXv6O). 1. (Mythological.) It is
this year against the Cimbri in Transalpine remarked in the article Satyri that the older
Gaul, and was defeated. He was accused in Satyrs were generally termed Sileni; but one
104, by the tribune Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, of these Sileni is commonly the Silenus, who
in consequence of this defeat, but was acquitted. always accompanies the god, and whom he is
-4. D., stepfather of M. Brutus, the murderer said to have brought up and instructed. Like
of Caesar, having married his mother Servilia. the other Satyrs, he is called a son of Mercury
He was elected consul in 63 for the following (Hermes); but others make him a son of Pan
year; and in consequence of his being consul by a nymph, or of Terra (Gaea). Being the condesignatus, he was first asked for his opinion by stant companion of Bacchus (Dionysus), he is
Cicero in the debate in the senate on the pun- said, like the god, to have been born at Nysa.
ishment of the Catilinarian conspirators. He Moreover, he took part in the contest with the
was consul 62, with L. Licinius Murena, along Giants, and slew Enceladus. He is described
with whom he proposed the Lex Licinia Julia. as a jovial old man, with a bald head, a puck
-5. M., son of No. 4 and of Servilia, served in nose, fat and round like his wine bag, which he
Gaul as Caesar's legatus in 53. After, Caesar's always carried with him, and generally intoxmurder in 44, he accompanied M. Lepidus over icated. As he could not trust his own legs, he
the Alps; and in the following year Lepidus is generally represented riding on an ass, or
sent-him with a detachment of troops into Cis- supported by other Satyrs. In every other realpine Gaul, where he fought on the side of slpect he is described as resembling his brethren
Antony. He was consul in 25. He had two in their love of sleep, wine, and music. He is
sisters, one married to M. Lepidus, the triumvir, mentioned, along with Marsyas and Olympus,
and the other to C. Cassius, one of Caesar's mur- as the inventor of,the flute, which he is often
derers.-6. M., consul A.D. 19, with L. Norbanus seen playing; and a special kind of dance was
Balbus. In 33 his daughter Claudia was mar- called after him Silenus, while he himself is
ried to C. Caesar, afterward the Emperor Calig- designated as the dancer. But it is a peculiar
ula. Silanus was governor of Africa in the feature in his character that he was conceived
reign of Caligula, but was compelled by his also as an inspired prophet, who knew all the
father-in-law to put an end to his life. Julius past and the most distant future, and as a sage
Gracinus, the father of Agricola, had been or- who despised all the gifts of fortune. When
dered by Caligula to accuse Silanus, but he de- he was drunk and asleep, he was in the power
dined the odious task.-7. App., consul A.D. 28, of mortals, who might compel him to prophesy
with P. Silius Nerva. Claudius, soon after his and sing by surrounding him with chains of
accession, gave to Silanus in marriage Domitia flowers. -2. (Literary.) A native of Calatia,
Lepida, the mother of his wife Messalina, and [wrote a work entitled trceaZtKi in at least three
treated him otherwise with the greatest dis- books; he also wrote an account of the camtinction. But shortly afterward, having refused paigns of Hannibal, in whose camp he was, and
the embraces of Messalina, he was put to death. with whom he lived as long as fortune permitby Claudius,'on the accusations of Messalina ted, says Cornelius Nepos: he was also] a writand Narcissus. The first wife of Silanus was er upon Roman history.-3. It was probably a.Lmilia Lepida, the proneptis or great-grand- different writer from the last, who is quoted
daughter of Augustus.-8. M., son of No. 7, con- several times by Athenaeus and others as the
sul 46. Silanus was proconsul of Asia at the author of a work on foreign words. [Silenus
succession of Nero in 54, and was poisoned by also compiled a collection of fabulous histories.]
command ofAgrippina, who feared that he might  SILICENSE FLUMEN, a river in Hispania Boeavenge the death of his brother (No. 9), and tica, in the neighborhood of Corduba, probably
that his descent from Augustus might lead him the Guadajoz, or a tributary, of the latter.
to be preferred to the youthful Nero.-9. L.,  [SILICIUS, P. (COROjAS), one of the judices
also a son of No 7, was betrothed to Octavia, appointed to try the conspirators against the
the daughter of the Emperor Claudius; but life of Cesar in B.C. 43, according to the Lex
812




SILIUS ITALICUS.                            SIMARISTUS.
Pedia. He voted for the acquittal of M. Brutus,  SILtRrES,-a powerful people in Britain, inhaband —was, on this account, afterward proscribed iting South /Vales, long offered a formidable reby the triumvirs.]                        sistance to the Romans, and were the only peoSILIUS ITALICUS, C., a Roman poet, was born pie in the island who at a later time maintained
about A.D. 25. The place of his birth is uncer- their independence against the Saxons.
tain, as is also the import of his surname Ital-  [SILUS, ALBUCIUS C.,-a Roman rhetorician, a
icus. From his early years he devoted himself native of Novaria, in the north of Italy, was
to oratory and poetry, taking Cicero as his mod- edile in his native town. Having left Novaria
el in the former and Virgil in the latter. He in consequence of a public insult, he repaired
acquired great reputation as an advocate, and to Rome in the time of Augustus, and there
was afterward one of the Centumviri. He was acquired great renown by'his oratory in the
consul in 68, the year in which Nero perished; school of Plancus..Failing intone of his causes
he was admitted to familiar intercourse with as a pleader, he left Rome for Milan, but finally
Vitellius, and was subsequently proconsul of retired to his native town, and there put an end
Asia. His two favorite residences were a man- to his life.]
sion near Puteoli, formerly the Academy of  [SILUS DOMITIUS, the former husband of ArCicero, and the house in the vicinity of Naples ria.Galla, whom he quietly surrendered to
once occupied by Virgil; and here he continued Piso.]
to reside until he had completed his seventy-  SILVANUS, a Latin divinity of the fields and
fifth year, when, in consequence of the pain forests, to whom in the earliest times the Tyrcaused by an incurable disease, he starved him- rhenian Pelasgians are said to have dedicated
self to death. The great work of Silius Ital- a grove and a festival. He is also called the
icus was a heroic poem in seventeen books, en- protector of the boundaries of fields. In contitled Punica, which has descended to us en- nection with woods (sylvestris deus), he espetire. It contains a narrative of the events of cially presided over plantations, and delighted
the second Punic war, from the capture of Sa- in trees growing wild; whence he is representguntum to the triumph of Scipio Africanus. ed as carrying the trunk of a cypress. RespectThe materials are derived almost entirely from  ing his connection with cypress, moreover, the
Livy and Polybius. It is a dull, heavy per- following story is told. Silvanus, or, accordformance, and hardly deserves the name of a ing to others, Apollo, once killed by accident a
poem. The best editions are by Drakenborch, hind belonging to the youth Cyparissus, with
4to, Traj. ad Rhen., 1717, and Ruperti, 2 vols. whom the god was in love: the youth, in con8vo, Goetting., 1795.                     sequence, died of grief, and was metamorphosed
[SILO ABRONIUS. Vid. ABRONIUS SILO.]   into a cypress. Silvanus is further described
SILO, Q. POMPmEDIUS, the leader of the Marsi as the divinity protecting the flocks of cattle,
in the Social war, and the soul of the whole un- warding off wolves, and promoting their fertildertaking. He fell in battle against Q. Metellus ity. Being the god of woods and flocks, he is
Pius, B.C. 88, and with his death the war came also described as fond of music; the syrinx
to an end.'      was sacred to him, and he is mentioned along
SILO (LcS6,;, 2? 2a6, 2?Zvo, ov: -in the Old with the Pansand Nymphs. Later writers even
Testament, Shiloh and Shilon: ruins at Sei- identified Silvanus with Pan, Faunus, Inuus,
lun), a city of Palestine, in the mountains of and 2Egipan. In the Latin poets, as well as in
Ephraim, in the district afterward called Sama- works of art, he always appears as an old man,
ria'; important as the seat of the sacred ark and but as cheerful and in love with Pomona. The
the tabernacle from the time of Joshua to the sacrifices offered to him' consisted of grapes,
capture of the ark in the time of Eli, after which corn-ears, milk, meat, wine, and pigs.
itseems to have fallen into insignificance, though  SILVIUM (Silvinus), a town of the Peucetii in
it is occasionally mentioned in the Old Testa- Apulia, on the borders of Lucania, twenty miles
ment.                                     southeast of Venusia.
SILOAH, SILOAM (ZLacoa, X1'piod: in the Old  SILVIus, the son of Ascanius, is said to have
Testament, Shiloah: now Siloah), a celebrated been so called because he was born in a wood.
fountain in the southeast of Jerusalem, just All' the succeeding kings of Alba bore the cogwithout the city, at the southern entrance of nomen Silvius. The series of these mythical
the valley called Tyropceon, between the hills of kings is given somewhat differently by Livy,
Zion and Moriah. It is remarkable for the ebb Ovid, and Dionysius, as the following list will
and flow of its waters at the different seasons. show':
~[SILPIA, a city of Hispania Baetica, north of  Livy.       Ovid.   Dionysius.
the BEetis, to be sought for in the Sierra More-1. 2Eneas..Eneas.  iEneas.
na. Reichard considers it as identical with the  2 Ascanius.  Ascaius. Ascanius.'Hmyya'of Polybius, which lay in this same re-3. Silvius.  Silvius.  Silvius.
4.2Eneas Silvius.          Aneas Silvius.
gion, and as corresponding to the modern Li-.    s Silvius.            as ilvins.
gion~~~~~~~~~,  ~5. Latinus Silvius.          L atinus.  Latinus Silvius.
fares.]                                   6. Alba.         Alba..Alba.
SILSILIS (2iaL6Z^uf: now ruins at JHajjar Sel- 7. Atys.   Epytus.  Capetus.
seleh or Jebel Selseleh), a fortified station in Up-  8. Capys.  Capys.  Capys,Silvius.
per Egypt, on the western bank of the Nile,  9. Capetus.    Capetus.  Calpetus.
south of Apoliinopolis the Great. The name 10 Tiberinus.   Tiberinus. Tiberinus.
signifies the Rock or Hill of a Chain, and is de-  Agrippa.  Remulus. Agrippa.
12. Romulus Silvius. Acrota.  Alladias.
rived from the circumstance of the river flow- 12. Aventinus.  Aventinus. Aventius.
13. Aventinus.    Aventinus. Aventinus.
ing here in a ravine so narrow that a chain can 14. Proca.  Palatinus. Procas.
easily be stretched across it to command the 15. Amulius.  Amulius.  Amulius.
navigation.                                 [SIMARISTUS (1eCUapIarof), a Greek gramma813




SIMBRIVII LACUS.                             SIMPLICIUS.
rian, author of a work entitled wvv/cvvia in at gos is by Welcker, Bonn, 1835.-2. Of Ceos,
least four books,]                        one of the most celebrated lyric poets of Greece,
[SIMBRIVII LACUS, called byTacitus SIMBRUI- was the perfecter of the Elegy and Epigram,
NA STAGNA, three small lakes formed by the and the rival of Lasus and Pindar in the DithyAnio, in Latium, between Sublaqueum and Tre- ramb and the Epinician Ode. He was born.-at
ba, famed for the coolness and salutary proper- lulls, in Ceos, B.C. 556, and was the son of
ties of their waters. They were used by Clau- Leoprepes. He appears to have been brought
dius to increase the volume of the Aqua Clau- up to music and poetry as a profession. From
dia (vid. ROMA, p. 754, a), and by Nero to irrigate his native island he proceeded to Athens, proband beautify his Sublaquean villa.]       ably on the invitation of Hipparchus, who atSIMMIAS (ZSqifag). 1. Of Thebes,, first the tached him to his society by great rewards.
disciple of the Pythagorean philosopher Philo- After remaining at Athens some time, probably
lais, and afterward the friend and disciple of even after the expulsion of Hippias, he went to
Socrates, at whose death he was present, hav- Thessaly, where he lived under the patronage
ing come from Thebes with his brother Cebes. of the Aleuads and Scopads. He afterward reThe two brothers are the principal speakers, turned to Athens, and soon had the noblest opbesides Socrates himself, in the Phcdon. Sim- portunity of employing his poetic powers in the
mias wrote twenty-three dialogues on philo- celebration of the great events of the Persian
sophical subjects, all of which are lost.-2. Of wars. In 489 he conquered LEschylus in the
Rhodes, a poet and grammarian of the Alexan- contest for the prize which the Athenians ofdrean school, flourished about B.C. 300. The fered for an elegy on those who fell at MaraGreek Anthology contains six epigrams ascribed thon. Ten years later he composed the epito Simmias, besides three short poems of that grams which were inscribed upon the tomb of
fantastic species called griphi or carmina figu- the Spartans who fell at Thermopyle, as well
rata, that is, pieces in which the lines are so as an encomium on the same heroes; and he
arranged as to make the whole poem resemble also celebrated the battles of Artemisium and
the form of some object; those of Simmias are Salamis, and the great men who commanded in
entitled, from their forms, the Wings (rrspvyes), them. He had completed his eightieth year,
the Egg (o6v), and the Hatchet (treaecvf).  when his long poetical career at Athens was
[SIMMIAS (qtuuaC), a Macedonian, son of An- crowned by the victory which he gained with
dromenes, phalanx-leader in the army of Alex- the dithyrambic chorus (477), being the fiftyander the Great at the battle of Arbela. He sixth prize which he had carried off. Shortly
was charged, along with his brothers Amyntas, after this he was invited to Syracuse by'Hiero,
Polemon, and Attalus, with being concerned in at whose court he lived till his death in 467.
the conspiracy of Philotas, but was acquitted.]  Simonides was a great favorite with Hiero, and
SIMOIS. Vid. TROAS. As a mythological per- was treated by the tyrant with the greatest musbnage, the river-god Simois is the son of Ocea- nificence. He still continued, when at Syranus and Tethys, and the father of Astyochus cuse, to employ his muse occasionally in the
and Hieromneme.                           service of other Grecian states. Simonides is
[SIMbOIIUs (Etqoe~i6toy), a Trojan warrior, son said to have been the inventor of the mnemonic
of Anthemion, slain in battle by Ajax, son of art, and of the long vowels and double letters in
Telamon. He was called Simoisius because he the Greek alphabet. He made literature a prowas born on the banks of the Simois.]     fession, and is said to have been the first who
SIMON (/iYov). 1. One of the disciples of took money for his poems; and the reproach
Socrates, and by trade a leather-cutter. Soc- of avarice is too often brought against him by
rates was accustomed to visit his shop, and his contemporary and rival, Pindar, as well as
converse with him on various subjects. These by subsequent writers, to be altogether discredconversations Simon afterward committed to ited. The chief characteristics of the poetry
writing, in thirty-three dialogues, all of which of Simonides were sweetness (whence his surare lost.-2. Of LEgina, a celebrated statuary in name of Melicertes) and elaborate finish, combronze, who flourished about B.C. 475.    bined with the truest poetic conception and perSIMONIDES (tfIiovGidf). 1. Of Amorgos, was feet power of expression, though in originality
the second, both in time and in reputation, of and fervor he was far inferior, not only to the
the three principal iambic poets of the early pe- early lyric poets, such as Sappho and Alceeus,
riod of Greek literature, namely, Archilochus, but also to his contemporary Pindar. He was
Simonides, and Hipponax. He was a native probably both the most prolific and the most
of Sanmos, whence he led a colony to the neigh- generally popular of all the Grecian lyric poets.
boring island of Amorgos, where he founded The general character of his dialect is the Epic,
three cities, Minoa, ZEgialus, and Arcesine, in mingled with Doric and zEolic forms. The best
the first of which he fixed his own abode. He edition of his fragments in a separate form is
flourished about B.C. 664. Simonides was most by Schneidewin, Bruns., 1835.-[3. An Athecelebrated for his iambic poems, which were of nian general, who seized upon Eion, in Thrace,
two species, gnomic and satirical. The most in the course of the Peloponnesian war, B.C.
important of his extant fragments is a satire 425, but held it for a short time, since he was
upon women, in which he derives the various, soon expelled with loss by the Chalcidians and
though generally bad qualities of women from  Bottiaeans.]
the variety of their origin; thus the uncleanly  SIMPLICIUS (lirXitcto), one of the last phiwoman is formed from the swine; the cunning losophers of the Neo-Platonic school, was a nawoman, from the fox; the talkative woman, tive of Cilicia, and a disciple of Ammonius and
from the dog, and so on. The best separate Damascius. In consequence of the persecuedition of the fragments of Simonides of Amor- tions to which the pagan philosophers were ex814




SIMYRA.                                   SINON.
posed —in the reign of Justinian, SiWplicius was that on the north, or the one usually called
one of the seven philosophers who took refuge Horeb.
at the court of the Persian king Chosroas.  SINDA (Zivda: I Ez.c'g, Sindensis). 1. A city
These philosophers returned home about A.D. of Pisidia, north-ofCibyra, near the River Cau533, in consequence of a treaty of peace con- laris.-2, 3. Vid. SINDI.
eluded between Chosroas and Justinian, in   SINDI (2tvdoi). 1. A people of Asiatic Sarwhich the former had stipulated that the phi- matia, on the eastern coast of the Euxine, and
losophers should be allowed to return without at the foot of the Caucasus. -They probably
risk, and to practice the rites of their paternal dwelt in and about the peninsula of Taman (befaith. Of the subsequent fortunes of the seven tween the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea), and
philosophers we learn nothing, nor do we know  to the south of the River Hypanis (now Kouwhere Simpliciius lived and taught. Simplicius ban). They had a capital called SINDA (now
wrote commentaries on several of Aristotle's Anapa?), with a harbor (Ztvdltcf 2tSv). Their
works. His commentaries on'the Categories, country is called Etnvdha~. They are also menon the De Coelo, on the Physica Auscultatio, tioned by the names of SINDONES and SINDIAXNI.
and on the De Anima, are extant. In explain- -2. A people on the eastern coast of India exing Aristotle, Simplicius endeavors to show that tra Gangem (in Cochin China), also called SINDan
Aristotle agrees with Plato even on those points (EivdaL), and with a capital city, SINDA.
which the former controverts; but, though he  SINDICE. Vid. SINDI.
attaches himself too much to the Neo-Plato-  SINDOMIANA (now Sehwun?), a city of India,
nists, his commentaries are marked by sound on the lower course of the Indus, near the islsense and real learning. He also wrote a com- and of Pattalene.
mentary on the Enchiridion of Epictetus, which  SINDUS (Iivdog), a town in the Macedonian
is likewise extant, [and published in Schweig- district of Mygdonia, on the Thermaic Gulf, and
haeuser's Epictetec Philosophice Mfonumenta, vol. at the mouth of the Echedorus.
iv.; and in Didot's Scriptores Ethici Grceci, Par-  SINGARA (rT7 Eiyyapa: now Sinjar?), a strongis, 1840.]                               ly fortified city and Roman colony in the inteSIuYRA (ri-k ZGvpa: now Zamura or Sunzore), rior of Mesopotamia, eighty-four Roman miles
a fortress on the coast of Phcenice, between Or- south of Nisibis. It lay in a dry plain, at the
thosias and the mouth of the Eleutherus, of no foot of Mount Singaras (now Sinjar), an- eastimportance except as being the point from which ern prolongation of Mount Masius. It was the
the northern part of Lebanon was usually ap- scene of the defeat of Constantius by Sapor,
preached.                                 through which the place was lost to the RoSiNto (2:vat), the easternmost people of Asia, mans.
of whom nothing but the name was known to   SINe.IDnNVU (now Belgrad), a town in Mcesia
the western nations till about the time of Ptol- Superior, at the confluence of the Savus and the
emy, who describes their country as bounded on Danube, was a strong fortress, and the headthe north by Serica, and on the south and west quarters of a legion.
by India extra Gangem. It corresponded to the  [SINGILI or SINGILIS, a town of Hispania Basouthern part of China and the eastern part of tica, on a river of the same name, the ruins of
the Burmese peninsula. The detailed descrip- which are found at Castillon.]
tion-of the knowledge of the ancient geographers  SINGITiCUS SINUS. Vid. SINGUS.
concerning it does not fall within the province  SINGUS (iiyyoo: Ztyyaiof), a town in Maceof this work.                             donia, on the eastern coast of the peninsula SiSINAI or SINA (LXX. euvst: now Jebel-et- Tur), thonia, which gave its name to the Sinus Sina cluster of dark, lofty, rocky mountains in the giticus.
southern angle of the triangular peninsula in-  SINIS or. SINNIS (~ivMt or itvvtC), son of Polyclosed between the two heads of the Red Sea, pernon, Pemon or Neptune (Poseidon) by Sylea,
and bounded on the north by the deserts on the the daughter of Corinthus. He was a robber,
borders of Egypt' and Palestine. The name, who frequented the isthmus of Corinth, and
which signifies a region of broken and cleft rocks, killed the travellers whom he captured by fastis used in a wider sense for the whole penin- ening them to the top of a fir-tree, which he
sula, which formed a part of Arabia Petraea, and curbed, and then let spring up again. He himwas peopled, at the time of the Exodus, by the self was killed in this manner by Theseus. The
Amalekites and Midianites, and afterward by name is connected with oivoyat.
the Nabath.ean Arabs. On the other hand, the  SINON (EivMv), son of /Esimus, or, according
name is applied, in a narrower sense, to one to Virgil (En., ii., 79), of Sisyphus, and grandparticular ridge in the Sinaitic group of mount- son of Autolicus, was a relation of Ulysses,
ains running north and south, and terminated by whom he accompanied to Troy.  After the
two summits, of which the one on the north is Greeks had constructed the wooden horse, Sicalled Horeb, and the one on the south Sinai or non mutilated his person in order to make the
Jebel Musa, i. e., lMoses' _Mount. From the lat- Trojans believe that he'had been maltreated by
ter name, assigned by tradition, it has usually, the Greeks, and then allowed himself to be
but too'hastily, been inferred that the southern taken prisoner by the Trojans. He informed
summit was that on which God gave the law to the Trojans that the wooden horse had been
Moses. The fact seems, however, to be that constructed as an atonement for the Palladium
Sinai and Horeb in the Old Testament are both which had been carried off by the Greeks, and
general names for the whole group, the former that if they would drag it into their own city,
being used in the first four books of Moses, and Asia would gain the supremacy over Greece.
the latter in Deuteronomy; and that the sum- The Trojans believed the deceiver, and dragged
mit on which the law was given was probably the horse into the city; whereupon Sinon, in
815




SINOPE.                              SIRBONIS LACUS.
the dead of night, let the Greeks out of the horse,  SSIPHNUS (ivoc: 1~vtoc': V now Siphno), ad
who thus took Troy.                      island in the iEgean Sea, forming one of the
SINOPE (iLvdTY:  ('7Ztvre, Sinopensis: ruins Cyclades, southeast of Seriphus. It, is of an
at Sinope, Sinoub), the most important of all the oblong form, and about forty miles in circumGreek colonies on the shores of the Euxine, ference. Its original name was Merope' and
stood on the northern coast of Asia Minor, on it was colonized by Ionians fromAthens. In
the western headland of the great bay of which consequence of their gold andsilver mines, of
the delta of the River Halys forms the eastern which the remains are still visible, the Siphnians
headland, and a little east of the northernmost attained great prosperity, and were regarded in
pronlontory of Asia Minor. Thus placed, and the time of Herodotus as the wealthiest of the
built on a peninsula, the neck of which formed islanders. Their treasury at Delphi, in which
two Cne harbors, it had every advantage for be- they deposited the tenth of the produce of their
coming a great maritime city. Its foundation- mines, was equal in wealth to that of any other
was referred mythically to the Argonaut Auto- Greek state. Their riches, however, exposed
lycus, who was worshipped in the city as a them to pillage; and a party of Samian exiles
hero, and had an oracle; but it appears in his- in the time of Polycrates invaded the island,
tory as a very early colony of the Milesians. and compelled them to pay one hundred talents.
Having been destroyed in the invasion of Asia Siphnus was one of the few islands which reby the Cimmerians, it was restored by a new  fused tribute to Xerxes; and, one of its ships
colony from Miletus, B.C. 632, and soon became fought on the side of the Greeks at Salamis.
the greatest commercial city on the Euxine. At a later time the mines were less productive;
Several colonies were established by the Sino- and Pausanias relates that in consequence of
plans on the adjacent coasts, the chief of which the Siphnians neglecting to send the tithe of
were Cotyora, Trapezus, and Cerasus. Its ter- their treasure to Delphi, the god destroyed their
ritory, called SINOPIS (ZtW7rTT, also ^novrirtl), mines by an inundation of the sea. The moral
extended to the banks of the Halys. It remain- character of the Siphnians stood low, and hence
ed an independent state till it was taken by to act like a Siphnian (ZitvLdCilv) became a
Pharnaces I., king of Pontus. It was the birth- term of reproach.
place and residence of Mithradates the Great,  SIPONTUM or SIPUNTUM (Sipontinus: now Siwho enlarged and beautified it. After an ob- ponto), called by the Greeks SIPUS (Zt roDV, -ofvstinate resistance to the Romans under Lucul- ror), an ancient town in Apulia, in the district
lus, it was taken and plundered, and proclaimed of Daunia, on the southern slope of Mount Gara free city. Shortly before the murder of Julius ganus, and on the coast. It is said to have been
Caesar, it was colonized by the name of Julia founded by Diomedes, and was of Greek origin.
Caesarea FelixSinope, and remained a flourish- It was colonized by the Romans, under whom
ing'city, though it never recovered its former it became a place of some commercial importimportance. At the time of Constantine, it had ance. The inhabitants were removed from the
declined so much as to be ranked second to town by King Manfred in the thirteenth century,
Amasia. In addition to its commerce, Sinope in consequence of the unhealthy nature of the
was greatly enriched by its fisheries. It was locality, and were settled in the neighboring
the native city of the renowned cynic philoso- town of Manfredonia, founded by this monarch.
pher Diogenes, of the comic poet Diphilus, and  SPiYLUS (Si7rrv;o: now Sipuili-Dagh), amountof the historian Baton.                   ain of Lydia, in Asia Minor, of volcanic formaSINTICA; a district in Macedonia, inhabited by tion, and rent and splintered by frequent earththe Thracian people SINTI, extended east of quakes. It is a branch of the Tmolus, from the
Crestonia and north of Bisaltia as far- as the main chain of which it proceeds northwest along
Strymon and the Lake Prasias. Its chief town the course of the River Hermus as far as Magwas Heraclea Sintica. The Sinti were spread nesia and Sipylum. It is mentioned by Homer.
over other parts of ancient Thrace, and are The ancient capital of Meonia was said to have
identified by Strabo with the Sintians (YivmeFg) been situated in the heart of the mountain chain,
of Homer, the ancient inhabitants of Lemnos.  and to have been called by the same name; but
SINUESSA (Sinuessanus: now Rocca di Man- it was early swallowed up by an earthquake,
dragone), the last city of Latium on the confines and its site became a little lake called Sale or
of Campania, to which it originally belonged, Saloe, near which was a tumulus, supposed to
was situated on the sea-coast and on the Via be the grave of Tantalus. The mountain was
Appia, in the midst of a fertile country. It was rich in metals, and many mines were worked
colonized by the Romans, together with the in it.
neighboring town of Minturnae, B.C. 296. It  SIRACENE (Itpatnvw/). 1. A district of Hyrpossessed a good harbor, and was a place of cania.-2. A district of Armenia Major.-3. Vid.
considerable commercial importance.  In its SIRACEmNI.
neighborhood were celebrated warm baths, called  SIRACENI, SIRACI, SIRACES (ZtpaiCivoi, ltpaKoi,
AQUaI SINUESSAN.E.                        IipaceS), a powerful people of SarmatiaAsiatica,
SION. Vid. JERUSALEM.                   dwelt in the district of Siracene, east of the
[SIrPHE (ZrIat))or TIPH,, a port town of Bce- Palus Mmotis, as far as the River Rha (now
otia, on the Mare Alcyonium, in the neighbor- Volga). The Romans were engaged in a war
hood of Thisbe and the port Eutretus, where, with them in A.D. 50.
according to Pausanias, was a temple of Her-  SIRBONIS LACUS (Etp6ovfdof Ori2zn, afterward
cules, at which yearly games were celebrated. Ytp6&ovif:itvL^ and lp6wv: now Sabakat BarIt was famed, also, as the birth-place of Tiphys, dowal), a large and deep lake on the coast of
the pilot of the Argo; *Muller and Kiepert iden- Lower Egypt, east of Mount Casius. Its circuit
tify it with the modern Alii.]            was one thousand stadia. It was strongly im816




SIRENES.                                 SISYGAMBIS.
pregnated with asphaltus. A connection (called  SIRMYIU (now Mitrovitz), an important city in
tr ecpsyJta) existed between the lake and the Pannonia Inferior, was situated on the left bank
Mediterranean; but this being stopped up, the of the Savus. It was founded by the Taurisci,
lake grew continually smaller by evaporation, and under the Romans became the capital of
and it is now nearly dry.                 Pannonia, and the head-quarters of all their
SIRENES ({Etpjvef), sea-nymphs who had the operations in their wars against the Dacians
power of charming by their songs all who heard and the neighboring barbarians. It contained
them. When Ulysses came near the island on a large manufactory of arms, a spacious forum,
the beach of which the Sirens were sitting, and an imperial palace, etc. It was the residence
endeavoring to allure him and his companions, of the admiral of the first Flavian fleet on the
he stuffed the ears of his companions with wax, Danube, and the birth-place of the Emperor
and tied himself to the mast of his vessel, until Probus.
he was so far off that he could no longer hear  [SISAMNES (ltoai/vCS), a Persian judge under
their song. According to Homer, the island Cambyses, who caused him to be put to death
of the Sirens was situated between 2Eea and for allowing himself to be bribed to an unjust
the rock of Scylla, near the southwestern coast decision, and then had his skin stripped off and
of Italy; but the Roman poets place them on fastened on the judicial bench where he had sat
the Campanian coast. Homer says nothing of in judgment. To this bench he appointed his
their number, but later writers mention both son Otanes, enjoining upon him to keep his
their names and number; some state that they father's fate ever in mind..]
were two, Aglaopheme and Thelxiepia; and    SISXPON (now Almaden in the Sierra Morena),
others that there were three, Pisinoe, Aglaope, an important town in Hispania Baetica, north
and Thelxiepia, or Parthenope, Ligia, and Leu- of Corduba, between the Baetis and Anas, celecosia. They are called daughters of Phorcus, brated for its silver mines and Cinnabar.
of Achelous and Sterope, of Terpsichore, of  [SISCENNIUS IACCHUS, an early Roman gramMelpomene, of Calliope, or of Gaea. The Sirens marian, who taught in Gallia Togata.]
are also connected with the legends of the Ar-  SICIA (now Sissek), called SEGESTA by Apgonauts and the rape of Proserpina (Perseph- plan, an important town in Pannonia Superior,
one). When the Argonauts sailed by the Si- situated upon an island formed by the rivers
rens, the latter began to sing, but in vain, for Savus, Colapis, and Odra, and on the road from
Orpheus surpassed them; and as it had been iEmona to Sirmium!. It'was a strongly-fortified
decreed that they should live only till some one place, and was conquered by Tiberius in the
hearing their song should pass by unmoved, they reign of Augustus, from which time it became
threw themselves into the sea, and were meta- the most important town in all Pannonia. It
morphosed into rocks. Later poets represent was probably made a colony by Tiberius, and
them as provided with wings, which they are was colonized anew by Septimius Severus. At
said to have received at their own request, in a later time its importance declined, and Sirorder to be able to search after Proserpina (Per- mium became the chief town in Pannonia.
sephone), or as a punishment from Ceres (De-  SISENNA, L. CORNELIUS, a Roman annalist,
meter) for not having assisted Proserpina (Per- was praetor in the year when Sulla died (B.C.
sephone), or from Venus (Aphrodite), because 78), and probably obtained Sicily for his provthey wished to remain virgins.  Once, how- ince in 77. From the local knowledge thus acever, they allowed themselves to be prevailed quired he was enabled to render good service
upon by Juno (Hera) to enter into a contest with to Verres, whose cause he espoused. During
the Muses, and, being defeated, were deprived the piratical war (67) he acted as the legate of
of their wings.                           Pompey, and having been dispatched to Crete
SIRENUSXE, called by Virgil (,in., v., 864) SI- in command of an army, died in that island at
RENUM SCOPULI, three small uninhabited and the age of about fifty-two. His great work, enrocky islands near the southern side of the titled Historice, which contained the history of
Promontorium Misenum, off the coast of Cam- his own time, extended to at least fourteen or
pania, which were, according to tradition, the nineteen books, [though the number is uncerabode of the Sirens.                      tain]. Cicero pronounces Sisenna superior as
[SIRICIUS (ZtpiKtOO), of Neapolis in Palestine, an historian to any of his predecessors. In ada sophist of the fourth century A.D., a pupil of dition to his Historice, Sisenna translated the
Andrornachus, lived and taught a considerable Milesian fables of Aristides, and he also corntime at Athens, and wrote a work entitled Pro- posed a commentary upon Plautus. [The fraggymnasmata.]                              ments of his Historice are collected by Krause
SIRIS. 1. (Now Sinno), a river in Lucania, in his Historicorum Romanorum Fragmenta, p.
flowing into the Tarentine Gulf, memorable for 303-315.] 
the victory which Pyrrhus gained on its banks  SISYGAMBIS (iavyalc6tg), mother of Darius
over the Romans.-2. (Now Torre di'Senna), an Codomannus, the last king of Persia, fell into
ancient Greek town in Lucania, at the mouth the hands of Alexander after the battle of Issus,
of the preceding river. Its locality was un- B.C. 333, together with the wife and daughters
healthy; and after the foundation of the neigh- of Darius. Alexander treated these captives
boring town of Heraclea by the Tarentines, the with the greatest generosity and kindness, and
inhabitants of Siris were removed to the new  displayed toward Sisygambis, in particular, a
town, of which Siris now became the harbor.  reverence and delicacy of conduct, which is one
SIRMIO (now Sirmione), a beautiful promon- of the brightest ornaments of his character.
tory on the southern shore of the Lacus Bena- On her part, Sisygambis became so strongly atcus (now Lago di Garda), on which Catullus tached to her conqueror, that she felt.his death
had'an estate.                            as a blow not less severe than that of her owa
52                                                            817




SISYPHIDES.                                 SMERDIS.
son; and, overcome by this long succession of thongs and Sithonius in the general sense o:F
misfortunes, she put an end to her own life by Thracian.
voluntary starvation.                       SITIFI ([ir-ta: ruins at Setif), an inland city
[SISYPHIDES. Vid. SISYPHUS.]            of Mauretania Caesariensis, on the borders of
SisYPHUS (Iiavro), son of LEolus and Ena- Numidia, stood upon a hill, in an extensive and
rete, whence he is called Jolides.  He was beautiful plain. It first became an important
married to Merope, a daughter of Atlas or a place under the Romans, who made it a colony;
Pleiad, and became by her the father of Glaucus, and, upon the subdivision of Mauretania CaeOrnytion (or Porphyrion), Thersander, and Hal- sariensis into two provinces, it was made the
mus. In later accounts he is also called a son capital of the eastern province, which was callof Autolycus, and the father of Ulysses by An- ed after it Mauretania Sitifensis.
ticlea (rid. ANTICLEA), whence we find Ulysses  [SITIUS. Vid. SITTIUS.]
sometimes called Sisyphzdes. He is said to have  SITONES, a German tribe in Scandinavia, bebuilt the town of Ephyra, afterward Corinth. longing to the race of the Suevi.
As king of Corinth he promoted navigation and  SITTACE, SITTACENE. Vid. SITACE.
commerce, but he was fraudulent, avaricious,  SITTIUS or SITIUS, P., of Nuceria in Campaand deceitful. His wickedness during life was nia, was connected with Catiline, and went to
severely punished in the lower world, where he Spain in B.C. 64, from which country he crosshad to roll up hill a huge marble block, which, ed over into Mauretania in the following year.
as soon as it reached the top, always rolled down It was said that P. Sulla had sent him into
again. The special reasons for this punishment Spain to excite an insurrection against the Roare not the same in all authors; some relate man government; and Cicero accordingly, when
that it was because he had betrayed the designs he defended Sulla in 62, was obliged to deny
of the gods; others, because he attacked trav- the truth of the charges that had been brought
ellers, and killed them with a huge block of against Sittius. Sittius did not return toRome.
stone; and others, again, because he had be- His property in Italy was sold to pay his debts,
trayed to Asopus that Jupiter (Zeus) had car- and he continued in Africa, where he fought in
ried offJEgina, the daughter of the latter. The the wars of the kings of the country. He joinmore usual tradition related that Sisyphus re- ed Caesar when the latter came to Africa, in 46,
quested his wife not to bury him, and that, when to prosecute the war against the Pompeian
she complied with his request, Sisyphus in the party. He was of great service to Caesar in
lower world complained of this seeming neg- this war, and at its conclusion was rewarded
lect, and obtained from Pluto (Hades) or Proser- by Caesar with the western part of Numidia,
pina (Persephone) permission to return to the where he settled down, distributing the land
upper world to punish his wife. He then re- among his soldiers. After the death of Caesar,
fused to return to the lower world, until Mer- Arabio, the son of Masinissa, returned to Afcury (Hermes) carried him off by force; and rica, and killed Sittius by stratagem.
this piece of treachery is said to have been the  SIUPH (ZItoV), a city of Lower Egypt, in the
cause of his punishment.                  Saitic nome, only mentioned by Herodotus (ii.,
SITACE or SITTCOE (LTErdtc], rrLTTcr: ruins at 172).
Eski-Bagdad), a great and populous city of  SMARAGDUSMONS (Zu6pay6ocdpof: now Jehe
Babylonia, near but not on the Tigris, and eight Zaburah), a mountain of Upper Egypt, near the
parasangs within the Median wall. Its prob- coast of the Red Sea, north of Berenice.' The
able site is marked by a ruin called the Tower extensive emerald mines, from which it obtainof Nimrod.  It gave the name of Sittacene ed its name, were worked under the ancient
to the district on the lower course of the Ti- kings of Egypt, under the Ptolemies, and under
gris east of Babylonia and northwest of Susi- the Romans. They seem to have been exana.                                      hausted, as only very few emeralds are now and
SITALCES (Ltrd6Tcng), king of the Thracian then found in the neighborhood.
tribe of the Odrysians, was a son of Teres,  [SMENUS (ZyuVOg, now River of Passava), a
whom he succeeded on the throne. He increas- small stream of Laconia, rising in Mount Tayed his dominions by successful wars, so that getus, flowing by Las, and emptying into the
they ultimately comprised the whole territory Sinus Laconicus near Gytheum.]
from Abdera to the mouths of the Danube, and  SMERDIS (ytipdcS), the son of Cyrus, was murfrom Byzantium to the sources of the Strymon. dered by order of his brother Cambyses. The
At the commencement of the Peloponnesian death of Smerdis was kept a profound secret; and
war he entered into an alliance with the Athe- accordingly, when the Persians became weary
nians, and in 429 he invaded Macedonia with a of the tyranny of Cambyses, one of the Magians,
vast army, but was obliged to retire through named Patizithes, who had been left by Camfailure of provisions.                   byses in charge of his palace and treasures,
[SITHON (iOwv), king of Thrace, and father availed himself of the likeness of his brother to
of Pallene. Vid. SITHONIA.]              the deceased Smerdis to proclaim this brother
SITHONIA (Z0owvia), the central one of the as king, representing him as the younger son
three peninsulas running out from Chalcidice in of Cyrus. Cambyses heard of the revolt in
Macedonia, between the Toronaic and Singitic Syria, but he died of an accidental wound in the
Gulfs. The Thracians originally extended over thigh as he was mounting his horse to march
the greater part of Macedonia; and the ancients against the usurper. The false Smerdis was acderived the name of Sithonia from a Thracian knowledged as king by the Persians, and reignking Sithon. We also find mention of a Thra- ed for seven months without opposition. The
cian people, Sithonii, on the shores of the Pon- leading Persian nobles, however, were not quite
tus Euxinus; and the poets frequently use Si- free from suspicion; and this suspicion was in818




SMIERDOd'ENES.                                SMYRNA.
crhsed by the king never inviting any of them  safe and immense harbor for the largest ships
to the palace, and never appearing in public. up to the very walls of the city; at the footof
Among the nobles who entertained these suspi- the rich slopes of Tmolus and at the entrance
ciohs was Otanes, whose daughterPhaedima had to the great and fertile valley-of the Hermus, in
been one of the wives of Cambyses, and had been which lay the great and wealthy city of Sardis;
transferred to his successor. The new king and in the midst of the Greek colonies on thehad some years before been deprived of his ears eastern shore of the JEgean; it was marked out
by Cyrus for some offence; and Otanes per- by nature as one of the greatest emporiums for
suaded his daughter to ascertain whether her the trade between Europe and Asia, and has
master had really lost his ears. Phaedima found preserved that character to the present. day.
out that such was the fact, and communicated There are various accounts of its origin. The
the decisive information to her father. Otanes most probable is that which represents it as an
thereupon formed a conspiracy, and, in conjunc- /EIolian colony from Cyme. At an early period
tion with six other noble Persians, succeeded it fell, by a stratagem, into the hands of the loin forcing his way into the palace, where they nians of Colophon, and remained an Ionian city
slew the false Smerdis and his brother Pati- from that time forth: this appears to have hapzithes in the eighth month of their reign, B.C. pened before 01. 23 (B.C. 688). As to the time
521. The usurpation of the false Smerdis was when it became a member of the Panionic conan attempt on the part of the Medes, to whom  federacy, we have only a very untrustworthy
the Magians belonged, to obtain the supremacy, account, which refers its admission to the reign
of which they had been deprived by Cyrus. The of Attalus, king of Pergamus. Its early history
assassination of the false Smerdis and the ac- is also very obscure. There is an account in
cession of Darius Hystaspis again gave the as- Strabo that it was destroyed by the Lydian
cendency to the Persians; and the anniversary king Sadyattes, and that its inhabitants were
of the day on which the Magians were massa- compelled to live in scattered villages until after
cred was commemorated among the Persians the Macedonian conquest, when the city was
by a solemn festival, called Magophonia, on rebuilt, twenty stadia from its former site, by
which no Magian was allowed to show himself Antigonus; but this is inconsistent with Pinin public. The real nature of the transaction dar's mention of Smyrna as a' beautiful city.
is' also shown by the revolt of the Medes which Thus much is clear, however, that at some pefollowed the accession of Darius.         riod the old city of Smyrna, which stood on the
[SMERDOMENES ( UepdoCviCE), son of Otanes, northeastern side of the Hermaean Gulf, was
was one of the generals who had the supreme abandoned, and that it was succeeded by a new
command of the land forces of Xerxes in his in- city, on the southeastern side of the same gulf
vasioi of Greece.]                        (the present site), which is said to have been
[SMILAX, a'beautiful nymph enamoured of built by Antigonus, and which was enlarged and
Crocus: she was changed by the gods into a beautified by Lysimachus. This new city stood
flower. Vid. CRocus.]                     partly on the sea-shore and partly on a hill called
SMILIs (yiTXLC), son of Euclides, of iEgina, Mastusia. It had a magnificent harbor, with
a sculptor of the legendary period, whose name such a depth of water that the largest ships
appears to be derived from auiR7l, a knife for couldlie alongside the quays. The streets were
carving wood, and afterward a sculptor's chisel. paved with stone, and crossed one another at
Smilis is the legendary head of the.Eginetan right angles. The city soon became one of the
school of sculpture, just as Daedalus is the le- greatest and most prosperous in the world. It
gendary head of the Attic and Cretan schools.  was especially favored by the Romans on acSMINTHEUS (YvteV0e6V), a surname of Apollo, count of the aid it rendered them in the Syrian
which is derived by some from ativOoC, a mouse, and Mithradatic wars. It was the seat of a conand by others from the town of Sminthe in ventus juridicus. In the Civil Wars it was
Troas. The mouse was regarded by the an- taken and partly destroyed by Dolabella, but it
cients as inspired by the vapors arising from  soon recovered. It occupies a distinguished
the earth, and as the symbol of prophetic power. place in the early history of Christianity, as one
In the temple of Apollo at Chryse there was a of the only two among the seven churches of
statue of the god by Scopas, with a mouse under Asia which St. John- addresses in the Apocaits foot, and on coins Apollo is represented car- lypse without any admixture of rebuke, and as
rying a mouse in his hands. Temples of Apol- the scene of the labors and martyrdom of Polylo Smintheus and festivals (Sminthia) existed carp. In the years A.D. 178-180, a succession
in several parts of Greece.               of earthquakes, to which the city has always
SMYRNA (mvopva) or MYRRHA. For details, been much exposed, reduced it almost to ruins;
vd. ADONIS.                               but it was restored by the Emperor M. AntoniSMYRNA, and in many MSS. ZMYRNA (Ypcpva: nus. In the successive wars under the Eastern
Ion. I;n/pvr7: 2-vpvalor, Smyrnaus: now Smyr- empire it was frequently much injured, but alna, Turk. Izmir), one of the most ancient and ways recovered; and, under the Turks, it has
flourishing cities of Asia Minor, and the only survived repeated attacks of earthquake, fire,
one of the great cities on its western coast and plague, and still remains the great commerwhich has survived to this day, stood in a po- cial city of the Levant. There are but few
sition alike remarkable for its beauty and for ruins of the ancient city. In addition,to all her
other natural advantages. Lying just about the other sources of renown, Smyrna stood at the
centre of the western coast of Asia Minor; on head of the cities which claimed the birth of
the banks of the little River Meles, at the bot- Homer. The poet was worshipped as a Hero
tom of a deep bay, the Sinus Hermanus or Smyr- in a magnificent building called the Homereum
anaus (now Gulf of Smyrna), which formed a ('Otjpesov). Near the sea-shore there stood a'
819




SMYRNA TRACHEA.                               SOCRATES.
magnificent temple of Cybele, whose head ap- sonal hazard. He displayed the same mosal
pears on the coins of the city. The other di- courage in refusing to obey the order of the
vinities, chiefly worshipped here were Nemesis Thirty Tyrants for the apprehension of Leon
and the nymph Smyrna, the heroine eponymnus the Salaminian.  At what time Socrates reof the place, who had a shrine on the banks of linquished his profession as a statuary we do
the River Meles. ~                        not know; but it is certain that all the middle
SMYRNA TRACHEA. Vid. EPHESUS.           and later part of his life at least was devoted
SMYRN2EUS SINUS (/zyVpva[iv cKo6'2 o, llVp- exclusively to the self-imposed task of teachvaicii ic62-7ro~: now Gulf, of Ismir or Smyrna), ing; excluding all other business, public or
the great ~gulf on the western coast of Asia private, and to the neglect of all means of forMinor, at the bottom of which Smyrna stands. tune. But he never opened a school, nor did
Its entrance lies between Promontorium Me- he, like the sophists, of his time, deliver public
Lena (now Cape Kara Bur'eu) on the west, and lectures. Every where, in the market-place,
Phocaea (now Fokia) onthe east. Its depth was in the gymnasia, and in the work-shops, he
reckoned at three hundred and fifty stadia. It sought and found opportunities for awakening
received the River Hermus, whence it was and guiding, in boys, youth, and men, moral
called Hermius Sinus ("Epyetog K6inaoC)., It is consciousness and the impulse after self-knowlsometimes also called M6E7VTOov i067rOc, from the edge respecting the end and value of our aclittle river Meles, on which Old Smyrna stood.  tions.  His object, however, was only to aid
S6SNEs (Z6aver), a powerful people of the them in developing the germs of knowledge
Caucasus, governed by a king who could bring which were already present in them, not to comtwo hundred thousand soldiers into the field. municate to them ready-made knowledge; and
The mountain streams of the country contained he therefore professed to practice a kind of
gold, which was separated by collecting the mental midwifery, just as his mother Phznarete
water in sheep-skins, whence the matter-of-fact exercised the corresponding corporeal art. Uninterpreters derived the legend of the golden weariedly and inexorably did he fight against
fleece. According to Strabo, the habits of the all false appearance and conceit of knowledge,
people were such that they stood in remarkable in order to pave the way for correct knowledge.
needofother "washings." Theyarealsocalled  Consequently to the mentally proud and the
SUANI and SUANOCOLCHI (oiaYvot, Xovavoic62L- mentally idle he appeared an intolerable bore,
Xot), and their land Suania-(Zovavia).  -  and often experienced their bitter hatred and
[SOATRA (Z6arpa,;Zasarpa), a small town of calumny. This was probably the reason why
Lycaonia, in the neighborhood of Apamea Ci- he was selected by Aristophanes, and the other
botus, very scantily supplied with water. Ac- comic writers, to be attacked as a general repcording to Texier, its site corresponds to the resentative of philosophical and rhetorical teachmodern village Su1 Vermess, which means, "here ing; the more so, as his marked and repulsive
is no water to be found."]                physiognomy admitted so well of being imitated
SOCRIXTEs  (WKIpair7/C).  1. The celebrated in the mask which the actor wore. The audiAthenian philosopher, was born in the demus ence at the theatre would more readily recogAlopece, in the immediate neighborhood of nize the peculiar figure which they were acAthens, B.C. 469.' His father Sophroniscus customed to see every day in the market-place,.was a statuary; his mother'Phaenarete was a than if Prodicus or Protagoras, whom most of
midwife. In his youth he followed the profes- them did not know by sight, had been brought
sion of his father, and attained sufficient pro- on the stage; nor was it of much importance
ficiency to have executed the group of clothed either to them or to Aristophanes whether SocGraces which was preserved in the Acropolis, rates was represented as teaching what he did
and was shown as his work down to the time really teach, or something utterly different. At<of Pausanias. The personal qualities of Soc- tached to none of the prevailing parties, Socrarates were marked and striking. His physical tes found in each of them his friends and his
constitution' was healthy, robust, and enduring enemies.  Hated and persecuted by Critias,
to an extraordinary degree. He was capable Charicles, andothers among the Thirty Tyrants,
of bearing fatigue or hardship, and indifferent who had a special reference to him in the deto heat or cold, in a measure which astonished cree which they issued, forbidding the teaching
all his companions. He went barefoot in all of the art of oratory, he was impeached after
seasons of the year, even during the winter their banishment and by their opponents. An
campaign at Potideea, under the severe frosts orator named Lycon, and a poet (a friend of
of Thrace; and the same homely clothing suf- Thrasybulus) named Meletus, had united in the
ficed for him in winter as well as in summer. impeachment with the powerful demagogue
His ugly physiognomy excited the jests both of Anytus, an embittered antagonist of the sophhis. friends and enemies, who inform us that he ists and their system, and one of the leaders
had a flat nose, thick lips, and prominent eyes of the band which, setting out from Phyle, forced
like a satyr or Silenus. Of the circumstances their way into the Pirees, and drove out the
of his life we are almost wholly ignorant -. he Thirty Tyrants. The judges also are described
served as an hoplite at Potidaea, Delium, and as persons who had been banished, and who had
Amphipolis with great credit to himself. He returned with Thrasybulus. The chief articles
seems never to have filled any political office of impeachment were, that Socrates was guilty
until 406, in which year he was a member of of corrupting the youth, and of despising the
the senate of Five Hundred, and one of the Pry- tutelary deities of the state, putting in theii
tanes, when he refused, on the occasion of the place other new divinities. At the same time
trial of the six generals, to put an unconstitu- it had been made a matter of accusation against,tional question to the vote, in spite of all per- him, that Critias, the most ruthless of the Ty-'820




SOCRATES.                                 SOCRATES.
rants, had come forth from his school. Some distinctly to the subject of ethics, and was the
expressions of his, in which he had found fault first to proclaim that "the proper study of manwith the democratical mode of electing by lot, kind is man." With the philosophers who prehad also been brought up against him; and there ceded him, the subject of examination had been
can be little doubt that use was made of his Nature, or the Kosmos as one undistinguishable
friendly relations with Theramenes, one of the whole, blending together cosmogony, astronomost influential of the Thirty, with Plato's uncle my, geometry, physics, metaphysics, &c. In
Charmides, who fell by the side of Critias in discussing ethical subjects, Socrates employed
the struggle with the popular party, and with the dialectic method, and thus laid the foundaother aristocrats, in order to irritate against him tion of formal.logic, which was afterward exthe party which at that time was dominant. panded by Plato, and systematized by Aristotle.
The substance of the speech which Socrates The originality of Socrates is shown by the redelivered in his defence is probably preserved suits he-achieved. Out of his intellectual school
by Plato in the piece which goes under the name sprang, not merely Plato, himself a host, but all
of the " Apology of Socrates."  Being con- the other leaders of Grecian speculation for the
demned by a majority of only six votes. he ex- next half century, and all those who continued
presses the conviction that he deserved to be the great line of speculative philosophy down
maintained at the public cost in the Prytaneum, to later times. Euclid and the Megaric school
and refuses to acquiesce in the adjudication of of philosophers-Aristippus and the Cyrenaic
imprisonment, or a large fine, or banishment. Antisthenes and Diogenes, the first of those
He will assent to nothing more than a fine of called the Cynics-all emanated more or less
sixty mine, on the security of Plato, Crito, and directly from the stimulus imparted by Socrates,
other friends.  Condemned to death by the though eachfollowed a different vein of thought.
judges, who were incensed by this speech, by a Ethics continued to be what Socrates had first
majority of eighty votes, he departs from them  made them, a distinct branch of philosophy,
with the protestation that he would rather die alongside of which politics, rhetoric, logic, and
after such a defence than live after one in which other speculations relating to man and society,
he should have endeavored to excite their pity. gradually arranged themselves; all of them more
The sentence of death could not be carried into popular, as well as more keenly controverted,
execution until after the return of the vessel than physics, which at that time presented comwhich had been sent to Delos on the periodical paratively little charm, and still less of attainTheoric mission. The thirty days which inter- able certainty. There can be no doubt that the
vened between its return and the condemnation individual influence of Socrates permanently
of Socrates were devoted by him to poetic at- enlarged the horizon, improved the method, and
tempts (the first he had ever made), and to his us- multipled the ascendant minds of the Grecian
nal conversation with his friends. One of these speculative world in a manner never since parconversations, on the duty of obedience to the alleled. Subsequent philosophers may have had
laws, Plato has reported in the Crito, so called a more elaborate doctrine, and a larger number
after the faithful follower of Socrates, who had of disciples who imbibed their ideas; but none
endeavored without success to persuade him to of them applied the same stimulating method
make his escape. In another, imitated or work- with the same efficacy, and none of them struck
ed up by Plato in the Phcedo, Socrates, immedi- out of other minds that fire which sets light to
ately before he drank the cup of hemlock, de- original thought. (A great part of this article
veloped the grounds of his immovable convic- is taken from Mr. Grote's account of Socrates
tion, of the immortality of the soul. He died in his History of Greece.)-[2. An Athenian, son
with composure and cheerfulness in his seven- of Antigenes, was one of the three commanders
tieth year, B.C. 399. Three peculiarities dis- sent out with a fleet in B.C. 431 to ravage the
tinguished Socrates: 1. His long life, passed in coasts of the Peloponnesus. They did not effect
contented poverty and in public dialectics, of much, being foiled in an attack on Methone by
which we have already spoken. 2. His persua- the opportune arrival of Brasidas.-3. An Achsion of a special religious mission. He had aean, one of the commanders of the Greek merbeen accustomed constantly to hear, even from  cenaries of Cyrus the younger, joined that prince
his childhood, a divine voice-interfering, at at Sardis with five hundred heavy-armed men.
moments when he was about to act, in the way He was one of the generals who accompanied
of restraint, but never in the way of instiga- Clearchus to the tent of Tissaphernes,. when
tion. Such prohibitory warning was wont to they were all treacherously seized by that sacome upon him very frequently, not merely on trap, and subsequently put to death by order
great, but even on small occasions, intercepting of Artaxerxes himself.]-4. The ecclesiastical
what he was about to do or to say. Though historian,was born at Constantinople aboutA.D.
later writers speak of this as the Daimon or Ge- 379. He was a pupil of Ammonius and Helnius of Socrates, he himself does not personify ladius, and followed the profession of an advoit, bat treats it merely as a " divine sign, a pro- cate in his native city, whence he is surnamed
phetic or supernatural voice." He was accus- Scholasticus. TheEcclesiasticalHistory of Soctomed not only to obey it implicitly, but to speak rates extends from the reign of Constantine the
of it publiely a-nd familiarly to others, so that Great, 306, to that of the younger Theodosius,
the fact was well known both to his friends and 1439. He appears to have been a man of less
to his enemies. 3. His great intellectual orig- bigotry than most of his contemporaries, and
inality, both of subject and of method, and his the very difficulty of determining from internal
power of stirring and forcing the germ of in- evidence some points of his religious belief
quiry and ratiocination in others. He was the may be considered as arguing his comparative
&st who turued his thoughts and discussions liberality. His history is divided into seven
821




SODOMA.                                   SOLINUS.
hooks. His work is included in the editions of of the Sea of Aral. The southern part of the
the ancient Greek ecclesiastical historians by country was fertile and populous. It was conValesius, Paris, 1668; reprinted at Mentz, 1677; quered by-Cyrus, and afterward by Alexander,
by Reading, Camb., 1720.                  both of whom marked the extreme limits of
SOD6MA, gen. -orum and -ae, also -uM, gen. -i, their advance by cities on the Jaxartes, Cyresand -I, gen. -rum (rT ZdSdo/a: Zodo/uirg, So- chata and Alexandreschata. After the Macedomita), a very ancient city of Canaan, in the donian conquest it was subject to the kings,
beautiful valley of Siddim (1 Zoso6ortl), closely first of Syria and then of Bactria, till it was
connected with Gomorrha, over which, and the overrun by the barbarians. The natives of the
other three " cities of the plain," the King of country were a wild, warlike people of the great
Sodom seems to have had a sort of supremacy. Arian race, resembling the Bactrians in their
In the book of Genesis we find these cities as character and customs.
subject, in the time of Abraham, to the King of  SOGDI.NUS (Eoydcav6h), was one of the illeElam and his allies (an indication of the early gitimate sons of Artaxerxes I. Longimanus.
supremacy in Western Asia of the masters of The latter, on his death in B.C. 425, was sucthe Tigris and Euphrates valley), and their at- ceeded by his legitimate son Xerxes II., but this
tempt to cast off the yoke was the occasion of monarch, after a reign of only two months, was
the first war on record. (Gen., xiv.) Soon aft- murdered by Sogdianus, who now became king.
erward, the abominable sins of these cities call- Sogdianus, however, was murdered in his turn,
ed down the divine vengeance, and they were after a reign of seven months, by his brother
all destroyed by fire from heaven, except Zoar, Ochus. Ochus reigned under the name of Dawhich was spared at the intercession of Lot. rius II.
The beautiful valley in which they stood was  SOGDII MONTES. Vid. SOGDIANA.
overwhelmed by the Jordan and converted into  SOL. Vid. HELIOS.
the Dead Sea, whose bituminous waters still  S6LI or SOLOE (6oO)  1. 1. (Ethnic, IZo;evf,
bear witness to the existence of the springs of Solensis: ruins at Mezetlz), a city on the coast
asphaltus ("slime-pits" in our version) of which of Cilicia, between the rivers Lamus and Cydthe valley of Siddim was full. It used to be nus, said to have been colonized by Argives and
assumed that, before the destruction of the cities Lydians from Rhodes. It was a flourishing city
of the plain, the Jordan flowed on into the Red in the time of Alexander, who fined its people
Sea; [and this opinion is supported by recent ob- two hundred talents for their adhesion to the
servations on the nature of the country around Persians. The city was destroyed by Tigranes,
the southern extremity of the Dead Sea; while who probably transplanted the inhabitants to Tiothers maintain that] there was probably al- granocerta. Pompey restored the city after his
ways a lake which received the waters both of war with the pirates, and peopled it with the
the Jordan and the river which still flows into survivors of the defeated bands; and from this
the southern end of the Dead Sea; and [that] time forth it was called POMPEIOPOLIS (IJo/tUrnithe nature of the change seems to have con- oV0ro:tf). It was celebrated in literary history
sisted in the enlargement of this lake by a great as the birth-place of the Stoic philosopher Chrydepression of the whole valley. The site of sippus, of the comic poet Philemon, and of the
Sodom was probably near the southern extrem- astronomer and poet Aratus. Its name has been
ity of the lake.                          curiouslyperpetuated in the grammatical word
S(EMI or SouEMIAS, JULIA, daughter of Julia solecism (solcecismus), which is said to have
Mesa, and mother of Elagabalus, either by her been first applied to the corrupt dialect of Greek
husband Sextus Varius Marcellus, or, according spoken by the inhabitants of this city, or, as
to the report industriously circulated with her some say, of Soli in Cyprus.-2. (Ethnic, o6own consent, by Caracalla. After the acces- 2;to: ruins at Aligora, in the valley of Solea), a
sion of her son, she became his chosen coun- considerable sea-port town in the western part
sellor, and seems to have encouraged and shared of the northern coast of Cyprus, on a little rivhis follies and enormities. She took a place in er. According to some, it was a colony of the
the senate, which then, for the first time, wit- Athenians, while others ascribed its erection to
nessed the intrusion of a woman, and was her- a native prince [Philocyprus] acting under the
self the president of a sort of female parliament, advice of Solon, and others to Solon himself:
which held its sittings in the Quirinal, and pub- the last account is doubtless an error. It had
lished edicts for the regulation of all matters temples of Isis andVenus (Aphrodite), and there
connected with the morals, dress, etiquette, and were mines in its vicinity.
equipage of the matrons. She was slain by the  SOLICINIUM, a town in Roman Germany-(the
praetorians, in the arms of her son, on the 11th Agri Decumates), on the mountain Pirns, where
of March, A.D. 222.                       Valentinian gained a victory over the Alemanni
SOGDIANA (A Zoydiavv or 1ovydYavj: Old Per- in A.D. 369, probably in the neighborhood of the
sian, Sughd: Zo6ydio, loydavoi, Zovyd&avoi: modern Heidelberg.
parts of Turkestan and Bokhara, including the  SOLINUS, C. JULIUS, the author of a geodistrict still called Sogd), the northeastern prov- graphical compendium, divided into fifty-seven
ince of the ancient Persian empire, separated chapters, containing a brief sketch of the world
on the south from Bactriana and Margiana by as known to the ancients, diversified by historthe upper course of the Oxus (now Jihoun); on ical notices, remarks on the origin, habits, rethe east and north fiom Scythia by the Sogdii ligious rites, and social condition of various naComedarum and Oxii Mountains (now Kara- tions enumerated. The arrangement, and freDagh, Alatan and Ak Tagh), and by the upper quently the very words, are derived from the
course of the Jaxartes (now Sihoun), and bound- Natural History of Pliny, but little knowledge
ed on the northwest by the great deserts east care, or judgment is displayed in the selecttonQ
822




SOLIS AQUA.                                  SOLON.
We know nothing of Solinus himself, but he contest between Athens and Megara respecting
must have lived after the reign of Alexander the possession of Salamis. The ill success of
Severus and before that of Constantine. He the attempts of the Athenians to make themmay, perhaps, be placed about A.D. 238. We selves masters of the island, had led to the enlearn from the first of two prefatory addresses, actment of a law forbidding the writing or saythat an edition of the work had already passed ing any thing to urge the Athenians to renew
into circulation, in an imperfect state, without the contest. Solon, indignant at this dishonorthe consent or knowledge of the author, under able renunciation of their claims, hit upon the
the appellation Collectanea Rerumr Memorabil- device of feigning to be mad; and, causing a
iam, while on the second, revised, corrected, report of his condition to be spread over the
and published by himself, he bestowed the more city, he rushed into the agora, and there recited
ambitious title of Polyhistor; and hence we find a short elegiac poem of one hundred lines, in
the treatise designated in several MSS. as C. which he called upon the Athenians to retrieve
Julii Solini Grammatici Polyhistor ab ipso editus their disgrace and reconquer the lovely island.
et recognitus. The most notable edition is that Pisistratus (who, however, must have been exof Salmasius, published at Utrecht in 1689, pre- tremely young at the time) came to the supfixed to his " Plinianee Exercitationes," the port of his kinsman; the pusillanimous law was
whole forming two large folio volumes.    rescinded, war was declared, and Solon himself
[SoLIS AQUA ('HLiov vdwup), a fountain and appointed to conduct it. The Megarians were
stream of the island Pancheea, off the coast of driven out of the island, but a tedious war enArabia Felix.]                            sued, which was finally settled by the arbitraSOLIS FONS. Vid. OASIS, No. 3.          tion of Sparta. Both parties appealed, in supSOLIS LACUS (.ipvry'He2ioio), a lake in the port of their claim, to the authority of Homer;
far East, from which, in the old mythical sys- and it was currently believed in antiquity that
tem of the world, the sun rose to make his daily Solon had surreptitiously inserted the line (1.,
course through heaven. Some of the matter- ii., 558) which speaks of Ajax as ranging his
of-fact expositors identified it with the Caspian ships with the Athenians. The Spartans deSea. Another lake of the same name was im- cided in favor of the Athenians about B.C. 596.
agined by some of the poets in the far West, Solon himself, probably, was one of those who
into which the sun sank at night.         received grants of land in Salamis, and this may
SOLIS MONS. Vid. SOLOIS.                account for his being termed a Salaminian.
SOLIS PROMONTORIUuM (uKpa'H;iov epa: now  Soon after these events (about 595) Solon took
Ras Anfir), a promontory of Arabia Felix, near a leading part in promoting hostilities on behalf
the middle of the Persian Gulf.           of Delphi against Cirrha, and was the mover of
[SO'LMISSUS (;o~/yzta6sC), a mountain of Ionia, the decree of the Amphictyons by which was
in the neighborhood of Ephesus.]          was declared. It does not appear, however,
SOLOE. Vid. SOLI.                       what active part he took in the war. AccordSSOLIS (So;6oet: now Cape Cantin, Arab. Ras ing to a common story, which, however, rests
el Houdik), a promontory running far out into only on the authority of a late writer, Solon
the sea, in the southern part of the western hastened the surrender of the town by causing
coast of Mauretania.  Herodotus believed it the waters of the Plistus to be poisoned. It
to be the westernmost headland of all Libya. was about the time of the outbreak of this war,
Upon it was a Picenician temple of Neptune that, in consequence of the distracted state of
(Poseidon). The later geographers under the Attica, which was rent by civil commotions,
Romans mention a MONS SOLIS ('H;ov bpor), Solon was called upon by all parties to mediate
which appears to be the same spot, its name between them, and alleviate the miseries that
being probably a corruption of the Greek name. prevailed. He was chosen archon 594, and unSOLON (62.rov), the celebrated Athenian leg- der that legal title was invested with unlimited
islator, was born about B.C. 638. His father power for adopting such measures as the exExecestides was a descendant of Codrus, and igencies of the state demanded. In fulfillment
his mother was a cousin of the mother of Pisis- of the task intrusted to him, Solon addressed
tratus. Execestides had seriously crippled his himself to the relief of the existing distress.
resources by a too prodigal expenditure; and This he effected with the greatest discretion
Solon consequently found it either necessary and success by his celebrated disburdening oror convenient in his youth to betake himself to dinanee (aeacdOaeta), a measure consisting of
the life of a foreign trader. It is likely enough various distinct provisions, calculated to rethat while necessity compelled him to seek a lieve the debtors with as little infringement as
livelihood in some mode or other, his active and possible on the claims of the wealthy creditors.
inquiring spirit led him to select that pursuit The details of this measure, however, are inwhich would furnish the amplest means for its volved in considerable uncertainty. We know
gratification. Solon early distinguished himself that he depreciated the coinage, making the
by his poetical abilities.  His first effusions mina to contain one hundred drachmas instead
were in a somewhat light and amatory strain, of seventy-three; that is to say, seventy-three
which afterward gave way to the more digni- of the old drachme produced one hundred of
fled and earnest purpose of inculcating profound the new coinage, in which obligations were to
reflections or sage advice. So widely, indeed, be discharged, so that the debtor saved rather
did his reputation spread, that he was ranked more than a fourth in every payment.  The
as one of the seven sages, and his name ap- success of the Seisachtheia procured for Solon
pears in all the lists of the seven. The occa- such confidence and popularity that he was fursion which first brought Solon prominently for- ther charged with the task of entirely remodward as an actor on the political stage was the elling the constitution. As a preliminary step,
823




SOLON.                                   SOLYGIA.
he repealed all the laws of Draco except those nounced atimia against any citizen who, on the
relating to bloodshed. Our limits only allow us outbreak of a sedition, remained neutral. The
to glance at the principal features of the constitu- laws of Solon were inscribed on wooden rollers
tion established by Solon. This constitution was (dbover) and triangular tablets (ielp6et), and were
based upon the timocratic principle, that is, the set up at first in the Acropolis, afterward in the
title of citizens to the honors. and offices of the Prytaneum. The Athenians were also indebtstate was regulated by their wealth. All the cit- ed to Solon for some rectification of the calenizens were distributed into four classes. The dar. It is said that Solon exacted from the
first class consisted of those -who had an an- people a solemn oath, that they would observe
nual income of at least five hundred medimni of his laws without alteration for a certain space
dry orliquid produce (equal tofive hundred drach- -ten years according to Herodotus-one hundmae, a medimnus being reckoned at a drachma), red years according to other accounts. It is reand were called Pentacosiomedimni. The second lated that he was himself aware that he had
class consisted of those whose incomes ranged been compelled to leave many imperfections in
between three hundred and five hundred medim- his system and code. He is said to have spoken
ni or drachmae, and were called Hippeis ('17r-rerf,  of his laws as being not the best, but the best'Irrirjc), from their being able to keep a horse, which the -Athenians would have received.
and bound to perform military service as cav- After he had completed his'task, being, we are
airy. The third class consisted of those whose told, greatly annoyed and troubled by those whp
incomes varied between two hundred and three came to him with all kinds of complaints, sughundred medimni or drachmse, and were termed  gestions, or criticisms about his laws, in order
Zeugithe (Zevyirae). The fourth class included that he might not himself have to propose any
all whose property fell short of two hundred change, he absented himself from Athens for
medimni or drachma, and bore'the name -of ten years, after he had obtained the oath above
Thetes. The first three classes were liable to referred to. He first visited Egypt, and from
direct taxation, in the form of a graduated in- thence proceeded to Cyprus, where he was recome tax. A direct tax, however, was an ex- ceived with great distinction by Philocyprus,
traordinary, and not an annual payment. The king of the little town of XEpea. Solon perfourth class were exempt from direct taxes, but suaded the king to remove from the old site,
of course they, as well- as the rest, were liable and build a new town on'the plain. The new
to indirect taxes. To Solon was ascribed the settlement was called Soli, in honor of the illusinstitution of the Boule (fiova2), or deliberative trious visitor. He is further said to have visitassembly of Four Hundred, one hundred mem- ed Lydia; and his interview with Crcsus was
bers being elected from each of the four tribes. one of the most celebrated stories in antiquity.
He greatly enlarged the functions of the Eccle- Vid. CRcESUS. During the absence of Solon the
sia (Ete2Vaia), which no doubt existed before old dissensions were renewed, and shortly after
his time, though it probably possessed scarcely his arrival at Athens, the supreme power was
more power than the assemblies which we find seized by Pisistratus. The tyrant, after his
described in the Homeric poems. He gave it usurpation, is said to have paid considerable
the right of electing the archons and other mag- court to Solon, and on various occasions to have
istrates, and, what was even more important, solicited his advice, which Solon did not withmade the archons and magistrates accountable hold. Solon probably died about 558, two years
directly to it when their year of office was ex- after the overthrow of the constitution, at the
pired. He also gave it what was equivalent to age of eighty. There was a story current in
a veto upon any proposed measure of the Boule, antiquity that, by his own directions, his ashes
though it could not itself originate any measure. were collected and scattered round the island
Besides the arrangement of the generalpolitical of Salamis. Of the poems of Solon several
relations of the people, Solon was the author of fragments remain. They do not indicate any
a great variety of special laws, which do not great degree of imaginative power, but their
seem to have been arranged in any systematic style is vigorous and simple. Those that WVeremanner. Those relating to debtors and credit- called forth by special emergencies appear to
ors have been already referred to. Several had have been marked by no small degree of energy.
for their object the encouragement of trade and The fragments of these poems are incorporated
manufactures. Foreign settlers were not to be in the collections of the Greek gnomic poets;
naturalized as citizens unless they carried on and there is also a separate edition of them by
some industrious pursuit. If a father did not Bach, Lugd. Bat., 1825.
teach his son some trade or profession, the son  [SOLONIUS CAMPUS, a tract of the Lanuvian
was not liable to maintain his father in his old district in Latium. Dionysius of Halicarnassus
age. The council of Areopagus had a general speaks of an Etruscan city named Solonium,
power to punish idleness.'Solon forbade the from which Romulus received aid in his war
exportation of all produce of the Attic soil ex- with the Sabines.]
cept olive oil. He was the first who gave to  [SoLORIUS MONs, a mountain range of Hispathose who died childless the power of disposing nia, commencing at the sources of the Batis,
of their property by will. He enacted several and stretching in a southern direction. It formlaws relating to marriage, especially with re- ed in a part of its course the boundary between
gard to heiresses. The rewards which he ap- Tarraconensis and Baetica.]
pointed to be given to victors at the Olympic  SULTS (o2ooC, —O-OVrTOc, contraction of Io2X6Eti:
and Isthmian games are for that age unusually Eo2ev-rlvoC), called SOLUNTUM (Solentinus) bythe
large (five hundred drachmae to the former and Romans, an ancient town on the northern coast
one hundred to the latter). One of the most of Sicily, between Panormus and Therma.
curious of his regulations was that which de-  [SoLYss i (uo2dyeta, now Galataki), a small
824




SOLYMA.                                  SOPHOCLES.
place in the Corinthian territory on SobRyetoS by Xenophon one of the oldest of the generals,
6.dfoC, twelve stadia from the coast of the Bay and was deputed to meet Ariaeus and the Perof Cenchrea: Nicias here defeated a body of sians after the treacherous seizure of Clearchus
Corinthian troops in the Peloponnesian war.]  and his companions.  On the arrival of the
SOLYMA (rT'Z26v/1ta). 1. (Now TaktalE-Dagh), Greeks at Cotyora, Sopheenetus was fined for
the mountain range which runs parallel to the his negligence in allowing part of the cargoes
eastern coast of Lycia, and is a southern con- of the vessels, which brought the old men,
tinuation of Mount Climax.  Sometimes the women, and children from Trapezus, to be pilwhole range is called Climax, and the name of fered. In Stephanus of Byzantium, Sophaenetus
Solyma is given to its highest peak.-2. Another is quoted four times as author of a Kivpov'Avdname of JERUSALEM.                        6aac, and Miller supposes him to be the same
SL.YMI. Vid. LYCIA.                     with the general of Cyrus. Vid.'Muller, Hist.
SOWINUS (i)rvot), the personification and god Grcec. Fragm., vol. ii., p. 74.]
of Sleep, is described as a brother of Death  [SOPHANES (1;eo0vSjg), an Athenian, of the
(iJ9varo;, mors), and as a son of Night. In deme Decelea, slew in single combat Eurybaworks of art, Sleep and Death are represented tes, the leader of the thousand Argives sent to
alike as two youths, sleeping or holding invert- aid the 2Eginetans against the Athenians in
ed torches in their hands. Vid. MORS.     B.C. 491. At the battle of Plateee, he distinSONTIJS (now Isonzo), a river in Venetia, in guished himself by his valor above all his counthe north of Italy, rising in the Carnic Alps, and trymen. He was slain in battle, while engaged
falling into the Sinus Tergestinus east of Aqui- in an unsuccessful attempt to colonize Amphileia.                                     polls in B.C. 465.]
[SONUS (IZCvog, now Son, Sona, or Soned), a  SOPHENE (;onsvij, later Zoqlavnvv), a district
large tributary of the Ganges, on the right side; of Armenia Major, lying between the ranges of
at the junction of this river with the Ganges, Antitaurus and Masius; separated from MeliPalibothra was situated.]                 tene in Armenia Minor by the Euphrates, from
[SOPATER (2(TrarpoC). 1. One of the generals Mesopotamia by the Antitaurus, and from the
elected by the Syracusans on the murder of eastern part of Armenia Major by the River
Hieronymus in B.C. 215.-2. A general of Phil- Nymphius. In the time of the Greek kings of
ip V. of Macedonia, crossed over to Africa in Syria, it formed, together with the adjacent disB.C. 203 with a body of four thousand troops to trict of Acilisene, an independent western Arassist the Carthaginians. He was taken pris- menian kingdom, which was subdued and united
oner by the Romans with many of his soldiers. to the rest of Armenia by Tigranes.
3. An Acarnanian, the commander of Philip's  S6OPHr US (1e2u0xof), a comic poet of the midgarrison at Chalcis, was slain with most of his die comedy, was a native of Sicyon or of Thebes,
troops in B.C. 200'.-4. One of the generals of and flourished about B.C. 348.  [A few fragPerseus, slain in battle with the Romans in ments remain of his plays, collected inMeineke's
B.C. 171.-5. A native of Halicyme in Sicily, a Comic. Grec. Fragm.,vol. ii., p. 794-6, edit. min.]
man of wealth and consideration, condemned  [SOPHILUS. Vid. SOPHOCLES.]
by Verres.-6. Chief magistrate (proagorus) of  SOPHOCLES (2ooo2Lic)).  1. The celebrated
Tyndaris in Sicily, a witness against Verres, tragic poet, was born at Colonus, a village little
who had treated him with indignity.]      more than a mile to the northwest of Athens,
SOPATER (2j7Trarpoc). 1. Of Paphos, a writer B.C. 495. He was thirty years younger than
of parody and burlesque (0:4vapoypadog), who.Eschylus, and fifteen years older than Euripiflourished from B.C. 323 to 283.-2. OfApamea, des. His father's name was Sophilus or Sophila distinguished sophist, the head for some time lus, of whose condition in life we know nothing
of the school of Plotinus, was a disciple of Iam- for certain; but it is clear that Sophocles reblichus, after whose death (before A.D. 330) he ceived an education not inferior to that of the
went to Constantinople. Here he enjoyed the sons of the most distinguished citizens of
favor and personal friendship of Constantine, Athens. To both of the two leading branches
who afterward, however, put him to death (be- of Greek education, music -and gymnastics, he
tween A.D. 330 and 337), from the motive, as was carefully trained, and in both he gained the
was alleged, of giving a proof of the sincerity of prize of a garland. Of the skill which he had
his own conversion to Christianity. There are attained in music and dancing in'his sixteenth
several grammatical and rhetorical works ex- year, and of the perfection of his bodily form,
tant under the name of Sopater, but the best we have conclusive evidence in the fact that,
critics ascribe these to a younger Sopater, men- when the Athenians were assembled in solemn
tioned below.-3. The younger sophist, of Apa- festival around the trophy which they had set
mea or of Alexandrea, is supposed to have lived up in Salamis to celebrate their victory over the
about two hundred years later than the former. fleet of Xerxes, Sophocles was chosen to lead,
Besides his extant works already alluded to, naked and with lyre in hand, the chorus which
Photius has preserved an extract of a work en- danced about the trophy, and sang the songs of
titled the Historical Extracts (Eickoyo), which con- triumph, 480. His first appearance as a dramtained a vast variety of facts and figments, col. atist took place in 468, under peculiarly interlected from a great number of authors. The esting circumstances; not only from the fact
remains of his rhetorical works are contained that Sophocles, at the age of twenty-seven,
in Walz's Rhetores Grzcci.                came forward as the rival of the veteran 2Eschy[SOPHANETUS (Soaiv~eroT), a native of Stym- lus, whose supremacy had been maintained durphalus in Arcadia, who joined Cyrus the youn- ing an entire generation, but also from the charger in his expedition against Artaxerxes with acter of the judges. The solemnities of the
one thousand heavy-armed men. He is called Great Dionysia were rendered more imposing
825




SOPHOCLES.                               SOPHOCLES.
by the occasion of the return of Cimon from his in a public recitation of the Antigone he sustainexpedition to Scyros, bringing with him the ed his voice so long without a pause that,
bones of Theseus. Public expectation was so through the weakness of extreme age, he lost
excited respecting the approaching dramatic his breath and his life together; while others
contest, and party feeling ran so high, that Ap- ascribed his death to excessive joy at obtaining
sephion, the archon eponymus, whose duty it a victory. By the universal consent of the best
was to appoint the judges, had not yet ventured critics, both of ancient and of modern times, the
to.proceed to the final act of drawing the lots tragedies of Sophocles are the perfection of the
for their election, when Cimon, with his nine Greek drama. The subjects and style of Sophocolleagues in the command, having entered the cles are human, while those of XEschylus are
theatre, the archon detained them at the altar, essentially heroic.  The latter excite terror,
and administered to them the oath appointed pity, and admiration, as we view them at a disfor the judges in the dramatic contests. Their tance; the former bring those same feelings
decision was in favor of Sophocles, who re- home to the heart, with the addition of sympacetved the first prize; the second only being thy and self-application. No individual human
awarded to.ZEschylus, who was so mortified at being can imagine himself in the position of
his defeat that he left Athens and retired to Prometheus, or derive a personal warning from
Sicily.  From this epoch Sophocles held the the crimes and fate of Clytemnestra; but every
supremacy of the Athenian stage, until a formi- one can, in feeling, share the self-devotion of
dable rival arose in Euripides, who, gained the Antigone in giving up her life at'the call of
first prize for the first time in 441. The year fraternal piety, and the calmness which comes
440 is a most important era in the poet's life. over the spirit of (Edipus when he is reconciled
In the spring of that year he brought out the to the gods. In LEschylus, the sufferers are the
earliest of his extant dramas, the Antigone, a victims of an inexorable destiny; but Sophocles
play which gave the Athenians such satisfaction, brings more prominently into view those faults
especially on account of the political wisdom it of their own, which form one element of the
displayed, that they appointed him one of the, destiny of which they are the victims, and is
ten strategi, of whom Pericles was the chief, in more intent upon inculcating, as the lesson
the war against Samos. It would seem that in taught by their woes, that wise calmness and
this war Sophocles neither obtained nor sought moderation, in desires and actions, in prosperity
for any. military reputation: he is represented and adversity, which the Greek poets and phias good-humoredly repeating the judgment of losophers celebrate under the name of uoupoaenv.
Pericles concerning him, that he understood" On the other hand, he never descends to that
the making of poetry, but not the commanding level to which Euripides brought down the art,
of an army.  The family dissensions which the exhibition of human passion andl suffering
troubled his last years are connected with a for the mere purpose of exciting emotion in the
well-known and beautiful story.  His family spectators, apart from a moral end. The difconsisted of two sons, Iophon, the offspring of ference between the two poets is illustrated by
Nicostrate, who was a free Athenian woman, the saying of Sophocles, that "he himself repand Ariston, his son by Theoris of Sicyon; and resented men as they ought to be, but Euripides
Ariston had a son named Sophocles, for whom  exhibited them as they are." The number of
his grandfather showed the greatest affection, plays ascribed to Sophocles was one hundred
Iophon, who was by the laws of At-hens his and thirty. He contended not only with IEsfather's rightful heir, jealous of his love for the chylus and Euripides, but also with Choerilus,'young Sophocles, and apprehending that Sopho- Aristias, Agathon, and other poets, among whom
cles purposed to bestow upon his grandson a was his own son Iophon; and he carried off the
large proportion of his property, is said to have first prize twenty or twenty-four times, frequent
summoned his father before the Phratores, who ly the second, and never the third. It is reseem to have had a sort of jurisdiction in family markable, as proving his growing activity and
affairs, on the charge that his mind was affect- success, that of his one hundred and thirteen
ed by old age. As his only reply, Sophocles dramas, eighty-one were brought out after his
exclaimed, "If I am Sophocles, I am not beside fifty-fourth year, and also that all his extant
myself; and if I am beside myself, I am not dramas, which of course, in the judgment of the
Sophocles;" and then he read from his (Edipus grammarians, were his best, belong to this latter
at Colonus, which was lately written, but not yet period of his life. The seven extant tragedies
brought out, the magnificent parodos, beginning, were probably brought out in the following
chronological order: Antigone, Electra, Trachinice, (Edipus Tyrannus, Ajax, Philoctetes, (Edipus
whereupon the judges at once dismissed the at Colonus: the last of these was brought out,
case, and rebuked lophon for his undutiful con- after the death of the poet, by his grandson.
duct. Sophocles forgave his son, and it is prob- Of the numerous editions of Sophocles, the
able that the reconciliation was referred to in most useful one for the ordinary student is that
the lines of the (Edipus at Colonus, where Antig- by Wunder, Gothee et Erfurdt, 1831-1846, 2 vols,
one pleads with her father to forgive Polyni- 8vo. [Four parts have reached a second edices, as other fathers had been induced to for- tion, begun 1839; and the other three a third.
give their bad children (v. 1192, foll.). Sopho- A useful edition, comprising most of WVTnder's
cles died soon afterward in 406, in his ninetieth notes in English, was published by Mitchell,
year. All the various accounts of his death London, 1841-4, 2 vols. 8vo: a full and learnand funeral are of a fictitious and poetical com- ed commentary on Sophocles is contained in
plexion. According to some writers, he was Ellendt's Lexicon Sophocleum, K6nigsberg, 1835,
choked by a grape; another writer related that 2 vols. 8vo.]-2. Son of Ariston and grandson
826




SOPHONISBA.                                 SORDICE,
of the elder Sophocles, was also an Athenian Plato was a great admirer of Sophron, and the
tragic poet. The love of his grandfather toward philosopher is said to have been the first who
him has been already mentioned. In 401 he made the Mimes known at Athens. The sebrought out the (Edipus at Colonus of his grand- rious purpose which was aimed at in the works
father; but he did not begin to exhibit his own of Sophron was always, as in the Attic Corndramas till 396.-[3. An Athenian orator, whose edy, clothed under a sportive form; and it can
oration for Euctemon is quoted by Aristotle. easily be imagined that sometimes the latter
Ruhnken supposes that he is the same as the element prevailed, even to the extent of obSophocles mentioned by Xenophon as one of scenity, as the extant fragments and the paralthe Thirty Tyrants.]                     lel of the Attic Comedy combine to prove. The
SOPHONISBA, daughter of the Carthaginian best collection of the fragments of Sophron is
general Hasdrubal, the son of Gisco. She had by Ahrens, De Grccea Lingua Dialectis.
been betrothed by her father, at a very early  SOPHRONISCUS. Vid. SOCRATES.
age, to the Numidian prince Masinissa; but, at  [SOPHROSYNE (Eo poo4vy), daughter of Dioa subsequent period, Hasdrubal being desirous nysius the elder and of Aristomache, the sister
to gain over Syphax, the rival monarch of Nu- of Dion, was married to her half-brother, the
midia, to the Carthaginian alliance, offered him  younger Dionysius.]
the hand of his daughter in marriage. The   SOPHUS, P. SEMPRONIUS, tribune of the plebs
beauty and accomplishments of Sophonisba pre- B.C. 310, and consul 304, is mentioned as one
vailed over the influence of Scipio: Syphax of the earliest jurists, and is said to have owed
married her, and became the zealous supporter his name of Sophus or Wise to his great merits.
and ally of Carthage. Sophonisba, on her part,  SOPIANJE (now Ffinfkirchen), a town in Panwas assiduous in her endeavors to secure his nonia Inferior, on the road from Mursa to Vinadherence to the cause of her countrymen. dobona, the birth-place of the Emperor MaxAfter the defeat of Syphax, and the capture of iminus.
his capital city of Cirta by Masinissa, Sophonis-  [SOPOLIs (Z;rotct). 1. Son of Hermodorus,
ba fell into the hands of the conqueror, upon commanded the Amphipolitan cavalry in the
whom, however, her beauty exercised so pow- army of Alexander, in the battle against the
erful an influence that he determined to marry Triballians, on the banks of the Lyginus, in B.C.
her himself. Their nuptials were accordingly 335; he also commanded a troop of horse at
celebrated without delay, hut Scipio (who was the battle of Arbela in 331.-2. A distinguished
apprehensive lest she should exercise the same painter, flourished at Rome in the middle of the
influence over Masinissa which she had pre- first century B.C., and is said by Cicero to have
viously done over Syphax) refused to ratify this been the head of a school of painters.]
arrangement, and, upbraiding Masinissa with  SORA.  1. (Soranus: now. Sora), a town in
his weakness, insisted on the immediate sur- Latium, on the right bank of the River Liris,
render of the princess. Unable to resist this and north of Arpinum, with a strongly-fortified
command, the Numidian king spared her the citadel. It was the most northerly town of the
humiliation of captivity by sending her a bowl Volsci in Latium, and afterward joined the Samof poison, which she drank without hesitation, nites; but it was conquered by the Romans,
and thus put an end to her own life.      and was twice colonized by them, since the inSOPHRON (26ipov), of Syracuse, was the prin- habitants had destroyed the first body of colcipal writer of that species of composition call- onists. There are still remains of the polyged the Mime (p/i/og), which was one of the nu- onal walls of the ancient town.-2. A town in
merous varieties of the Dorian Comedy. He Paphlagonia of uncertain site.
flourished about B.C. 460-420. When Sophron  SORACTE (now Monte di S. Oreste), a celebrais called the inventor of mimes, the meaning is, ted mountain in Etruria, in the territory of the
that he reduced to the form of a literary com- Falisci, near the Tiber, about twenty-four miles
position a species of amusement which the from Rome, but the summit of which, frequentGreeks of Sicily, who were pre-eminent for ly covered with snow, was clearly visible from
broad humor and merriment, had practiced from  the city. (Vides ut alta stet nive candidum Sotime immemorial at their public festivals, and racte, Hor., Carm., i., 9.) The whole mountain
the nature of which was very similar to the was sacred to Apollo, and on its summit was a
Spartan Deicelestee.  Such mimetic perform- temple of this god. At the festival of Apollo,
ances prevailed throughout the Dorian states celebrated on this mountain, the worshippers
under various names. One feature of the Mimes passed over burning embers without receiving
of Sophron, which formed a marked distinction any injury. (Virg., JEn., xi., 785, seq.)
between them and comic poetry, was the na-  SORANUS. 1. A Sabine divinity, usually identure of their rhythm. There is, however, some tified with Apollo, worshipped on Mount Sodifficulty in determining whether they were in racte. Vid. SORACTE.-2. The name of several
mere prose, or in mingled poetry and prose, or physicians, of whom the most celebrated seems
in prose with a peculiar rhythmical movement, to have been a native of Ephesus, and to have
but no metrical arrangement. With regard to practiced his profession first at Alexandrea, and
the substance of-these compositions, their char- afterward at Rome, in the reigns of Trajan and
acter, so far as it can be ascertained, appears Hadrian, A.D. 98-138. There are several medto have been ethical; that is, the scenes repre- ical works still extant under the name of Sora
sented were those of ordinary life, and the lan- nus, but whether they were written by the naguage employed was intended to bring out more tive of Ephesus can not be determined.
clearly the characters of the persons exhibited  SORDICE (now Etang de Leucate), a lake e
in those scenes, not only for the amusement, Gallia Narbonensis, at the foot of the Pyrenees,
but also for the instruction of the spectators, formed by the River Sotdis,
827




SORDONES.                                  SOTION.
SORDONES or SORDI, a small people in Gallia nia, but it is very doubtful whether he ever asNarbonensis, at the foot of the Pyrenees, whose sumed the royal title.
chief town was Ruscino.                     SOSTRATUS (Zo6rparof), the name of at least
[SOSIA GALLA, a favorite of Agrippina, the four, if not five, Grecian artists, who have been
widow of Germanicus, was involved in the frequently confounded with one another. 1. A
charge of treason against her husband C. Silius, statuary in bronze, the sister's son of Pythagoand sent into exile by Tiberius.]        ras of Rhegium, and his disciple, flourished
SOSIBYUS (2;ao76to), a distinguished Lacedae- about B.C. 424.-2. Of Chios, the instructor of
monian grammarian, who flourished in the reign Pantias, flourished about B.C. 400.-3. A statof Ptolemy Philadelphus (about B.C. 251), and uary in bronze, whom Pliny mentions as a conwas contemporary with Callimachus.       temporary of Lysippus, at 01 114, B.C. 323, the
[SosIcLES (  acr;z2ti), a Corinthian deputy to date of Alexander's death. It is probable, howthe congress which had in consideration the ever, that he was identical with the following.
restoration of Hippias to the tyranny of Athens. -4. The son of Dexiphanes, of Cnidus, was one
His earnest opposition to that measure induced of the great architects who flourished during
the allies to abandon the project.]       and after the life of Alexander the Great. He
SOSIGE6NES (EC0tyivye), the peripatetic phi- built for Ptolemy I., the son of Lagus, the cellosopher, was the astronomer employed by Ju- ebrated Pharos of Alexandrea. He also emlius Cesar to superintend the correction of the bellished his native city, Cnidus, with a' work
calendar (B.C. 46). He is called an Egyptian, which was one of the wonders of ancient archibut may be supposed to have been an Alexan- tecture, namely, a portico, or colonnade, supdrean Greek. Vid. Dict. of Antiq., art. CALEN- porting a terrace, which served as a promenade.
DARIUM.                                   -5. An engraver of precious stones, whose
SOSIPHANES (ESZacvTi), the son of Sosicles name appears on several very beautiful cameos
of Syracuse, was one of the seven tragedians and intaglios.
who were called the Tragic Pleiad. He was   Sosus (Z(cao), of Pergamus, a worker in moborn at the end of the reign of Philip, and flour- saic, and, according to Pliny, the most celeishedB.C. 284. [A few fragments remain, col- brated of all who practiced that art.
lected in Wagner's Tragic. Grcec. Fragm., p.  SOTADES (Z(Tradd). 1. An Athenian comic
157-8.]                                   poet of the Middle Comedy, who must not be
[Sosis (S;ocrt), a Syracusan, who joined Cy- confounded with the more celebrated poet of
rus the younger with three hundred Greek mer- Maronea.-2. A native of Maronea in Thrace,
cenaries.]                               flourished at Alexandrea about B.C. 280. He
SOSITHEUS (ZSoi0eoc), of Syracuse or Athens, wrote lascivious poems (called 2ciCalKef or Icivacor Alexandrea in the Troad, was a distinguished doe) in the Ionian dialect, whence they were
tragic poet, one of the Tragic Pleiad, and the also called'I 1vvoiKol  yot. They were also callantagonist of the tragic poet Homer. He flour- ed Sotadean poems (Eoirdesea aoafra). It would
ished about B.C. 284. [The fragments of his seem that Sotades carried his lascivious and
tragedies are collected in Wagner's Tragic. abusive satire to the utmost lengths; and the
Grcc. Frag'm., p. 149-152.]              freedoms which he took at last brought him
Sosius. 1. C., quaestor B.C. 66, and pretor into trouble. According to Plutarch, he made
49. He was afterward one of Antony's princi- a vehement and gross attack on Ptolemy Philpal lieutenants in the East. He was appointed adelphus, on the occasion of his marriage with,
by Antony, in 38, governor of Syria and Cilicia his sisterArsinoo, and the king threw him into
in the place of Ventidius. Like his predeces- prison, where he remained for a long time. Acsor in the government, he carried on the mil- cording to Athenaeus, the poet attacked both
itary operations in his province with great suc- Lysimachus and Ptolemy, and, having fled from
cess.  In 37 he advanced against Jerusalem  Alexandrea, he was overtaken at Caunus by
along with Herod, and after hard fighting be- Ptolemy's general Patroclus, who shut him up
came master of the city, and placed Herod upon in a leaden chest and cast him into the sea.
the throne. In return for these services, An-  SOTIER (ZSryp), i. e., "the Saviour" (Lat. Sertony obtained for Sosius the honor of a triumph vator or Sospes), occurs as the surname of sevin 34, and the consulship in 32. Sosius com- eral divinities, especially of Zeus (Jupiter). It
manded the left wing of Antony's fleet at the was also a surname of Ptolemeeus I., king of
battle of Actium. He was afterward pardoned Egypt, as well as of several of the other later
by Octavianus, at the intercession of L. Arrun- Greek kings.
tius.-2. The name of two brothers (Sosii),  [SOTERICHUS (2or7pteXOf), of the Oasis, an epic
booksellers at Rome in the time of Horace. poet and historian of the time of the Emperor
They were probably freedmen, perhaps of the Diocletian. To him are ascribed an Encomium
Sosius mentioned above.                   on Diocletian, a poem entitled BacacaptKiz  7rot
SOSPrTA, that is, the " saving goddess," was Atovvmeaca, one on Pantheia of Babylon, anotha surname of Juno at Lanuvium and at Rome, er on Ariadne, a life of Apollonius of Tyana,
in both of which places she had a temple. Her a poetical history of the capture of Thebes by
worship was very ancient in Latium, and was Alexander the Great, entitled IIv0ev'Alefavtransplanted from Lanuvium to Rome.      dpeaewv, and others.]
SOSTRiNES ((ZoaOivrq), a Macedonian officer  [SoTERIcUS MARCIUs, a freedman, from whom
of noble birth, who obtained the supreme di- L. Crassus purchased his Tusculan villa.]
rection of affairs during the period of confusion  SOTION (eYo)riev).. 1A philosopher, and a
which followed the invasion of the Gauls. He native of Alexandrea, who flourished at the close
defeated the Gauls in 280. He is included by of the third century B.C.  He is chiefly rethe chronologers among the kings of Macedo- markable as the author of a work (entitled Aca828




SOTTIATES.                                  SPARTA.
doxfa') on the successive teachers in the differ- During the flourishing times of Greek independent philosophical schools.-2. A philosopher, ence, Sparta was never surrounded by walls,
and also a native of Alexandrea, who lived in since the bravery of its citizens, and the diffithe age of Tiberius.'He was the instructor of culty of access to it, were supposed to render
Seneca, who derived from him his admiration such defences needless. It was first fortified
of Pythagoras. It was perhaps this Sotion who by the tyrant Nabis; but it did not possess regwas the author of a treatise on anger, quoted ular walls till the time of the Romans. Sparta,
by Stobaus.-3. A Peripatetic philosopher, men- unlike most Greek cities, had no proper Acropotioned by A. Gellius, is probably a different per.. lis, but this name was only given to one of the
son from either of the preceding.         steepest hills of the-town, on the summit of
SOTTIATES or SOTIATES, a powerful and war- which stood the temple of Athena Poliuchos
like people in Gallia Aquitanica, on the frontiers or Chalcicecus. Five distinct quarters of the
of Gallia Narbonensis, were subdued by P. Cras- city are mentioned: 1. Pitane (nltrdvv: Ethnic
sus, Caesar's legate, after a hard-fought battle. tIIrav6dryc), which appears to have been the
The modern Sos probably represents the an- most important part of the city, and in which
eient town of this people.                was situated the Agora, containing the council[Sdus (Z6oc), one of the earliest kings of house of the senate, and the offices of the pubSparta, son of Procles, whom he succeeded on lic magistrates. It was also surrounded by vathe throne, and father of Eurypon, from whom -rious temples and other public buildings. Of
the Proclid kings were called Eurypontidae.]  these the most splendid was the Persian Stoa'Soz6MdNus:(2o6jlzevor), usually called Sozo- or portico, originally built of the spoils,taken in
MEN in English, was a Greek ecclesiastical his- the Persian war, and enlarged and adorned at
torian of the fifth century. He was probably a later times. A part of the Agora was called the
native of Bethelia or Bethel, a village near Gaza Chorus or dancing place, in which the Spartan
in Palestine. His parents were Christians. He youths performed dances in honor of Apollo.
practiced as an advocate at Constantinople, 2. Limnce (A/Lveat), a suburb of the city, on the
whence he is surnamed Scholasticus; and he banks of the Eurotas, northeast of Pitane, was
was still engaged in his profession when he originally a hollow spot covered with water. 3.
wrote his history. His ecclesiastical history, Mesoa or 1Messoa (Mea6a, Meaa6a': Eth. Me'aowhich is extant, is in nine books, and is dedi- Tr7c), also by the side of the Eurotas, southeast
cated to the Emperor Theodosius II. It com- of the preceding, containing the Dromus'and
mences with the reign of Constantine, and the Platanistas, which was a spot nearly surcomes down a little later than the death of Ho- rounded with water, and so called from the planenorius, A.D. 423.. The work is incomplete, and trees growing there. 4. Cynositra (Kvv6govpa:
breaks off in the middle of a chapter. The an- KvvocovperC), in the southwest of the city, and
thor, we know, had proposed to bring it down south of Pitane. 5. _Egidce (Aiyeidat), in the
to 439, the year in which the history of Socra- northwest of the' city, and west of Pitane. The
tes ends. Sozomen excels Socrates in style, two principal streets of Sparta ran from the
but is inferior to the latter in soundness ofjudg- Agora to the' extreme end of the city: these
ment; The history ofSozomen isprinted along were, 1. Aphetce or.Aphetais ('AOQrat,'Ateraoi,
with the other Greek ecclesiastical historians. so. 6d6c), extending in a southeasterly direction
Vid. SOCRATES.                            past the temple of Dictynna and the tombs of
SozoPeLIS, afterward SUSUPrLIS (C;Wid7roLmtC, the EurypontidM; and, 2. Skias (ictitc), runXeioirroAt-: ruins at Susu), a considerable city ning nearly parallel to the preceding one, but
of Pisidia, in a plain surrounded by mountains, further to the east, and which derived its name
north of Termessus.                       from an ancient place of assembly, of a circular
SPARTA (Zrcipr71, Dor. airapra: 7raprutar7-, form, called Skias. The most important reSpartiates, Spartanus), also called LACEDrEMON mains of ancient Sparta are the ruins of the
(AaKcadeaiu v: Aaicedau6vitog, Lacednemonius),the theatre, which was near the Agora. Sparta is
capital of Laconia and the chief city of Pelo- said to have been founded by Lacedmemon, a son
ponnesus, was situated on the right bank of the of Zeus and Taygete, who married Sparta, the
Eurotas (now lri), about twenty miles from the daughter of Eurotas, and called the city after
sea. It stood on a plain which contained within the name of his wife. His son Amyclas is said
it several rising grounds and hills.  It was to have been the founder of Amycla, which
bounded on the east by the Eurotas, on the was for a long time a more important town than
northwest by the small river CEnus (now Kele- Sparta itself. In the mythical period, Argos
sina), and on the southeast by the small river was the chief city in- Peloponnesus. and Sparta
Tiasa (now llagula), both of which streams fell is represented as subject to it. Here reigned
into the Eurotas. The plain in which Sparta Menelaus, the younger brother of Agamemnon;
stood was shut in on the east by Mount Mene- and by the marriage of Orestes, the son of Agalaium, and on the west by Mount Taygetus; memnon, with Hermione, the daughter ofMenewhence the city is called by Homer 1" the hollow  laus, the two kingdoms of Argos and Sparta beLacedaemon." It was of a circular form, about came united. The Dorian conquest of Pelosix miles in circumference, and consisted of ponnesus, which, according to tradition, took
several distinct quarters, which were originally place eighty years after the Trojan war, made
separate villages, and which were never united Sparta the capital of the country. Laconia'fell
into one regular town. Its site is occupied by to the share of the two sons of Aristodemus,
the modern villages of Magula and Psykhiko; Eurysthenes and Procles, who took up their
and. the principal modern town in the neighbor- residence at Sparta, and ruled over the kingdom
hood is listra, which lies about two miles to conjointly; The old inhabitants of the country
the- west, on the slopes of Mount Taygetus. maintained themselves at Amycle, which was
829




SPARTA.                                 SPARTACUS.
not conquered for a long time. After the corn- of citizens diminished, and the landed property
plete subjugation of the country we find three became vested in a few families. Agis endeavdistinct classes in the population: the Dorian ored to restore the ancient institutions of Lyconquerors, who resided in the capital, and who curgus, but he perished in the attempt (240).
were called Spartiatee or Spartans; the Peri- Cleomenes III., who began to reign 236, was
ceci or old Achean inhabitants, who became more successful. He succeeded in putting the
tributary to the Spartans, and possessed no po- ephors to death, and overthrowing the existing
litical rights; and the Helots, who were also a government (225); and he then made a redisportion of the old Achaean inhabitants, but were tribution of the landed property, and augmented
reduced to a state of slavery. From various the number of the Spartan citizens by admitcauses the Spartans became distracted by intes- ting some of the Periceci to this honor. His
tine quarrels, till at length Lycurgus, who be- reforms infiued new blood into the state, and
longed to the royal family, was selected by all for a short time he carried on war with success
parties to give a new constitution to the state. against the Acheans. But Aratus, the general
The date of Lycurgus is uncertain; but it is of the Achaeans, called in the assistance of Animpossible to place it later than B.C. 825. The tigonus Doson, the king of Macedonia, who deconstitution of Lycurgus, which is described in feated Cleomenes at the decisive battle of Sela separate article (vid. LYCURGUS), laid the foun- lasia (221), and followed up his success by the
dation of Sparta's greatness. She soon became capture of Sparta. Sparta now sank into insigaggressive, and gradually extended her sway nificance, and was ruled by a succession of naover the greater part of Peloponnesus. In B.C. tive tyrants, till at length it was compelled to
743 the Spartans attacked Messenia, and after abolish its peculiar institutions, and to join the
a war of twenty years subdued this country, Achean league. Shortly afterward it fell, with
723. In 685 the Messenians again took up the rest of Greece, under the Roman power.
arms, but at the end of seventeen years were  SPARTACUS, the name of several kings of the
again completely subdued, and their country Cimmerian Bosporus. 1. Succeeded the dynasty
from this time forward became an integral por- of the Archeanactidaa in B.C. 438, and reigned
tion of Laconia. For details, vid. MESSENIA. until 431. He was succeeded by his son SeleuAfter the close of the second Messenian war cus. -2. Began to reign in 427, and reigned
theSpartans continued their conquests in Pelo- twenty years. He was succeeded in 407 by his
ponnesus.  They defeated the'Tegeans, and son Satyrus.-3. Succeeded his father Leucon
wrested the district of Thyreae from the Ar- in 353, and died, leaving his kingdom to his son
gives. At the time of the Persian invasion, Parysades in 348.-4. Son of Eumelus, began
they were confessedly the first people in Greece; to reign in 304, and reigned twenty years.
and to them was granted by unanimous consent  SPARTACUS, by birth a Thracian, was successthe chief command in the war. But after the ively a shepherd, a soldier, and a chief of banfinal defeat of the Persians, the haughtiness of ditti. On one of his predatory expeditions he
Pausanias disgusted most of the Greek states, was taken prisoner, and sold to a trainer of gladparticularly the Ionians, and led them to trans- iators. In 73 he was a member of the company
fer the supremacy to Athens (477). From this of Lentulus, and was detained in his school at
time the power of Athens steadily increased, Capua, in readiness for the games at Rome.
and Sparta possessed little influence outside of He persuaded his fellow-prisoners to make an
the Peloponnesus.  The Spartans, however, attempt to gain their freedom. About seventy
made several attempts to check the rising great- of them broke out of the school of Lentulus, and
ness of Athens, and their jealousy of the latter took refuge in the crater of Vesuvius. Spartaled at length to the Peloponnesian war (431). cus was chosen leader, and was soon joined by
This war ended in the overthrow of Athens, a number of runaway slaves. They were blockand the restoration of the supremacy of Sparta aded by C. Claudius Pulcher at the head of three
over the rest of Greece (404). But the Spar- thousand men, but Spartacus attacked the betans did not retain this supremacy more than siegers and put them to flight. His numbers
thirty years. Their decisive defeat by the The- rapidly increased, and for two years (B.C. 73bans under Epaminondas at the battle of Leuc- 71) he defeated one Roman army after another,
tra (371) gave the Spartan power a shock from  and laid waste Italy, from the foot of the Alps
which it never recovered; and the restoration to the southernmost corner of the peninsula.
of the Messenians to their country two years After both the consuls of 72 had been defeated
afterward completed the humiliation of Sparta. by Spartacus, M. Licinius Crassus, the praetor,
Thrice was the Spartan territory invaded by was appointed to the command of the war.
the Thebans, and the Spartan women saw for Crassus carried on the contest with vigor and
the first time the watch-fires of an enemy's success, and, after gaining several advantages
camp. The Spartans now finally lost their su- over the enemy, at length defeated them on the
premacy over Greece, but no other Greek state River Silarus in a decisive battle, in which Sparsucceeded to their power; and about thirty tacus was slain. The character of Spartacus
years afterward the greater part of Greece was has been maligned by the Roman writers. Cicobliged'to yield to Philip of Macedon. The ero compares the vilest of his contemporaries
Spartans, however, kept haughtily aloof from  to him: Horace speaks of him as a common
the Macedonian conqueror, and refused to take robber; none recognize his greatness, but the
part in the Asiatic expedition of,his son Alex- terror of his name survived to a late period of
ander the' Great. Under the later Macedonian the empire. Accident made Spartacus a shepmonarchs the power of Sparta still further de- herd, a freebooter, and a gladiator; nature formclined; the institutions of Lycurgus were neg- ed him a hero. The excesses of his followers
lected, luxury crept into the state, the number he could not always repress, and his efforts to
830




SPARTARIUS.                              SPITHRIDATES.
Sestrain them often cost himhis popularity. But led first under Zeno of Citium, and afterward
tie was in himself not less mild and just than under Cleanthes. He lived at Alexandrea durhe was able and valiant.                  ing the reigns of the first two Ptolemies. He
SPARTRIUJS CAMPUS. Vid. CARTHAGO NOVA. also taught at Lacedsemon, and was believed to
SPARTI (7eraproi, from anreip), the Sown-Men, have had considerable influence in moulding the
is the name given to the armed men who sprang character of Cleomenes. He was in repute
from the dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus, and among the Stoics for the accuracy of his definiwho were believed to be the ancestors of the tions. He was the author of several works, all
five oldest families at Thebes.           of which are lost.
SPARTIANUS,.ELIUS, one of the Scriptores His-  SPHENDILE (Z0ev6ddi2.': Bevda2evC), a demus
torice AugustTe, lived in the time of Diocletian of Attica belonging to the tribe Hippothoontis,
and Constantine, and wrote the biographies of, on the frontiers of Beotia, between Tanagra and
1. Hadrianus and JElius Verus; 2. Didius Juli- Decelea.
anus; 3. Severus; 4. Pescennius Niger; 5. Car-  SPHETTUS (20Vrr6f: Z0rrtof), a demus in
acalla; 6. Geta. For the editions of Spartia- the south of Attica, near the silver mines of
nus, vid. CAPITOLINUS.                    Sunium, belonging to the tribe Acamantis.
SPARTOL5US (2STraprOeg), a town in the Mace-  [SPHODRIAS (ZQodplaf), Spartan harmost at
donian peninsula of Chalcidice, north of Olyn- Thespiae B.C. 378, attempted in a time of peace
thus.                                     to seize upon the Pirasus. Having failed in the
SPAUTA (z'ravTa: now Lake of Urmi), a large undertaking, he was tried by the Spartan ephors,
salt-lake in the west of Media, whose waters but acquitted through the influence of Agesilaus.
were singularly bitter and acrid. It was also He was slain at the battle of Leuctra, B.C. 371.]
called Matiana (Martavr?4i/vr]) from the name  SPHINX (0Ziy7, gen. Bptyyo), a she-monster,
of the people who dwelt around it.        daughter of Orthus and Chimaera, born in the
SPERCHEiUS (I7r-epXt6S: now Elladha), a river country of the Arimi, or of Typhon and Echidna,
in the south of Thessaly, which rises in Mount or lastly of Typhon and Chimsera. She is said
Tyrphrestus, runs in an easterly direction to have proposed a riddle to the Thebans, and
through the territory of the dEnianes, and to have murdered all who were unable to guess
through the district Malis, and falls into the in- it. CEdipus solved it, whereupon the Sphinx
nermost corner of the Sinus Maliacus. As a slew herself (For details,vid. (EDIPUS.) The
river-god Spercheus is a son of Oceanus and legend appears to have come from Egypt, but
Terra (Ge), and the father of Menesthius by the figure of the Sphinx is represented somePolydora, the daughter of Peleus. To this god what differently in Greek mythology and art.
Peleus dedicated the hair of his son Achilles, The Egyptian Sphinx is the figure of a lion
in order that he might return in safety from the without wings in a lying attitude, the upper part
Trojan war.                               of the body being that of a human being. The
SPES, the personification of Hope, was wor- Sphinxes appear in Egypt to have been set up
shipped at Rome, where she had several tem- in avenues forming the approaches to temples.
ples, the most ancient of which had been built The common idea of a Greek Sphinx, on the
in B.C. 354, by the consul Atilius Calatinus, other hand, is that of a winged body of a lion,
near the Porta Carmentalis. The Greeks also the breast and upper part being the figure of a
worshipped the personification of Hope, Elpis, woman. Greek Sphinxes, moreover, are not
and they relate the beautiful allegory, that when always represented in a lying attitude, but apEpimetheus opened the vessel brought to him  pear in different positions, as it might suit the
by Pandora, from which all manner of evils fancy of the sculptor or poet. Thus they appear
were scattered over the earth, Hope alone re- with the face of a maiden, the breast, feet, and
mained behind.  Hope was represented in claws of a lion, the tail of a serpent, and the
works of art as a youthful figure, lightly walk- wings of a bird. Sphinxes were frequently ining in full attire, holding in her right hand a troduced by Greek artists as ornaments of arflower, and with the left lifting up her garment. chitectural works.
SPEUSIPPUS (Tlre6aJtrl7Tor), the philosopher,  SPINA. 1. (Now Spinazzino), a town in Galwas a native of Athens, and the son of Eury- lia Cispadana, in the territory of the Lingones,
medon and Potone, a sister of Plato. He ac- on the most southerly of the mouths of the Po,
companied his uncle Plato on his third journey which was called after it Ostium Spineticum.
to Syracuse, where he displayed considerable It was a very ancient town, said to have been
ability and prudence. He succeeded Plato as founded by the Greeks, but in the time of Strabo
president of the Academy, but was at the head had ceased to be a place of any importance.of the school for only eight years (B.C. 347- 2. (Now Spino), a town in Gallia Transpadana,
339). He died, as it appears, of a lingering on the River Addua.
paralytic illness. He wrote several works, all  [SPINO, a small stream  in or near Rome,
of which are lost, in which he developed the which, Cicero says, together with the Almo,
doctrines of his great master.            Nodinus, Tiberinus, and other flowing waters,
SPHACTERIA. Vid. PYLOS, NO. 3.          was invoked in the prayers of the augurs.]
SPHeARIA (ZLatpia: now Poros), an island off  SPINTHARUS (~7rivOapof), of Heraclea on the
the coast of Troezen in Argolis, and between it Pontus, a tragic poet, contemporary with Arisand the island of Calauria, with the latter of tophanes, who designates him as a barbarian
which it was connected by means of a sand- and a Phrygian. He was also ridiculed by the
bank. Here Sphaerus, the charioteer of Pelops, other comic poets.
is said to have been buried.                [SPITHRIDATES (.7lirptLapSf), a Persian com[SPHAERUS (1Qalpog). Vid. SPH]ERIA.]    mander sent by Pharnabazus to oppose the pasSPrHeERUS (IZalpoe), a Stoic philosopher, stud- sage of the ten thousand through Bitlynia,
831




SPOLATUM.                                  STATIUS.
B.C. 400. HIe afterward revolted from the Per- totle, and was in consequence restored by Phi:sians, and joined Agesilaus.-2. Satrap of Lydia ip, by whom it had been destroyed.
and Ionia under Darius Codomannns, was one  STAPHYLUS (Zirdcv?.o), son of Bacchus (Dieof the Persian commanders atthe battle of the nysus) and Ariadne, or of Theseus and Ariadne,
Granicus in B.C. 334, in which battle, while Al- and was one of the Argonauts. By Chrysotheexander was engaged with Rhcesaces, Spithri- mis he became the father of three daughters,
dates attacked him from behind, and had raised Molpadia, Rhceo, and Parthenos.
his sword to strike, when Clitus, anticipating the  [STASEAS, of Neapolis, a peripatetic philosoblow, cut off his arm. (Compare RHCESACES).] pher, who lived many years at Rome with M.
SPOLATUM. VTid. SALONA.                 Piso, and was also on friendly terms with CiSPOLETIUM or SPOLETUM (Spoletinus: now  cero.]
Spoleto), a town in Umbria, on the Via Flaminia,  STASINUS (Y.raavoC), of Cyprus, an epic poet,
colonized by the Romans B.C. 242. It suffered to whom some of the ancient writers attributed
severely in the civil wars between Sulla and the poem of the Epic Cycle, entitled Cypria
Marius. At a. later time it was taken by Toti- (Kvirpta). In the earliest historical period of
las; but its walls, which had been destroyed by Greek literature the Cypria was-accepted withthe Goths, were restored by Narses.       out question as a work of Homer; and it is not
SPORADES (Siropddeg, sc. vfaot, from ancripo), till we come down to the times of Athenseus
a group of scattered islands in the,Egean Sea, and the grammarians that we find any mention
off the island of Crete and the western coast of of Stasinus. Stasinus was said to be the sonAsia Minor, so called in opposition to the Cyc- in-law of Homer, who, according to one story,
lades, which lay in a circle around Delos. The composed the Cypria, and gave it to Stasinus as
division, however, between these two groups his daughter's marriage portion; manifestly an
of islands was not well defined; and we find attempt to reconcile the two different accounts,
some of the islands at one time described as which ascribed it to Homer and Stasinus. The
belonging to the Sporades, and at another time  Cypria was the first, in the order of the events
as belonging to the Cyclades.             contained in it, of the poems of the Epic Cycle
SPURINNA, VESTRITIUS. 1. The haruspexwho relating to the Trojan war. It embraced the
warned Caesar to beware of the Ides of March. period antecedent to the beginning of the Iliad,
It is related that, as Cesar was going to the to which it was designed to form an introducsenate-house on the fatal day, he said to Spu- tion.
rinna in jest, "Well, the Ides of March are  STATIELLI, STATIELLATES, or STATIELLENSES,
come," upon which the seer replied, "Yes, they a small tribe in Liguria, south of the Po, whose
are come, but they are not past."-2. A Roman chief town was Statielle Aqua (now Acqui), on
general, who fought on the side of Otho against the road from Genua to Placentia.
the Vitellian troops in the north of Italy. In  STATILIA MESSALINA. Vid. MESSALINA.
the reign of Trajan he gained a victory over the  STATILYUS TAURUS. Vid. TAURUs.
Bructeri. Spurinna lived on terms of the closest  [STATILIUS, L., a man of equestrian rank, was
friendship with the younger Pliny, from whom  one of Catiline's conspirators, and was put to
we learn that Spurinna composed lyric poems. death with Lentulus and the others in the TulThere are extant four odes, or rather fragments lianum.]
of odes, in choriambic measure, ascribed to Spu-  STATIRA (Traretpa). 1. Wife of Artaxerxes
rinna, and which were first published by Bar- II., king of Persia, was poisoned by Parysatis,
thius in 1613. Their genuineness, however, is the mother of the king, who was a deadly enevery doubtful.                            my of Statira.-2. Sister and wife of Darius III.,
SPURINUS, Q. PETILLIUS, praetor urbanus in celebrated as the most beautiful woman of her
B.C. 181, in which year the books of King Nu: time. She was taken prisoner by Alexander,
ma Pompilius are said to have been discovered together with her mother-in-law Sisygambis and
upon the estate of one L. Petillius. Spurinus her daughters, after the battle ofIssus, B.C. 333.
obtained possession of the books, and upon his They were all treated with the utmost respect
representation to the senate that they ought not by the conqueror, but Statira died shortly beto be read and preserved, the senate ordered fore the battle of Arbela, 331.-3. Also called
them  to be burned.  Vid. NUMA. Spurinus BARSINE, elder daughter of Darius III. Vid.
was consul in 176, and fell in battle against the BARSINE.
Ligurians.                                  STATIUS MURCUS. Vid. MURCUS.
STABILE (Stabianus: now Castell a IMare di  [STATIUS. 1. A literary slave of Q. Cicero,
Stabia), an ancient town in Campania, between whom he subsequently manumitted, had given
Pompeii and Surrentum, which was destroyed offence to M. Cicero, as appears fiom the latby Sulla in theSocial War, but which continued ter's letters.-2. GELLIUS, a general of the Samto exist as a small place down to the great erup- nites, was defeated by the Romans and taken
tion of Vesuvius in A.D. 79, when it was over- prisoner in B.C. 305.]
whelmed along with Pompeii and Herculaneum.  STATIUS, P. PAPINIUS, was born at Neapolis
It was at Stabiae that the, elder Pliny perished.  about A.D. 61, and was the son of a distinguishSTAGIRUS, subsequently STAGIRA (.rdyetpoc, ed grammarian. He accompanied his father to
TraC rdcyetpa, ];rayetpa: rayetpircg: now Stav- Rome, where the latter acted as the preceptor
ro), a town of Macedonia in Chalcidice, on the of Domitian, who held him in high honor. UnStrymonic Gulf, and a little north of the isthmus der the skillful tuition of his father, the young
which unites the promontory of Athos to Chal- Statius speedily rose to fame, and became pecucidice. It was a colony of Andros, was found- liarly renowned for the brilliancy of his externed B.C.' 656, and was originally called Orthago- poraneous effusions, so that he gained the prize
ria. It is celebrated as the birth-place of Aris- three times in the Alban contests; but having,
832




STATONIA.                               STESICHORUS.
after a long career of popularity, been vanquish-, ic poet of the New Comedy, was probably the
ed in the quinquennial games, he retired to Ne- son of Antiphanes, some of whose plays he is
apolis, the place of his nativity, along with his said to have exhibited.-,2. Of Byzantium, the
wife Claudia, whose virtues he frequently com- author of the geographical lexicon entitled Ethmemorates. He died about A.D. 96. It has nica ('EOvtici), of which, unfortunately, we posbeen inferred from a passage in Juvenal (vii., sess only an epitome. Stephanus was a gram82), that Statius, in his earlieryears at least, marian at Constantinople, and lived after the
was forced to struggle with poverty; but he time of Arcadius and Honorius, and before that
appears to have profited by the patronage of of Justinian II. His work was reduced to an
Domitian (S'lv., iv., 2), whom he addresses in epitome by a certain Hermolaus, who dedicastrains of the most fulsome adulation. The ex- ted his abridgment to the Emperor Justinian
tant worls of Statius are: 1. Silvarum Libri V., II. According to the title, the chief object of
a collection of thirty-two occasional poems, the work was to specify the gentile names de-.many of them of considerable length, divided rived from the several names of places and
into five books. To each book is prefixed a countries in the ancient world. But, while this
dedication in prose, addressed to some friend. is done in every article, the amount of informaThe metre chiefly employed is,the heroic hex- tion given went far beyond this. Nearly every
ameter, butfour of the pieces (i., 6; ii., 7; iv., article in the epitome contains a reference to
3, 9) are in Phaleecian hendecasyllabics, one some ancient writer, as an authority foi the
(iv., 5) in the' Alcaic, and one (iv., 7) in the naime of the place; but in the original, as we
Sapphic stanza.  2. Thebaidos Libri XII., an see from the extant fragments, there were conheroic poem in twelve books, embodying the siderable quotations from the ancient authors,
ancient legends with regard to the expedition besides a number of very interesting particuof the Seven against Thebes. 3.'Achilleidos lars, topographical, historical, mythological, and
Libri II., an heroic poem breaking off abruptly. others. Thus the work was not merely what
According to the original plan, it would have it professed to be, a lexicon of a special branch
comprised a complete history of the exploits of of technical grammar, but a valuable dictionary
Achilles, but was probably never finished. Sta- of geography. How great would have been its
tius may justly claim the praise of standing in value to us, if it had come down to us unmutithe foremost rank among the. heroic poets of the lated, may be seen by any one who compares
Silver Age. He is in, a great measure free from  the extant fragments of the original with the
extravaganceand pompous pretensions; but, on corresponding articles in the epitome. These
the other hand, in no portion of his works dowe fragments, however, are unfortunately very
find the impress of high natural talent and im- scanty. The best editions of the Epitome of
posing power.'The pieces which form the Sil- Stephanus are by Dindorf, Lips., 1825, &c., 4
vae, although evidently thrown off in haste, pro- vols.; by Westermann, Lips.', 1839, 8vo; and
duce a much more pleasing effect than the am- by Meineke, Berlin, 1849, vol. i.
bitious poems of the Thebaid or the Achilleid.  STERCULIUS, STERCUTiUS; or STERQUILINUS, a
The best editions of the Silvce are by Markland, surname of Saturnus, derived from  Stercus,
Lond., 1728, and by Sillig, Dresd., 1827. The manure, because he had promoted agriculture
best edition of the complete works of Statius is by teaching the people the use of manure. This
by Lemaire, 4 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1825-1830.  seems to have been the original meaning, though
STATONIA (Statoniensis), a town in Etruria, some Romans state that Sterculius was a surand a Roman preefectura, on the River Albinia, name of Picumnus, the son of Faunus, to whom
and on the Lacus Statoniensis, in the neighbor- likewise improvements in agriculture are ashood of which were stone quarries, and excel- cribed.
lent wine was grown.                        STEIROPE (1rep6Orm), one of the Pleiads, wife
STATOR, a Roman surname of Jupiter, describ- of CEnomaus, and daughter of Hippodamia.
ing him as staying the Romans in their flight  STEROPES. Vid. CYCLOPES.
from an enemy, and generally as preserving the  [STERTINIUS, a Stoic philosopher, whom Horexisting ordewof things.                  ace (Sat., ii., 3, 296), in derision, calls the eighth
STECTSRIUM (ZTrecr6pov: now Afioum Kara- of the wise men: the scholiast says that he
Hisar?), a city of Great Phrygia, between Pel- wrote two hundred and thirty books on the
tee and Synnadia.                         Stoic philosophy in the Latin language.]
STENTOR (2TeTrwp), a herald of the Greeks in  STESICHORUS (iraciXopof), of Himera in Sicthe Trojan war, whose voice was as loud as ily, a celebrated Greek poet, contemporary with
that of fifty other men together. His name has Sappho, Aleeus, Pittacus,' and Phalaris, is said
become proverbial for any one shouting with an to have been born B.C. 632, to have flourished
unusually loud voice.                     about 608, and to have died in 552, at the age
STENTORIS LACUS. Vid. HEBRUS.           of eighty. Of the events of his life we have
STENYCLERUS (1revVKIcpoS, Dor. 7reVVZKLa- onlya few obscure accounts. Like other great
po:  rrEvvKcOpofC), a town in the north of Mes- poets, his birth is fabled to have been attended
senia, which was the residence of the Dorian by an omen; a nightingale sat upon the babe's
kings of the country. After the time of the lips, and sung a sweet strain. He is said to
third Messenian war the town is no longer men- have been carefully educated at Catana, and
tioned; but its name continued to be given to afterward to have enjoyed the friendship of
an extensive plain in the north of Messenia.  Phalaris, the tyrant of Agrigentum. Many writtTEPHANE or-is (Zr~e0v7l, Z.2reavig: now Ste- ers relate the fable of his being miraculously
fanio), a sea-port town of Paphlagonia, on the struck with blindness after writing an attack
coast of the Mariandyni.                  upon Helen, and recovering his sight when he
STEPHAINUS (re0Qavog). 1. AnAthenian com- had composed a Palinodia. He is said to have
53                                                             833




STESICLES.                                  STILPO.
been. buried at Catana by a gate of the city, the faithful friend and companion of Diomedes.
which was called after him the Stesichorean He was one of the Greeks concealed in the
gate. Stesichorus was one of the nine chiefs wooden horse, and at the distribution of the
of lyric poetry recognized by the ancients. He booty, he was said to have received an image
stands, with Alcman, at the head of one branch of a three-eyed Jupiter (Zeus), which was in
of the lyric art, the choral poetry of the Do- after times shown at Argos. His own statue
rians. He was the first to break the monotony and tomb also were-believed to exist at Argos.
of the strophe and antistrophe by the introduc- -5. Father of Cycnus, who was metamorphtion,of the epode, and his metres were much osed into a swan. Hence we find the swan
more varied, and the structure of his strophes called by Ovid Stheneleis volucris and Stheneleia
more elaborate, than those of Alcman.  His proles. - 6. A tragic poet, contemporary with
odes contained all the essential dlements of the Aristophanes, who attacked him in the Wasps.
perfect choral poetry of Pindar and the trage-  STHENO. Vid. GORGONES.
dians. The subjects of his poems were chiefly  [STICHIUS (:rtXio0), a leader of the Atheheroic; he transferred the subjects of the old nian forces in the Trojan war, was slain by Hecepic poetry to the lyric form, dropping, of course, tor.]
the continuous narrative, and dwelling on iso-  STILiCHO, son of a Vandal captain under the
lated adventures of his heroes. He also com- Emperor Valens, became one of the'most di~posed poems on other subjects. His extant re- tinguished generals of Theodosius I. On the
mains may be classified under the following death of Theodosius, A.D. 395, Stilicho became
heads: 1. Mythical Poems. 2. Hymns, Enco- the real ruler of the West under the Emperor Homia, Epithalamia, Peans.  3. Erotic Poems, norius; and his power-was srengthened by the
and Scholia. 4. A pastoral poem, entitled Daph- death of his rival Rufinus (vid. RUFINUS), and by
nis. 5. Fables. 6. Elegies. The dialect of Ste- the marriage of his daughter Maria to Honorius,
sichorus was Dorian, with an intermixture of His military abilities saved the Western em-the epic. The best edition of his fragments is pire; and after gaining several victories over
by Kleine, Berol., 1828.                  the barbarians, he defeated Alaric at the deci[STESICLES (ZTitLKarg, called by Diodorus sive battle of Pollentia, 403, and compelled, him
Krioiacig), was sent by the Athenians with six to retire from Italy. In 405 he gained another
hundredpeltastae to aid the Corcyreans against great victory over Radagaisus, who had invadthe Lacedaemonians under Mnasippus, B.C.'373. ed Italy at the head of a formidable host of barHe was successful, and caused the withdrawal barians.:These victories raised the ambition
of the Lacedaemonians from Corcyra.]      of Stilicho to so high a pitch that he aspired
STESIMBROTUS (2Z7TriGU6poTOt), of Thasos, a to make himself master of the Roman empire';
rhapsodist and historian in the time of Cimon but he was apprehended and put to death at
and Pericles, who is mentioned with praise by Ravenna in 408.
Plato and Xenophon, and who wrote a work    STILO, L. LELIUS PRCONINUS, a celebrated
upon Homer, the' title of which is not known. Roman grammarian, one of the teachers of
He also wrote some historical works.      Varro and Cicero. He received the surname
STHENEB(EA (ZOQve6oea), called ANTEA by of Praeconinus because his father had been a
many writers, was a daughter of the Lycian preco, and that of Stilo on account of his comking Iobates, and the wife of Prcetus: Respect- positions.  He belonged to the aristocratical
ing her love for Bellerophon, vid. BELLERO- party, and accompanied Q. Metellus Numidicus
PHONTES.                                  into exile in B.C. 100. He wrote Commenta[STHENELAYDAS (Z6eveaat'aca), a Spartan ephor, ries on the Songs of the Salii and on the Twelve
who strongly urged thedeclaration ofwar against Tables, a work De Proloquiis, &c. He and his
Athens in the assembly of the Spartans and son-in-law, Ser. Claudius, may be regarded as
their allies before the Peloponnesian war, and the founders of the study of grammar at Rome.
contributed greatly to that determination on the Some modern writers suppose that the work on
part of the assembly.]                    Rhetoric ad C. Herennium, which is printed in
STHENELUS (08eve2tOC). 1. Son of Perseus and the editions of Cicero, is the work of this _Elius,
Andromeda, king of Mycenae, and husband of but this is mere conjecture.
Nicippe, by whom he became the father of Al-  STILPO (ETri2rtv), a celebrated philosopher,
cinoe, Medusa, and Eurystheu:' The latter, as was a native of Megara, and taught philosophy
the great enemy of Hercules (vid. HERCULES), in his native town. According to one account,
is called by Ovid Stheneleius hostis. —2. Son of he engaged in dialectic encounters with DiodoAndrogeos and grandson of Minos. He accom- rus Cronus at the court of Ptolemaeus Soter;
panied Hercules from Paros on his expedition while, according to another, he did not comply
against the Amazons, and, together with his with the invitation of the king to visit Alexanbrother Alcaeus, he was appointed by Hercules drea. He acquired a great reputation; and so
ruler of Thasos.-3. Son of Actor, likewise a high was the esteem in which he was held, that
companion of Hercules in his expedition against Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, spared his
the Amazons; but he died, and was buried in house at the capture of Megara. He is said to
Paphlagonia, where he afterward appeared to have surpassed his contemporaries in inventive
the Argonauts.-4. SonofCapaneusandEvadne, power and dialectic, art, and to have inspired
belonged to the family of the Anaxagoridae in almost all Greece with a devotion to the MegaArgos, and was the father of Cylarabes; but, rian philosophy. He seems to have made the
according to others, his son's name was Come- idea of virtue the especial object of his coQnsidtes.  He was one of the Epigoni, by whom  eration.  He maintained that the wise man
Thebes was taken, and he commanded the Ar- ought not only to overcome every evil, but not
gives under Diomedes in the Trojan war, being even to be affected by any.
834




STIMO.                                   STRABO.
[ST!Mo,- a village of Thessaly, near Gomphi, group of five small islands in the Mediterramentioned by Livy.]                       nean, off the coast of Gallia Narbonensis and
STIMILA,, the name of Semele, according to east of Massilia, on which the Massiliotes kept
some critics,among the Romans.            an armed force to protect their trade against
STIRIA (Zeetpia:'E7tpteve: ruins on the bay pirates. The three larger islands were called
Porto Rafti), a demus in Attica, southeast of Prote, Mese or Pomponiana, and Hypeea, the
Brauron, belonging to the tribe- Pandionis, to modern Poiquerolle, Port Croz, and Isle de Lewhich there was a road from Athens called vant or du Titan; the two smaller ones are prob-. retepLtaici 06g., It was the birth-place of The- ably the modern Ratoneau and Pronzmgne.
ramenes and Thrasybulus.                    STCENI, a Ligurian people in the Maritime
STOB EUS, JOANNES ('ICadvvg o6 2ro6aiog), de- Alps, conquered by Q. Marcius Rex B.C. 118,
rived his surname apparently from being a na- before he founded the colony of'Narbo Martius.
tive of Stobi in Macedonia. Of his personal  STRABO, a cognomen in many Roman gentes,'history we. know nothing. Even the age in signified a person who squinted, and is accord*which he lived can not be fixed with accuracy, ingly classed with PIetus, though the latter word
but he must have been later than Hierocles of did not indicate such a complete distortion of
Alexandrea, whom he quotes. Probably he did vision as Strabo.
not live very long after him, as he quotes no  STRABO, the geographer, was a native of Ama-.writer.ofa later date. We are indebted to Sto- sia in Pontus. The date. of his birth is unbeus for a very valuable collection of extracts known, but may perhaps be placed about B.C.
from' earlier' Greek writers. Stobeeus was a 54.' He lived during the whole of the reign of
man of extensive reading, in the course of which Augustus, and during the early part, at least,
he noted down the. most interesting, passages. of the reign of. Tiberius. He is supposed to
The materials which he had collected in this have died about A.D. 24. He received a careway he arranged, in the order of subjects, for. ful education. He studied grammar under Aristhe-use of. his son Septimius. This collection todemus at Nysa in Caria, and philosophy under
of extracts has come down to us, divided into Xenarchus of Seleucia in Cilicia and Boethus
two distinct works, of which one' bears the. title of Sidon. He lived some years at Rome, and
of'EKAoyai lvvalcai dtauEcrLKac tsal 9iOtcat (Ec- also travelled much in various countries. We
logce Physicc&, etc.), and the other the title of learn from his own work that he was with his'AvOo2L6ytov (Florilegiurm or Sermones). The Ec- friend /Elius Gallus in Egypt in B.C. 24. He
logce consist for the most part of extracts con- wrote an historical work ('Iaropuca'Yrol/v~/zara)
veying the views of earlierpoets'and prose writ- in forty-three books, which is lost. It began
ers on points of physics, dialectics, and ethics. where the history of Polybius ended, and was
The Florilegiumn, or Sermones, is devoted to sub- probably continued to the battle of Actium. He
jects of a moral, political, and economical kind,' also wrote a work on Geography (rewypaocd),
and maxims of practical wisdom. Each chap- in seventeen books, which has come down to
ter of the Eclogae and Sermones is headed by us entire, with the exception of the seventh,
a title describing its matter. The extracts quat- of which we have only a meagre epitome. Straed in' illustration begin usually with' passages bo's work, according to his, own expression,
from the poets, after whom come historians, was not intended forthe use of all persons. It
orators, philosophers, and physicians. To Sto- was designed for all who had had a good edubaeus we are indebted for a large proportion of cation, and particularly for those who were enthe fragments that remain of the lost works of gaged in the higher departments of adminispoets. Euripides seems to have been an espe- tration.  Consistently with this view, his plan
cial favorite with him. He has quoted above does not comprehend minute description, except
five hundred passages from him in the Ser- when the place or the object is of great interest
mones, one hundred and fifty from Sophocles, or importance; nor is his description limited to
and above two hundred from Menander. In ex- the physical characteristics of each country; it
tracting from prose writers, Stobeus sometimes comprehends the important political events of
quotes verbatim, sometimes gives only an epit- which each country has been the theatre, a noome of the passage. The best editions'of the tice of the chief cities and the great men who
Eclogye are by Heeren, Gotting., 1792-1801, 4 have illustrated them; in short, whatever was
vols. Svo, [and by Gaisford, Oxford, 1850, 2 most characteristic and interesting in every
vols. 8vo], and of the Florilegium by Gaisford, country. His work forms a striking contrast
Oxon., 1822, 4 vols. 8vo.                 with the geography of Ptolemy, and the dry list
STrBI (r766oto: Zro6aToc), a town of Macedo- of names, occasionally relieved by something
nia, and the most important place in the dis- added to them, in the geographical portion of
trict Paeonia, was probably situated on the River the Natural History of Pliny. It is, in short, a
Erigon, north of Thessalonica and northeast of book intended for reading, and it may be read;
Heraclea. It was made a Roman colony and' a a kind of historical geography. Strabo's lanmunicipium, and under the later emperors was guage is generally clear, except in those pasthe capital of the province Macedonia II. or sages where the text has been corrupted; it is
Salutaris. It was destroyed at the end of the appropriate to the matter, simple and without
fourth century by the Goths; but it is still men- affectation. The first two books of Strabo are
tioned; by the Byzantine writers as a fortress an introduction to his Geography, and contain
under the name of Stypeum (ErT7Treov). Its site his view's on the form and magnitude of the
is unknown; for the modern Istib,'which is earth, and other subjects connected with mathusually supposed to stand upon the site of Stobi, ematical geography. In the third book he belies too far to the northeast.            gins his description: he devotes eight books to
STCECHXDES INSULE   (now Isle d'Hieres), a Europe; six to Asia; and the seventeenth and
835




STRABO.                                  STRATUS.
last to Egypt and Libya. The best editions of century B.C., who appears to have lived on
Strabo are by Casauboji, Geneva, 1587, and very intimate terms with his tutor.
Paris, 1620, fol,-reprinted by Almeloveen, Am-  STRATONiCE (XrparovtcKr). 1. Wife of Antigosterdam, 1707, and by Falconer, Oxford, 1807, nus, king of Asia, by whom she became the
2 vols. fol.-by Siebenkees, and Tzschucke, mother of Demetrius Poliorcetes. —2. Daughter
Lips., 1811, 7 vols. 8vo; by Coraes, Paris, 1815, of Demetrius Poliorcetes and Phila, the daughseq., 4 vols. 8vo; and by Kramer, Berlin, 1844, ter of Antipater. In 300, at which time she
seq., of which only two volumes have yet ap- could not have been more than seventeen years
peared. This last is by far the best critical edi- of age, she was married to Seleucus, king of
tion.                                     Syria. Notwithstanding the disparity of their
STRABO, FANNIUS.. 1, C., consul B.C. 161 ages, she lived in harmony with the old king for
with M. Valerius Messala. In their consulship some years, when it was discovered that her
the rhetoricians were expelled from Rome.-2. step-son Antiochus was deeply enamored of
C., son of the preceding, consul 122. He owed her, and Seleucus, in order to save the life of
his election to the consulship chiefly to the in- his son, which was endangered by the viofluence of C. Gracchus, who was anxious to pre- lence of his passion, gave up Stratonice in marvent his enemy Opimius from obtaining the of- riage to the young prince. She bore three chilfice. But in his consulship Fannius supported dren to Antiochus: 1. Antiochus I., surnamed
the aristocracy, and took an active part in op- Theos; 2. Apama, married to Magas, king of
posing the measures of Gracchus. He spoke Cyrene; and, 3. Stratonice.-3. Daughter of the
against the proposal of Gracchus, who wished preceding and of Antiochus I., was married to
to give the Roman franchise to the Latins, in Demetrius II., king of Macedonia. She quitted
a speech which was regarded as a master-piece Demetrius in disgust on account of his second
in the time of Cicero.-3. C., son-in-law of La- marriage with Phthia, the daughter of Olymlius, and frequently confounded with No. 2. He pias, and retired to Syria. Here she was put
served in Africa. under Scipio Africanus, in 146, to death by her nephew Seleucus II., against
and in Spain, under Fabius -Maximus, in 142. whom she had attempted to raise a revolt.-4.
He is introduced by Cicero as one of the speak- Daughter of Antiochus II., king of Syria, marers both in his work De Republica and in his ried to Ariarathes III., king of Cappadocia.-5.
treatise De Amicitia. He owed his celebrity in One of the favorite wives of Mithradates the
literature to his History, which was written in Great.
Latin, and of which Brutus made an abridg-  STRAToNiCEA (rpparoviceiK, ZTparovecr':  rpament.                                     ro70vLf, Stratoniceus, Stratonicensis: now ruSTRABO, SEIUS. Vid. SEJANUS.            ins at Eski-Hisar), one of the chief inland cities
STRATSCLES (ZrpaToK2c), an Athenian orator, of Caria, built by Antiochus I. Soter, who fortiand a friend of the orator Lycurgus. He was fied it strongly, and named it in honor- of his
a virulent opponent-of Demosthenes, whom he wife Stratonice. It stood east of Mylasa, and
charged with having accepted bribes from Har- south of Alabanda, near the River Marsyas, a
palus. Stratocles especially distinguished him- southern tributary of the Maeander. Under the
self by his extravagant flattery of Demetrius.  Romans it was a free city, and it was improved
STRATON (Trp6drv). 1. Son of Arcesilaus of by Hadrian. Near it stood the great temple of
Lampsacus, was a distinguished peripatetic phi- Jupiter (Zeus) Chrysaoreus, the centre of the
losopher, and the tutor of Ptolemy Philadel- national worship of the Carians. There is some
phus. He succeeded Theophrastus as head of reason to believe that Stratonicea stood on the
the school in B.C. 288, and, after presiding over site of a former city, called Idrias, and, still earit eighteen years, was succeeded by Lycon. He lier, Chrysaoris.
devoted himself especially to the study of nat-  [STRATONICUS (1rpaTi6vocog), of Athens, a disural science, whence he obtained the appella- tinguished musician of the time of Alexander
tion of Physicus. Cicero, while speaking high- the Great, famed for his wit, and the large numly of his talents, blames him for neglecting the ber of pupils attending his musical instructions.
most necessary part of philosophy, that which UHe is said, to have visited Nicocles in Cyprus,
has respect to virtue and morals, and giving and there to have met his death by his too great
himself up to the investigation of nature. Stra- independence.]
ton appears to have held a pantheistic system,  STRATONIS TURRIS. Vid. CESAREA, No. 3.
the specific character of which can not, how-  STRATTIS (ZErpadrrT or 7rpdrsc), an Athenian
ever, be determined. He seems to have denied poet of the Old Comedy, flourished from B.C.
the existence of any god out of the material uni- 412 to 380. [His fragments are collected in
verse, and to have held that every particle of Meineke's Comic. Grcec. Fragm., vol. i., p. 428matter has a plastic and seminal power, but 441, edit. minor.]
without sensation or intelligence; and that life,  STRATUS (ZrpdroS). 1. (.rp'Tpdac: ruins near
sensation, and intellect are but forms, accidents, Lepenu or Lepanon), the chieftown in Acarnaand affections of matter. Some modern writ- nia, ten stadia west of the Achelous. Its terriers have regarded Straton as a forerunner of tory was called STRATICE. It was a stronglySpinoza, while others see in his system an an- fortified town, and commanded the ford of the
ticipation of the hypothesis of monads.-2. Of Achelous on the high road from Etolia to AcarSardis, an epigrammatic poet, and the compiler nania. Hence it was a place of military imof a Greek Anthology, devoted to licentious portance, and was at an early period taken possubjects. Vid. PLANUDES.-3. A physician of session of by the Atolians.-2. A town in AchBerytus in Phoenicia, one of whose medical aia, afterward called DYME.-3.'A town in the
formulae is quoted by Galen.-4. Also a phy- west of Arcadia, in the territory of Thelpusa,
sician, and a pupil of Erasistratus in the third perhaps the same as the Homeric Stratia.'
836




STRONGYLE.                                 SUCCABAR.
STRONGYLE.'Vid. NAXOS.                 thon in Attica. The inhabitants were originally
STRONGYLION (rpoyY'vUyavr), a distinguished Dryopes, though they subsequently denied their
Greek statuary, flourished during the last thirty descent from this people. They took an active
or forty years of the fifth century B.C.  part in the Persian war, and fought at ArtemisSTROPHXDES INSULJE (.rpoCpidE&), formerly ium, Salamis, and Platae. They afterward becalled PLOTm- (Ialora: now Strofadia- and came subject to the Athenians, and paid a yearStrivali), two islands in the Ionian Sea, off the ly tribute of twelve hundred drachmae. The
coast of Messenia and south of Zacynthus. town' was destroyed in the Lamian war by the
The Harpies were pursued to these islands by Athenian general Phsedrus, and its territory was
the sons of Boreas; and it was from the cir- annexed to Eretria.
curnstance of the latter returning from these  STYX (rTV:), connected with the verb arTyeo,
islands after the pursuit that they are supposed to hate or abhor, is the name of the principal
to have obtained the name of Strophades.  river in the nether world, around which it flows
STROPHIUS (rTp6oLo) 1. King of Phocis, son seven times. Styx is described as a daughter
of Crissus and Antiphatia, and husband of Cydra- of Oceanus and Tethys. As a nymph she dwelt
gora, Anaxibia, or Astyochia, by whom he be- at the entrance of Hades, in a lofty grotto which
came the father of Astydamia and Pylades. Vid. was supported by silver columns. As a river,
ORESTES.-[2. Father of Scamandrius, mention- Styx is described as a branch of Oceanus, flowed in the Iliad (v., 49).]                ing from its tenth source; and the River CoSTRUCHATES (rTpoUxaref), a Median people, cytus, again, is a branch of the Styx. By Pallas
mentioned only by Herodotus (i., 101).     Styx became the mother of Zelus (zeal), Nice
[STRYME (2rpv-u': Y.;rpvjo1v6r, Zrpv/iactzo, and (victory), Bia (strength), and Cratos (power).
Trpv/uaZoc), on the Lissus, a city of the Thasii She was the first of all the immortals who took
in Thrace: also claimed as their own by the her children to Jupiter (Zeus) to assist him
Maronitae, who contended with the Thasians against the Titans;,and, in return'for this, her
for its possession.]                      children were allowed forever to live with JuSTRYMON (now Struma, by the Turks Karasu), piter (Zeus), and Styx herself became the dian important river in Macedonia, forming the vinity by whom the most solemn oaths were
boundary between that country and Thrace sworn. When one of the gods had to take an
down to the time of Philip. It rose in Mount oath by Styx, Iris fetched a cup full of water
Scomius, flowed first south and then southeast, from the Styx, and the god, while taking the
passed through the Lake Prasias, and, imme- oath, poured out the water.
diately south of Amphipolis, fell into a bay of  STYX (7;rS7: now Mavra-neria), a river in the
the.Egean Sea, called after it STRYMONICUS Si- north of Arcadia, near Nonacris, descending
NUS. The numerous cranes on its banks are from a high rock, and falling into the Crathis.
frequently mentioned by ancient writers.  The ancients believed that the water of this
STRYMONII (1rpvF6vtot), the old name, accord- river was poisonous; and, according to one tale,
ing to Herodotus, of the Bithynians, who mi- Alexander the Great was poisoned by it. It
grated into Asia Minor from the banks of the was said, also, to break all vessels made of glass,
River Strymon. Bithynia was sometimes call- stone, metal, and any other material except of
ed Strymonis.                             the-hoof of a horse or a mule.
STusiBRA, a town of Macedonia, in the district  SUADA, the Roman personification of persuaPaeonia, probably on the River Erigou.    sion, the Greek Pitho (Ieti&6), also called by the
STYMPHALIDES. Vid. STYMPHALUS.          diminutive Suadela.
STYMPHALIS (7rv/uactf). 1. A lake in Area-  SUAGEILA (ovdyeRa), an ancient city of Caria,
dia. Vid. STYMPHALUS.-2. A district in Mace- near Myndus, was the burial-place of the old
donia, between Atintania and Elimiotis.   kings of the country.
STYMPHALUS (2r7/6zabeocf, r5it/on:' 1rvi-  SUASA (Suasanus: now S. Lorenzo), a mu-,QUc0), a town in the northeast of Arcadia, the nicipium in Umbria, on the Sena.
territory of which was bounded on the north by  SuASTUS. Vid. CHOASPES, No. 2.
Achaia, on the east by Sicyonia and Phliasia, on  SUBERTUM or SUDERTUM (Sudertanus: now
the south by the territory of Mantinea, and on Sovretto), a town in,the.interior of Etruria.
the west by that of Orchomenus and Pheneus.  SUBLAQUEUM (Sublacensis: now Subiaco), a
The district was one of military importance, small town of the.Equi in Latium, on the Anio,
since it commanded one of the chief roads near its source. Near it stood the celebrated
from Arcadia to Argolis. Its name is said to villa of Claudius and Nero (Villa Sublacensis);
have been derived from Stymphalus, a'son of and from it was derived the name of the Via
Elatus and grandson of Areas. The town it- Sublacensis, which was a branch of the Via Tiself was situated on a mountain of the same burtina.
name, and on the northern side of the Lake  S SBLICIUS PONS. Vid ROMA, p. 748, a.
STYMPHALIS (ZrTv/,aiS: now Zaraka), on which  SUBUR. 1. A town of the Leetani in Hispadwelt, according to tradition, the celebrated nia Tarraconensis, east of Tarraco, described by
birds called STYMPHAt!DES (;Trvpqat4dec), de- some as a town of the Cosetani, and by others,
stroyed by Hercules. (For details, vid. p. 357, again, as a town of the Ilergetes.-2. (Now
b.) From this lake issued the River Stympha- Subu or Cubu), a.river in Mauretania Tingitana,
lus. which, after a short course, disappeared un- flowing past the colony Banasa into the Atder ground, and was supposed to appear again lantic Ocean.
as the River Erasinus in Argolis.           SUBURA or SUBURRA. Vid. ROSSA, p. 748, b.
STYRA (r. Zrvpa.: Zrvpe v: now Stura), a  SuBZUPARA (now Zarvi), a town in Thrace, on
town in Euboea, on the southwestern coast, not the road from Philippopolis to Hadrianopolis.
far from Carystus, and nearly opposite Mara-  SUCCABAR (ZovXd6appL, Ptol.: now Mazuna?),
837




SUCC.                                     SUEVI.
an inland city of Mauretania Caesariensis, south- of whose letters are addressed to him. At the
east of the mouth of the Chinalaph. It was a request of Pliny, Trajan granted to Suetonius
colonia, and is mentioned by Ammianus Mar- the jius trium liberorum; for, though he was marcellinus under the name ofoppidum Sugar-ba- ried, he had not three children, which number
ritanum.                                  was necessary to relieve him from various legal
SucciorSuccoRUM ANGUSTI.. Vid..HmMUS  disabilities. Suetonius was-afterward appointSuRno. 1. (Now Xucar), a river in Hispania ed private secretary (Magister Epistolarum) to
Tarraconensis, rising in a southern branch of Hadrian, but was deprived of this office by the
Mount Idubeda, in the territory of the Celtiberi, emperor, along with Septicius Clarus, the Prasand falling south of Valentia into a gulf of the feet of the Preetorians, on the ground of assoMediterranean called after it Sinus Sucronensis ciating with Sabina, the emperor's wife, without
(now Gulf of Valencia).-2. (Now Cullera), a his permission. Suetonius wrote many works,
town of the Edetani in Hispania Tarraconensis, of which the only ones extant are, Vitac Duoon the preceding river, and between the Iberus decim Ccesarumn, or the twelve emperors, of
and Carthago Nova.                        whom the first is C. Julius Caesar, and the last
SUDERTUM. Vid. SUBERTUM.                is Domitian; Liber de illustribus Grammaticis;
SUDETI MONTES, a range of mountains in the Liber de claris Rhetoribus; Vitae Terentii, Horasoutheast of Germany, in which the Albis takes tii, Persii, Lucani, Juvenalis, Plinii Majoris. His
its rise.                                 chief work is his Lives of the Caesars. SuetoSUEL (now Fuengirola), a town in Hispania nius does not follow the chronological order in
Baetica, on the road from Malaca to Gades.  his Lives, but he groups together many things
SUESSA AURUNCA (Suessanus: now Sessa), a of the same kind. His language is very brief
town of the Aurunci in Latium, east of the Via and precise, sometimes obscure, without any
Appia, between Minturnme and Teanum, on the affectation of ornament. He certainly tells a
western slope of Mons Massicus. It was situ- prodigious number of scandalous anecdotes
ated in a beautiful district called Vescinus ager, about the Casars, but there was plenty to tell
whence it has been supposed that the town about them; and if he did not choose to supitself was at one time called Vescia. It was press those anecdotes which he believed to be
made a Roman colony in the Samnite wars, but true, that is no imputation on his veracity. As
must have been afterward colonized afresh, a great collection of facts of all kinds, the work
since we find it called in inscriptions Col. Julia on the Caesars is invaluable for the historian
Felix. It was the birth-place of the poet Lucil- of this period. His judgment and his honesty
ius.                                      have both been attacked by some modern critics;
SUEssA POMETIA (Suessanus), also called Po- but we are of opinion that, on both grounds, a
METIA simply, an ancient and important town of careful study of his work will justify him. The
the Volsci in Latium, south of Forum Appii, friendship of the younger Pliny is evidence in
conquered by the Romans under Tarquinius favor of his integrity. The treatise De illustriPriscus, and taken a second time and sacked  bus Grammaticis and that De claris Rhetoribus
by the consul Servilius. It was one of the are probably only parts of a larger work. They
twenty-three cities situated in the plain after- contain a few biographical and other notices,
ward covered by the Pomptine Marshes, which that are occasionally useful. It has been conare said indeed to have derived their name from  jectured that the few scanty lives of the Latin
this town.                                poets, already enumerated, belonged to a larger
SUESSETANI, a people in Hispania Tarraconen- work De Poetis. If this conjecture be true,
sis, mentioned in connection with the Sedetani. the short notice of the elder Pliny may not be
SUESSIONES or SUESSONES, a powerful people by Suetonius. A work entitled De Viris Illusin Gallia Belgica, who were reckoned the bravest tribus, which has been attributed both to Sueof all the Belgic Gauls after the Bellovaci, and tonius and the younger Plinius, is now unaniwho could bring fifty thousand men into the field mously assigned to Aurelius Victor. The best
in Caesar's time. Their King Divitiacus, shortly editions of Suetonius are by P. Burmann, Ambefore Caesar's arrival in the country, was reck- sterdam, 1736, 2 vols. 4to, and by Baumgartenoned the most powerful chief in all Gaul, and Crusius, Lips., 1816, 3 vols. 8vo.
had extended his sovereignty even over Britain.  SUEVI, one of the greatest and most powerful
The Suessiones dwelt in an extensive and fer- races of Germany, or, more properly speaktile country east of the Bellovaci, south of the ing, the collective name of a great number of
Veromandui, and west of the Remi. Theypos- German tribes, who were grouped together on
sessed twelve towns, of which the capital was account of their migratory mode of life, and
Noviodunum, subsequently Augusta Suessonum  spoken of in opposition to the more settled
or Suessones (now Soissons).              tribes, who went under the general name of InSUESSULA (Suessulanus: now Torre di Ses- gaevones. The Suevi are described by all the
sola), a town in Samnium, on the southern slope ancient writers as occupying the greater half
of Mount Tifata.                          of all Germany; but the accounts vary respectSUETONIUS PAULINUS. Vid. PAULINUS.      ing the part of the country which they inhabitSUETONIUS TRANQUILLUS, C., the Roman his- ed. Caesar represents them as dwelling east
torian, was born about the beginning of the of the Ubii and Sygambri, and west of the Chereign of Vespasian. His father was Suetonius rusci, and their country as divided into one
Lenis, who was a tribune of the thirteenth le- hundred cantons. Strabo makes them extend
gion in the battle of Bedriacum, in which Otho in an easterly direction beyond the Albis, and
was defeated. Suetonius practiced as an advo- in a southerly as far as the sources of the Dancate at Rome in the reign of Trajan. He lived ube. Tacitus gives the name of Suevia to the
on intimate terms with the younger Pliny, many whole of the east of Germany from nthe Danube
838




SUFENAS, M. NONIUS.                        SULLA, CORNELIUS.
to the Baltic. At a later time the collective  SULGAS (now Sorgue), a river in Gaul, dename of the Suevi gradually disappeared; and scending from the Alps, and flowing into the
the different tribes of the Suevic race were each Rhone near Vindalum.
called by their distinctive names. In the sec-  SULLA, CORNELIUS, the name of a patrician
ond half of the third-century, however, we again family. This family was originally called Rufind a people called Suevi, dwelling between finus (vid. RUFINUS), and the first member of it
the mouth of the Main and the Black Forest, who obtained the name of Sulla was P. Cornewhose name is still preserved in the modern lius Sulla, mentioned below(No. 1). The origin
Suabia; but this people was only a body of bold of the name is uncertain. Most modern writers
adventurers from various German tribes, who suppose that it is a word of the same significaassumed the celebrated name'of the Suevi in tion as Rufus or Rufinus, and refers simply to
consequence of their not possessing any distin- the red color of the hair or the complexion; but
guishing appellation.                     it has been conjectured with greater probability
SUFENAS, M. NONIus, tribune of the plebs in that it is a diminutive of Sura, which was a cogB.C. 56, fought on Pompey's side at the battle nomen in several Roman gentes. It would be
of Pharsalia.                             formed from Sura on the same analogy as puella
SUFES (now Sbiba), a city of Northern Africa, from puera, and tenellus from tenet. There is
in the Carthaginian territory (Byzacena).  no authority for writing the word Sylla, as is
SUFETULA (now Sfaitla), a city of Byzacena, done by many modern writers. On coins and
south of Sufes, of which its name is a diminu- inscriptions we always find Sula or Sulla, never
tive. It became, however, a much more im- Sylla. 1. P., great-grandfather of the dictator
portant place, as a chief centre of the roads in Sulla, and grandson of P. Cornelius Rufinus,
the interior of the province of Africa. Its ruins who was twice consul in the Samnite wars.
are magnificent..                         Vid. RUFINUS, CORNELIUS.  His'father is not
SUIDAS (Zov5day), a Greek lexicographer, of mentioned. He was flamen dialis, and likewise
whom nothing is known. No certain conclu- praetor urbanus and peregrinus in B.C. 212,
sions as to the age of the compiler can be de- when he presided over the first celebration of
rived from passages in the work, since it may the Ludi Apollinares.-2. P., son of No. 1, and
have received numerous interpolations and ad- grandfather of the dictator Sulla, was praetor in
ditions. Eustathius, who lived about the end 186.-3. L., son of No. 2, and father of the dieof the twelfth century of the Christian era, tator Sulla, lived in obscurity, and left his son
quotes the Lexicon of Suidas; and there are only a slender fortune.-4. L. surnamed FELIX,
passages in the Lexicon referring to Michael the dictator, was born in 138. Although his
Psellus, who lived at the close of the eleventh father left him only a small property, his means
century. The Lexicon of Suidas is a dictionary were sufficient to secure for'him a good educaof words arranged in alphabetical order, with tion. He studied the Greek and Roman literasome few peculiarities of arrangement; but it ture with diligence and success, and appears
contains both words which are found in diction- early to have imbibed that love for literature
aries of languages, and also names of persons and art by which he was distinguished throughand places, with extracts from ancient Greek out life. At the same time he prosecuted pleaswriters, grammarians, scholiasts, and lexicog- ure with equal ardor, and his youth, as well as
raphers, and some extracts from later Greek his manhood, was disgraced by the most sensual
writers. The names of persons comprehend vices. Still his love of pleasure did not absorb
both persons who are mentioned in sacred and all his time, nor did it emasculate his mind; for
in profane history, which shows that if the work no Roman during the latter days of the repubis by one hand, it is by a Christian. No well- lie, with the exception of Julius Caesar, had a
conceived plan has been the basis of this work; clearer judgment, a keener discrimination of
it is incomplete as to the number of articles, character, or a firmer will. The slender propand exceedingly irregular and unequal in the erty of Sulla was increased by the liberality of
execution. Some articles are pretty complete, his step-mother and of a courtesan named Niothers contain no information at all. As to the copolis, both of whom left him all their fortune.
biographical notices, it has been conjectured His means, though still scanty for a Roman no..
that Suidas or the compiler got them all from  ble, now enabled him to aspire to the honors of
one source, which, it is further supposed, may the state. He was quaestor in 107, when he
be the Onomatologos or Pinax of Hesychius of served under Marius in Africa. Hitherto he
Miletus. The Lexicon, though without merit had only been known for his profligacy; but he
as to its execution, is valuable both for the liter- displayed both zeal and ability in the discharge
ary history of antiquity, for the explanation of of his duties, and soon gained the approbation
words, and for the citations from many ancient of his commander, and the affections of the solwriters. The best editions of the Lexicon are diers. It was to Sulla that Jugurtha was deby Kiister, Cambridge, 1705, 3 vols. fol.; by livered by Bocchus; and the quvestor thus
Gaisford, Oxford, 1834, 3 vols. fol.; and by Bern- shared with the consul the glory of bringing
hardy, 4to, Halle, 1834-50 (not yet complete).  this war to a Conclusion. Sulla himself was so
SUIONES, the general name of all the German proud of his share in the success, that he had a
tribes inhabiting Scandinavia.            seal ring engraved, representing the surrender
SUIsMAlONiTuM, a mountain in Liguria.   of Jugurtha, which he continued to wear till the
SULCI (Sulcitanus: now Sulci), an ancient day of his death. Sulla continued to serve untown in Sardinia, founded by the Carthaginians, der Marius with great distinction in the caniand a place of considerable maritime and com- paigns against the Cimbri and Teutones; but
mercial importance. it was situated on a prom- Marius becoming jealous of the rising fame of
oitury on the southwestern corner of the island. i his officer, Sulla left Marius in 102, and took a.839




SULLA, CORNELIUS.                         SULLA, CORNELIUS.
command under the colleague of Marius, Q. the war, against Mithradates to a conclusion.
Catulus, who intrusted the chief management After driving the generals of Mithradates out
of the war to Sulla. Sulla now returned to of Greece, Sulla crossed the Hellespont, and
Rome, where he appears to have lived quietly early in 84 concluded a peace with the king of
for some years. He was praetor in 93, and in Pontus. He now turned' his arms against Fimthe following year (92) was sent as proprietor bria, who had been appointed by the Marian
into Cilicia, with special orders from the senate party as his successor in the command. But
to restore Ariobarzanes to his kingdom of Cap- the troops of Fimbria deserted their general,
padocia, from which he had been expelled by'who put an end to his own life. Sulla now preMithradates. Sulla met with complete success. pared to return to Italy. After leaving his leHe defeated Gordius, the general of Mithrada- gate, L.'Licinius Murena, in command of the
tes, in Cappadocia, and placed Ariobarzanes on province of Asia, with two legions, he set sail
the throne. The enmity between Marius and with his own army to Athens. While preparSulla now assumed a more deadly form.'Sul- ing for his deadly struggle in Italy, he did not
la's ability and increasing reputation had already lose his interest in literature. He carried with
led the aristocratical party to look up to him as him from Athens to Rome the valuable library
one of their leaders; and thus political animos- of Apellicon of Teos, which contained most of
ity was added to private hatred. In addition the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus. Vid.
to this, Marius and Sulla were both anxious to APELLICON. He, landed at Brundisium in the
obtain the command of the impending war spring of 83. The Marian party far outnumagainst Mithradates; and the success which bered him in troops, and had every prospect of
attended Sulla's recent operations in the East victory. By bribery and promises, however,
had' increased his popularity, and pointed him  Sulla gained over a large number of the Marian
out as the most suitable person for this import- soldiers, and he persuaded many of the Italian
ant command. About this time Bocchus erect- towns to espouse his cause. In the field his
ed in the Capitol gilded figures, representing the efforts were crowned by equal success; *and he
surrender of Jugurtha to Sulla, at which Marius was ably supported by several of the Roman
was so enraged that he could scarcely be-pre- nobles, who espoused his cause in different
vented from removing them by force. The ex- parts of Italy. Of these one of the most disasperation of both parties became so violent that tinguished was the young Cn. Pompey, who
they' nearly had recourse to arms against each was at the time only twenty-three years of age.
other'; but the breaking out of the Social war Vid. POMPEIUS, No. 10.. In the following year
hushed all private quarrels for the time. Mari- (82) the struggle was brought to a close by the
us and Sulla both' took an active part in the war decisive battle gained by Sulla over the Samagainst the common foe.- But Marius was now  nites and Lucanians under Pontius Telesinus
advanced in years; and he had the deep morti- before the Colline gate of Rome. This victory
fication of finding that his achievements were was followed by the surrender of Preneste and
thrown into the shade by the superior energy the death of the younger MariuS, who had taken
of his rival. Sulla gained some brilliant vic- refuge in this town. Sulla was now master of
tories over the enemy, and took -Bovianum, the Rome and Italy; and he resolved to take the
chief town of the Samnites. He was elected most ample vengeance upon his enemies, and
consul for 88, and received from the senate the to extirpate the popular party. One of his first
command of the Mithradatic war. The events acts was to draw up a list of his enemies who
which followed-his expulsion from Rome by were to be put to death, called a Proscriptio. It
Marius, his return to the city at the head of his was the first instance of the kind in Roman
legions, and the proscription of Marius and his history. All persons in this list were outlaws
leading adherents-are related in the life of Ma- who might be killed by any one with impunity,
rius. Sulla remained at'Rome tillthe end of the even by slaves; their property was confiscated
year, and set out for Greece at the beginning of to the state, and was to be sold by public auc87, in order to carry on the war against Mithra- tion; their children and grandchildren lost their'dates. He landed at Dyrrhachium, and forth- votes in the comitia, and were excluded from
with marched against Athens, which had be- all public offices. Further, all who killed a procome the head-quarters of the Mithradatic cause scribed person received two talents as a rein Greece. After a long and obstinate siege, ward, and whoever sheltered such a person was
Athens was taken by storm on the 1st of March punished with death. Terror now reigned, not
in 86, and was given up to rapine and plunder. only at Rome, but throughout Italy. Fresh lists
Sulla then marched against Archelaus, the gen- of the proscribed constantly appeared. No one
eral of Mithradates, whom he defeated in the was safe; for Sulla gratified his friends by placneighborhood of Chieronea in Boeotia; and in ing in the fatal lists their personal enemies, or
the following year he again gained a decisive persons whose property was coveted by his advictory over the same general- near Orchome- herents. The confiscated property, it is true,
nus. But while Sulla was carrying on the war belonged to the state, and had to be sold by pubwith such succebs in Greece, his enemies had lie auction, but the friends and dependents of
obtained the upper hand in Italy. The consul Sulla purchased it at a nominal price, as no one
Cinna, who had been driven out of Rome by his dared to bid against them. The number of percolleague Octavius, soon after Sulla's departure sons who perished by the proscriptions is stated
from Italy, had entered it again with Marius at differently, but it appears to have amounted to
the close of the year. Both Cinna and Marius many thousands. At the commencement of.were appointed consuls 86, and all the regula-'these horrors Sulla had been appointed dictator
tions of Sulla were swept away. Sulla, how- for as long a time as he judged to be necessary.
ever, would not return to Italy till he had brought This was toward the close of 81. Sulla's chief
840




SULLA, CORNELIUS.                                SULMO.,
object in being invested with the dictatorship Valeria, who bore him a daughter after his
was to carry into execution, in a legal manner, death. Sulla wrote a history of his own life
the great reforms which he meditated in the and times, called, Memoirs ('Trouv?/ara). It
constitution and the administration of justice. was dedicated to L. Lucullus, and extended to
He had no intention of abolishing the republic, twenty-two books, the last of which was finishand, consequently, he caused consuls to be elect- ed by Sulla a few days before his death. He
ed for the following year, and was elected to the also wrote'Fabulae Atellanae, and the Greek
office himself in 80, while he continued toehold Anthology contains a short epigram which. is
the dictatorship. The general object of Sulla's ascribed to him.-5. FAUSTUS, son of the diereforms was to restore, as far as possible, the tator by his fourth wife Caecilia Metella, and a
ancient Romnan constitution, and to give back twin brother of Fausta, was born not long beto the senate and the aristocracy the power fore 88, the year in which his father obtained
wvhich they had lost. Thus, he deprived the the first consulship. He and his sister received
tribunes of the plebs of all real power, and abol- the names'of Faustus and Fausta respectively
ished altogether the legislative and judicial func- on account of the good fortune of their father.
tions of the comitia tributa. At the beginning At the death of his father in 78, Faustus and
of 81, he celebrated a splendid triumph on ac- his sister were left under the guardianship of
count of his victory over Mithradates.- In a L. Lucullus.  Faustus accompanied Pompey
speech which he delivered to the people.at the into Asia, and was the first who mounted the
close of the ceremony, he claimed for himself walls of the temple of Jerusalem in 63. In 60
the surname of Felix, as he attributed his suc- he exhibited the gladiatorial games which his
cess in life to the favor of the gods. In order father in his last will had enjoined upon him.
to strengthen his power, Sulla established mili- In 54 he was quaestor. In 52 he received from
tary colonies throughout Italy. The; inhabit- the senate the commission to rebuild the Curia
ants of the Italian towns, which had fought Hostilia, which had been burned down in the
against Sulla, were deprived of the full Roman tumults. following the murder of Clodius, and
franchise, and were only allowed to retain the which was henceforward to be called the Curia,
commercium: their land was confiscated and Cornelia, in honor of Faustus and his father.
given to the soldiers who had'fought under him. He married Pompey's daughter, and sided with
Twenty-three legions, or, according to another his father-in-law in the civil war.  He was
statement, forty-seven legions, received grants present at the battle of Pharsalia, and subseof land in various parts of Italy. A great num- quently joined the leaders of his party in Africa.
bher of these colonies was settled in Etruria, the After the battle of Thapsus in 46, he attempted
population of which was thus almost entirely to escape into Mauretania, but.was taken prischanged. These colonies had the strongest in- oner by P. Sittius, and carried to Caesar. Upon
terest in upholding the institutions of Sullaj his arrival in Caesar's camp he was murdered
since any attempt to invalidate the latter would by the soldiers in a tumult. Faustus seems
have endangered their newly-acquired posses- only to have resembled his father in his extravasions. Sulla likewise created at Rome a kind gance. We' know from Cicero that he was
of body-guard for his protection by giving the overwhelmed with debt at the breaking out of
citizenship to a great number of slaves who had the civil war.-6. P., nephew of the dictator,
belonged to persons proscribed by him. The was elected consul along with P. Autronius
slaves thus rewarded are said to have been as Paetus for the year 65, but neither he nor his
many as ten thousand, and were called Cornelii colleague entered upon the office, as they were
after him as their patron. After holding the accused of bribery by L. Torquatus the younger,
dictatorship till the beginning of 79, Sulla re- and were condemned. It was currently besigned this office, to the surprise of all classes. lieved that Sulla was privy to both of Catiline's
He retired to his estate at Puteoli, and there,. conspiracies, and he was accordingly accused
surrounded by the beauties of nature and art, of this crime by his former accuser, L. Torquahe passed the remainder of his life in those lit- tus, and by C. Cornelius. He was defended by
erary and sensual enjoyments in which he had Hbrtensius and Cicero, and the speech of the
always taken so much pleasure. His dissolute latter on his behalf is still extant. He was acmode of life hastened his death. The imme- quitted; but,.independent of the testimony of
diate cause of his death was the rupture of a Sallust (Cat., 17), his guilt may almost be inblood-vessel, but some time before he had been ferred from the embarrassment of his advocate.
suffering from the disgusting disease, which is In the civil war Sulla espoused Caesar's cause.
known in modern times by the name of Morbus He served under him as legate in Greece, and
Pediculosus, orPhthiriasis. He died in 78,in the commanded along with Caesar himself the right
sixtieth year of his age. He was honored with wing at the battle of Pharsalia (48). He died
a public funeral, and a monument was erected in 45. —7. SERV., brother of No. 6, took part in
to him in the Campus Martius, the inscription both of Catiline's conspiracies. His guilt was
on which had been composed by himself. It so evident that no one was willing to defend
stated that none of his friends ever did him a him; but we do not read that he was put to
kindness, and none of his enemies a wrong, death along with the other conspirators.
without being fully repaid. Sulla was married  SuLMO (Sulmonensis). 1. (Now Sulmoin), a
five times: 1. To Ilia or Julia, who bore him a town of the Peligni, in the country of the Sadaughter, married to Q. Pompeius Rufus, the bines, seven miles south of Corfinium, on the
son of Sulla's colleague in the consulship in 88; roadto Capua, and situated on two small mount2. To zElia; 3. To Ccelia; 4. To Csecilia Me- ain streams, the water of which was exceedtellas, who bore him a son, who died before Sulla, ingly cold: hence we find the town called by
aetd likewise twins, a son and a daughter; 5. the poets gelidus Sulmo. It is celebrated as the
841




SULPICIA.                                  SURIUS.
birth-place of Ovid. It was destroyed by Sulla, war, and was appointed by Casar proconsul of
but was afterward restored, and is mentioned Achaia (46 or 45). He died in 43 in the camp
as a Roman colony.-2. (Now Sermoneta), an of M. Antony, having been sent by the senate
ancient town of the Volsci in Latium, on the on a mission to Antony, who was besieging Dec.
Ufens, which had disappeared in Pliny's time.  Brutus in Mutina. Sulpicius wrote a great numSULPIC.A, a Roman poetess, who flourished ter of legal works. He is often cited by the
toward the close of the first century, celebrated  jurists whose writings are excerpted in the Difor sundry amatory effusions, addressed to her gest; but there is no excerpt directly from him
husband Calenus. Their general character may in the Digest. He had numerous pupils, the
be gathered from the expressions of Martial, most distinguished of whom were A. Ofilius and
Ausonius, and Sidonius Apollinaris, by all of Alfenus Varus. There are extant in the collecwhom they are noticed. There is extant a sa- tion of Cicero's Epistles (ad Fam., iv.) two Iettirical poem, in seventy hexameters, on the ters from Sulpicius to Cicero, one of which is
edict of Domitian, by which philosophers were the well-known letter of consolation on the
banished from Rome and from Italy, which is death of Tullia, the daughter of the orator. The
ascribed to Sulpicia by many modern critics. same book contains several letters from Cicero
It is generally appended to the editions of Ju- to Sulpicius. He is also said to have written
venal and Persius.                        some erotic poetry. Sulpicius left a son SerSULPICIA GENS, was one of the most ancient vius, who is frequently mentioned in Cicero's
Roman gentes, and produced a succession of correspondence.
distinguished men, from the foundation of the  [SUMETIA (Eovyvria), an ancient city in the
republic to the imperial period. The chief fam- eastern part of Arcadia, in the district Maenailies of the Sulpicii during the republican period lia, said to have derived its name from Sumabore the names of CAMERINUS, GALBA, GALLUS, teus, a son of Lycaon: after the founding of
RUFUS (given below), SAVERRIO.            Megalopolis, it fell into decay.]
SULPICIUS APOLLINARIS, a contemporary of  SUMiMANUs, a derivative from summus, the
A. Gellius, was a learned grammarian. There highest, an ancient Roman or Etruscan divinare two poems in the Latin Anthology purport- ity, who was equal or even of higher rank than
ing to be written by Sulpicius of Carthage, Jupiter. In fact, he may be regardedas the Juwhom some identify with the above-named Sul- piter of the night; for, as Jupiter was the god
picius Apollinaris. One of these poems con- of heaven in the bright day, so Summanus was
sists of seventy-two lines, giving the argument the god of the nocturnal heaven, and hurled his
of the twelve books of Virgil's.Eneid, six lines thunderbolts during the night. Summanus had
being devoted to each book.               a temple at Rome near the Circus Maximus, and
SULPicIUS RUFUS. 1. P., one of the most dis- there was a representation of him in the peditinguished orators of his time, was born B.C. ment of the Capitoline temple.
124. He commenced public life as a supporter  SUNIUM (1o0vVtov: lovvEV C: now Cape Coof the aristocratical party, and acquired great lonni), a celebrated promontory forming the
influence in the state by his splendid talents southern extremity of Attica, with a town of
while he was still young. In 93 he was quaes- the same name upon it. Here was a splendid
tor, and in 89 he served as legate of the consul temple of Minerva (Athena), elevated three
Cn. Pompeius Strabo in the Marsic war. In hundred feet above the sea, the columns of
88 he was elected to the tribunate; but he de- which are still extant, and have given the modserted the aristocratical party, and joined Ma- ern name to the promontory. It was fortified
rius. The causes of this sudden change-are by the Athenians in the Peloponnesian war,
not expressly stated; but we are told that he and remains of the ancient walls, with the ternwas overwhelmed with debt; and there can be pie of Minerva (Athena), are still extant.
little doubt that he was bought by Marius. Sul-  SUNONENSIS L.CUS (now Lake Sabanjah), a
picius brought forward a law in favor of Marius lake in Bithynia, between the Ascania Palus
and his party, of which an account is given un- and the River Sangarius, near Nicomedia.
der MARIUS. When Sulla marched upon Rome    SUPERBUS, TARQUINIUS. Vid. TARQUINIUS.
at the head of his army, Marius and Sulpicius  [SUPERUM, MARE. Vid. ADRIA.]
took to flight. Marius succeeded in making his  SURA, LENTULUS. Vid. LENTULUS, NO. 9.
escape to Africa, but Sulpicius was discovered  SURA, L. LiCINYUS, an intimate friend of Train a villa and put to death.-2. P., probably son jan, and three times consul, in A.D. 98, 102, and
or grandson of the last, was one of Caesar's le- 107. On the death of Sura, Trajan honored him
gates in Gaul and in the civil war. He was with a public funeral, and erected baths to perpraetor in 48. Cicero addresses him in 45 as petuate his memory.  Two of Pliny's letters
imperator. It appears that he was at that time are addressed to him.
in Illyricum, along with Vatinius.-3. SERV.,  SURA (ZoSpa: now Surie), a town of Syria,
with the surname LEMONIA, indicating the tribe in the district Chalybonitis, on the Euphrates,
to which he belonged, was a contemporary and a little west of Thapsacus.
friend of Cicero,'and of about the same age.  SURANI or SUARNI (ZovpavoI), a people of SarHe first devoted himself to oratory, and he matia Asiatica, near the Portie Caucasis and
studied this art with Cicero in his youth. He the River Rha. Their country contained many
afterward studied law; and he became one of gold mines.
the best jurists as well as most eloquent orators  SURENAS, the general of the Parthians who
of his age. He was quaestor of the district of defeated Crassus in B.C. 54. Vid. CRAssUS.
Ostia in 74; curule aedile 69; praetor 65; and  SURIUS (oaptofr), a tributary of the Phasis in
consul 51 with M. Claudius Marcellus. He ap- Colchis, the water of which had the power of
pears to have espoused Caesar's side in the civil forming petrifactions. At its confluence with
842




SURRENTINI COLLES.                               SYBARIS.
the Phasis stood a town named SURIUM (So5-  SUSiNA, -E, or Susis (,7 Zovtlavi, 5 Sovatr:F
poyv). The plain through which it flows is still nearly corresponding to Khuzistan), one of the
called Suram.                             chief provinces of the ancient Persian empire,
SURRENTINI COLLES. Vid. SURRENTUM.      lay between Babylonia and Persis, and between
SURRENTUM (Surrentinus: now Sorrento), an Mount Parachoatras and the head of the Perancient town of Campania, opposite Capreae, sian Gulf; In this last direction, its'coast exand situated on the promontory (Promontorium  tended fiom the junction of the Euphrates with
lMinervae, now Punta della Campanella) sepa- the Tigris to about the mouth of the River
rating the Sinus Peestanus from the Sinus Pu- Oroatis (now Tab). It was divided from Perteolanus. It was subsequently a Roman col- sis on the southeast and east by a mountainous
ony, and on the hills (Surrentini Colles) in its tract, inhabited by independent tribes, who made
neighborhood was grown one of the best wines even the kings of Persia pay them for a safe
in Italy, which was strongly recommended to passage. The chief pass through these mountconvalescents on account of its thinness and ains was called Susides or Persides Portas (2ovwholesomeness.                            cidesg nrviat, ai 7rvaat ale ITepaideS, Zovarrnet triSUfSA, gen. -ORUM (ra Rovina: in the Old Test- rpat): its position is uncertain; perhaps it was
ament, Shushan: -ovoato, Susianus: ruins at the pass of Kelahi Sefid, in the upper valley of
Shus),the winter residence ofthe Persian kings, the Tab. On the north it was separated from
stood in the district Cissia of the province Su- Great Media by Mount Charbanus, an eastern
siana, on the eastern bank of the River Cho- branch of Mount Zagros, which contained the
aspes. Its name in old Persian signifies Lily, sources of the chief rivers of Susiana, the CHOand that flower is said to abound in the plain in ASPES, the COPRATES, and the EULEUS (the PAwhich the city stood. It was of a quadrangular SITIGRIS came from the mountains on the east).
form, one hundred and twenty (or, according to On the west it was divided from Assyria by an
others, two hundred) stadia in circuit, and with- imaginary line drawn south from near the Meout fortifications; but it had a strongly-fortified dian pass in Mount. Zagros to the Tigris, and
citadel, containing the palace and treasury of from Babylonia by the Tigris itself. The counthe Persian kings. The Greek name of this try was mountainous and cool in the north, and
citadel, Memnonice or Memnonium, is perhaps low and very hot in the south, and the coast
a corruption of the Aramaic Maaninon, a fort- along the Persian Gulfwas marshy. The mountress; and this easy confusion of terms gave rise ains were inhabited by various wild and indeto the fable that the city was founded by Titho- pendent tribes, and the plains by a quiet agrinus, the father of Memnon. A historical tra- cultural people, of the Semitic race, called Sudition ascribes its erection to Darius, the son of sii or Susiani.
Hystaspes, but it existed already in the time of  SUTRIUM (Sutrinus: now Sutri), an ancient
Daniel. (Dan., viii., 2.) (There is, however, a town of Etruria, on the eastern side of the Saldifficulty as to the identification of the Shushan tus Ciminius, and on the road from Vulsinii to
of Daniel with the Susa of the Greeks, and as Rome. It was taken by the Romans at an early
to the true position of the River Ulai or Eu- period; and in B.C. 383, or seven years after
laeus, which can not be discussed within the the capture of Rome by the Gauls, it was made
limits of this article.) The climate of Susa was a Roman colony. It was celebrated for its fidelvery hot, and hence the choice of it for the win- ity to Rome, and was, in consequence, besieged
ter palace. It was here that Alexander and his several times by the Etruscans. On one occagenerals celebrated their nuptials with the Per- sion it was obliged to surrender to the Etrussian princesses, B.C. 325. The site of Susa is cans, but was retaken by Camillus in the same
now marked by extensive mounds, on which day, whence arose the proverb ire Sutrium.
are found fragments of bricks and broken pot- There are still remains of the walls and tombs
tery, with cuneiform inscriptions.        of the ancient town.
SUSARION (1ovaapiov), to whom the origin of  SYAGER (Zvaypof) 1. One of the alleged antethe Attic Comedy is ascribed, was a native of Homeric poets, is said to have flourished after
Megara, whence he removed into Attica, to the Orpheus and Musaeus, and to have been the first
village of Icaria, a place celebrated as a seat of who sang the Trojan war.-[2. A Lacedemothe worship of Bacchus (Dionysus). This ac- nian, deputy from Sparta when the Greeks sent
count agrees with the claim which the Mega- to Gelon of Syracuse to ask his aid against
rians asserted to the invention of comedy, and Xerxes, rejected, on behalf of his state, Gelon's
which was generally admitted. Before the time demand to have the supreme command of the
of Susarion, there was, no doubt, practiced at expedition.]
Icaria and the other Attic villages, that extem-  SYAGRUS (Svaypo a/cpa), the greatest promonpore jesting and buffoonery which formed a tory of Arabia, is described differently by differmarked feature of the festivals of Bacchus (Dio- ent ancient writers, but is most probably to be
nysus); but Susarion was the first who so reg- identified with the easternmost headland of the
ulated this species of amusement as to lay the whole peninsula, Ras-el-Had.
foundation of Comedy, properly so called. The  SYBARIs (;vd6aptf). 1. (Now Coscile or SibaMegaric comedy appears to have flourished, in ri), a river in Lucania, flowing by the city of
its full development, about B.C. 600 and on- the same name, and falling into the Crathis.
ward; and it was introduced by Susarion into It derived its name from the fountain Sybaris,
Attica between 580-564.                   near Bura, in Achaia. —2. (Ev6apirg, SybarZta),
[SUSIA (2ovtia: now Susen or Suseni), a city a celebrated Greek town in Lucania, was sitof Aria, on the borders of Parthia, probably iden- uated between the rivers Sybaris and Crathis,
tical with the Suphtha of Ptolemy, and assigned at a short distance from the Tarentine Gulf, and
by him to Parthia.]                       near the confines of Bruttium. It was founded
843




SYBOTA.                         SYMMACHUS, Q. AURELIUS.
B.C. 720 by Achaeans andTrrezenians, and soon 610.-2. Contemporary with Darius Hystaspis,
attained an extraordinary degree of prosperity to whom he was tributary. His daughter was
and wealth. It carried on an extensive com- married to Pixodarus.-3. Contemporary with
merce with Asia Minor and other countries on Artaxerxes II. (Mnemon), ruled over Cilicia,
the Mediterranean, and its inhabitants became when the younger Cyrus marched through his
so notorious for their love of luxury and pleas- country in his expedition against his brother
ure, that their name was employed to indicate Artaxerxes. [Vid. EPYAXA.]
any voluptuary. At the time of their highest  SYGAMBRI, SUGAMBRI, SIGAMBRI, SYCAMBRI or
prosperity their city was fifty stadia, or upward SICAMBRI, one of the most powerful tribes of
of six miles in circumference, and they exer- Germany at an early time, belonged to the Iscised dominion over twenty-five-towns, so that tevones, and dwelt originally north of the Ubii
we are told they were able to bring into the on the Rhine, whence they spread toward the
field thrbe hundred thousand men, a number, north as far as the Lippe. The Sygambri are
however, which appears incredible. But their mentioned by Caesar, who invaded their terriprosperity was of short duration. The Achaeans tory. They were conquered by Tiberius in the
having expelled the Trcezenian part of the pop- reign of Augustus, and a large number of them
ulation, the latter took refuge at the neighbor- were transplanted to Gaul, where they received
ing city of Croton, the inhabitants of which es- settlements between the Maas and the Rhine
poused their cause. In the war which ensued as Roman subjects.  The portion of the Sybetween the two states, the Sybarites were corn- gambri who remained in Germany withdrew
pletely conquered by the Crotoniats, who fol- further south, probably to the mountainous
lowed up their victory by the capture of Syba- country in the neighborhood of the Taunus.
ris, which they destroyed by turning the waters Shortly afterward they disappear from history,
of the River Crathis against the town, B.C. 510. and are not mentioned again till the' time of
The greater number of the surviving Sybarites Ptolemy, who places them much further north,
took refuge in other Greek. cities in Italy; but close to the Bructeri and the Langobardi, somea few remained near their ancient town, and where between the Vecht and the Yssel. At a
their descendants formed part of the population still later period we find them forming an imof Thurii, which was fqunded in 443 near Syba- portant part of the confederacy known under
ris.  Vid. THURII.                        the name of Franci.
SYBOTA (Tr Ii6ora: Ev66rSto: now Syvota),  SYLLA. Vid. SULLA.
a number of small islands off the coast of Epi-  SYLLIUM (VAXtov: probably ruins near Bolrus, and opposite the promontory Leucimne in kassku, north of Legelahkoi), a strongly-fortified
Corcyra, with a harbor of the same name on town of Pamphylia, on a mountain forty stadia
the main land. It was here that a naval battle (four geographical miles) from the coast, bewas fought between the Corcyraeans and Co- tween Side and Aspendus.
rinthians, B.C. 432, just before the commence-  [SYLosoN (ZvXoaoro), son of iEaces, younger
ment of the Peloponnesian war.            brother of Polycrates, the tyrant of Samos.
SYCH EUS or SICHEUS, also called ACERBAS. Banished by his brother, he went to Egypt, and
Vid. ACERBAS.                             thence to Persia, after the accession of Darius,
SYCHAR, SYCHEM. Vid. NEAPOLIS, No. 5.   who rewarded him for some previous favor with
[SYcURIUM, according to Livy, a place inThes- the tyranny of the island of Samos. Syloson
salian Pelasgiotis, at the base of Mount Ossa.] ruled Samos till his death, and was succeeded
[SYEDRA (in Strabo Xvdpi), a town on the in the sovereignty by his son.Eaces.]
coast of Cilicia Aspera, between Coracesium  SYLVANUS. Vid. SILVANUS.
and Selinus.]                               SYLVIUS. Vid. SILVIUS.
SYENE (vvrjV:'Sv7rviT7r and lvnvr7, Sy, Sy-. SYMTHUS (ZixatOoc: now Giaretta), a river
enites: ruins at Assouan), a city of Upper Egypt, on the eastern coast of Sicily and at the foot of
on the eastern bank of the Nile, just below the Mount 2Etna, forming the boundary between
First Cataract. It has been in all ages the Leontini and Catana, on which stood the town
southern frontier city of Egypt toward lEthio- of Centuripau.
pia, and under the Romans it was kept by a  SYME (/;Ury: IvyazoC, lvZyefS: now Symi), a
garrison of three cohorts. From its neighbor- small island off the southwestern coast of Caria,
hood was obtained the fine red granite called lay in the mouth of the Sinus Doridis, to the
Syenites lapis. It was also an important point west of the promontory of Cynossema. It was
in the astronomy and geography of the ancients, one of the early Dorian states, that existed in
as it lay just under the tropic of Cancer, and the southwest of Asia Minor before the time of
was therefore chosen as the place through which Homer. Its connection both with Cnidus and
they drew their chief parallel of latitude. Of with Rhodes, between which it lay, is indicated
course the sun was vertical to Syene at the by the tradition that it was peopled by a colony
time of the summer solstice, and a well was from Cnidus led by Chthonius, the son of Nepshown in which the reflection of the sun was tune (Poseidon) and of Syme, the daughter of
then seen at noon; or, as the rhetorician Aris- lalysus. Some time after the Trojan war, the
tides expresses it, the disc of the sun covered Carians are said to have obtained possession of
the well as a vessel is covered by it4 lid.  the island, but to have deserted it again in conSYENNESIS (v1Evveatc), a commc 1 name of sequence of a severe drought. Its final settlethe kings of Cilicia. Of these the most import- ment by the Dorians is ascribed to the time of
ant are, 1. A king of Cilicia, who joined with their great migration. The island was reckonLahynetus (Nebuchadnezzar) in mediating be- ed at thirty-five miles in circuit. It had eight
tween Cyaxares and Alyattes, the kirns re- harbors and a town, which was also called Syme.
wectively of Media and Lydia, probably in B.C.  SYMMCHUS, Q. AUIRELIJS, a distinguished
844




SYMPLE GADES.                               SYRACUSA/E.
scholar, statesman, and orator in the latter half of admiration both to ancient and modern scholof the fourth century of the Christian era. By ars, and have obtained for him the surname
his example and authority, he inspired for a time, of Philosopher. The best edition of his works
new-life and vigor into the literature of his is by Morel, Paris, 1612; much improved and
country. He was educated in Gaul; and, hav- enlarged, Paris, 1633; reprinted, 1640. [Hllis
ing discharged the functions of questor and'T/rvot (Hymns), ten in number, are contained
praetor, he was afterward appointed (A.D. 365) in Boissonade'sLyrici Graci, Paris, 1825, 18mo.]
Corrector of Lucania and the Bruttii;'and in  SYNNJXDA, also SYNNAS (ra 2z.vvada: Zvvva373 he, was proconsul of Africa. His zeal for devc, Synnadensis: nowprobably ruins at Afionzthe ancient religion of Rome checked for a KIta-Hisar), a city in the north of Phrygia Salwhile the prosperous current of his fortunes, utaris, at first'inconsiderable, but afterward a
and involved him in danger and disgrace. Hav- place of much importance, and, from the time
ing been chosen by the senate to remonstrate of Constantine, the capital of Phrygia Salutaris.
with Gratian on the removal of the altar of Vic- It stood in a fruitful plain, planted with olives,
tory (382) from their council hall, and on the near a mountain from which was quarried the
curtailment of the sums annually allowed for very celebrated Synnadic marble, which was of
the maintenance of the Vestal Virgins, and for a beautiful white, with red veins and spots (wvvthe public celebration of sacred rites, he was vad&Kic fieoc, Synnadicus lapis, called also Doordered by the indignant emperor to quit his cimiticus, from a still nearer place, Docimia).
presence, and to withdraw himself to a distance  SYPHAX (1ZaF), king of the Massaesylians,
of one hundred miles from Rome. Nothing the westernmost tribe of the Numidians. His
daunted by this repulse, when appointed praefect history is related in the life of his contemporary
of the city (384) after the death of his perse- and rival, MASINISSA. Syphax was taken priscutor, he addressed an elaborate epistle to Va- oner by Masinissa B.C. 203, and was sent by
lentinianus, again urging the restoration of the Scipio, under the charge of Lwelius, to Rome.
pagan deities to their former honors. This ap- Polybius states that he was one of the captives
plication was resisted by St. Ambrose, and was who adorned the triumph of Scipio, and that he
again unsuccessful. Symmachus afterward es- died in confinement shortly after. Livy, on the
poused the cause of the usurper Maximus (387); contrary, asserts that he was saved from. that
but he was pardoned by Theodosius, and raised ignominy by a timely death at Tibur, whither
to the consulship in 391. His personal charac- he had been transferred from Alba.
ter seems to have been unimpeachable, as he  SYRXCO. Vid. SYRACUS2E.
performed the duties of the high offices which  SYRAicus  (1vpadcovaat or 21vp&cogaat, Ion.
he filled in succession with a degree of mild- Ivpjtcovaat, also ZvpaKovcaat, 2vpacovar!':.vpaness, firmness, and integrity seldom  found Kovlaco, ZvpaKO90og, Syracusanus; now Siracuamong statesmen in that corrupt age. The ex- sa in Italian, Syracuse in English), the wealthtant works of Symmachus are, 1. Epistolarum  iest and most populous town in Sicily, was sitLibri X., published after his death by his son. uated on the southern part of the eastern coast,
The last book, contains his official correspond- four hundred stadia north of the promontory
ence, and is chiefly composed of the letters pre- Plemmyrium, and ten stadia northeast of the
sented by him when preefect of the city to the mouth of the River Anapus, near the lake or
emperors under whomhe served. Theremain- marsh called Syraco (Y2vpatc6), from which it
ing books comprise a multitude of epistles, ad- derived its name. "it was founded B.C. 734,
dressed to a wide circle of relations, friends, one year after the foundation of Naxos, by a
and acquaintances. 2. Novern Orationum Frag- colony of Corinthians and other Dorians, led
menta, published for the first time by Mai from  by Archias the Corinthian. The town was origa palimpsest in the Ambrosian library, Mediolan., inally confined to the island Ortygia lying im1815. The best editions of the epistles are by mediately off the coast; but it afterward spread
Juretus, Paris, 1604, and by Scioppius, Mogunt., over the neighboring main land, and at the
1608.                                     time of its greatest extension under the elder
[SYMPLEGADES (1vaU7rTyddef). Vid. CYANEc  Dionysius it consisted of five distinct towns,
INSULE.]                                  each surrounded by separate walls. Some writSYNEsius (Svviaeog), one of the most elegant ers, indeed, describe Syracuse as consisting of
of the ancient Christian writers, was a native four towns, but this simply arises from the
of Cyrene, and devoted himself to the study of fact that Epipolae was frequently not reckoned
Greek literature, first in his own city, and after- a portion of the city. These five towns were,
ward at Alexandrea, where he heard Hypatia. 1. ORTYGIA ('Oprvytc), frequently called simply
He became celebrated for his skill in eloquence the ISLAND (Naaog or Nxaog), an island of an
and poetry, as well as in philosophy, in which oblong shape, about two miles in circumferhe was a follower of Plato. About A.D. 397, ence, lying between the Great Harbor on the
he was sent by his fellow-citizens of Cyrene on west and the Little Harbor on the east. It
an embassy to Constantinople, to present -the was, as has been already remarked, the porEmperor Arcadius with a crown of gold, on tion of the city first built, and it contained the
which occasion he delivered an oration on the citadel or Acropolis, surrounded by double walls,
government of a kingdom   (7repi PaacXeiat)'which Timol.,on caused to be destroyed. In
which is still extant. Soon after this he em- this island ahlo was the celebrated fountain of
braced Christianity, and in 410 was ordained Arethusa. It was originally separated from the
bishop of Ptolemais, the chief city of the Libyan main land by a narrow channel, which was subPentapolis. He presided over his diocese with sequently filled up by a causeway; but this
energy and success for about twenty years, and causeway must at a still later time have been
died about 430. -His writings have been objects swept away, since we find in the Roman period
845




SYRACUSE.                                    SYRIA.
that the island was connected with the main land duct, which- was constructed by Gelon and imby means of a bridge.-2. ACHRADINA ('AXpa- proved by Hieron. It was! brought through
iev??), occupied originally the high ground of the Epipolae and Neapolis to Achradina and Ortygia.
peninsula north of Ortygia, and was surrounded The modern city of Syracuse is confined to the
on the north and east by the sea. The lower island. The remaining quarters of the ancient
ground between Achradina and Ortygia'was at city are now uninhabited, and their position
first not included in the fortifications of either, marked only by a few ruins. - Of these the most
but was employed partly for religious proces- important are the remains of the great theatre,
sions and partly for the burial of the dead. At and of an amphitheatre of the Roman period.
the time of the siege of Syracuse by the Athe- The government of Syracuse was originally an
nians in the Peloponnesian war (415), the city aristocracy; and the political power was in the
consisted only of the two parts already men- hands of the landed proprietors, called Geomori
tioned, Ortygia forming the inner and Achra- or Gamori. In course of time the people, having
dina the outer city, but separated, as explained increased in numbers and wealth, expelled the
above, by the low ground between the two.-  Geomori and established a democracy. But
3. TYCHE (TzWix), named after the temple of this form of government did not last long. GeTyche or Fortune, was situated northwest of lon espoused the cause of the aristocratical
Achradina, in the direction of the port called party, and proceeded'to restore them by force
Trogilus. At the time of the Athenian siege of arms; but on his approach the people opened
of Syracuse it was.only an unfortified suburb, the gates to him, and he was acknowledged
but it afterward became the most populous part without opposition tyrant or sovereign of Syrof the city. In this quarter stood the Gymna- acuse, B.C. 485. Under his rule and that of
sium.-4. NEAP6LIS (Nea 7ro6.g), nearly south- his brother Hieron, Syracuse was raised to an
west of Achradina, was also, at the time of the unexampled degree of wealth and prosperity.
Athenian siege of Syracuse, merely a suburb, Hieron died in 467, and was succeeded by his
and called TEMENITES, from having within it brother Thrasybulus; but the rapacity and cruthe statue and consecrated ground of Apollo elty of the latter soon provoked a revolt among
Temenites. Neapolis contained the chief the- his subjects, which led to his deposition and the
atre of Syracuse, which was the largest in all establishment of a democratical form of governSicily, and many temples.-5. EPIP6OLE (a'Eirt- ment. The next most important event in the
irotai), a space of ground rising above the three history of Syracuse was the siege of the city by
quarters of. Achradina, Tyche, and Neapolis, the Athenians, which ended in the total dewhich gradually diminished in breadth as it struction of the great Athenian armament in
rose higher, until it ended in a small conical 413. The democracy continued to exist in Syrmound., This rising ground was surrounded acuse till 406, when the elder Dionysius made
with strong walls by the elder Dionysius, and himself tyrant of the city. After a long and
was thus included in Syracuse, which now be- prosperous reign, he was succeeded in 367
came one of the most strongly fortified cities of by his son, the younger Dionysius, who was
the ancient world. The highest point of Epi- finally expelled by Timoleon.in 343. A repubpolve was called Euryelis (Evpvjaog), on which lican form of government was again establishstood the fort Labdalum (ad6daaov). After Epi- ed; but it did not last long; and in 317 Syrapolae had been added to the city, the circumfer- cuse fell under the sway of Agathocles. This
ence of Syracuse was one hundred and eighty tyrant died in 289; and the city being distractstadia, or upward of twenty-two English miles; ed by factions, the Syracusans voluntarily conand the entire population of the city is supposed ferred the supreme power upon Hieron II., with
to have amounted to five hundred, thousand the title of king; in 270. Hieron cultivated
souls at the time of its greatest prosperity. Syr- friendly relations with the Romans; but on his
acuse had two harbors.  The Great Harbor, death in 216, at the advanced age of ninety-two,
still called Porto lMaggiore, is a splendid bay his grandson Hieronymus, who succeeded him,
about five miles in circumference, formed by the espoused the side of the Carthaginians. A Roisland Ortygia and the promontory Plemmy- man army'under Marcellus was sent against
rium. The Small Harbor, also called Laccius Syracuse; and after a siege of two years, during
(AdaRcaro), lying between Ortygia and Achradi- which Archimedes assisted his fellow-citizens,;na, was capacious enough to receive a large by the construction of various engines of war
fleet of ships of war. There were several stone (vid. ARCHIMEDES), the city was taken by Marquarries (lautumnic) in Syracuse, which are fre- cellus in 212. From this time Syracuse became
quently mentioned by ancient writers, and in a town of the Roman province of Sicily.
which the unfortunate Athenian prisoners were  [SYRACUSiNUS PORTUS (2vpatcotoo5 AoYv, now
confined. These quarries were partly in Achra- Porto Vecchio), a harbor on the eastern coast of
dina, on the descent from the higher ground to'Corsica, where the Syracusans had probably esthe lower level toward Ortygia, and partly in tablished a factory for their trade: according to
Neapolis, under the southern cliff-of Epipol. -Diodorus, it was the best harbor in the island.]
From them was taken the stone of which the  SYRGIS (2;VpytC), according to Herodotus, a
city was built. On one -side of these quarries great river of European Sarmatia, rising in the
is the remarkable excavation, called the Ear of country of the Thyssagetae, and flowing through
Dionysius, in which it is said that this tyrant the'land of the Maeotae into the Palus Mwotis.
confined the persons whom he suspected, and It has not been identified with certainty.
that he was able from a little apartment above  SYRIA DEA (Ivpi i 96f), "the Syrian godto overhear the conversation of his captives. dess," a name by which the Syrian Astarte or
This tale; however, is clearly an invention. Aphrodite is sometimes designated. This AsThe city was supplied with water from an aque-, tarte was a Syrian divinity, resembling in many
846




SYRIA.                                    SYRIA.
points the Greek Aphrodite. It is not improb- south from the Taurus, under the names of
able that the latter was originally the Syrian AMANUS, PIERIA, CASIUS, BARCGYLUS, and LIBAAstarte,; for there can hbe no doubt that the Nus, and ANTILIBANUS; and the northern part,
worship of Aphrodite came from the East to between the Amanus and the Euphrates, was
Cyprus, and thence was carried into the south also mountainous. The chief river of Syria
of Greece.       i                        was the ORONTES, and the smaller rivers CHASYRIA (,l Xvpla, in Aramaean Surja: 2Vpof, LUs and CHRYsoRRmoAs were also of importance.
Syrus, and sometimes Zptofg, Syrius: now So. The valleys among the mountains were fertile,
ristan, Arab. Esh-Sham, i; e., the land on the left, especially in the northern part: even the east,
Syria), a country of Western Asia, lying along which is now merged in the great desert of
the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea, be- Arabia, appears to have had more numerous
tween Asia Minor and Egypt. In a wider sense and more extensive spaces capable of cultivathe word was used for the whole tract of coun- tion, and supported great cities, the ruins of
try bounded by the Tigris on the east, the which now stand in the midst of sandy wastes.
mountains of Armenia and Cilicia on the north, In the earliest historical period, Syria contained
the Mediterranean on the'west, and the Arabian a number of independent kingdoms, of which
Desert on the south; the whole of which was DAMASCUS was the most powerful. These were
peopled by the Aramaean branch of the great subdued by David, but became again independSemitic (or Syro-Arabian) race, and is included ent at the end of Solomon's reign; from which
in the'Old Testament under the name of Aram. time we find the kings of Damascus sometimes
This region may be well described physically at war with the kings of Israel, and sometimes
as the great triangular depression of Western in alliance with them against the kings of Judah,
Asia encircled on the north and northeast by, till the reign of Tiglath-Pileser, king of Assyria,
the Taurus and its prolongation to the south- who, having been invited by Ahaz, king of Jueast, or, in other words, by the highlands of dab, to assist him against the united forces of
Cilicia, Cappadocia, Armenia, and Aria; and Rezin, king of Syria, and Pekah, king of Israel,
subsiding on the south and west into the Med- took Damascus, and probably conquered all Syriterranean and the Great Desert of Arabia. ia, about B.C. 740. Having been a part sucEven a wider extent than this is often given to cessively of the Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian,
Syria, so as to include the eastern part of Asia and Macedonian empires, it fell, after the battle
Minor, as far as the River Halys and the Euxine. of Ipsus (B.C. 301), to the share of Seleucus
The people were of the same races, and those Nicator, and formed a part of the great kingof the north of the Taurus in Cappadocia and dom of the Seleucidse, whose history is given in
Pontus are called White Syrians (vid. LEUCO- the articles SELEUCUS, ANTIOCHUS, DEMETRIUS,
SYRI), in contradistinction to the people of darker &c. In this partition, however, Ccelesyria and
complexion in Syria, Proper, who are sometimes Palestine went, not to Syria, but to Egypt, and
even called Black Syrians (1dYpot utXaver). the possession of those provinces became the
Even when the name of Syria is used in its or- great source of contention between the Ptoledinary narrower sense, it is often confounded mies and the Seleucids. By the irruptions of
with Assyria, which only differs from Syria by the Parthjians on the east, and the unsuccessful
having the definite article prefixed. Again, in war of Antiochus the Great with the Romans
the narrower sense of the name, Syria still in- on the west, the Greek-Syrian kingdom was recludes two districts which are often considered duced to the limits of Syria itself, and became
as not belonging to it, namely, PH(ENICE and weaker and weaker, until it was overthrown by
PALESTINE, and a third which is likewise often TIGRANES, king of Armenia, B.C. 79.  Soon
considered separate, namely, CCELESYRIA; but -afterward, when the Romans had conquered
this last is generally reckoned a part of Syria. Tigranes as well as Mithradates, Syria was
In this narrower sense, then, Syria was bound- quietly added by Pompey to the empire of the
ed on the west (beginning from the south) by republic, and was constituted a province B.C.
Mount Hermon, at the southern end of Antilib- 54; but its northern district, COMMAGENE,. was
anus, which separated it from Palestine, by the not included in this arrangement. As the eastrange of Libanus, dividing it from Phcenice, ern province of the Roman empire, and with its
by the Mediterranean, and by Mount Amanus, great desert frontier, Syria was constantly exwhich divided it from Cilicia; on the north posed to the irruptions of the Parthians, and,
(where it bordered on Cappadocia) by the main after them, of the Persians; but it long rechain of Mount Taurus, almost exactly along mained one of the most flourishing of the provthe parallel of thirty-eight degrees of north lat- inces. The attempt of Zenobia to make it the
itude, and striking the Euphrates just below  seat of empire is noticed under PALMYRA and
Juliopolis, and considerably above Samosata: ZENOBIA. While the Roman emperors defendhence the Euphrates forms the eastern bound- ed this precious possession against the attacks
ary, dividing Syria first from a very small por- of the Persian kings with various success, a
tion of Armenia, and then from Mesopotamia, new danger arose, as-early as the fourth centuto about or beyond the thirty-sixth parallel of ry, from the Arabians of the Desert, who began
north latitude, whence the -southeastern and to be known under the name of Saracens; and,
southern boundaries, toward Babylonia and Ara- when the rise of Mohammed h-ad given to the
bia, in the Great Desert, are exceedingly indefi- Arabs that great religious impulse which revonite. (Compare ARABIA.) The western part of lutionized the Eastern world, Syria was the first
the southern boundary ran just below Damas- great conquest that they made from the Eastern
cus, being formed by the highlands of Trachon- empire, A.D. 632-638. In the time immediateitis. The western part of the country was in- ly succeeding the Macedonian conquest, Syria
tersected by a series of mountains, running was regarded as consisting of two parts; the
847




SYRIE PORT E.                                 SYRTIS.
north, including the whole country down to the pastures, wine, and corn. It contained two
beginning of the Lebanon range, and the south, towns, one on the eastern side, and one on the
consisting of CCELESYRIA in its more extended western side of the island; of the latter there
sense.  The former, which was called Syria are still remains near the modern harbor of MaProper, or Upper Syria ( iiavo vvpia, Syria Su- ria della Grazia. The philosopher Pherecydes
perior), was divided into four districts oritetrar- was a native of Syros.
chies, which were named after their respective  SYRTIS, gen. -KDos (prlzf,'gen. -tdof and-eC,
capitals, Seleucis, Antiochene, Laodicene, and Ion. -tot), the Greek name for each of the two
Apamene. Under the Romans it was divided great gulfs in the eastern half of the northern
into ten districts, named (mostly after their cap- coast of Africa, is derived by ancient writers
ital cities) Commagene, Cyrrhestice, Pieria, Se- from acvp, to draw, with reference to the quickleucis, Chalcidice, Chalybonitis, Palmyrene, Ap- sands by which, in the Greater Syrtis at least,
amene, Cassiotis, and Laodicene; but the last ships were liable to be swallowed up; but
is sometimes included under Cassiotis. (Vid. modern scholars generally prefer the derivation
the several articles.) Constantine the Great from the Arabic sert=a sandy. desert, which is
separated from Syria the two northern districts, at the present day applied to the country along
namely, Commagene and Cyrrhestice, and erect- this coast, the REGIO SYRTICA of the ancients.
ed them into a.distinct province, called Euphra- Both were proverbially dangerous, the Greater
tensis or Euphratesia; and the rest of Syria Syrtis from its sand-banks and quicksands, and
was afterward divided by Theodosius II. into its unbroken exposure to the northern winds,
the two provinces of Syria Prima, including the the Lesser from its shelving rocky shores, its
sea-coast and the country north of Antioch, and exposure to the northeastern winds, and the
having that city for its capital; and Syria Se- consequent variableness of the tides in it. 1.
cunda, the district along the Orontes, with Ap- SYRTIS MAJOR (i iEeyd2XT ETzprl: now Gulf of
amea for its capital: the eastern districts no Sidra), the eastern of the two. is a wide and
longer formed a part of Syria, but had fallenun- deep gulf on the shores of Tripolita and Cyreder the power of the Persians.            naica, exactly opposite to the Ionic Sea, or
SYRISm PORTA (ati ZvpiaLt rdvat: now Pass of mouth Of the Adriatic, between Sicily and PeloBeilan), a most important pass between Cilicia ponnesus. Its greatest depth, from north to
and Syria, lying between the shore of the Gulf south, is about one hundred and ten geographof Issus on the west, and Mount Amanus on ical miles; its width is about two hundred and
the east. Xenophon, who called the pass (or, thirty geographical miles, between Cephaloe
rather, its fortifications) the Gates of Cilicia and Promontorium (now Ras Kharra) on the west,
of Syria, describes it as three stadia in length and Boreum Promontorium (now Ras Teyocnas)
and very narrow, with walls built from the on the east. (Strabo gives its width as fifteen
mountains to the sea at both ends (the Cilician hundred stadia, its depth fifteen hundred to
and the Syrian), and gates in the walls (Anab., eighteen hundred, and its circuit four thousand
i., 4). These walls and gates are not mention- to five thousand).  The Great Desert comes
ed by the historians of Alexander.        down close to its shores, forming a sandy coast.
SYRIANUS (Evptav6f),.a Greek philosopher of Vid. SYRTICAREGIO. The terror of being driven
the Neo-Platonic school, was a native of Alex- on shore in it is referred to in the narrative of
andrea, and studied at Athens under Plutarchus, Saint Paul's voyage to Italy (Acts, xxvii., 17,
whom he succeeded as head of the Neo-Platonic " fearing lest they should fall into the Syrtis");
school in the early part of the fifth century. and the dangers of a march through the loose
The most distinguished of his disciples was sand on its shores, sometimes of a'burning heat,
Proclus, who regarded him with the greatest and sometimes saturated with sea-water, were
veneration, and gave directions that at his death scarcely less formidable.-SYRTIS MINOR (~
he should be buried in the same tomb with Syr- pteKpa Ivprtl: now Gulf of Khabs), lies in the
ianus. Syrianus wrote several works, some of southwestern angle of the great bend formed by
which are extant. Of these the most valuable the northern coast of Africa as it drops down
are the commentaries on the Metaphysics of to the south from the neighborhood of CarAristotle.                                thage, and then bears again to the east; in
SYRINX, an Arcadian nymph, who, being pur- other words, in the angle between the eastern
sued by Pan, fled into the River Ladon, and at coast of Zeugitana and Byzacena (now Tunis)
her own request was metamorphosed into a and the northern coast of Tripolitana (now
reed, of which Pan then made his flute.   Tripoli).  Its mouth faces the east, between
SYRINX (vptyw), a great and strongly-fortified Caput Vada or Brachodes Promontorium (now
city of Hyrcania, and the capital of the province Ras -Kapoudiah) on the north, and the island
under the Greek kings of Syria. Perhaps it is called Meninx or Lotophagitis (now Jerbah) on
only the Greek name of the city called, in the the south. In its mouth, near the northern exnative language, Zadrakarta.              tremity, lie the islands of Cercina and Cercini[SYRO, an Epicurean philosopher at Rome, tis, which were often regarded as its northern
on friendly terms with Cicero: Baehr thinks he extremity. Its dimensions are differently given,
is the same as the Syro who instructed Virgil partly, perhaps, on account of the different points
in the Epicurean philosophy.]             from which they were reckoned. The Greek
SYRos or SYRus (Xopoc, called Zvpit by Ho- geographers give the width as six hundred
mer, and ZSpa by a few writers: Xgpetof.: now  stadia (sixty geographical miles), and the cirSyra), an island in the AEgean Sea, and one of cuit sixteen hundred stadia: the Romans give
the Cyclades, lying between Rhenea and Cyth- one hundred Roman miles for the width, and
nus. It is described by the ancients as twenty three hundred for the circuit. The true width
Roman miles in circumference, and as rich in (between Ras Kapoudiah and the eastern point
848




SYRTICA REGIO.                                TACITUS.
of Jerbah) is about eighty geographical miles,
and the greatest depth, measured westward
from the line joining those points, is about 
sixty-five geographical miles. In Herodotus,  TABE (Td6al: Tae7v6o). 1. (Now Tavi), a
the word Syrtis occurs in a few passages, with- small inland town of Sicily.-2. (Now Dawas),
out any distinction between the Greater and the a city of Caria, on the borders of Phrygia.-3.
Less. It seems most probable that he means A city of Persis, in the district of Paretacene,
to denote by this term the Greater Syrtis, and on the road from Ecbatana to Persepolis.
that he included the Lesser in the Lake TRI-  TABERNE. Vid. TRES TABERNE.
TONIL.                                      [TABRAcA. Vid. THABRACA.]
SYRTTICA REGIO (7Y XvpTi:  now the western  TABURNUS (now Taburno), a mountain belongpart of Tripoli), the special name of that part of ing half to Campania and half to Samnium. Its
the northern coast of Africa which lay between southern side was very fertile, and was celethe two Syrtes, from the River Triton, at the brated for its olive grounds.  It shut in the
bottom of the Syrtis Minor, on the west, to the Caudine Pass on its southern side.
Philsenorum Are, at the bottom of the Syrtis  TACAPE (TaIcnIry: now large ruins at Khabs),
Major, on the east. It was, for the most part, a a city of Northern Africa, in the Regio Syrtica,
very narrow strip of sand, interspersed with at the innermost angle of the Syrtis Minor, to
salt marshes, between the sea and a range of which the modern town gives its name. Under
mountains forming the edge of the Great Desert the Romans, it at first belonged to Byzacena,
(now Sahara), with only here and there a few  but it was afterward raised to a colony and
spots capable of cultivation, especially about the made the western town of Tripolitana. It had
River Cinyps. It was peopled by Libyan tribes, an indifferent harbor. A little to the west was
the chief of whom were the Lotophagi, Mace, the bathing place, called, from its warm mmPsylli,. and Nasamones; and several Egyptian eral springs, Aqus Tacapitane (now ElHammatand Phoenician colonies were settled on the el-Khabs).
coast at an early period. The Greeks of Cy-  TACFARINAS, a Numidian in the reign of Tirene disputed with the Carthaginians the pos- berius, had originally served among the auxilsession Of this district until it was secured to iary troops in the Roman army, but he desertCarthage by the self-devotion of the PHILMNI. ed; and, having collected a body of freebootUnder the Romans it formed a part of the prov- ers, he became at length the acknowledged
ince of Africa. It was often called TRIPOLITA- leader of the Musulamii, a powerful people in
NA, from its three chief cities, ABROTONUM, CEA, the interior of Numidia, bordering on Mauretaand LEPTIS MAGNA; and this became its usual nia. For some years he defied the Roman arms,
name under the later empire, and has been but was at length defeated and slain in battle
handed down to our own time in the modern by Dolabella, A.D. 24.
name of the Regency of Tripoli.             TACHOMPSO (Taxotor, also Tacompsos, Plin.,
SYRus, a slave brought to Rome some years and Meraicolto6, Ptol.), afterward CONTRAPSELbefore the downfall of the republic, and desig- cis, a city in the Dodecaschenus, that is, the
nated, according to the usual practice, from the part of /Ethiopia immediately above Egypt,
country of his birth. He attracted attention, built on an island (now Derar?) near the eastwhile yet a youth, by his accomplishments and ern bank of the river, a little above Pselcis,
wit, was manumitted by his master, who prob- which stood on the opposite bank. Vid. PSELCIS.
ably belonged to the Clodia gens, assumed the  TACHOS (TaXtiC), king of Egypt, succeeded
name of Publius, from his patron, and soon be- Acoris, and maintained the independence of his
came highly celebrated as a mimographer. He country for a short time during the latter end
may be said to have flourished B.C. 45. His of the reign ofArtaxerxes II. He invited Chamimes were committed to writing, and exten- brias, the Athenian, to take the command of his
sively circulated at an early period; and a col- fleet, and Agesilais-to undertake the supreme
lection of pithy moral sayings, extracted from  command of all his forces. Both Chabrias and
his works, appears to have been used as a Agesilaus came to Egypt; but the latter was
school-book in the boyhood of St. Jerome. A  much aggrieved in having only the command
compilation of this description, extending to up- of the mercenaries intrusted to him. Accordward of one thousand lines in iambic and tro- ingly, when Nectanabis laid claim to the Egypchaic measures, every apophthegm being com- tian crown, Agesilaus deserted Tachos, and esprised in a single line, and the whole arranged poused the cause of Nectanabis, who thus bealphabetically, according to the initial letter of came King of Egypt B.C. 361.
the first word in each, is now extant under the  TACITUS. 1. C. CORNfELUS, the historian.
title Publii Syri Sententice. These proverbs have The time and place of his birth are unknown.
been drawn from various sources, and are evi- He was a little older than the younger Pliny,
dently the work of many different hands; but who was born A.D. 61. His father was proba considerable number may be ascribed to Sy- ably Cornelius Tacitus, a Roman eques, who is
rus and his contemporaries. The best editions mentioned as a procurator in Gallia Belgica,
of the Sententiea are by Havercamp, Lugd. Bat.j and who died in 79. Tacitus was first promo1708,1727; by Orelli, Lips., 1822; and by Bothe, ted by the Emperor Vespasian, and he received
in his Poetarum Latin. Scenicorum nFragmenta, other favors from his sons Titus and Domitian.
Lips., 1834.                              In 78 he married the daughter of. Julius AgricSYTHAS (2vOag), a river on the frontiers of ola, to whom he had been betrothed in the preAchaia and Sicyonia.                      ceding year, while Agricola was consul. In the
54                                 reign of Domitian, and in A.D. 88, Tacitus was
preetor, and he assisted as one of the quindecem849




TACITUS.. TACITUS.
viri at the solemnity of the Ludi Seculares mans who were best known to the Romans
which were celebrated in that year. Agricola from being near the Rhine. That the hearsay
died at Rome in 93, but neither Tacitus nor the accounts of more remote tribes must partake
daughter. of Agricola was then with him. It is of the defects of all such evidence, is obvious;
not known where Tacitus was during the last and we can not easily tell whether Tacitus emillness of Agricola. In the reign of Nerva, 97, bellished that which he heard obscurely told.
Tacitus was appointed consul suffectus, in the But to consider the Germany as a fiction is one
place of T. Virginius Rufus, who had died in of those absurdities which need only be recordthat year, and whose funeral oration he deliv- ed, not refuted. 5. Dialogus de Oratoribus. If
ered. We know that Tacitus had attained ora- this dialogue is the work of Tacitus, and it probtorical distinction when the younger Pliny was ably is, it must be his earliest work, for it was
commencing his career. He and Tacitus were written in the sixth year of Vespasian (c. 17).
appointed in the reign of Nerva (99) to conduct The style is more easy than that of the Annals,
the prosecution of Marius, proconsul of Africa. more diffuse, less condensed; but there is no
Tacitus and Pliny were most intimate friends. obvious difference between the style of this
In the collection of the letters of Pliny there Dialogue and the Histories, nothing so striking
are eleven letters addressed to Tacitus. The as to make us contend for a different authortime of the death of Tacitus is unknown, but ship. Besides this, it is nothing unusual for
he appears to have survived Trajan, who died works of the same author, which are written at
117. Nothing is recorded of any children of different times, to vary greatly in style, espehis, though the Emperor Tacitus claimed a de- cially if they treat of different matters. The
scentfrom the historian, and ordered his works old MSS. attribute this Dialogue to Tacitus.
to be placed in all (public) libraries. The- fol- The Annals of Tacitus, the work of a mature
lowing are the extant works of Tacitus: 1. Vita age, contain the chief events of the period
Agricole, the life of Agricola, which was writ- which they embrace, arranged under their sevten after the death of Domitian, 96, as'we may eral years. There seems no peculiar propriety
probably conclude from the introduction, which in giving the name of Annales to this work,
was certainly written after Trajan's accession. simply because the events are arranged in the
This life is justly admired as a specimen of bi- order of time. The work of Livy may just as
ography. It is a monument to the memory of well be called Annals. In the Annals of Taca good man, and an able commander and ad- itus, the Princeps or Emperor is the centre about
ministrator, by an affectionate son-in-law, who which events are grouped. Yet the most irahas portrayed, in his peculiar manner and with portant public events, both in Italy and the provmany masterly touches, the virtues of one of inces, are not omitted, though every thing is
the most illustrious of the Romans. 2. Histo- treated as subordinate to the exhibition of imrice, which were written after the death of Ner- perial power. The Histories, which were writva, 98, and before the Annales. They compre- ten before the Annals, are in a more diffuse
hended the period from the second consulship style, and the treatment of the extant part is
of Galba, 68, to the death of Domitian, 96, and different from that of the Annals.  Tacitus
the author designed to add the reigns of Nerva wrote the Histories as a contemporary; the
and Trajan. The first four books alone are ex- Annals as not a contemporary. They are two
taut in a complete form, and they comprehend distinct works, not parts of one, which is clearonly the events of about one year. The fifth ly shown by the very different proportions of
book is imperfect, and goes no further than the the two works: the first four books of the Hiscommencement of the siege of Jerusalem by Ti- tories comprise about a year, and the first four
tus, and the war of Civilis in Germany. It is books of the Annals comprise fourteen years.
not known how many books of the Histories The moral dignity of Tacitus is impressed
there were, but it must have been a large work upon his works; the consciousness of a love
if it was all written on the same scale as the of truth, of the integrity of his purpose. His
first five books. 3. Annales, which commence great power-is in the knowledge of the human
with the death of Augustus, 14, and comprise mind, his insight into the motives of human
the period to the death of Nero, 68, a space of conduct; and he found materials for this study
fifty-four years. The greater part of the fifth in the history of the emperors, and particularbook is lost, and also the seventh, eighth, ninth, ly Tiberius, the arch-hypocrite, and perhaps half
tenth, the beginning of the eleventh, and the madman. His Annals are filled with dramatic
end of the sixteenth, which is the last book. scenes and striking catastrophes. He laborThese lost parts comprised the whole of Calig- ed to produce effect by the exhibition of great
ula's reign, the first five years of Claudius, and personages on the stage; but as to the mass
the last two of Nero: 4. De Moribus et Populis of the people we learn little from Tacitus. The
Germanice, a treatise describing the Germanic style of Tacitus is peculiar, though it bears
nations. It is of no value as a geographical some resemblance to Sallust. In the Annals it
description; the first few chapters contain as is concise, vigorous, and pregnant with meanmuch of the geography of Germany as Tacitus ing; labored, but elaborated with art, and stripknew. The main matter is the description of ped of every superfluity. A single word somethe political institutions, the religion, and the times gives effect to a sentence, and if the
habits of the various tribes included under the meaning of the word is missed, the sense of
denomination of Germani. The value of the the -writer is not reached. Such a work is probinformation contained in this treatise has often ably the result of many transcriptions by the
been discussed, and its credibility attacked; but author. In the Annals Tacitus is generally
we may estimate its true character by observ- brief and rapid in his sketches; but he is someing the precision of the writer as to those Ger- times minute, and almost tedious, when he
850




T EaNAPRUM.                               TAMARA.
ernes to work out a dramatic scene. Nor does a short time all the people of Etruria were ashe altogether neglect his rhetorical art when he sembled around him. Tages now instructed
has an opportunity for displaying it. The con- them in the art of the haruspices, and died imdensed style of Tacitus sometimes makes him  mediately after. The Etruscans, who had lisobscure, but it is a kind of obscurity that is dis- tened attentively to his instructions, afterward
pelled by careful reading. Yet a man must read wrote down all he had said, and thus arose the
carefully and often in order to understand him; books of Tages, which, according to some, were
and we can not suppose that Tacitus was ever twelve in number.
a popular writer. His real admirers will per-  [TAGRUS (now Yunto in the chain of Sierra de
haps always be few; his readers fewer still. Albardos), a mountain of Lusitania, in the neighThe best editions of the complete works of borhood of Olisippo.]
Tacitus are by Oberlin, Lips., 1801, 2 vols. 8vo;  TAGUS (Spanish Tajo, Portuguese Tejo, Enby Bekker, Lips., 1831, 2 vols. 8vo; by Orelli, glish Tagus), one of the chief rivers in Spain,,Zurich, 1846 and 1848, 2 vols. 8vo; [and by rising in the land of the Celtiberians, between
Hitter, Cambridge, 1848, 4 vols. 8vo].-2. M. the mountains Orospeda and Idubeda, and, after
CLAUDrUS, Roman emperor from the 25th of flowing in a westerly direction, falling into the
September, A.D. 275, until April, A.D. 276. He Atlantic. The whole course of the Tagus exwas elected emperor by the senate after the ceeds five hundred and fifty English miles. At
death of Aurelian, the army having requested its mouth stood Olisippo (now Lisbon). The
the senate to nominate a successor to the im- ancient writers relate that much gold sand and
perial throne. Tacitus was at the time seventy precious stones.were found in the Tagus.
years of age, and was with difficulty persuaded  TALABRIGA, a town in Lusitania, between
to, accept the purple. The high character which,Eminium and Lagobriga.
he had borne before his elevation to the throne,  TALASSIUS or TALASSES. Vid. THALASSIUS.
he amply sustained during his brief reign. He  TALAULRA (ra TUdavpa: now Turkhal?), a forendeavored to repress the luxury and licentious- tress in Pontus, used by Mithradates the Great
ness of the age by various sumptuary laws, and as a residence, and supposed by-some to be
he himself set an example to all around by the identical with Gaziura.
abstemiousness, simplicity, and frugality of his  TALXUS (Tdaaoc), son of Bias and Pero, and
own habits. The only military achievement of king of Argos. He was married to Lysimache
this reign was the defeat and expulsion from  (Eurynome or Lysianassa), and was father of
Asia Minor of a party of Goths, who had car- Adrastus, Parthenopaus, Pronax, Mecisteus,
ried their devastation across the peninsula to Aristomachus, and Eriphyle. He occurs among
the confines of Cilicia. He died either at Tar- the Argonauts, and his tomb was shown at Arsus or at Tyana, about the 9th of April, 276.  gos. The patronymic Talaionides (TaZaiovi6r)
TENARXUM (Taivapov: now Cape lMatapan), a is given to his sons, Adrastus and Mecisteus.
promontory in Laconia, forming the southerly  TALMIs (ruins at El-Kalabsheh), a city of the
point of the Peloponnesus, on which stood a Dodecaschcenus, that is, the district of Ethiopia
celebrated temple of Neptune (Poseidon), pos- immediately above Egypt, stood on the western
sessing an inviolable asylum. A little to the bank of the Nile, south of Taphis, and north of
north of the temple and the harbor of Achilleus Tutzis. Its ruins consist of an ancient rockwas a town also called Tx NARUM or TIENARUS, hewn temple, with splendid sculptures, and of
and at a later time CYENEPOLIS. It was situa- a later temple of the Roman period, in the midst
ted forty stadia from the extreme point of the of which stands the modern village. There
promontory, and was said to have been built by was a place on the opposite bank called Contra
Taenarus, a son of Jupiter (Zeus), or Icarius, or Talmis.
Elatus. On this promontory was a cave, through  TALNA, JUVENTIUS. Vid. TIALNA.
which Hercules is said to have dragged Cerbe-  TALOS (TditoC). 1. Son of Perdix, the sister
rus to the upper world. Here also was a stat- of Dsedalus. For details, vid. PERDIX. -2. A
ue of Arion seated on a dolphin, since he is man of brass, the work of Vulcan (Hephastus).
said to have landed at this spot after his mirac- This wonderful being was given to Minos by Juulous preservation by a dolphin. In the time piter (Zeus) orVulcan (Hephastus), and watchof the Romans there were celebrated marble ed the island of Crete by walking round the
quarries on the promontory.              island thrice every day. Whenever he saw
TAGoE (Tayal: now Dameghan?), a city men- strangers approaching, he made himself red hot
tioned by Polybius as in Parthia, on the border in fire, and then embraced the strangers when
toward Hyrcania, apparently the same place they landed.
which Strabo calls TAPE (TdrT?), and reckons to  [TALTHYBIXDE, a family in Sparta, deducing
Hyrcania.                                 their origin from Talthybius, holding the office
TAGASTE (ruins at Tagilt), an inland town of herald as an hereditary honor.]
of Numidia, on a tributary of the Bagradas, re-  TALTHYBIUS (Ta2Ob6Iog), the herald of Agamarkable as the birth-place of St. Augustine.  memnon at Troy. He was worshipped as a
TAGES, a mysterious Etruscan being, who is hero at Sparta and Argos, where sacrifices also
described as a boy with the wisdom of an old were offered to him.
man. Once when an Etruscan, of the name of  [TALUS, a companion of LEneas, slain by TurTarchon, was ploughing in the neighborhood nus in Italy.]
of Tarquinii, there suddenly rose out of the  TAMXRA. 1. Or TAMARIS (now Tambre), a
ground Tages, the son of a Genius Jovialis, and small river in Hispania Tarraconensis, on the
grandson of Jupiter. WVhen Tages addressed coast of Gallaecia, falling into the Atlantic beTarchon, the latter shrieked with fear, where- tween the Minius and the Promontorium Neupon other Etruscans hastened to him, and in rium.-2. (Now Tamerton, near Plymouth), a
851




TAMARICL                                    TANIS.
town of the Damnonii in the south of Britain, into the Mediterranean about half way between
at the mouth of the Tamarus.              Sidon and Berytus.
TAMARICI, a people in Gallaecia, on the River  TANAGER (now Negro), a river of Lucania,
Tamara.                                   rising in the Apennines, which, after flowing in
TAMARIS. Vid. TAMARA.                   a northeasterly direction, loses itself under the
TAMARUS (now Tamar), a river in the south earth near Polla for a space of about two miles,
of Britain.                               and finally falls into the Silarus. near Forum
TAMAssUS or TAMASUS (Tatacra6o, Td/iaco:: Popilii.
TayaairT7c, Taydzcilo), probably the same as the  TANAGRA (TIvaypa  TavaypaZo: now GriHomeric TEMESE (Te#Ua'7), a town in the middle madha or Grimala), a celebrated town of Bceoof Cyprus, northwest of Olympus, and twenty- tia, situated on a steep ascent on the left bank
nine miles southeast of Soloi, on the road from  of the Asopus, thirteen stadia from Oropus, and
the latter place to Tremithus, was situated in two hundred stadia from Plateen, in the district
a fertile country and in the neighborhood of ex- Tanagrea, which was also called Pcemandris.
tensive copper mines. Near it was a celebrated Tanagra was supposed to be the same town as
plain. (ager Tamaseus), sacred to Venus. (Ov., the Homeric Graea. The most ancient inhabMet., x., 644.)                          itants are said to have been the Gephyreli, who
TAMBRAX (TdlAppaf), a great city of Hyrcania, came with Cadmus from Phcenicia; but it was
on the northern side of-Mount Coronus, men- afterward taken possession of by the &Eolian
tioned by Polybius. It is perhaps the same Bceotians. It was aplace of considerable complace which Strabo calls TaXa6p6Krc.      mercial importance; and was celebrated, among
TAMESIS or TAMESA (now Thames), a river in other things, for its breed of fighting cocks.
Britain, flowing into the sea on the eastern At a later time it belonged to the Boeotian concoast, on which stood Londinium. Caesar cross- federacy. Being near the frontiers of Attica,
ed the Thames at the distance of eighty Roman it was frequently exposed to the attacks of the
miles from the sea, probably at Cowey Stakes, Athenians; and near it the Athenians sustainnear Oatlands and the confluence of the Wey. ed a celebrated defeat, B.C. 457.
There have been found in modern times in the  TANXiS (TavaZ'c). 1. (Now Don, i. e., Water),
ford of the river at this spot large stakes, which a great river, which rises in the north of Sarare -supposed to have been the same as were matia Europea (about the centre of Russia), and
fixed in the water by Cassivellaunus when he flows to the southeast till it comes near the
attempted to prevent Caesar from crossing the  Volga, when it turns to the southwest, and falls
river.                                    into the northeastern angle of the Palus Meotis
TAMNA (Ta'dva), a very great city in the south- (now Sea of Azov) by two principal mouths and
west of Arabia Felix, the capital of the Cataba- several smaller ones. It was usually considerni. It maintained a caravan traffic, in spices ed the boundary between Europe and Asia; Its
and other products of Arabia, with Gaza, from  chief tributary was the Hyrgis or Syrgis (now
which its distance was reckoned one thousand probably Donets).-2. (Ruins near Kassatchei),
four hundred and thirty-six Roman miles.  a city of Sarmatia Asiatica, on the northern side
TAMOS (Tau6c), a native of Memphis in Egypt, of the southern mouth of the Tanais, at a little
was lieutenant governor of Ionia under Tissa- distance from the sea. It was founded by a
phernes. He afterward attached himself to the colony from Miletus, and became a very flourservice of the younger Cyrus; upon whose ishing emporium. It reduced to subjection sevdeath he sailed to Egypt, where he hoped to eral of the neighboring tribes, but in its turn it
find refuge with Psammetichus, on whom he became subject to the kings of Bosporus. It
had conferred an obligation. Psammetichus, was destroyed by Polemon on account of an athowever, put him to death, in order to possess tempted revolt, and, though afterward restored,
himself of his money and ships.           it never regained its former prosperity.
TAMPHILUS or TAMPILUS, BSBIUS.  1. CN.,   [TANAIS. 1. A Rutulian warrior under Turtribune of the plebs B.C. 204; praetor 199, nus, slain by.Eneas.-2. A freedman of M.ecewhen he was defeated by the Insubrians; and nas, or, as some say, of L. Munatius Plancus,
consul 182, when he fought against the Liguri- mentioned by Horace (Sat., i., 1,105).]
ans with success.-2. M., brother of the last,  TANAQUIL. Vid. TARQUINIUS.
was praetor 192, and served in Greece both in  [TANARUs, (now Tanaro), a river of Liguria,
this year and the following, in the war against which flows down from the Alpes Maritimre, and
Antiochus. In 181 he was consul, when he after receiving the Stura, Fevos, and Urbis, falls
defeated the Ligurians.                   into the Padus (now Po).;]
TAMYNE   (Ta/yvaL), a town in Euboea, on  TANETUM (Tanetanus: now Taneto), a town
Mount CotylEeum, in the territory of Eretria, of the Boii in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina
with a temple of Apollo, said to have been built and Parma.
by Admetus. Here the Athenians under Pho-   TANIS (Tdvtc: in the Old Testament, Zoan 
cion gained a celebrated victory over Callias of Tavir7: ruins at San), a very ancient city of
Chalcis, B.C. 354. -Lower Egypt, in the eastern part of the Delta, on
TAMYRCA. -(TayTvpiaK), a town and promon- the right bank of the arm of the Nile, which was
tory of European Sarmatia, at the innermost called after it the Tanitic, and on the southwestcorner of the Sinus Carcinites, which was also ern side of the great lake between this and the
called from this town Sinus Tamyraces (Tal- Pelusiac branch of the Nile, which was also
vpKlc  K5C c6rog).                        called, after the city, Tanis (now Lake of MenTAMYRAS or DAMURAS (Tcapvpac, Aauovpac: zaleh). It was one of the capitals of Lower
now Damur, or Nahr-el-Kadi), a little river of Egypt under the early kings, and was said by
Phoenicia, rising on Mount Libanus, and falling tradition to have been the residence of the court
852




TANTALIDES.                                  TAPURI.
in the time of Moses. It was the chief city of  TAOCE (Tao6cq: now Bunder-Reight), a city on
the Tanites Nomos.                        the coast of Persis, near the mouth of the River
[TANTXLIDES. Vid. TANTALUS, No. 1, adfin.] Granis, used occasionally as a royal residence.
TANTALUS (T vraZoC).. 1. Son of Jupiter The surrounding district was called Tao/c'vf.
(Zeus)'and Pluto. His wife is called by some  TAOCHI (TdoXoL), a people of Pontus, on the
Euryanassa, by others Taygete or Dione, and borders, of Armenia, frequently mentioned by
by others Clytia or Eupryto. He was the father Xenophon in the Anabasis.
of Pelops, Broteas, and Niobe. All traditions  TAPE. Vid. TAGE.
agree in stating that he was a wealthy king-; but  TAPHIE INSUL E, a number of small islands
while some call him King of Lydia, others de- in the Ionian Sea, lying between the coasts of
scribe him as King of Argos or Corinth. Tan- Leucadia and Acarnania. They were also calltalus is particularly celebrated in ancient story ed the islands of the Teleboae, and their inhabfor the terrible punishment inflicted upon him  itants were in like manner named TAPHII (Tdafter his death, in the lower world, the causes otot) or TELEBSOE (Tn1e6oat). The largest of
of which are differently stated by the ancient these islands is called TAPHUS (Tdaoc) by Hoauthors. According to the common account, mer, but TAPHIUS (TaitoOc) or TAPHI-SA (TaeOJupiter (Zeus) invited him to his table, and com-  oea) by later writers. They are mentioned in
municated his divine counsels to him. Tanta- Homer as the haunts of notorious pirates, and
lus divulged the secrets thus intrusted to him; are celebrated in mythology on account of the
and he was punished in the lower world by be- war carried on between them and Electryon,
ing afflicted with a raging thirst, and at the king of Mycenae.
same time placed in the midst of a lake, the  TAPHIASSUS (Taetaaadc: now Macrivoro and
waters of which always receded from him as Rigani), a mountain in 2Etolia and Locris, propsoon as he attempted to drink them. Over his erly only a southwestern continuation of Mounts
head, moreover, hung branches of fruit, which (Eta and Corax.
receded in like manner when he stretched out  TAPHIS (ruins at Tapa), a city of the Dode-.
his hand to reach them. In addition to all this, caschcenus, that is, the district of /Ethiopia imthere was suspended over his head a huge rock, mediately above Egypt, stood on the western
ever threatening to crush him. Another tradi- bank of the Nile, south of Tzitzis, and north of
tion relates that, wishing to test the gods, he Talmis. It is also called TaObi and IIaqrc.
cut his son Pelops in pieces, boiled them, and There was a town on the opposite bank called
set them before the gods at a repast. A third Contra Taphis.
account states that Tantalus stole nectar and  TAPHRME or TAPHROS (Tdappa or Tdcipog: Tdambrosia from the table of the gods and gave opiog), a town on the isthmus of the Chersonethem to his friends; and a fourth, lastly, relates sus Taurica, so called because a trench or ditch
the following story. Rhea caused the infant was cut across the isthmus at this point.
Jupiter (Zeus) and his nurse to be guarded in  TAPHUS. Vid. TAPHIIE.
Crete by a golden dog, whom Jupiter (Zeus)  TAPOSIRIS (Ta7roaetpt, Ta7rOatptc, Tao6otptr,
afterward appointed guardian of his temple in i. e., the tomb of Osiris: ruins at Abousir), a city
Crete. Pandareus stole this dog, and, carrying of Lower Egypt, on the northwestern frontier,
him to Mount Sipylus in Lydia, gave him to in the Libya Nomos, near the base of the long
Tantalus to take care of. But when Pandareus tongue of land on which Alexandrea stood, eeldemanded the dog back, Tantalus took an oath ebrated for its claim to be considered the burialthat he had never received it. Jupiter (Zeus) place of Osiris. Mention is also made of a Lessthereupon changed Pandareus into a stone, and er Taposiris (?j YiKpa Ta7r6cetpLg) near it.
threw  Tantalus down from  Mount Sipylus.   TAPROBANE (Tanpo6dv7: now Ceylon), a great
Others, again, relate that Mercury (Hermes) de- island of the Indian Ocean, opposite to the southmanded the dog of Tantalus, and that the per- ern extremity of India intra Gangem. The
jury was committed before Mercury (Hermes). Greeks first became acquainted with it through
Jupiter (Zeus) buried Tantalus under Mount the researches of Onesicritus in the time of
Sipylus as a punishment; and there his tomb Alexander, and through information obtained
was shown in later times. The punishment of by residents in India; and the Roman geograTantalus was proverbial in ancient times, and phers acquired additional knowledge respecting
from it thee English language has borrowed the the island through an embassy which was sent
verb " to tantalize," that is, to hold out hopes from it to Rome in the reign of Claudius. Of
or prospects which can not be realized. The the accounts given of it by the ancients, it is
patronymic Tantalides is frequently given to the only necessary here to state that Ptolemy makes
descendants of Tantalus. Hence we find not it very much too large, while, on the other hand,
only his. son Pelops, but also Atreus, Thyestes, he gives much too small a southward extension
Agamemnon, Menelaus, and Orestes called by- to the peninsula of India.
this name.-2. Son of Thyestes, who was killed  TAPURI (Tadrovpoe or Tarrovpoz), a powerful
by Atreus. Others call him a son of Broteas. people, apparently of Scythian origin, who dwelt
He was married to Clytamnestra before Aga- in Media, on the borders of Parthia, south of
memnon, and is said by some to have been killed Mount Coronus. They also extended into MarbyAgamemnon.-3. Son ofAmphion and Niobe. giana, and probably further north on the eastTANUS or TANAUS (Tdvo' or TavaoS: now Ka- ern side of the Caspian, where their original
zi), a river in the district of Thyreatis, on the a:odes seem to have been in the mountains
eastern coast of Peloponnesus, rising in Mount called by their name. The men wore black
Parnon, and falling into the Thyreatic Gulf clothes and long hair, and the women white
after forming the boundary between Argolis clothes and hair cut close. They were much
and Cynuria.                              addicted to drunkenness.
853




TAPURI MONTES.                                TARPEIA.
TAPURI MVONTES (rt Tdriovpa 6pY7), a range of whom they invited to succor them was Alesmountains on the east of the Caspian Sea, in- ander, king of Epirus, and uncle to Alexander the
habited by the TAPURI.-                   Great. At first he met with considerable su —
TARAS. Vid. TARENTUM.                   cess, but was eventually defeated and slain by
TARBELtT, one of the most important people the Bruttii, in 326, near KPandosia, on the banks
in Gallia Aquitanica, between the ocean (hence of the Acheron. Shortly afterward the Tarencalled Tarbellicum cquor and Tarbellus Oceanus) tines had to encounter a still more formidable
and the Pyrenees (hence called Tarbella Py- enemy. Having attacked some Roman ships,
rene). Their country was sandy and unpro- and then grossly insulted the, Roman ambassaductive, but contained gold and mineral springs dors who had been sent to demand reparation,
Their chief town was AQUAE TARBELICAE or war was declared against the city by the powAUGUSTS, on the Aturus (now Dacqs on the erful republic. The Tarentines were saved for
Adour).                                   a time by Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, who came to
TARCHON, son of Tyrrhenus, who is said to their help in 280; but two years after the dehave built'the town of Tarquinii. (Vid. TAR- feat of this monarch and his withdrawal from
QUINII.) Virgil represents him as coming to the Italy, the city was taken by the Romans (272).
assistance of LEneas against Turnus.     In the second Punic war Tarentum revolted
TARENTINUS SINUS (TapevrTivor /c6oroc: now  from Rome to Hannibal (212); but it was reGulf of Tarentum), a great gulf in the south of taken by the Romans in 207, and was treated
Italy, between Bruttium, Lucania, and Calabria, by them with great severity. From this time
beginning west near the Promontorium Lacini- Tarentum declined in prosperity and wealth.
um, and ending east near the Promontorium  It was subsequently made a Roman colony, and
Iapygium, and named after the town of Taren- it still continued to be a place of considerable
tur. According to Strabo, it is one thousand importance in the time of Augustus. Its innine hundred and twenty stadia in circuit, and habitants retained their love of luxury and ease;
the entrance to it is seven hundred stadia wide. and it is described by Horace as molle Tarentum
TARENTUM, called TARAS by the Greeks (T6- and imbelle Tarentum. Even after the downfall
par, -avro-: Tapevrfvoc, Tarentinus: now Ta- of the Western Empire the Greek language was
ranto), an important Greek city in Italy, situa- still spoken at Tarentum; and it was long one
ted on the western coast of the peninsula of of the chief strongholds of the Byzantine empire
Calabria, and on a bay of the sea, about one in the south of Italy. The town of Tarentum
hundred stadia in circuit, forming an excellent consisted of two parts, viz., of a peninsula or
harbor, and being a portion of the great Gulf of island at the entrance of the harbor, and of a
Tarentum. The city stood in the midst of a town on the main land, which was connected
beautiful and fertile country, south of Mount with the island by means of a bridge. On the
Aulon and west of the mouth of the Galesus. northwest corner of the island, close to the enIt was-originally built by the Iapygians, who are trance of the harbor, was the citadel; the prinsaid to have been joined by some Cretan colo- cipal part of the town was situated southwest
iiists from the neighboring town of Uria, and it of the isthmus. The modern town is confined
derived its name from the mythical Taras, a son to the island or peninsula on which the citadel
of Poseidon. The greatness of Tarentum, how- stood. The neighborhood of Tarentum proever, dates from B.C. 708, when the original duced the best wool in all Italy, and was also
inhabitants were expelled, and the town was celebrated for its excellent wine, figs, pears, and
taken possession of by a strong body -of Lace- other fruits. Its purple dye was also much
dsemonian Partheniae under the guidance of valued in antiquity.
Phalanthus.  Vid. PHALANTHUS.  It soon be-  TARICHA, or -EAE, or AE. (TapiXeta, -ac, aatc:
came the most powerful and flourishing city in ruins at El-Kereh), a town of Galilee, at the
the whole of Magna Grecia, and exercised a southern end of the Lake of Tiberias, strongly
kind of supremacy over the other Greek cities fortified, and with a turbulent population, who
in Italy. It carried on an extensive commerce, gave the Romans much trouble during the Jewpossessed a considerable fleet of ships of war, ish war. It obtained its name from the quantiand was able to bring into the field, with the ties of the fish of the neighboring lakes which
assistance of its allies, an army of thirty thou- were salted here.
sand foot and three thousand horse. The city  TARNE (TdpvV), a city of Lydia, on Mount
itself, in its most flourishing period, contained Tmolus, mentioned by Homer. Pliny mentions
twenty-two thousand men capable of bearing simply a fountain of the name.
arms. The government of Tarentum was dif-   TARPA, SP. Mm CIUS, was engaged by Pomferent at various periods. In the time of Da- peius to select the plays that were acted at his
rius Hystaspis, Herodotus speaks of a king (i. e., games exhibited in B.C. 55, Tarpa was likea tyrant) of Tarentum'; but at a later period the wise employed by Augustus as a dramatic cengovernment was a democracy. Archytas, who sor.
was born at Tarentum, and who lived about   TARPEIA, daughter of Sp. Tarpeius, the gov-'B.C. 400, drew up a code of laws for his native ernor of the Roman citadel on the Saturnian
city. With the increase of wealth the citizens Hill, afterward called the Capitoline, was temptbecame luxurious and effeminate, and'being ed by the gold on the Sabine bracelets and colhard pressed by the Lucanians and other bar- lars to open a gate of the fortress to T. Tatius
barians in the neighborhood, they were obliged and his Sabines. As they entered, they threw
to apply for aid to the mother country. Archi- upon her their shields, and thus crushed her to
damns, son of Agesilaus, was the first who came death. She was buried on the hill, and her
to their assistance in B.C. 338; and he fell in memory was preserved by the name of the Tarbattle fighting on their behalf. The next prince peian Rock, which was given to a part of ith
854




TARPHE.                                 TARQUINIUS.
Capitoline.  A legend still exists at Rome, remove to Rome. He accordingly set out lto
which relates that the fair Tarpeia ever sits in Rome, riding in a chariot with his wife, and acthe heart of the hill, covered with gold and jew- companied by a large train of followers. When
els, and bound by a spell.                they had reached the Janiculus, an eagle seized
TARPilE (Tdp0?), a town in Locris, on Mount his cap, and, after carrying it away to a great
lEta, mentioned by Homer, and subsequently height, placed it again upon his head. Tanacalled Pharygae.                          quil, who was skilled in the Etruscan science
TARQUINIA. Vid. TARQUINIUS.             of augury, bade her husband hope for the highTARQUINII (Tarquiniensis: now  Turchina, est honor from this omen. Her predictions
near Corneto), a city of Etruria, situated on a hill were soon verified. The stranger was receivand on the River Marta, southeast of Cosa and ed with welcome, and he and his followers were
on a road leading from the latter town to Rome. admitted to the rights of Roman citizens. He
It was one of the twelve Etruscan cities, and took the name of L. TARQUINIUS, to which Livy
was probably regarded as the metropolis of the adds PRrscus. His wealth, his courage, and
Confederation. It is said to have been founded his wisdom gained him the love both of Ancus
by Tarchon, the son or brother of. Tyrrhenus, Marcius and of the people. The former apwho was the leader of the Lydian colony from  pointed him guardian of his children; and, when
Asia to Italy. It was in the neighborhood of he died, the senate and the people unanimously
Tarquinii that the seer Tages appeared, from  elected Tarquinius to the vacant throne. The
whom the Etruscans learned their civil and re- reign of Tarquinius was distinguished by great
ligious polity. Vid. TAGES. According to one exploits in war and by great works in peace.
account, Tarquinii was founded by Thessalians, He defeated the Latins and Sabines; and the
that is, Pelasgians; but there can be no doubt latter people ceded to him the town of Collatia,
that it was an original Etruscan city, and that where he placed a garrison under the command
Tarchon is merely a personification of the race of Egerius, the son of his deceased brother
of the Tyrrhenians. It was at Tarquinii that Aruns, who took the surname of Collatinus.
Demaratus, the father of Tarquinius Priscus, Some traditions relate that Tarquinius defeated
settled; and it was from this city that the Tar- the Etruscans likewise. Among the important
quinian family came to Rome. After the ex- works which Tarquinius executed in peace, the
pulsion If Tarquinius Superbus from Rome, the most celebrated are the vast sewers by which
Tarquinienses, in conjunction with the Vei&n- the lower parts of the city were drained, and
tes, espoused his cause, but they were defeated which still remain, with not a stone displaced,
by the Romans. From this time the Tarquin- to bear witness to his power and wealth. He
ienses were frequently engaged in war with the is also said in some traditions to have laid out
Romans; but they were at length obliged to the Circus Maximus in the valley which had
submit to Rome about B.C. 310. Tarquinii was been redeemed from water by the sewers, and
subsequently made a Roman colony and a mu- also to have instituted the Great or Roman
nicipium; but it gradually declined in import- Games, which were henceforth performed in
ance; and in the eighth or ninth century of the the Circus. The Forum, with its porticoes and
Christian era it was deserted by its inhabit- rows of shops, was also his work, and he likeants, who founded Corneto on the opposite hill. wise began to surround the city with a stone
There are few remains of the ancient city it- wall, a work which was finished by his successself; but the cemetery of Tarquinii, consisting or, Servius Tullius. The building of the Capof a vast number of subterraneous caves in the itoline temple is, moreover, attributed to the
hill on which Corneto stands, is still in a state elder Tarquinius, though most traditions asof excellent preservation, and contains numer- cribe this work to his son, and only the vow to
ous Etruscan paintings: here some of the most the father. Tarquinius also made some changes
interesting remains of Etruscan art have been in the constitution of the state.  He added
discovered in modern times.               one hundred new members to the senate, who
TARQUINIUS, the name of a family in early were called patres minorum gentium, to distinRoman history, to which the fifth and seventh guish them from the old senators, who were
kings of Rome belonged. The legend of the now called patres majorum gentium. He wished
Tarquins ran as follows. Demaratus, their an- to add to the three centuries' of equites estabcestor, belonged to the noble family of the Bac- lished by Romulus three new centuries, and to
chiadae at Corinth, and fled from his native city call them after himself and two of his friends.
when the power of his order was overthrown His plan was opposed by the augur Attus Naby Cypselus. He settled at Tarquinii in Etru- vius, who gave a convincing proof that the gods
ia, where he had mercantile connections. He were opposed to his purpose. Vid. NAVIUS. Acmarried an Etruscan wife, by whom he had two cordingly, he gave up his design of establishing
sons, Lucumo and Aruns. The latter died in new centuries, but to each of the former centuthe lifetime of his father, leaving his wife preg- ries he associated anotherunder the same name,
iant; but as Demaratus was ignorant of this so that henceforth there were the first and seccircumstance, he bequeathed all his property to ond Ramnes, Titles, and Luceres. He increased
Lucumo, and died himself shortly afterward. the number of Vestal Virgins from four to sixBut,,although Lucumo was thus one of the most Tarquinius was murdered after a reign of thir5wealthy persons.at Tarquinii, and, had married ty-eight years at the instigation of the sons of
Tanaquil, who belonged to a family of the high- Ancus Marcius. But the latter did not secure
est rank, he was excluded, as a stranger, from  the reward of their crime, for Servius Tullius,
all power and influence in the state. Discon- with the assistance of Tanaquil, succeeded to
tented with this inferior position, and urged on the vacant throne. Tarquinius left two sons
by his wife, he resolved to leave Tarquinii and and two daughters. His two sons, L. Tarquin855




TARQUINIUS.                               TARQUINIUS.
]us and Aruns, were subsequently married to ed to Collatia, and there, though it was late in
the two daughters of Servius Tullius. One of the night, they found Lucretia, the wife of Colhis daughters was married to Servius Tullius,, latinus, spinning amid her handmaids.  The
and the other to M. Brutus, by whom she be- beauty and virtue of Lucretia had fired the evil
came the mother of the celebrated L. Brutus, passions of Sextus. A few days afterward he
the first consul at Rome.  Servius Tullius, returned to Collatia, where he was hospitably
whose life is given under TULLIUS, was' rmur- received by Lucretia as her husband's kinsman.
dered, after a reign of forty-four; years, by his In the dead of night he entered the chamber
son-in-law L. Tarquinius, who ascended the.va- with a drawn sword: by threatening to lay a
cant throne.-2. L. TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS com- slave with his throat cut beside her, whom he
menced his reign without any of the forms of would pretend to have killed in order to avenge
election. One of the-first acts of his reign was her husband's honor, he forced her to yield to
to'abolish the rights which had been conferred his wishes. As, soon as Sextus had departed,
upon the plebeians by Servius; and, at the same Lucretia sent for her husband and father. Coltime, all the senators and patricians whom he latinus came, accompanied by L. Brutus; Lumistrusted, or whose wealth he coveted, were cretius, with P. Valerius, who afterward gained
put to death or driven into exile. He surround- the surname of Publicola. They found her in
ed himself by a body-guard, by means of which an agony of sorrow. She told them'what had
he was enabled to do what he liked. His cru- happened, enjoined them to avenge her diselty and tyranny obtained for him the surname honor, and then stabbed herself to death. They
of Superbus.''But, although a tyrant at home, all swore to avenge her. Brutus threw'off his
he raised Rome to great influence and power assumed stupidity, and placed himself at their
among the surrounding nations. He gave his head. They carried the corpse to Rome. Brudaughter in marriage to Octavius Mamilius of tus, who was tribunus celerum, summoned the
Tusculum, the most powerful of the Latin people, and related the deed of shame. All
chiefs; and.under his sway Rome became the classes were inflamed with the same indignahead of the Latin confederacy. He defeated tion. A decree was passed deposing the king,
the Volscians, and took the wealthy town of and banishing him and his family from the city.
Suessa Pometia, with the spoils of which he The army, encamped before Ardea, likewise recommenced the erection of the Capitol which nounced their allegiance to the tyrant. Tarhis father had vowed. In the vaults of this quinius, with his two sons, Titus and Aruns,
temple he deposited the Sibylline books, which took refuge at Coare in Etruria. Sextus rethe king purchased from a sibyl or prophetess. paired to Gabii, his own principality, where he
She had offered to sell him nine books for three was shortly after murdered by the friends of
hundred pieces of gold. The king refused the those whom he had put to death. Tarquinius
offer with scorn. Thereupon she went away' reigned twenty-four years. He was banished
and burned three, and then demanded the same B.C. 510. The people of Tarquinii and Veil
price for the six. The king still refused. She espoused the cause of the exiled tyrant, and
again went away and burned three more, and marched against Rome. The two consuls adstill demanded the same price for the remaining vanced to meet them.  A bloody battle was
three. The king now purchased the three books, fought, in which Brutus and Aruns, the son of
and the sibyl disappeared. He next engaged Tarquinius, slew each other. Tarquinius next
in war with Gabii; one of the Latin cities, which repaired to Lars Porsena, the powerful king of
refused to enter into the league. Unable to Clusium, who marched against Rome at the
take the city by force of arms, Tarquinius had head of a vast army. The history of this memrecourse to stratagem. His son, Sextus, pre- orable expedition is related under PORSENA.
tending to be ill-treated by his father, and coyv- After Porsena quitted Rome, Tarquinius took
ered with the bloody marks of stripes, fled to refuge with his son-in-law, Mamilius Octavius
Gabii. The infatuated inhabitants intrusted him  of Tusculum. Under the guidance of the ]atwith the command of their troops; whereupon ter, the Latin states espoused the cause of the
he sent a messenger to his father to inquire exiled king, and declared war against Rome.
how he should deliver the city into his hands. The contest was decided by the celebrated batThe king, who was walking in his garden when tie of the Lake Regillus, in which the Romans
the messenger arrived, made no reply, but gained the victory by the help'of Castor and
kept striking off the heads of the tallest pop- Pollux. Tarquinius himself was wounded, but
pies with his stick.  Sextus took the hint. escaped with his life; his son Sextus is said to
He put to death or banished all the leading have fallen in this battle, though, according to
men of the place, and then had no difficulty another tradition, as we have already seen, he
in compelling it to submit to his father. In was slain bythe inhabitants of Gabii. Tarquinthe midst of his prosperity, Tarquinius fell ius Superbus had now no other state to whom
through a shameful outrage committed by one he could apply for assistance. He had already
of his sons. Tarquinius and his sons were en- survived all his family; and he now fled to
gaged- in besieging Ardea, a city of the Rutu- Aristobulus at Cumae, where he died a wretchlians. Here, as the king's sons, and their cous- ed and childless old man. Such is the story
in Tarquinius: Collatinus, the son of Egerius, of the Tarquins, according to the ancient writwere feasting together, a dispute arose about ers; but this story must not be received as a
the virtue of their wives. As nothing was do- real history. The narrative contains numering in the field, they mounted their horses to ous inconsistencies and impossibilities. The
visit their homes by surprise. They first went following is only one instance out of many. We>
toRome, where they surprised the king's daugh- are told that the younger Tarquinius, who was
ters at a splendid banquet. They then hasten- expelled from Rome in mature age, was the son
856




TARQUINIUS, L.                                TARSUS.
of the king who ascended the throne one hund- flowing northeast, through the Miletopolites Lared and seven years previously in the vigor of cus, into the Macestus.
life; and Servius Tullius, who married the  TARSUS, TARsos (Tapu6o, Tapcao, Tepauc, Capdaughter ofTarquinius Priscus shortly before aco: Tapaejf, Tarsensis: ruins at Tersus), the
he ascended the throne, is represented imme- chief city of Cilicia, stood near the centre of
diately after his accession as the father of two Cilicia Campestris, on the River Cydnus, about
daughters whom he marries to the brothers of twelve miles above its mouth, in a very large
his own wife!                             and fertile plain at the foot of Mount Taurus,
[TARQUINIUs, L., one of those engaged in the the chief pass through which (Pyle Ciliciae) led
conspiracy of Catiline, turned informer, and ac- down to Tarsus. Its position gave it the full
cused M. Crassus of being privy to the design.] benefit of the natural advantages of a fertile
[TARQUNIUS, COLLATINUS. Vid. COLLATINUS.] country, and the command of an important high[TARQUITIUS, L., of a patrician family, but so way of commerce. It had also an excellent
poor that he had to serve in the army on foot; harbor, twelve miles from the city, which is
was appointed by the dictator Cincinnatus his filled up with sand. The city was of unknown
master of horse.]                         antiquity. Some ascribed its foundation to the
[TARQUITUS, a Latin warrior, son of Faunus Assyrian king Sardanapalus; others to Perseus,
and Dryope, aided Turnus against 2Eneas, and in connection with whose legend the name of
was slain by the latter.]                 the city is fancifully derived from a hoof (rapTARRACINA (Tarracinensis: now Tcrracina), a6c) which the winged horse Pegasus lost here;
more anciently called ANXUR (Anxurates, P1.), and others to the Argive chieftain Triptolemus,
an ancient town of Latium, situated fifty-eight whose effigy appears on the coins of the city.
miles southeast of Rome, on the Via Appia and All that can be determined with certainty seems
upon the coast, with a strongly-fortified citadel to be that it was a very ancient city of the Syrupon a high hill, on which stood the temple of ians, who were the earliest known inhabitants
Jupiter Anxurus. It was probably a Pelasgian of this part of Asia Minor, and that it received
town originally; but it afterward belonged to Greek settlers at an early period. In the time
the Volsci, by whom it was called Anxur. It of Xenophon, who gives us the first historical
was conquered by the Romans, who gave it the notice of Tarsus, it was the capital of the Ciliname of Tarracina, and it was made a Roman cian prince Syennesis, and was taken by Cyrus.
colony B.C. 329. Three miles west of the town (Compare CILICIA.) At the time of the Macestood the grove of Feronia, with a temple of donian invasion, it was held by the Persian
this goddess. The ancient walls of the citadel troops, who were about to burn it, when they
of Tarracina are still visible on the slope of were prevented by Alexander's arrival. After
Montecchio.                               playing an important part as a military post in
TARRACO (Tarraconensis: now Tarrag-ona), the wars of the successors of Alexander, and
an ancient town on the eastern coast of Spain, under the Syrian kings, it became, by the peace
situated on a rock seven hundred and sixty feet between the Romans and Antiochus the Great,
high, between the River Iberus and the Pyre- the frontier city of the Syrian kingdom on the
nees, on the River Tulcis. It was founded by northwest. As the power of the Seleucidre dethe Massilians, and was made the head-quar- dined, it suffered much from the oppression of
ters of the two brothers P. and Cn. Scipio, in its governors, and from the wars between the
their campaigns against the Carthaginians in members of the royal family. At the time of
the second Punic war. It subsequently became the Mithradatic war, it suffered, on the one
a populous and flourishing town; and Augustus, hand, from Tigranes, who overran Cilicia, and,
who wintered here (B.C. 26) after his Canta- on the other, from the pirates, who had their
brian campaign, made it the capital of one of strongholds in the mountains of Cilicia Aspera,
the three Spanish provinces (Hispania Tarra- and made frequent incursions into the level
conensis) and also a Roman colony.  Hence country. From both these enemies it was reswe find it called Colonia Tarraconensis, also cued by Pompey, who made it the capital of the
Col. Victrix Togata and Col. Julia Victrix Tar- new Roman province of Cilicia, B.C. 66. In
raconensis. The modern town of Tarragona is the civil war it took part with Caesar, and asbuilt to a great extent with the remains of the sumed, in his honor, the name of JULIOPOLIS.
ancient city; and Roman inscriptions may fre- For this the inhabitants were severely punished
quently be seen imbedded in the walls of the by Cassius, but were recompensed by Antony,
modern houses. The ancient Roman aqueduct, who made Tarsus a free city. Under Augushaving been repaired in modern times, still sup- tus the city obtained immunity from taxes,
plies the modern city with water; and at a through, the influence of the emperor's tutor,
short distance to the northwest of Tarragona, the Stoic Athenodorus, who was a native of the
along the sea-coast, is a Roman sepulchre call- place. It enjoyed the favor, and was called by
ed the tower of the Scipios, although the real the names, of several of the later emperors. It
place of the burial of the Scipios is quite un- was the scene of important events in the wars
known.                                    with the Persians, the Arabs, and the Turks,
TARRUNTENUS PATERNUS. Vid. PATERNUS.    and also in the Crusades. The people of TarTARsIA (Tappal]: now Ras Jird or Cape Cer- sus were celebrated for their mental power,
tes), a promontory of Carmania, on the coastof their readiness in repartee, and their fondness
the Persian Gulf, near the frontier of Persis. for the study of philosophy. Among the most
The neighboring part of the coast of Carmania distinguished natives of the place were the Stowas called Tarsiana.                     ics Antipater, Archedemus, Heraclides, Nestor,
TARSIUS (o TdpoLo: now Tarza or Balikesri), Zeno, and the two Athenodori; the Academic
a river of Mysia, rising in Mount Temnus, and Nestor; the Epicureans Diogenes, celebrated
857




TARTARUS.                              TAUROSCYTHzE.
for his powers of improvising, Lysias, who was ruins at Taukra), a colony of Cyrene, on the
for a time tyrant of the city, and Plutiades; the northwestern coast of Cyrenaica,.in Northern
tragic poets Dionysides and Bion; the satiric Africa. Under the Ptolemies it was called Arpoets Demetrius and Boethes, who'was also a sinoe, and was one of the five cities of the Libtroublesome demagogue; the grammarians Ar- yan Pentapolis. It became a Roman colony,teiidorus, Diodorus, and Hermogenes; the his- and was fortified by Justinian. It was a chief
torian Hermogenes; the physicians Herodotus seat of the worship of Cybele, who had here a
and Philo; and, above all, the apostle Paul, who great temple and an annual festival.
belonged to one of several families of Jews, who  TAULANTII (Tav2uavrto), a people of Illyria, in
had settled at Tarsus in considerable numbers the neighborhood of Epidamnus, frequently menunder the Persian and Syrian kings.       tioned by the Greek and Roman writers. - One
TARTARUS (TcpTapog), son of _Ether and Terra of the most powerful kings was Glaucias, a con(Ge), and by his mother Terra (Ge) the father temporary of Alexander the Great, who fought
of the Gigantes Typhoeus and Echidna. In against the latter monarch, and at a later period
the Iliad Tartarus is a place beneath the earth, afforded an asylum to the infant Pyrrhus, and
as far below Hades as Heaven is above the refused to surrender him to Cassander.
earth, and closed by iron gates. Later poets  TAUNUS (now Taunus), a range of mountains
describe Tartarus as the place in the lower- in Germany, at no great distance from the conworld in which the spirits of wicked men are fluence ofthe Mcenus (now Main) and the Rhine.
punished for their crimes; and sometimes they  TAURASIA. Vid. TAURINI.
use the name as synonymous with Hades, or the  TAURENTUM and TAUROIS (Tavpov6'tov, Toalower world in general.                   poet, -evro), a fortress belonging to Massilia,[TARTXRUS (now Tartaro), a small river of and near the latter city, on the southern coast
Cisalpine Gaul, joining one of the mouths of the of Gaul.
Po, and forming marshes (paludes Tartari flu-  TAURI, a wild and savage people in European
minis, Tacit.).]                          Sarmatia, who sacrificed all strangers to a godTARTESSUS (Tap v-aao6: Tapr'aototo), an an- dess whom the Greeks identified with Artemis.
cient town in Spain, and one of the chief settle- An account of this goddess is given elsewhere
ments of the Phoenicians, probably the same as (p. 111, b)2 The Tauri dwelt in the peninsula
the Tarshish of Scripture. The position of this which was called after them Chersonesus Tautown has occasioned much dispute. Most of rica. Vid. CHERSONESUS, No. 2.
the ancient writers place it at the mouth of the  TAURIiNUM (now Tauretto), a town of BrutRiver Bastis, which, they say, was originally tium, on the Via Popilia, twenty-three miles
called Tartessus. Others identify it, with more southeast of Vibo.
probability, with the city of Carteia on Mount  TAURINI, a people of Liguria dwelling on the
Calpe, the Rock of Gibraltar. The whole coun- upper course of the Po, at the foot of the Alps.
try west of Gibraltar was also called TARTESSIS. Their chief town was Taurasia, afterward colTARUSCON. or TARASCON (Tarusconienses   onized by Augustus, and called Augusta Taurinow Tarascon), a town of the Salyes in Gaul, norum (now Turin).
on the eastern bank of the Rhone, north of Are-  TAURIS (now Torcola), a small island off the
late, and east of Nemausus.               coast of Illyria, between Pharus and Corcyra.
TARVISIUM (Tarvisanus: now   Treviso), a  TAURISCI, a Celtic people in Noricum, and
town of Venetia, in the north of Italy, on the probably the old Celtic name of the entire popuRiver Silis, which became the seat of a bishop- lation of the country. They were subsequently
Tic, and a place of importance in the Middle called Norici by the Romans, after their capital
Ages.                                     Noreia.
TATIANUS (Tartav6O); a Christian writer ofthe  TAUROIS. Vid. TAURENTUM.
second century, was born in Assyria, and was  TAUROMENIsUM (Tavpojyevov: Tavpoaevtrl-,
originally a teacher of rhetoric. He was after- Tauromenitanus: now Taormina), a city on the
ward converted to Christianity, according to eastern coast of Sicily, situated on Mount Tausome accounts, by Justin Martyr, with whom, rus, from which it derived its name, and founded
at any rate, he was very intimate. After Jus- B.C. 358 by Andromachus with the remains of
tin's death Ta\tian quitted Rome, where he had the inhabitants of Naxos, whose town had been
resided for some time, and returned into the destroyed by Dionysius nearly fiftyyears before.
East: There he imbibed and promulgated views Vid. NAXOS, No. 2. Tauromenium  soon beof a Gnostic character, and gave rise to a new  came a large and flourishing city; but, in consect, called after him Tatiani. Tatian wrote sequence of its espousing the side of Sex. Pomnumerous works, of which there is still extant pey against Augustus, most of its inhabitants
- an Address to the Greeks (IpofC "Ez2./Laga), in were expelled from the city, and their place supwhich he points out the superiority of Christi- plied by a colony of Roman veterans: hence we
anity to the heathen religion., The best edition find the town called Col. Augusta Tauromenitana.
of this work is by Worth, Oxford, 1700.   From this time Tauromenium became a place
TA Tus, T., king of the Sabines. Vid.'RoM- of secondary importance.  The hills in the
ULUJ.                                     neighborhood produced excellent wine. There
TATTA (i Tdrra: now Tuz-GOl), a great salt are still remains of the ancient town, of which
lake in the centre of Asia Minor, on the Phryg- the most important is a splendid theatre cut out
ian table-land, on the confines of Phrygia, Ga- of the rock, and capable of holding from thirty
latia, Cappadocia, and Lycaonia. It supplies thousand to forty thousand spectators, from
the whole surrounding country with salt, as it which we may form some idea of the populousdoubtless did in ancient times.           ness of Tauromenium.
TAUcHIRA. or TEUCHiRA (Taexetpa, Teelxepa:  TAUROSCYTHIZ. Vid. SCYTHOTAURI.
858




TAURUNUM.                                 TECT.EUS.
TAURUNUM (now Semlin), a strongly-fortified  TAXILA or TAXIALA (rai Tdfila, Tafiaoa), an
town in Pannonia, at the confluence of the Sa- important city of India intra Gangem, stood in
vus and the Danube.                       a large and fertile plain between the Indus and
TAURUS, STATILIUS, a distinguished general of the Hydaspes, and was the capital of the Indian
Octavianus. At the battle of Actium, B.C. 31, king Taxiles in the time of Alexander.  Its
he commanded the land forces of Octavianus, position has not been identified. It is not, as
which were drawn up on the shore. In 29 he Major Rennell supposed, Attock; and there is
defeated the Cantabri, Vaccei, and Astures. no large city remaining which exactly answers
He was consul in 26.; and in 16, when the em- to its position.
peror went to Gaul, the government of the city  TAXILES (TaFi2yr). 1. An Indian prince or
and of Italy was left to Taurus, with the title king, who reigned over the tract between the
of praefectus urbi. In the fourth consulship Indus and the Hydaspes at the period of the exof Augustus, 30, Taurus built an amphitheatre pedition of Alexander, B.C. 327. His real name
of stone at his own expense. Vid. ROMA, p. was Mophis or Omphis, and the Greeks appear
751, a.                                  to have called him Taxiles or Taxilas, from the
TAURUS (6 Tavpof, from the Aramaean Tur, a name of his capital city of Taxila, near the
high mountain: now Taurus, Ala-Dagh, and modern Attock. On the approach of Alexander
other special names), a great mountain chain he hastened to meet him with valuable presents,
of Asia. In its widest extent, the name was and was in consequence confirmed in his kingapplied, by the later geographers, to the whole dom by the Macedonian monarch.-2. A general
of the great chain Which runs through Asia'in the service of Mithradates the Great, and one
from west to east, forming the southern margin of those in whom he reposed the highest conof the great table-land of Central Asia, which it fidence.
divides from the Mediterranean coast of Asia  T;AYGETE (Taiiye?), daughter of Atlas and
Minor, from Syria and the Tigris and Euphrates Pleione, one of the Pleiades, from whom Mount
valley, from the low lands on the north shore Taygetus in Laconia is said to have derived its
of the Indian Ocean, and from the two great name. By Zeus (Jupiter) she became the mothpeninsulas of India.- But this is not a common er of Lacedsemon and of Eurotas.
use of the name. In its usual signification, it  TAYGETUS, or TAYGETUM, or TAYGETA (TavyEdenotes the mountain chain in the south of Asia TOf, Tavlyerov, rT Taysera, pl.), a lofty range of
Minor, which begins at the Sacrum or Chelido- mountains of a wild and savage character, sepnium Promontorium at the southeast angle of arating Laconia and Messenia, and extending
Lycia, surrounds the Gulf of Pamphylia, passing from the frontiers of Arcadia down to the Promthrough the middle of Pisidia; then along the ontorium Teenarum.  Its highest points were
southern frontier ofLycaonia and Cappadocia, called Taletus and Evoras, about three miles,
which it divides from Cilicia and Commagene; south of Sparta. Taygetus is said to have dethence, after being broken through by the Eu- rived its name from the nymph Taygete.
phrates, it proceeds almost due east through the  TEANUM (Teahensis). 1. APUiLUM (near Ponte
south of Armenia, forming the water-shed be- Rotto), a town of Apulia, on the River Frento,
tween the sources of the Tigris on the south, and the confines of the Frentani, eighteen miles
and the streams which feed the Upper Euphrates from Larinum.-2. SIDICINUM (now Teano), an
and the Araxes on the north; thus it continues important town of Campania, and the capital of
as far as the southern margin of the Lake Ar- the Sidicini, situated on the northern slope of
sissa, where it ceases to bear the name of Tau- Mons Massicus and on the Via Praenestina, six
rus, and is continued in the chain which, under miles west of Cales.  It was made a Roman
the names of Niphates, Zagros, &c., forms the colony by Augustus; and in its neighborhood
northeastern margin of the Tigris and Euphra- were some celebrated medicinal springs.
tes valley. This main chain sends off branches  TEARus (Teapo: now Teara, Deara, or Dere),
which are nearly as important as itself. In the a river of Thrace, the waters of which were
middle of the frontier between Cilicia and Cap- useful in curing cutaneous diseases. Herodopadocia, east of the Cilician Gates, the ANTI- tus relates that it rises from thirty-eight fountTAURUS branches off to the northeast. In the ains, all flowing from the same rock, some warm
east of Cilicia, the AMANUS goes off to the south- and others cold. It falls into the Contadesdus;
west and south. Immediately east of the Eu- this into the Agrianes; and the latter again into
phrates, a branch proceeds to the southeast, the Hebrus.
forming, under the name of MASIUs, the frontier  TEXTE (Teatinus: now, Chieti), the capital of
between Armenia and Mesopotamia, and di- the Marrucini, situated on a steep hill on the
viding the valley of the Upper Tigris from the River Aternus, and on the road from Aternum
waters which flow through Mesopotamia into to Corfinium.
the Euphrates.  The Taurus is of moderate   TEcMESSA (TEICyoaaa), the daughter of the
height, for the most part steep, and wooded to Phrygian king Teleutas, whose territory was
the summit. Its general character greatly re- ravaged by the Greeks during a predatory exsembles the mountains of Central Germany.  cursion from Troy. Teemessa was taken prisTAVIUMs (Taolcov, Tavcov: now probably ruins oner, and was given to Ajax, the son of Telaat: Boghaz Kieui), the capital of the Trocmi, in mon, by whom she had a son, Eurysaces.
Galatia, stood on the eastern side of the Halys,  TECMON (TEKy/ov), a town of the Molossi in
but at some distance from the river, and formed Epirus.
the centre of meeting for roads leading to all  TECTfEUS and ANGELION (TCraTofc Kia'Ayyeparts of Asia Minor. It was therefore a place 2luv), early Greek statuaries, who are always
of considerable commercial importance. It had mentioned together. They were pupils of Dia temple and bronze colossus of Jupiter (Zeus). pcenus and Scyllis, and instructors of Callon of
859




TECTOSAGES.                               TELECLIDES.
Egina; and therefore they must have flourish- Hercules also fought against the Meropes in
ed about B.C. 548.                        Cos, on account of Chalciope, the beautiful
TECTOSAGES (TerKoaayeg). -1. In Gallia. Vid. daughter of Eurypylus, the king of the Meropes,
VorLC..- 2. In Asia Minor. Vid. GALATIA.  and against the giant Alcioneus, on the isthTECUM or Ticis (now Tecli), a river in Gallia mus of Corinth. Telamon likewise accompaNarbonensis, in the territory of the Sardones, nied Hercules on his expedition against the Amcalled Illiberis by the Greeks, from a town of azons, and slew Melanippe.
this name upon the river.                   TELXMONN (now Telamone), a town and harbor
TEDANIUS, a river in Illyricum, separating Ia- of Etruria, a few miles south of the River Umpydia and Liburnia.                       bro, said to have been founded by Telamon on
TEGA (TEyea). 1. (TeyearTg: now Piali), an his return from the Argonautic expedition. In
important city of Arcadia, and-the capital of the its neighborhood a great victory was gained
district TEGEATIS (Teyedrtl), which was bound- over the Gauls in B.C. 225. It was here that
ed on the east by Argolis and Laconia, on the Marius landed on his return from Africa in 87.
south by Laconia, on the west by Maenalia, and Telamon was undoubtedly the port of the great
on the north'by the territory of Mantinea. It Etruscan city recently discovered in its neighwas one of the most ancient towns of Arcadia, borhood, which is supposed to be the ancient
and is said to have been founded by Tegeates, Vetulonia.
the son of Lycaon. It was formed out of nine  [TELAMONIADES. Vid. TELAMON.]
small townships, which were united into one  TELCHINES (TeX;^veg), a family or a tribe,
city by Aleus, who was thus regarded as the said to have been descended from Thalassa or
real founder of the city. At a later time we Poseidon. They are, represented in three diffind Tegea divided into four tribes, each of fetent aspects: 1. As cultivators of the soil and
which possessed a statue of Apollo Agyieus, ministers of the gods. As such they came from
who was especially honored in Tegea.  The Crete to Cyprus, and from thence to Rhodes,
Tegeatse long resisted the supremacy of Sparta; where they founded Camirus, Ialysus, and Linand it was not till the Spartans discovered the dus.  Rhodes, which was named after them
bones of Orestes that they were enabled to  Telchinis, was abandoned by them, because
conquer this people. The Tegeatee'sent three they foresaw that the island would be inundathousand men to the battle of Plateeae, in which ted. They then spread in different directions.
they were distinguishedfor their bravery. They Lycus went to Lycia, where he built the temple
remained faithful to Sparta in the Peloponne- of the Lycian Apollo. This god had been worsian war; but after the battle of Leuctra they shipped by them at Lindus, and Juno (Hera) at
joined the rest of the Arcadians in establishing Ialysus and Camirus. Nymphs, also, are called
their independence. During- the wars of the, afterthem Telchinise. Neptune (Poseidon)was
Achaean league Tegea was taken both by Cle- intrusted to them by Rhea, and they brought
omenes, king of Sparta, and Antigonus Doson, him up in conjunction with Caphira, a daughter
king of Macedonia, and the ally of the Achaeans. of Oceanus. Rhea, Apollo, and Jupiter (Zeus),
It continued to be a place of importance in the however, are also described as hostile to the
time both of Strabo and Pausanias. Its most Telchines. Apollo is said to have assumed the
splendid public building was the temple of Mi- shape of a wolf, and to have thus destroyed the
nerva (Athena), which was the largest and Telchines, and Jupiter (Zeus) to have overmost magnificent building in the Peloponnesus. whelmed them by an inundation. 2. As sorcerIt was erected soon after B.C.394, in place of a ers and envious demons. Their very eyes and
more ancient temple of this goddess, which was aspect are said to have been destructive. They
burned down in this year. The architect was had it in their power to bring on hail, rain, and
Scopas, and the sculptures in the pediments snow, and to assume any form they pleased;
were probably by the hand of Scopas himself. — they further mixed Stygian water with sulphur,
2. A town in Crete, said to have been founded by in order thereby to destroy animals and plants.
Agamemnon.                                3. As artists, for they are said to have invented
TELAXMON (TeXatujv), son of.Eacus and En- useful arts and institutions, and to have made
deYis, and brother of Peleus. Having assisted images of the gods. Theyworked in brass and
Peleus in-slaying their half-brother Phocus (vid. iron, made the sickle of Saturn (Cronos) and
PEiEUS), Telamon was expelled from 2Egina, the trident of Neptune (Poseidon). This last
and came to Salamis. Here he was first mar- feature in the character of the Telchines seems
ried to Glauce, daughter of Cychreus, king of to have been the reason of their being classed
the island, on whose death Telamon became with the Idaean Dactyls; and Strabo even states
king of Salamis. He afterward married Peri- that those of the nine Rhodian Telchines who acbeea or Eribcea, daughter of Alcathous, by whom  companied Rhea to Crete, and there brought up
he became the father of Ajax, who is hence fre- the infant Jupiter (Zeus), were called Curetes.
quently called Telamoniades and Telamonius he-  TELEBO6E. Vid. TAPHIE.
ros. Telamon himself was one of the Calydo-  TELEBOAS (T2e6Soaf), a river of Armenia Manian hunters and one of the Argonauts. He jor, falling into the Euphrates; probably idenwas also a great friend of Hercules, whom he tical with the ARSANIAS.
joined in his expedition against Laomedon of  [TELEBOAS, a centaur, son of Ixion and NeTroy, which city he was the first to enter. He phele.]
there erected an altar to Hercules Callinicus or.TELECLIDES (TiAreceicbf), a distinguished
Alexieacus. Hercules, in return, gave to him  Athenian comic poet of the Old Comedy, flourTheanira or Hesione, a daughter of Laomedon, ished about the same time as Crates and Cratiby whom he. became the father of Teucer and nus, and a little earlier than Aristophanes. He
Trambelus. On this expedition Telamon and was an earnest advocate of peace, and a great
860




TELECLUS.                                 TELLENI.
admirer of the ancient manners of the age of On reaching manhood, he consulted the Delphic
Themistocles. [The few fragments remaining oracle to learn his parentage, and was ordered
of his comedies are contained in Meineke's to go to King Teuthras in Mysia. IHe there
Comic. Gruc. Fragm., vol. i., p. 130-138, edit. found his mother, and succeeded Teuthras on
minor.]                                   the throne of Mysia. He married Laodice or
TELECLUS (TXEIetAc), king of Sparta, eighth Astyoche, a daughter of Priam; and he attemptof the Agids, and son of Archelaus. IHe was ed to prevent the Greeks from landing on the
slain by the Messenians, in a temple of Diana coast of Mysia. Bacchus (Dionysus), however,
(Artemis) Limnatis, on the borders. His death caused him to stumble over a vine, whereupon
was the immediate occasion of the first Messe- he was wounded by Achilles. Being informed
nian war, B.C. 743.                       by an oracle that the wound could only be cured
TELEGONUS (Tb7fyovoc), son of Ulysses and by him who had inflicted it, Telephus repaired
Circe. After Ulysses had returned to Ithaca, to the Grecian camp; and as the Greeks had
Circe sent out Telegonus in search of his fa- likewise learned from an oracle that without
ther. A storm cast his ship on the coast of the aid of Telephus they could not reach Troy,
Ithaca, and, being pressed by hunger, he began Achilles cured Telephus by means of the rust
to plunder the fields. Ulysses and Telemachus, of the spear by which he had been wounded.
being informed of the ravages caused by the Telephus, in return, pointed out to the Greeks
stranger, went out to fight against him; but the road which they had to take.
Telegonus ran Ulysses through with a spear  TELEPTE. Vid. TIHALA.
which he had received from his mother. At   TELESIA (Telesinus: now Telese), a town in
the command of Minerva (Athena), Telegonus, Samnium, on the road from Allifae to Benevenaccompanied by Telemachus and Penelope, tum, taken by Hannibal in the second Punic
went to Circe in laeea, there buried the body war, and afterward retaken by the Romans. It
of Ulysses, and married Penelope, by whom he was colonized by Augustus with a body of vetbecame the father of Italus. In Italy Telego- erans. It was the birth-place of Pontius, who
nus was believed to have been the founder of fought against Sulla, and who was hence surthe towns of Tusculum and Proeneste. He left named Telesinus.
a daughter Mamilia, from whom the family of  TELESILLA (Te2,iEatl)a), of Argos, a celebrathe Mamilii traced their descent.         ted lyric poetess and heroine, flourished about
TE LEMACHUS (T;iSE/zaXo), son of Ulysses and B.C. 510. In the war of Argos against Sparta,
Penelope. He was still an infant when his fa- she not only encouraged her countrymen by her
ther went to Troy; and when the latter had lyre and song, but she took up arms at the head
been absent from home nearly twenty years, of a band of her countrywomen, and greatly
Telemachus went to Pylos and Sparta to gather contributed to the victory which they gained
information concerning him. He was hospita- over the Spartans. In memory of this exploit,
bly received by Nestor, who sent his own son her statue was erected in the temple of Venus
to conduct Telemachus to Sparta. Menelaus (Aphrodite) at Argos, with the emblems of a
also received him kindly, and communicated to poetess and a heroine; Mars (Ares) was worhim the prophecy of Proteus concerning Ulys- shipped in that city as a patron deity of womses. From Sparta Telemachus returned home; en; and the prowess of her female associates
and on his arrival there he found his father, was commemorated by the annual festival callwhomhe assisted in slaying the suitors. Ac- ed Hybristica. Only two complete verses of
cording to some accounts, Telemachus became her poetry are extant, [edited by Bergk, in his
the father of Perseptolis either by Polycaste, Poeta Lyrici Greci, p. 742-3.]
the daughter of Nestor, or by Nausicaa, the  TELESINUS, PONTIUS. Vid. PONTIUS.
daughter of Alcinous. Others relate that he  [TELESINUS, C. Lucius, consul A.D. 66 with
was induced by Minerva (Athena) to marry Suetonius Paulinus. He was banished by DoCirce, and became by her the father of Latinus; mitian for his love of philosophy.]
or that he married Cassiphone, a daughter of  TELESTAS or TELESTES (TeeaTrcg, TErtsarpC),
Circe, but in a quarrel with his mother-in-law  of Selinus, a distinguished poet of the later
slew her, for which he was in his turn killed by Athenian dithyramb, flourished B.C. 398. A
Cassiphone. One account makes Telemachus few lines of his poetry are preserved by Athethe founder of Clusium in Etruria.        naeus, [edited by Bergk in his Poetce Lyrici GrceTELEMUS (Ti2Le/zoc), son of EuYyymus, and a ci, p. 864-6.]
celebrated soothsayer.                      TELETHRIUS (Te2iOptoc), a mountain in the
[TELEON (Tet&cOv), an Athenian, a son of north of Eubcea, near Histiaea.
Ion, husband of Zeuxippe, and father of the Ar-  [TELETHUSA, wife of Ligdus and mother of
gonaut Butes. From him the Teleontes (Te&- Iphis. Vid. IPHIS, No. 4.]
ovTrE) derived their name.]                 [TELEUTIAS (Terevriac), a Spartan, was brothTELEPHASSA (TZXeiaoara),wifeofAgenor, and er on the mother's side to Agesilaus II., by
mother of Europa, Cadmus, Phcenix, and Cilix. whose influence he was appointed to the comShe, with her sons, went out in search of Euro mrand of the fleet, in B.C. 393, in the war of the
pa, who had been carried off by Jupiter (Zeus); Lacedaemonians against Corinth and the other
but she died on the expedition, and was buried states of the hostile league.  After various
by Cadmus.                                successful enterprises in different quarters, he
TELEPHUS (Ta2eoC), son of Hercules and was sent as general against the Olynthians
Auge, the daughter of King Aleus of Tegea. in B.C. 382; but, while making an assault on
As soon as he was born he was exposed by his this city, he was slain in a sally of the inhabitgrandfather, but was reared by a hind (eaiog), ants.]
and educated by King Corythus in Arcadia.   TELLhENE, a town in Latium, between the
861




TELLIAS.                                 TENEDOS.
later Via Ostiensis and the Via Appia, destroyed tiful and romantic valley in the north of Thesa
by Ancus Marcius.                         saly, between Mounts Olympus and Ossa,
[TELLI AS(Te;iaf). 1. OfElis, adistinguish- through which the Peneus escapes into the
ed seer, was one of the commanders of the Pho- sea. The lovely scenery of this glen is frecians in a war against the Thessalians a few  quently described by the ancient poets and deyears before the invasion of Greece by Xerxes. claimers; and it was also celebrated as one of
After the defeat of the Thessalians, his statue the favorite haunts of Apollo, who had transwas erected by the Phocians in the temple at planted his laurel from this spot to Delphi. The
Delphi.-2. One of the generals of the Syracu- whole valley is rather less than five miles in
sans when their city was besieged by the Athe- length, and opens gradually to the east into a
nians during the Peloponnesian war.]      spacious plain. Tempe is also of great importTELLUS. Vid. GAEA.                      ance in history, as it is the only pass through
TELMESSUS or TELMISSUS (Te2ruaa6o, Te/tua- which an army can invade Thessaly from the
co6: TeFa)((avEj, TeZ/taaeer). 1. (Ruins at Mei, north. In some parts the rocks on each side
the port of Macri), a city of Lycia, near the bor- of the Peneus approach so close to each other
ders of Caria, on a gulf called Telmissicus Si- as only to leave room between them for the
nus, and close to the promontory Telmissis.-  stream; and the road is obliged to be cut out
2. A town of Caria, sixty stadia (six geograph- of the rock in the narrowest point. Tempe is
ical miles) from Halicarnassus, celebrated for the only channel through which the waters of
the skill of its inhabitants in divination. It is the Thessalian plain descend into the sea; and
often identified with the former place.   it was the common opinion in antiquity that
TELO MARTIUS (now Toulon), a port-town of these waters had once covered the country with
Gallia Narbonensis, on the Mediterranean, is a vast lake, till an outlet was formed for them
rarely mentioned by the ancient writers, and -by some great convulsion in nature, which rent
did not become a place of importance till the the rocks of Tempe asunder.  So celebrated
downfall of the Roman empire.             was the scenery of Tempe that its name was
TELos (Tu;of: T;Lato: now Telos or Pisko- given to any beautiful valley. Thus we find a
pi), a small island of the Carpathian Sea, one Tempe in the land of the Sabines near Reate,
of the Sporades, lay off the coast of Caria, through which the River Velinus flowed; and
southwest of the mouth of the Sinus Doridis, also a Tempe in Sicily, through which the River
between Rhodes and Nisyrus.   It was also Helorus flowed, hence called by Ovid Tempe
called Agathussa.                         Heloria.
TELPHUSSA. Vid. THELPUSA.                 [TEMPSA. Vid. TEMESA.]
TEMENIDWE. Vid. TEMENUS.'TEMPYRA, a town in Thrace, at the foot of a
TEMENITES (TeF/evZiTq), a surname of Apollo, narrow mountain pass, betweenMount Rhodope
derived from his sacred temenus in the neigh- and the coast.
borhood of Syracuse.                        TENCTERI or TENCHTERI, a people of GerTEMENUS (TrievoC), son ofAristomachus, was many, dwelling on the Rhine, between the Ruhr
one of the Heraclidae who invaded Peloponne- and the Sieg, south of the Usipetes, in conjuncsus. After the conquest of the peninsula, he tion with whom their name usually occurs.
received Argos as his share. His descendants, They crossed the Rhine together with the Usipthe Temenidae, being expelled from Argos, are etes, with the intention of settling in Gaul; but
said to have founded the kingdom of Macedonia, they were defeated by Casar with great slaughwhence the kings of Macedonia called them- ter, and those who escaped took refuge in the
selves Temenidae.                        territories of their southern neighbors the SyTEMESA or TEMPSA (Temesaeus or Tempsa- gambri. The Tencteri afterward belonged to
nus: now Torre del Lupi), a town in Bruttium, the league of the Cherusci, and at a still later
on the Sinus Terinmeus, was one of the most period they are mentioned as a portion of the
ancient Ausonian towns in the south of Italy, confederacy of the Franks.
and is said to have been afterward colonized  [TENEA (TevMa: TSedVErIC: now Chiliomodi),
by a body of.Etolians under Thoas. At a still a small town in the interior of Corinthia, said to
later time it was successively in the possession have been colonized by some Trojan captives
of the Locrians, of the Bruttians, and finally brought from Tenedos by the Greeks. It was
of the Romans, who colonized it in B.C. 196. celebrated as the place where CEdipus was
Some of the ancients identified this town with brought up by his supposed father Polybus. Its
Temese, mentioned by Homer as celebrated for inhabitants could likewise boast that the greatits copper mines; but the Homeric town was er part of the colonists who followed Archias
probably in Cyprus.                      to Syracuse were their fellow-citizens. HavTEMNUS. 1. (Tr Ty/vov opoC: now Mordd or ing submitted to the Roman power without reAk Dagh), a mountain of Mysia, extending sistance, it escaped the destruction that overeastward from Ida to the borders of Phrygia, whelmed Corinth.]
and dividing Mysia into two parts. It contains  ThENDOS orTrNEDnUS (Tevesog: TevEctog: now
the sources of the Macestus, Mysius, Caicus, Tenedos), a small island of the _Egean Sea, off
and Evenus.-2. (Now Menimen? or Guzal-Hi- the coast of Troas, of an importance very dissa?), a city of lEolis, in the northwest of Lyd- proportionate to its size, on account of its posiia (some say in Mysia), on the western bank of tion near the mouth of the Hellespont, from
the Hermus, thirty miles south of Cyme. It which it is about twelve miles distant. Its diswas nearly destroyed by an earthquake in the tance from the coast of the Troad was forty
reign of Tiberius, and in that of Titus (Pliny's stadia (four geographical miles), and from Lestime) it no longer existed.               bos fifty-six stadia: its circuit was eighty stadia.
TEMPE (TRTSr-, contraction of TUnrea), a beau- It was called, in early times, by the names of
862




TENES.                             TERENTIUS AFER, P.
Calydna, Leucophrys, Phcenice, and Lyrnessus. Mount Mimas with the main land of Lydia, at
The mythical derivation of its usual name is the bottom of the bay between the promontories
from Tenes, son of Cycnus. It had an _Eolian of Coryceum and Myonnesus. It was a flourcity of the same name, with two harbors. Its ishing sea-port, until, to free themselves fromn
name appears in several proverbs, such as Tev- the Persian yoke, most of its inhabitants retired'Cdtoc 7r6eKvr, T. 6ivOpwroCe,T. acdLyoj, T. acaKT. to Abdera. It was still, however, a place of
It appears in the legend of the Trojan war as importance in the time of the Roman emperors.
the station to which the Greeks withdrew their It had two harbors, and a celebrated temple of
fleet, in order to induce the Trojans to think Bacchus (Dionysus).
that they hati departed, and\ to receive the wood-  TEREDON (Tepjri6v: now probably Dorah), a
en horse. In the Persian war it was used by city of Babylonia, on the western side of the
Xerxes as a naval station. It afterward be- Tigris, below its junction with the Euphrates,
came a tributary ally of Athens, and adhered to and not far from its mouth. It was a great emher during the whole of the Peloponnesian war, porium for the traffic with Arabia.  It is no
and down to the peace of Antalcidas, by which doubt the DIRIDoTIs (AtpidErlt) of Arrian.
it was surrendered to the Persians. At the  TERENTIA. 1. Wife of M. Cicero, the orator,
Macedonian conquest the Tenedians regained to whom  she bore two children, a son and
their liberty. In the war against Philip III., daughter. She was a woman of sound sense
Attalus and the Romans used Tenedos as a naval and great resolution; and her firmness of charstation, and in the Mithradatic war Lucullus acter was of no small service to her weak and
gained a naval victory over Mithradates off the vacillating husband in some important periods
island. About this time the Tenedians placed of his life. On his banishment in B.C. 58, Tethemselves under the protection of Alexandrea rentia by her letters endeavored to keep up CiTroas. The island was celebrated for the beau- cero's fainting spirits, and she vigorously exertty of its women.                          ed herself on his behalf among his friends in
TENES or TENNES (TEVVnc), son of Cycnus Italy. During the civil war, however, Cicero
andlProclea, and brother ofHemithea. Cycnus was offended with her conduct, and divorced
was King of Colone in Troas. His second wife her in 46. Shbrtly afterward he married Pubwas Philonome, who fell in love with her step- lilia, a young girl of whose property he had the
son; but as he repulsed her advances, she ac- management. Terentia could not have been
cused him to his father, who threw both his son less than fifty at the time of her divorce, and
and daughter in a chest into the sea. But the therefore it is not probable that she married
chest was driven on the coast of the island of again. It is related, indeed, by Jerome, that
Leucophrys, of which the inhabitants elected she married Sallust the historian, and subsehim king, and which he called Tenedos, after quently Messala Corvinus; but these marriages
his own name. Cycnus at length heard of the are not mentioned by any other writer, and may
innocence of his son, killed Philonome, and therefore be rejected. Terentia is said to-have
went to his children in Tenedos. Here both attained the age of one hundred and three.-2.
Cycnus and Tenes were slain by Achilles. Te- Also called TERENTILLA, the wife of Miecenas,
nes was afterward worshipped as a hero in Ten- and also one of the favorite mistresses of Auedos.                                     gustus. The intrigue between Augustus and
TENOS (T~voe: Tfvtor: now Tino), a small Terentia is said to have disturbed the good unisland in the zEgean Sea, southeast of Andros derstanding which subsisted between the emand north of Delos. It is about fifteen miles peror and his minister, and finally to have ocin length. It was originally called Hydrussa casioned the retirement of the latter.
('T6poe aa) because it was well watered, and  TERENTIXNUS MAURUs, a Roman poet, probaOphiussa ('Oiteovaa) because it abounded in bly lived at the end of the first or the beginning
snakes. It possessed a town of the same name of the second century, under Nerva and Tr;ajan,
on the site of the modern S. Nicolo. It had also and was a native of Africa, as his surname,
a celebrated temple of Neptune (Poseidon), Maurus, indicates. There is still extant a poem
which is mentioned in the time of the Emperor of Terentia.us,entitled D Literis, Syllabis, PeTiberius. The wine of Tenos was celebrated in dibus, Meici's, which treats of prosody and the
antiquity, and is still valued at the present day. different kinds of metre with much elegance and
TENTiRA (rd' TiTvpa: TeCVTVpTif, Tentyri- skill. The work is printed by Santen and Van
tes: ruins at Denderah), a city of IJpper Egypt, Lennep, Traj. ad Rhen., 1825, and by Lachon the western bank of the Nile, between Aby- mann, Berol., 1836. -
dos and Coptos, with celebrated temples of  TERENTIUS AFER, P., usually called TERENCE,
Athor (the Egyptian Venus), Isis, and Typhon. the celebrated comic poet, was born at Carthage
Its people were distinguished for their hatred B.C. 195. By birth or purchase he became the
of the crocodile; and upon this and the con- slave of P. Terentius Lucanus, a Roman senatrary propensities of the people of Ombi, Juve- tor. A handsome person and promising talents
nal founds his fifteenth satire.  Vid. OMBI. recommended Terence to his master, who afThere are still magnificent remains of the tem-. forded him the best education of the age, and
ples of Athor and of Isis: in the latter was finally manumitted him. On his manumission,
found the celebrated Zodiac, which is now pre- according to the usual practice, Terence asserved at Paris.                          sumed his patron's nomen, Terentius, having
Tfis (7 Twea: TWiof, TeIus: now Sighajik), been previously-called Publius or Publipor. The
one of the Ionian cities on the coast of Asia Andria was the first play offered by Terence for
Minor, renowned as the birth-place of Anacreon representation. The curule vediles referred the
and Hecatmeus. It stood on the southern side piece to Cwecilius, then one of the most popular
of the isthmus which connects the peninsula of play-writers at Rome. Unknown and meanly
863




TERENTIUS AFER, P.                               TERIAS.
clad, Terence began to read from a low,stool with whom he had very little in common,
his opening scene. A few verses showed the Granting to the elder poet the highest genius
elder poet that no ordinary writer was before for exciting laughter, and a natural force which
him, and the young aspirant, then in his twenty- his rival wanted, there will remain to Terence
seventh year, was invited to share the couch greater consistency of plot and character, closer
and supper of his judge. This reading of the observation of generic and individual distincAndria, however, must have preceded its per- tions, deeper pathos, subtler wit, more skill and
formance nearly two years, for Caecilius died in variety in metre and in rhythm, and a wider
168, and it was not acted till 166. Meanwhile, command of the middle region between sport
copies were in circulation, envy was awakened, and earnest. It may be objected that Terence's
and Luscius Lavinius, a veteran, and not very superiority in these points arises from his copysuccessful play-writer, began his unwearied at- ing his Greek originals more servilely. But no
tacks on the dramatic and personal character servile copy is an animated copy, and we have
of the author. The Andria was successful, and, corresponding fragments enough of Menander
aided by the accomplishments and good address to prove that Terence retouched and sometimes
oflTerence himself, was the means of introduc- improved his model. In summing up his merits
irng him to the most refined and intellectual cir- we ought not to omit the praise which has been
cles of Rome. His chief patrons were Laelius universally accorded him-that, although a foraqd the younger Scipio, both of whom treated eigner and a freedman, he divides with Cicero
him as an equal, and are said even to have as- and Caesar the palm of pure Latinity. The best
sisted him in the composition of his plays. editions of Terence are by Bentley, Cantab.,
After residing some years at Rome, Terence 1726, 4to, Amstel., 1727, 4to, Lips., 1791, 8vo;
went to Greece, and while there he translated by Westerhovius, Hage Corn., 1727, 2 vols.
one hundred and eight of Menander's comedies. 4to; and by Stallbaum, Lips., 1830, 8vo.
He never returned to Italy, and we have vari-  TERENTUS CULLEO. Vid. CULLEO.
ous accounts of his death. According to one  TERENTIUS VARRO. Vid. VARRO.
story; after embarking at Brundisium, he was  TiRES (Tipvg). 1. King of the Odrysm and
never heard of more; according to others, he father of SITALCES, was the founder of the great
died at Stymphalus in Arcadia, in Leucadia, or Odrysian monarchy.-2. King of a portion of
at Patrae in Achaia. One of his biographers said Thrace in the time of Philip of Macedon.
he was drowned, with all the fruits of his so-  TEREUS (Typerf), son of Mars (Ares), king of
journ in Greece, on his home-passage. But the Thracians in Daulis, afterward' Phocis.
tfe prevailing report was, that his translations Pandion, king of Attica, who had two daughters,
of Menander were lost at sea, and that grief for Philomela and Procne, called in the assistance
their loss caused his death. He died in the of Tereus against some enemy, and gave him
thirty-sixth year of his age, in 159, or in the his daughter Procne in marriage. Tereus beyear following. He left a daughter, but noth- came by her the father of Itys, and then coning is known of his family. Six comedies are cealed her in the country, that he might thus
all that remain to us; and they are probably all marry her sister Philomela, whom he deceived
that Terence produced. His later versions of by saying that Procne was dead. At the same
Menander were, in all likelihood, from their time he deprived Philomela of hertongue. Ovid
number and the short time in which they were (Met., vi., 565) reverses the story bystating that
made, merely studies for future dramas of his Tereus told Procne that her sister Philomela
own. His plays were brought forward at the was dead. Philomela, however, soon learned
following seasons. 1. Andria, "the Woman of the truth, and made it known to her sister by a
Andros," so called from the birth-place of Gly- few words which she wove into a peplus. Proccerium, its heroine, was first represented at the ne thereupon killed her own son Itys, and served
Megalesian Games, on the fourth of April, 166. up the flesh of the child in a dish before Tereus.
8. Hecyra, "the Step-Mother," produced at the She then fled with her sister. Tereus pursued
Megalesian Games in 165. 3. Heauton-timorouz- them with an axe, and when the sisters were
menos, " the Self-Tormentor," performed at the overtaken, they prayed to the gods to change
Megalesian Games, 163. 4. Eunuchus, "the them into birds. Procne accordingly became
Eunuch," played at the Megalesian Games, 162. a nightingale, Philomela a swallow, and TeIt was at the time the most popular of Terence's reus a hoopoo. According to some, Procne becomedies. 5. Phormio, was performed in the came a swallow, Philomela a nightingale, and
same year with the preceding, at the Roman Tereus a hawk.
Games on the first of October. 6. Adelphi, "the  TERGESTE (Tergestinus: now Trieste), a town
Brothers," was acted for the first time at the of Istria, on a bay in the northeast of the Adrifuneral games ofL. AEmilius Paullus, 160. The atic Gulf, called after it Tergestinus Sinus. It
comedies of Terence have been translated into was at first an insignificant place, with which
kmost of the languages of modern Europe, and, the Romans became acquainted in their wars
in conjunction with Plautus, were, on the re- with the Iapydes; but under the Roman dominvival of the drama, the models or the most re- ion it became a town of considerable commerfined play-writers.  The ancier. critics are cial importance. It was made a Roman colony
unanimous in ascribing to'Terence immaculate by Vespasian.
purity and elegance of language, and nearly so  TERIA (Type if o5poc a'7rv, Horn.), a mountain
in denying him vis comica. But it should be of Mysia, probably in the neighborhood of Cyzrecollected that four of Terence's six plays are icus. Some identified it with a hill near Lampmore or less sentimental comedies, in which sacus, on which was a temple of'Cybele.
vis comica is not a primary element. Moreover,  TRIAS (now Guaralunga), a river in Sicily,
Terence is generally contrasted with Plautus, near Leontini.
864




TERIBAZUS.                              TERTULLIANUS.
[TERIBAZUS or TIRIBAZUS (Tqpi6a4o6, Ttp?6a- minus stood in the temple of Jupiter in the CapCof), a Persian, high in the favor of Artaxerxes itol. It is said that when this temple was to be
II., and' when he was present, as Xenophon founded, all the gods gave way to Jupiter and
says, no.one else had the honor of helping the Juno, with the exception of Terminus and Jumonareh mount his horse. At the time of the ventas, whose sanctuaries the auguries would
retreat of the Ten Thousand in B.C. 401, Te- not allow to be removed. This was taken as
ribazus was satrap of Western Armenia, and, an omen that the Roman state would remain
when the Greeks had reached the River Tele- ever undiminished and young, and the chapels
boas on the frontier of his territory, he himself of the two divinities were inclosed within the
rode up to their camp and proposed a truce, on walls of the new temple. It is, however, probacondition that both parties should abstain from  ble that the god Terminus is no other than Jumolesting each other, the Greeks taking only piter himself, in the capacity of protector of
what they needed while in his country. Teri- boundaries.
bazus, however, did not intend to keep his word,  [TERMUS, a small river of Sardinia, flowing
but waited to assail the Greeks in a mountain into the sea on the western or northern coast.]
pass, which the latter, on learning his design,  TERPANDER (TUp7ravdpog), the father of Greek
secured, and having, besides, attacked the camp music, and through it of lyric poetry. He was
of the satrap, put the barbarians to flight. Sub- a native of Antissa in Lesbos, and flourished besequently he aided the Lacedaemonians until tween B.C. 700 and 650. He removed from
superseded-in B.C. 392, and again after his res- Lesbos to Sparta, and there introduced his new
toration in B.C. 388. Various charges having system of music, and established the first mubeen brought against him, he was put on his trial sical school or system that existed irn Greece.'
and triumphantly acquitted. After this Arta- He added three strings to the lyre, which before
xerxes promised him Amastris, and afterward his time had only four strings, thus making it
Atossa, in marriage, and having each time seven-stringed. His music produced a powerbroken his word, Teribazus excited an insurrec- ful effect upon the Spartans, and he was held in
tion, but was betrayed, and slain by the king's high honor by them during his life and after his
guards.]                                  death. He was the first who obtained a victory
TERIDITES. Vid. TIRIDATES.              in the musical contests at the festival of the
TERINA (Terinaeus: now St. Eufemia), a town Carnea (676). We have only three or four fragon the western coast of Bruttium, from which ments of the remains of his poetry.
the Sinus Terinaeus derived its name. It was  [TERPIUS, father of the celebrated minstrel
a Greek city founded by Croton, and was origi- Phemius, who is hence. called by Homer Ternally a place of some importance; but it was piades (Tep7rtadyi).]
destroyed by Hannibal in the second Punic war.  TERPSICHORE (Tepplx6pa), one of the -nine
[TERINAMUS SINUS (now Gulf of St. Eufemia). Muses, presided over the choral song and danVid. TERINA.]                             cing. Vid. MUSE.
TERIOLIS or TERIOLA CASTRA, a fortress in  TERRA. -Vid. GAA.
Ratia, which has given its name to the coun-  TERRACINA, more usually written TARRACINA.
try of the Tyrol. Its site is still occupied by  Vid. TARRACINA.
the Castle of Tyrol, lying above Meran, to the  [TERRASIDIUS, T., one of Cesar's officers in
north of the road.                        Gaul, was sent to the Unelli to obtain corn in
TERMANTIA, TERMES, or TERMESUS (Termes- B.C. 57, but detained a prisoner by them.]
tinus or Termesius: now Ermrita de nuestra Se-  [TERTIA, a female actress, and one of the faiora de Tiermes), a town of the Arevaci in His- vorite mistresses of Verres in Sicily.]
pania Tarraconensis, originally situated on a  [TERTIA or TERTULLA.  Vid. JUNIA, No. 2.]
steep hill, the inhabitants of which frequently  TERTULLIANUS, Q. SEPTIMIUS FLORENS, usuresisted the Romans, who compelled them, in ally called TERTULLIAN, the most ancient of the
consequence, to abandon the town, and build a Latin fathers now extant. Notwithstanding the
new one on the plain, B.C. 98.            celebrity which he has always enjoyed, our
TERMERA (Ti Teptepa), a Dorian city in Caria, knowledge of his personal history is extremely
on the Promontory Termerium (TepUEPtov), the limited, and is derived almost exclusively from
northwestern headland of the Sinus Ceramicus. a succinct notice by St. Jerome. From this we
Under the Romans it was a free city.      learn that Tertullian was a native of Carthage,
TERMESSUS (Teppi7aa6C, and other forms: the son of a proconsular centurion (an officer
ruins probably at Shenet), a city of Pisidia, high who appears to have acted.as a sort of aid-deup on the Taurus, in the pass through which camp to provincial governors); that he flourishthe River Catarrhactes flowed. It was almost ed chiefly during the reigns of Septimius Seveimpregnable by nature and art, so that' even rus and of Caracalla; that he became a presbyAlexander did not attempt to take it.     ter, and remained orthodox until he had reached
TERMINUS, a Roman divinity presiding over the term of middle life, when, in consequence of
boundaries and frontiers. His worship is said the envy and ill-treatment which he experienced
to have been instituted by Numa, who ordered on the part of ihe Roman clergy, he went over
that every one should mark the boundaries of to the Montan'sts, and wrote several books in
his landed property by stones consecrated to defence of those heretics; that he lived to a
Jupiter, and at these boundary-stones every great age, and'was the author of many works.
year sacrifices should be offered at the festival His birth may be placed about A.D. 160, and his
of the Terrminalia. The Terminus of the Ro- death about 240. The most interesting of his
man state originally stood between the fifth and numerous works is his Apologia, or defence of
sixth mile-stone on the road toward Laurentum, Christianity. It was written at Carthage, probnear a place called Festi. Another public Ter- ably during the reign of Severus. The writings
55                                                              865




TESTA.                                  TEUTONES.
of Tertullian show that he was a man of varied found in the island of Cyprus, which was given
learning; but his style is rough, abrupt, and ob- to him by Belus, king of Sidon. He there foundscure, abounding in far-fetched metaphors and ed the town of Salamis, and married Eune, the
extravagant hyperboles. The best editions of daughter of Cyprus, by whom he became the
the complete works of Tertullian are the edit. father of Asteria.
of Venice; 1744, fol., and that by Semler and  TEUCRI. Vid. MYSIA, TROAS.
Schutz, 6 vols. 8vo, Hal., 1770. There is a good  TEUMESSUS (Tevr]aao6g), a mountain in Boeoedition of the Apologeticus by Havercamp, 8vo, tia, near Hypatus, and close to Thebes, on the
Lugd. Bat., 1710, [and of the Apolog. and Ad road from the latter place to Chalcis. It was
Nationes by Oehler, Halle, 1849.]         from this mountain that Bacchus (Dionysus),
TESTA, C. TREBATIUS, a Roman jurist, and a enraged with the Thebans, sent the fox which
contemporary and friend'of Cicero. He was committed such devastations in their territory.
recommended by Cicero to Julius Caesar during  TEUTA (Terra), wife of Agron, king of the
his proconsulship of Gaul, and he followed Illyrians, assumed the sovereign power on the
Caesar's party after the civil war broke out. death of her husband, B.C. 231. In conseCicero dedicated to Trebatius his book of Top- quence of the injuries inflicted by the piratical
ica, which he wrote to explain to him this book expeditions of her subjects upon the Italian
of Aristotle. Trebatius enjoyed considerable merchants, the Romans sent two ambassadors
reputation under Augustus as a lawyer. Hor- to demand satisfaction, but she not only refusace addressed to him the first satire of the sec- ed to comply with their demands, but caused
ond book. Trebatius was a pupil of Q. Corne- the younger of the two brothers to be assassinlius Maximus, and master of Labeo.- He wrote ated on his way home.' War was now declared
some books De Jure Civili and De Religionibus. against her by the Romans. The greater part
He is often cited in the Digest, but there is no of her territory was soon conquered, and she
direct excerpt from his writings.         was obliged to sue for peace, which was grantTETHYS (Tr0VC), daughter of Ccelus (Uranus) ed to her (B.C. 228) on condition of her giving
and Terra (Gaea), and wife of Oceanus, by whom  up the greater part of her dominions.
she became the mother of the Oceanides and  [TEUTAMIAS (Tevrauiaf), a king of Larissa in
of the numerous river-gods. She also educated Thessaly, and father of the Pelasgian Lethus.]
Juno (Hera), who was brought to her by Rhea.  TEUTHRANIA. Vid. MYSIA.
[TETRAPOLIS, a union of four cities or states;  TEUTHRAS (TevOpag). 1. An ancient king of
of these the most important were, 1. The Attic Mysia, who married, or, according to other acTctrapolis (Terpdaro2t Ti-C'ATrr-Lc), a district counts, adopted as his daughter Auge, the daughof Attica lying northward from Athens, com- ter of Aleus. He also received with hospitality
posed of CEnoe, Marathon, Probalinthus, and her son Telephus, when the latter came to Asia
Tricorythus, founded by Xuthus. 2. The Dori- in search of his mother. He was succeeded in
an. Vid. DORis. 3. The Syrian (rT~ Zvpiaf, or the kingdom of Mysia by Telephus.. Vid. TELeLevKics), composed of Antiochia, Apamea, La- EPHUS. The fifty daughters of Teuthras, given
odicea, and Seleucia.]                    as a reward to Hercules, are called by Ovid
TETRYOA, a mountain on the frontiers of Pi- Teuthrantia turba.-[2. A Greek warrior of Magcenum and the land of the Sabines, belonging nesia, slain by Hector before Troy.-3. A comto the great chain of the Apennines.      panion of LEneas, slain in battle against the
TETRICUS, C. PESUVIUS, one of the Thirty Ty- Rutuli in Italy.]
rants, and the last of the pretenders who ruled  TEUTHRAS (TesO'pac: now probably DemirjiGaul during its separation from the empire un- Dagh), a mountain in the Mysian district of
der Gallienus and his successor. He reigned Teuthrania, a southwestern branch of Termnus.
in Gaul from A.D. 267 to 274, and was defeat- It contains a celebrated pass, called the Iron
ed by Aurelian in 274 at the battle of Chalons, Gates (Demir Kapa), through which all caravans
on which occasion he was believed to have be- between Smyrna and Brusa (the ancient Prutrayed his army to the emperor. It is certain sias) must needs pass.
that although Tetricus, along with his son, grac-  TEUTOBURGIENSIS SALTUS, a range of hills in
ed the triumph of the conqueror, he was imme- Germany, covered with wood, extending north
diately afterward treated with the greatest dis- of the Lippe, from Osnabriick to Paderborn, and
tinction by Aurelian.                     known in the present day by the name of the
TEUCER (Teitpog). 1. Son of the river-god Teutoburger Wald or Lippische Wald. It is celScamander by the nymph Idaea, was the first ebrated on account of the defeat and destrucking of Troy, whence the Trojans are some- tion of Varus and three Roman legions by the
times called Teucri. Dardanus of Samothrace Germans under Arminius, A.D. 9.
came to Teucer, received his daughter Batea  [TEUTOMATUS, son of Ollovicon, king of the
or Arisbe in marriage, and became his success- Nitiobriges, joined Vercingetorix with a body
or in the kingdom. According to others, Dar- of cavalry: being suddenly attacked by Caedanus was a native prince of Troy, and Scaman- sar's soldiers while reposing in his tent, he with
der and Teucer immigrated into Troas from  difficulty escaped half naked from the camp.]
Crete, bringing with them the worship of Apollo  TEUTONES or TEUTONI, a powerful people in
Smintheus.-2. Son of Telamon and Hesione, Germany, who invaded Gaul and the Roman
was a step-brother of Ajax, and the best archer dominions along with the Cimbri at the latter
among the Greeks at Troy. On his return from  end of the second century B.C. The history
the Trojan war, Telamon refused to receive of their invasion is given under CIMBRI. The
him in Salamis, because he had not avenged the name Teutones is not a collective name of
death of his brother Ajax. Teucer thereupon the whole people of Germany, as some writsailed away in search of a new home, which he ers have supposed, but only of one particular
866




THABOR.                                 THAPSACUS.
tribe, who probably dwelt on the coast of the of philosophy and mathematics. In the latter
Baltic, near the Cimbri.                  science, however, we find attributed to him only
THABOR, TABOR, or ATABYRPUM ('Ara6Vplov, proofs of propositions which belong to the first
LXX.:'Ira6dptov, Joseph.: now Jebel Tur), an elements of geometry, and which could not posisolated mountain at the eastern end of the plain sibly have enabled him to calculate the eclipses
of Esdraelon in Galilee, between seventeen of the sun and the course of the heavenly
hundred and eighteen hundred feet high. Its bodies. He may, however, have obtained his
summit was occupied by a fortified town under knowledge of the higher branches of mathematthe Maccabees and the Romans. This is quite ics from Egypt, Which country he is said to have
enough to prove that it can not be, as a local visited. Thales maintained that water is the
tradition asserts, the lonely mountain on which origin of things, meaning thereby that it is
our Saviour was transfigured, although the tra- water out of which every thing arises and into
dition has been bolstered up by a variation of the which every thing resolves itself, Thales left
modern name of the mountain, which makes it no works behind him.
Jebel Nur, i. e., the Mlountain of Light.   THALES or THALETAS (Oa7rt7, OaXraf), the
THABRXCA or TABRACA (06paaK/a, Tcd6apa: celebrated musician and lyric poet, was a nanow Tabarca), a city of Numidia, at the mouth tive of Gortyna in Crete. On the invitation of
of the River Tusca, and on the frontier toward the Spartans he removed to Sparta, where, by
Zeugitana.                                the influence of his music, he appeased the
THAIS (Oatc), a celebrated Athenian courte- wrath of Apollo, who had visited the city with
san, who accompanied Alexander the Great on a plague, and composed the factions of the cithis expedition into Asia. Her name is best izens, who were at enmity with each other. He
known from the story of her having stimulated founded the second of the musical schools which
the conqueror, during a great festival at Per- flourished at Sparta, the first haying been essepolis, to set fire to the palace of the Persian tablished by Terpander. The date of Thaletas
kings; but this anecdote, immortalized as it is uncertain, but he may probably be placed
has been by Dryden's famous ode, is in all prob- shortly after Terpander. Vid. TERPANDER.
ability a mere fable. After the death of Alex-  THALIA (OuZeta, OaMea). 1. One of the nine
ander, Thais attached herself to Ptolemy Lagi, Muses, and, at least in later times, the Muse of
by whom she:became the mother of two sons, Comedy. Vid. Mus.E.-2. One of the Nereides.
Leontiscus and Lagus, and of a daughter, Irene. — 3 One of the Charites or Graces.
THALA (0Qi(a), a great city of Numidia, men-  THALLO. Vid. HORa.
tioned by Sallust and other writers, and prob-  THALNA or TALNA, M'. JUVENTIUS, was tribably identical'with TELEPTE (TETerrT?) or THE- une of the plebs B.C. 170, praetor 167, and conLEPTE, a city in the south of Numidia, seventy- sul 163, when he subdued the Corsicans. The
one Roman miles northwest of Capsa. It was senate voted him a thanksgiving, and he was
the southwestern frontier town toward the so overcome with joy at the intelligence, which
desert, and was connected by a road with Ta- he received as he was offering a sacrifice, that
cape on the Syrtis Minor. It is probably to be he dropped down dead on the spot.
identified with Ferianah, or with the large ruins  [THALPIUS (OdlrrTo), son of Eurytus, one of
near it called Medinah el Kadima.         the suitors of Helen, and therefore compelled to
THALiAME (OaXuMat). 1. A fortified town in take part in the expedition against Troy; he led
Elis, situated in the mountains above Pylos.- the Epei in ten vessels.]
2. A town in Messenia, probably a little to the  THAMBES (/Ody6tr, 0 g, 0a 6lf, duc), a mounteast of the River Pamisus.                ain in the east of Numidia, containing the source
THALASSIUS, TALASSIUS, or TALASSIO, a Ro- of the River Rubricatus.
man senator of the time of Romulus. At the  THAMYDENI or THAMYDITJE (Oalv6yvoi, Oa/4vtime of the rape of the Sabine women, when a draO), a people of Arabia Felix, on the coast of
maiden of surpassing beauty was carried off for the Sinus Arabicus, in the neighborhood of TheThalassius, the persons conducting her, in order mond.
to protect her against any assaults from others,  THAMYRIS orTHAMYRAS (OCaUvpIt). 1. An anexclaimed " for Thalassius."  Hence, it is said, cient Thracian bard, was a son of Philammon
arose the wedding shout with which a bride at and the nymph Argiope. In his presumption he
Rome was conducted to the house of her bride- challenged the Muses to a trial of skill, and, being
groom.                                    overcome in the contest, was deprived by them
THALES (Oa7gC), the Ionic philosopher, and of his sight and of the power of singing. He
one of the Seven Sages, was bornat Miletus was represented with a broken lyre in his hand.
about B.C. 636, and died about 546, at the age -[2. A Trojan warrior, companion of iEneas
of ninety, though the exact date neither of his after the fall of Troy; slain by Turnus in Italy.]
birth nor of his death is known. He is said to  THANXTOS. Vid. MoRs.
have predicted the eclipse of the sun, which  THAPSA, a city of Northern Africa, probably
happened in the reign of the Lydian king Alyat- identical with RUsIcADA.
tes; to have diverted the course of the Halys  THAPSAXUS (oadaKcof: in the Old Testament,
in the time of Crcesus; and later, in order to Thiphsach: an Aramean word signifying a ford:
unite the Ionians when threatened by the Per- OcapaKrv6f: ruins at the ford of El —Hamman,
sians, to have instituted a federal council in near Rakkah), a city of Syria, in the province
Teos. In the lists of the Seven Sages his name of Chalybonitis, on the left bank of the Euphraseems to have stood at the head; and he dis- tes, two thousand stadia south of Zeugma, and
played his wisdom both by political sagacity fifteen parasangs from the mouth of the River
and by prudence in acquiring wealth. He was Chaboras (the Araxes of Xenophon). At this
also one of the founders in Greece of the study place was the usual and, for a long time, the only
867




THAPSUS.                                   THEBE.
ford of the Euphrates, by which a passage was ed Thaumantias, Thaumantis, and Thaumantea
made between Upperand Lower Asia.        virn.o.
THAPSUS (O6'Ybo: Oditof). 1. A city on the  THEEfTETUS (0eaTrTrof), an Athenian, the son
eastern coast of Sicily, on a peninsula of the of Euphronius of Sunium, is introduced as one
same name (now Isola degli 3lagnisi), founded of the speakers in Plato's Theatetus and Sophisby Dorian colonists from Megara, who soon tes, in which dialogues he is spoken of as a noabandoned it in order to found Megara Hybla. ble and well-disposed youth, and ardent in the
-2. (Ruins at Demas), a city on the eastern pursuit of knowledge, especially in the study of
coast of Byzacena, in Africa Propria, where geometry.
Caesar finally defeated the Pompeian army, and  THEAGENES (0eayjtV7f). 1. Tyrant of Megafinished the civil war, B.C. 46.          ra, obtained his power about B.C. 630, having
THASOS orTHASUS (Oaiof': OCiatog: now Tha- espoused the part of the commonalty against
so or Tasso), an island in the north of the.Egean the nobles. He was driven out before his death,
Sea, off the coast of Thrace, and opposite the He gave his daughter in marriage to Cylon.
mouth of the River Nestus. It was at a very  Vid. CYLON. —. A Thasian, the son of Timosearly period taken possession of by the Phceni- thenes, renowned for his extraordinary strength
cians on, account of its valuable gold mines. and swiftness. He gained numerous victories
According to tradition, the Phoenicians were at the Olympian, Pythian, Nemean, and Isthled by Thasus, son of Poseidon or Agenor, who mian games, and is said to have won thirteen
came from the East in search of Europa, and hundred crowns. He flourished B.C. 480.
from whom the island derived its name. Tha-  THEXNO (Oeavj), daughter of Cisseus, wife
sos was afterward colonizedbythe Parians,B.C. of Antenor, and priestess of Minerva (Athena)
708, and among the colonists was the poet Ar- at Ilion.
chilochus. -Besides the gold mines in Thasos  THEANO (Oeavt), the most celebrated of the
itself, the Thasians possessed still more valua- female philosophers of the Pythagorean school,
ble gold mines at Scapte Hyle, on the opposite appears to have been the wife of Pythagoras,
coast of Thrace. The mines in the island had and the mother by him of Telauges, Mnesarchus,
been most extensively worked by the Phceni- Myia, and Arignote; but the accounts respectcians, but even in the time of Herodotus they ing her were various. Several letters are exwere still productive. The clear surplus rev- tant under her name; and, though they are not
enue of the Thasians before the Persian con- genuine, they are valuable remains of a period
quest amounted to two hundred, and some- of considerable antiquity.
times even to three hundred talents (~46,000,  THEBE (OF)6at), in the poets sometimes THEBE
~66,000), of which sum the mines in Scapte (Oj6r/, Dor. 0O6a), afterward DIOSPOLIS MAGNA
Hyle produced eighty talents, and those in the (At6oirotc s/eyd?2, i. e., Great City of Jove), in
island somewhat less. They possessed at this Scripture, No or No AMMON, was the capital of'time a considerable territory on the coast of Thebais or Upper Egypt, and, for a long time,
Thrace, and were one of the richest and most of the whole country. It was reputed the oldpowerful tribes in the north of the ZEgean. They est city of the world. It stood in about the
were subdued by the Persians under Mardonius, centre of the Thebaid, on both banks of the
and subsequently became part of the Athenian Nile, above Coptos, and in the Nomos Coptites.
maritime empire. They revolted, however, It is said to have been founded by iEthiopians;
from Athens in B.C. 465, and after sustaining a but this is, of course, only a form of the tradisiege of three years, were subdued by Cimon in tion which represents the civilization of Upper
463. They were obliged to surrender to the Egypt as having come down the Nile. Others
Athenians all their possessions in Thrace, to ascribed its foundation to Osiris, who named it
destroy their fortifications, to give up their ships, after his mother, and others to Busiris. It apand to pay a large tribute for the future. They pears to have been at the height of its splenagain revolted from Athens in 411, and called dor, as the capital of Egypt, and as a chief seat
in the Spartans, but the island was again re- ofthe worship ofAmmon, aboutB.C. 1600. The
stored to the Athenians by Thrasybulus in 407. fame of its grandeur had reached the Greeks as
In addition to its gold mines, Thasos was eel- early as the time of Homer, who describes it,
ebrated for its marble and its wine. The soil, with poetical exaggeration, as having a hundhowever, is otherwise barren, and merits, even red gates, from each of which it could send out
at the present day, the description applied to it two hundred war-chariots fully armed. Homer's
by the poet Archilochus, "an ass's back-bone, epithet of" Hundred-Gated" (Kar6TrTrvXot) is reoverspread with wild wood."  The principal peatedly applied to the city by later writers. Its
town in the island, also called Thasos, was sit- real extent was calculated by the Greek writers
uated on the northern coast upon three emi- at one hundred and forty stadia (fourteen geonences. There are still a few remains of the graphical miles) in circuit; and in Strabo's time,
ancient town.                             when the long transference of the seat of pow[THAUMACI (now Dhomoko), a city of Phthio- er to Lower Egypt had caused it to decline
tis, in Thessaly, situated on a lofty and perpen- greatly, it still had a circuit of eighty stadia,
dicular rock, which rendered it a place of great That these computations are not exaggerated,
strength. The ancients derived its name from  is proved by the existing ruins, which extend
the singularity of its position, and the astonish- from side to side of the valley of the Nile, here
ment it caused when first reached (OavtaKoi, about six miles wide; while the rocks which
from iavfLa, "wonder").]                  bound the valley are perforated with tombs.
THAUMAS (Oaviag), son of Pontus and Terra These ruins, which are, perhaps, the most mag(Ge), and by the Oceanid Electra, the father nificent in the world, inclose within their site
of Iris and the Harpies. Hence Iris is call- the four modern villages of Carnac, Luxor, Me868




TE.                                  HEBETH E.
dinet Abou, and Gournou; the two former on the in the catalogue of the Greek cities which
eastern, and the two latter on the western side fought against Troy, as it was probably supof the river. They consist of temples, colossi, posed not yet to have recovered from its devsphinxes, and obelisks, and, on the western  astation by the Epigoni. It appears, however,
side, of tombs, many of which are cut in the at the earliest historical period as a large and
rock and adorned with paintings, which are still flourishing city; and it is represented as posas fresh as if just finished. These ruins are re- sessing seven gates, the number assigned to it
markable alike for their great antiquity and for in the ancient legends. Its government, after
the purity of their style. It is most probable the abolition of monarchy, was an aristocracy,
that the great buildings were all erected before or, rather, an oligarchy, which continued to be
the Persian invasion, when Thebes was taken the prevailing form of government for a long
by Cambyses, and the wooden habitations burn- time, although occasionally exchanged for that
ed; after which time it never regained the rank of a democracy. Toward the end of the Peloof a capital city; and thus its architectural mon- ponnesian war, however, the oligarchy finally
uments escaped that Greek influence which is disappears, and Thebes appears under a demoso marked in the edifices of Lower Egypt. cratical form of government from this time till
Among its chief buildings, the ancient writers it became with the rest of Greece subject to the
mention the MEMNONIUM, with the two colossi Romans. The Thebans were from an early pein front of it, the temple of Ammon, in which riod inveterate enemies of their neighbors, the
one of the three chief colleges of priests was Athenians. Their hatred of the latter people
established, and the tombs of the kings. To was probably one of the reasons which induced
describe the ruins and discuss their identifica- them to desert the cause of Grecian liberty in
tion would far exceed the limits of this article. the great struggle against the Persian power.
THREBF, in Europe. 1. (0G6at, in poetry 06/e, In the Peloponnesian war the Thebans naturally
Doric Oij6a: Oy6aofg, fem. OG6atk, Thebanus, espoused the Spartan side, and contributed not
fem. Thlbais: now Theba, Turkish Stiva), the a little to the downfall of Athens. But, in comchief city in Bceotia, was situated in a plain mon with the other Greek states, they soon
southeast of the Lake Helice and northeast of became disgusted with the Spartan supremacy,
Plateaue. Its acropolis, which was an oval em- and joined the confederacy formed against Sparinence of no great height, was called CADMEA ta in B.C. 394. The peace of Antalcidas in 387
(Kadpeta), because'it was said to have been put an end to hostilities in Greece; but the
founded by Cadmus, the leader of a Phoenician treacherous seizure of the Cadmea by the Lacolony.  On each side of this acropolis is a cedoemonian general Phoebidas in 382, and its
small valley, running up from the Theban plain recovery by the Theban exiles in 379, ledto a
into the low ridge of hills by which it is sepa- war between Thebes and Sparta, in which the
rated from that of Plateeae. Of these valleys, former not only recovered its independence, but
the one to the west is watered by the Dirce, forever destroyed the Lacedemonian supremand the one to the east by the Ismenus; both acy. This was the most glorious period in the
of which, however, are insignificant streamlets, Theban annals; and the decisive defeat of the
though so celebrated in ancient story.  The Spartans at the battle of Leuctra in 371 made
greater part of the city stood in these valleys, Thebes the first power in Greece. Her greatand was built some time after the acropolis. ness, however, was mainly due to the pre-emiIt is said that the fortifications of the city were nent abilities of her citizens, Epaminondas and
constructed by Amphion and his brother Zethus; Pelopidas; and with the death of the former at
and that, when Amphion played his lyre, the the battle of Mantinea in 362, she lost the sustones moved of their own accord and formed premacy which she had so recently gained.
the wall. The territory of Thebes was called Soon afterward Philip of Macedon began to exTHEBAIS (0?6atf), and extended eastward as far ercise a paramount influence over the greater
as the Eubcean Sea. No city is more celebrated part of Greece. The Thebans were induced, by
in the mythical ages of Greece than Thebes. the eloquence of Demosthenes, to forget their
It was here that the use of letters was first in- old animosities against the Athenians, and to
troduced from Phoenicia into Western Europe. join the latter in protecting the liberties of
It'was the reputed birth-place of the two great Greece; but their united forces were defeated
divinities, Dionysus and Hercules. It was also by Philip, at the battle of Chaeronea, in 338.
the native city of the great seer Tiresias, as Soon after the death of Philip and the accession
well as of the great musician Amphion. It was of Alexander, the Thebans made a last attempt
the scene of the tragic fate of CEdipus, and of to recover their liberty, but were cruelly punone of the most celebrated wars in the myth- ished by the young king. The city was taken
ical annals of Greece.  Polynices, who had by Alexander in 336, and was entirely destroybeen expelled from Thebes by his brother Eteo- ed, with the exception of the temples, and the
cles, induced six other heroes to espouse his house of the poet Pindar; six thousand inhabcause, and marched against the city; but they itants were slain, and thirty thousand sold as
were all defeated and slain, by the Thebans, slaves. In 316 the city was rebuilt by Cassanwith the exception of Adrastus, Polynices and der, with the assistance of the Athenians. In
Eteocles falling by each other's hands. This 290 it was taken by Demetrius Poliorcetes, and
is usually called the war of the " Seven against again suffered greatly. Dicsearchus, who flourThebes."  A few years afterward, "the Epigo- ished about this time, has left us an interesting
ni," or descendants of the seven heroes, march- account of the city. He describes it as about
ed against Thebes to revenge their fathers' seventy stadia (nearly nine miles) in circumferdeath; they took the- city and razed it to the ence, in form nearly circular, and in appearance
ground. Thebes is not mentioned by Homer somewhat gloomy. He says that it is plenti869




THEBAIS.                               THEMISTOCLES.
fully provided with water, and contains better in Olympus, and is on friendly terms with Juno
gardens than any other city in Greece; that it (Hera). She is also described as a prophetic
is most agreeable in summer, on account of its divinity, ard is said to have been in possession
plentiful supply of cool and fresh water, and its of the Delphic oracle as the successor of Terra
large gardens; but that in winter it is very (Ge), and previous to Apollo. Nymphs believed
unpleasant, being destitute of fuel, exposed to to be daughters of Jupiter (Zeus) and Themis
floods and cold winds, and frequently visited by lived in a cave on the River Eridanus, and the
heavy falls of snow. He further represents the Hesperides also are called daughters of Jupiter
people as proud and insolent, and always ready (Zeus) and Themis. She is often represented
to settle disputes by fighting rather than by the on coins resembling the figure of Minerva
ordinary course of justice. It is supposed that (Athena) with a cornucopia and a pair of scales.
the population of the city at this time may have  THEMISCYRA (Oe/0,icivpa), a plain on the coast
been between fifty thousand and sixty thousand of Pontus, extending east of the River Iris, besouls.  After the Macedonian period Thebes yond the Thermodon, celebrated from very anrapidly declined in importance; and it received cient times as the country of the Amazons. It
its last blow from Sulla, who gave half of its was well watered, and rich in pasture. At the
territory to the Delphians. Strabo describes it mouth of the Thermodon was a city of the same
as only a village in his time; and Pausanias, name, which had been destroyed by the time of
who visited it in the second century of the Augustus. - It is doubtful whether the present
Christian era, says that the Cadmea alone was Thermeh occupies its site. Vid. THERMODON.
then inhabited. The modern town is also con-  THEMISON (Oe/icov), a celebrated Greek phyfined to this spot, and the surrounding country sician, and the founder of the medical sect of
is covered with a confused heap of ruins.-2. the Methodici, was a native of Laodicea in
Surnamed PHTHIOTICE (Oi6aLc acl $lOinTeC), an Syria, and lived in the first century B.C. He
important city of Thessaly in the district Phthi- wrote several medical works, but of these only
otis, at a short distance from the coast, and the titles and a few fragments remain.  The
with a good harbor.-3. A town in Lucania, physician mentioned by Juvenal was probably a
rarely mentioned.                         contemporary of the poet, and consequently a
THEBAiS. Vid. 2EGYPTUs.                different person from the founder of the MethoTHEBE (OA67 "T7ro7rTLacr), a city of Mysia, on dici.
the wooded slope of Mount Placus, destroyed  THEMISTIUS (OeFIatoIQ), a distinguished phiby Achilles. It was saidto have been the birth- losopher and rhetorician, was a Paphlagonian,
place of Andromache and Chryse'is. It existed and flourished, first at Constantinople and afterin the historical period, but by the time of Stra- ward at Rome, in the reigns of Constantius,
bo it had fallen into ruin, and by that of Pliny it Julian, Jovian, Valens, Gratian, and Theodosius.
had vanished. Its site was near the head of He enjoyed the favor of all those emperors, and
the Gulf of Adramyttium, where a beautiful was promoted by them to the highest honors of
tract of country was named, after it, Thebanus the state. After holding various public offices,
campus (ro Oir,6j'rediov).              and being employed on many important em[THECHES MONS (OXn7C, a summit of the range bassies, he was made prefect of Constantinople
called PARYADRES: now Kop Tkgh), a mount- by Theodosius, A.D. 384.  So great was the
ain on the borders of Pontus and Colchis, from  confidence reposed in him by Theodosius, that,
which the Greek troops of Cyrus under Xeno- though Themistius was a heathen, the emperor
phon first got a view of the sea (Euxine).]  intrusted his son Arcadius to the tutorship of
THECOA or TEKOA (OEKOa, Joseph.: 0EKEo, the philosopher, 387. The life of Themistius
LXX.: ruins at Tekua), a city of Judsea, on the probably did not extend beyond 390. Besides
edge of the desert, six miles south of Bethlehem, the emperors, he numbered among his friends
and twelve miles south of Jerusalem, was the the chief orators and philosophers of the age,
birth-place of the prophet Amos. (Vid. also 2 Christian as well as heathen. Not only LibaChron., xi.) In the time of Jerome it was a nius, but Gregory of Nazianzus also was his
mere village.                             friend and correspondent, and the latter, in an
THELFPSA or TELPHUSSA (O2T7rovaa, Tei:ovc- epistle still extant, calls him the ( king of arguca: Te2eOoviatoc: ruins near Vanena), a town in ments."  The orations (roLTrIKOi;ioyot) of TheArcadia, on the River Ladon.              mistius, extant in the time of Photius, were
[THELXIEPEIA, one of the Sirens. Vid. SIRE- thirty-six in number, of which thirty-three have
NES.]                                     come down to us in the original Greek, and one
[THELXINOE, one of the earlier Muses. Vid. in a Latin version. The other two were supMUS E.]                                   posed to be lost, until one of them was discovTHEMAN, a city of the Edomites,, in Arabia ered by Cardinal Maio, in the Ambrosian LibraPetraea, whose people were celebrated for their ry at Milan, in 1816. The best edition of the
wisdom.                                   Orations is by Dindorf, Lips., 1832, 8vo.
TnHEMIS (sei0s), daughter of Ccelus (Uranus)  [THEMISTO (Oe/WUr7), of Cyprus, mother of
and Terra (Ge), was married to Jupiter (Zeus), Horer, according to one tradition.]
by whom she became the mother of the Hors,  THEMISTOCLES ( O-Uitro;k), the celebrated
Eunomia, Dice (Astrzea), Irene, and of the Mce- Athenian, was the son of Neocles and Abrotorse. In the Homeric.poems, Themis is the per- non, a Thracian woman, and was born about
sonification of the order of things established B.C. 514. In his youth he had an impetuous
by law, custom, and equity, whence she is de- character; he displayed great intellectual powscribed as reigning in the assemblies of men, er combined with a lofty ambition and desire
and as convening, by the command of Jupiter of political distinction. He began his career
(Zeus), the assembly of the gods. She dwellsj by setting himself in opposition to those waho
870




THE    STOC                               TEMISTOCLES.THEMISTOCLES.
had most power, among whom Aristides was expulsion of the Persians from Greece and the
the chief. The fame which Miltiades acquired fortification of the ports. He was probably justby his generalship at Marathon made a deep ly accused of enriching himself by unfair means,
impression on Themistocles; and he said that for he had no scruples about the way of accomthe trophy of Miltiades would not let him sleep. plishing an end. A story is told that after the
His rival Aristides was ostracized in 483, to retreat of the fleet of Xerxes, when the Greek
which event Themistocles contributed; and fleet was wintering at Pagasoe, Themistocles
from this time he was the political leader in told the Athenians in the public assembly that
Athens. In 481 he was archon eponymus. It he had a scheme to propose which was benefiwas about this time that he persuaded the Athe- cial to the state, but could not be expounded to
nians to employ the produce of the silver mines the many. Aristides was named to receive
of Laurium in building ships, instead of dis- the secret, and to report upon it. His report
tributing it among the Athenian citizens. His was that nothing could be more profitable than
great object was to draw the Athenians to the the scheme of Themistocles, but nothing more
sea, as he was convinced that it was only by unjust; and the Athenians abided by the report
their fleet that Athens could repel the Persians of Aristides. In 471 Themistocles was ostraand obtain the supremacy in Greece. Upon cized from Athens, and retired to Argos. After
the invasion of Greece by Xerxes, Themisto- the discovery of the treasonable correspondence
cles was appointed to the command of the Athe- of Pausanias with the Persian king, the Lacenian fleet; and to his energy, prudence, fore- daemonians sent to Athens to accuse Themistosight, and courage the Greeks mainly -owed cles of being privy to the design of Pausanias.
their salvation from the Persian dominion. Upon Thereupon the Athenians sent off persons with
the approach of Xerxes, the Athenians, on the Lacedaemonians with instructions to arrest
the advice of Themistocles, deserted their city, Themistocles (466). Themistocles, hearing of
and removed their women, children, and infirm  what was designed against him, first fled from
persons to Salamis, 2Egina, and Troezen; but, Argos to Corcyra, and then to Epirus, where
as soon as the Persians took possession of he took refuge in the house of Admetus, king
Athens, the Peloponnesians were anxious to re- of the Molossi, who happened to be from home.
tire to the Corinthian isthmus. Themistocles Admetus was no friend to Themistocles, but
used all his influence in inducing the Greeks to his wife told the fugitive that he would be proremain and fight with the Persians at Salamis, tected if he would take their child in his arns
and with the greatest difficulty persuaded the and sit on the hearth. The king soon came in,
Spartan commander Eurybiades to stay at Sal- and, respecting his suppliant attitude, raised him
amis. But as soon as the fleet of Xerxes made up, and refused to surrender him to the Laceits appearance, the Peloponnesians were again demonian and Athenian agents. Themistocles
anxious to sail away; and when Themistocles finally reached the coast of Asia in safety.
saw that he should be unable to persuade them  Xerxes was now dead (465), and Artaxerxes
to remain, he sent a faithful slave to the Persian was on the throne. Themistocles went up to
commanders, informing them that the Greeks visit the king at his royal residence; and on
intended to make their escape, and that the his arrival he sent the king a letter, in which he
Persians had nowthe opportunityof accomplish- promised to do the king a good service, and
ing a noble enterprise, if they would only cut prayed that he might be allowed to wait a year,
off the retreat of the Greeks. The Persians and' then to explain personally what brought
believed what they were told, and in the night him there. In a year he made himself master
their fleet occupied the whole of the channel of the Persian language and the Persian usages,
between Salamis and the main land.   The and, being presented to the king, he obtained
Greeks were thus compelled to fight; and the the greatest influence over him, and such as no
result was the great and glorious victory, in Greek ever before enjoyed; partly owing to his
which the greater part of the fleet of Xerxes high reputation and the hopes that he gave to
was destroyed. This victory, which was due the king of subjecting the Greeks to the Perto Themistocles, established his reputation sians. The king gave him a handsome allowamong the Greeks. On his visiting Sparta, he ance, after the Persian fashion; Magnesia supwas received with extraordinary honors by the plied him with bread nominally, but paid him anSpartans, who gave Eurybiades the palm of nually fifty talents. Lampsacus supplied wine,
bravery, and to Themistocles the palm of wis- and Myus the other provisions. Before he could
dom and skill, with a crown of olive, and the accomplish any thing he died; some say that
best chariot that Sparta possessed. The Athe- he could not perform his promise to the king.
aians began to restore their ruined city after A monument was erected to his memory in the
the barbarians had left the country, and The- Agora of Magnesia, which place was within his
mistocles advised them to-rebuild the walls, and government. It is said that his bones were
to make them stronger than before. The Spar- secretly taken to Attica by his relations, and
tans sent an embassy to Athens to dissuade privately interred there. Themistocles died in
them from fortifying their city, for which we 449, at the age of sixty-five. Themistocles uncan assign no motive except a miserable jeal- doubtedly possessed great talents as a statesousy. Themistocles, however, went on an em- man, great political sagacity, a ready wit, and
bassy to Sparta, where he amused the Spartans excellent judgment: but he was not an honest
with lies till the walls were far enough ad- man; and, like many other clever men with
vanced to be in a state of defence. It was little morality, he ended his career unhappily
upon his advice, also, that the Athenians forti- and ingloriously, an exile and a traitor too.
fled the port of Pirsus. The influence of The- Twenty-one letters attributed to Themistocles
mistocles does not appear to have survived the are spurious.
871




THEMISTOGENES.                              THEODORETUS.
THEMISTOGENES (OeFLaTOy7Vif), of Syracuse, cribed to the imaginary shepherds of a fictitious
is said by Xenophon (Hell., iii., 1,? 2), to have Arcadia. He merely exhibits simple and faithwritten a work on the Anabasis of Cyrus; but fi pictures of the common life of the Sicilian
most modern writers, following the statement people, in a thoroughly objective, although truly
of Plutarch, suppose that Xenophon really re- poetical spirit. Dramatic simplicity and truth
fers to his own work, to which he prefixed the are impressed upon the pictures exhibited in his
name of Themistogenes.                    poems, into the coloring of which he has thrown
THE6CLES (QEOC;l?0)), son of Hegylus, was a much of the natural comedy which is always
Lacedaemonian statuary, and one of the dis- seen in the common life of a free people. The
ciples of Dipcenus and Scyllis. He therefore collection, which has come down to us under the
flourished about B.C. 550.                name of Theocritus, consists of thirty poems,
THEOCLYMENUS (OeosioUfevoc), son of Poly- called by the general title of Idyls, a fragment
phides of Hyperasia, and a descendant of Me- of a few lines from a poem entitled Berenice, and
lampus, was a soothsayer, and, in consequence twenty-two epigrams in the Greek Anthology.
of a murder, was obliged to take to flight, and But these Idyls are not all bucolic, and were
came to Telemachus when the latter quitted not all written by Theocritus.  Those idyls,
Sparta to return to Ithaca.               of which the genuineness is the most doubtful,
THEOCOSMOS (0eo6soaouo), of Megara, a statu- are the twelfth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineary, flourished about B.C. 435-430.       teenth, twentieth, twenty-sixth, twenty-sevTHEOCRITus (Oe6icpTrro). 1Of Chios, an or- enth, twenty-ninth, and thirtieth. The dialect
ator, sophist, and perhaps an historian, in the of Theocritus is a mixed or eclectic dialect, in
time of Alexander the Great. He was contem- which the new or softened Doric predominates.
porary with Ephorus and Theopompus; and the The best editions of Theocritus are by Kiesslatter was his fellow-citizen and political oppo- ling, Lips., 1819, by Wiistemann, Gothas, 1830,
nent, Theopompus belonging to the aristocratic [by Wordsworth, Camb., 1844, and by Ameis
and Macedonian, and Theocritus to the demo- in the Poeta Bzcolici et Didactici, Paris, 1846.]
cratic and patriotic party. Theocritus is said  THEODECTES (O0oedIrtc), of Phaselis, in Parto have also given deep offence to Alexander by phylia, was a highly distinguished rhetorician
the sarcastic wit, which appears to have been and tragic poet in the time of Philip of Macethe chief cause of his celebrity, and which at don. He was the son of Aristander, and a pulast cost him his life. He was put to death by pil of Isocrates and Aristotle. The greater part
Antigonus, in revenge for a jest upon the king's of his life was spent at Athens, where he died
single eye. None of his works are extant with at the age of forty-one. The people of his nathe exception of two or three epigrams, among tive city honored the memory of Theodectes
which is a very bitter one upon Aristotle.-  with a statue in their agora, which Alexander,
2. The celebrated bucolic poet, was a native of when he stopped at Phaselis on his march toSyracuse, and the son of Praxagoras and Phi- ward Persia, crowned with garlands, to show
linna. He-visited Alexandrea during the latter his respect for the memory of a man who had
end of the reign of Ptolemy Soter, where he re- been associated with himself by means of Arisceived the instruction of Philetas and Asclepi- totle and philosophy. The passages of Arisades, and began to distinguish himself as a poet. totle, in which Theodectes is mentioned, show
His first efforts obtained for him the patronage the strong regard and high esteem in which he
of Ptolemy Philadelphus, who was associated was held by the philosopher. Theodectes dein the kingdom with his father, Ptolemy Soter, voted himself, during the first part of his life,
in B.C. 285, and in whose praise, therefore, the entirely to rhetoric, and afterward he turned his
poet wrote the fourteenth, fifteenth, and seven- attention to tragic poetry. He was a profesteenth Idyls. At Alexandrea he became ac- sional teacher of rhetoric and composer of oraquainted with the poet Aratus, to whom he ad- tions for others, and was in part dependent on
dressed his sixth Idyl. Theocritus afterward this profession for his subsistence. None of
returned to Syracuse, and lived there under the works of Theodectes have come down to
Hiero II. It appears from the sixteenth Idyl us. He wrote fifty tragedies, which were very
that Theocritus was dissatisfied, both with the popular among his contemporaries. His treatise
want of liberality on the part of Hiero in reward- on rhetoric is repeatedly referred to by the aning him for his poems, and with the political state cient writers.
of his native country. It may therefore be sup-  THEODORETUS (0e&cjPpTroi), an eminent ecposed that he devoted the latter part of his life clesiastic of the fifth century, was born at Analmost entirely to the contemplation of those tioch about A.D. 393, and was made bishop of
scenes of nature and of country life, on his rep- Cyrus, or Cyrrhus, a small city near the Euresentations of which his fame chiefly rests. phrates, in 420 or 423. He was accused of beTheocritus was the creator of bucolic poetry as ing a Nestorian, and was in consequence dea branch of Greek, and, through imitators, such posed at the second council of Ephesus in 449;
as Virgil, of Roman literature. The bucolic but he was restored to his diocese at the counidyls of Theocritus are of a dramatic a&ld mi- cil of Chalcedon, in 451, upon his anathematimetic character. They are pictures of the or- zing Nestorius and his doctrines. He appears
dinary life of the, common people of Sicily; to have died in 457 or 458. Theodoret was a
whence their name, eih1, ESZ'i2ta. The pasto- man of learning and of sound judgment. The
ral poems and romances of later times are a most important of his works are. 1. Commentotally different sort of composition from the taries on various books of the Old and New
bucolics of T'heocritus, who knows nothing of Testaments, in which he adopts the method,
the affected sentiment, the pure innocence, and not of a continuous commentary, but of propothe primeval simplicity, which have been as- sing and solving those difficulties which he
872




THEODORIAS.                               THEODORUS.
thinks likely to occur to a thoughtful reader. Meleager. There are eighteen of his epigrams
2. An Ecclesiastical History, in five -books, in- in the Greek Anthology.
tended as a continuation of the History of Eu-  THEODORUS (Oe6d0pof). 1. Of Byzantium, a
sebius. It begins with the history of Arianism, rhetorician, and a contemporary of Plato, who
under Constantine the Great, and ends in 429. speaks of him somewhat contemptuously. Ci3. An apologetic treatise, intended to exhibit cero describes him as excelling rather in the
the confirmations of the truth of Christianity theory than the practice of his art.-2. A philoscontained in the Gentile philosophy. 4. Ten opher of the Cyrenaic school, to one branch of
Orations on Providence.  The complete edi- which he gave the name of "Theodorians,"
tions of Theodoret are by Sirmond and Garnier, Oeodpeiot. He is usually designated by ancient
5 vols. fol., Paris, 1642-1684, and by Schulze writers the Atheist. He was a disciple of the
and Noesselt, Halae Sax., 1769-1774, 5 vols. in younger Aristippus, and was banished from Cyten parts, 8vo.                           rene, but on what occasion is not stated. He
THEODORYAS. Vid. VACCA.                 then went to Athens, and only escaped being
THEODORICUS or THEODERICUS. 1.. King of cited before the Areopagus by the influence of
the Visigoths from A.D. 418 to 451, was the suc- Demetrius Phalereus. He was afterward bancessor of Wallia, but appears to have been the ished from Athens, probably with Demetrius
son of the great Alaric. He fell fighting on the (307), and went to Alexandrea, where he was
side of Aetius and the Romans at the great employed in the service of Ptolemy, son of Labattle of Chalons, in which Attila was defeated, gus, king of the Macedonian dynasty in Egypt;
451.-2. II. King of the Visigoths A.D. 452- it is not unlikely that he shared the overthrow
466, second son ofTheodoric I. He succeeded and exile of Demetrius. While in the service
to the throne by the murder of his brother Tho- of Ptolemy, Theodorus was sent on an embassy
rismond. He ruled over the greater part of to Lysimachus, whom he offended by the freeGaul and Spain. He was assassinated in 466 dom of his remarks. One answer which he
by his brother Euric, who succeeded him on the made to a threat of crucifixion which Lysimathrone. Theodoric II. was a patron of letters chus had used, has been celebrated by many
and learned men. The poet Sidonius Apollina- ancient writers: "Employ such threats to those
ris resided for some time at his court.-3. Sur- courtiers of yours; for it matters not to Theonamed the GREAT, king of the Ostrogoths, suc- dorus whether he rots on the ground or in the
ceeded his father Theodemir in 475. He was air." He returned at length to Cyrene, where
at firstan ally of Zeno, the emperor of Constan- he appears to have ended his days.-3. An
tinople, but was afterward involved in hostili- eminent rhetorician of the age of Augustus, was
ties with the emperor. In order to get rid of a native of Gadara, in the country east of the
Theodoric, Zeno gave him permission to invade Jordan. He settled at Rhodes, where Tiberius,
Italy, and expel the usurper Odoacer from the afterward emperor, during his retirement (B.C.
country. Theodoric entered Italy in 489, and 6-A.D. 2) to that island, was one of his hearers.
after defeating Odoacer in three great battles, He also taught at Rome; but whether his setlaid siege to Ravenna, in which Odoacer took tlement at Rome preceded that at Rhodes is
refuge. After a siege of three years, Odoacer uncertain. Theodorus was the founder of a
capitulated, on condition that he and Theodoric school of rhetoricians, called " Theodorei," as
should rule jointly over Italy; but Odoacer was distinguished from " Apollodorei," or followers
soon afterward murdered by his more fortunate of Apollodorus of Pergamus, who had been the
rival (493). Theodoric thus became master of tutor of Augustus Caesar at Apollonia. TheoItaly,' which he ruled for thirty-three years, till dorus wrote many works, all of which are lost.
his death in 526. His long reign was prosper- -4. A Greek monk, surnamed Prodromus, who
ous and beneficent, and under his sway Italy lived in the first half of the twelfth century.
recovered from the ravages to which it had been He was held in great repute by his contempoexposed for so many years. Theodoric was raries as a scholar and philosopher, and wrote
also a patron of literature; and among his min- upon a great variety of subjects. Several of
isters were Cassiod.orus and Boethius, the two his works have come down to us, of which the
last writers who can claim a place in the litera- following may be mentioned: 1. A metrical roture of ancient Rome. But prosperous as had mance, in nine books, on the loves of Rhodanthe
been the reign of Theodoric, his last days were and Dosicles, written in iambic metre, and exdarkened by disputes with the Catholics, and hibiting very little ability. 2. A poem entitled
by the condemnation and execution of Boethius Galeomyomachia, in iambic verse, on " the battle
and Symmachus, whom he accused of a con- of the mice and cat," in imitation of the Homeric
spiracy, to overthrow the Gothic dominion in Batrachomyomachia. This piece is often apItaly. His death is said to have been hastened pended to the editions of 2Esop and Babrius.by remorse. It is related that one evening, 5. The name of two ancient Samian artists.
when a large fish was served on the table, he (1.) The son of Rhcecus, and brother of Telefancied that he beheld the head of Symmachus; cles, flourished about B.C. 600, and was an arand was so terrified that he took to his bed, and chitect a statuary in bronze, and a sculptor in
died three days afterward.  Theodoric was wood. He wrote a work on the Hereum at
buried at Ravenna, and a monument was erect- Samos, in the erection of which it may thereed to his memory by his daughter Amalasun- fore be supposed that he was engaged as well
tha. His ashes were deposited in a porphyry as his father. Or, considering the time which
vase, which is still to be seen at Ravenn'a.  such a building would occupy, the treatise may
THEODORIoDAS (Osocopti6a), of Syracuse, a perhaps be ascribed to the younger Theodorus.
lyric and epigrammatic poet, who lived about He was also engaged with his father in the
B.C. 235. Ite had a place in the Garland of erection of the labyrinth of Lemnos; and he
873




THEODOSIOPOLIS.                             THEODOSIUS.
prepared the foundation of the temple of Diana i Rome in triumph, accompanied by Valentinian
(Artemis), at Ephesus. In conjunction with his and his own son Honorius. Two events in the
brother Telecles, he made the wooden statue of life of Theodosius, about this time, may be menApollo Pythius for the Samians, according to tioned as evidence of his uncertain character
the fixed rules of the hieratic style.-(2..) The and his savage temper. In 387, a riot took place
son of Telecles, nephew of the elder Theodorus, at Antioch, in which the statues of the emperand grandson of Rhcecus, flourished about 560, or, of his father, and of his wife were thrown
in' the times of Croesus and Polycrates, and ob- down; but these idle demonstrations were quicktained such renown as a statuary in bronze, that ly suppressed by an armed force. When Theothe invention of that art was ascribed to him, dosius heard of these riots, he degraded Antioch
in conjunction with his grandfather. He also from the rank of a city, stripped it of its pospracticed the arts ofengravingmetals (ropevrtvc7, sessions and privileges, and reduced it to the
calatura), and of gem-engraving; his works in condition of a village dependent on Laodicea.
those departments being celebrated gold and But, in consequence of the intercession of Antisilver craters, and the ring of Polycrates.  och and the senate of Constantinople, he parTHEODOSIOPOLIS (eeeotodiovtto': probably doned the city, and all who had taken part in
Erzeroum), a city of Armenia Major, south of the riot. The other event is an eternal brand
the Araxes, and forty-two stadia south of the of infamy on the name of Theodosius. In 390,
mountain which contains the sources of the Eu- while the emperor was at Milan, a serious riot
phrates: built by Theodosius II. as a mountain broke out at Thessalonica, in which the impefortress: enlarged and-strengthened by Anas- rial officer and several of his troops were murtasius and Justinian.  Its position made it a dered. Theodosius resolved to take the most
place of commercial importance. There were signal vengeance upon the whole city. An army
other cities of the name, but none of any great of barbarians was sent to Thessalonica; the
consequence.                              people were invited to the games of the Circus;
THEODOSIUs. I. Surnamed the GREAT, Ro- and as soon as the place was full, the soldiers
man emperor of the East A.D. 378-395, was received the signal for a massacre. For three
the son of the general Theodosius who re- hours the spectators were indiscriminately exstored Britain to the empire, and was beheaded posed to the fury of the soldiers, and seven thouat Carthage in the reign of Valens, 376. The sand of them, or, as some accounts say, more
future emperor was born in Spain about- 346. than twice that number, paid the penalty of the
He received a good education; and he learned insurrection. St. Ambrose, the archbishop of
the art of war under his own father, whom he Milan, represented to Theodosius his crime in a
accompanied in his British campaigns. During letter, and told him that penitence alone could
his father's lifetime-he was raised to the rank efface his guilt. Accordingly, when the emperof Duke (dux) of Mcesia, where he defeated the or proceeded to perform his devotions in the
Sarmatians (374), and saved the province. On usual manner in the great church of Milan, the
the death of his father, he retired, before court archbishop stopped him at the door, and demandintrigues, to his native country. He acquired a ed an acknowledgment of his guilt. The conconsiderable military reputation in the lifetime science-struck Theodosius humbled himself beof his father; and after the death of Valens, fore the Church, which has recorded his penance
who fell inh battle against the Goths, he was pro- as one of its greatest victories. He laid aside
claimed Emperor of the East by Gratian, who the insignia of imperial power, and in the posfelt himself unable to sustain the burden of the ture of a suppliant, in the church of Milan, enempire. The Roman empire in the East was treated pardon for his great sin before all the
then in a critical position; for the Romans were congregation. After eight months, the emperor
disheartened by the bloody defeat which they was restored to communion with the church.
had sustained, and the Goths were insolent in Theodosius spent three years in Italy, during
their victory.  Theodosius, however, showed which he established Valentinian II. on the
himself equal to the difficult position in which throne of the West. He returned to Constanhe was placed; he gained two signal victories tinople toward the latter end of 391. Valentinover the Goths, and concluded a peace with the ian was slain in 392 by Arbogastes, who raised
barbarians in 382. In the following year (383) Eugenius to the empire of the West. This inMaximus assumed the imperial purple in Brit- volved Theodosius in a new war; but it ended
ain, and invaded Gaul with a powerful army. in the defeat and death both of Eugenius and
In the war which followed Gratian was slain; Arbogastes in 394. Theodosius died at Milan,
and Theodosius, who did not consider it prudent four months after the defeat of Eugenius, on the
to enter into a contest with Maximus, acknowl- 17th of January, 395. His two sons, Arcadius
edged the latter emperor of the countries of and Honorius, had already been elevated to the
Spain, Gaul, and Britain, but he secured to Va- rank of Augusti, and it was arranged that the
lentinian, the brother of Gratian, Italy, Africa, empire should be divided between them, Arcaand Western Illyricum. But when Maximus dius having the East, and Honorius the West.
expelled Valentinian from Italy in 387, Theo- Theodosius was a firm Catholic, and a fierce
dosius espoused the cause of the latter, and opponent and persecutor of the Arians and all
marched into the West at the head of a pow- heretics. It was in his reign, also, that the
erful army. After defeating Maximus in Pan- formal destruction of paganism took place; and
nonia, Theodosius pursued him across the Alps we still possess a large number of the laws of
to Aquileia: Here Maximus was surrendered Theodosius, prohibiting the exercise of the paby his own soldiers to Theodosius, and was put gan religion, and forbidding the heathen worship
to death. Theodosius spent the winter at'Mi- under severe penalties, in some cases extending
Ian, and in the following year (389) he entered to death.-II. Roman emperor of the East, A.D., 874




THEODOTA.                                THEOPHANES.
408-450, was born in 401, and was only seven at which time we know, from his own writings,
years of age at the death of his father Arcadius, that he was alive. Theognis belonged to the
whom he succeeded. Theodosius was a weak oligarchical party in his native city, and in its
prince; and his sister Pulcheria, who became fates he shared. He was a noble by birth, and
his guardian in 417, possessed the virtual gov- all his sympathies were with the nobles. They
ernment of the empire during the remainder of are, in his poems, the dyaOoi and EaOl2oi, and the
his long reign. The principal external events commons the Katcoo and de2lol, terms which, in
in the reign of Theodosius were the war with fact, at that period, were regularly used in this
the Persians, which- only lasted a short time political signification, and not in their later eth(421-422), and was terminated by a peace for ical meaning. He was banished with the leadone hundred years, and the war with the Huns, ers of the oligarchical party, having previously
who repeatedly defeated the armies of the em- been deprived of all his property; and most of
peror, and compelled him, at length, to conclude his poems were composed while he was an exa disgraceful peace with them in 447 or 448. ile. Most of his political verses are addressed
Theodosius died in 450, and was succeeded by to a certain Cyrnus, the son of Polypas. The
his sister Pulcheria,' who prudently took for her other fragments of his poetry are of a social,
colleague in the empire the senator Marcian, most of them of a festive character. They place
and made him her husband. Theodosius had us in the midst of a circle of friends, who formed
been married, in 421, to the accomplished Athe- a kind of convivial society: all the members of
nais, the daughter of the sophist Leontius, who this society belonged to the class whom the poet
received at her baptism the name of Eudocia. calls " the good."  The collection of gnomic
Their daughter Eudoxia was married to Valen- poetry, which has come down to us under the
tinian III., the emperor of the West. In the name of Theognis, contains, however, many
reign of Theodosius and that of Valentinian III. additions from later poets. The genuine fragwas made the compilation called the:Codex Theo- ments of Theognis contain much that is highly
dosianus. It was published in 438. It consists poetical in thought, and elegant as well as forof sixteen books, which are divided into titles, cible in expression. The best editions are by
with appropriate rubricae or headings; and the'Bekker, Lips., 1815, and second ed., 1827, 8vo;
constitutions belonging to each title are ar- by Welcker, Francof., 1826, 8vo; and by Orelranged under it in chronological order. The lius, Turic., 1840, 4to.-2. A tragic poet, confirst five books comprise the greater part of the temporary with Aristophanes, by whom he is
constitution which relates to Juzs Privatum; the satirized.
sixth, seventh, and eighth books contain the law  THEON (080v). 1. The name of two mathethat relates to the constitution and administra- maticians who are often confounded together.
tion;' the ninth book treats of criminal law; the The first is Theon the elder, of Smyrna, best
tenth and eleventh treat of the public revenue known as an arithmetician, who lived in the
and some matters relating to procedure; the time of Hadrian. The second is Theon the
twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth younger, of Alexandrea, the father of HYPATIA,
books treat of the constitution, and the admin- best known as an astronomer and geometer,
istration of towns and other corporations; and who lived in the time of Theodosius the elder.
the sixteenth contains the law relating to ec- Both were heathens, a fact which the date of
clesiastical matters. The best edition of this the second makes it desirable to state; and
Code, with a commentary, is that of J. Gotho- each held'the Platonism of his period. Of Thefiedus, which was edited after his death by A. on of Smyrna, all that we have left is a portion
Marville, Lyon, 1665, six vols. fol.; and after- of a work entitled TCmv ra a',OuarlKvsv Xpratiward by Ritter, Leipzig, 1736-1745, fol. The puo~v ei relyv Tro) I2.drwvogf avayvtoav. The porbest edition of the text alone is that by Hanel, tion which now exists is in two books, one on
in the Corpus Juris Antejustinianeum, Bonn, arithmetic and one on music: there was a third
1837.-III. Literary. 1. Of Bithynia, a mathe- on astronomy, and a fourth, IlEpoi rg cSoaw/p adpmatician, mentioned by Strabo and by Vitruvi- yuoviao. The best edition is by Gelder, Leyden,
us, the latter of whom speaks of him as the in- 1827. Of Theon of Alexandrea the following
ventor of a universal sun-dial.-2. Of Tripolis, works have come down to us: 1. Scholia on
a mathematician and astronomer of some dis- Aratus. 2. Edition of Euclid. 3. Commentary
tinction, who appears to have flourished later on the Almag'est of Ptolemy, addressed to his
than the reign of Trajan.  He wrote several son Epiphanius. 4. Commentary on the Tables
works, of-which the three following are extant, of Ptolemy.-2. 2ELIus THEON, of Alexandrea, a
and have been- published. 1. EpaLpotcd, a treat- sophist and rhetorician of uncertain date, wrote
ise on the properties of the sphere, and of the several works, of which one, entitled Progymcircles described on its surface. 2. Ilep'i 7uepcv  nasmata (ITpoyvjtvdouara), is still extant. It is
tcai vvKcrv. 3. fIept oitcCaecov.         a useful treatise on the proper system of prepTHE6DOTA (Oeod6rn), an Athenian courtesan, aration for the profession of an orator, accordand one of the most celebrated persons of that ing to the rules laid down by Hermogenes and
class in Greece, is introduced as a speaker in Aphthonius.  One of the best editions is by
Xenophon's Memorabilia (iii., 11). She at last Finckh, Stuttgard, 1834.-3. Of Samos, a paintattached herself to Alcibiades, and, after' his er, who flourished from the time of Philip onmurder, she performed his funeral rites.  ward to that of the successors of Alexander.
THEoeGIS (0ooynLWC). 1. Of Megara,%an ancient The peculiar merit of Theon was his prolific
elegiac and gnomic poet, is said to have flour- fancy.
ished B C. 548 or 544. He may have been born  THES6N6S (eovd65), daughter of Proteus and
about 570, and would therefore have been eighty Psammathe, also called Idothea. Vid. IDOTHEA.
at the commenhcement of the Persian wars, 490,  THEoPHXNES (O0edyINJe). 1. CN. POMPRIUS
875




THEOPHILUS.                             THEOPHRASTUS.
THE5PHXNES, of Mytilene, in Lesbos, a learned 8vo.-4. Bishop of Alexandrea in the latter part
Greek, and one of the most intimate friends of of the fourth and tlie beginning of the fifth cenPompey. Pompey appears to have made his ac- turies of our era, and distinguished for his perquaintance during the Mithradatic war, and soon secutions of the Origenists and for his hostility
became so much attached to him that he pre- to Chrysostom. He died A.D. 412. A few resented to him the Roman franchise, in the pres- mains of his works have come down to us.-5.
ence of his army, after a speech in which he One of the lawyers of Constantinople who were
eulogized his merits. This occurred about B.C. employed by Justinian on his first Code, on the
62; and in the course of the same year The- Digest, and on the composition of the Instiophanes obtained from Pompey the privileges tutes. Vid. JUSTINIANUS. Theophilus is the auof a free state for his native city, although it thor of the Greek translation or paraphrase of
had espoused the cause of Mithradates. The- the Institutes of Justinian which has come
ophanes came to Rome with Pompey; and on down to us. It is entitled-'Ivrirora- Oeobi;Lov
the breaking out of the civil war, he accompa-'AvrtKivacpog, Instituta Theophili Antecensoris.
nied his patron to Greece. Pompey appointed It became the text for the Institutes in the
him commander of the Fabri, and chiefly con- East, where the Latin language was little
suited him and Lucceius on all important mat- known, and entirely displaced the Latin text.
ters in the war, much to the indignation of the The best edition is by Reitz, Haag., 1751, 2 vols.
Roman nobles. After the battle of Pharsalia, 4to.-6. THEOPHILUS PROTOSPA.THAIUS,' the auTheophanes fled with Pompey from Greece, and thor of several-Greek medical works, which are
it was owing to his advice that Pompey went still extant. Protospatharius was originally a
to Egypt. After the death of his patron, The- military title given to the colonel of the bodyophanes took refuge in Italy, and was pardoned guards of the Emperor of Constantinople (Spathby Caesar. After his death, the Lesbians paid arii), but afterward became also a high civil digdivine honors to his memory. Theophanes nity. Theophilus probably lived in the seventh
wrote the history of Pompey's campaigns, in century after Christ.  Of his works the two
which he represented-the exploits of his patron most important are, 1. IIep rpTS -to'AvOpdirov
in the most favorable light.-2. M. POMPEIUS KC7araCiev27, De Corpo-is Humazi Fabrica, an anTHEOPHANES, son of the preceding, was sent to atomical and physiological treatise in five books.
Asia by Augustus, in the capacity of procurator, The best edition:is by Greenhill, Oxon., 1842,
and was, at the time that Strabo wrote, one of 8vo. 2. Ilept O'pov, De Urinis, of which the
the friends of Tiberius. The latter emperor, best edition is by Guidot, Lugd. Bat., 1703 (and
however, put his descendants to death toward  1731), 8vo.
the end of his reign, A.D. 33, because their an-  THEOPHRASTUS (Oe6lpaGTro), the Greek phicestor had been one of Pompey's friends, and losopher, was a native of Eresus in Lesbos, and
had received after his death divine honors from  studied philosophy at Athens, first under Plato,
the Lesbians.-3. A Byzantine historian, flour- and afterward under Aristotle.' He became the
ished most probably in the latter part of the favorite pupil of Aristotle, who is said to have
sixth century of our era. He wrote, in ten changed his original name of Tyrtamus to Theohooks, the history of the Eastern empire dur- phrastus (or the Divine Speaker), to indicate the
ing the Persian war under Justin II., from A.D. fluent and graceful address of his pupil; but
567 to 581. The work itself is lost, but some this tale is scarcely credible. Aristotle named
extracts from it are preserved by Photius.-4. Theophrastus his successor in the presidency
Also a Byzantine historian, lived during the of the Lyceum,.and in his will bequeathed to
second half of the eighth century- and the early him his library and the originals of his own
part of the ninth. In -consequence of his sup- writings. Theophrastus was a worthy successporting the cause of image worship, he- was or of his great master, and nobly sustained the
banished by Leo the'Armenian to the island of character of the school. He is said to have had
Samothrace, where he died in 818. Theopha- two thousand disciples, and among them such
nes wrote' a Chronicon, which is still extant, men as the comic poet Menander.  He was
beginning at the accession of Diocletian in 277, highly esteemed by the kings Philippus, Casand coming down to 811. It consists, like the sander, and Ptolemy, and was not the less the
Chronica of Eusebius and of Syncellus, of two object of the regard of the Athenian people, as,
parts, a history arranged; according to years, was decisively shown when he was impeached
and a chronological table, of which the former of impiety; for he was. not only acquitted, but
is very superior to the latter. It is published his accuser would have fallen a victim to his
in the Collections of the Byzantine writers, Par- calumny, had not Theophrastus generously inis, 1655, fol., Venet., 1729, fol.        terfered to save him. Nevertheless, when the
THEOPHILUs (Oeb6,t2oc). 1. An Athenian com- philosophers were banished from  Athens in
ic poet, most probably of the Middle Comedy — B.C. 305, according to the law of Sophocles,
2. An historian and geographer, quoted by Jo- Theophrastus also left the city, until Philo, a
sephus, Plutarch, and Ptolemy.-3. Bishop of disciple of Aristotle, in the very next.year
Antioch in the latter part of the second century brought Sophocles to punishment, and procured
of our era, and the author of one of the early the repeal of the law. From this time Theoapologies for Christianity which have come phrastus continued to teach at Athens withdown to us. This work is in the form of a let- out any further molestation till his death. He
ter to a friend, named Autolycus, who was still died in 287, having presided over the Lyceum
a heathen, but a man of extensive reading and about thirty-five years. His age is differently
great learning. It was composed A.D. 180, a stated. According to some accounts, he lived
year or two before the death of Theophilus. eighty-five years; according to others, one
The best edition is that by Wolf, Hamb., 1724, hundred and seven years. He is said to have
S76




THEOPHYLACTUS.                              THEOPOMPUS.
closed his life with the complaint respecting ars. Ephorus the historian was a fellow-stuthe short duration of human existence, that it dent with him, but was of a very different charended just when the insight into its problems acter; and Isocrates used to say of them, that
was beginning. The whole population of Ath- Theopornpus needed the bit and Ephorus the
ens took part in his funeral obsequies. He be- spur. In consequence of the advice of'Isocraqueathed his library to Neleus of Scepsis. Theo- tes, Theopompus did not devote his oratorical
phtrastus exerted himself to carry out the philo- powers to the pleading of causes, but gave his
sophical system of Aristotle, to throw light upon chief attention to the study and composition of
the difficulties contained in his books, and to history. Like his master Isocrates, however,
fill up the gaps in them. With this view he he composed many orations of the kind called
wrote a great number of works, the great ob- Epideictic by the Greeks, that is, speeches on
ject of which was the development of the Aris- set subjects delivered for display, such as eutotelian philosophy.  Unfortunately, most of logiums upon states and individuals. Thus in
these works have perished. The following are 352 he contended at Halicarnassus with Naualone extant: 1. Characteres (7i'Ocoi Xapalcriype), crates and his master Isocrates for the prize
in thirty chapters, containing descriptions of vi- of oratory, given by Artemisia in honor of her
cious characters. 2. A treatise on sensuous husband, and gained the victory. On his reperception and its objects (irepi aiqO67aEco [ica' turn to Chios in 333, Theopompus, who was a
ait6OrcSv]). 3. A fragment of a work on meta- man of great wealth as well as learning, natphysics (TdSvjera rai -vatecd). 4. On the History urally took an important position in the state;
of Plants (7repi lvrcv latrpiag), in ten books, but his vehement temper, and his support of
one of the earliest works on botany which have the aristocratical party, soon raised against
come down to us. 5. On the Causes of Plants him a host of enemies. Of these, one of the
(7repi Obvridv alrtiv), originally in eight books, of most formidable was the sophist Theocritus.
which six are still extant. 6. Of Stones (irepi As long as Alexander lived, his enemies dared
Xaiov). The best editions of the complete works not take any open proceedings against Theoof Theophrastus are by Schneider, Lips., 1818- pompus; and even after the death of the Mace21, 5 vols., and by Wimmer, Vratislaviwa, 1842, donian monarch he appears to have enjoyed for
of which, however, the. first volume has only some years the protection of the royal house.
yet appeared. The best' separate edition of the Theopompus was supported by Alexander, and
Characteres is by Ast, Lips., 1816.       after his death by the royal house; but he
ITHEOPHYLACTUS (Oeo0VaKtcroc). 1. Surnamed was eventually expelled from Chios as a disSIMOCATTA, a Byzantine historian, lived at Con- turber of the public peace, and fled to Egypt
stantinople, where he held some public offices to Ptolemy about 305, being at the time sevunder Heraclius, about A.D. 610-629. His chief enty-five years of age. We are informed that
work is a history of the reign of the Emperor Ptolemy not only refused to receive TheoMaurice, in eight books, from the death of Ti- pompus, but would even have put him to death
berius II. and the accession of Maurice in 582, as a dangerous busy-body, had not some of his
down to the murder of Maurice and his chil- friends interceded for his life. Of his further
dren by Phocas in 602. The best edition of fate we have no particulars.  None of the
this work is by Bekker, Bonn, 1834, 8vo. There works of Theopompus have come down to us,
is also extant another work of Theophylactus, but the following were his chief works: 1.'EAentitled Quaestiones Physicce, of which the best  w7vltKai laropiaL or X2vraVTC'EAX7vlcatKv, A Hisedition is by Boissonade, Paris, 1835, 8vo.-2. tory of Greece, in twelve books, which was a
Archbishop of Bulgaria, flourished about A.D. continuation of the history of Thucydides. It
1070 and onward, is celebrated for his com- commenced in B.C. 411, at the point where the
mentaries on the Scriptures, which are founded history of Thucydides breaks off, and embraced
on the commentaries of Chrysostom, and are of a period of seventeen years, down to the battle
considerable value.                       of Cnidus in 394.  2. ltLrwrlKacd,- also called
THEOPOMPUS (Oe66royiroC). 1. King of Sparta,'Iaropiat (car''o0XTjv), The History of Philip,
reigned about B.C. 770-720. He is said to have father of Alexander the Great, in fifty-eight
established the ephoralty, and to have been books, from the commencement of his reign, 360,
mainly instrumental in bringing the first Mes- to his death, 336. This work contained numersenian war to a successful issue.-2. Of Chios, ous digressions, which in fact formed the greata celebrated Greek historian, was the son of er part of the whole work'; so that Philip V.,
Damasistratus and the brother of Caucalus, the king of Macedonia, was able, by omitting them
rhetorician. He was born about B.C. 378. He and retaining only what belonged to the proper
accompanied his father into banishment, when subject, to reduce the work from fifty-eight
the latter was exiled on account of his espous- books to sixteen. Fifty-three of the fifty-eight
ing the interests of the Lacedaemonians, but he books of the original work were extant in the
was restored to his native country in the forty- ninth century of the Christian era, and were
fifth year of his age (333), in consequence of read by Photius, who has preserved an abstract
the letters of Alexander the Great, in which he of the twelfth book. 3. Orationes, which were
exhorted the Chians to recall their exiles, In chiefly Panegyrics, and what the Greeks called
what -year Theopompus quitted Chios with his Z2vj6ovevr7vTI O i A6yoc. Of the latter kind, one of
father is uncertain; but we know that before he the most celebrated was addressed to Alexan-\
left his native country, he attended the school der on the state of Chios.  Theopompus is
of rhetoric which Isocrates opened at Chios, praised by ancient writers for his diligence and
and that he profited so much by the lessons of -accuracy, but is at the same time said to have
his great master as to be regarded by the an- taken more pleasure'in blaming than in comcients as the most distinguished of all his schol- mending; and many of his judgments respect877




THEOXENIUS.                                THERICLES.
ing events and characters were expressed with  commissioned by the generals to repair to the
such acrimony and severity that several of the scene of action and save as many as possible
ancient writers speak of his malignity, and call of the disabled galleys and, their crews, A
him a reviler. The style of Theopompus was storm, it is said, rendered the execution of the
formed on the model of Isocrates, and possess- order impracticable; yet, instead of trusting to
ed the characteristic merits and defects of his this as his ground of defence, Theramenes
master. It was pure, clear, and elegant, but thought it safer to divert the popular anger from
deficient in vigor, loaded with ornament, and in himself to others; and it appears to have been
general too artificial. The best collections of chiefly through his machinations that the six
the fragments of Theopompus are'by Wichers, generals who had returned to Athens were conLugd. Bat., 1829, and by C. and Theod. Muller, demned to death. After the capture of Athens
in the Fragmenta Historicorum Grecorum, Paris,'by Lysander, Theramenes was chosen one of
1841.- 3. An Athenian comic poet, of the Old the Thirty Tyrants (404). He endeavored to
and also of the Middle Comedy, was the son of check the tyrannical proceedings of his colTheodectes or Theodorus, or Tisamenus. He leagues, foreseeing that their violence would be
wrote as late as B.C 380. His extant frag- fatal to the permanence of their power. -His
ments contain examples of the declining purity opposition, however, had no effect in'restrainof the Attic dialect.                     ing them, but only induced the desire to rid
THEOXNYiUS (0eo0vto0), a surname of Apollo themselves of so troublesome an associate,
and Mercury (Hermes). - Respecting the festi- whose former conduct, moreover, had shown that
val of the Theoxenia, vid. Diet. of Antiq., s. v.  no political party could depend on him,; and who
TH'IIRA (Oipa: Oypaiof: now Santorin), an isl- had earned, by his trimming, the nickname of
and in the iEgean Sea, and the chief of the Spo- K50opvor-a boot which might be worn on- either
rades, distant from Crete seven hundred stadia, foot. He was therefore accused by Critias beand twenty-five Roman miles south of the island fore the council as a traitor,'and when his nomof Ios.' It is described by Strabo as two hund- inal judges, favorably impressed by his able dered stadia in circumference, but by modern fence, exhibited an evident disposition to acquit
travellers as thirty-six miles, and in figure ex- him, Critias introduced into the chamber a numactly like a horse-shoe. Thera is clearly of ber of men armed with daggers, and declared
volcanic origin. It is covered at the present that, as all who were not included in the privday with pumice-stone; and the rocks are burn-' ileged Three Thousand might be put to death
ed and scorched. It is said to have been form- by the sole authority of the Thirty, he struck
ed by a clod of earth thrown from the ship Argo, the name of Theramenes out of that list, and
and to have received the name of Calliste when condemned himr with the consent of all his co]it first emerged from the sea. Therasia, a leagues. Theramenes then rushed to the altar,
small island to the west, and called at the pres- which stood in the council-chamber, but was
ent day by the same name, was torn away from  dragged from it and carried off to execution.
Thera by some volcanic convulsion. Thera is When he had drunk the hemlock, he dashed
said to have been originally inhabited by Phce- out the last drops from the cup, exclaiming,
nicians, but was afterward colonized by Lace- "This to the health of the lovely Critias!"
doemonians and Minyans of Lemnos, under the Both Xenophon and Cicero express their adguidance of the Spar'tan Theras, who gave his miration of the equanimity which he displayed
name to the island. In B.C. 631 Battus con- in his last hour; but surely such a feeling is
ducted a colony from Thera to Africa, where he sadly out of place when directed to such a man.
founded' the celebrated city of Cyrene. Thera  T'IERAPNlE (Oe pdrvat, also Oepdrv P, Dor. Oeremained faithful to the Spartans, and was one prirva: OeparTraloo). 1. A town in Laconia, on
of the few'islands which espoused the Spartan the left bank of the Eurotas, and a little above
cause at the commencement of the Peloponne- Sparta. It received its name friom Therapne,
sian war.                                 daughter of Lelex, and is celebrated in mytholTHERAMBO (0-EPa6CW), also Opaiuzot), a town of ogy as the birth-place of Castor and Pollux, and
Macedonia on the peninsula Pallene.       contained temples of these divinities as well as
THERAMNES (Oppauev1g), an Athenian, son temples of Menelaus and Helen, both of whom
of Hagnon, was a leading member of the oli- were said to be buried here.-2. A town in Boegarchical government of the Four Hundred at otia, on the road from Thebes to the Asopus.
Athens in 1;.C. 411. In this, however, he does  [THERAPNE (Oepd-irv,).  Vid. THERAPN E, NO.
not appear to have occupied as eminent a sta- 1.]
tion as he had hoped to fill, while, at the same  THERAS. Vid. THERA.
time, the declaration of Alcibiades and of the  THERASIA. Vid. THERA.
army at Samos against the oligarchy made it  THERICLES (0/pttKocX), a Corinthian potter,
evident to him that its days were numbered. whose works obtained such celebrity that they
Accordingly he withdrew from the more violent became known throughout Greece by the name
aristocrats, and began to cabal against them; of OypiCtrela (sc. 7ro7-mpta) or,mt2atref 0rypiKcietat
and he subsequently took not only a prominent (or -at), and these names were applied not only
part in the deposition of the Four Hundred, but to cups of earthen-ware, but also to those of
came forward as the accuser of Antiphon and wood, glass, gold, and silver. Some scholars
Archeptolemus, who had been his'intimate make Thericles a contemporary of Aristophafriends, but whose death he was now the mean nes; but others deny the existence of Thericles
and cowardly instrument in procuring. At the altogether, and contend that the name of these
battle of Arginusa in 406, Theramenes held a vases is a descriptive one, derived from the
subordinate command in the Athenian fleet, and figures of animals (*0ipta) with which they were
he was one of those who, after -the victory, were adorned.
878




THERMA.                                   THESEUS.
THERMA (0p/~: OepaioCo), a town in Mace- the two following years. On his return to Rome
donia, afterward called Thessalonica (aid. THES- in 190, a triumph was refused him, through the
SALONICA), situated at the northeastern extrem- influence of M. Cato, who delivered on the ocity of a great gulf of the AEgean Sea, lying be- casion his two orations entitled De decem Homintween Thessaly and the peninsula Chalcidice, ibus andjDefalsisPugnis. Thermus was killed
and called THERMAICUS or THERMSUS SINUS in 188, while fighting under Cn. Manlius Vulso
(Oepiaogf Kco6XroW), from the town at its head. against the Thracians.-2. M., propretor in 81,
This gulf was also called Macedonicus Sinus: accompanied L. Murena, Sulla's legate, into
its modern name is Gulf of Saloniki.      Asia. Thermus was engaged in the siege of
THERMSA (0ep/aL), a town in Sicily, built by Mytilene, and it was under him that Julius Caethe inhabitants of Himera after the destruction sar served his first campaign and gained his
of the latter city by the Carthaginians. For first laurels.-3. Q., propraetor 51 and 50 in Asia,
details, vid. HIMERA.                     where he received many letters from Cicero,
THER-AIctS SINUS. Vid. THERMA.          who praises his administration of the province.
THERMODON(O(P/ES6SW: now Thermeh), ariver On the breaking out of the civil war he espousof Pontus, in the district of Themiscyra, the ed the side of Pompey.
reputed country of the Amazons, rises in a  THERON (Oipov), tyrant of Agrigentum in
mountain called Amazonius Mons (and still Sicily, was the son of./Enesidemus, and decalled Mason Dagh), near Phanarnea, and falls scended from one of the most illustrious faminto the sea about thirty miles east of the mouth ilies in his native city. He obtained the suof the Iris, after a short course, but with so preme power about B.C. 488, and retained it
large a body of water, that its breadth, accord- till his death in 472. He conquered Himera in
ing to Xenophon, was three plethra (above three 482, and united this powerful city to his own
hundred feet), and it was navigable. At its dominions. He was in close alliance with Gemouth was the city of Themiscyra; and there Ion, ruler of Syracuse and Gela, to whom he
is still, on the western side of the mouth of the had given his daughter Demarete in marriage;
Thernmeh, a place of the same name, Thermeh.  and he shared with Gelon in the great victory
THERSOPYLAE, often called simply PYLE (Oep- gained over the Carthaginians in 480. On the
1oTrd;Aat, lvlae), that is, the Hot Gates, or the death of Gelon in 478, Theron espoused the
Gates, a celebrated pass leading from Thessaly cause of Polyzelus, who had been driven into
into Locris. It lay between Mount CEta and exile by his brother Hieron. Theron raised an
an inaccessible morass, fornming the edge of the army for the purpose of reinstating him, but
Maliac Gulf. At one end of the pass, close to hostilities were prevented, and a peace conAnthela, the Tmountain approached so close to eluded between the two sovereigns.
the morass as to leave room for only a single  THERSANDER (Oepaavdpor), son of Polynices
carriage between; this narrow entrance formed and Argia, and one of the Epigoni, was married
the western gate of Thermopylae. About a to Demonassa, by whom he became the father
mile to the east the mountain again approached of Tisamenus. He went with Agamemnon to
close to the sea, near the Locrian town of Al- Troy, and was slain in that expedition by Telepeni, thus forming the eastern gate of Ther- phus. His tomb was shown at Elea in Mysia,
mopylae. The space between these two gates where sacrifices were offered to him. Virgil
was wider and more open, and was distinguish- (En., ii., 261) enumerates Thersander among
ed by its abundant flow of hot springs, which the Greeks concealed in the wooden horse.
were sacred to Hercules: hence the name of Homer does not mention him.
the place. Thermopylae was the only pass by  [THERSiLOCHUS (OepGiAoXo), aPaeonian chiefwhich an enemy could penetrate from northern tain, an ally of the Trojans, killed by Achilles.]
into Southern Greece, whence its great import-  THERSITES (Oepairri), son of Agrius, the most
ance in Grecian history. It is especially cele- deformed [and ugliest of the Greeks that came
brated on account of the heroic defence of Le- beneath the walls of Troy, and, at the same
onidas and the three hundred Spartans against time, the most loquacious busy-body and faultthe mighty host of Xerxes; and they only fell finder in the Greek army. He was especially
through the Persians having discovered a path fond of abusing Achilles and Ulysses; and, on
over the mountains, and thus being enabled to one occasion, having assailed Agamemnon himattack the Greeks in the rear. This mountain self with his revilings, Ulysses inflicted sumpath commenced from the neighborhood of mary punishment upon him with his sceptre in
Trachis, ascended the gorge of the River Aso- the assembly of the Greeks, and caused him to
pus and the hill called Anopea, then crossed sit down quietly.] According to the later poets;
the crest of CEta, and descended in the rear of he was killed by Achilles because he had ridiThermopylae, near the town of Alpeni.     culed him for lamenting the death of PentheTHERMUM or THERMA (OipLov or ra Otp/ya), silea, queen of the Amazons.
a town of the lEtolians, near Stratus, with warm  THESEUS (Oyraeg), the great legendary hero
mineral springs, was regarded for some time as of Attica, was the son ofAiEgeus, king of Athens,
the capital of the country, since it was the place and of 2Ethra, the daughter of Pittheus, king
of meeting of the lEtolian confederacy.   of Trcezen. He was brought up at Trcezen
THERMUS, MINUCIUS.   1. Q., served under and when he reached maturity, he took, by his
Scipio as tribunus militum in the war against mother's directions, the sword and sandals, the
Hannibal in Africa in B.C. 202; was tribune tokens which had been left by JEgeus, and proof the plebs 201; curule aedile 197; and praetor ceeded'to Athens. Eager to emulate Hercules,
196, when he carried on war with great success he went by land, displaying his prowess by dein Nearer Spain. He was consul in 193, and stroyirg the robbers and monsters that infested
carried on war against the Ligurians in this and the country. Periphetes, Sinis, Phaea the Crom879




THESEUS.                                  THESPI.
myonian sow, Sciron, Cercyon, and Procrustes pie against Theseus, who, on his return, found
fell before him. At Athens he was immediately himself unable to re-establish his authority,
recognized by Medea, who laid a plot for poison- and retired to Scyros, where he met with a
ing him at a banquet to which he was invited. treacherous death at the hands of Lycomedes.
By means of the sword which he carried, The- The departed hero was believed to have apseus was recognized by'geus, acknowledged peared to aid the Athenians at the battle of
as his son, and declared his successor. The Marathon. In 469 the bones of Theseus were
sons of Pallas, thus disappointed in their hopes discovered by Cimon in Scyros, and brought to
of succeeding to the throne, attempted to se- Athens, where they were deposited in a temple
cure the succession by violence, and declared (the Theseum) erected in honor of the hero. A
war; but, being betrayed by the herald Leos, considerable part of this temple Still remains,
were destroyed. The capture of the Maratho- forming one of the most interesting monuments
nian bull, which had long laid waste the sur- of Athens. A festival in honor of Theseus was
rounding country, was the next exploit of The- celebrated on the eighth day of each month, esseus. After this Theseus went of his own ac- peciallyon the eighth of Pyanepsion. There can
cord as one of the seven youths, whom the be no doubt that Theseus is a purely legendary
Athenians were obliged to send every year, personage.  Nevertheless, in later times the
with seven maidens, to Crete, in order to be Athenians came to regard him as the author of
devoured by the Minotaur. When they arrived -a very important political revolution in Attica.
at Crete, Ariadne, the daughter of Minos, be- Before his time Attica had been broken up into
came enamored of Theseus, and provided him  twelve petty independent states or townships,
with a sword with which he slew the Minotaur, acknowledging no head, and connected only by
and a clew of thread by which he found his way a federal union. Theseus abolished the sepout of the labyrinth. Having effected his ob- arate governments, and erected Athens into the
ject, Theseus sailed away, carrying off Ariadne. capital of a single commonwealth. The festival
There were various accounts about Ariadne; of the Panathenaea was instituted to commembut, according to the general account, Theseus orate this important revolution. Theseus is
abandoned her in the island of Naxos on his said to have established a constitutional governway home. Vid. ARIADNE. He was generally ment, retaining in his own hands only certain
believed to have had by her two sons, (Enopion definite powers and functions. He is further
and,: Staphylus. As the vessel. in which The- said to have distributed the Athenian citizens
seus sailed approached Attica, he neglected to into the three classes of Eupatridae, Geomori,
hoist the white sail, which was to have been and Demiurgi. It would be a vain task to atthe signal of the success of the expedition; tempt to decide whether there is any historical
whereupon'Egeus, thinking that his son had basis for the legends about Theseus, and still
perished, threw himself into the sea. Vid. more so to endeavor to separate the historical.EaEUs. Theseus thus became King of Athens. from the legendary in what has been-preserved.
One of the most celebrated of the adventures The Theseus of the Athenians was a hero who
of Theseus was his expedition against the Ama- fought the Amazons, and slew the Minotaur,
zons. He is said to have assailed them before and carried off Helen. A personage who should
they had recovered from the attack of Hercules, be nothing more than a wise king, consolidating
and to have carried off their queen Antiope. the Athenian commonwealth, however possible
The Amazons, in their turn, invaded Attica, his existence might be, would have no historical
and penetrated into Athens itself; and the final reality. The connection of Theseus with Pobattle in which Theseus overcame them was seidon (Neptune), the national deity of the Ionic
fought in the very midst of the city. By An- tribes, his coming from theJonic town Trcezen,
tiope Theseus was said to have had a son named forcing his way through the Isthmus into AttiHippolytus orDemophoon, and after her death to ca, and establishing the Isthmia as an Ionic
have married Phoedra. (Vid. HIPPOLYTUS, PHz- Panegyris, rather suggest that Theseus is, at
DRA.) Theseus figures in almost all the great least in part, the mythological representative of
heroic expeditions. He was one of the Argo- an Ionian immigration into Attica, which, addnauts (the anachronism of the attempt of Me- ing, perhaps, to the strength and importance of
dea to poison him does not seem to have been Ionian settlers already in the country, might
noticed); he joined in the Calydonian hunt, easily have led to that political aggregation of
and aided Adrastus in recovering the bodies the disjointed elements of the state which is
of those slain before Thebes. He contracted assigned to Theseus.
a close friendship with Pirithous, and aided  THESMIA or TIESM6PHSROS (OWEuia, OCEoY05him and the Lapithme against the Centaurs. poe), that is, "the law-giver," a surname of DeWith the assistance of Pirithous he carried meter (Ceres) and Persephone (Proserpina), in
off Helen from Sparta while she was quite a honor of whom the Thesmophoria were celegirl, and placed her at Aphidna, under the brated at Athens in the month of Pyanepsion.
care of _Ethra. In return, he assisted Pirith-  THESPIjE or THESPIA (Oerrwetai, Oenrtlai, Oiaous in his attempt to carry off Proserpina (Per- reita, OiEar'a: OEawrLevg, Oe6rtidflf, Thespiensis 
sephone) from the lower world. Pirithous per- now Eremo or Rimokastro), an ancient town in
ished in the enterprise, and Theseus was kept Bceotia, on the southeastern slope of Mount Helin hard durance until he was delivered by Her- icon, at no great distance from the Crisseaan
cules. Meantime Castor and Pollux invaded Gulf. Its inhabitants did not follow the examAttica, and carried off Helen and iEthra, Aca- ple of the other Breotian towns in submitting
demus having informed the brothers where to Xerxes, and a number of them bravely fought
they were to be found. (Vid. AcADEMus.) Me- under Leonidas at Thermopylae, and perished
nestheus also endeavored to incite the peo- with the Spartans.  Their city was burned to
880




THESPIS.                                 THESSALIA.
the ground by the Persians, but was subse- vader can enter Thessaly from the west. This
quently rebuilt. In the Peloponnesian war the plain is drained by the River Peneus and its
Thebans made themselves masters of the town. affluents, and is said to have been originally a
At Thespim was preserved the celebrated mar- vast lake, the waters of which were afterward
ble statue of Eros by Praxiteles, who had given carried off through the Vale of Tempe by some
it to Phryne, by whom it was presented to her sudden convulsion, which rent the rocks of
native town. Vid. PRAXITELES. From the vi- this valley asunddr. The Lake of Nessonis, at
cinity of the town to Mount Helicon the Muses the foot of Mount Ossa, and that of BcRbeis, at
are called Thespiades, and Helicon itself is the foot of Mount Pelion, are supposed to have
named the Thespia rupes.                  been remains of this vast lake. In addition to
THE SPIS (OiirLt), the celebrated father of the plain already described, there were two
Greek tragedy, was a contemporary of Pisistra- other districts included under the general name
tus, and a native of Icarus, one of the demi in ofThessaly: one called Magnesia, being a long,
Attica, where the worship of Bacchus (Diony- narrow strip of country, extending along the
sus) had long prevailed. The alteration made coast of the /Egean Sea from Tempe to the
by Thespis, and which gave to the old tragedy Pagasaean Gulf, and bounded on the west by
a new and dramatic character, was very simple Mounts Ossa and Olympus; and the other bebut very important. He introduced an actor, ing a long narrow vale at the extreme south
for the sake of giving rest to the chorus, and of the country, lying between Mounts Othrys
independent of it, in which capacity he proba- and (Eta, and drained by' the River Sperchebly appeared himself, taking various parts in us.  Thessaly is said to have been originally
the same piece, under various disguises, which known by the names of Pyrrha,  monica, and
he was enabled to assume by means of the linen  Xolis.  The two former appellations belong
masks, the invention of which is ascribed to to mythology; the latter refers to the period
him. The first representation of Thespis was when the country was inhabited by 2Eolians,
in B.C. 535. For further details, vid. Diet. of who were afterward expelled from the counAntiq., art. TRAGMDIA.                    try by the Thessalians about sixty years after
THESPIUS (OaT~cOe), son of Erechtheus, who, the Trojan war. The Thessalians are said to
according to some, founded the town of Thes- have come from Thesprotia; but at what pepiae in Bceotia. His descendants are called riod their name became the name of the counThespiadce.                               try can not be determined. It does not occur
THESPRsTI (Oeaw'TpW7Oi), a people of Epirus, in Homer, who only mentions the several prininhabiting the district called after them THES- cipalities of which it was composed, and does
PROTiA (OecrrrpOria) or THESPR6TIS (Oe8Trporri), not give any general appellation to the country.
which extended along the coast from the Am- Thessaly was divided in very early times into
bracian Gulf northward as far as the River Thy- four districts or tetrarchies, a division which
amis, and inland as far as the territory of the we still find subsisting in the Peloponnesian
Molossi. The southeastern part of the country war. These districts were Hestiacotis, Pelasgioon the coast, from the River Acheron to the tis, Thessaliotis, and Phthiotis.  They comprised,
Ambracian Gulf, was called Cassopana, from the however, only the great Thessalian plain; and
town Cassope, and is sometimes reckoned a besides them, we find mention of four other disdistinct district. The Thesproti were the most tricts, viz., Magnesia, Dolopia, (Etcea, and Malis.
ancient inhabitants of Epirus, and are said to Thus there were eight districts altogether.
have derived their name from Thesprotus, the Perrhebia was, properly speaking, not a district,
son of Lycaon. They were Pelasgians, and since Perrhaebi was the name of a Pelasgic
their country was one of the chief seats of the people settled in Hestieotis and Pelasgiotis.
Pelasgic nation. Here was the oracle of Dodo- Vid. PERRIHAEBI. 1. HESTIrbTIS ('EaBrtatcI)rt or
na, the great centre of the Pelasgic worship.'EarT-rtC), inhabited by the HesticeStae ('EartalFrom Thesprotia issued the Thessalians, who cirat or'ECruiras), the northwestern part of
took possession of the country afterward called Thessaly, bounded on the north by Macedonia,
Thessaly. In the historical period the Thes- on the west by Epirus, on the east by Pelasgiprotians were a people of small importance, otis, and on the south by Thessaliotis: the Pchaving become subject to the kings of the Mo- neus may be said in general to have formed its
lossians.                                 southern limit.-2. PELASGe1TIS (HIsEaaYtfCrS),
THESSX,.lA (Oeaca.ita or Oe7raria': Oesaaa6CI inhabited by the Pelasgibtce (Iesacytefrat), the
or OErrar.6c), the largest division of Greece, was eastern part of the Thessalian plain, was boundbounded on the north by the Cambunian Mount- ed on the north by Macedonia, on the west by
ains, which separated it from Macedonia; on Hestieotis, on the east by Magnesia, and on the
the west by Mount Pindus, which separated it south by the Sinus Pagasaeus and Phthiotis.
from Epirus; on the east by the 2Egean Sea; The name shows that it was originally inhabited
and on the south by the Maliac Gulf and Mount by Pelasgians; and one of the chief towns in
(Eta, which separated it from Locris, Phocis, the district was Larissa, which was of Pelasand 2Etolia. Thessaly Proper is a vast plain, gic origin.-3. THESSALI6TIS (OGeaotnrlI-t), the
lying between the Cambunian Mountains on southwestern part of the Thessalian plain, so
the north and Mount Othrys on the south, called because it was first occupied by the ThesMount Pindus on the west, and Mounts Ossa and salians who came from Thesprotia.  It was
Pelion on the east. It is thus shut in on every bounded on the north by Hestieeotis, on the'
side by mountain barriers, broken only at the west by Epirus, on the east by. Pelasgiotis, and
northeastern corner by the valley and defile on the south by Dolopia and Phthlliotis.-4.
of Tempe, which separates Ossa from Olym- PI-ITII1dOTIS ((OMtCrtt), inhabited by the Ph/hiobzi
pas, and is the only road through which an in- (Ot&rat), the southeast of Thessaly, bounded
56                                                              881




THESSALIA.                              THESSALONICA.
on the north by Thessaliotis, on the west by was not of much practical benefit to the ThesDolopia, on the south by the Sinus Maliacus, salian people, and appears to have been only
and on the east by the Pagasaean Gulf. Its in- used by the Thessalian nobles as a means of
habitants were Achaeans, and are frequently cementing and maintaining their power. The
called the Achean Phthiotee. It is in this dis- Thessalians never became of much importance
trict that Homer places Phthia and Hellas in Grecian history. They submitted to the PerProper, and the dominions of Achilles.-5. MAG- sians on their invasion of Greece, and they exNESIA. Vid. MAGNESIA.-6. DOLOPIA (Ao2Lorea), ercised no important influence on Grecian afinhabited by the Dolopes (A60o6ire), a small dis- fairs till after the end of the Peloponnesian war.
trict bounded on the east by Phthiotis, on the About this time the power of the aristocratical
north by Thessaliotis, on the west by Athama- families began to decline, and Lycophron, who
nia, and on the south by CEtaea. They were had established himself as a tyrant at Pherae,
an ancient people, for they are not only men- offered a formidable opposition to the great aristioned by Homer as fighting before Troy, but tocratical families, and endeavored to extend
they also sent deputies to the Amphictyonic as- his power over all Thessaly. His ambitious
sembly.-7. (ETEA (Oiraca), inhabited by the schemes were realized by Jason, the successor,
(Etci (OiraioL) and XEnianes (AivtdvLrE), a dis- and probably the son of Lycophron, who caused
trict in the upper valley of the Spercheus, lying himself to be elected Tagus about B.C. 374.
between Mounts Othrys and (Eta, and bounded While he lived the whole of Thessaly was
on the north by Dolopia, on the south by Phocis, united as one political power, and he began to
and on the east by Malis.-8. MALIS. Vid. MA- aim at making himself master of all Greece,
LIs.-History of Thessaly. The Thessalians, as when he was assassinated in 370. The office
we have already seen, were a Thesprotian tribe. of Tagus became a tyranny under his successUnder the guidance of leaders, who are said to ors, Polydorus, Polyphron, Alexander, Tisiphon,
have been descendants of Hercules, they in- and Lycophron; but at length the old aristovaded the western part of the country, afterward cratical families called in the assistance of
called Thessaliotis, and drove out or reduced to Philip of Macedonia, who deprived Lycophron
the condition of Penestea or bondsmen the an- of his power in 353, and restored the ancient
cient zEolian inhabitants.  The Thessalians government in the different towns. The counafterward spread over the other parts of the try, however, only changed masters; for a few
country, compelling the Perrhebi, Magnetes, years later (344) Philip made it completely subAchaan Phthiotee, etc., to submit to their au- ject to Macedonia, by placing at the head of the
-thority and pay them tribute. The population four divisions of the country governors devoted
of Thessaly, therefore, consisted, like that of to his interests, and probably members of the
Laconia, of three distinct classes: 1. The Pe- ancient noble families, who had now become
neste, whose condition was nearly the same as little better than his vassals. From this time
that of the Helots. 2. The subject people, cor- Thessaly remained in a state of dependence
responding to the Periceci of Laconia. 3. The upon the Macedonian kings, till the victory of
Thessalian conquerors, who alone had any share T. Flamininus at Cynoscephalae in 197 again
in the public administration, and whose lands gave them a semblance of independence under
were cultivated by the Penestie. For some the protection of the Romans.
time after the conquest, Thessaly was governed  THESSALONICA (Oeaa2aovfciK), daughter of
by kings of the race of Hercules; but the kingly Philip, the father of Alexander the Great, by his
power seems to have been abolished in early wife or concubine Nicesipolis of Pherse. She
times, and the government in the separate cities was taken prisoner by Cassander along with
became oligarchical, the power being chiefly in Olympias on the capture of Pydna in B.C. 317;
the hands of a few great families descended and Cassander embraced the opportunity to
from the ancient kings. Of these, two of the connect himself with the ancient royal house
most powerful were the Aleuadae and the Sco- of Macedonia by marrying her. By Cassander
padae, the former of whom ruled at Larissa, and she became the mother of three sons, Philip,
the latter at Cranon or Crannon. These nobles Antipater, and Alexander; and her husband
had vast estates cultivated by the Penestae; paid her the honor of conferring her name upon
they were celebrated for their hospitality and the city of Thessalonica, which he founded on
princely mode of life; and they attracted to the site of the ancient Therma. (Vid. below.)
their courts many of the poets and artists of After the death of Cassander, Thessalonica was
Southern Greece. At an early period the Thes- put to death by her son Antipater, 295.
salians were united into a confederate body.  THESSALONICA (Oeca2aovUilC, also Oecaa2oviEach of the four districts into which the coun- KEcta: 0eacaaovtLKzxEJ  now Saloniki), more antry was divided probably regulated its affairs ciently THERMA (OeppY: Oepyacof), an ancient
by some kind of provincial council; and, when city in Macedonia, situated at the northeastern
occasion required, a chief magistrate was elect- extremity of the Sinus Thermaicus.  Under
ed under the name of Tagus (Tayof), whose the name of Therma it was not a place of much
commands were obeyed by all the four districts. importance. It was taken and occupied by the
His command was of a military rather than of Athenians a short time before the commencea civil nature, and he seems to have been ap- ment of the Peloponnesian war (B.C. 432), but
pointed only in case of war. We do not know  was soon afterward restored by them to Perthe extent of his constitutional power, nor the diccas. It was made an important city by Castime for which he held his office; probably sander, who collected in this place the inhabitneither was precisely fixed, and depended on ants of several adjacent towns (about B.C.
the circumstances of the time and character of 315), and who gave it the name of Thessalothe individual. This confederacy, however, nica, in honor of his wife, the daughter of Philip
882




THESSALUS.                              THILSAPHATA.
and sister of Alexander the Great. From this Calchas.-[2. A Trojan warrior, son of Enops,
time it became a large and flourishing city. Its slain by Patroclus.]
harbor was well situated for commercial inter-  THETIS (OErtr), one of the daughters of Necourse with the Hellespont and the.Egean; reus and Doris, was the wife of Peleus, by
and under the Romans it had the additional ad- whom she became the mother of Achilles. As
vantage of lying on the Via Egnatia, which led a marine divinity, she dwelt like her sisters,
from the western shores of Greece to Byzantium  the Nereids, in the depth of the sea, with her
and the East. It was visited by the Apostle father Nereus. She there received Bacchus
Paul about A.D. 53; and about two years after- (Dionysus) on his flight from Lycurgus, and
ward he addressed from Corinth two epistles the god, in his gratitude, presented her with a
to his converts in the city. Thessalonica con- golden urn. When Hephestus (Vulcan) was
tinued to be, under the empire, one of the most thrown down from heaven, he was likewise reimportant cities of Macedonia; and at a later ceived by Thetis. She had been brought up by
time it became the residence of the prefect, and Hera (Juno), and when she reached the age of
the capital of the Illyrian provinces. It is cele- maturity, Zeus (Jupiter) and Hera (Juno) gave
brated at this period on account of the fearful her, against her will, in marriage to Peleus
massacre of its inhabitants by order of Theodo- Poseidon (Neptune) and Zeus (Jupiter) himself
sius, in consequence of a riot in which some of are said by some to have sued for her hand; but
the Roman officers had been assassinated by when Themis declared that the son of Thetis
the populace. Vid. THEoDOSIUS.            would be more illustrious than his father, both
[THESSALUS (eeaaal6g). 1. Son of Hercu- gods desisted from their suit. Others state
les and Chalciope (the daughter of Eurypylus, that Thetis rejected the offers of Zeus (Jupiter),
king of Cos), and father of Phidippus and Anti- because she had been brought up by Hera
phus.-2. An eminent tragic actor in the time (Juno); and the god, to revenge himself, deof Alexander the Great, whose special favor he creed that she should marry a mortal. Chiron
enjoyed, and whom he served before his acces- then informed Peleus how he might gain possion to the throne, and afterward accompanied session of her, even if she should metamorphose
on his expedition into Asia.]             herself; for Thetis, like Proteus, had the power
THESSALUS (OeaaRoc6.)  1. A Greek physi- of assuming any form she pleased; and she had
cian, son of Hippocrates, passed some of his recourse to this means of escaping from Peleus,
time at the court of Archelaus, king of Mace- but the latter, instructed by Chiron, held the
donia, who reigned B.C. 413-399. He was one goddess fast till she again assumed her proper
of the founders of the sect of the Dogmatici, form, and promised to marry him. The wedand is several times highly praised by Galen, ding of Peleus was honored with the presence
who calls him the most eminent of the sons of all the gods, with the exception of Eris or
of Hippocrates. He was supposed by some of Discord, who was not invited, and who avenged
the ancient writers to be the author of several herself by throwing among the assembled gods
of the works that form part of the Hippocratic the apple, which was the source of so much
Collection, which he might have compiled from  misery. Vid. PARIS. After Thetis had become
notes left by his father.-2. Also a Greek phy- the mother of Achilles, she bestowed upon him
sician, was a native of Tralles in Lydia, and the tenderest care and love. Vid. ACHILLES.
one of the founders of the medical sect of the  THEUPOLIS (OeoW7roRtO), a later name given to
Methodici. He lived at Rome in the reign of the city of Antioch in Syria, on account of its
the Emperor Nero, A.D. 54-68, to whom he eminence in the early history of Christianity.
addressed one of his works; and here lie died  THEUPROSOPON (0eoP Trpo6W7Tov, i. e., the face
and was buried, and his tomb was to be seen of a god: now Ras-esh-Shukeh; Arab. Wejehin Pliny's time on the Via Appia. He consid- el-Khiar, i. e., a face of stone), a lofty rugged
ered himself superior to all his predecessors; promontory on the coast of Phcenice, between
he asserted that none of them had contributed Tripolis and Byblus, formed by a spur of Lebany thing to the advance of medical science, and anon, and running far out to sea. Some travelboasted that he could himself teach the art of lers have fancied that they can trace in its side
healing in six months. He is frequently men- view that resemblance to a human profile which
tionedby Galen, but always in terms of contempt its name implies.
and ridicule. None of his works are extant.  THEVESTE (OeOVCT'': ruins at Tebessa), a conTHESTIUS (0GtelOr), son of Mars (Ares) and siderable city of Northern Africa, on the frontier
Demonice or Androdice, and, according to oth- of Numidia and Byzacena, at the centre of severs, son of Agenor, and grandson of Pleuron, the eral roads. It was of comparatively late oriking of 2Etolia. He was the father of Iphiclus, gin, and a Roman colony. Among its recently
Euippus, Plexippus, Eurypylus, Leda, Althaea, discovered ruins are a fine triumphal arch and
and Hypermnestra. His wife is not the same the old walls of the city, the circuit of which
in all traditions, some calling her Leucippe or was large enough to have contained forty thouLaophonte, a daughter of Pleuron, and others sand inhabitants.
Deidamia.  The patronymic THESTIADES is     THIA (Oea), daughter of Ccelus (Uranus) and
given to his grandson Meleager, as well as to Terra (Ge), one of the female Titans, became by
his sons, and the female patronymic THESTIAS Hyperion the mother of Helios, Eos (Aurora),
to his daughter Althaea, the mother. of Melea- and Selene, that'?, she was regarded as the
ger.                                      d'tv fri:-o wr  m all light proceeded.
faEs'vxt (m,.;s.,-m I,7. I.dio.1L  aioin di  -HIaR 4XN. Vid. THIMBRON.]
Lao-hoe, and father of Calcha.,; Theoclyna-i' THILSAPHATA (now probably Tell Afad, benus, Leucippe, and Theonoe. The patronymic I tween Mosul and Sinjar), a town of MesopotaTHESTORIDES is frequently given to his son mia near the Tigris.
883




THILUTHA.                                   THOON.
THILUTHA, a fort in the south of Mesopotamia, the eastern side of the Mendesian mouth of the
on an island in the Euphrates. Some identify Nile. It was a chief seat of the worship of the
it with Olabus, and that with the fort now called god Mendes (the Egyptian Pan), under the symZobia or Juba in about 340 north latitude.  bol of a goat; and, according to Jerome, the
[TOIIMBRON (O#tpuvco6 ) or THIBRON(Oi6piv). 1. word Thmuis signifies goat. It was the chief
A Lacedaemonian, was sent as harmost in B.C. city of the Nomos Thmuites, which was after400, with an army of five thousand men, to aid ward united with the Mendesian Nomos.
the Ionians against Tissaphernes. He arrived  THOAN'rEA, a surname of the Taurian Artemis,
in Asia about the time of the return of the Greek derived from Thoas, king of Tauris.
mercenaries of Cyrus from Upper Asia, and at  THoAs (06a6.)  1. Son of Andrelmon and
once engaged them to serve with him against Gorge, was king of Calydon and Pleuron, in
Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus.  With their.Etolia, and sailed with forty ships against Troy.
aid he captured several cities.-2. A Lacede- — 2. Son of Bacchus (Dionysus) and Ariadne,
monian, an officer under Harpalus, Macedonian was king of Lemnos, and married to Myrina, by
satrap of Babylon. After his death he got pos- whom he became the father of Hypsipyle and
session of his treasures, fleet, and army, and Sicinus. When the Lemnian women killed all
laid siege to Cyrene in Africa. He took their the men in the island, Hypsipyle saved her
port Apollonia, and would have succeeded but father Thoas, and concealed him. Afterward,
for the desertion of his officer Mnasicles, under however, he was discovered by the other womwhose direction the Cyreneans recovered most en and killed; or, according to other accounts,
of what they had previously lost. A force having he escaped to Taurus, or to the island of CEnoe
been sent against him from Egypt under Ophel- near Eubma, which was henceforth called Silas, he was defeated, and soon after fell into the cinus. The patronymic THOANTIAS is given to
hands of some Libyans, by whom he was deliv- Hypsipyle, as the daughter of Thoas.-3. Son
ered up, taken to Apollonia, and crucified.]  of Borysthenes, and king of Tauris, into whose
THINE or THINA (Oivat, Olva), a chief city of dominions Iphigenia was carried by Diana (Arthe SINrE, and a great emporium for the silk and temis) when she was to Nave been sacrificed.
wool trade of the extreme East. Some seek it -[4. Son of Jason and Hypsipyle, grandson of
on the eastern coast of China, others on the No. 2, according to Homer, while others called
southeastern coast of Cochin-China.       him Deiphilus or Nebrophonus. - 5. Son of
THIODAMAS (Oetoda/ua), father of Hylas, and Icarius and Periboea, brother of Penelope.King of the Dryopes.                      6. A Trojan warrior, slain by Menelaus at the
THIS (EOi: OtvTrlT7), a great city of Upper siege of Troy.-7. A Trojan warrior, accomEgypt, capital of the Thinites Nomos, and the panied _Eneas to Italy, where he was slain by
seat of some of the ancient dynasties. It was Halesus.]
either the same place as ABYDUS (No. 2), or  THOMAS MAGISTER, a rhetorician and gramwas so near it as to be entirely supplanted by marian, who flourished about A.D. 1310. He
Abydus.                                   was a native of Thessalonica, and lived at the
THISBE (Oio-6), a beautiful Babylonian maid- court of the Emperor Andronicus Paleologus I.,
en, beloved by Pyramus. The lovers, living in where he held the offices of marshal (lMagister
adjoining houses, often secretly conversed with  Offciorum) and keeper of the archives (Chartoeach other through a hole in the wall, as their phylax); but he afterward retired to a monasparents would not sanction their marriage. tery, where he assumed the name of Theodulus,
Once they agreed upon a rendezvous at the and devoted himself to the study of the ancient
tomb of Ninus. Thisbe arrived first, and, while Greek authors. His chief work, which has
she was waiting for Pyramus, she perceived a come down to us, is a Lexicon of Attic Words
lioness which had just torn to pieces an ox, and (icara'A66idtz7V rov ovoutirv'Arrtliv'Eicoyai),
took to flight. While running she lost her gar- compiled from the works of the elder grammament, which the lioness soiled with blood. In rians, such as Phrynichus, Ammonius, Herodian,
the mean time Pyramus arrived, and, finding her and Mceris. The work has some value on acgarment covered with blood, he imagined that count of its containing much from the elder
she had been murdered, and made away with grammarians, which would otherwise have been
himself under a mulberry-tree, the fruit of which lost; hut, when Thomas deserts his guides, he
henceforth was as red as blood. Thisbe, who often falls into the most serious errors. The
afterward found the body of her lover, likewise best edition is by Ritschl, Halis Sax., 1831,
killed herself.                           1832, 8vo.
THISBE, afterward THISBsE (OiaU6, Oia6a:  [THON (Ov)), husband of Polydamna, reOa6aTo, Otca6ev': now Kakosia), a town of nowned for his wealth, a king in Egypt, receivBoeotia, on the borders of Phocis, and between ed Menelaus hospitably when he came thither
Mount Helicon and the Corinthian Gulf. It was with Helen after the Trojan war, and bestowed
famed for its number of wild pigeons, which rich presents upon him, while Polydanina was
are still found in abundance in the neighbor- equally liberal to Helen.  Herodotus makes
hood of Kakosia.                          Paris and Helen to have arrived there from
THSISOA (Oea6a: Octaoda7), a town in Ar- Sparta, and to have been detained by Thonis
cadia, on Mount Lyceus, called after a nymph (Ovt), the guard of the Canobic mouth of the
of the same name.                         Nile, until delivered to Proteus, who kept Helen
[THIUS (Oeto0f, now Kutufarina), a river in until the visit of Menelaus in search of her after
Northern Laconia, which joins the Alpheus on the fall of Troy.]
the borders of Arcadia.]                    [TioosA (g06aa), daughter of Phorcys, mothTHMUiis (9Oyovig: ruins at Tnmaie, near Manl- er of Polyphemus by Neptune (Poseidon).]
sourah), a city of Lower Egypt, on a canal on  [THooN (05eO). 1. One of the giants, slain by




THORICUS.                                  THRACIA.
the Mmrae. —2. Son of Phanops, a Trojan war- cian chiefs sold their children for exportation
rior, slain along with his brother Xanthus by to the foreign merchant; they purchased their
Diomedes.-3. A Trojan warrior, slain by Ulys- wives from their parents; they punctured or
ses.-4. A Phaeacian, who distinguished him- tattooed their bodies, and those of the women
self in the games celebrated by Alcinous in belonging to them, as a sign of noble birth; they
honor of Ulysses.]                        despised agriculture, and considered it most
THORIcus (Ooplcof or oplt6: OopiKtof, Oopt- honorable to live by war and robbery. Deep
necV: now Theriko), one of the twelve ancient drinking prevailed among them extensively,
towns in Attica, and subsequently a demus be- and their quarrels over their wine-cups were
longing to the tribe Acamantis, was situated on notorious even in the time of Augustus. (Hor.,
the southeastern coast, a little above Sunium, Carm., i., 27.) They worshipped deities, whom
and was fortified by the Athenians toward the the Greeks assimilated to Ares, Dionysus, and
close of the Peloponnesian war. There are Artemis: the great sanctuary and oracle of
still extensive remains of the ancient town.  their god Bacchus (Dionysus) was in one of the
THORNAX (06pvag: now Pavlaika), a mount- loftiest summits of Mount Rhodope. The tribes
ain in Laconia, northeast of Sparta, on which on the southern coast attained to some degree of
stood a celebrated temple of Apollo.      civilization, owing to the numerous Greek colTHOSPITES LACUS (OoT7rrct 2L[tLV1: now Gol- onies which were founded in their vicinity; but
jik?), a lake in Armenia Major, through which the tribes in the interior seem to have retained
the Tigris flows. The lake, and the surround- their savage habits, with little mitigation, down
ing district, also called Thospitis, were both to the time of the Roman empire. In earlier
named from a city Thospia (0coarna) at the times, however, some of the Thracian tribes
northern end of the lake.                 must have been distinguished by a higher deTHRACIA (OpIaC7, Ion. OpK7,, Opn'/,p, Oppgidi: gree of civilization than prevailed among them
Opd4, pi. OpbRKEr, Ion. Op,5f and 6Oppi, pl. Op-. at a later period. The earliest Greek poets,
tce, OpZiKec: Thrax, pl. Thraces), was in earlier Orpheus, Linus, Musaus, and others, are all
times the name of the vast space of country represented as coming from Thrace. Eumolbounded on the north by the Danube, on the pus, likewise, who founded the Eleusinian myssouth by the Propontis and the _/Egean, on the teries at Attica, is said to have been a Thraeast by the Pontus Euxinus, and on the west cian, and to have fought against Erechtheus,
by the River Strymon and the easternmost of king of Athens. We also find mention of the
the Illyrian tribes. It was divided into two Thracians in other parts of Southern Greece:
parts by Mount Hainus (now the Balkan), run- thus they are said to have'once dwelt both in
ning from west to east, and separating the plain Phocis and Bceotia. They were also spread
of the Lower Danube from the rivers which over a part of Asia: the Thynians and Bithynfall into the.Egean. Two extensive mountain ians, and perhaps also the Mysians, were memranges branch off from the southern side of bers of the great Thracian race. Even XenMount Haemus, one running southeast toward ophon speaks of Thrace in Asia, which extendConstantinople, and the other, called Rhodope, ed along the Asiatic side of the Bosporus as far
east of the preceding one, and also running in asHeraclea. The principal Greek colonies along
a southeasterly direction near the River Nes- the coast, beginning at the Strymon and going
tus. Between these two ranges there are many eastward, were AMPIIIPOLIS, at the mouth of the
plains, which are drained by the Hebrus, the Strymon; ABDERa, a little to the west of the
largest river in Thrace. At a later time the Nestus; DICeEA or Dicaepolis, a settlement of
name Thrace was applied to a more limited ex- Maronea; MARONEA itself, colonized by the
tent of country. The district between the Stry- Chians; STRYME, a colony of the Thasians;
mon and the Nestus was added to Macedonia MESEMBRIA, founded by the Samothracians;
by Philip, and was usually called Macedonia and LENOS, a Lesbian colony at the mouth of
Adjecta. Vid. MACEDoN-A. Under Augustus the the Hebrus. The Thracian Chersonesus was
part of the country north of the Huamus was probably colonized by the Greeks at an early
made a separate Roman province under the period, but it did not contain any important
name of Mcesia (vid. MmsIA); but the district Greek settlement till the migration of the first
between the Strymon and the Nestus had been Miltiades to the country, during the reign of
previously restored to Thrace by the Romans. Pisistratus at Athens. Vid. CHERSONESUS. On
The Roman province of Thrace was according- the Propontis the two chief Greek settlements
ly bounded on the west by the River Nestus, were those of PERINTHUS and SELYMBRIA; and
which separated it from Macedonia, on the north on the Thracian Bosporus was the important
by Mount Haemus, which divided it from Moasia, town of BYZANTIUM. There were only a few
on the east by the Euxine, and on the south by Greek settlements on the southwest coast of
tihe Propontis and Aegean. Thrace, in its wid- the Euxine; the most important were those of
est extent, was peopled in the times of Herod- APOLLONIA, ODESSUS, CALLATIS,TOMI, renowned
otus and Thucydides by a vast number of dif- as the place of Ovid's banishment, and ISTRIA,
ferent tribes; but their customs and character near the southern mouth of the Danube. The
were marked by great uniformity. Herodotus Thracians are said to have been conquered by
says that, next to the Indians, the Thracians Sesostris, king of Egypt, and subsequently to
were the most numerous of all races, and if have been subdued by the Teucrians and Mysunited under one head would have been irre- ians; but the first really historical fact respectsisrible. He describes them as a savage, cruel, ing them is their subjugation by Megabazus, the
and rapacious people, delighting in blood, but general of Darius. After the Persians had been
brave and warlike. According to his account, driven out of Europe by the Greeks, the Thrawhich is confirmed by other writers, the Thra- cians recovered their independence; and at the
885




THRASEA.                                THRAUSTUS.
beginning of the Peloponnesian war, almot alall the mode in which Thrasybulus gave his advice
the Thracian tribes were united under the do- to Periander as to the best means of securing
minion of Sitalces, king of the Odrysae, whose his power, is given under PERIANDER.-2. A celkingdom extended from Abdera to the Euxine ebrated Athenian, son of Lycus. He was zealand the mouth of the Danube.  In the third ously attached to the Athenian democracy, and
year of the Peloponnesian war (B.C. 429), Sital- took an active part in overthrowing the olices, who had entered into an alliance with the garchical government of the Four Hundred in
Athenians, invaded Macedonia with a vast army B.C. 411. This is the first occasion on which
of one hundred and fifty thousand men, but was he is mentioned; but from this time he took a
compelled, by the failure of provisions, to return prominent part in the conduct of the war. On
home after remaining in Macedonia thirty days. the establishment of the Thirty Tyrants at AthSitalces fell in battle against the Triballi in 424, ens he was banished, and was living in exile at
and was succeeded by his nephew Seuthes, who, Thebes when the rulers of Athens were perpe-.
during a long reign, raised his kingdom to a trating their excesses of tyranny. Being aided
height of power and prosperity which it had by the Thebans with arms and money, he colnever previously attained, so that his regular lected a small band, and seized the fortress of
revenues amounted to the annual sum of four Phyle. He next marched upon the Pireus,
hundred talents, in addition to contributions of which fell into his hands; and from this place
gold and silver in the form of presents to a near- he carried on war for several months against
ly equal amount. After the death of Seuthes, the Ten, who had succeeded to the governwhich appears to have happened a little before ment, and eventually he obtained possession of
the close of the Peloponnesian war, we find his Athens, and restored the democracy, 403. In
powerful kingdom split up into different parts; 390 he commanded the Athenian fleet in the
and when Xenophon, with the remains of the 2Egean, and was slain by the inhabitants of Asten thousand Greeks, arrived on the opposite pendus.-3. Brother of Gelon and Hieron, tycoast of Asia, another Seuthes applied to him  rants of Syracuse. He succeeded Hieron in
for assistance to reinstate him in his dominions. the government B.C. 467, and was soon afterPhilip, the father of Alexander the Great, re- ward expelled by the Syracusans, whom he
duced the greater part of Thrace; and after the had provoked by his rapacity and cruelty. He
death of Alexander, the country fell to the share withdrew to Locri, in Italy, and there ended
of Lysimachus. It subsequently formed a part his days.
of the Macedonian dominions, but it continued  THRASYDvoUS (Opacvdaloc), tyrant of Agrigento be governed by its native princes, and was tum, was the son and successor of Theron, B.C.
only nominally subject to the Macedonian mon- 472. Shortly after his accession he was defeatarchs. Even under the Romans Thrace was ed by -lieron of Syracuse, and the Agrigentines
for a long time governed by its own chiefs, and immediately took advantage of this disaster to
we do not know at what period it was made expel him fiom their city. He made his escape
into a Roman province.                    to Greece, but was arrested at Megara, and pubTHRASEA ProTUS, P., a distinguished Roman licly executed.
senator and Stoic philosopher in the reign of  THRASYLLUS or THRASYLUS (Opd(CVZU XO, OpaNero, was a native of Patavium, and was prob- cvlor). 1. An Athenian, who actively assisted
ably born soon after the death of Augustus. He Thrasybulus in opposing the oligarchical revoappears at an early period of his life to have lution in B.C. 411. He was one of the commade the younger Cato his model, of whose life manders at the battle of Arginusme, and was
he wrote an account. He married Arria, the among the six generals who returned to Athens
daughter of the heroic Arria, who showed her and were put to death, 406.-2. A celebrated
husband Cwecina how to die; and his wife was astrologer at Rhodes, with whom Tiberius beworthy of her mother and her husband. At a came acquainted during his residence in that
later period he gave his own daughter in mar- island, and whom he ever after held in the highriage to Helvidius Priscus, who trod closely in est honor. He died in A.D. 36, the year before
the footsteps of his father-in-law. After in- Tiberius, and is said to have saved the lives of
curring the hatred of Nero by the independence many persons whom Tiberius would otherwise
of his character and the freedom with which have put to death, by falsely predicting for this
he expressed his opinions, he was condemned very purpose that the emperor would live ten
to death by the senate by command of the em- years longer. The son of this Thrasyllus sueperor, A.D. 66. By his execution and that of ceeded to his father's skill, and he is said to
his friend Barea Soranus, Nero, says Tacitus, have predicted the empire to Nero.
resolved to murder Virtue herself. The pane-  TnRASYvMACHus( (Opaoapooc), a native ofChalgyric of Thrasea was written by Arulenus Rus- cedon, was a sophist, and one of the earliest culticus, who was, in consequence, put to death by tivators of the art of rhetoric. He was a conDomitian.                                 temporary of Gorgias. He is introduced by
[THRASIUS (OpdaioC). 1. A Trojan warrior, Plato as one of the interlocutors in the Politia,
slain by Achilles. —2. A soothsayer of Cyprus, and is referred to several times in the Phedrus..
who told Busiris that by sacrificing a stranger  THRvASY:nIEDES (Opaavyi67]), son of the Pylian
to the gods, he would cause a drought which then Nestor and Anaxibia, accompanied his -ather on
prevailed to cease; Busiris tried the experi- the expedition against Troy, and returned! witlh
ment with the seer himself.]              him to Pylos.
THRASYBULUS (Opacv6ovko)).  1. Tyrant of  [TH'RASYs T MUS (Opacvu#W or), in the Iliad,
Miletus, was a contemporary of Periander and charioteer of Sarpedon, slain by Patroclus.]
Alyattes, the king of Lydia. He was intimate-  THI1RASYIMNNUs. Vi.  TRASIM.ENUS.
ly connected with Thrasybalus. The story of  [THEAHRUTUS (OpaVor,  Xen., or Qnpa.nr.o
886




THRIA.                                 THUCYDIDES.
Diod.), a city of the Acrorei in Elis, not far from  of Thucydides. Thucydides (ii., 48) was one
the borders of Arcadia.]                  of those who suffered from the great plague
[THRIA (Opia), a village of Attica, from which of Athens, and one of the few who recovered.
the surrounding district was called THRImSIUs We have no trustworthy evidence of ThucydCAMPUS (r6 OptaLdov resiiov), a part of the Eleu- ides having distinguished himself as an orasinian plain extending between the range of tor, though it is not unlikely that he did, for
zEgaleus and Eleusis, along the borders of the his oratorical talent is shown by the. speeches
bay, and to the north of it, and famed for its that he has inserted in his history. He was,
fertility.]                               however, employed in a military capacity, and
THp-RONiUM (Op6vtov: Op6vtof, Opovtevd: now  he was in command of an Athenian squadron
Romani), the chief town of the Locri Epicne- of seven ships at Thasus, B.C. 424, when Eumidii, on the River Boagrius, at a short distance cles, who commanded in Amphipolis, sent for
from the sea, with a harbor upon the coast.  his assistance against Brasidas, who was before
[TiHRINAKIA (OptvaKlia). Vid. SICILIA.]  that town with an army.  Brasidas, fearing
[THRYUvl (Opvov, near the modernAgulinitza), the arrival of a superior force, offered favora city in Triphylia in Elis, on the Alpheus, near able terms to Amphipolis, which were readily
the borders of the Pylians, corresponding to the accepted, for there were few Athenians in the
later Epitalium.]                         place, and the rest did not wish to make reTHUCYDIDES (0ovvdId?7f),  1. An Athenian sistance. Thucydides arrived at Eion, at the
statesman, of the demus Alopece, son of Mele- mouth of the Strymon, on the evening of the
sias. After the death of Cimon in B.C. 449, same day on which Amphipolis surrendered;
Thucydides became the leader of the aristocrat- and though he was too late to save Amphipolis,
ic party, which he concentrated and more thor- he prevented Eion from falling into the hand
oughly organized in opposition to Pericles. He of the enemy. In consequence of this failure,
was ostracized in 444, thus leaving the undis- Thucydides became an exile, probably to avoid
puted political ascendency to Pericles. He left'a severer punishment; for Cleon, who was at
two sons, Melesias and Stephanus; and a son this time in great favor with the Athenians, apof the former of these, named Thucydides after pears to have excited popular suspicion against
his grandfather, was a pupil of Socrates.-2. him.  There are various untrustworthy acThe great Athenian historian, of the demus Hali- counts as to his place of residence during his
mus, was the son of Olorus or Orolus and Heg- exile; but we may conclude that he could not
esipyle. He is said to have been connected safely reside in any place which was under
with the family of Cimon; and we know that Athenian dominion, and as he kept his eye on
Miltiades, the conqueror of Marathon, married the events of the war, he must have lived in
Hegesipyle, the daughter of a Thracian king those parts which belonged to the Spartan alcalled Olorus, by whom she became the mother liance. His own words certainly imply that,
of Cimon; and it has been conjectured with during his exile, he spent much of his time
much probability that the mother of Thucydides either in the Peloponnesus or in places which
was a grand-daughter of Miltiades and Hegesip- were under Peloponnesian influence (v., 26);
yle.  According to a statement of Pamphila and his work was the result of his own experi(vid. PAMPHILA), Thucydides was forty years of ence and observations. His minute description
age at the commencement of the Peloponnesian of Syracuse and the neighborhood leads to the
war or B.C. 431, and accordingly he was born probable conclusion that he was personally acin 471. There is a story in Lucian of Herodo- quainted with the localities; and if he visited
tus having read his History at the Olympic Sicily, it is probable that he also saw some parts
games to the assembled Greeks; and Suidas of Southern Italy. Thucydides says that he
adds that Thucydides, then a boy, was present, lived twenty years in exile (v., 26); and as his
and shed tears of emulation; a presage of his exile commenced in the beginning of 423, he
own future historical distinction. But this eel- may have returned to Athens in the beginning
ebrated story ought probably to be rejected as of 403, about the time when Thrasybulus libera fable. Thucydides is said to have been in- ated Athens. Thucydides is said to have been
structed in oratory by Antiphon, and in philoso- assassinated at Athens soon after his return;
phy by Anaxagoras; but whether these state- but other accounts place his death in Thrace.
ments are to be received can not be determin- There is a general agreement, however, among
ed. It is certain, however, that, being an Athe- the ancient authorities that he came to a violent
nian of a good family, and living in a city which end. His death can not be placed later than 401.
was the centre of Greek civilization, he must The time when he composed his work has been
have had the best possible education: that he a matter of dispute. He informs us himself that
was a man of great ability and cultivated un- he was busy in collecting materials all through
derstanding his work clearly shows.  He in- the war from the beginning to the end (i., 22),
forms us that he possessed gold mines in that and, of course, he would register them as he got
part of Thrace which is opposite to the island them. Plutarch says that he wrote the work in
of Thasos, and that he was a person of the Thrace; but the work, in the shape in which we
greatest influence among those in that part of have it, was certainly not finished until after the
Thrace. This property, according to some ac- close of the war, and he was probably engaged
counts, he had from his ancestors: according upon it at the time of his death. A question has
to other accounts, he married a rich woman of' been raised as to the authorship of the eighth
Scaptesyle, and received them as a portion with and last book of Thucydides, which breaks off in
her. Thucydides left a son called Timotheus; the twenty-first year of the war (411). It difand a daughter also is mentioned, who is said fers from all the other books in containing no
to have written the eighth book of the History speeches, and it has also been supposed to be
887




THUCYDIDES.                               THUCYDIDES.
inferior to the rest as a piece of composition. | the time ofThucydides, by a mal who took great
Accordingly, several ancient critics supposed pains to ascertain facts by personal inquiry. In
that the eighth book was not by Thucydides: mnodern timesfacts are made known by printing
some attributed it to his daughter, and some to as soon as they occur; and the printed records
Xenophon orTheopompus, becauseboth of them  of the time, newspapers and the like, are often
continued the history. The words with which the only evidence of many facts which become
Xenophon's Hellenica commence (eria 6e raTra) history. When we know the careless way in
may chiefly have led to the supposition that he which facts are now reported and recorded by
was the author, for his work is made to appear veryincompetent persons, often upon very indifas a continuation of that of Thucydides; but ferent and hearsay testimony, and compare with
this argument is in itself of little weight; and such records the pains that Thucydides took to
besides, both the style of the eighth book is dif- ascertain the chief events ofa war, with which he
ferent from that of Xenophon, and the manner was contemporary, in which he took a share as
of treating the subject, for the division of the a commander, the opportunities which his means
year into summers and winters, which Thucyd- allowed, his great abilities, and serious, earnest
ides has observed in his first seven books, character, it is a fair conclusion that we have a
is continued in the eighth, but is not observed more exact history of a long eventful period by
by Xenophon. The rhetorical style of The- Thucydides than we have of any period in modopompus, which was the characteristic of his ern history equally long and equally eventful.
writing, renders it also improbable that he was His whole work shows the most scrupulous care
the author of the eighth book. It seems the and diligence in ascertaining facts; his strict
simplest supposition to consider Thucydides attention to chronology, and the importance that
himself as the author of this book, since he he attaches to it, are additional proof of his his-:
names himself as the author twice (viii., 6, 60); torical accuracy.  His narrative is brief and
but it is probable that he had not the opportuni- concise: it generally contains bare facts exty of revising it with the same care as the first pressed in the fewest possible words; and when
seven books. It is stated by an ancient writer we consider what pains it must have cost hinm
that Xenophon made the work of Thucydides to ascertain these facts, we admire the selfknown, which may be true, as he wrote the first denial of a writer who is satisfied with giving
two books of his Hellenica, or the part which facts in their naked brevity, without ornament,
now ends with the second book, for the purpose without any parade of his personal importance,
of completing the history. The work ofThucyd- and of the trouble that his matter cost him. A
ides, from the commencement of the second single chapter must sometimes have representbook, is chronologically divided into winters and ed the labor of many days and weeks. Such a
summers, and each summer and winter make a principle of historical composition is the eviyear (ii., 1). His summer comprises the time dence of a great and elevated mind. The hisfrom the vernal to the autumnal equinox, and tory of Thucydides only makes an octavo volthe winter comprises the period from the au- ume of moderate size; many a modern writer
tumnal to the vernal equinox. The division would have spun it out to a dozen volumes, and
into books and chapters was probably made by so have spoiled it. A work that is for all ages
the Alexandrine critics. The history of the must contain much in little compass. He selPeloponnesian war opens the second book of dom makes reflections in the course of his narThucydides, and the first is introductory to the rative: occasionally he has a chapter of politihistory. He begins his first book by observ- cal and moral observations, animated by the
ing that the Peloponnesian war was the most keenest perception of the motives of action
important event in Grecian history, which he and the moral character of man. Many of his
shows by a rapid review of the history of the speeches are political essays, or materials for
Greeks from the earliest periods to the com- them; they are not mere imaginations of his
mencement of the war (i., 1-21). After his own for rhetorical effect; they contain the genintroductory chapters he proceeds to explain eral sense of what was actually delivered as
the alleged grounds and causes of the war: the nearly as he could ascertain, and-in many inreal cause was, he says, the Spartan jealousy stances he had good opportunities of knowing
of the Athenian power. His narrative is inter- what was said, for he heard some speeches derupted (c. 89-118), after he has come to the livered (i., 22). His opportunities, his talents,
time when the Lacedaemonians resolved on war, his character, and his subject, all combined to
by a digression on the rise and progress of the produce a work that stands alone, and in its
power of Athens; a period which had been kind has neither equal nor rival. His pictures
either omitted by other writers, or treated im- are sometimes striking and tragic, an effect properfectly, and with little regard to chronology, duced by severe simplicity and minute particuas by Hellanicus in his Attic history (c. 97). He larity. Such is the description of the plague
resumes his narrative (c.'119) with the negoti- of Athens. Such, also, is the incomparable hisations that preceded the war; but this leads to tory of the Athenian expedition to Sicily, and
another digression of some length on the trea- its melancholy termination. A man who thinks
son of Pausanias (c. 128-134), and the exile of profoundly will have a form of expression which
Themistocles (c. 135-138). He concludes the is stamped with the character of his mind; and
book with the speech of Pericles, who advised the style of Thucydides is accoidingly concise,
the Athenians to refuse the demands of the Pel- vigorous, and energetic. We feel that all the
oponnesians; and his subject, as already ob- words were intended to have a meaning, and
served, begins with the second book. A history have a meaning: none of them are idle. Yet
which treats of so many events, which took he is sometimes harsh and obscure; and prob-.
place at remote spots, could only be written, in ably he was sc, even to his own countrymen.
888




THULE.                                  THYMELE.
Some of his sentences are very involved, and  [THuiRIUS MONS (r7 O0op0ov Opof, according
the connection and dependence of the parts are I to Plutarch, also called TO'Op067rayov (pof), a
often difficult to seize. The best editions of mountain of Bceotia, south of Cheronea, on the
Thucydides are by Bekker, Berlin, 1821, 3 vols. right bank of the Cephisus, containing the sour8vo; by Poppo, Leipzig, 10 vols. 8vo, 1821- ces of the River Morius.]
1838, of which two volumes are filled with pro-  [THYAMIA (Ovaluia), a strong place in the south
legomena; by Haack, with selections from the of Sicyonia, on the borders of Phliasia, and an
Greek Scholia and short notes, Leipz., 1820, 2 object of contention between the two states.]
vols. 8vo; by Goller, 2 vols. 8vo, Leipz., 1826,  TIIYXMIS (va,uLf: now Kalama), a river in
[2d edit., 1836, 2 vols. 8vo]; by Arnold, 3 vols. Epirus, forming the boundary between Thes8vo, Oxford, 1830-1835, [2d edit., Oxford, 1840- protia and the district of Cestryna, and flowing
1842; 3d edit., with copious indexes, still unfin- into the sea opposite Corcyra and near a promished; by Kriiger, with grammatical and brief ontory of the same name.
explanatory notes, Berlin, 1846, 2 vols. 8vo;  THYvDES. Vid. TaYIA.
and by Poppo (school edit.), with brief notes,  THYXMUS (Ojayoo), a mountain in Acarnania,
Erfurt and Gotha, 1843-1848, still incomplete.] south of Argos Amphilochicum.
THULE (OoVr/L), an island in the northern  [THYTIiRA (Ovariepa 7r': now Akhissar, with
part of the German Ocean, regarded by the an- important ruins), a considerable city in the
cients as the most northerly point on the whole northern part of Lydia, near Mysia, on the River
earth. It is first mentioned by Pytheas, the Lycus, a branch of the Hyllus; according to
celebrated Greek navigator of Massilia, who Strabo, a Macedonian colony; said to have been
undertook a voyage to Britain and Thule, of built by Seleucus Nicator, or, at least, greatly
which he gave a description in his work on the enlarged, as others mention an earlier place on
Ocean. All subsequent writers who speak of the site called Pelopia and Euhippe. It was
Thule appear to have taken their accounts from  celebrated for its purple dye, but still more as
that of Pytheas. According to Pytheas, Thule an early seat of Christianity and one of the sevwas six days', sail from Britain; and the day en churches of the Apocalypse.]
and night there were each six months long.  THYESTES (OvErpTn), son of Pelops and HipHe further stated that in Thule and those dis- podamia, was the brother of Atreus and the
tant parts there was neither earth, sea, nor air, father of zEgisthus. His story is given under
but a sort of mixture of all these, like to the ATREUS and /EGISTHUS.
mollusca, in which the earth, and the sea, and  [THYESTIXDES (OvertEdrlM), son or grandson
every thing else were suspended, and which of Thyestes, as iEgisthus is called in the Odyscould not be penetrated either by land or by sea. sey, &c.]
Many modern writers suppose the Thule of    THYIA (Ovia), a daughter of Castalius or CePytheas to be the same as Iceland, while oth- phisseus, became by Apollo the mother of Delers regard it as a part of Norway. The Thule phus. She is said to have been the first to sacof Ptolemy, however, lay much farther to the rifice to Bacchus (Dionysus), and to celebrate orsouth, and should probably be identified with gies in his honor. From her the Attic women,
the largest of the Shetland Islands.      who went yearly to Mount Parnassus to celeTHURII, more rarely TH-RIUMm (Ooeplot, Ood- brate the Dionysiac orgies with the Delphian
pwv: OoVptoc, OovpLVcr, Thurius, Thurinus: Thyiades, received themselves the name of
now  Terra nuova), a Greek city in Lucania, THYIXDES or THYADES. This word, however,
founded B.C. 443, near the site of the ancient comes from  9vWo, and properly signifies the
Sybaris, which had been destroyed more than raging or frantic women.
sixty years before. Vid. SYBARIs. It was built  THYMBRA (OVprP). 1. A city of the Troad,
by the remains of the population of Sybaris, as- north of Ilium Vetus, on a hill by the side of
sisted by colonists from all parts of Greece, but the River THYMBRIUS, with a celebrated temple
especially from Athens. Among these colonists of Apollo, who derived from this place the epiwere the historian Herodotus and the orator thet Thymbraeus. The surrounding plain still
Lysias, the latter of whom, however, was only bears the same name.-2. A wooded district in
a youth at the time, and subsequently returned Phrygia, no doubt connected with THYMBIIUM.
to Athens. The new city, from which the re-  [THYMBRvn US (OvU6paTo). 1. Vid. THYMBRA,
mains of the Sybarites were soon expelled, No.l.-2. ATrojan warrior, slain by Diomedes.]
rapidly attained great power and prosperity, and  THYMBRIA (Ov6lpia), a place in Caria, on the
became one of the most important Greek towns Maander, four stadia east of Myus, with a Chain the south of Italy. Thus we are told that ronium, that is, a cave containing mephitic va.
the Thurians were able to bring fourteen thou- por.
sand foot soldiers and one thousand horse into  THYMBRIUM (OVi6plov Thymbriani), a small
the field against the Lucanians. In the Sam- town of Phrygia, ten parasangs west of Tyrienite wars Thurii received a Roman garrison; urn, with the so-called fountain of Midas (Xen.,
but it revolted to Hannibal in the second Punic Anab., i., 2).
war.' The Carthaginian general, however, at a  THYMBRIUS (Ov,68ptoC: now Thimbrek), a river
later time, not trusting the Thurians, plundered of the Troad, falling into the Scamander. At
the town, and removed three thousand five the present day it flows direct into the Helleshundred of its inhabitants to Croton. The Ro- pont; and, on this and other grounds, some
mans subsequently sent a Latin colony to Thu- doubt whether the Thimbrek is the ancient river.
rii, and changed its name into Copiae but it  THIYM.LRE, a celebrated mima or actress in
continued to retain its original name, under the reign of Domitian, with whom she was a
which it is mentioned by Cwesar in the civil war great favorite. She frequently acted along with
as a municipium.                          Latinus.
889




THYMCETES.                                 TIBERIUS.
THiYMCTES (OvFIOTlr5). 1. One of the elders of RETH (now Bahr Tzbariyeh), the second of the
Troy. A soothsayer had predicted that on a three lakes in Palestine formed by the course
certain day a boy should be born by whom Troy of the Jordan. Vid. JORDANES. Its length is
should be destroyed. On that day Paris was eleven or twelve geographical miles, and its
born to Priam, and Munippus to Thymcetes. breadth from five to six. It lies deep among
Priam ordered Munippus and his mother Cylla fertile hills, has very clear and sweet water,
to be killed. Hence Virgil (iEn., ii., 31) repre- and is full of excellent fish. Its surface is sevsents REneas saying that it was doubtful wheth- en hundred and fifty feet below the level of the
er Thymoetes advised the Trojans to draw the Mediterranean. In the time of our Saviour its
wooden horse into the city, in order to revenge shores were covered with populous villages,
himself.-[2. A Trojan warrior, accompanied but they are now almost entirely deserted. Its
zEneas to Italy, and was there slain in the war eastern coast belonged to the districts of Dewith Turnus.]                             capolis and Gaulonitis.
THY-NI (Ovvoi), a Thracian people, whose orig-  TIBERINUS, one of the mythical kings of Alba,
inal abodes were near Salmydessus, but who son of Capetus, and father of Agrippa, is said to
afterward passed over into BITHYNIA.      have been drowned in crossing the River Alba,
THYNIA (COvia). 1. The land of the Thyni which was hence called Tiberis after him, and
in Thrace.-2. Another name for BITHYNIA.-3. of which he became the guardian god.
Vid. THYNIAS.                               TIBERIOPOLIS (Tt6LppLovg7oiz), a city of Great
THYNIAs orTHYNYA (Ovvia, evvia). 1. (Now  Phrygia, near Eumenia.
Inada), a promontory on the coast of Thrace,  TIBaRIs, also TIBRIS, TYBRIS, THYBRIS, AMnorthwest of Salmydessus, with a town of the NIS TIBERINUS, or simply TIBERINUS (now Tisame name.-2. (Now Kirpe), a small island of ber or Tevere), the chief river in Central Italy,
the Euxine, on the coast of Bithynia, near the on which stood the city of Rome. It is said to
Promontorium Calpe, also called Apollonia and have been orginally called Albula, and to have
Daphnusa.                                 received the name of Tiberis in consequence of
THYONE (OvoCv7), the name of Semele, under Tiberinus, king of Alba, having been drowned
which Bacchus (Dionysus) fetched her from  in it. It has been supposed that Albula was the
Hades, and introduced her among the immor- Latin and Tiberis the Etruscan name of the rivtals. Hence Bacchus (Dionysus) is also called er. The Tiber rises from two springs of limpid
THrYONEUS. Both names are formed from ivetv, water in the Apennines, near Tifernum, and
"to be inspired."                         flows in a southwesterly direction, separating
THYR A (Ovpea, Ion. OvplE: Ovpedsaz), the Etruria from Umbria, the land of the Sabines,
chief town in Cynuria, the district on the bor- and Latium. After flowing about one hundred
ders of Laconia and Argolis, was situated upon and ten miles it receives the Nar (now Nera),
a height on the bay of the sea called after it and from its confluence with this river its regSINUs TI-YREATES (OCvpeCaTg KIO6ro0f). It was ular navigation begins. Three miles above
for the possession of Thyrea that the celebra- Rome, at the distance of nearly seventy miles
ted battle was fought between the three hund- from the Nar, it receives the Anio (now Tcvered Spartans and three hundred Argives. The rone), and from this point becomes a river of
territory of Thyrea was called THYREATIS (OV- considerable importance. Within the walls of
pertef).                                  Rome, the Tiber is about three hundred feet
THYSDRus, TISDRus, or TusDRUS (Ovcdp6S: wide and from twelve to eighteen feet deep.
ruins at El-Jemnm), a large fortified city of By- After heavy rains, the river in ancient times, as
zacena, northwest of the promontory Brachodes at the present day, frequently overflowed its
(now Ras Kapoudiah). Under the Romans it banks, and di'd considerable mischief to the lowwas a free city. It was here that the Emperor er parts of the city.'(Hor., Carm., i., 2.) At
Gordian assumed the purple.               Rome the maritime navigation of the river beTHYSSXAGEs T  (OvaayTeraL), a people of Sar- gins; and at eighteen miles from the city, and
mnatia Asiatica, on the eastern shores of the Pa- about four miles from the coast, it divides into
lus Maeotis.                              two arms, forming an island, which was sacred
THYssus (ao(osr or Ovca6c), a town of Mace- to Venus, and called Insula Sacra (now Isola
donia, on the peninsula of Acte.          Sagra). The left branch of the river runs into
TIARANTUS, a river of Scythia and a tributary the sea by Ostia, which was the ancient harbor
of the Danube.                            of Rome; but in consequence of the accumula[TIASA (Tiafa: now Magula), a small river tion of sand at the mouth of the left branch, the
of Laconia, flowing by Sparta into the Eurotas. right branch was widened by Trajan, and was
Vid. SPARTA, p. 829, a.]                  made the regular harbor of the city, under the
TIBARENI or TIBARI (Tt6apyrvoi, Ti6apot, a name of Porus Romanus, Portus AugZusti, or
quiet agricultural people on the northern coast simply Portus. The whole length of the Tiber,
of Pontus, east of the River Iris.        with its windings, is about two hundred miles.
TIBERIAS. 1. (T,6epidc: T6peprevd), a city of The waters of the river are muddy and yellowGalilee, on the southwestern shore of the Lake ish, whence it is frequently called by the Roman
of Tiberias, built by Herod Antipas in honor of poets flavus Tiberis.  The poets also give it
the Emperor Tiberius. After the destruction the epithets of Tyrrhenus because it flowed past
of Jerusalem it became the seat of the Jewish Etruria during the whole of its course, and of
sanhedrim. Near it were the warm baths of Lydius because the Etruscans are said to have
Emmaus.-2. (Tt6epiad, 2i/vew vj Tt6epilv), or been of Lydian origin.
GENNESARET (revv7rpaper, v&up revvw7acp, I Tev-  TIBERIUS. 1. Emperor of Rome A.D. 14-37.
v]]aaplrtg), also the SEA OF GALILEE (]?a2caaf  His full name was TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS NERO
r7C Fra2eaiact), in the Old Testament, CHINNE- CESAR. He was the son of T. Claudius Nero
890




TIBERIUS.                                 TIBERIUS.
and of Livia, and was born on the 16th of No- his adoption to the death of Augustus, Tiberius
vember, B.C. 42, before his mother married Au- was in command of the Roman armies, though
gustus. Tiberius was tall and strongly made, he visited Rome several times. He was sent
and his health was very good. His face was into Germany A.D. 4. He reduced all Illyricum
handsome, and his eyes were large. He was to subjection A.D. 9; and in A.D. 12 he had the
carefully educated, and he became well acquaint- honor of a triumph at Rome for his German and
ed with Greek and Latin literature. His master Dalmatian victories. On the death of Augusin rhetoric was Theodorus of Gadara. Though tus at Nola, on the 19th of August, A.D. 14,
not without military courage, as his life shows, Tiberius, who was on his way to Illyricum, was
he had a great timidity of character, and was immediately summoned home by his mother
of a jealous and suspicious temper; and these Livia. He took the imperial power without any
qualities rendered him cruel after he had ac- opposition, affecting all the while a great reluctquired power. In the latter years of his life, ance. He began his reign by putting to death
particularly, he indulged his lustful propensities Postumus Agrippa, the surviving grandson of
in every way that a depraved imagination could Augustus, and he alleged that it was done pursuggest: lust and cruelty are not strangers. suant to the command of the late emperor.
He affected a regard to decency and to exter- When he felt himself sure in his place, he benals. He was the prince of hypocrites; and gan to exercise his craft. He took from the
the events of his reign are little more than the popular asserblythe election of the magistrates,
exhibition of his detestable character. In B.C. and transferred it to the senate. The news of
11, Augustus compelled Tiberius, much against the death of Augustus roused a mutiny among
his will, to divorce his wife Vipsania Agrip- the legions in Pannonia, which was quelled by
pina, and to marry Julia, the widow of Agrippa Drusus, the son of Tiberius. The armies on
and the emperor's daughter, with whom Tibe- the Rhine under Germanicus showed a disposirius, however, did not long live in harmony. tion to reject Tiberius, and, if Germanicus had
Tiberius was thus brought into still closer con- been inclined to try the fortune of a campaign,
tact with the imperial family; but, as Caesar he might have had the assistance of the Gerand L. Caesar, the grandsons of Augustus, were man armies against his uncle. But Germanistill living, the prospect of Tiberius succeeding cus restored discipline to the army by his firmto the imperial power seemed very remote. He ness, and maintained his fidelity to the new emwas employed by Augustus on various military peror. The first year of his reign was marked
services. In 20 he was sent by Augustus to by the death of Julia, whom Augustus had rerestore Tigranes to the throne of Armenia. It moved fromPandataria to Rhegium. The death
was during this campaign that Horace address- of Germanicus in the East, in A.D. 19, relieved
ed one of his epistles to Julius Florus (i., 12), Tiberius from all fear of a rival claimant to the
who was serving under Tiberius. In 15, Dru- throne; and it was believed by many that Gersus and his brother Tiberius were engaged in manicus had been poisoned by order of Tibewarfare with the Raeti, and the exploits of the rius. From this time Tiberius began to indulge
two brothers were sung by Horace (Carm., iv., with less restraint in his love of tyranny, and
4, 14). In 13 Tiberius was consul with P. many distinguished senators were soon put to
Quintilius Varus. In 11, while his brother Dru- death on the charge of treason against the emsus was fighting against the Germans, Tiberius peror (lasa majestas). Notwithstanding his susconducted the war against the Dalmatians and picious nature, Tiberius gave his complete conagainst the Pannonians. Drusus died in 9, fidence to Sejanus, who for many years posowing to a fall from his horse. On the news sessed the real government of the state. This
of the accident, Tiberius was sent by Augustus ambitious man aimed at the imperial power.
to Drusus, whom he found just alive. Tiberius In 23, Drusus, the son of Tiberius, was poisoned
returned to the war in Germany, and crossed by the contrivance of Sejanus. Three years
the Rhine. In 7 he was consul a second time. afterward (26) Tiberius left Rome and withIn 6 he obtained the tribunitia potestas for five drew into Campania. He never returned to the
years, but during this year he retired, with the city. He left on the pretext of dedicating tememperor's permission, to Rhodes, where he spent pies in Campania, but his real motives were his
the next seven years. Tacitus says that his dislike to Rome, where he heard a great deal
chief reason for leaving Rome was to get away that was disagreeable to him, and his wish to
from his wife, who treated him with contempt, indulge his sensual propensities in private. In
and whose licentious life was no secret to her order to secure still greater retirement, he took
husband; probably, too, he was unwilling to up his residence (27) in the island of Capre%,
stay at Rome when the grandsons of Augustus at a short distance from the Campanian coast.
were attaining years of maturity, for there was The death of Livia (29), the emperor's mother,
mutual jealousy between them and Tiberius. released Tiberius from one cause of anxiety.
He returned to Rome A.D. 2. He was relieved He had long been tired of her because she wishfrom one trouble during his absence, for his ed to exercise authority, and one object in leavwife Julia was banished to the island of Panda- ing Rome was to be out of her way. Livia's
taria (B.C. 2), and he never saw her again. death gave Sejanus and Tiberius free scope, for
After the deaths of L. Caesar (A.D. 2) and C. Tiberius never entirely released himself from a
Csasar (A.D. 4), Augustus adopted Tiberius, kind of subjection to his mother, and Sejanus
with the view of leaving to him the imperial did not venture to attempt the overthrow of
power; and, at the same time, he required Ti- Livia's influence. The destruction of Agripberius to adopt Germanicus, the son of his pina and her children was now the chief purbrother Drusus, though Tiberius had a son Dru- pose of Sejanus: he finally got from the tyrant
sus by his wife Vipsania. From the year of (31) the reward that was his just desert, an ig891




TIBILIS.                                 TIBULLUS.
orominious death. Vid. SEJANUS. The death of ing year (30), Messala, having pacified Gaul,
Sejanus was followed by the execution of his was sent into the East. Tibullus set out in his
friends; and for the remainder of the reign of company, but was taken ill, and obliged to reTiberius, Rome continued to be the scene of main in Corcyra, from whence he returned to
tragic occurrences. Tiberius died on the 16th Rome. So ceased the active life of Tibullus;
of March, 37, at the villa of Lucullus, in Mise- his life is now the chronicle of his poetry and
num. He was seventy-eight years of age, and of those tender passions which were the inhad reigned twenty-two years. He was sue- spiration of his poetry. The first object of his
ceeded by Caius (Caligula), the son of German- attachment is celebrated under the poetic name
icus, but he had himself appointed no successor. of Delia. To Delia are addressed the first six
Tiberius did not die a natural death. It was elegies of the first book. The poet's attachknown that his end was rapidly approaching, ment to Delia had begun before he left Rome
and having had a fainting fit, he was supposed for Aquitania. But Delia seems to have been
to be dead. Thereupon Caius came forth and faithless during his absence from Rome. On
was saluted as emperor; but he was alarmed his return from Corcyra he found her ill, and
by the intelligence that Tiberius had recovered attended her with affectionate solicitude (Eleg.,
and called for something to eat. Caius was so i., 5), and hoped to induce her to retire with him
frightened that he did not know what to do; into the country. But first a richer lover apbut Macro, the praefect of the praetorians, with pears to have supplanted him with the inconmore presence of mind, gave orders that a quan- stant Delia; and afterward there appears a
tity of clothes should be thrown on Tiberius, husband in his way., The second book of Eleand that he should be left alone. In the time gies is chiefly devoted to a new mistress named
of Tiberius lived Valerius Maximus, Velleius Nemesis. Besides these two mistresses TibulPaterculus, Phaedrus, Fenestella, and Strabo; lus was enamored of a certain Glycera. He
also the jurists Massurius Sabinus, M. Cocceius wrote elegies to soften that cruel beauty, whom
Nerva, and others. Tiberius wrote a brief com- there seems no reason to confound either with
mentary of his own life, the only book that the Delia, the object of his youthful attachment, or
Emperor Domitian studied: Suetonius made with Nemesis. Glycera, however, is not known
use of it for his life of Tiberius. Tiberius also to us from the poetry of Tibullus, but from the
wrote Greek poems, and a lyric poem on the ode of Horace, which gently reproves him for
death of L. Cesar.-2. A philosopher and soph- dwelling so long in his plaintive elegies on the
ist, of unknown time, the author of numerous pitiless Glycera. The poetry of his contempoworks on grammar and rhetoric. One of his raries shows Tibullus as a gentle and singularly
works, on the figures in the orations of Demos- amiable man. To Horace especially he was an
thenes (7repi r7v rrapa A?71oc0Eevsrt cgeaXr/,v)), is object of warm attachment. Besides the ode
still extant, and has been published.     which alludes to his passion for Glycera (Hor.,
TIBILIS (now Hamnmarn Miskouten?), a town Carm., i., 33), the epistle of Horace to Tibullus
of Numidia, in Northern Africa, onthe road from  gives the most full and pleasing view of his
Cirta to Carthage, with warm springs, called poetical retreat, and of his character: it is
Aquae Tibilitanae.                        written by a kindred spirit. Horace does homTIBISCUM, a town of Dacia and a Roman mu- age to that perfect purity of taste which distinnicipium on the River Tibiscus.           guishes the poetry of Tibullus; he takes pride
TiBIscUS or TIBISSUS, probably the same as in the candid but favorable judgment of his own
the PARTHISCUS or PARTHISSUS (now Theiss), a satires. The time of Tibullus he supposes to
river of Dacia, forming the western boundary be shared between the finishing his exquisite
of that country, rising in the Montes Carpates, small poems, which were to surpass even those
and falling into the Danube.              of Cassius of Parma, up to that time the models
TIBULLUS, ALBsUS, the Roman poet, was of of that kind of composition, and the enjoyment
equestrian family. The date of his birth is un- of the country. Tibullus possessed, according
certain; but he died young, soon after Virgil. to his friend's notions, all the blessings oflifeHis birth is therefore placed by conjecture B.C. a competent fortune, favor with the great, fame,
54, and his death B.C. 18. Of his youth and health; and he seemed to know how to enjoy
education, absolutely nothing is known. The all those blessings. The first two books alone
estate belonging to the equestrian ancestors of of the Elegies, under the name of Tibullus, are
Tibullus was at Pedum, between Tibur and of undoubted authenticity. The third is the
Preneste. This property, like that of the other work of another, a very inferior poet, whether
great poets of the day, Virgil and Horace, had Lygdamus be a real or fictitious name or not.
been either entirely or partially confiscated dur- This poet was much younger than Tibullus, for
ing the civil wars; yet Tibullus retained or re- he was born in the year of the.battle of Mutina,
covered part of it, and spent there the better 43. The hexameter poem on Messala, which
portion of his short, but peaceful and happy life. opens the fourth book, is so bad that, although
-is great patron was Messala, whom he accom- a successful elegiac poet may have failed when
panied in 31 into Aquitania, whither Messala he attempted epic verse, it can not well be ashad been sent by Augustus to suppress a fbrmi- cribed to a writer of the exquisite taste of Tidable insurrection which had broken out in this bullus. The smaller elegies of the fourth hook
province. Part of the glory of the Aquitanian have all the inimitable grace and simplicity of
campaign, which Tibullus celebrates in language Tibullus. With the exception of the thirteenth
of unwonted loftiness, redounds, according to (of which some lines are hardly surpassed by
the poet, to his own fame. He was present at Tibullus himself), these poems relate to the love
tie battle of Atax (Aude in Languedoc), which of a certain Sulpicia, a woman of noble birth,
broke the Aquitanian rebellion. In the follow- for Cerinthus, the real or fictitious name of a
892




TIBUR.                                  TIGRANES.
beautiful youth. Nor is there any improbability Papia, which it still retains under the slightly
in supposing that Tibulius may have written changed form of Pavia.
elegies in the name or by the desire of Sulpicia.  TIrcNUS (now Tessino), an important river in
If Sulpicia was herself the poetess, she ap- Gallia Cisalpina, rises in Mons Adula, and after
proached nearer to Tibullus than any other flowing through Lacus Verbanus (now Lago
writer of elegies. The first book of Elegies Mllaggiore), falls into the Po near Ticinum. It
alone seems to have been published during the was upon the bank of this river that Hannibal
author's life, probably soon after the triumph of gained his first victory over the Romans by the
Messala (27). The second book no doubt did defeat of P. Scipio, B.C. 218.
not appear till after the death of Tibullus. With  TIFATA, a mountain in Campania, east of Cait, according to our conjecture, may have been pua, near which the Samnites defeated the Campublished the elegies of his imitator, perhaps his panians, and where at a later time Sulla gained
friend and associate in the society of Messala, a victory over the proconsul Norbanus. On this
Lygdamus (if that be a real name), i. e., the mountain there was a temple of Diana, and also
third book; and likewise the fourth, made up one of Jupiter of some celebrity.
of poems belonging, as it were, to this intimate  TIFERNUM. 1. TIBERINUM (Tifernates Tiberisociety of Messala, the Panegyric by some name- ni, pl.: now Citta di Castello), a town of Umless author, which, feeble as it is, seems to be bria, near the sources of the River Tiber,
of that age; the poems in the name of Sulpicia, whence its surname, and upon the confines of
with the concluding one, the thirteenth, a frag- Etruria. Near this town the younger Pliny had
ment of Tibullus hinself. The best editions of a villa.-2. METAURENSE (Tifernates MetaurenTibullus are by Lachmann, Berol., 1829, and by ses: now S. Angelo in Vado), a town in UmDissen, Gottingen, 1835.                  bria, east of the preceding, on the River MetauTIBUR (Tiburs, pl. Tiburtes, Tiburtinus: now  rus, whence its surname.-3. A town in SamTivoli), one of the most ancient towns of La- nium, on the River Tifernus.
tium, sixteen miles northeast of Rome, situated  TIFERNUS (now Biferno), a river of Samnium,
on the slope of a hill (hence called by Horace rising in the Apennines, and flowing through
supinum Tibur), on the left bank of the Anio, the country of the Frentani into the Adriatic.
which here forms a magnificent water-fall. It  TIGELLINUS SOPHONIUS, the son of a native
is said to have been originally built by the Sic- of Agrigentum, owed his rise from poverty and
uli, and to have afterward passed into the pos- obscurity to his handsome person and his unsession of the Aborigines and Pelasgi. Accord- scrupulous character. He was banished to Scyling to tradition, it derived its name from Tibur- laceum in Bruttii (A.D. 39-40) for an intrigue
tus, son of Catillus, who emigrated from Greece with Agrippina and Julia Livilla, sisters of Cawith Evander.  It was afterward one of the ligula. He was probably among the exiles rechief towns of the Latin league, and became stored by Agrippina, after she became empress,
subject to Rome with the other Latin cities on since early in Nero's reign he was again in fathe final subjugation of Latium in B.C. 338. Un- vor at court, and on the death of Burrus (63)
der the Romans Tibur continued to be a large was appointed praetorian prefect jointly with
and flourishing town, since the salubrity and Fenius Rufus. Tigellinus ministered to Nero's
beautiful scenery of the place led many of the worst passions, and of all his favorites was the
most distinguished Roman nobles to build here most obnoxious to the Roman people. He inmagnificent villas. Of these the most splendid flamed his jealousy or his avarice, against the
was the villa of the Emperor Hadrian, in the noblest members of the senate and the most
extensive remains of which many valuable spec- pliant dependants of the court. In 65, Tigelliimens of ancient art have been discovered. nus entertained Nero in his ZEmilian gardens
Here also the celebrated Zenobia lived after with a sumptuous profligacy unsurpassed even
adorning the triumph of her conqueror Aure- in that age, and in the same year shared with
lian.  Horace likewise had a country house him the odium of burning Rome, since the conin the neighborhood of Tibur which he prefer- flagration had broken out on the scene of the
red to all his other residences. The deity chief- banquet. On Nero's fall he joined with Nymly worshipped at Tibur was Hercules; and in phidius Sabinus, who had succeeded Fenius
the neighborhood was the grove and temple of Rufus as praetorian prefect, in transferring the
the Sibyl Albunea, whose oracles were consult- allegiance of the soldiers to Galba. The people
ed from the most ancient times. Vid. ALBU- clamorously demanded his death. During the
NEA. The surrounding country produced ex- brief reign of Galba his life was spared, but on
cellent olives, and also contained some celebra- the accession of Otho he was compelled to put
ted stone quarries. There was a road from  an end to his own life.
Rome leading to Tibur, called Via Tiburtina,  TIGELLIUS HFERMOGENES. Vid. HERMOGENES.
which was continued from the town under the  TIGRANES (Ttyp(ivr), kings of Armenia. 1.
name of theViaValeria, past Corfinium to Adria. Reigned B.C. 96-56 or 55. He united under
TiCHIS or TECUM. Vid. TEcurn.           his sway not only all Armenia, but several of
TICHIUSSA (Tetitovaaa), a fortress in the ter- the neighboring provinces, such as Atropatene
ritory of Miletus.                        and Gordyene, and thus raised himself to a deTIciNUM (Ticinensis: now Pavia), a town of gree of power far superior to that enjoyed by
the Laevi, or, according to others, of the Insu- any of his predecessors. He assumed the pompbres, in Gallia Cisalpina, on the left bank of the ous title of king of kings, and always appeared
Ticinus. It was subsequently a Roman muni- in public accompanied by some of his tributary
cipium; but it owed its greatness to the Lor- princes as attendants. His power was also
bard kings, who made it the capital of their do- greatly strengthened by his alliance with Mithminions. The Lombards gave it the name of radates the Great, king of Pontus, whose daugh893




TIGIRANES.                                 TIM EUS.
ter Cleopatra he had married at an early period Tigranes on a height by the River Nicephorius,
of his reign. In consequence of the dissensions in the valley between Mounts Masius and Niin the royal family of Syria, Tigranes was'en- phates. It was strongly fortified, and peopled
abled in 83 to make himself master of the whole chiefly with Macedonians and Greeks, forcibly
Syrian monarchy from the Euphrates to the removed from Cappadocia andCilicia; but, after
sea. He was now at the summit of his power, the defeat of Tigranes by Lucullus under its
and continued in the undisputed possession of walls, these people were permitted to return to
these extensive dominions for nearly fourteen their homes. The city was, at the same time,
years.  At the instigation of his son-in-law  partially destroyed; but it still remained a conMithradates, he invaded Cappadocia in 74, and siderable place.
is said to have carried off into captivity no less  TIGRIS, generally -IDos and -is (O Ttypic, genthan three hundred thousand of the inhabit- erally TiypLdoC and TiyptLo, also Tfypnc, generants, a large portion of whom he settled in his ally Tiyp7roc: now Tigris), a great river of
newly-founded capital of Tigranocerta.  Vid. Western Asia, rises from several sources on the
TIGRANOCERTA. In other respects he appears southern side of that part of the Taurus chain
to have furnished little support to Mithradates called Niphates, in Armenia, and flows southin his war against the Romans; but when the east, first through the narrow valley between
Romans haughtily demanded from him the Mount Masius and the prolongation of Mount
surrender of Mithradates, who had taken ref- Niphates, and then through the great plainwhich
uge in his dominions, he returned a peremp- is bounded on the east by the last-named chain,
tory refusal, accompanied with an express dec- till it falls into the head of the Persian Gulf,
laration of war.  Lucullus invaded Armenia after receiving the Euphrates from the west.
in 69, defeated the mighty host which Tigranes (Compare EUPHRATES.) Its other chief tribuled against him, and followed up his victory taries, all falling into its eastern side, were the
by the capture of Tigranocerta.  In the fol- NICEPHORIUS or CENTRITES, the LYcus, the CAlowing year (68) the united forces of Tigranes PRUS, the PiHYCUS, the GORGUS, SILLAS, or DEand Mithradates were again defeated by Lu- LAS, the GYNDES, and the CHoAsPES. It divided
cullus; but the mutinous disposition of the Assyria and Susiana on the east, from MesopoRoman troops prevented Lucullus from gain- tamia and Babylonia, and (at its mouth) Arabia,
ing any further advantages over the Armenian on the west. The name is sometimes applied
king, and enabled the latter not only to regain to the PASITIGRIS.
his dominions, but also to invade Cappadocia.  TIGaRINI, a tribe of the Helvetii, who joined
The arrival of Pompey (66) soon changed the the Cimbri in invading the country of the Alloface of events. Mithradates, after his final de- broges in Gaul, where they defeated the consul
feat by Pompey, once more threw himself upon L. Cassius Longinus, B.C. 107. They formed
the support of his son-in-law; but Tigranes, in the time of Caesar the most important of the
who suspected him of abetting the designs of four cantons (pagi) into which the Helvetii were
his son Tigranes, who had rebelled against his divided. It was perhaps from this people that
father, refused to receive him, while he himself the town of Tigurum (now Ziirich) derived its
hastened to make overtures of submission to name, though this name does not occur in any
Pompey. That general had already advanced ancient writer.
into the heart of Armenia under the guidance  TILPHUSIUMI (Tt2-oouVov, Ti2ovaatov, Dor.
of the young Tigranes, when the old king re- Trto6uJoaov: TTiqoroito, Dor. Tit0XatoS), a town
paired in person to the Roman camp, and, pre- in BoEotia, situated upon a mountain of the
senting himself as a suppliant before Pompey, same name, south of Lake Copais, and between
laid his tiara at his feet. By this act of humili- Coronea and HIaliartus. It derived its name
ation he at once conciliated the favor of the con- from the fountain Tilphfisa, which was sacred
queror, who treated him in a friendly manner, to Apollo, and where Tiresias is said to have
and left him in possession of Armenia Proper been buried.
with the title of king, depriving him only of the  TIMEUS (Tuyatof). 1. The historian, was the
provinces of Sophene and Gordyene, which he son of Andromachus, tyrant of Tauromenium,
erected into a separate kingdom for his son Ti- in Sicily. Timaeus attained the age of ninetygranes. The elder monarch was so overjoyed at six; and though we do not know the exact date
obtaining these unexpectedly favorable terms, either of his birth or death, we can not be far
that he not only paid the sum of six thousand wrong in placing his birth in B.C. 352, and his
talents demanded by Pompey, but added a large death in 256. Timaius received instruction
sum as a donation to his army, and continued from Philiscus, the Milesian, a disciple of Isocever after the steadfast friend ofthe Roman gen- rates; but we have no further particulars of
eral. He died in 56 or 55, and was succeeded his life, except that lie was banished from Sicily
by his son Artavasdes.-2. Son of Artavasdes, by Agathocles, and passed his exile at Athens,
and grandson of the preceding. He was living where he had lived fifty years when he wrote
an exile at Rome, when a party of his country- the thirty-fourth book of his history. The great
men, discontented with the rule of his elder work of Timaeus was a history of Sicily from
brother, Artaxias, sent to request that he should the earliest times to 264, in which year Polybius
be placed on the throne. To this Augustus as- commences the introduction to his work. This
sented, and Tiberius was charged with the duty history was one of great extent. We have a
of accomplishing it, a task which he effected quotation from the thirty-eighth book, and there
apparently without opposition (B.C. 20).  were probably many books after this. The value'
TIGRANOCERTA (Ta Ttypav6cEpTa and T Tmyp., and authority of Timaeus as an historian have
i. e., in Armenian, the City of Tigranes: ruins been most vehemently attacked by Polybius in
at Sert), the later capital of Armenia, built by many parts of his work. Most of the charges
894




TIMAGENES.                               TIMESITHEUS.
of Polybius appear to have been well founded; was finally given up at his own instigation.
but he has not only omitted to mention some But instead of a trial, which he bad expected,
of the peculiar excellences of Timteus, but has he was sent with the other culprits to Corinth
even regarded these excellences as deserving by Pausanias, and there put to death.]
the severest censure. Thus it was one of the  TIMIANTHES (TtzdvOgF), a celebrated Greek
great merits of Timeus, for which he is loudly painter at Sicyon, contemporary with Zeuxis
denounced by Polybius, that he attempted to and Parrhasius, about B.C. 400. The mastergive the myths in their simplest and most gen- piece of Timanthes was his celebrated picture
uine form, as related by the most ancient writ- of the sacrifice of Iphigenia, in which Agamemers. Timaus, also, collected the materials of non was painted with his face hidden in his
his history with the greatest diligence and care, mantle. The ancient critics tell us that the
a fact which even Polybius is obliged to admit. picture showed Iphigenia standing by the altar,
He likewise paid very great attention to chro- surrounded, among the assistants, by Calchas,
nology, and was the first writer who introduced whose prophetic voice had demanded her sacrithe practice of recording events by Olympiads, fice, and whose hand was about to complete it;
which was adopted by almost all subsequent Ulysses, who had brought her from her home,
writers of Greek history. The fragments of and Menelaus, her father's brother, all manifestTimreus have been collected by Goller, in his ing different degrees of grief, so that, when the
De Sitzr et Origine Syracusarum, Lips., 1818, and artist had painted the sorrow of Calchas, and
by Car. and Theod. Muller, in the Fragmenta the deeper sorrow of Ulysses, and had added all
Historic. Grac., Paris, 1841. -2. Of Locri, in his powers to express the woe of Menelaus, his
Italy, a Pythagorean philosopher, is said to have resources were exhausted, and, unable to give
been a teacher of Plato. There is an extant a powerful expression to the agony of the father,
work, bearing his name, written in the Doric he covered his head with a veil. But this is
dialect, and entitled nrepi bvxidg Ic6aov icai uJtLog: clearly not the reason why Timanthes hid the
but its genuineness is very doubtful, and it is face of Agamemnon.  The critics ascribe to
in all probability nothing more than an abridg- impotence what was the forbearance of judgment of Plato's dialogue of Timceus. The best ment. Timanthes felt like a father: he did not
edition is by Gelder, Leyden, 1836.- 3. The hide the face of Agamemnon because it was
Sophist, wrote a Lexicon to Plato, addressed to beyond the possibility, but because it was bea certain Gentianus, which is still extant. The yond the dignity of expression.  If he made
time at which he lived is quite uncertain. He Agamemnon bear his calamity as a man, he
is usually placed in the third century of the made him also feel it as a man. It became the
Christian era, which produced so many ardent leader of Greece to sanction the ceremony with
admirers of the Platonic philosophy, such as his presence, but it did not become the father to
Porphyry, Longinus, Plotinus, &c. The Lexi- see his daughter beneath the dagger's point.
con is very brief, and bears the title TtyFaiov  [TIMASION (Ttaowv), a Dardanian, served unaoeLvTTo V fir -Tyv ro-S iItHldovof;2isEov. It is evi- der Clearchus in Asia, and afterward joined the
dent that the work has received several inter- expedition of the younger Cyrus against Artapolations, especially in explanations of words xerxes. After the arrest and murder of the
occurring in Herodotus. But it is one of great generals by Tissaphernes, Timasion was chosen
value, and the explanations of words are some in the place of Clearchus, and he and Xenophon,
of the very best which have come down to us as the youngest, had command of the rear.
from the ancient grammarians. It has been ed- When the army had reached Cotyora, he enited by Ruhnken, Leyden, 1754, and again, Ley- deavored to extort money as well as the means
den, 1789; and by Koch, Leipzig, 1828 and 1833. of conveyance from some of the neighboring
TIMIAGcGNES (TtuaySvf), a rhetorician and a cities by the report of Xenophon's intention to
historian, was a native of Alexandrea, from  found a city in Pontus, but was foiled by Xenwhich place he was carried as a prisoner to ophon's refusing to lend himself to his designs.
Rome, where he was first employed as a slave Timasion, in the subsequent movements, continin menial offices, but being liberated by Faustus ued with Xenophon until they crossed over into
Sulla, the son of the dictator, he opened a school Europe, and also entered with him into the servof rhetoric, in which he taught with great suc- ice of Seuthes. After this he probably returncess. (Comp. Hor., Ep., i., 19, 15.) The Em- ed to Asia with the army, when it entered the
peror Augustus induced him to write a history Spartan service under Thimbron.]
of his exploits; but having offended Augustus  TIMIvUS (now Timavo), a small river in the
by sarcastic remarks upon his family, he was north of Italy, forming the boundary between
forbidden the palace; whereupon he burned his Istria and Venetia, and falling into the Sinus
historical works, gave up his rhetorical school, Tergestinus in the Adriatic, between Tergeste
and retired from Rome to the house of his and Aquileia. This river is frequently celefriend Asinius Pollio at Tusculum. He after- brated by the poets and other ancient writers,
ward went to the East, and died at Dabanum in who speak of its numerous sources, its lake,
Mesopotamia.                              and its subterraneous passage; but these ac[TIMAGENIDAS(TrayevGida or-ticg), aTheban, counts seem, to a great extent, fabulous.
son of Herpys, advised Mardonius in his inva-  [TIMESIAS (Ttuowgia), or TIMESIUS (Tt/rajiof),
sion of Greece to occupy the passes of Mount of Clazomenae, was the first founder of the colCithweron, so as to cut off the re-enforcements ony of Abdera in Thrace. He was expelled by
and supplies that were coming through them to the Thracians, but was afterward worshipped
the Greeks. After the battle of Plateas, his sur- as a hero at Abdera by the Teians, who foundrender (with that of the other Theban traitors ed a second colony at that place.]
to the national cause) was demanded, and he  [TIIESITHEUS (T/TaiuiOeoq), a Trapezuntian,
895




TIMOCLES.                                 TIMOLEON.
proxenus of the Mossynoci, sent by the Greeks Timaenetus and Demariste, belonged to one of
under Xenophon to treat with the Mossynceci the noblest families at Corinth. His early life
about a passage through their territory: in an was stained by a dreadful deed of blood. We
interview between the magistrates of the Mos- are told that so ardent was his love of liberty,
synmeci and the Greek generals, Timesitheus act- that when his brother Timophanes endeavored
ed as interpreter.]                       to make himself tyrant of their native city, TiTIMOCLES (TtyoKsif), a distinguished Athe- moleon murdered him rather than allow him to
nian comic poet of the Middle Comedy, who destroy the liberty of the state. The murder
lived at a period when the revival of political was perpetrated just before an embassy arrived
energy, in consequence of the encroachments from several of the Greek cities of Sicily, begof Philip, restored to the Middle Comedy much ging the Corinthians to send assistance to the
of the vigor and real aim of the Old. He is con- island, which was distracted by internal dissenspicuous for the freedom with which he dis- sions, and was expecting an invasion of the
cussed public men and measures, as well as for Carthaginians. It is said that the Corinthians
the number of his dramas' and the purity of his were at the very moment of the arrival of the
style. He flourished from about the middle of Sicilians deliberating respecting Timoleon's act,
the fourth century B.C. till after 324, so that at and had not come to any decision respecting it 
the beginning of his career he was in part con- and that they avoided the difficulty of a decision
temporary with Antiphanes, and at the end of by appointing him to the command of the Sicilit with Menander. [The fragments of his Com- ian expedition, with the singular provision, that
edies are edited by Meineke in the Comic. Grcec. if he conducted himself justly in the command,
Frag-m., vol. ii., 798-811, edit. minor.]  they would regard him as a tyrannicide, and
[TIMOCRATES (Ti.tocpdrgr^). 1. A Lacedaemo- honor him accordingly; but if otherwise, they
nian, one of the three counsellors sent to assist would punish him as a fratricide. To whatever
Cnemnus after his first defeat by Phormion in causes Timoleon owed his appointment, his exthe Corinthian Gulf in B.C. 429. In the second traordinary success more than justified the conbattle there, shortly after, Timocrates having fidence which had been reposed in him. His
had the vessel, on board which he himself was, history reads almost like a romance; and yet
sunk by an Athenian galley, slew himself, and of the main facts of the narrative we can not
his body was washed into the harbor of Naupac- entertain any reasonable doubt. Although the
tus.-2. An Athenian, was one of the commis- Corinthians had readily assented to the requests
sioners for concluding the fifty years'truce be- of the Sicilians in the appointment of a comtween Athens and Sparta in B.C. 421, and also mander, they were not prepared to make many
the separate treaty between these states in the sacrifices in their favor, and accordingly it was
same year. —3. An Athenian, in B.C. 406, was only with ten triremes and seven hundred mera member of the Council of Five Hundred, be- cenaries that Timoleon sailed fiom Corinth to
fore which the generals who had conquered at repel the Carthaginians, and restore order to the
Arginusas gave in their account. (Perhaps the Sicilian cities. He reached Sicily in B.C. 344,
same as No. 2.)-4. A Rhodian, who was sent and straightway marched against Syracuse, of
into Greece by the satrap Tithraustes in B.C. two quarters of which he obtained possession.
395, taking with him fifty talents wherewith to In the following spring(343), Dionysius, despairbribe the leading men in the several states to ing of success, surrendered the citadel to Tiexcite a war against Sparta at home, and so to moleon, on condition of his being allowed to decompel the return of Agesilaus from his vic- part in safety to Corinth.  Vid. DIONYSIus.
torious career in Asia. Plutarch calls him Her- Timoleon soon afterward obtained possession of
mocrates.-5. A Lacedaemonian, was one of the the whole of Syracuse. He destroyed the citaambassadors who were sent to Athens in B.C. del, which had been for so many years the seat
369 to settle the terms of alliance between the and bulwark of the power of the tyrants, and
Athenians and the Spartans.-6. A Syracusan, restored the democratical form of government.
who commanded a squadron of twelve galleys He then proceeded to expel the tyrants from the
sent by Dionysius the younger to the aid of other Greek cities of Sicily, but was interruptSparta in B.C. 366. The arrival of this force ed in this undertaking by a formidable invasion
enabled the Spartans to reduce Sellasia, which of the Carthaginians, who landed at Lilybarum
had revolted from them.]                  in 339, with an immense army, under the comTIMOCRiON (TiyoKpeuwv), of Rhodes, a lyric mand of Hasdrubal and Harnilcar, consisting of
poet, celebrated for the bitter and pugnacious seventy thousand foot and ten thousand horse.
spirit of his works, and especially for his attacks Such an overwhelming force struck the Greeks
on Themistocles and Simonides. He was a na- with consternation and dismay. So great was
tive of Ialysus in Rhodes, whence he was ban- their alarm, that Timoleon could only induce
ished on the then common charge of an inclina- twelve thousand men to march with him against
tion toward Persia (/,i/6.ioc); and in this ban- the Carthaginians. But with this small force
ishment he was left neglected by Themistocles, he gained a brilliant victory over the Cartlhaginwho had formerly been his friend, and his con- ians on the river Crimissus (339.) This vicnection by the ties of hospitality. Timocreon tory justly ranks as one of the greatest gained
was still flourishing after B.C. 471, since one by Greeks over barbarians. The booty which
of his poems, of which we have a fragment, Timoleon acquired was prodigious; and some
was an attack upon Themistocles after the exile of the richest of the spoils he sent to Corinth
of the latter. It appears that Timocreon was and other cities in Greece, thus diffusing the
a man of prodigious strength, which he sustain- glory of his victory throughout the mother courned by great voracity.                     try. Timoleon now resolved to carry into exeTIMOL ON (TqLto2owv), son of Timodemus or cution his project of expelling all the tyrants
896




TIMOMACHUS.                                TIMOTHEUS.
from Sicily. Of these, two of the most power- ened circumstances, he spent some time on the
ful, Hicetas of Leontini, and Mamercus of Ca- Hellespont and the Propontis, and taught at
tana, had recourse to the Carthaginians for as- Chalcedon as a sophist with such success that
sistance, who sent Gisco to Sicily with a fleet he realized a fortune. He then removed to
of seventy ships and a body of Greek mercena- Athens, where he passed the remainder of his
ries. Although Gisco gained a few successes life, with the exception of a short residence at
at first, the war was, upon the whole, favorable Thebes. He died at the age of almost ninety.
to Timoleon, and the Carthaginians were there- Timon appears to have been endowed by nature
fore glad to conclude a treaty with the latter in with a powerful and active mind, and with that
338, by which the River Halycus was fixed as quick perception of the follies of men which bethe boundary of the Carthaginian and Greek trays its possessor into a spirit of universal disdominions in Sicily.  It was during the war trust both of men and truths, so as to make him
with Gisco that Hicetas fell into the hands of a skeptic in philosophy and a satirist in every
Timoleon, and was massacred by his order. His thing. He wrote numerous works both in prose
wife and daughters were carried to Syracuse, and poetry. The most celebrated of his poems
where they were executed by the people, as a were the satiric compositions called Silli (aisatisfaction to the manes of Dion, whose wife Oct), a word of somewhat doubtful etymology,
Arete and sister Aristomache had both been put but which undoubtedly describes metrical comto death by Hicetas. This is one of the greatest positions of a character at once ludicrous and
stains upon Timoleon's character, as he might sarcastic.  The invention of this species of
easily have saved these unfortunate women if poetry is ascribed to Xenophanes of Colophon.
he had chosen. After the treaty between the Vid. XENOPHANES. The Silli of Tinon were in
Carthaginians and Timoleon, Mamercus, being three books, in the first of which he spoke in his
unable to maintain himself in Catana, fled to own person, and the other two are in the form
Messana, where he took refuge with Hippon, of a dialogue between the author and Xenophatyrant of that city. Timoleon quickly followed, nes of Colophon, in which Timon proposed quesand besieged Messana so vigorously by sea and tions, to which Xenophanes replied at length.
land, that Hippon, despairing of holding out, The subject was a sarcastic account of the tenattempted to escape by sea, but was taken and ets of all philosophers, living and dead; an unput to death in the public theatre. Mamercus bounded field for skepticism and satire. They
now surrendered, stipulating only for a public were in hexameter verse, and, from the way in
trial before the Syracusans, with the condition which they are mentioned by the ancient writthat Timoleon should not appear as his accuser. ers, as well as from the few fragments of them
But as soon as he was brought into the assem- which have come down to us, it is evident that
bly at Syracuse, the people refused to hear him, they were very admirable productions of their
and unanimouslycondemnedhim to death. Thus kind. The fragments of his poems are collected
almost all the tyrants were expelled from the by Wolke, De Grcecorum Sillis, Varsav., 1820;
Greek cities in Sicily, and a democratical form  and by Paul, Dissertatio de Sillis, Berol., 1821.of government established in their place. Ti- 2. The Misanthrope (6 /iadvOpor-oS), lived in the
moleon, however, was in reality the ruler of Si- time of the Peloponnesian war. He was an
cily, for all the states consulted him on every Athenian, of the demos of Colyttus, and his
matter of importance; and the wisdom of his father's name was Echecratides.  In conserule is attested by the flourishing condition of quence of the ingratitude he experienced, and
the island for several years even after his death. the disappointments he suffered from his early
He did not, however, assume any title or office, friends and companions, he secluded himself enbut resided as a private citizen among the Syr- tirely from the world, admitting no one to his
acusans. Timoleon died in 337, having become society except Alcibiades, in whose reckless and
blind a short time before his death. He was variable disposition he probably found pleasure
buried at the public expense in the market-place in tracing and studying an image of the world
at Syracuse, where his monument was after- he had abandoned; and at last he is said to have
ward surrounded with porticoes and a gymna- died in consequence of refusing to suffer a surslum, which was called after him the Timoleon- geon to come to him to set a broken limb. One
teum. Annual games were also instituted in of Lucian's pieces bears his name.
his honor.                                 [TIMOPHANES (TtlioodvnC), the brother of TiTIMOMACHUs (TtzzOeaXooS), a distinguished moleon. Vid. TIMOLEON.]
painter of Byzantium, lived in the time of Ju-  TIM6OTHEUS (Tqo6Oeoc). 1. Son of Conon, the
lius Caesar (according to Pliny), who purchased famous general, was himself a distinguished
two of his pictures, the Ajax and Medea, for the Athenian general. He was first appointed to
immense sum of eighty Attic talents, and ded- a public command in B.C. 378, and from this
icated them in the temple of Venus Genitrix. time his name frequently occurs as one of the
It has been supposed, however, by some mod- Athenian generals down to 356. In this year
ern writers, that Timomachus lived at an ear- he was associated with Iphicrates, Menestheus,
lier period.                              and Chares in the command of the Athenian
TIMON (Tiyfov). 1. The son of Timarchusof fleet. In consequence of his conduct in this
Phlius, a philosopher of the sect of the Skeptics, war, he was arraigned in 354, and condemned
flourished in the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, to the crushing fine of one hundred talents
about B.C. 279, and onward. He first studied (more than ~24,000). Being unable to pay the
philosophy at Megara, under Stilpon, and then fine, he withdrew to Chalcis in Eubmea, where
returned home and married. He next went to he died shortly after.  The Athenians subElis with his wife, and heard Pyrrhon, whose sequently remitted nine tenths of the penalty,
tenets he adopted. Driven from Elis by strait- and allowed his son Conon to expend the re57                                                              897




TINA.                                  TIRESIAS.
mainder on the repair of the walls, which the of the Vedra, marking the eastern termination
famous Conon had restored. —2. Son of Clear- of the wall of Hadrian.]
chus, the tyrant of Heraclea on the Euxine,  TINGIS (5 Tiyytl: now Tangier), a city of
whom he succeeded in the sovereignty B.C. Mauretania, on the southern coast of the Fre353. There is extant a letter addressed to him turnm Gaditanumn (now Straits of Gibraltar), was
by Isocrates.-3. A celebrated musician and a place of very great antiquity. It was made
poet of the later Athenian dithyramb, was a by Augustus a free city, and by Claudius a colnative of Miletus, and the son of Thersander. ony, and the capital of Mauretania Tingitana.
He was born B.C. 446, and died in 357, in the  TINiA (now Timia), a small river in Umbria,
ninetieth year of his age. Of the details of his rising near Spoletium, and falling into the Tilife we have very little information. He was ber after receiving the Clitumnus.
at first unfortunate in his professional efforts.  [TIPH.E   Vid. SIPHIE.]
Even the Athenians, fond as they were of nov-  [TiPHYS (TVfv-), son of Hagnius, or, according
elty, were offended at the bold innovations of to others, of Phorbas, born at Tiphas or Siphae
Timotheus, and hissed off his performance. On in Bceotia, or at Aphormium, in the territory of
this occasion it is said that Euripides encour- the Thespians, was the pilot of the Argo, but
aged Timotheus by the prediction that he would died before the Argonauts reached Colchis.]
soon have the theatres at his feet. This predic-  TIRESIAS (TetLpaiag), a Theban, son of Eution appears to have been accomplished in the eres and Chariclo, was one of the most renownvast popularity which Timotheus afterward en- ed soothsayers in all antiquity. He was blind
joyed. The Ephesians rewarded him, for his from his seventh year, but lived to a very old
dedicatory hymn to Diana (Artemis), with the age. It was believed that his blindness was
sum of one thousand pieces of gold; and the last occasioned by his having revealed to men things
accomplishment by which the education of the which they ought not to have known, or by his
Arcadian youth was finished, was learning the having seen Athena while she was bathing, on
nomes of Timotheus and Philoxenus. Timo- which occasion the goddess deprived him of
theus is said to have died in Macedonia.  He sight by sprinkling water upon his face. Chari:
delighted in the most artificial and intricate do prayed to Minerva (Athena) to restore his
forms of musical expression, and he used in- sight, but as the goddess was unable to do this,
strumental music, without a vocal accompani- she conferred upon him the power of undermnent, to a greater- extent than any previous standing the voices of birds, and gave him a
composer. Perhaps the most important of his staff, with the help of which he could walk as
innovations, as the means of introducing all safely as if he had his eyesight. Another trathe others, was his addition to the number of dition accounts for his blindness in the followthe strings of the cithara. Respecting the pre- ing manner. Once, when on Mount Citharon
cise nature of that addition the ancient writers (others say Cyllene), he saw a male and a feare not agreed; but it is most improbable, from  male serpent together; he struck at them with
the whole evidence, that the lyre of Timotheus his staff, and as he happened to kill the female,
had eleven strings. It is said that, when Timo- he himself was metamorphosed into a woman.
theus visited Sparta, and entered the musical Seven years later he again saw two serpents,
contest at Carnea, one of the ephors snatched and now killing the male, he again became a
away his lyre, and cut from it the strings, four man. It was for this reason that Jupiter (Zeus)
in number, by which it exceeded the seven- and Juno (Hera), when disputing whether a man
stringed lyre of Terpander, and, as a memorial or a woman had more enjoyments, referred the
of this public vindication of the ancient simplic- matter to Tiresias, who declared that women
ity of music, and for a warning to future inno- enjoyed more pleasure than men. Juno (Hera),
vators, the Lacedaemonians hung up the muti- indignant at the answer, deprived him of sight,
lated lyre of Timotheus in their Scias. With but Jupiter (Zeus) gave him the power of prophregard to the subjects of his compositions, and ecy, and granted him a life which was to last
the manner in which he treated them, we have for seven or nine generations. In the war of
abundant evidence that he even went beyond the Seven against Thebes, he declared that
the other musicians of the period in the liber- Thebes should be victorious if Menceceus would
ties which he took with the ancient myths, in sacrifice himself; and during the war of the
th'e attempt to make his music imitative as well Epigoni, when the Thebans had been defeated,
as expressive, and in the confusion of the dif- he advised them to commence negotiations of
ferent departments of lyric poetry; in one word, peace, and to avail themselves of the opportuin the application of that false principle, which nity that would thus be afforded them to take
also misled his friend Euripides, that pleasure to flight. He himself fled with them (or, acis the end of poetry.-4. A distinguished flute- cording to others, he was carried to Delphi as
player of Thebes, flourished under Alexander a captive), but on his way he drank from the
the Great, on whom his music made so power- well of Tilphossa and died. His daughter Manful an impression, that once, in the midst of a to (or Daphne) was sent by the victorious Arperformance by Timotheus of an Orthian Nome gives to Delphi as a present to Apollo. Even
to Athena, Alexander started from his seat and in the lower world Tiresias was believed to reseized his arms. —5. A statuary and sculptor, tain the powers of perception, while the souls
whose country is not mentioned, but who be- of other mortals were mere shades, and there
longed to the later Attic school of the time of also he continued to use his golden staff. His
Scopas and Praxiteles. He was one of the art- tomb was shown in the neighborhood of the
ists who executed the bas-reliefs which adorned Tilphusian well near Thebes, and in Macedonia
tahe firieze of the Mausoleum, about B.C. 352.  likewise. The place near Thebes where he had
[TINA (now Tyne), a river of Britannia, north observed the birds was pointed out as a remark898




TIRIBAZUS.                             TISSAPHERNES.
able spot even in later times. The blind seer by the Delphic oracle that he should be successTiresias acts so prominent a part in the myth- ful in five great conflicts. Supposing this to be
ical history of Greece that there is scarcely any a promise of distinction as an athlete, he deevent with which he is not connected in some voted himself to gymnastic exercises; but the
way or other; and this introduction of the seer Spartans, understanding the oracle to refer, not
in so many occurrences separated by long in- to gymnastic, but to military victories, made
tervals of time, was facilitated by the belief in great offers to Tisamenus to induce him to take
his long life.                            with their kings the joint command of their ar[TIRIBAZUS (Ttpie6ago). Vid. TERIBAZUS.]  mies. This he refused to do on any terms short
TIRlDATES or TERIDA.TES (Typtidr7/). 1. The of receiving the full franchise of their city, which
second king of Parthia. Vid. ARSACES II.-2. the Spartans eventually granted. He was presKing of Armenia, and brother of Vologeses I. ent with the Spartans at the battle of Plataes,
(Arsaces, No. 23), king of Parthia.  He was B.C. 379, which was the first of the five conmade King of Armenia by his brother, but was flicts referred to by the oracle. The second
driven out of the kingdom by Corbulo, the Ro- was with the Argives and Tegeans at Tegea;
man general, and finally received the Arme- the third, with the Arcadians at Dipaea; the
nian crown from Nero at Rome in A.D. 63.  fourth was the third Messenian War (465-455);
TIRO, M. TULLYUS, the freedman of Cicero, to and the last was the battle of Tanagra, with the
whom he was an object of tender affection. He Athenians and their allies, in 457.
appears to have been a man of very amiable dis-  TISIA (Tisiates, pl.), a town in Bruttium, in
position and highly-cultivated intellect. He was the Sila Silva, of uncertain site.
not only the amanuensis of the orator, and his  [TISIAS, of Syracuse, one of the earliest writassistant in literary labor, but was himself an ers on rhetoric, a pupil of Corax, who was said to
author of no mean reputation, and notices of have invented the rhetorical art. Vid. CoRAX.]
several works from his pen have been preserved  TISICRATES, an eminent Greek statuary of the
by ancient writers. It is supposed by many school of Lysippus, to whose works those of
that Tiro was the chief agent in bringing to- Tisicrates so nearly approached that many of
gether and arranging the works of his illustri- them were scarcely to be distinguished from the
ous patron, and in preserving his correspond- works of the master.
ence from being dispersed and lost. After the  TISIPHONE. Vid. EUMENIDES.
death of Cicero, Tiro purchased a farm in the  TISSA (Tissiensis, Tissinensis), a town in Sineighborhood of Puteoli, where he lived until cily north of Mount -Etna.
he reached his hundredth year. It is usually  TISSAPHERNES (TtaaaEopvf), a famous Perbelieved that Tiro was the inventor of the art sian, who was appointed satrap of Lower Asia
of short-hand writing among the Romans; and in B.C. 414.  He espoused the cause of the
hence abbreviations of this description, which Spartans in the Peloponnesian war, but he did
are common in MSS. from the sixth century not give them any effectual assistance, since his
downward, have very generally been designa- policy was not to allow either Spartans or Atheted by the learned as Notce Tironianz.    nians to gain the supremacy, but to exhaust
TIRYNS (Tipvv~, -vvOof: TLtpvOtog), an ancient the strength of both parties by the continuance
town in Argolis, southeast of Argos, and one of of the war. His plans, however, were thwarted
the most ancient in all Greece, is said to have by the arrival of Cyrus in Asia Minor in 407.
been founded by Pretus, the brother of Acris- This prince supplied the Lacedremonians with
ins, who built the massive walls of the city with cordial and effectual assistance. Tissaphernes
the help of the Cyclopes. Prcetus was succeed- and Cyrus were not on good terms; and after
ed by Perseus; and it was here that Hercules the death of Darius, they were engaged in conwas brought up. Hence we find his mother Alc- tinual disputes about the cities in the satrapy
mena called Tirynthia, and the hero himself Ti- of the former, over which Cyrus claimed dominrynthius. Homer represents Tiryns as subject ion. The ambitious views of Cyrus toward the
to Argos; the town was at a later time destroyed throne at length became manifest to Tissapherby the Argives, and most of the inhabitants nes, who lost no time in repairing to the king
were removed to Argos. Tiryns was built upon with information of the danger. At the battle
a hill of small extent, rising abruptly from the of Cunaxa in 401, he was one of the four gendead level of the surrounding country. The re- erals who commanded the army of Artaxerxes,
mains of the city are some of the most interest- and his troops were the only portion of the left
ing in all Greece, and are, with those of Myce- wing that was not put to flight by the Greeks.
ne, the most ancient specimens of what is called When the ten thousand had begun their retreat,
Cyclopian architecture. They consist of masses Tissaphernes professed his great anxiety to
of enormous stones, rudely piled in tiers above serve them, and promised to conduct them
one another.                              home in safety. In the course of the march
TISAMENUS (Twaapev6o.) 1. Son of Orestes he treacherously arrested Clearchus and four
and Hermione, was king of Argos, but was de- of the other generals, who were put to death.
prived of his kingdom when the Heraclide in- After this, Tissaphernes annoyed and harassed
vaded Peloponnesus. He was slain in a battle the Greeks in their march, without, however,
against the Heraclidae, and his tomb was after- seriously impeding it, till they reached the Carward shown at Helice, from which place his re- duchian Mountains, at which point he gave up
mains were subsequently removed to Sparta by the pursuit. Not long after, Tissaphernes, as a
command of an oracle.-2. Son of Thersander reward for his great services, was invested by
and Demonassa, was king of Thebes, and the the king, in addition to his own satrapy, with
father of Autesion.-3. An Elean soothsayer, all the authority which Cyrus had enjoyed in
of the family of the Clytiadte. He was assured Western Asia. On his arrival he claimed do899




TITANES.                              TITUS FLAVIUS.
minion over the Ionian cities, which applied to guard them. It must be observed that the fight
Sparta for aid. Their request was granted, and of the Titans is sometimes confounded by anthe Spartans carried on war against Tissapher- cient writers with the fight of the Gigantes.nes with success for some years under the com- 2. The name Titans is also given to those dimand successively of Thimbron, Dercyllidas, vine or semi-divine beings who were descended
and Agesilaus (400-395). The continued want from the Titans, such as Prometheus, Hecate,
of success on the part of Tissaphernes led to Latona, Pyrrha, and especially Helios (the Sun)
grievous complaints against him; and the and Selene (the Moon) as the children of Hypecharges were transmitted to court, where they rion and Thia, and even the descendants of
were backed by all the influence of Parysatis, Helios, such as Circe.
eager for revenge on the enemy of Cyrus, her  TITARESIUS (Tirapoutof now Elassoniltko or
favorite son. The result was, that Tithraustes Xeraghi), a river of Thessaly, also called Eurowas commissioned by the king to put Tissapher- pus, rising in Mount Titarus, flowing through
nes to death and to succeed him in his govern- the country of the Perrhmbi, and falling into the
ment, which was accordingly done (395).   Peneus southeast of Phalanna. Its waters were
TITANES (TtraveC, sing. TLrdv, Ion. TtrTvre: impregnated with an oily substance, whence it
fern. Tlravlidf, sing. Ttravif). 1. The sons and was said to be a branch of the infernal Styx.
daughters of Ccelus (Uranus) and Terra (Ge),  TITHNUI (TL0uv6W), son of Laomedon and
originally dwelt in heaven, whence they are Strymo, and brother of Priam. By. the prayers
called Ovpavicvec or Ovpavidea.  They were of Eos (Aurora), who loved him, he obtained
twelve in number, six sons and six daughters,,from the gods immortality, but not eternal youth,
namely, Oceanus, Cceus, Crius, Hyperion, Iap- in consequence of which he completely shrunk
etus, Cronus, Thia, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, together in his old age, whence an old decrepit
Phcebe, and Tethys; but their names are dif- man was proverbially called Tithonus. As he
ferent in other accounts. It is said that Uranus could not die, Eos (Aurora) changed him into a
(Caelus), the first ruler of the world, threw his cicada.
sons, the Hecatoncheires (hundred-handed)-  TITHOREA. Vid. NEON.
Briareus, Cottys, Gyes, and the Cyclopes Ar-  TITHRAUSTES (TtOparvf7rr), a Persian, who
ges, Steropes, and Brontes - into Tartarus. succeeded Tissaphernes in his satrapy, and put
Gaea (Terra), indignant at this, persuaded the him to death by order of Artaxerxes Mnemon,
Titans to rise against their father, and gave to B.C. 395. Being unable to make peace with
Cronus (Saturn) an adamantine sickle. They Agesilaus, he sent Timocrates, the Rhodian,
did as their mother bade them, with the excep- into Greece with fifty talents, to distribute
tion of Oceanus.  Cronus (Saturn), with his among the leading men in the several states, in
sickle, unmanned his father, and threw the part order to induce them to excite a war against
into the sea: from the drops of his blood there Sparta at home.
arose the Erinyes Alecto, Tisiphone, and Me-  TITIANUS, JULIUS, a Roman writer, was the
grera. The Titans then deposed Uranus (Cce- father of the rhetorician Titianus, who taught
lus), liberated their brothers who had been the younger Maximinus. The elder Titianus
cast into Tartarus, and raised Cronus (Saturn) may therefore be placed in the reigns of Cornto the throne. But Cronus (Saturn) hurled the modus, Pertinax, and Severus. He was called
Cyclopes back into Tartarus, and married his the ape of his age, because he had imitated
sister Rhea. Having been foretold by Gea every thing. All his works are lost.
(Terra) and Uranus (Ccelus) that he should be  TITINIUS, a Roman dramatist, whose producdethroned by one of his own children, he swal- tions belonged to the department of the Comaelowed successively his children Hestia (Vesta), dia Togata, is commended by Varro on account
Demeter (Ceres), Hera (Juno), Hades (Pluto), of the skill with which he developed the charand Poseidon (Neptune). Rhea, therefore, when acters of the personages whom he brought upon
she was pregnant with Zeus (Jupiter), went to the stage. It appears that he was younger than
Crete, and gave birth to the child in the Dictean Caecilius, but older than Terence, and flourished
Cave, where he was brought up by the Curetes. about B.C. 170. The names of upward of
When Zeus (Jupiter) had grown up, he availed fourteen plays, together with a considerable
himself of the assistance of Thetis, the daugh- number of short fragments, have been preservter of Oceanus, who gave to Cronus (Saturn) ed by the grammarians.
a potion which caused him to bring up the stone  TITIUS SEPTIMIUS. FVid. SEPTIMIUS.
and the children he had swallowed. United   [TITORMUS (TiroppuoS), a herdsman of.Etolia,
with his brothers and sisters, Zeus (Jupiter) renowned for his great strength, which so far
now began the contest against Cronus (Saturn) surpassed that of the celebrated Milo of Croand the ruling Titans. This contest (usually tona, that the latter is said to have exclaimed,
called the Titanomachia) was carried on in on witnessing a display of his physical powers,
Thessaly, Cronus (Saturn) and the Titans oc- "Oh, Jupiter! hast thou begotten in this man
cupying Mount Othrys, and the sons of Cronus another Hercules for us!"]
(Saturn) Mount Olympus. It lasted ten years,  TITUS FLAVIUS SABINUS VESPASIANUS, Roman
till at length Gaea (Terra) promised victory to emperor A.D. 79-81, commonly called by his
Zeus (Jupiter) if he would deliver the Cyclopes pranomen TITUS, was the son of the Emperor
and Hecatoncheires from Tartarus. Zeus (Ju- Vespasianus and his wife Flavia Domitilla. He
piter) accordingly slew Campe, who guarded the was born on the 30th of December, A.D. 40.
Cyclopes, and the latter furnished him with When a young man he served as tribunus milthunder and lightning. The Titans then were itum in Britain and in Germany with great
overcome, and hurled down into a cavity below  credit. After having been quaestor, he had the
Tartarus, and the Hecatoncheires were set to command of a legion, and served under his
900




TITUS FLAVIUS.                                TMOLUS.
father in the Jewish wars. Vespasian returned  on the part of the benevolent emperor. In this
to Italy after he had been proclaimed emperor year he completed the great amphitheatre called
on the first of July, A.D. 69; but Titus remain- the Colosseum, which had been commenced by
ed in Palestine to prosecute the siege of Jeru- his father; and also the baths called the baths
salem, during which he showed the talents of of Titus. The dedication of these two edifices
a general with the daring of a soldier. The was celebrated by spectacles which lasted one
siege of Jerusalem was concluded by the cap- hundred days; by a naval battle in the old
ture of the place on the 8th of September, 70. naumachia, and fights of gladiators: on one day
Titus returned to Italy in the following year alone five thousand wild animals are said to
(71), and triumphed at Rome with his father. have been exhibited, a number which we may
He also received the title of Caesar, and became reasonably suspect to be exaggerated. He died
the associate of Vespasian in the government. on the thirteenth of September, 81, after a reign
His conduct at this time gave no good promise, of two years, two months, and twenty days.
and the people looked upon him as likely to be He was in the forty-first year of his age. There
another Nero. He was accused of being ex- were suspicions that he was poisoned by Domicessively addicted to the pleasures of the table, tian. There is a story that Domitian came beof indulging lustful passions in a scandalous fore Titus was dead, and ordered him to be deway, and of putting suspected persons to death serted by those about him: according to anwith very little ceremony. His attachment to other story, he ordered him to be thrown into a
Berenice, the sister of Agrippa II., also made vessel full of snow, under the pretext of cooling
him unpopular. Titus became acquainted with his fever. Titus was succeeded by his brother
her when he was in Judaea, and after the cap- Domitian. His daughter Julia Sabina was marture of Jerusalem she followed him to Rome ried to Flavius Sabinus, his cousin, the son of
with her brother Agrippa, and both of them  Flavius Sabinus, the brother of Vespasian.
lodged in the emperor's residence. It was said Titus is said to have written Greek poems and
that Titus had promised to marry Berenice, tragedies; he was very familiar with Greek.
but as this intended union gave the Romans He also wrote many letters in his father's name
great dissatisfaction, he sent her away from  during Vespasian's life, and drew up edicta.
Rome after he became emperor. Titus sue-    TITYUS (TLrv6g), son of Terra (Gea), or of
ceeded his father in 79, and his government Jupiter (Zeus) and Elara, the daughter of Orproved an agreeable surprise to those who had chomenus, was a giant in Eubeea. Instigated
anticipated a return of the times of Nero. His by Juno (Hera), he attempted to offer violence
brother Domitian was accused of having enter- to Latona (Leto) or Diana (Artemis), when she
tained designs against Titus; but, instead of passed through Panopaeus to Pytho, but he was
punishing him, Titus endeavored to win his killed by the arrows of Diana (Artemis) or Apolaffection, and urged him not to attempt to gain lo; according to others, Jupiter (Zeus) destroyby criminal means that power which he would ed him with a flash of lightning. He was then
one day have in a legitimate way. During his cast into Tartarus, and there he lay outstretchwhole reign Titus displayed a sincere desire for ed on the ground, covering nine acres, with two
the happiness of the people, and he did all that vultures or snakes devouring his liver. His dehe could to relieve them in times of distress. struction by the arrows of Diana (Artemis) and
He assumed the office of pontifex maximus aft- Apollo was represented on the throne of Apollo
er the death of his father, and with the purpose, at Amyclke.
as he declared, of keeping his hands free from  Tius or TIUM (Tiof, Tiov, also TUi'ov: now
blood; a resolution which he kept. Two patri- Tios or Tilios), a sea-port town of Bithynia, on
cians, who were convicted by the senate of a the River Billeus; a colony from Miletus, and
conspiracy against him, were pardoned, and the native place of Philetarus, the founder of
treated with kindness and confidence.  He the Pergamene kingdom.
checked all prosecutions for the crime of lasa  TLEPOLEMUS (T2rl6eroW o), son of Hercules by
majestas, and he severely punished all informers. Astyoche, daughter of Phylas, or by Astydamia,
The first year of his reign is memorable for the daughter of Amyntor. He was King of Argos,
great eruption of Vesuvius, which desolated a but after slaying his uncle Licymnius he was
large part of the adjacent country, and buried obliged to take to flight; and, in conformity with
with lava and ashes the towns of Herculaneum  the command of an oracle, he settled in Rhodes,
and Pompeii. Titus endeavored to repair the where he built the towns of Lindos, Ialysus, and
ravages of this great eruption: he sent two con- Camirus. He joined the Greeks in the Trojan
sulars with money to restore the ruined towns, war with nine ships, but was slain by Sarpedon.
and he applied to this purpose the property of  TLOS (TA;t, gen. TAd: T2LEVig, Tctirr': ruthose who had been destroyed, and had left no ins near Doover), a considerable city in the intenext of kin. At the beginning of the following rior of Lycia, about two and a half miles east
year (80) there was a great fire at Rome, which of the River Xanthus,.on the road leading over
lasted three days and three nights, and destroy- Mount Massicytus to Cibyra.
ed the Capitol, the library of Augustus, the the-  TMXRus. Vid. TOMARUS.
atre of Pompeius, and other public buildings,  TMOLUS (T/hkor), god of Mount Tmolus in
besides many houses. The emperor declared Lydia, is described as the husband of Pluto (or
that he should consider all the loss as his own, Omphale) and father of Tantalus, and is said to
and he set about repairing it with great activity; have decided the musical contest between Apolhe took even the decorations of the imperial lo and Pan.
residences, and sold them to raise money. The  TMOr.US or TIMOLUS (TyIjUoC: now Kisilja
eruption of Vesuvius was followed by a dread- Musa Dagh), a celebrated mountain of Asia
fO pestilence, which called for fresh exertions Minor, running east and west'through the cen901




TOGATA, GALLIA.                              TORQUATUS.
tre of Lydia, and dividing the plain of the Her- the ruins of a small amphitheatre and some
nmus, on the north, from that of the Cayster, on other Roman remains at the modern town.
the south. At its eastern end it joins Mount  [TOLUMNIUS, an augur among the Rutulians,
Messogis, thus entirely inclosing the valley of who distinguished himself by his bravery, was
the Cayster. On the west, after throwing out the means of preventing the completion of a
the northwestern branch called Sipylus, it runs fiiendly compact between Turnus and fEneas,
far out into the tEgean, forming, under the name and was slain in the subsequent conflict.]
of Mimas, the great Ionian peninsula, beyond  TOLUMNYUS, LAR, king of the Veientes, to
which it is still further prolonged in the island whom Fidenee revolted in B.C. 438, and at
of Chios. On its northern side are the sources whose instigation the inhabitants of Fidene
of the Pactolus and the Cogamus; on its south- slew the four Roman ambassadors who had
ern side those of the Cayster. It produced been sent to Fidenae to inquire into the reasons
wine, saffron, zinc, and gold.            of their recent conduct. Statues of these amTOGATA, GALLIA. Vid. GALLIA.            bassadors were placed on the Rostra at Rome,
TOLBIACUM (now Zulpich), a town of Gallia where they continued till a late time. In the
Belgica, on the road from Colonia Agrippina to war which followed, Tolumnius was slain in
Treviri.                                  single combat by Cornelius Cossus, who dediTOLENTINUM (Tolinas, -atis: now Tolentino), cated his spoils in the temple of Jupiter Ferea town of Picenum, on a height on the River trius, the second of the three instances in which
Flusor (now Chienie).                     the spolia opima were won.
TOLENUS or TELONIUS (now Turano), a river  T6OARUS or TIARUS (To6/apo, T/Upof: now
in the land of the Sabines, rising in the country Tomaro), a mountain in Epirus, in the district
of the Marsi and IEqui, and falling into the Molossia, between the Lake Pambotis and the
Velinus.                                  River Arachthus, near Dodona.
TOLETUM (now Toledo), the capital of the Car-  TOMEUS (Tonevrc: now Kondozoni), a mountpetani in Hispania Tarraconensis, situated on ain in Messenia, east of the promontory Corythe River Tagus, which nearly encompasses the phasium.
town, and upon seven hills. According to tra-  ToAM or T6MIS (To6ot, To6iC: TopevC, Tomidition, it was founded by Jews, who fled thither ta: now Tomiswar or Jegni Pang-ola), a town
when Jerusalem was taken by Nebuchadnezzar, of Thrace (subsequently Mcesia), situated on the
and who called it Toledoth, or the "city of gen- western shore of the Euxine, and at a later
erations." It was taken by the Romans under time the capital of Scythia Minor. According
the proconsul M. Fulvius, B.C. 192, when it is to tradition, it was called Tomi (from r-uvw,
described as a small but fortified town. It was " cut") because Medea here cut to pieces the
celebrated in ancient, as well as in modern body of her brother Absyrtus. It is said to have
times, for the manufactory of swords; but it been a colony of the Milesians. It is renowned
owed its greatness to the Gothic kings, who as the place of Ovid's banishment.
made it the capital of their dominions. It still  TOMYRIS (TS6vptg), a queen of the MassagetTe,
contains many Roman remains.              who dwelt south of the Araxes (Jaxartes), by
TOLISTOBOGI, TOLISTOBOJI (TottrTo66ytot, To- whom Cyrus was slain in battle B.C. 529.
loaro6iZot, Toitcro6c)ytot). Vid. GALATIA.  [TONGILIUS. 1. A dissolute young Roman,
[TOLMIDES (ToAuidC). 1. An Athenian gen- mentioned contemptuously by Cicero among
eral, who ravaged the coast of the Peloponne- the favorites of Catiline.-2. A lawyer under
sus in B.C. 455, burned the Spartan arsenal at Adrian, noted for his avarice, ridiculed by JuveGythium, took Naupactus, and settled there the nal.]
Messenians who left their country on its con-  [ToPAzos, an island on the western side of
quest by the Spartans. He afterward under- the Sinus Arabicus. Vid. OPIoDEs.]
took an expedition to quell a disturbance in  TORNADOTUS. Vid. PHYscUS, No. 3.
Chaeronea and Orchomenus, but was defeated  [TORONS US or TORONICUS SINUS (Topovanof,
and slain.-2. An Elean, a herald in the Greek Topwvutc6,TopovtalcifCK6Tror),ToR6ONXcus (Liv.,
army of Cyrus, considered the best herald of now Gulf of Cassandhra or Hagios-Mamos),
his day.]                                  Vid. TORONE, No. 1.]
TOLOPHON (To2orov: ToiorO(toog), also called  T6RSNE (Topdvf: TopovaZo). 1. A town of
COLOPHON (Ko?,o)6v), a town of Locris, on the Macedonia, in the district Chalcidice, and on
Corinthian Gulf.                          the southwestern side of the peninsula SithoTOLOSA (now Tolouse), a town of Gallia Nar- nia, from which the gulf between the peninsubonensis, and the capital of the Tectosages, was las Sithonia and Pallene was called Sinus Torosituated on the Garumna, near the frontiers of naicus.-[2. Vid. TORYNE.]
Aquitania. It was subsequently made a Roman  TORQUATUS, the name of a patrician family ot
colony, and was surnamed Palladia. It was a the Manlia gens. 1. T. MANLIUS IMPERIOSUS
large and wealthy town, and contained a cele- TORQUATUS, the son of L. Manlius Capitolinus
brated temple, in which great riches were de- Imperiosus, dictator B.C. 363, was a favorite
posited. In this temple there is said to have hero of Roman story. Manlius is said to have
been preserved a great part of the booty taken been dull of mind in his youth, and was brought
by Brennus from the temple at Delphi. The up by his father in the closest retirement in the
town and temple were plundered by the consul country. When the tribune M. Pomponius acQ. Servilius Caepio in B.C. 106; but the sub- cused the elder Manlius in B.C. 362, on aesequent destruction of his army and his own count of the cruelties he had practiced in hiis
unhappy fate were regarded as a divine punish- dictatorship, he endeavored to excite an odiuml
ment for his sacrilegious act. Hence arose the against him by representing him at the same
proverb Airum Tolosanumn habet. There are time as a cruel and tyrannical father. As soo.n
902




TORQUATUS.                               TRACHONITIS.
as the younger Manlius heard of this, he hur- sation against P. Sulla, whom he now charged
ried to Rome, obtained admission to Pomponius'with having been a party to both of Catiline's
early in the morning, and compelled the trib- conspiracies. Sulla was defended by Hortenune, by threatening him with instant death if sius and by Cicero in a speech which is still
he did not take the oath, to swear that he would extant. Torquatus, like his father, belonged to
drop the accusation against his father. In 361 the aristocratical party, and accordingly opposed
Manlius served under the dictator T. Quintius Caesar on the breaking out of the civil war in
Pennus in the war against the Gauls, and in 49. He was praetor in that year, and was stathis campaign earned immortal glory by slaying tioned at Alba with six cohorts.  He subsein single combat a gigantic Gaul. From the quently joined Pompey in Greece, and in the
dead body of the barbarian he took the chain following year (48) he had the command of Ori(torques) which had adorned him, and placed it cum intrusted to him, but was obliged to suraround his own neck; and from this circum- render both himself and the town to Caesar,
stance he obtained the surname of Torquatus. who, however, dismissed Torquatus uninjured.
He was dictator in 353, and again in 349. He After the battle of Pharsalia Torquatus went to
was also three times consul, namely, in 347, Africa, and upon the defeat of his party in that
344, and in 340. In the last of these years country in 46 he attempted to escape to Spain
Torquatus and his colleague P. Decius Mus along with Scipio and others, but was taken
gained the great victory over the Latins at the prisoner by P. Sittius at Hippo Regius, and
foot of Vesuvius, which established forever the slain together with his companions. Torquatus
supremacy of Rome over Latium. Vid. DECIUS. was well acquainted with Greek literature, and
Shortly before the battle, when the two armies is praised by Cicero as a man well trained in
were encamped opposite to one another, the every kind of learning. He belonged to the
consuls published a proclamation that no Ro- Epicurean school of philosophy, and is introman should engage in single combat with a duced by Cicero as the advocate of that school
Latin on pain of death. Notwithstanding this in his dialogue De Finibus, the first book of
proclamation, the young Manlius, the son of the which is called Torquatus in Cicero's letters to
consul, provoked by the insults of a Tusculan Atticus.-6. A. MANLIUS TORQUATUS, pretor in
noble of the name of Mettius Geminus, accept- 52, when he presided at the trial of Milo for
ed his challenge, slew his adversary, and bore bribery. On the breaking out of the civil war
the bloody spoils in triumph to his father. Death he espoused the side of Pompey, and after the
was his reward. The consul would not over- defeat of the latter retired to Athens, where he
look this breach of discipline, and the unhappy was living in exile in 45. He was an intimate
youth was executed by the lictor in presence of friend of Cicero, who addressed four letters to
the assembled army. This severe sentence him while he was in exile.
rendered Torquatus an object of detestation  TORQUATUS SILANUS. Vid. SILANUS.
among the Roman youths as long as he lived;  [TORYNE (Topvv?) or TORONE (Toptdvq, near
and the recollection of his severity was pre- Perga), a haven in Thesprotia, where the fleet
served in after ages by the expression lManliana of Augustus was moored for a short time preimperia.-2. T. MANLIU TORQUATUS, consul B.C. vious to the battle of Actium.]
235, when he conquered the Sardinians; cen-  TOXANDR, a people in GalliaBelgica, between
sor 231, and consul a second time in 224. He the Menapii and Morini, on the right bank of
possessed the hereditary sternness and severity the Scaldis.
of his family; and we find him opposing in the  TRABEA, Q., a Roman comic dramatist, who
senate the ransom of those Romans who had occupies the eighth place in the canon of Volbeen taken prisoners at the fatal battle of Can- catius Sedigitus. Vid. SEDIGITUS. The perinee. In 217 he was sent into Sardinia, where od when he flourished is uncertain, but he has
he carried on the war with success against the been placed about B.C. 130. No portion of his
Carthaginians and the Sardinians. He was die- works has been preserved with the exception of
tator in 210.-3. T. MANLIUS TORQUATUS, con- half a dozen lines quoted by Cicero, [edited in
sul 165 with Cn. Octavius. He inherited the Bothe's PoetE Scenici Latin., vol. vi., p. 29-30.]
severity of his ancestors, of which an instance  TRACHALUS, GALERIUS, consul A.D. 68 with
is related in the condemnation of his son, who Silius Italicus, is frequently mentioned by his
had been adopted by D. Junius Silanus. Vid. contemporary Quintilian as one of the most
SILANUS, NO. 1.-4. L. MANLIU TORQUATUS, con- distinguished orators of his age.
sul B.C. 65 with L. Aurelius Cotta. Torquatus  TRACiIS or TRACHIN (Tpaxoi, Ion. Tplyt-,
and Cotta obtained the consulship in conse- Tpayiv: TpaXivtog). 1. Also called HERACIEA
quence of the condemnation, on account of brib- TRACHINIE, or HERACLEA PHTHIOTIDIS, or simery, of P. Cornelius Sulla and P. Autronius Pa- ply HERACLfiA ('Hp(&cIea 2j iv Tpaxivai, or'H.
tus, who had been already elected consuls. Aft- 7 iv Tpaegvt), a town of Thessaly, in the diser his consulship Torquatus obtained the prov- trict Malis, celebrated as the residence of Herince of Macedonia. He took an active part in cules for a time.-2. A town of Phocis, on the
suppressing the Catilinarian conspiracy in 63; fiontiers of Bceotia, and on the slope of Mount
and he also supported Cicero when he was ban- Helicon, in the neighborhood of Lebadea.
ished in 58.-5. L. MANLIUs ToRQUATUS, son of  TRACHONITIS or TRACHON (TpaXuovfrTc, TpdNo. 4, accused of bribery, in 66, the consuls Xuv), the northern district of Palestine beyond
elect, P. Cornelius Sulla and P. Autronius Pa- the Jordan, lay between Antilibanus and the
tus, and thus secured the consulship for his fa- mountains of Arabia, and was bounded on the
ther. He was closely connected with Cicero north by the territory of Damascus, on the east
during the praetorship (65) and consulship (63) by Auranitis, on the south by Itumea, and on
of the latter. In 62 he brought a second accu- the west by Gaulanitis. It was for the most
903




TRADUCTA, JULIA.                            TRAJECTUM.
part a sandy desert, intersected by two ranges of the Roman emperor. Trajan assumed the
of rocky mountains, called Trachones (Tpax- - name of Dacicus, and entered Rome in triumph
ver), the caves in which gave refuge to numer- (103). In the following year (104) Trajan comous bands of robbers. For its political rela- menced his second Dacian war against Decetions under the Asmonsean and Idumaean prin- balus, who, it is said, had broken the treaty.
ces, vid. PALESTINA.  Under the Romans it Decebalus was completely defeated, and put an
belonged sometimes to the province of Judaea end to his life (106). In the course of this war
and sometimes to that of Arabia. It forms part Trajan built (105) a permanent bridge across the
of the Hauran.                            Danube at a place now called Szernecz. The
[TRADUCTA, JULIA (now Tarifa), a town in piers were of stone and of an enormous size,
Hlispania Baetica, owed its origin to the Ro- but the arches were of wood. After the death
mans, who transported (whence the name Tra- of Decebalus Dacia was reduced to the form
ducta) hither the inhabitants of Zelas, a town in of a Roman province; strong forts were built
Africa, near Tingis, adding some colonists of in various places, and Roman colonies were
their own to the number.]                 planted. It is generally supposed that the colTRAGIA, TRAGiE, or TRAGIAS (Tpayia, Tpa- umn at Rome, called the Column of Trajan, was
yiat, Tpayiac), a small island (or more than erected to commemorate his Dacian victories.
one) in the AEgean Sea, near Samos, probably On his return Trajan had a triumph, and he exbetween it and Pharmacussa, where Pericles hibited games to the people for one hundred and
gained a naval victory over the Samians, B.C. twenty-three days. Eleven thousand animals
439.                                      were slaughtered during these amusements;
TRAGURIUM (now Trau or Troghie), a town and an army of gladiators, ten thousand men,
of Dalmatia, in Illyricum, celebrated for its mar- gratified the Romans by killing one another.
ble, and situated on an island connected with About this time Arabia Petreea was subjected
the main land by means of a mole.        to the empire by A. Cornelius Palma, the govTRAJANOPSLIS. 1. (Now Orichovo), a town in ernor of Syria; and an Indian embassy came
the interior of Thrace, on the Hebrus, founded to Rome. Trajan constructed a road across the
by Trajan.-2. A town of Cilicia. Vid. SELI- Pomptine marshes, and built magnificent bridges
NUS.-3. A town in Mysia, on the borders of across the streams. Buildings, probably manPhrygia.                                  siones, were constructed by the side of this
TRAJANUS, M. ULPIUS, Roman emperor A.D. road. In 114 Trajan left Rome to make war
98-117, was born at Italica, near Seville, the on the Armenians and the Parthians. He spent
18th of September, 52. He was trained to the winter of 114 at Antioch, and in the followarms, and served with distinction in the East ing year he invaded the Parthian dominions.
and in Germany. He was consul in 91, and at The most striking and brilliant success attendthe close of 97 he was adopted by the Emperor ed his arms. In the course of two campaigns
Nerva, who gave him the rank of Caesar and (115-116) he conquered the greater part of the
the names of Nerva and Germanicus, and, Parthian empire, and took the Parthian capital,
shortly after, the title of imperator and the trib- Ctesiphon. In 116 he descended the Tigris
unitia potestas. His style and title after his and entered the Erythraean Sea (the Persian
elevation to the imperial dignity were Imperator Gulf). While he was thus engaged the ParCcesar Nerva Trajanus Augustus. He was the thians rose against the Romans, but were again
first emperor who was born out of Italy. Nerva subdued by the generals of Trajan. On his redied in January, 98, and was succeeded by Tra- turn to Ctesiphon, Trajan determined to give
jan, who was then at Cologne. His accession the Parthians a king, and placed the diadem on
was hailed with joy, and he did not disappoint the head of Parthamaspates. In 117 Trajan
the expectations of the people. He was a man fell ill, and, as his complaint grew worse, he set
adapted to command. He was strong and heal- out for Italy. He lived to reach Selinus in Cithy, of a majestic appearance, laborious, and licia, afterward called Trajanopolis, where he
inured to fatigue. Though not a man of letters, died in August, 117, after a reign of nineteen
he had good sense, a knowledge of the world, years, six months, and fifteen days. His ashes
and a sound judgment. His mode of living was were taken to Rome in a golden urn, carried ir
very simple, and in his campaigns he shared triumphal procession, and deposited under the
all the sufferings and privations of the soldiers, column which bears his name. He left no chilby whom he was both loved and feared. He dren, and he was succeeded by Hadrian. Trawas a friend to justice, and he had a sincere de- jan constructed several great roads in the ermsire for the happiness of the people. Trajan pire; he built libraries at Rome, one of which,
did not return to Rome for some months, being called the Ulpia Bibliotheca, is often mentioned;
employed in settling the frontiers on the Rhine and a theatre in the Campus Martius, His
and the Danube. He entered Rome on foot, ac- great work was the Forum Trajanum, in the
companied by his wife Pompeia Plotina. This centre of which was placed the column of Tralady is highly commended by Pliny the younger jan. Under the reign of Trajan lived Sextus
for her modest virtues, and her affection to Mar- Julius Frontinus, C. Cornelius Tacitus, the
ciana, the sister of Trajan. In A.D. 101 Trajan younger Pliny, and various others of less note.
left Rome for his campaign against the Daci. Plutarch, Suetonius, and Epictetus survived
Decebalus, king of the Daci, had compelled Do- Trajan. The jurists Juventius Celsus and Nemitian to purchase peace by an annual payment ratius Priscus were living under Trajan.
of money; and Trajan determined on hostili-  TRAJANUS PORTUS. Vid. CENTUM CELLE.
ties. This war employed Trajan between two  TRAJECTUM (now Utrecht), a town of the Baand three years; but it ended with the defeat tavi, on the Rhine, called at a later time TrJne.c
of Decebalus, who sued for peace at the feet tus Rheni, or Ad Rhenum.
904




TRALLES.                                   TREBULA.
TRALLEs or TRALLIS (aS Tpa22RALE,  TpaS a2ttP:  TREB ATYJS TESTA. Vid. TESTA.
Tpafa.tav6f, Trallianus: ruins at G/iuzel-Hisar,  [TREBELLIANUS, C. ANNIUS, a Cilician pirate,
near Aidiz), a flourishing commercial city of proclaimed himself Roman emperor (one of the
Asia Minor, reckoned sometimes to Ionia and so-called thirty tyrants) A.D. 264, but was desometimes to Caria. It stood on a quadrangular feated and slain in Isauria by one of the genheight at the southern foot of Mount Messogis erals of Gallienus.]
(with a citadel on a higher point), on the banks  TREBELLIUS POLLIO, one of the six Scriptores
of the little river Eudon, a northern tributary of Historice Augusta, flourished under Constantine,
the Maeander, from which the city was distant and was anterior to Vopiscus.  His name is
eighty stadia (eight geographical miles). The prefixed to the biographies of, 1. The two Vasurrounding country was extremely fertile and leriani, father and son; 2. The Gallieni; 3. The
beautiful, and hence the city was at first called Thirty Tyrants; 4. Claudius, the last-named
Anthea ('Av6eae). Under the Seleucidae it bore piece being addressed to Constantine. We learn
the names of Seleucia and Antiochia. It was from Vopiscus that the lives written by Trebelinhabited by a mixed population of Greeks and lius Pollio commenced with Philippus and exCarians. There was a less important city of tended down to Claudius. Of these, all as far
the same name in Phrygia, if, indeed, it be not as the Valeriani, regarding whom but a short
the same.                                  fragment remains, have been lost. [For edi[TRANIPSE (Tpavi~at), a people of Thrace, tions, vid. CAPITOLINUS, JULIUS.]
mentioned along with the Melanditae (vid. ME-  TREBIA (now Trebbia), a small river in Gallia
LANDEPTE) and Thyni, by Seuthes, in the Anab- Cisalpina, falling into the Po near Placentia.
asis of Xenophon, as forming part of the gov- It is memorable for the victory which Hannibal
ernment of his father Masades.]            gained over the Romans, B.C. 218. This river
TRANQUILLUS, SUET6NIUS. Vid. SUETONIUS.  is generally dry in summer, but is filled with a
TRANSCELLENSIS MONS, a mountain of Maure- rapid stream in winter, which was the season
tania Caesariensis, between Cassarea and the when Hannibal defeated the Romans.
River Chinalaph.                             TREBONIUS, C., played rather a prominent
[TRANS TIBERIM or TRANSTIBERINA, a region part in the last days of the republic. He comof Rome. Vid. ROMA, p. 746, a, No. 14.]    menced public life as a supporter of the aristoTRAPEZOPOLIS (Tparner(orrotr) a town of Asia cratical party, and in his quaestorship (B.C. 60)
Minor, on the southern slope of Mount Cadmus, he attempted to prevent the adoption of P. Cloon the confines of Caria and Phrygia. Its site dius into a plebeian family. He changed sides
is uncertain.                              soon afterward, and in his tribunate of the plebs
TRAPEzUS (Tparre'ov: Tpae7reovvrLof and (55) he was the instrument of the triumvirs in
-ovatog). 1. (Near Mavria), a city of Arcadia, proposing that Pompey should have the two
on the Alpheus, the name of which was myth- Spains, Crassus Syria, and Caesar the Gauls and
ically derived from the rpdiresa, or altar, on Illyricum for another period offive years. This
which Lycaon was said to have offered human proposal received the approbation of the comisacrifices to Jove. At the time of the building tia, and is known by the name of Lex Trebonia.
of Megalopolis, the inhabitants of Trapezus, For this service he was rewarded by being aprather than be transferred to the new city, mi- pointed one of Caesar's legates in Gaul, where
grated to the shores of the Euxine, and their he remained till the breaking out of the civil
city fell to ruin.-2. (Now Tarabosan, Trabezun, war in 49. In the course of the same year he
or Trebizond), a colony of Sinope, at almost the was intrusted by Caesar with the command of
extreme east of the northern shore of Asia the land forces engaged in the siege of Massilia.
Minor.   After Sinope lost her independence, In 48 Trebonius was city-praetor, and in the disTrapezus belonged first to Armenia Minor, and charge of his duties resisted the seditious atafterward to the kingdom of Pontus.  Under tempts of his colleague M. Celius Rufus to obthe Romans it was made a free city, probably tain by force the repeal of Caesar's law respectby Pompey, and, by Trajan, the capital of Pon- ing the payment of debts. Toward the end of
tus Cappadocius. Hadrian constructed a new  47, Trebonius, as pro-praetor, succeeded Q. Casharbor; and the city became a place of first-rate sius Longinus in the government of Further
commercial importance. It was also strongly  Spain, but was expelled from the province by a
fortified. It was taken by the Goths in the mutiny of the soldiers who espoused the Pomreign of Valerian; but it had recovered, and peian party. Caesar raised him to the consulwas in a flourishing state at the time of Justin- ship in October, 45, and promised him the provian, who repaired its fortifications. In the Mid- ince of Asia. In return for all these honors and
dle Ages it was for some time the seat of a frag- favors, Trebonius was one of the prime movers
mesnt of the Greek empire, called the empire of in the conspiracy to assassinate Caesar, and
Trebizond. It is now the second commercial after the murder of his patron (44) he went as
port of the Black Sea, ranking next after proconsul to the province of Asia. In the folOdesa.                                     lowing year (43), Dolabella, who had received
TRASIMRENUS LiCUS (now Lago di Perugia), from Antonius the province of Syria, surprised
sometimes, but not correctly, written TH-RASY- the town of Smyrna, where Trebonius was then
MENUs, a lake in Etruria, between Clusium and residing, and slew him in his bed.
Perusia, memorable for the victory gained by  TREBULA (Trebulanus). 1. (Now Tregghia)
Hannibal over the Romans under Flaminius, a town in Samnium, situated in the southeastern
B.C. 217.                                  part of the mountains of Cajazzo.-2. MUTUrscA
TREBA (Trebanus: now Trevi), a town in a town of the Sabines of uncertain site.-3. SuF
Latium, near the sources of the Anio, north- FENA, also a town of the Sabines, and of uncereast of Anagnia.                           tain site.
905




TRERUS.                                 TRIDENTUM.
TRnius (now Sacco), a river in Latium, and Triarius allowed himself to be attacked at a disa tributary of the Liris.                advantage, and was defeated with great slaughTRES TABERNA. 1. A station on the Via Ap- ter near Zela.-2. P., son of the preceding, acpia in Latium, between Aricia and Forum Appii. cused M. iEmilius Scaurus, in 54, first of repeIt is mentioned in the account of St. Paul's jour- tunde and next of ambitus. Scaurus was deney to Rome.-2. (Now Borghetto), a station in fended on both occasions by Cicero.-3. C., a
Gallia Cisalpina, on the road from Placentia to friend of Cicero, who introduces him as one of
Mediolanum.                               the speakers in his dialogue De Finibus, and
TRETUr (Tpyo'v: now Cape Bugiaroni, or Ras praises his oratory in his Brutus. He fought on
Seba Rous, i. e. Seven Capes), a great promon- Pompey's side at the battle of Pharsalia. Tritory on the coast of Numidia, forming the west- arius perished in the civil wars, probably in Afern headland of the Sinus Olcachites (now Bay rica, for Cicero speaks in 45 of his death, and
of Storah).                               adds, that Triarius had left him the guardian of
TREVIRI or TREVERI, a powerful people in his children.
Gallia Belgica, who were faithful allies of the  TRIBALLI, a powerful people in Thrace, a
Romans, and whose cavalry was the best in all branch of the Getae dwelling along the Danube,
Gaul. The River Mosella flowed through their who were defeated by Alexander the Great,
territory, which extended westward from the B.C. 335, and obliged to sue for peace.
Rhine as far as the Remi. Their chief town  TRIBOCCI, a German people, settled in Gallia
was made a Roman colony by Augustus, and Belgica, between Mount Vogesus and the Rhine,
was called AUGUSTA TREVIRORUM (now Trier or in the neighborhood of Strasburg.
Treves). It stood on the right bank of the Mo-  TRIBONIANUS, a jurist, commissioned by Jussella, and became under the later empire one of tinianus, with sixteen others, to compile the Dithe most flourishing Roman cities north of the gest or Pandect. For details, vid. JUSTINIANUS.
Alps. It was the capital of Belgica Prima; and  TRICALA. Vid. TRIOCALA.
after the division of the Roman world by Diocle-  TRICARANON (Tplitcpavov: Tpucapavev ), a
tian (A.D. 292) into four districts, it became the fortress in Phliasia, southeast of Phlius, on a
residence of the Caesar who had the govern- mountain of the same name.
ment of Britain, Gaul, and Spain. Here dwelt. TRIcAssES, TRICASII, or TRICASSNI, a people
Constantius Chlorus and his son Constantine in Gallia Lugdunensis, east of the Senones,
the Great, as well as several of the subsequent whose chief town was Augustobona, afterward
emperors. The modern city still contains many Tricassse (now Troyes).
interestingRoman remains. They belong, how-  TRICASTINI, a people in Gallia Narbonensis,
ever, to the latter period of the empire, and are between the Cavares and Vocontii, inhabiting a
consequently not in the best style of art. The narrow slip of country between the Drome and
most important of these remains is the Porta the Isere. Their chief town was Augusta TriNigra or Black Gate, a large and massive build- castinorum, or simply Augusta (now AousZe).
ing in an excellent state of preservation. In  TRIccA, subsequently TRICALA (TpiK c, Tp~iKaaddition to this, we have extensive remains of ha: now Trikkala), an ancient town of Thesthe Roman baths, of the amphitheatre, and of saly, in the district Hestiaeotis, situated on the
the palace of Constantine. The piers of the Lethaus, north of the Peneus. Homer reprebridge over the Moselle are likewise Roman. sents it as governed by the sons of 2Esculapius;
At the village of Igel, about six miles from  and it contained in later times a celebrated temTreves, is a beautiful Roman structure, being a ple of this god.
four-sided obelisk, more than seventy feet high,  TRICHONIS (Tpixyevif: now Zygos or Yrakiocovered with carvings, inscriptions, and bas- ri), a large lake in ZEtolia, east of Stratos and
reliefs. There has been much dispute respect- north of Mount Aracynthus.
ing the object for which this building was erect-  TRICHONIUM (TptXWvtov: TpeXtvwte'g), a town
ed; but it appears to have been set up by two in ZEtolia, east of Lake Trichonis.
brothers, named Secundini, partly as a funeral  TRICIPITINUS, LUCRETIUS.  Vid. LUCEETIA
monument to their deceased relatives, partly to GENS.
celebrate their sister's marriage, which is rep-  TRICOLONI (TpuKc6oevot: TpuIeo nvSV), a towe
resented on one of the bas-reliefs by the figures of Arcadia, a little north of Megalopolis, of
of a man and woman joining hands.         which a temple of Neptune (Poseidon) alone
TRIARIUS, VALERIUS. 1. L., quaestor urbanus remained in the time of Pausanias.
B.C. 81, and proprietor in Sardinia 77, when he  TRIcoRnI, a Ligurian people in Gallia Narbo.
repulsed Lepidus, who had fled into that island nensis, a branch of the Sallyi, in the neighborafter his unsuccessful attempt to repeal the laws hood of Massilia and Aquae Sextiae.
of Sulla. Triarius served under Lucullus as  TRICORYTHUS (TptlKpvOoc: TpuIopvatof), a deone of his legates in the war against Mithrada- mus in Attica, belonging to the tribe Aiantis,
tes, and at first gained considerable distinction between Marathon and Rhamnus.
by his zeal and activity. In 68 Triarius was  TRICRANA (Tpicpava: now Trikhiri), an island
dispatched to the assistance of Fabius, who had off the coast of Argolis, near Hermione.
been intrusted with the defence of Pontus, while  TRIDENTUM (now Trent, in Italian Trento), the
Lucullus invaded Armenia, and who was now  capital of the TRIDENTINI, and the chief town of
attacked by Mithradates with overwhelming Raetia, situated on the River Athesis (now
numbers. Triarius compelled Mithradates to Adige), and on the pass of the Alps leading to
assume the defensive, and early in the follow- Verona. Its greatness dates from the Middle
ing year he commenced active operations against Ages, and it is chiefly celebrated on accouat
the Pontic king. Anxious to gain the victory of the ecclesiastical council which assembled
over Mithradates before the arrival of Lucullus, within its walls A.D. 1545.
906




TRIERES.                                TRIPTOLEMUS.
TRirREs or TRIaRIS (TptLpqc: now Enfeh?),  TRIPOLIS (Tpiiro2c: Tpto2TTi'rn), is properly
a small fortress on the coast of Phoenicia, be- the name of a confederacy composed of three
tween Tripolis and the Promontorium Theu- cities, or a district containing three cities, but
prosopon.                                  it is also applied to single cities which had some
TRIFANUM, a town in Latium of uncertain site, such relation to others as to make the name apbetween Minturna and Sinuessa.             propriate. 1. In Arcadia, comprising the three
[TRIMERUS (now Tremiti), an island on the cities of Callia, Dipcena, and Nonacris: its name
coast of Apulia, one of the DIOMEDEOr  INSULJE is preserved in the modern town of Tripolitza.
(q. v.), where Julia, the grand-daughter of Au- -2. T. PELAGONIA, in Thessaly, comprising the
gustus, died in exile.]                    three towns of Azorus, Doliche, and Pythium,
[TRIMONTIUM. Vid. PHLIPPOPOLIS.]         -3. In Rhodes, comprising the three Dorian
TRINACRIA.  Vid. SICILIA.                cities Lindus, Ialysus, and Camirus. Vid. RPoTRINEMES or TRINEMIA (Tpiveyeerf, Tpiveiyeta: DUS.-4. (Now Kash Yeniji), a city on the MaeTpltveesc), a demus in Attica, belonging to the ander, twelve miles west of Hierapolis, on the
tribe Cecropis, on Mount Parnes.           borders of Phrygia, Caria, and Lydia, to each
[TRINIUM (flumen, now Trigno), a small river of which it is assigned by different authorities.
in the country of the Frentani, afforded a good -5. (Now Tireboli), a fortress on the coast of
harbor for ships (flumen portuosum, Plin.).]  Pontus, on a river of the same name (now TiTRINOBANTES, one of the most powerful peo- reboli Su), ninety stadia east of the Promontople of Britain, inhabiting the modern Essex. rium Zephyriumn (now Cape Zefreh).-6. (Now
They are mentioned in Caesar's invasion of Tripoli, Tarabulus), on the coast of Phoenicia,
Britain, and they offered a formidable resist- consisted of three distinct cities, one stadium
ance to the invading force sent into the island (six hundred feet) apart, each having its own
by the Emperor Claudius.                   walls, but all united in a common constitution,
[TRIO, L. FULCINIUS, a notorious informer un- having one place of assembly, and forming in
der Tiberius, and one of the friends and favor- reality one city. They were colonies of Tyre,
ites of that emperor: in A.D. 20 he accused Pi- Sidon, and Aradus respectively. Tripolis stood
so before the consuls, and for that service was about thirty miles south of Aradus, and about
still further honored by Tiberius. In A.D. 35 the same distance north of Byblus, on a bold
he was thrown into prison on suspicion, and headland formed by a spur of Mount Lebanon.
there put an end to his own life.]         It had a fine harbor and a flourishing comTRIOCALA or TRICALA (Tpt6Ocaea, TpiKaa: merce. It is now a city of about fifteen thouTpticalTvof, Tricallnus: near Calata Bellota), a sand inhabitants, and the capital of one of the
mountain fortress in the interior of Sicily, near pachalics of Syria, that of Tripoli.-7. The disthe Crimisus, was in the Servile war the head- trict on the northern coast of Africa, between
quarters of the slaves, and the residence of their the two Syrtes, comprising the three cities of
leader Tryphon.                            Sabrata (or Abrotonum), fEa, and Leptis MagTR6IPAS (TpLiTraC or Tpiob), son of Neptune na, and also called Tripolitana Regio. Vid. SYR(Poseidon) and Canace, a daughter of zEolus, or TICA. Its name is preserved in that of the reof Helios and Rhodos, and the father of Iphi- gency of Tripoli, the western part of which anmedia and Erysichthon. Hence his son Ery- swers to it, and in that of the city of Tripoli,
sichthon is called Triopeuzs, and his grand- probably the ancient CEa.
daughter Mestra or Metra, the daughter of Ery-  TRIPOLITANA REGIO. Vid. SYRTICA, TRIPOLIS,
sichthon, Triopeis. Triopas expelled the Pelas- No. 7.
gians from the Dotian plain, but was himself  TRIPTOLIEUS (Tptlrr;oeuof), son of Celeus,
obliged to emigrate, and went to Caria, where king of Eleusis, and Metanira or Polymnia.
he founded Cnidus on the Triopian promontory. Others describe him as son of King Eleusis by
His son Erysichthon was punished by Ceres Cothonea, or of Oceanus and Gaea, or of Trochi(Demeter) with insatiable hunger because he lus by an Eleusinian woman. Triptolemus was
had violated her sacred grove; but others re- the favorite of Demeter (Ceres), and the inventlate the same of Triopas himself.           or of the plough and agriculture, and ofcivilizaTRIOPIA or TRIOPION, an early name of CNIDUS. tion, which is the result of it. He was the great
TRIOPIUM (Tptiortov: now Cape Krio), the hero in the Eleusinian mysteries. According
promontory which terminates the peninsula of to the common legend, he hospitably received
Cnidus, forming the southwestern headland of Demeter at Eleusis when she was wandering
Caria and of Asia Minor. Upon it was a temple in search of her daughter.  The goddess, in
of Apollo, surnamed Triopius, which was the return, wished to make his son Demophon imcentre of union for the states of DORIS. Hence mortal, and placed him in the fire in order to
it was also called the Sacred Promontory (acpo- destroy his mortal parts; but Metanira screamT7pLov iepov).                             ed out at the sight, and the child was consumed
TRIPHYLIA (TptvOfa: Tptjvatog), the south- by the flames. As a compensation for this beern portion of Elis, lying between the Alpheus reavement, the goddess gave to Triptolemus a
and the Neda, is said to have derived its name chariot with winged dragons and seeds of wheat.
from the three different tribes by which it was In this chariot Triptolemus rode over the earth,
peopled. Its chief town was PYLOS.         making man acquainted with the blessings of
[TRIPHYLUS (Tplv2uoa), son ofArcas and Lao- agriculture. On his returfi to Attica, Celeus
damia, the legendary hero eponymus of Tri- endeavored to kill him, but by the command of
phylia.]                                   Demeter he was obliged to give up his country
TnR.PonIscUs (Tptlrosiaico: TptrodiaKtof: ru- to Triptolemus, who now established the worins near Derweni), a town in the interior of Me- ship of Demeter, and institued the Thesmopho.
garis, northwest of Megara.                ria. Triptolemus is represented in woraks a f
907




TR IT/A.                                   TROAS.
art as a youthful hero, sometimes with the peta- coast is much altered by the inroads of the
sus, on a chariot drawn by dragons, and holding sands of the Sahara, it seems impossible to
in his hand a sceptre and corn ears.     identify the river: some suppose that it is repTRIT.EA (Tporata: Tptralevf). 1. A town of resented by the Wady-el-Khabs. Some of the
Phocis, northwest of Cleonae, on the left bank ancient writers gave altogether a different loof the Cephisus, and on the frontiers of Locris. cality to the legend, and identify the Triton with.
-2. One of the twelve cities of Achaia, one the river usually called LATHON in Cyrena'ca;
hundred and twenty stadia east of Phars, and and Apollonius Rhodius even transfers the name
near the frontiers of Arcadia. Augustus made to the Nile.
it dependent upon Patrae.                   TRIVICUM (now Trivico), a small town in Sam[TRITANTenCHMES (TplravTaitay^g). 1. A Per- nium, situated among the mountains separating
sian satrap of Babylon, son of Artabazus.-2. A  Samnium from Apulia.
son of Artabanus, and cousin of Xerxes, was  TR6AS (? Tpuad, sc. gXpa, the feminine of the
one of the commanders of the Persian infantry adjective Tpdg: Tpcoader: now Chan), the terwhen the barbarians invaded Greece in B.C. ritory of Ilium or Troy, formed the northwest480.]                                     ern part of Mysia. It was bounded on the west
TRITO or TRITOGENIA (TpLTr or Tpiroyfveta, by the 2Egean Sea, from Promontorium Lectum
and TpLroyevi), a surname of Minerva (Athe- to Promontorium Sigeum, at the entrance of
na), which is explained in different ways. Some the Hellespont; on the northwest by the Helderive it from Lake Tritonis in Libya, nearwhich lespont, as far as the River Rhodius, below
she is said to have been born; others from the Abydus; on the northeast and east by the
stream Triton, near Alalcomense in Bosotia, mountains which border the valley of the Rhowhere she was worshipped, and where, accord- dius, and extend from its sources southward to
ing to some statements, she was also born; the main ridge of Mount Ida, and on the south
the grammarians, lastly, derive the name fiom  by the northern coast of the Gulf of Adramyt-rplrT, which, in the dialect of the Athamani- tium along the southern foot of Ida; but on the
ans, is said to signify "head," so that it would be northeast and east the boundary is sometimes
the goddess born out of the head of her father. extended so far as to include the whole coast
TRITON (Tpirov), son of Neptune (Poseidon) of the Hellespont, and part of the Propontis, and
and Amphitrite (or Celaeno), who dwelt with his the country as far as the River Granicus, thus
father and mother in a golden palace in the hot- embracing the district of Dardania, and sometom of the sea, or, according to Homer, at 2Ege. what more. Strabo extends the boundary still
Later writers describe him as riding over the further east, to the River _Esepus, and also
sea on horses or other sea-monsters. Some- south to the Caicus; but this clearly results
times we find mention of Tritons in the plu- from his including in the territory of Troy that
ral. Their appearance is differently described; of her neighboring allies. The Troad is for the
though they are always conceived as having most part mountainous, being intersected by
the human figure in the upper part of their bod- Mount IDA and its branches: the largest plain
ies, and that of a fish in the lower part. The it i hich Tro.    The chief rivers
chief characteristic of Tritons in poetry as well were the SATNOIS on the south, the RHsoIUS on
as in works of art is a trumpet made out of a the north, and the Scamander and Simois in the
shell (concha), which the Tritons blow at the centre. These two rivers, so renowned in the
command of Neptune (Poseidon) to soothe the legends of the Trojan war, flow from two difrestless waves of the sea.                ferent points in the chain of Mount Ida, and
TRITON FL., TRITONIS, or TRITONITIS PALUS unite in the plain of Troy, through which the
(Tpirov, TpWrWviC, TptreovIrt), a river and lake united stream flows northwest, and falls into
on the Mediterranean coast of Libya, which are the Hellespont east of the promontory of Sigementioned in several old Greek legends, espe- um. The Scamander, also called Xanthus, is
cially in the mythology of Minerva (Athena), usually identified with the Mendereh-Chai, and
whom one account represented as born on the the Simois with the Gumbrek; but this subject
Lake Tritonis, and as the daughter of the nymph presents difficulties which can not be discussed
of the same name, and of Neptune (Poseidon): within the limits of the present article. The
hence her surname of Tplroyevea. When the precise locality of the city of Troy, or, accordGreeks first became acquainted geographically ing to its genuine Greek name, Ilium, is also
with the northern coast of Africa, they identified the subject still of much dispute. First, there
the gulf afterward called the Lesser SYRTIS is the question whether the Ilium of Homer
with the Lake Tritonis. This seems to be the had any real existence; next, whether the ILInotion of Herodotus, in the story he relates of UM VETUS of the historical period, which was
Jason (iv., 178, 179). A more exact knowledge visited by Xerxes and by Alexander the Great,
of the coast showed them a great lake be- was on the same site as the city of Priam. The
yond the inmost recess of the Lesser Syrtis, most probable opinion seems to be that which
to which the name Tritonis was then applied. places the original city in the upper part of the
This lake had an opening to the sea, as well as plain, on a moderate elevation at the foot of
a river flowing into it, and accordingly the ge- Mount Ida, and its citadel (called Perglma,
ographers represented the River Triton as ris- IIepya/a) on a loftier height, almost separated
ing in a mountain called Zuchabari, and form- from the city by a ravine, and nearly surrounding the Lake Tritonis on its course to the Less- ed by the Scamander. This city seems never
er Syrtis, into which it fell. The lake is un- to have been restored after its destruction by
doubtedly the great salt lake, in the south of the Greeks. The Eolian colonists subsequentTunis, called El- Sibkah; but as this lake has ly built a new city, on the site, as they doubtless
no longer an opening to the sea, and the whole believed, of the old one, but really much lower
9608




TROCM.                                   TROTILUM.
down the plain; and this city is the TiOJA or the island of Calauria. Treezen was a very anILIUM VETUS of most of the ancient writers. cient city, and is said to have been originally
After the time of Alexander, this city declined, called Poseidonia, on account of its worship of
and a new one was built still further down the Poseidon (Neptune). It received the name of
plain, below the confluence of the Simois and Trcezen from Troezen, one of the sons of Pelops 
Scamander, and near the Hellespont, and this and it is celebrated in mythology as the place
was called ILIUM NovuM. Under the Romans, where Pittheus, the maternal grandfather of
this city was honored with various immunities, Theseus, lived, and where Theseus himself was
as the only existing representative of the an- born. Trcezen was for a long time dependent
cient Ilium. Its substantial importance, how- upon the kings of Argos; but in the historical
ever, was entirely eclipsed by that of ALEXAN- period it appears as an independent state. It
DREA TROAS.-For the general political history was a city of some importance, for we read that
of the Tread, see MYSIA. The Teucrians, by theTrcezenians sent five ships of war to Salawhom it was peopled at a period of unknown mis and one thousand heavy-armed men to Plaantiquity, were a Thracian people. Settling in taee. When the Persians entered Attica, the
the plain of the Scamander, they founded thecity Trcezenians distinguished themselves by the
of Ilium, which became the head of an extens- kindness with which they received the Atheniive confederacy, embracing not only the north- ans, who were obliged to abandon their city.
west of Asia Minor, but much of the opposite  TROGILI^, three small islands, named Psilon,
shores of Thrace, and with allies in Asia Minor Argennon, and Sandalion, lying off the promonnven as far as Lycia, and evidently much in ad- tory of Trogilium. Vid. MYCALE.
vance ofthe Greeks in civilization. The myth-  [TROGILIUM PROMONTORIUM (Tpuyialov ACpeical account of the origin of the kingdom is Typiov). Vid. MYCALE.]
briefly as follows. Teucer, the first king in the  TROGITIS LACUS. Vid. PIsIDIA.
Troad, had a daughter, who married Dardanus,  TROGLODnYT. (Tpw'ytodrat, i. e., dwellers in
the chieftain of the country northeast of the caves), the name applied by the Greek geograTroad. Vid. DARDANIA. Dardanus had two phers to various uncivilized people, who had no
sons, Ilus and Erichthonius; and the latter was abodes but caves, especially to the inhabitants
the father of Tros, from whom the country and of the western coast of the Red Sea, along the
people derived the names of Troas and Troes. shores of Upper Egypt and AEthiopia. The
Tros was the father of Ilus, who founded the whole of this coast was called Troglodytice
city, which was called after him ILIUM, and also, (Tpcyoo6svTrtK). There were also Troglodyta
after his father, TROJA. The next king was in Mcesia, on. the banks of the Danube.
LAOMEDON, and after him Priam. Vid. PRIAMUS.  TROGUS, POMPEIUS. Vid. JUSTINUS.
In his reign the city was taken and destroyed  TROILIUM. Vid. TROSSULUM.
by the confederated Greeks, after a ten years'  TROILUS (Tpuot'oC), son of Priam and Hecuba,
siege. Vid. HELENA, ALEXANDER, AGAMEMNON, or, according to others, son of Apollo. He fell
ACHILLES, HECTOR, AJAX, ULYSSES, NEOPTOLE- by the hands of Achilles.
MUS, _ENEAS, &c., and HOMERUS. To discuss   TR6JA (Tpoia, Ion. Tpoil, Ep. Tpota: Tp65,
the historical value of this legend is not the Tpw6o, Ep. and Ion. TpOloc, fem. Tpodc, &c.:
province of this work: it is enough to say that Tros, Troi'us, Trojanus, fem. Troas, pl. Tr6odes
we have in it evidence of a great conflict, at a and TroSades), the name of the city of Troy or
very early period, between the great Thracian Ilium, also applied to the country. Vid. TROAs.
empire in the northwest of Asia Minor, and the  TROPHONIUS (Tpoj6vLoc), son of Erginus, king
rising power of the Achaans in Greece, in of Orchomenus, and brother of Agamedes. He
which the latter were victorious; but their vie- and his brother built the temple at Delphi and
tory was fruitless, in consequence of their com- the treasury of King Hyrieus in Boeotia. For
paratively low civilization, and especially of details, vid. AGAMEDES. Trophonius, after his
their want of maritime power. The chronolo- death, was worshipped as a hero, and had a celgers assigned different dates for the capture of ebrated oracle in a cave near Lebadea in BceoTroy: the calculation most generally accepted tia. (Vid. Diet. of Antiq., art. D)XAULUM.)
placed it in B.C. 1184. This date should be  TROS (Tp6c), son of Erichthonius and Astycarefully remembered, as it forms the starting oche, and grandson of Dardanus. He was marpoint of various computations; but it should also ried to Callirrhoe, by whom he became the
be borne in mind that the date is of no historical father of Ilus, Assaracus, and Ganymedes, and
authority. (There is not space to explain this was King of Phrygia. The country and people
matter here.) The subsequent history of the of Troy derived their name from him. He [reTroad presents an entire blank till we come to ceived from Jupiter (Zeus) as a compensation
the period of the great AEolic migration, when it for his son Ganymedes a pair of divine horses.]
merges in that of AEOLIs and MYSIA. In writers Vid. GANYMEDES.
of the Roman period, the name Troas is often  TROSSULUM (Trossulanus: now Trosso), a
used by itself for the city ofALEXANDREA TROAS. town in Etruria, nine miles from Volsinii, which
TRCMI or -II. Vid. GALATIA.             is said to have been taken by some Roman
TROES. Vid. TROAS.                      equites without the aid of foof soldiers; whence
TREZEN (TpotSv, more rarelyTpotSv7?: Tpot- the Roman equites obtained the name of Tros-?VLO': now Dhamala), the capital of TRZcZENIA  suli. Some writers identify this town with
(Tpot(Lyva), a district in the southeast of Argo- Troilium, which was taken by the Romans B.C.
lis, on the Saronic Gulf, and opposite the island 293; but they appear to have been different
of ZEgina. The town was situated at some places.
little distance from the coast, on which it pos-  TROTILUM (TprtLaov: now Trontello), a town
sessed a harbor called P6GON (HIIyWv), opposite of Sicily, on the road from Syracuse to Leontinio
909




TRUENTUM.                                TUDITANUS,
TRUENTUM, a town of Picenum, on the River tion for talent and legal knowledge. He was
Truentus or Truentinus (now Tronto).      prator in 123, and consul suifectus in 118, He
TRUTULENSIS PORTUS, a harbor on the north- was an opponent of Tib. Gracchus, as well as
eastern coast of Britain, near the estuary Taus of C. Gracchus, and delivered some speeches
(now Tay), but of which the exact site is un- against the latter, 123. Tubero is one of the
known.                                    speakers in Cicero's dialogue de Republica. The
TRYPHIMDORUS  (Tpv0t6ospoc), a Greek gram- passages in the Digest in which Tubero is cited
marian and poet, was a native of Egypt; but do not refer to this Tubero, but to No. 4.-3.
nothing is known of his personal history. He L., an intimate friend of Cicero. He was a reis supposed to have lived in the fifth century of lation and a school-fellow of the orator, had.
the Christian era. Of his grammatical labors served with him in the Marsic war, and had aftwe have no record; but one of his poems has erward served under his brother Quintus as
come down to us, entitled'Ieiov &2uoAvc, the Cap- legate in Asia. On the breaking out of the
ture of Ilium, consisting of six hundred and civil war, Tubero, who had espoused the Pomninety-one lines. From the small dimensions peian party, received from the senate the provof it, it is necessarily little but a sketch. The ince of Africa; but as Atius Varus and Q. Ligabest editions are by Northmore, Cambridge, rius, who likewise belonged to the aristocratical
1791, London, 1804; by Schifer, Leipzig, 1808; party, would not surrender it to him, he passed
and by Wernicke, Leipzig, 1819.           over to Pompey in Greece. He was afterward
TRYPHON (Tpvifov).  1. DIODOTUS, a usurper pardoned by Caesar, and returned with his son
of the throne of Syria during the reign of De- Quintus to Rome. Tubero cultivated literature
metrius II. Nicator. After the death of Alex- and philosophy. He wrote a history, and the
ander Balas in B.C. 146, Tryphon first set up philosopher Anesidemus dedicated to him his
Antiochus, the infant son of Balas, as a pretend- work on the skeptical philosophy of Pyrrhon.er against Demetrius; but in 142 he murdered 4. Q., son of the preceding. In 46 he made a
Antiochus and reigned as king himself. Try- speech before C. Julius Casar against Q. Ligaphon was defeated and put to death by Antio- rius, who was defended by Cicero in a speech
chus Sidetes, the brother of Demetrius, in 139, which is extant (Pro Q. Ligario). Tubero obafter a reign of three years.-2. SALviUS, one tained considerable reputation as a jurist. He
of the leaders of the revolted slaves in Sicily, had a great knowledge both of Jus Publicum
was supposed to have a knowledge of divina- and Privatum, and he wrote several works on
tion, for which reason he was elected king by both these divisions of law. He married a
the slaves in 103. He displayed considerable daughter of Servius Sulpicius, and the daughabilities, and in a short time collected an army ter of Tubero was the mother of the jurist C.
of twenty thousand foot and two thousand horse, Cassius Longinus. Like his father, Q. Tubero
with which he defeated the propraetor P. Licin- wrote a history. Tubero the jurist, who is often
ins Nerva. After this victory Salvius assumed cited in the Digest, is this Tubero; but there
all the pomp of royalty, and took the surname is no excerpt from his writings.
of Tryphon, probably because it had been borne  TuccA, PLOTiUS, a friend of Horace and Virby Diodotus, the usurper of the Syrian throne. gil. The latter poet left Tucca one of his heirs,
He chose the strong fortress of Triocala as the and bequeathed his unfinished writings to him
seat of his new kingdom. Tryphon was defeat- and Varius, who afterward published the Kneid
ed by L. Lucullus in 102, and was obliged to by order of Augustus.
take refuge in Triocala. But Lucullus failed in  TUDER (Tuders, -tis: now Todi), an ancient
taking the place, and returned to Rome without town of Umbria, situated on a hill near the
effecting any thing more. Lucullus was sue- Tiber, and on the road fiom Mevania to Rome.
ceeded by C. Servilius; and on the death of It was subsequently made a Roman colony.
Tryphon, about the same time, the kingdom de- There are still remains of the polygonal walls
volved upon Athenion, who was not subdued of the ancient town.
till 101.                                   TUDITANUS, SEMPRONIUS.. 1. M., consul B.C.
TRYPHONINUS, CLAUDIUS, a Roman jurist, 240, and censor 230.-2. P., tribune of the solwrote under the reigns of Septimius Severus diers at the battle of Canne in 216, and one of
and Caracalla.                            the few Roman officers who survived that fatal
TUBANTES, a people of Germany, allies of the day. In 214 he was curule edile; in 213 prmeCherusci, originally dwelt between the Rhine tor, with Ariminum as his province, and was
and the Yssel; in the time of Germanicus, on continued in the command for the two followthe southern bank of the Lippe, between Pader- ing years (212, 211). He was censor in 209
born, Hamm, and the Armsberger Wald; and with M. Cornelius Cethegus, although neither
at a still later time in the neighborhood of the he nor his colleague had yet held the consulThiringer Wald, between the Fulda and the ship. In 205 he was sent into Greece with the
Werra. Subsequently they are mentioned as a title of proconsul, for the purpose of opposing
part of the great league of the Franci.   Philip, with whom, however, he concluded a
TUBERo,.ELIUS.  1. Q., son-in-law of L. treaty, which was ratified by the Romans. Tu.Emilius Paulus, served under the latter in his ditanus was consul in 204, and received Bruttii
war against Perseus, king of Macedonia. This as his province. He was at first defeated by
Tubero, like the rest of his family, was so poor Hannibal, but shortly afterward he gained a dethat he had not an ounce of silver plate till cisive victory over the Carthaginian general.his father-in-law gave him five pounds of plate 3. C., plebeian edile 198, and praetor 197, when
from the spoils of the Macedonian monarch.-  he obtained Nearer Spain as his province. He
2. Q., son of the preceding, was a pupil of Panie- was defeated by the Spaniards with great loss,
tius, and is called the Stoic. He had a reputa- and died shortly afterward of a wound which
910




TULCIS.                             TULLIUS, SERVIUS,
he had received in the battle.-4. M., tribune ors of the state was M. Tullius Decula, cone
of the plebs 193; praetor 189, when he obtain- sul B.C. 81, and the next was the celebrated
ed Sicily as his province; and consul 185. In orator M. Tullius Cicero. Vid. CICERo.
his consulship he carried on war in Liguria, and  TULLIANUM. Vid. ROMA, p. 753, a.
defeated the Apuani, while his colleague was  TULLIUS, SERViUS, the sixth king of BRome.
equally successful against the Ingauni. He The account of the early life and death of Serwas carried off by the great pestilence which vius Tullius is full of strange marvels, and can
devastated Rome in 174.-5. C., pretor 132, and not be regarded as possessing any title to a real
consul 129. In his consulship he carried on historical narrative. His mother, Ocrisia, was
war against the Iapydes in Illyricum, over whom  one of the captives taken at Corniculum, and
he gained a victory chiefly through the military became a female slave of Tanaquil, the wife of
skill of his legate, D. Junius Brutus. Tudita- Tarquinius Priscus. He was born in the king's
nus was an orator and a historian, and in both palace, and, notwithstanding his servile origin,
obtained considerable distinction.        was brought up as the king's son, since TanaTuLCIS, a river on the eastern coast of Spain, quil, by her powers of divination, had foreseen
near Tarraco.                            the greatness of the child; and Tarquinius placed
TULINGI, a people of Gaul of no great import- such confidence in him, that he gave him his
ance, who dwelt on the Rhine, between the daughter in marriage, and intrusted him with
Rauraci and the Helvetii.                the exercise of the government. His rule was
TULLIA, the name of the two daughters of mild and beneficent; and so popular did he beServius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome. Vid. come, that the sons of Ancus Marcius, fearing
TuLLIUS.                                 lest they should be deprived of the throne which
TULLIA, frequently called by the diminutive they claimed as their inheritance, procured the
TULLiLA, was the daughter of M. Cicero and assassination of Tarquinius. Vid. TARQUINIUS.
Terentia, and was probably born B.C. 79 or 78. They did not, however, reap the fruit of their
She was betrothed in 67 to C. Calpurnius Piso crime, for Tanaquil, pretending that the king's
Frugi, whom she married in 63 during the con- wound was not mortal, told the people that Tarsulship of her father. During Cicero's banish- quinius would recover in a few days, and that
nent Tullia lost her first husband. She was he had commanded Servius, meantime, to dismarried again in 56 to Furius Crassipes, a charge the duties of the kingly office. Servius
young man of rank and large property; but she forthwith began to act as king, greatly to the
did not live with him long, though the time and satisfaction of the people; and when the death
the reason of her divorce are alike unknown. of Tarquinius could no longer be concealed, he
In 50 she was married to her third husband, P. was already in firm possession of the royal powCornelius Dolabella, who was a thorough profli- er. The reign of Servius is almost as barren
gate. The marriage took place during Cicero's of military exploits as that of Numa. The only
absence in Cilicia, and, as might have been an- war which Livy mentions is one against Veii,
ticipated, was not a happy one. On the break- which was brought to a speedy conclusion. The
ing out of the civil war in 49, the husband and great deeds of Servius were deeds of peace;
the father of Tullia espoused opposite sides. and he was regarded by posterity as the author
While Dolabella fought for Caesar, and Cicero of all their civil rights and institutions, just as
took refuge in the camp of Pompey, Tullia re- Numa was of their religious rites and ordinanmained in Italy. On the 19th of May, 49, she ces. Three important events are assigned to
was delivered of a seven months' child, which Servius by universal tradition. First, he gave
died soon afterward. After the battle of Phar- a new constitution to the Roman state. The
salia, Dolabella returned to Rome; but he con- two main objects of this constitution were to
tinned to lead a dissolute and profligate life, and give the plebs political independence, and to
at length (46) a divorce took place by mutual assign to property that influence in the state
consent. At the beginning of 45 Tullia was which had previously belonged to birth excludelivered of a son. As soon as she was suffi- sively. In order to carry his purpose into efciently recovered to bear the fatigues of a jour- feet, Servius made a two-fold division of the
ney, she accompanied her father to Tusculum, Roman people, one territorial, and the other acbut she died there in February. Her loss was cording to property. For details, vid. Diet. of
a severe blow to Cicero. Among the many Antiq., art. COMITIA.  Secondly, he extended
consolatory letters which he received on the the pomcerium, or hallowed boundary of the
occasion is the well-known one from the cele- city, and completed the city by incorporating
brated jurist Serv. Sulpicius (ad Fam., iv., 5). with it, the Quirinal, Viminal, and Esquiline
To dissipate his grief, Cicero drew up a treatise hills. Vid. ROMA. Thirdly, he established an
on Consolation.                           important alliance with the Latins, by which
TULLIA GENS, patrician and plebeian. The Rome and the cities of Latium became the
patrician Tullii were one of the Alban houses, members of one great league. By his new conwhich were transplanted to Rome in the reign stitution Servius incurred the hostility of the
of Tullus Hostilius. The patrician branch of patricians, who conspired with L. Tarquinius
the gens appears to have become extinct at an to deprive him of his life and of his throne.
early period; for, after the early times of the His death was the subject of a legend, which
republic, no one of the name occurs for some ran as follows. Servius, soon after his succenturies, and the Tullii of a later age are not cession, gave his two daughters in marriage to
only plebeians, but, with the exception of their the two sons of Tarquinius Priscus. L. Tarbearing the same name, can not be regarded as quinius, the elder, was married to a quiet and
having any connection with the ancient gens. gentle wife; Aruns, the younger, to an aspiring
The first plebeian Tullius who rose to the hon- and ambitious woman. The character of the
911




TULLIUS TIRO.                               TURTASSO.
two brothers was the very opposite of the wives with the Sabines; and being again straitened
who had fallen to their lot; for Lucius was in fight in a wood called the Wicked Wood, he
proud and haughty, but Aruns unambitious and vowed a yearly festival to Saturn and Ops, and
quiet. The wife of Aruns, fearing that her hus- to double the number of the Salii, or priests of
band would tamely resign the sovereignty to his Mamers. And when, by their help, he had vanelder brother, resolved to destroy both her fa- quished the Sabines, he performed his vow, and
ther and her husband. She persuaded Lucius its records were the feasts Saturnalia and Opato murder his wife, and she murdered her own lia. In his old age, Tullus grew weary of warhusband, and the survivors straightway married. ring; and when a pestilence struck him and
Tullia now urged her husband to murder her fa- his people, and a shower of burning stones fell
ther; and it was said that their design was hast- from heaven on Mount Alba, and a voice as of'
ened by the belief that Servius entertained the the Alban gods came forth from the solitary
thought of laying down his kingly power and temple of Jupiter on its'summit, he remembered
establishing the consular form of government. the peaceful and happy days ofNuma, and sought
The patricians were equally alarmed at this to win the favor of the gods, as Numa had done,
scheme. Their mutual hatred and fears united by prayer and divination. But the gods heeded
them closely together; and when the conspir- neither his prayers nor his charms, and when
acy was ripe, Tarquinius entered the Forum ar- he would inquire of Jupiter Elicius, Jupiter was
rayed in the kingly robes, seated himself in the wroth, and smote Tullus and his whole house
royal chair in the senate-house, and ordered the with fire. Perhaps the only historical fact emsenators to be summoned to him as their king. bodied in the legend of Tullus is the ruin of
At the first news of the commotion, Servius Alba.
hastened to the senate-house, and, standing at  [TULLUS, VOLCATIUS. 1. L., consul B.C. 66
the door-way, ordered Tarquinius to come down with M'. zEmilius Lepidus. After his consulfrom the throne. Tarquinius sprang forward, ship he lived in retirement, and during the civil
seized the old man, and flung him down the wars took no part in public affairs. He had
stone steps. Covered with blood, the king was approved of Cicero's measures against the achastening home, but, before he reached it, he complices of Catiline, and spoke on the subject
was overtaken by the servants of Tarquinius in the senate.-2. C., probably son of No. 1,
and murdered.  Tullia drove to the senate- fought under Caesar in the Gallic war, and also
house, and greeted her husband as king; but distinguished himself at the siege of Dyrrachiher transports of joy struck even him with hor- um in B.C. 48.-3. L., son of No. 1, was praetor
ror. He bade her go home; and as she was urbanus in B.C. 46, and consul with Octavianus
returning, her charioteer pulled up and pointed in B.C. 33.]
out the corpse of her father lying in his blood  TUNES or TUNIS (Tdvr7, Towvtf: Tvvwaalof:
across the road. She commanded him to drive now Tunis), a strongly-fortified city of Northon; the blood of her father spirted over the ern Africa, stood at the bottom of the Carthacarriage and on her dress; and from that day ginian Gulf, ten miles southwest of Carthage, at
forward the street bore the name of the Vicus the mouth of the little river Catada. At the
Sceleratus, or Wicked Street. The body lay time of Augustus it had greatly declined, but it
unburied, for Tarquinius said scoffingly, "Rom- afterward recovered, and is now the capital of
ulus too went without burial;" and this impi- the regency of Tunis.
ous mockery is said to have given rise to his  TUNGRI, a German people who crossed the
surname of Superbus. Servius had reigned for- Rhine, and settled in Gaul in the country forty-four years. His memory was long cherished merly occupied by the Aduatici and the Ebuby the plebeians.                         rones. Their chief town was called TUNGRI or
TULLIUS TIRO. Vid. TIRO.                ADUACA TONGRORUM (now Tongern), on the road
TULLUM (now Toul), the capital of the Leuci, from Castellum Morinorum to Colonia Agripa people in the southeast of Gallia Belgica, be- pin a.
tween the Matrona and Mosella.              [Tunno. 1. A gladiator of small stature, but
TULLUS HOSTILIUS, third king of Rome, is great courage, mentioned by Horace (" et idem
said to have been the grandson of Hostus Hos- Corpore majorem rides Turbonis in armis Spirtilius, who fell in battle against the Sabines in itum et incessum," Sat., ii., 3, 310-11). —2. A
the reign of Romulus. His legend ran as fol- distinguished commander, and governor for
lows: Tullus Hostilius departed from the peace- some time of Pannonia under Hadrian.]
ful ways of Numa, and aspired to the martial  TURDETANI, the most numerous people in
renown of Romulus. He made Alba acknowl- Hispania Baetica, dwelt in the south of the provedge Rome's supremacy in the war wherein ince, on both banks of the Beetis, as far as Lusithe three Roman brothers, the Horatii, fought tania. They were regarded as the most civilwith the three Alban brothers, the Curiatii, at ized people in all Spain. Their country was
the Fossa Cluilia. Next he warred with Fide- called TURDETANIA.
nee and with Veil, and being straitly pressed by  TURDULI, a people in Hispania Baetica, situatheir joint hosts, he vowed temples to Pallor ted to the east and south of the Turdetani, with
and Pavor-Paleness and Panic. And after the whom they were closely connected. The names,
fight was won, he tore asunder with chariots in fact, appear identical.
Mettius Fufetius, the king or dictator of Alba,  TURIA or TURIUM (now Guadalaviar), a river
because he had desired to betray Rome; and on the eastern coast of Spain, flowing into the
he utterly destroyed Alba, sparing only the tem- sea at Valentia, memorable for the battle fought
ples of the gods, and bringing the Alban people on its banks between Pompey and Sertorius.
to Rome, where he gave them the Caelian Hill  TURIASSo (Turiassonensis: now Tarrazona),
to dwell on. Then he turned himself to war a town of the Celtiberi in Hispania Tarraconen912




TURTICUM.                                  TYDEUS.
i-s, on the road from Cesaraugusta to Numan- municipium, and was the birth-place of several
tia. It possessed a fountain, the water of which Idistinguished Roman families. Cato the cenwas said to be very excellent for hardening sor was a native of Tusculum. Its proximity
ron.                                      to Rome, its salubrity, and the beauty of its
[TURIcCUa (Turicensis, now Zarich), a town situation made it a favorite residence of the
in the territory of the Helvetii, on the Limagus Roman nobles during the summer. Cicero,
(now Limmat).]                           among others, had a favorite villa at this place,
TURNUS (Tdpvoc).  1. Son of Daunus and which he frequently mentions under the name
Venilia, and king of the Rutuli at the time of of TUscULANUM. The site of this villa is not
the arrival of iEneas in Italy. He was a broth- exactly known; some placing it near Grotta
er of Juturna, and related to Amata, the wife Ferrata, on the road from Frascati to the Alban
of King Latinus; and he fought against 2Eneas Lake, and others near La Rufinella. The ruins
because Latinus had given to the Trojan hero of ancient Tusculum are situated on the sumhis daughter Lavinia, who had been previously mit of the mountain, about two miles above
promised to Turnus. He appears in the Eneid Frascati.
as a brave warrior; but in the end he fell by  TUTICANUS, a Roman poet and a friend of
the hand of Eineas.-2. A Roman satiric poet, Ovid, who had translated into Latin verse a
was a native of Aurunca, and lived under Ves- portion of the Odyssey.
pasian and Domitian. We possess thirty hex-  TuTZIS (ruins at Garshee or Guerfey Hassan),
ameters, forming a portion of, apparently, a long a city in the Dodecaschcenus, that is, the part
satiric poem, the subject being an enumeration of.Ethiopia immediately above Egypt, on the
of the crimes and abominations which charac- western bank of the Nile, north of Pselcis, and
terized the reign of Nero. These lines are as- south of Talmis.
eribed by some modern scholars to Turnus.   TYANA (Tvava: TvavevC: ruins at Kiz Hisar),
TURNUs HERDONIUS. Vid. HERDONIUS.       a city of Asia Minor, stood in the south of CapTURONES, TURONI or TURONII, a people in the padocia, at the northern foot of Mount Taurus,
interior ofGallia Lugdunensis, between the Au- on the high road to the Cilician Gates, three
lerci, Andes, and Pictones. Their chief town hundred stadia fiom Cybistra, and four hundred
was C ESAROnUNUM, subsequently TURONI (now  from Mazaca, in a position of great natural
Tours), on the Liger (now Loire).         strength, which was improved by fortifications.
TURPILIUS, SEXTUS, a Roman dramatist, Under Caracalla it was made a Roman colony.
whose productions belonged to the department In B.C. 272 it was taken by Aurelian, in the
of Comtdia Palliata. The titles of thirteen or war with Zenobia, to whose territory it then
fourteen of his plays have been preserved, to- belonged. Valens made it the chief city of
gether with a few fragments. He died, when  Cappadocia Secunda. In its neighborhood was
very old, at Sinuessa in B.C. 101. He stands a great temple of Jupiter, by the side of a lake
seventh in the scale of Volcatius Sedigitus. in a swampy plain; and near the temple was a
Vid. SEDIGITUS. [His fragments are collected remarkable effervescing spring called Asmabmain Bothe's Poetre Scenici Latinorum, vol. vi., p. on. Tyana was the native place of Apollonius,
77-94.]                                   the supposed worker of miracles. The southTURPIO, L. AMBIVYUS, a very celebrated actor ern district of Cappadocia, in which the city
in the time of Terence, in most of whose plays stood, was called Tyanitis.
he acted.                                   TYCHE. Vid. FORTUNA.
TURRIS HANNIBALIS (ruins at Bourj Salektah),  TYCHE. Vid. SYRACUSE.
a castle on the coast of Byzacena, between  [TYcHIus (TdXtot), of Hyle, a mythical artifiThapsus and Acholla, belonging to Hannibal, cer, mentioned by Homer as the maker of
who embarked here when he fled to Antiochus Ajax's shield of seven ox-hides, covered with a
the Great.                                plate of brass.]
TURRIS STRATONIS. Vid. CESAREA, No. 3.    TYDEUS (TvdEV), son of CEneus, king of CalyTUSCANIA (Tuscaniensis: now Toscanella), a don, and Peribcea. He was obliged to leave
town ofEtruria, on the River Marta, rarely men- Calydon in consequence of some murder which
tioned by ancient writers, but celebrated in mod- he had committed, but which is differently deera times on account of the great number of scribed by the different authors, some saying
Etruscan antiquities which have been discov- that he killed his father's brother, Melas, Lycoered in its ancient tombs.                peus, or Alcathous; others, that he slew Thoas
Tusci, TUSCIA. Vid. ETRURIA.            or Aphareus, his mother's brother; others, that
TUSCULUM (Tusculanus: ruins near Frascati), he slew his brother Olenias; and others, again,
an ancient town of Latium, situated about that he killed the sons of Melas, who had revoltten miles southeast of Rome, on a lofty sum- ed against CEneus. He fled to Adrastus at Armit of the mountains, which are called after the gos, who purified him from the murder, and
town TUSCULANI MONTES, and which are a con- gave him his daughter Deipyle in marriage, by'
tinuation of Mons Albanus. Tusculum  was whom he became the father of Diomedes, who
one of the most strongly fortified places in all is hence frequently called TYDIDES. He acItaly, both by nature and by art. It is said to companied Adrastus in the expedition against
have been founded by Telegonus, the son of Thebes, where he was wounded by Melanippus,
Ulysses; and it was always one of the most who, however, was slain by him. When Tydimportant of the Latin towns. Its importance eus lay on the ground wounded, Minerva (Athein the time of the Roman kings is shown by na) appeared to him with a remedy which she
Tarquinius Superbus giving his daughter in had received from Jupiter (Zeus), and which
marriage to OctaviusMamilius, the chiefofTus- was to make him immortal. This, however,
culurn. At a later time it became a Roman was prevented by a stratagem of Amphiaraus,
58                                                             913




TYLOS.                                    TYRAS.
who hated Tydeus, for he cut off the head of giant. According to Homer, he was concealed
Melanippus and brought it to Tydeus, who di- in the earth in the country of the Arimi (Elv
vided it and ate the brain, or devoured some of'ApiEotS, of which the Latin poets have made
the flesh. Minerva (Athena), seeing this, shud- Inarime), which was lashed by Jupiter (Zeus)
dered, and left Tydeus to his fate, who conse- with flashes of lightning. In Hesiod, Typhaon
quently died, and was buried by Macon.    and Typhoeus are two distinct beings. TyphaTYLos  or TYRos (TYtlog, Tvpog: now Bah- on is represented as a son of Typhoeus, and a
rein), an island in the Persian Gulf, off the coast fearful hurricane, who by Echidna became the
of Arabia, celebrated for its pearl fisheries.  father of the dog Orthus, Cerberus, the Lerneean
TYMBRESor TEMBROGIUS (nowPursek), a river hydra, Chimaera, and the Sphinx. Typhoeus, on
of Phrygia, rising in Mount Dindymene, and the other hand, is called the youngest son of
flowing past Cotyaeum and Dorylaeum into the Tartarus and Terra (Gaea), or of Juno (Hera)
Sangarius. Itwasthe boundary between Phry- alone, because she was indignant at Jupiter
gia Epictetus and Phrygia Salutaris.      (Zeus) having given birth to Minerva (Athena).
TYMNES (TVuvnc), an epigrammatic poet, He is described as a monster with one hundred
whose epigrams were included in the Garland heads, fearful eyes, and terrible voices; he
of Meleager, but respecting whose exact date wanted to acquire the sovereignty of gods and
we have no further evidence. There are seven men, but was subdued, after a fearful struggle,
of his epigrams in the Greek Anthology.   by Jupiter (Zeus), with a thunderbolt. He beTYMPHMEI (Tv alZoL), a people of Epirus, on got the winds, whence he is also called the
the borders of Thessaly, so called from Mount father of the Harpies; but the beneficent winds
TYMPHE (Tvd07), sometimes, but less correctly, Notus, Boreas, Argestes, and Zephyrus, were
written STYMPHE (2TrzoV). Their country was not his sons. JEschylus and Pindar describe
called TYMPHiA A (Tvypaia).;              him as living in a Cilician cave. He is further
TYMPHRESTUS (Tv/0pacr6c: now Elladha), a said to have at one time been engaged in a
mountain in Thessaly, in the country of the struggle with all the immortals, and to have
Dryopes, in which the River Sperch6us rises.  been killed by Jupiter (Zeus) with a flash of
TYNDAREUS (TvvddpeoC), not TYNDARUS, which lightning; he was buried in Tartarus under
is not found in classical writers, was son of Pe- Mount /Etna, the work-shop of Hephestus,
rieres and Gorgophone, or, according to others, which is hence called by the poets Typhois,tson of Ebalus, by the nymph Batia or by Gor- na. The later poets fiequently connect Tygophone. Tyndareus and his brother Icarius phoeus with Egypt. The gods, it is said, unable
were expelled by their step-brother Hippocoon to hold out against him, fled to Egypt, where,
and his sons; whereupon Tyndareus fled to from fear, they metamorphosed themselves into
Thestius in iEtolia, and assisted him in his wars animals, with the exception of Jupiter (Zeus)
against his neighbors.  In _Etolia Tyndareus and Minerva (Athena).
married Leda, the daughter of Thestius, and  TYRAGIET2iE, TYRIGETkE, or TYRANGET]E, a peowas afterward restored to Sparta by Hercules. pie in European Sarmatia, probably a branch of
By Leda, Tyndareus became the father of the Getae, dwelling east of the River Tyras.
Timandra, Clytamnestra, and Philonoe. One   TYRANNION (Tvpavvoi)v). 1. A Greek gramnight Leda was embraced both by Jupiter (Zeus) marian, a native of Amisus in Pontus, was origand Tyndareus, and the result was the birth of inally called Theophrastus, but received from
Pollux and Helena, the children of Jupiter his instructor the name of Tyrannion on account
(Zeus), and of Castor and Clytamnestra, the of his domineering behavior to his fellow-discichildren of Tyndareus. The patronymic TYN- ples. In B.C. 72 he was taken captive by LuDAXRIDD is frequently given to Castor and Pol- cullus, who carried him to Rome. He was
lux, and the female patronymic TYNDARIS to given by Lucullus to Murena, who manumitted
Helen and Clytmmnestra. When Castor and him. At Rome Tyrannion occupied himself in
Pollux had been received among the immortals, teaching. He was also employed in arranging
Tyndareus invited Menelaus to come to Spar- the library of Apellicon, which Sulla brought to
ta, and surrendered his kingdom to him.   Rome. This library contained the writings of
TYNDARIS orTYNDXRYuM (Tvvsapie, Tvvddpeov: Aristotle, upon which Tyrannion bestowed conTyndaritanus: now Tindare), a town on the siderable care and attention. Cicero speaks in
northern coast of Sicily, with a good harbor, a the highest terms of the learning and ability of
little west of Messana, near the promontory of Tyrannion. Tyrannion amassed considerable
the same name founded by the elder Dionysius, wealth, and died at a very advanced age of a
B.C. 396, which became an important place. It paralytic stroke.-2. A native of Phoenicia, the
was the head-quarters of Agrippa, the general son of Artemidorus, and a disciple of the preof Octavianus, in the war against Sextus Pom- ceding. His original name was Diodes. He
pey. The greater part of the town was subse- was taken captive in the war between Antony
quently destroyed by an inundation of the sea.  and Octavianus, and was purchased by Dymas, a
[TYPHUS (Tv7raeov 6poe), a craggy elevation freedman of the latter. By him he was prein Elis, between Scillus and the Alpheus, in the sented to Terentia, the wife of Cicero, who mandirection of Olympia, from which the law de- umitted him. He taught at Rome, and wrote
creed that women should be hurled, who had a great number of works, which are all lost.
infringed the regulations excluding them from  TYRAS (TWpaC, Tepg: now Dniester), subseappearing at the Olympic games.]          quently called DANASTRIS, a river in European
TYPHON or TYPHOEUS (Tvcd6cv, TvocGevS, con- Sarmatia, forming, in the lower part of its
tracted into Tvro), a monster of the primitive course, the boundary between Dacia and Sarworld, is described sometimes as a destructive matia, and falling into the Pontus Euxinus
hurricane, and sometimes as a fire-breathing north of the Danube. At its mouth there was
914




TY' TRES.                                TZETZES.
a town of the same name, probably on the site of the glory of fighting bravely for one's native
of the modern Ackjereann.                 land; and more spirited compositions, itn the
[TVREs, brother of Teuthras, one of the corn- anapaestic measure, which were intended as
panions of iEneas, fought in Italy against Tur- marching songs, to be performed with the music
nus.]                                     of the flute. He lived to see the success of his
TYRIT UM, (Tvptacov: now Ilghun), a city of efforts in the entire conquest of the Messenians,
Lycaonia, described by Xenophon (in the Anab- and their reduction to the condition of Helots.
asis) as twenty parasangs west of Iconium. He therefore flourished down to B.C. 668, which
It lay due west of Laodicea.              was the last year of the second Messenian war.
TYRO (Tvp6), daughter of Salmoneus and Al- The best separate edition of the fragments of
cidice. She was wife of Cretheus, and beloved his poems is by Bach, with the remains of the
by the river-god Enipeus in. Thessaly, in whose elegiac poets Callinus and Asius, Lips., 1831.
form Neptune (Poseidon) appeared to her, and  TYRUS (TPpog: Aram. Tura: in the Old Testbecame by her the father of Pelias and Neleus. ament, Tsor: Tvptor, Tyrius: ruins at Sur), one
By Cretheus she was the mother of 3son, of the greatest and most famous cities of the
Pheres, and Amythaon.                     ancient world, stood on the coast of Phenice,
TvYRRHEN, TYRRHf:NIA. Vid. ETRURIA.     about twenty miles south of Sidon. It was a
TYIRHENUM MARE. Vid. ETRUIA.            colony of the Sidonians, and is therefore called
TYRRHENUS (TvPPtbv6 or Tvpajv6r), son of in Scripture " the daughter of Sidon." It gradthe Lydian king Atys and Callithea, and brother ually eclipsed the mother city, and came to be
of Lydus, is said to have led a Pelasgian colony the chief place of all Phcenice for wealth, comfrom Lydia into Italy, into the country of the merce, and colonizing activity. In the time of
Urmbrians, and to have given to the colonists Solomon, we find its king, Hiram, who was also
his name, Tyrrhenians. Others call Tyrrhenus King of Sidon, in close alliance with the Hebrew
a son of Hercules by Omphale, or of Telephus monarch, whom he assisted in building the temand Hiera, and a brother of Tarchon. The pie and his palace, and in commercial entername Tarchon seems to be only another form  prises. Respecting its colonies and maritime
of Tyrrhenus.                             enterprise, vid. PHZCENICE and CARTHAGO. The
TYRRHEUS, a shepherd of King Latinus. As Assyrian king Shalmaneser laid siege to Tyre
Ascanius was hunting, he killed a tame stag be- for five years, but without success.  It was
longing to Tyrrheus, whereupon the country again besieged for thirteen years by Nebuchadpeople took up arms, which was the first con- nezzar, and there is a tradition that he took it,
flict in Italy between the natives and the Tro- but the matter is not quite certain. At the pejan settlers.                             riod when the Greeks began to be well acquaintTvRTE US (TvpraFog or Tdprnato), son of Ar- ed with the city, its old site had been abandonchembrotus, of Aphidnas in Attica. According ed, and a new city erected on a small island
to the older tradition, the Spartans, during the about half a mile from the shore, and a mile in
second Messenian war, were commanded by an length, and a little north of the remains of the
oracle to take a leader from among the Athe- former city, which was now called Old Tyre
nians, and thus to conquer their enemies, where- (IIaZairvpor). With the additional advantage
upon they choseTyrtaus as their leader. Later of its insular position, this new city soon rose
writers embellish the story, and represent Tyr- to a prosperity scarcely less than that of its
tweus as a lame schoolmaster, of low family and predecessor; though, under the Persian kings,
reputation, whom the Athenians, when applied it seems to have ranked again below Sidon.
to by the Lacedaemonians in accordance with  Vid. SIDONr. In B.C. 322 the Tyrians refused
the oracle, purposely sent as the most inefficient to open their gates to Alexander, who laid siege
leader they could select, being unwilling to as- to the city for seven months, and united the
sist the Laceda'monians in extending their do- island on which it stood to the main land by a
minion in the Peloponnesus, but little thinking mole constructed chiefly of the ruins of Old
that the poetry of Tyrtweus would achieve that Tyre. This mole has ever since formed a pervictory which his physical constitution seemed manent connection between the island and the
to forbid his aspiring to. Many modern critics main land. After its capture and sack by Alexreject altogether the account of the Attic origin ander, Tyre never regained its former conseof Tyrtaeus, and maintain that the extant frag-quence, and its commerce was for the most
ments of his poetry actually furnish evidence part transferred to Alexandrea. It recovered,
of his being a Lacedaemonian. But it is impos- however, sufficiently to be mentioned as a strong
sible to arrive at any positive decision upon the fortress and flourishing port under the early Rosubject. It is certain, however, that the poems man emperors. Septimius Severus made it a
of Tyrtaus exercised an important influence Roman colony. It was the see of a bishop,
upon the Spartans, composing their dissensions and Jerome calls it the most beautiful city of
at home, and animating their courage in: the Phcenicia. It was a place of considerable imfield. In order to appease their civil discords, portance in medieval history, especially as one
he composed his celebrated elegy entitled' Le- of the last points held by the Christians on the
gal Order" (Ev'vopia), which appears to have coast of Syria. The wars of the Crusades comhad a wondrous effect in stilling the excited pleted its ruin, and its site is now occupied by
passions of the Spartans. But still more cele- apoor village; and even its ruins are for the
brated were the poems by which he animated most part covered by the sea. Even the site
the courage of the Spartans in their conflict of Babylon does not present a more striking fulwith the Messenians. These poems were of filment of prophecy.
two kinds; namely, elegies, containing exhorta-  TZETZES (T(ir'ig). 1. JOANNES, a Greek gramtions to constancy and courage, and descriptions marian of Constantinople, flourished about A.D.
915




TZITZIS                                  IJLYSS ES
1150. His writings bear evident traces of the pecially the two great works Ad Edictum and
extent of his learning, and not less of the inor- the Lil;ri ad,Sabintm.. Pie was banished or dedinate self-conceit with which they had filled prived of his functions under Elagabalus, who
him. He wrote a vast number of works, of became emperor 217; but on the accession of
which several are still extant. Of these the Alexander Severus, 222, he became the empertwo following are the most important: 1. Iliaca, or's chief adviser. The emperor conferred on
which consists properly of three poems, collect- Ulpian the office of Scriniorum magister, and
ed into one under the titles Ta 7rpo'OpLpov, ra made him a consiliarius. He also held the of-'OuPpov, Kai Ta ie'0"O'Onpov. The whole amounts fice of Prefectus Annonw, and he was likewise
to one thousand six hundred and seventy-six made Prefectus Pretorio. Ulpian perished in
lines, and is written in hexameter metre. It is the reign of Alexander by the hands of the sola very dull composition. Edited by Bekker, diers, who forced their way into the palace at
Berlin, 1816. 2. Chiliades, consisting in its pres- night, and killed him in the presence of the ement form of twelve thousand six hundred and peror and his mother, 228. His promotion to
sixty-one lines. This name was given to it by the office of prefectus pretorio was probably
the first editor, who divided it, without refer- an unpopular measure. A great part of the nuence to the contents, into thirteen divisions of merous writings of Ulpian were still extant in
one thousand lines, the last being incomplete. the time of Justinian, and a much greater quanIts subject-matter is of the most-miscellaneous tity is excerpted from him by the compilers of
kind, but embraces chiefly mythological and his- the Digest than from any other jurist. The
torical narratives, arranged under separate ti- number of excerpts from Ulpian is said to be
ties, and without any further connection. The two thousand four hundred and sixty-two; and
following are a few of them, as they occur: many of the excerpts are of great length, and
Crcesus, Midas, Gyges. Codrus, Alcmaeon, &c. altogether they form  about one third of the
It is written in bad Greek, in that abominable whole body of the Digest. The excerpts from
make-believe of a metre called political verse. Paulus and Ulpian together make about one
Edited by Kiessling, Lips., 1826.-2. ISAAC, half of the Digest. Ulpian's style is perspicubrother of the preceding, the author of a val- ons, and presents fewer difficulties than that of
uable commentary on the Cassandra of Lyco- many of the Roman jurists who are excerpted
phron, printed in most of the editions of Lyco- in the Digest. The great legal knowledge, the
phron; [best edit. by Miller, Lips. 1811, 3 vols.] good sense, and the industry of Ulpian place
TZITZIS or TZUTZIS (ruins south of Debout), a him among the first of the Roman jurists; and
city in the north of the Dodecascheenus, that is, he has exercised a great influence on the juristhe part of /Ethiopia immediately above Egypt, prudence of modern Europe through the copia little south of Parembole, and considerably ous extracts from his writings which have been
north of Taphis.                          preserved by the compilers of Justinian's Digest. We possess a fragment of a work under
UT                    the title of Domitii Ulpiani Fragmenta; it consists of twenty-nine titles, and is a valuable
UBYI, a German people, who originally dwelt source for the history of the Roman law. The
on the right bank of the Rhine, but were trans- best editions are by Hugo, Berlin, 1834, and by
ported across the river by Agrippa in B.C. 37, B6cking, Bonn, 1836.-2. Of Antioch, a sophat their own request, because they wished to es- ist, lived in the time of Constantine the Great,
cape the hostilities of the Suevi. They took and wrote several rhetoricalworks. The name
the name of Agrippenses, from their town Co- of Ulpianus is prefixed to extant Commentaries
LONIA AGRIPPINA.                         in Greek on eighteen of the orations of DemosUCXLEGON (OvKca2eyov), one of the elders at thenes, and it is usually stated that they were
Troy, whose house was burned at the destruc- written by Ulpianus of Antioch. But the Comtion of the city.                         mentaries have evidently received numerous
UcuBIS, a town in Hispania Betica, near Cor- additions and interpolations from some gramduba.                                     marian of a very late period. They are printed
UFENS (now Uffente), a river in Latium, flow- in several editions of the Attic orators.
ing from Setia, and falling into the Amasenus.  ULPIUS TRAJANUS. Vid. TRAJANUS.
UFFUGUM, a town in Bruttium, between Scyl-  ULTOR, " the avenger," a surname of Mars,
lacium and Rhegium.                       to.whom Augustus built a temple at Rome in
UGERNUM (now Beaucaire), a town in Gallia the Forum, after taking vengeance upon the
Narbonensis, on the road from Nemausus to murderers of his great-uncle, Julius Caesar.
Aquae Sextime, where Avitus was proclaimed  ULUBRS  (Ulubranus, Ulubrensis), a small
emperor.                                 town in Latium, of, uncertain site, but in the
ULIA (now Montemayor), a Roman municip- neighborhood of the Pontine Marshes.
ium in Hispania Baetica, situated upon a hill,  ULYSSES, ULYXES, or ULIXES, called ODYsand upon the road from Gades to Corduba.  SEUS ('Odvauoesc) by the Greeks, one of the prinULIARUS or OLARIONENSIS INSULA (now Ole- cipal Greek heroes in the Trojan war. Acron), an island off the western coast of Gaul, in cording to the Homeric account, he was a son
the Aquitanian Gulf.                      of Laertes and Antielea, the daughter of AuULPIrNUS. 1. DOMITIUS ULPINUS, a celebra- tolycus, and was married to Penelope, the
ted jurist, derived his origin from Tyre in Phce- daughter of Icarius, by whom he became the
nicia, but was probably not a native of Tyre father of Telemachus. But, according to a lathimself. The time of his birth is unknown. er tradition, he was a son of Sisyphus and AnThe greater part of his juristical works were ticlea, who, being with child by Sisyphus, was
written during the sole reign of Caracalla, es- married to Laertes, and thus gave birth to him
916




ULYSSES.                                  ULYSSES.
either after her arrival in Ithaca or on her way gained the prize. He is said by some to have
thither. Later traditions further state that, be- devised the stratagem of the wooden horse, and
sides Telemachus, Ulysses became by Penelope he was one of the heroes concealed within it.
the father of Arcesilaus or Ptoliporthus; and, He is also said tohave taken part in carrying
by Circe, the father of Agrius, Latinus, Telego- off the palladium. But the most celebrated part
nus, and Cassiphone; by Calypso, of Nausith- of his story consists of his adventures after the
ous and Nausinous or Auson, Telegonus, and destruction of Troy, which form the subject of
Teledamus; and, lastly, by Evippe, of Leonto- the Homeric poem called after him, the Odyssey.
phron, Doryclus or Euryalus. The name Odys- After the capture of Troy he set out on his voyseus is said to signify the angry. The story of age home, but was overtaken by a storm and
Ulysses ran as follows: When a young man, thrown upon the coast of Ismarus, a town of
Ulysses went to see his grandfather Autolycus the Cicones, in Thrace, north of the island of
near Mount Parnassus. There, while engaged Lemnos. He plundered the town, but several
in the chase, he was wounded by a boar in his of his men were cut off by the Cicones. From
knee, by the scar of which he was subsequently thence he was driven by a north wind toward
recognized by Euryclea. Even at that age he Malea and to the Lotophagi on the coast of
was distinguished for courage, for knowledge of Libya. Some of his companions were so much
navigation, for eloquence, and for skill as a nego- delighted with the taste of the lotus that they
tiator; and on one occasion, when the Messeni- wanted to remain in the country, but Ulysses
ans had carried off some sheep from Ithaca, La- compelled them to embark again, and continued
ertes sent him to Messene to demand reparation. his voyage. In one day he reached the goatHe there met with Iphitus, who was seeking the island, situated north of the country of the Lohorses stolen from him, and who gave him the tophagi. He there left behind eleven ships, and
famous bow of Eurytus.  This bow Ulysses with one he sailed to the neighboring island of
used only in Ithaca, regarding it as too great a the Cyclopes (the western coast of Sicily),
treasure to be employed in the field, and it was where, with twelve companions, he entered the
so strong that none of the suitors was able to cave of the Cyclops Polyphemus, a son of Nephandle it. According to some accounts, he went tune (Poseidon) and Thoosa. This giant deto Sparta as one of the suitors of Helen; and voured, one after another, six of the companhe is said to have advised Tyndareus to make ions of Ulysses, and kept the unfortunate Ulysthe suitors swear that they would defend the ses and the six others as prisoners in his cave.
chosen bridegroom against any one who should In order to save himself, Ulysses contrived to
insult him on Helen's account. Tyndareus, to make the monster drunk with wine, and then,
show him his gratitude, persuaded his brother with a burning pole, deprived him of his one
to give Penelope in marriage to Ulysses; or, eye. He now succeeded in making his escape
according to others, Ulysses gained her by con- with his friends, by concealing himself and them
quering his competitors in thefoot-race. Homer, under the bodies of the sheep which the Cyclops
however, mentions nothing of all this, and states let out of his cave. In this way Ulysses reached
that Agamemnon, who visited Ulysses in Ithaca, his ship. The Cyclops implored his father Nepprevailed upon him only with great difficulty to tune (Poseidon) to take vengeance upon Ulysjoin the Greeks in their expedition against Troy. ses, and henceforth the god of the sea pursued
Other traditions relate that he was visited by the wandering king with implacable enmity.
Menelaus and Agamemnon, and that Palamedes Ulysses next arrived at the island of Eolus;
more especially induced him to join the Greeks. and the god gave him, on his departure, a bag
When Palamedes came to Ithaca, Ulysses pre- of winds, which were to carry him home; but
tended to be mad: he yoked an ass and ox to the companions of Ulysses opened the bag, and
a plough, and began to sow salt. Palamedes, the winds escaped, whereupon the ships were
to try him, placed the infant Telemachus before driven back to the island of AEolus, who indigthe plough, whereupon the father could not con- nantly refused all further assistance. After a
tinue to play his part. He stopped the plough, voyage of six days, Ulysses arrived at Telepylos,
and was obliged to undertake the fulfillment of the city of Lamus, in which Antiphates ruled
the promise he had made when he was one of over the Laestrygones, a sort of cannibals. This
the suitors of Helen. This occurrence is said place must probably be sought somewhere in
to have been the cause of his hatred of Palame- the north of Sicily. Ulysses escaped from them
des. Being now himself gained for the under- with only one ship; and his fate now carried
taking, he contrived to discover Achilles, who him to a western island,./Eaea, inhabited by
was concealed among the daughters of King the sorceress Circe. Part of his people were
Lycornedes. Vid. ACHILLES. Before, however, sent to explore the island, but they were
the Greeks sailed fiom home, Ulysses, in con- changed by Circe into swine. Eurylochus alone
junction with Menelaus, went to Troy for the escaped, and brought the sad news to Ulysses,
purpose ofinducing theTrojans to restore Helen who, when he was hastening to the assistance
and her treasures. When the Greeks were as- of his friends, was instructed by Mercury (Hersembled at Aulis, Ulysses joined them with mes) by what means he could resist the magic
twelve ships and men from Cephallenia, Ithaca, powers of Circe. He succeeded in liberating
Neritus, Crocylia, Zacynthus, Samos, and the his companions, who were again changed into
coast of Epirus. During the siege of Troy he men, and were most hospitably treated by the
distinguished himself as a valiant and undaunt- sorceress. When at length Ulysses begged for
ed warrior, but more particularly as a cunning leave to depart, Circe desired him to descend
spy, and a prudent and eloquent negotiator. into Hades and to consult the seer Tiresias.
After the death of Achilles, Ulysses contended I-He now sailed west, right across the river Oceor his armor with the Telamonian Ajax, and anus, and having landed on the other side, in
917




ULYSSES.                                  ULYSSES,
tle country of the Cimmerians, where Helios tory. At length he was sent home in a ship,
does not shine, he entered Hades, and consult- One night, as he had fallen asleep in his ship,
ed Tiresias about the manner in which he might it reached the coast of Ithaca; the Phaacians
reach his native land. Tiresias informed him  who had accompanied him carried him on shore,
of the danger and difficulties arising from the and left him. He had now been away from
anger of Neptune (Poseidon), but gave him hope Ithaca for twenty years, and when he awvoke he
that all would yet turn out well, if Ulysses and did not recognize his native land, for Athena,
his companions would leave the herds of Helios that he might not be recognized, had enveloped
in Thrinacia uninjured. Ulysses now returned him in a cloud. As he was lamenting his fate,
to aea, where Circe again treated the stran- the goddess informed him where he was, and
gers kindly, told them of the dangers that yet advised him how to take vengeance upon the
awaited them, and of the means of escaping. enemies of his house. During his absence, his
The wind which she sent with them. carried father Laertes, bowed down by grief and old
them to the island of the Sirens, somewhere age, had withdrawn into the country, his mother
near the western coast of Italy. The Sirens Anticlea had died of sorrow, his son Telemachus
sat on the shore, and with their sweet voices had grown up to manhood, and his wife Penelattracted all that passed by, and then destroyed ope had rejected all the offers that had been
them. Ulysses, in order to escape the danger, made to her by the importunate suitors from
filled the ears of his companions with wax, and the neighboring islands. During the last few
fastened himself to the mast of his ship, until he years more than a hundred nobles of Ithaca,
was out of the reach of the Sirens' song. His Same, Dulichium, and Zacynthus had been suing
ship next sailed between Scylla and Charyb- for the hand of Penelope, and in their visits to
dis, two rocks between Thrinacia and Italy. As her house had treated all that it contained as
the ship passed between them, Scylla, the mon- if it had been their own. That he might be able
ster inhabiting the rock of the same name, car- to take vengeance upon them, it was necessary
Tied off and devoured six of the companions of that he should not be recognized.  Minerva
Ulysses. From thence he came to Thrinacia, (Athena) accordingly metamorphosed him into
the island of Helios, who there kept his sacred an unsightly beggar, and he was kindly received
herds of oxen. Mindful of the advice of Tire- by Eumaus, the swine-herd, a faithful servant
sias and Circe, Ulysses wanted to sail past, but of his house. While staying with EumeLus, his
his companions compelled him to land. He son Telemachus returned fiom Sparta and Pymade them swear not to touch any of the cat- los, whither he had gone to obtain information
tie; but as they were detained in the island by concerning his father. Ulysses made himself
storms, and were hungry, they killed the finest known to him, and with him deliberated upon
of the oxen while Ulysses was asleep. After the plan of revenge. In the disguise of a begsome days the storm abated, and they sailed gar he accompanied Telemachus and Eumeus
away, but soon another storm came on, and to the town. The plan of revenge was now
their ship was destroyed by Jupiter (Zeus) with carried into effect. Penelope, with great diffia flash of lightning. All were drowned with culty, was made to promise her hand to him
the exception of Ulysses, who saved himself by who should conquer the others in shooting with
means of the mast and planks, and after ten the bow of Ulysses. As none of the suitors
days reached the island of Ogygia, inhabited by was able to draw this bow, Ulysses himself took
the nymph Calypso. She received him with it up and then began to attack the suitors. He
kindness, and desired him to marry her, prom- was supported by Athena and his son, and all
ising immortality and eternal youth if he would fell by his hands. Ulysses now made himself
consent, and forget Ithaca. But he could not known to Penelope, and went to see his aged
overcome his longing after his own home. Mi- father. In the mean time the report of the death
nerva (Athena), who had always protected Ulys- of the suitors was spread abroad, and their relses, induced Jupiter (Zeus) to promise that her atives rose in arms against Ulysses; but Athefavorite hero, notwithstanding the anger of Nep- na, who assumed the appearance of Mentor,
tune (Poseidon), should one day return to his brought about a reconciliation between the peonative island, and take vengeance on the suitors ple and the king. It has already been remarkof Penelope. Mercury (Hermes) carried to Ca- ed that in the Homeric poems Ulysses is replypso the command of Jupiter (Zeus) to dismiss resented as a prudent, cunning, inventive, and
Ulysses. The nymph obeyed, and taught him  eloquent man,'but, at the same time, as a brave,
how to build a raft, on which, after remaining bold, and persevering warrior, whose courage
eight years with her, he left the island. In no misfortune or calamity could subdue, bul
eighteen days he came in sight of Scheria, the later poets describe him as a cowardly, deceitisland of the Phsacians, when Neptune (Posei- ful, and intriguing personage. Respecting the
don) sent a storm, which cast him off the raft. last period of his life the Homeric poems give
By the assistance of Leucothea and Minerva us no information, except the prophecy of Tire(Athena), he reached Scheria by dint of swim- sias, who promised him a painless death in a
ming. The exhausted hero slept on the shore happy old age; but later writers give us differuntil he was awoke by the voices of maidens. ent accounts. According to one, Telegonuns
He found Nausicaa, the daughter of King Alci- the son of Ulysses by Circe, was sent out by
nous and Arete, who conducted the hero to her his mother to seek his father. A storm cast
father's court. He was there honored with him upon Ithaca, which he began to plunder in
feasts and contests, and the minstrel Demodo- order to obtain provisions. Ulysses and Telemcus sang of the fall of Troy, which moved Ulys- achus attacked him, but he slew Ulysses, and
ses to tears; and, being questioned about the his body was afterward carried to Jtea. Accause of his emotion, he related his whole his- cording to some, Circe recalled Ulysses to life
918




UMBRENUS.                                   URSUS.
acain, or, on his arrival in Tyrrhenia, he was birth.-2. The name of a mythical being, who
burned on Mount Perge. In works of art Ulys- is said to have reared Artemis (Diana), and who
ses is commonly represented as a sailor, wear- is mentioned by Virgil as one of the nymphs in
ing a semi-oval cap.                      her train. The masculine Upis is mentioned
[UMBRENUS, P., one of the accomplices of Cat- by Cicero as the father of Artemis (Diana).
iline; he was a freedman" and had followed the  UR. Vid. EDESSA.
business of a negotiator in Gaul, and was for  URANIA (Ovpavia). 1. One of the Muses, a
that reason employed to gain over the ambas- daughter of Zeus (Jupiter) byMnemosyne. The
sadors of the Allobroges to favor the designs of ancient bard Linus is called her son by Apollo,
the conspirators.]                        and Hymenieus also is said to have been a son
UMBRIA, called by the Greeks OMBRICA (4 of Urania. She was regarded, as her name inOfI6puIi), aa district of Italy, bounded on the dicates, as the Muse of Astronomy, and was
north by Gallia Cisalpina, from which it was represented with a celestial globe, to which she
separated by the River Rubicon; on the east points with a small staff -2. Daughter of Oceby the Adriatic Sea; on the south by Picenum, anus and Tethys, who also occurs as a nymph
from which it was separated by the River Esis, in the train of Persephone (Proserpina).-3. A
and by the land of the Sabines, from which it surname of Aphrodite (Venus), describing her
was separated by the River Nar; and on the as "the heavenly," or spiritual, to distinguisl
west by Etruria, from which it was separated her from Aphrodite Pandemos. Plato repreby the Tiber. Under Augustus it formed the sents her as a daughter of Uranus (Ccelus), besixth Regio of Italy.  The Apennines ran gotten without a mother. Wine was not used
through the western part of the country, but it in the libations offered to her.
contained many fertile plains on the coast. Its  URANUS (Ovpavo), CuELUS, or HEAVEN, someinhabitants, the UMBRI (sing. Umber), called by times called a son, and sometimes the husband
the Greeks UMaBRIci ('0,86p/coZ), were one of the of Geaa (Earth). By Gaea Uranus became the
most ancient races of Italy, and were connect- father of Oceanus, Cceus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapeed with the Opicans, Sabines, and those other tus, Thia, Rhia, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phcebe,
tribes whose languages were akin to the Greek. Tethys, Cronos (Saturn); of the Cyclopes
The Umbri were at a very early period the Brontes, Steropes, Arges; and of the Hecatonmost powerful people in Central Italy, and ex- cheires Cottus, Briareus, and Gyes. Accordtended across the peninsula from the Adriatic ing to Cicero, Uranus also was the father of
to the Tyrrhene seas. Thus they inhabited the Mercury by Dia, and of Venus by Hemera. Uracountry afterward called Etruria; and we are nus hated his children, and immediately after
expressly told that Crotona, Perusia, Clusium, their birth he confined them in Tartarus, in conand other Etruscan cities were built by the sequence of which he was unmanned and deUmbrians. They were afterward deprived of throned by Cronos (Saturn) at the instigation
their possessions west of the Tiber by the Etrus- of Gaa (Terra). Out of the drops of his blood
cans, and confined to the country between this sprang the Gigantes, the Melian nymphs, and,
river and the Adriatic. Their territories were according to some, Silenus, and from the foam
still further diminished by the Senones, a Gallic gathering around his limbs in the sea sprang
people, who took possession of the whole coun- Aphrodite (Venus).
try on the coast, from Ariminum to the 2Esis.  URBIGENUS PAGUS. Vid. HELVETII.
The Umbri were subdued by the Romans B.C.   URBINuM (Urbinas, -atis). 1. HORTENSE (now
307; and after the conquest of the Senones by  Urbeno), a town in Umbria and a municipium,
the Romans in 283, they again obtained posses- situated on a steep round rock.-2. METAURENSE
sion of the country on the coast of the Adriatic. (now Urbania), a town in Umbria, on the River
This district, however, continued to be called Metaurus, and not far from its. source.
Ager Gallicus down to a late period. The chief  URBS SALVIA. Vid. POLLENTIA, No. 2.
towns of Umbria were ARIMINUM, FANUM FOR-   URCI, a town of the Bastetani in Hispania
TUNm, MEVANIA, TUDER, NARNIA, and SPOLE- Tarraconensis, on the coast, and on the road
TIUM.                                     from Castulo to Malaca.
[UMe RICIUS, a diviner, who predicted to Galba,  URCINIUM (now Orcine), a town on the westshortly before his death, that a plot threatened ern coast of Corsica.
him.].               URGO or GORGON (now Gorgona), an island
[UMBRO, a famous magician, from the coun- off the coast of Etruria, north of Ilva.
try of the Marsi, aided Turnus against the Tro-  URIA (Urias: now Oria), called HYRIA ('Tpi?)
jans, but was slain in battle: he was brother by Herodotus, a town in Calabria, on the road
of the nymph Angitia.]                    from Brundisium to Tarentum, was the ancient
UKiBRo (now Ombrone), one of the largest riv- capital of Iapygia, and is said to have been
era in Etruria, falling into the Tyrrhene Sea, founded by the Cretans under Minos.
Bear a town of the same name.               URIUM, a small town in Apulia, from which
UIMIDIus QuADRATUS. Vid. QUADRATUS.     the Sinus Urias took its name, being the bay
UNELLI, a people on the northern coast of on the northern side of Mount Garganus, oppoGaul, on a promontory opposite Britain (the site the Diomedean islands.
modern Cotantin), belonging to the Armorici.  URSEIUS FEROX. Vid. FEROX.
IUNSINrGIS (now the Hunze, flowing by Gronin-  [URSO (OVpauv: now Osueia, with ruins and
gen), a conjectura eemendation in Tacitus (Ann., inscriptions), a city of Hispania Beetica, also
i., 70) for the Visurgzis, a river of Germania, called GentaZ Urbanorum; this was the last hold
flowing into the Oceanus Germanicus.]     of the partisans of Pompey in Spain.]
UJIS (O(VTnt). 1. A surname of Artemis (Di-  URsus, a contemporary of Domitian, whom
ana), as the goddess assisting women in child- he dissuaded from killing his wife Donlitia.
919




USCANA.                                    VALENS.
Statius addressed to him a poem of consolation
on the death of a favorite slave (Silv., ii., 6),
and he also mentions him in the Preface to the
second book of his Silve.                    VACCA, VAG., or VABA (OWyn, Bya: now
USCXANA, a large town in Illyria, on a tributary  Beja), a city of Zeugitana in Northern Africa,
of the Aous, and in the district Penestiana.  on the borders of Numidia, on an eastern tribUSIPETES or UsiPli, a German people, who, utary of the River Tusca, a good day's journey
being driven out of their abodes by the Suevi, south of Utica. It was a great emiporium for
crossed the Rhine And penetrated into Gaul; the trade between Hippo, Utica, and Carthage,
but they were defeated by Caesar, and compelled  and the interior. It was destroyed by Metelius
to recross the river. They were now received  in the Jugurthine war, but was restored and colby the Sigambri, and allowed to dwell on the onized by the IRomans. Its fortifications were
northern bank of the Lippe; but we afterward renewed by Justinian, who named it Theodofind them south of the Lippe; and at a still rias in honor of his wife.
later time they become lost under the general  VACcEI, a people in the interior of HIispania
name of Alemanni.                          Tarraconensis, occupying the modern Toro, Pa[USPE, the capital of the Siraceni or Siraci, lencia, Burgos, and Valladolid, east of the Asa people of Sarmatia Asiatica.]            tures, south of the Cantabri, west of the CelUsTICA, a valley near the Sabine villa of Hor- tiberi, and north of the Vettones. Their chief
ace.                                       towns were PALLANTIA and INTERCATIA.
UTICA (I'ICrvwo or OVrvi: ~'Irvmaioc, Uticen-  [VAccus, M. VITRUVIUS, general of the Funsis: ruins at Bou-Shater), the greatest city of dani and Privernates in their revolt against the
ancient Africa, after Carthage, was a Phceni- Romans in B.C. 330: he had a house at Rome
cian colony, older (and, if the chronologers are on the Palatine, which was destroyed (after the
to be trusted, much older) than Carthage. Like suppression of the revolt and the death of Vacothers of the very ancient Phcenician colonies cus), and its site made public under the name
in the territory of Carthage, Utica maintained of Vacci prata.]
a comparative independence, even during the  [VACUNA, a Sabine divinity, identical with Vieheight of the Punic power, and was rather the toria. She had an ancient sanctuary near Horally of Carthage than her subject. It stood on ace's villa at Tibur, and another at Rome. The
the shore of the northern part of the Cartha- Romans, however, derived the name from vaginian Gulf, a little west of the mouth of the cuus, and said that she was a divinity to whom
Bagradas, and twenty-seven Roman miles north- the country people offered sacrifices when the
west of Carthage; but its site is now inland, labors of the field were over, that is, when they
in consequence of the changes effected by the were at leisure, vacui.]
Bagradas inthe coast-line. Vid. BAGRADAS. In  VADA. 1. A fortress of the Batavi in Gallia
the third Punic war, Utica took part with the Belgica, east of Batavodurum.-2. VADA SABRomans against Carthage, and was rewarded IATIA (now Vado), a town of Liguria, on the
with the greatest part of the Carthaginian ter- coast, which was the harbor of Sabbata or Save.
titory. It afterward became renowned to all -3. VADA VOLATERRAN. (now Torre di Vado),
future time as the scene of the last stand made a small town on the coast of Etruria, in the terby the Pompeian party against Cesar, and of ritory of Volaterrae.
the glorious, though mistaken, self-sacrifice of  VADIcAssII, a people in Gallia Belgica, near
the younger Cato. Vid. CATO.               the sources of the Sequana.
UTUS (now Vid), a river in Mcesia and a trib-  VADIMONIS LAcus (now Lago di Bassano), a
utary of the Danube, falling into the latter riv- small lake of Etruria of a circular form, with
er at the town Utus. It is perhaps the same sulphureous waters, and renowned for its floatriver as the Artanes of Herodotus.         ing islands, a minute description of which is
UXAMA (now Osma), a town of the Arevaci given by the younger Pliny. It is celebrated in
in Hispania Tarraconensis, on the road from  history for the defeat of the Etruscans in two
Asturica to Ceesaraugusta, fifty miles west of great battles, first by the dictator Papirius CurNumantia.                                  sor in B.C. 309, from the effects of which the
UXANTIS (now Ushant), an island off the north- Etruscans never recovered; and again in 283,
western coast of Gaul.                     when the allied forces of the Etruscans and
UXELLODUNUM, a town of the Cadurci in Gal- Gauls were routed by the consul Cornelius Dolia Aquitanica, situated on a steep hill, rising labella. The lake has so shrunk in dimensions
out of the plain, at the foot of which a river in modern times as to be only a small stagnant
flowed. It is probably the same as the modern pond, almost lost in the tall reeds and bulrushCapedenac, on the Lot.                     es which grow in it.
UXENTvU (Uxentinus: now Ugento), a town    VAGEDRus.m, a small river in Sicily, between
in Calabria, northwest of the Iapygian promon- Camarina and Gela.
tory.                                        VAGIENNI, a small people in Liguria, whose
UxhI (OhVLOe), a warlike people, of predatory chief town was Augusta Vagiennorum. Their
habits, who had their strongholds in Mount site is uncertain, but they perhaps dwelt near
Parachoathras, on the northern border of Per- Saluzzo.
sis, in the district called UXIA (Oi)ia), but who  VAHALIS. Vid. RHENUS.
also extended over a considerable tract of coun-  [VALA, C. NUmONIUS, a friend of Horace, who
try in Media.                              addressed to him the fifteenth of the first book
of Epistles.]
VALENS, emperor of the East A.D. 364-378,
was born about A.D. 328, and was made em920




VALENS, ABJRNUS.                           VALENTINIANUS.
peror by his brother Valentinian. Fid. VALEN- 364-375, was the son of Gratianus, and was bora
TINIANUS. The greater part ofValens's reign is A.D. 321, at Cibalis in Pannonia. His first wife
occupied by his wars with the Goths. At first was Valeria Severa, by whom he became the
he gained great advantages over the barba- father of the Emperor Gratianus. He held imrians, and concluded a peace with them in 370, portant military commands under Julian and
on the condition that they should not cross the Jovian; and on the death of the latter in FebDanube. In 376 the Goths were driven out of ruary, 364, Valentinian was elected emperor by
their country by the Huns, and were allowed the troops at Nicaea. A few weeks after his
by Valens to cross the Danube, and settle in elevation Valentinian elected his brother VaThrace and the country on the borders of the lens emperor, and assigned to him the East,
Danube. Dissensions soon arose between the  while he himself undertook the government of
Romans and these dangerous neighbors, and in the West. Valentinian was a Catholic, though
377 the Goths took up arms. Valens collect- his brother Valens was an Arian; but he did
ed a powerful army, and marched against the not persecute either Arians or heathens. He
Goths; but he was defeated by them with im- possessed good abilities, prudence, and vigor of
mense slaughter, near Hadnanople, on the 9th character. He had a capacity for militarymatof August, 378. Valens was never seen after ters, and was a vigilant, impartial, and laborithe battle; some say he died on the field, and ous adn-inistrator; but he sometimes punished
others relate that he was burned to death in a with excessive severity. The greater part of
peasant's house, to which he was carried, and Valentinian's reign was occupied by the wars
which the barbarians set fire to without know- against the Alemanni, and the other barbarians
ing who was in it. The reign of Valens is im- on the Roman frontiers. His operations were
portant in the history of the empire on account attended with success. He not only drove the
of the admission of the Goths into the coun- Alemanni out of Gaul, but on more than one
tries south of the Danube, the commencement occasion crossed the Rhine and carried the war
of the decline of the Roman power. The fu- into the enemy's country. His usual residence
rious contests between the rival creeds of the was Treviri (Treves). In 375 he went to CarCatholics and the Arians also characterize this nuntum, on the Danube, in order to repel the
reign.                                    Quadi and Sarmatians, who had invaded PanVALENS, ABURNUS, also called ABURNIUS, one nonia. After an indecisive campaign, he took
of the jurists who are excerpted in the Digest, up his winter quarters at Bregetio.  In this
belonged to the school of the Sabinians. He place, while giving an audience to the deputies
flourished under Antoninus Pius.          of the Quadi, and speaking with great heat, he
VALENS, FABIUS, one of the principal generals fell down in a fit, and expired suddenly on the
of the Emperor Vitellius in A.D. 69, marched  17th of November.-II., Roman emperor A.D.
into Italy through Gaul, and, after forming a 375-392, younger son of the preceding, was
junction with the forces of Cacina, defeated proclaimed Augustus by the army after his faOtho in the decisive battle of Bedriacum, which ther's death, though he was then only three or
secured for Vitellius the sovereignty of Italy. four years of age. His elder brother GratiaVitellius raised Valens and Caecina to the con- nus, who had been proclaimed Augustus during
sulship, and he left the whole government in the lifetime of their father, assented to the
their hands. Valens remained faithful to Vi- choice of the army, and a division of the West
tellius, when Antonius Primus, the general of was made between the two brothers. ValenVespasian, marched into Italy; but as he had tinian had Italy, Illyricum, and Africa. Gratian
not sufficient forces to oppose Antonius after had the Gauls, Spain, and Britain. In 383 Grathe capture of Cremona, he resolved to sail to tian was defeated and slain by Maximus, who
Gail and rouse the Gallic provinces to espouse left Valentinian a precarious authority out of
the cause of Vitellius; but he was taken pris- fear of Theodosius, the emperor of the East;
oner at the islands called Stcechades (now Hi- but in 387 Valentinian was expelled from Italy
ires), off Massilia, and was shortly afterward  by Maximus, and fled for refuge to Theodosius.
put to death at Urbinum (now Urbino).     In 388 Theodosius defeated Maximus, and reVALENTIA. 1. (Now Valencia.), the chief town  stored Valentinian to his authority as emperor
of the Edetani, on the River Turia, three miles of the West. Theodosius returned to Constanfrom the coast, and on the road from Carthago tinople in 391, and in the following year (392)
Nova to Castulo. It was founded by Junius Valentinian was murdered by the general ArBrutus, who settled here the soldiers of Viria- gobastes, who raised Eugenius to the throne.
thus; it was destroyed by Pompey, but it was Valentinian perished on the 15th of May, being
soon afterward rebuilt and made a Roman col- only a few months above twenty years of age.
ony. It continued to be an important place His funeral oration was pronounced by St. Amdown to the latest times.-2. (Now Valence), a brose.-III., Roman emperor A.D. 425-455, was
town in Gallia Narbonensis, on the Rhone, and born 419, and was the son of Constantius III.
a Roman colony. Some writers call it a town by Placidia, the sister of Honorius, and the
of the Cavares, and others a town of the Segel- daughter of Theodosius I. He was declared
launi. —3. A town of Sardinia, of uncertain site, Augustus in 425 by Theodosius II., and was
but which some writers place on the eastern placed over the West; but as he was only six
coast, between Portus Sulpicii and Sorabile.-  years of age, the government was intrusted to
4. Or VALENTIUM, a town in Apulia, ten miles his mother Placidia. During his long reign the
firom Brundisium.-5. A province in the north empire was repeatedly exposed to the invasions
of Britain, beyond the Roman wall, which ex- of the barbarians; and it was only the military
isted only for a short time. Vid. BRITANNIA.  abilities of Aetius which saved the empire from
VALENTINIANUS. I., Roman emperor A.D.,ruin. In 429, the Vandals, under Genseiieo
921




VALERTA.                            VALERIUS MAXIMJS.
crossed over into Africa, which they conquered,  IANUS. Valerian was proclaimed emperor by
and of which they continued in possession till the troops whom he was leading against the
the reign of Justinian. The Goths likewise es- usurper /Emilianus. Valerian proclaimed his
tablished themselves in Gaul; but Atius final- son Gallienus Augustus, and first carried on
ly made peace with them (439), and with their war against the Goths, whom he defeated (257).
assistance gained a great victory over Attila But though the barbarians still threatened the
and the vast army of the Huns at Chalons in Roman frontiers on the Danube and the Rhine,
451. The power and influence of Aetius ex- the conquests of the Persians, who had crossed
cited the jealousy and fears of Valentinian, the Euphrates and stormed Antioch, compelled
who murdered his brave and faithful general in him to hasten to the East. For a time his
454. In the following year the emperor him- measures were both vigorous and successful.
self was slain by Petronius Maximus, whose Antioch was recovered, and the Persian king
wife he had violated. He was a feeble and con- Sapor was compelled to fall back behind the
temptible prince, and had all the vices that in Euphrates; but the emperor, flushed by his
a princely station disgrace a man's character.  good fortune, followed too rashly. He was surVALERIA. 1. Sister of P. Valerius Publicola, rounded, in the vicinity of Edessa, by the countadvised the Roman matrons to ask Veturia, the less horsemen of his active foe; he was enmother of Coriolanus, to go to the camp of Cor- trapped into a conference, taken prisoner (260),
iolanus in order to deprecate his resentment.-  and passed the remainder of his life in captiv2. The last wife of Sulla, was the daughter of ity, subjected to every insult which Oriental
M. Valerius Messala, and bore a daughter soon cruelty could devise. After death his skin was
afterSulla's death.-3. GALERIAVALERIA, daugh- stuffed and long preserved as a trophy in the
ter of Diocletian and Prisca, was, upon the re- chief temple of the nation.-2. Son of the preconstruction of the empire in A.D. 292, united ceding, but not by the same mother as Gallieto Galerius, one of the new Ceesars. After the nus. He perished along with Gallienus at Mideath of her husband in 311, Valeria rejected lan in 268. Vid. GALLIENUS.
the proposals of his successor Maximinus, who,  VALERIUS. Vid. VALERIA GENS.
in consequence, stripped her of her possessions,  VALERIUS VOLUUS  MAXIMUS,  I'., was a
and banished her along with her mother. After brother of P. Valerius Publicola, and was diethe death of Maximinus, Valeria and her moth- tator in B.C. 494, when the dissensions beer were executed by order of Licinius, 315.-4. tween the burghers and commonalty of Rome
MEssALINA. Vid. MEssALINA.                de Nexis were at the highest.  Valerius was
VALERIA GENS, one of the most ancient pa- popular with the plebs, and induced them to entrician houses at Rome. The Valerii were of list for the Sabine and 2Equian wars, by promSabine origin, and their ancestor Volesus or Vo- ising that when the enemy was repulsed, the
lusus is said to have settled at Rome with Ti- condition of the debtors (nexi) should be alletus Tatius. One of the descendants of this viated. He defeated and triumphed over the
Volesus, P. Valerius, afterward surnamed Pub- Sabines; but, unable to fulfill his promise to
licola, plays a distinguished part in the story of the commons, resigned his dictatorship. The
the expulsion of the kings, and was elected con- plebs, seeing that Valerius at least had kept
sul in the first year of the republic, B.C. 509. faith with them, escorted him honorably home.
From this time forward down to the latest pe- As he was advanced in life at the time of his
riod of the empire, for nearly one thousand dictatorship, he probably died soon after. There
years, the name occurs more or less frequently were several descendants of this Valerius Maxin the Fasti, and it was borne by the emperors imus, but none of them are of sufficient imMaximinus, Maximianus, Maxentius, Diocle- portance to require special mention.
tian, Constantius, Constantine the Great, and  VALERIUS MAXIMUS, is known to us as the
others. The Valeria gens enjoyed extraordi- compiler of a large collection of historical anecnary honors and privileges at Rome. Their dotes, entitled De Facfis Dictisque Memorabilibus
house at the bottom of the Velia was the only Libri IX., arranged under different heads, the
one in Rome of which the doors were allowed sayings and doings of Roman worthies being,
to open back into the street. In the Circus a moreover, kept distinct in each division from
conspicuous place was set apart for them, where those of foreigners. He lived in the reign of
a small throne was erected, an honor of which the Emperor Tiberius, to whom he dedicated
there was no other example among the Ro- his work. Of his personal history we know
mans. They were also allowed to bury their nothing, except the solitary circumstance, redead within the walls. The Valerii in early corded by himself, that he accompanied Sextus
times were always foremost in advocating the Pompeius into Asia (ii., 6,   8), the Sextus
rights of the plebeians, and the laws which they Pompeius, apparently, who was consul A.D. 14,
proposed at various times were the great char- at the time when Augustus died. The subjects
ters of the liberties of the second order. Vid. treated of in the work are of a character so
Diet. of Antiq., s. v. LEGES VALERImE. The Va- miscellaneous, that it would be impossible,
leria gens was divided into various families un- without transcribing the short notices placed at
der the republic, the most important of which the head of each chapter, to convey a clear idea
bore the names of Corvus, FLACCUS, LEVINUS, of the contents. In some books the topics seMEssALA, PUELICOLA, and TRIARIUS.        lected for illustration are closely allied to each
VALERIA, a province in Pannonia formed by other, in others no bond of union can be traced,
Galerius, and named in honor of his wife. Vid. Thus the first book is entirely devoted to matPANNONIA.                                 ters connected with sacred rites; the second
VALERIANUS.. oman emperor A.D. 253- book relates chiefly to certain remarkable civil
260, whose full name was P. LICINIUS VALE- institutions; the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth,
922




VALERIUS FLACCUS.                         VARRO, TERENTIUS.
to the more prominent social virtues; but in a daring act of bravery, when the camp of Q,
the seventh the chapters De Strategematis, De Cicero was besieged by the Nervii in B.C. 54.].epulsis, are abruptly followed by those De  [VARGULA, a friend of C. Julius Caesar Strabo,
Necessitate, De Testamentis Rescissis, De Ratis was noted as a wit.]
Testamentis et Insperatis. In an historical point  VARGUNTEIuS, a senator, and one of Catiline's
of view, the work is by no means without value, conspirators, undertook, in conjunction with C.
since it preserves a record of many curious Cornelius, to murder Cicero in B.C. 63, but
events not to be found elsewhere; but from  their plan was frustrated by information conthe errors actually detected upon points where veyed to Cicero through Fulvia. He was afterwe possess more precise information, it is mani- ward brought to trial, but could find no one to
fest that we must not repose implicit confidence defend him.
in the statements, unless where they are cor-  VARIA (now Varea), a town of the Berones in
roborated by collateral testimony. The work Hispania Tarraconensis, on the Iberus, which
of Valerius Maximus became very popular in was navigable fiom this town.
the later times of the empire and in the Middle  VARINI, a people of Germany, on the right
Ages. It was frequently abridged, and we still bank of the Albis, north of the Langobardi.
possess an abridgment of it made by Julius  VARKUS. 1. Q. VARIUS HYBRIDA, tribune of
Paris. The best editions of the original work the plebs B.C. 90, was a native of Sucro in
are by Torrenius, Leid., 1726, and by Kappius, Spain, and received the surname of Hybrida
Lips., 1782.                              because his mother was a Spanish woman. In
VALERIUS FLACCUS. Vid. FLACCUS.         his tribuneship he carried a lex de majestate, in
[VALGIUS. 1. The father-in-law of Rullus. order to punish all those who had assisted or
who proposed the agrarian law in the consul- advised the Socii to take up arms against the
ship of Cicero, which was opposed by the latter. Roman people. Under this law many distinIt appears from Cicero that Valgius had ob- guished senators were condemned; but in the
tained much confiscated property in the time of following year Varius himself was condemned
Sulla.-2. A., the son of a senator, deserted the under his own law, and was put to death.-2.
Pompeian party in the Spanish war, B.C. 45, L. VARIUS RUFUS, one of the most distinguished
and went over to Caesar.-3. C. VALGIUs HIPPI- poets of the Augustan age, the companion and
ANUS, the son of Q. Hippius, was adopted by friend of Virgil and Horace. By the latter he
a certain C. Valgius.]                    is placed in the foremost rank among the epic
VALGIUS RUFUS, C., a Roman poet, and a con- bards, and Quintilian has pronounced that his
temporary of Virgil and Horace, the latter of tragedy of Thyestes might stand a comparison
whom ranks him along with Varius, Maecenas, with any production of the Grecian stage. He
and Virgil, among those friends of genius whose enjoyed the friendship of Mfecenas, and it was
approbation far more than compensated for the to the recommendation of Varius, in conjuncannoyance caused by the attacks of his detract- tion with that of Virgil, that Horace was inors.                                      debted for an introduction to the minister, about
VANDALI, VANDALII, or VINDALII, a confeder- B.C. 39. Virgil appointed Plotius Tucca and
acy of German nations, probably of the great Varius his literary executors, and they revised
Suevic race, to which the Burgundiones, Goth- the lEneid.  Hence Varius was alive suh.seones, Gepidae, and Rugii belonged. They dwelt quent to B.C. 19, in which year Virgil died.
originally on the northern coast of Germany, Only the titles of three works of Varius have
but were afterward settled north of the Mar- been preserved: 1. De Morte. 2. Panegyricus in
comanni, in the Riesengebirge, which are hence  Casarem Octavianum. 3. The tragedy Thyestes.
called Vandalici Montes. They subsequently  Only a very few fragments of these poems are
appear for a short time in Dacia and Pannonia; extant.
but at the beginning of the fifth century (A.D.  VARRo, ATACINUS. (Vid. below, VARR, No. 3.)
409) they traversed Germany and Gaul, and in-  VARRO, CINGONIUS, a Roman senator under
vaded Spain. In this country they subjugated Nero, supported the claims of Nymphidius to
the Alani, and founded a powerful kingdom, the the throne on the death of Nero, and was put
name of which is still preserved in Andalusia to death in consequence by Galba, being at the
(Vandalusia). In A.D. 429 they crossed over time consul designatus.
into Africa, under their king Genseric, and con-  VARRO, TERENTIUS. 1. C., consul B.C. 216
quered all the Roman dominions in that coun- with L. IEmilius Paulus. Varro is said to have
try. Genseric subsequently invaded Italy, and been the son of a butcher, to have carried on
took and plundered Rome in 455. The Vandals business himself as a factor in his early years,
continued masters of Africa till 535, when their and to have risen to eminence by pleading the
kingdom was destroyed by Belisarius, and an- causes of the lower classes in opposition to the
nexed to the Byzantine empire.            opinion of all good men. Notwithstanding the
VANTGIONES, a German people, dwelling along strong opposition of the aristocracy, he was
the Rhine, in the neighborhood of the modern raised to the consulship by the people, who
Worms.                                   thought that it only needed a man of energy at
VARAGRI. Vid. VERAGRI.                 the head of an overwhelming force to bring the
[VARDEI, an Illyrico-Dalmatian nation, whom  war against Hannibal to a close. His colleague
Pliny styles " populatores quondam Italiae."]  was L. ZEmilius Paulus, one of the leaders of the
VARDPUL, a people in Hispania Tarraconen- aristocratical party. The two consuls were desis, west of the Vascones, in the modern Gui- feated by Hannibal at the memorable battle of
pFzcoa and Alavae. Canne. Vid.HANNIBAL. The battle was fougnh
[VARE NUS, L., a centurion in Caesar's army, byVarro against the advice ofPaulus. The Rodistinguished himself, along with T. Pulfio, by man army was all but annihilated. Paulus and
923




VARRO, TERENTIUS.                           VARUS, ALFENUS.
almost all the officers perished. Varro was one ise are particularly valuable, in so far as they
of the few who escaped and reached Venusia in have been the means of preserving many terms
safety, with about seventy horsemen. His con- and forms which would otherwise have been
duct after the battle seems to have been deserv- altogether lost, and much curious information
ing of high praise. He proceeded to Canusium, is here treasured up connected with the ancient
where the remnant of the Roman army had taken usages, both civil and religious, of the Romans.
refuge, and there adopted every precaution The best editions are by Spengel, 8vo, Berol.,
which the exigencies of the case required. His 1826, and by Miiller, 8vo, Iips., 1833. 3. Senconduct was appreciated by the senate and the tentice. One hundred and sixty-five Sententiac,
people, and his defeat was forgotten in the serv- or pithy sayings, have been published by Devit
ices he had lately rendered. On his return to under the name of Varro, Patav., 1843. It is
the city all classes went out to meet him, and manifest that these sayings were not strung tothe senate returned him thanks because he had gether by Varro himself, but are scraps gleaned
not despaired of the commonwealth. He con- out of various works, probably at different times
tinned to be employed in Italy for several sue- and by different hands. 4. Antiquitatum Libri,
cessive years in important military commands divided into two sections. Antiquitates Rerum
till nearly the close of the Punic war.-2. The humanarum, in twenty-five books, and Antiquicelebrated writer, whose vast and varied erudi- tates Rerum divinartm, in sixteen books. This
tion in almost every department of literature was Varro's great work; and upon this chiefly
earned-for him the title of the " most learned his reputation for profound learning was based;
of the Romans." He was born B.C. 116, and but, unfortunately, only a few fragments of it
was trained under the superintendence of L. have come down to us. With the second sec-'Elius Stilo Praeconinus, and he afterward re- tion of the work we are, comparatively speakceived instruction from Antiochus, a philoso- ing, familiar, since Augustine drew very largely
pher of the Academy. Varro held a high naval from this source in his " City of God." 5. Satcommand in the wars against the pirates and ure, which were composed, not only in a variety
Miithradates, and afterward served as the lega- of metres, but contained an admixture of prose
tus of Pompeius in Spain in the civil war, but also. Varro, in these pieces, copied to a certain
was compelled to surrender his forces to Caesar. extent the productions of Menippus the GadaHe then passed over into Greece, and shared rene (vid. MENIPPUS), and hence designated them
the fortunes of the Pompeian party till after the as Sature Menippcce s. Cynicce. They appear
battle of Pharsalia, when he sued for and ob- to have been a series of disquisitions on a vast
tained the forgiveness of Caesar, who employ- variety of subjects, frequently, if not uniformly,
ed him in superintending the collection and ar- couched in the shape of dialogue, the object
rangement of the great library designed for pub- proposed being the inculcation of moral lessons
lie use. For some years after this periodVarro and serious truths in a familiar, playful, and
remained in literary seclusion, passing his time even jocular style.  The best edition of the
chiefly at his country seats near Cumie and Tus- fragments of these Saturea is by CEhler, M. Tcculum, occupied with study and composition. rentii Varronis Saturarzm MenippearuinReliquice,
Upon the formation of the second triumvirate, Quedlingb., 1844. Of the remaining works of
his name appeared upon the list of the pro- Varro we possess little except a mere catalogue
scribed; but he succeeded in making his escape, of titles.-3. P., a Latin poet of considerable
and, after having remained for some time con- celebrity, surnamed ATACINUS, from the Atax,
cealed, he obtained the protection of Octavianus. a river of Gallia Narbonensis, his native provThe remainder of his career was passed in tran- ince, was born B.C. 82. Of his personal history
quillity, and he continued to labor in his favor- nothing further is known. He is believed to
ite studies, although his magnificent library had have been the composer of the following works,
been destroyed, a loss to him irreparable. His of which a few inconsiderable fragments only
death took place B.C. 28, when he was in his have come down to us; but some of them ought
eighty-ninthyear. Not onlywasVarrothe most perhaps to be ascribed to' his illustrious conlearned of Roman scholars, but he was likewise temporary M. Terentius Varro: 1. Argaonautica,
the most voluminous of Roman authors. We probably a free translation of the well-known
have his own authority for the assertion that he poem by Apollonius Rhodius. Upon this piece
had composed no less than four hundred and the fame of Varro chiefly rested. It is referred
ninety books; but of these only two works have to by Propertius, by Ovid, and by Statius. 2.
come down to us, and one of them in a mutila- Chorographia s. Cosmographia, appears to have
ted form. The following is a list of the princi- been a metrical system of astronomy and geogpal works, both extant and lost: 1. De Re Rustica raphy. 3. Libri Navales, appears to have been
Libri III., still extant, was written when the au- a poem upon navigation.
thorwas eighty years old, and is the most import-  VARUs, a cognomen in many Roman gentes,
ant of all the treatises upon ancient agriculture signified a person who had his legs bent innow extant, being far superior to the more vo- ward, and was opposed to Valgus, which signiluminous production of Columella, with which fled a person having his legs turned outward.
alone it can be compared. The best editions  VARUs, ALFENUS. 1. A Roman jurist, was a
are in the Scriptores Rei Rusticae veteres Latini pupil of Servius Sulpicius, and the only pupil
by Gesner, 4to, 2 vols., Lips., 1735, and by of Servius from whom there are any excerpts
Schneider, 8vo, 4 vols., Lips., 1794-1797. 2. in the Digest. The scholiast on Horace (Sat.,
De Lingua Laiina, a grammatical treatise which i., 3, 130) tells us that the " Alfenus vafer" of
extended to twenty-four books; but six only Horace was the lawyer, and that he was a na(7, —x.) have been preserved, and these are in a tive of Cremona, where he carried on the trade
mutilated Tondition. The remains of this treat- of a barber or a botcher of shoes (for there are
924




VARUS, ATIUS.                           VATIA ISAURPCUS.
both readings, sutor and tonsor); that he came hills covered with wood, which extends north
to Rome, where he became a pupil of Servius of the Lippe from Osnabriick to Paderborn, and
Sulpicius, attained the dignity of the consulship, is known in the present day by the name of the
and was honored with a public funeral.-2. A  Teutoburgerwald or Lippische Wald. The batgeneral of Vitellius, in the civil war in A.D. tie lasted three days, and ended with the en69, and perhaps a descendant of the jurist,  tire destruction of the Roman army. Varus put
VARUS, ATIus. I. P., a zealous partisan of an end to his own life. His defeat was followPompey in the civil war, was stationed in Pice- ed by the loss of all the Roman possessions benum on the breaking out of the civil war in B.C. tween the Weser and the Rhine, and the latter
49. He subsequently crossed over into Africa, river again became the boundary of the Roman
and took possession of the province, which was dominions.  When the news of this defeat
then governed by Q. Ligarius. Vid. LIGARIUS. reached Rome, the whole city was thrown into
In consequence of his having been propraetor of consternation; and Augustus, who was both
Africa a few years previously, Varus was well weak and aged, gave way to the most violent
acquainted with the country and the people, and grief, tearing his garments, and calling upon Vawas thus able to raise two legions without much rus to give him back his legions. Orders were
difficulty.  Meantime, L. TElius Tubero, who issued, as if the very empire was in danger;
had received from the senate the province of and Tiberius was dispatched with a veteran
Africa, arrived to take the command; but Va- army to the Rhine.
rus would not even allow him to land, and com-  VAius (now Var or Varo), a river in Gallia
pelled him to sail away..In the course of the Narbonensis, forming the boundary between
same year, Varus, assisted by King Juba, defeat- this province and Italy, rises in Mount Cema in
ed Curio, Caesar's legate, who had crossed over the Alps, and falls into the Mediterranean Sea
from Sicily to Africa.  Vid. CURIO. Varus between Antipolis and Nicaea.
fought with the other Pompeians in Africa   VASATES, a people in Gallia Aquitanica, on the
against Caesar in 46; but after the battle of Garumna, whose chief town was Cossium (now
Thapsus he sailed away to Cn. Pompey in Spain. Bazas), on the road from Burdigala to Elusa.
He fell at the battle of Munda, and his head was  VASCONES, a powerful people on the northern
carried to Caesar. —2. Q. ATIUS VARUS, corn- coast of Hispania Tarraconensis, between the
mander of the cavalry under C. Fabius, one of Iberus and the Pyrenees, in the modern NaCaesar's legates in Gaul, and probably the same varre and Guipuzco. Their chief towns were
as the Q. Varus who commanded the cavalry  PoMpELoNrand CALAGRRIs. Theywereabrave
under Domitius, one of Caesar's generals in people, and fought in battle bare-headed. UnGreece in the war with Pompey. It is sup- der the empire they were regarded as skillful
posed by many modern writers that he is the diviners and prophets. Their name is still resame person as the Varus to whom Virgil dedi- tained in that of the modern Basques.
cated his sixth eclogue, and whose praises the  VASCONUM SALTUS. Vid. PYRENE.
poet also celebrates in the ninth (ix., 27), from  VASIO (now Vaison), a considerable town of
which poems we learn that Varus had obtained the Vocontii in Gallia Narbonensis.
renown in war.                              [VAsIYs, T., one of the conspirators against
VARUS, QUINTILIUS.  1. SEX., questor B.C. Q. Cassius Longinus, propraetor of Further
49, belonged to the Pompeian party. He fell Spain in B.C. 48.]
into Cesar's hands at the capture of Corfinium,  VATIA ISAURICUS, P. SERVILIUS. 1. Consul in
but was dismissed by Caesar. He afterward B.C. 79, was sent in the following year as profought under Brutus and Cassius against the consul to Cilicia, in order to clear the seas of
triumvirs; and after the loss of the battle of the pirates, whose ravages now spread far and
Philippi, he fell by the hands of his freedmen, wide. He carried on the war with great ability
who slew him at his own request. —. P., son and success, and from his conquest of the Isauri
of the preceding, was consul B.C. 13, and was he obtained the surname of Isauricus. After
subsequently appointed to the government of giving Cilicia the organization of a Roman provSyria, where he acquired enormous wealth. ince, he entered Rome in triumph in 74. After
Shortly after his return from Syria he was made his return Servilius took a leading part in pubgovernor of Germany (probably about A.D. 7). lie affairs. In 70 he was one of the judices at
Drusus had conquered a great part of Central the trial ofVerres; in 66 he supported the rogaGermany as far as the Visurgis (now Weser); tion of Manilius for conferring upon Pompey the
and Varus received orders from Augustus to in- command of the war against the pirates; in 63
troduce the Roman jurisdiction into the newly- he was a candidate for the dignity of pontifex
conquered country. The Germans, however, maximus, but was defeated by Julius Caesar; in
were not prepared to submit thus tamely to the the same year he spoke in the senate in favor
Roman yoke, and found a leader in Arminius, a of inflicting the last penalty of the law upon the
noble chief of the Cherusci, who had previously Catilinarian conspirators; in 57 he joined the
served in the Roman army. Arminius organ- other nobles in procuring Cicero's recall fiom
ized a general revolt of all the German tribes banishment; in 56 he opposed the restoration
between the Visurgis and the Weser, but kept of Ptolemy to his kingdom; and in 55 he was
his design a profound secret from Varus, with censor with M. Valerius Messala Niger.  He
whom he continued to live on the most friendly took no part in the civil wars, probably on acterms. When he had fully matured his plans, count of his advanced age, and died in 44.-2.
he suddenly attacked Varus, at the head of a Praetor 54, belonged originally to the aristocratcountless host of barbarians, as the Roman gen- ical party, but espoused Caesar's side on the
eralwas marchingwith his threelegionsthrough breaking out of the civil war, and was consul
a pass of the Saltus Teutoburgiensis, a range of with Caesar in 48. In 46 he governed the prov925




VATICANUS MONS'                                  VEIL
ince of Asia as proconsul, during which time  d'Militaris, dedicated to the Emperor Valentinian
Cicero wrote to him several lettbrs. After the II. The materials were derived, according to
death of Caesar in 44, he supported Cicero and the declaration of the writer himself, from Cato
the rest of the aristocratical party, in opposition the Censor, De Disciplina Miliitai, firom Cor.
to Antony. But he soon changed sides again, nelius Celsus, from Frontinus, fiom Paternus,
became reconciled to Antony, and was made and from the imperial constitutions of Augustus,
consul a second time in 41.               Trajan, and Hadrian. The work is divided into
[VATICANUS MONS.   Vid. ROMA, p. 747, b, five books. The first treats of the levying and
748, a.]                                  training of recruits, including instructions foi
VATINIUS. 1. P., a political adventurer in the the fortification of a camp; the second, of the
last days of the republic, who is described by different classes into which soldiers are divided,
Cicero as one of the greatest scamps and vil- and especially of the organization of the legion 
lains that ever lived. His personal appearance the third, of the operations of an army in the
was unprepossessing; his face and neck were field; the fourth, of the attack and defence of
covered with swellings, to which Cicero alludes, fortresses; the fifth, of marine warfare. The
calling him the struma civitatis. Vatinius was value of this work is much diminished by the
quaestor B.C. 63, and tribune of the plebs 59, fact that the usages of periods the most remote
when he sold his services to Csesar, who was from each other are mixed together into one
then consul along with Bibulus. It was Vatin- confused mass, and not unfrequently, we have
ius who proposed the bill to the people by reason to suspect, are blended with arrangewhich Caesar received the provinces of Cisal- ments which never existed, except in the fancy
pine Gaul and Illyricurn for five years. Vatini- of the author. The best edition is by Schweus continued to take an active part in political belius, Norimberg, 1767, and by Oudendorp and
affairs. In 56 he appeared as a witness against Bessel, Argent., 1806.
Milo and Sestius, two of Cicero's friends, in con-  [VEHILIUS, praetor B.C. 44, refused to receive
sequence of which the orator made a vehement a province from Antony, and said that he would
attack upon the character of Vatinius, in the obey the senate alone.]
speech which has come down to us. Vatinius  [VEIANIUS, a celebrated gladiator in the time
was praetor in 55, and in the following year (54) of Horace, who had retired to a small estate in
he was accused by C. Licinius Calvus of having the country, after dedicating his arms in the
gained the praetorship by bribery. He was de- temple of Hercules at Fundi in Latium.]
fended on this occasion by Cicero, in order to  VEIENTO, FABRICIUS, was banished in the reign
please Caesar, whom Cicero had offended by his of Nero, A.D. 62, in consequence of his having
former attack upon Vatinius. Soon afterward published several libels. He afterward returnVatinius went to Gaul, where we find him serv- ed to Rome, and became in the reign of Domiing in 51. He accompanied Caesar in the civil tian one of the most infamous informers and
war, and was made consul suffectus for a few  flatterers of that tyrant. He also enjoyed the
days, at the end of December, 47. At the be- friendship of Nerva.
ginning of the following year he was sent into  VEII (Veiens, -entis, Veientanus: now Isola
Illyricum, where he carried on the war with Farnese), one of the most ancient and powerful
success. After Caesar's death he was compell- cities of Etruria, situated on the River Cremera,
ed to surrender Dyrrhachium and his army to about twelve miles from Rome. It possessed
Brutus, who had obtained possession of Mace- a strongly-fortified citadel, built on a hill rising
donia, because his troops declared in favor of precipitously fiom the deep glens which bound
Brutus. -2. Of Benventum, one of the vilest it, save at the single point where a narrow ridge
and most hateful creatures of Nero's court, unites it to the city. It was one of the twelve
equally deformed in body and in mind. He was cities of the Etruscan Confederation, and appaoriginally a shoemaker's apprentice, next earned rently the largest of all. As far as we can judge
his living as one of the lowest kinds of scurrs from its present remains, it was about seven
or buffoons, and finally obtained great power miles in circumference, which agrees with the
and wealth by accusing the most distinguished statement of Dionysius, that it was equal in
men in the state. A certain kind of drinking- size to Athens. Its territory (Ager Veiens) was
cups, having nasi or nozzles, bore the name of extensive, and appears originally to: have exVatinius, probably because he brought them into tended on the south and east to the Tiber; on
fashion. Juvenal alludes (v., 46) to a cup of the southwest to the sea, embracing the salinse
this kind.                                or salt-works at the mouth of the river; and
VATRENUS    Via. PADus. Pon the west to the territory of Caere. The CiVECTIS or VECTA (now Isle of Wight), an isl- minian forest appears to have been its northand off the southern coast of Britain, with which western boundary; on the east it must have
the Romans became acquainted before their embraced all the district south of Soracte and
conquest of Britain, by means of the inhabit- eastward to the Tiber. The cities of Capena
ants of Massilia, who were accustomed to visit and Fidense were colonies of Veii. Veii was a
this island for the purpose of obtaining tin. It is powerful city at the time of the foundation of
related by Diodorus that at low water the space Rome, and the most formidable and dangerous
between Vectis and the coast of Britain was al- of her neighbors. The Veientes were engaged
most entirely dry, so that the Britons used to in almost unceasing hostilities with Rome for
bring tin to the island in wagons. It was con- more than three centuries and a half, and we
quered by Vespasian in the reign of Claudius.  have records of fourteen distinct wars between
VEDIUS POLLIO. Vid. POLLIO.             the two nations. Veil was at length taken by
VEGEzTIUS, FLAViUS RENATUS, the author of a the dictator Camillus, after a siege which is said
treatise Rei Militaris Instituta, or Epitome Rci to have lasted ten years. The city fell into his
926




VEIOVIS.                                  VENETIA.
hands, according to the common story, by means  VELINUS (now Velino), a river in the territory
of a cuniculus or mine, which was carried by of the Sabines, rising in the central Apennines,
Camillus from the Roman camp under the city and falling into the Nar. This river in the
into the citadel of Veii. So well built and spa- neighborhood of Reate overflowed its banks
cious was Veii, that the Romans were anxious, and formed several small lakes, the largest of
after the destruction of their own city by the which was called LAceS VELINUS (now Pie dz
Gauls in 390, to remove to Veii, and are said to Lugo, also Lago delle Marmore). In order to carhave been only prevented from carrying their ry off these waters, a channel was cut through
purpose into effect by the eloquence of Camillus. the rocks by Curius Dentatus, the conqueror
From this time Veii was abandoned; but after of the Sabines, by means of which the waters
the lapse of ages it was colonized afresh by of the Velinus were carried through a narrow
Augustus, and made a Roman municipium. gorge to a spot where they fall from a height of
The new colony, however, occupied scarcely a several hundred feet into the River Nar. This
third of the ancient city, and had again sunk fall, which is one of the most celebrated in Euinto decay in the reign of Hadrian. From this rope, is known at the present day by the name
time Veii disappears entirely from history, and, of the Fall of Terni, or the Caduta delle Maron the revival of letters, even its site was long more.
an object of dispute. It is now settled, how-  VELITRmE (Veliternus: now Velletri), an anever, beyond a doubt, that it stood in the neigh- cient town of the Volscians in Latium, but subborhood of the hamlet of Isola Farnese, where sequently belonging to the Latin league.  It
several remains of the ancient city have been was conquered by the Romans, and colonized
discovered. Of these the most interesting is at an early period, but it frequently revolted
its cemetery; but there is now only one tomb' from Rome.  It is chiefly celebrated as the
remaining open, which was discovered in the birth-place of the Emperor Augustus.
winter of 1842-3, and contains many interesting  VELIUS LONGUS, a Latin grammarian, known
remains of Etruscan art.                  to us from a treatise De Orthographia, still exVEIovIs, a Roman deity, whose name is ex- tant, printed in the i" GrammatiaeE Latinge Aucplained by some to mean "little Jupiter," while tores Antiqui" of Putschius, 4to, Hanov., 1605.
others interpret it "the destructive Jupiter," Velius also wrote a commentary on Virgil, which
and identify him with Pluto. Veiovis was prob- is mentioned by Macrobius.
ably an Etruscan divinity of a destructive na-  VELLAUNODUNUM (now Beaume), a town of the
ture, whose fearful lightnings produced deaf- Senones in Gallia Lugdunensis.
ness in those who were to be struck by them,  VELLAVI. Vid. VELAUNI.
even before they were actually hurled.  His  [VEILEIUSC., a Roman senator, introduced
temple at Rome stood between the Capitol and by Cicero as one of the supporters of the Epithe Tarpeian Rock; he was represented as a curean philosophy in his " De Natura Deorum:"
youthful god armed with arrows.           he was a friend of the orator L. Crassus.]
VELABRUM. Vid. ROsMA, p. 749, a.          VELLEIUS PATEnCULUS. Vid. PATERCULUS.
VELAUNI or VELLAVI, a people in Gallia Aqui-  VELLOCASSES, a people in Gallia Lugdunentanica, in the modern Velay, who were origin- sis, northwest of the Parisii, extending along
ally subject to the Arverni, but subsequently the Sequana as far as the ocean: their chief
appear as an independent people.          town was RATOMAGUS.
VELEDA, a prophetic virgin, by birth belonged  VENAFRUM (Venafranus: now Venafri), a town
to the Bructeri, and was regarded as a divine in the north of Saanniurn, near the River Vulbeing by most of the nations in Central Ger- turnus, and on the confines of Latium, celebramany in the reign of Vespasian. She inhabited ted for the excellence of its olives.
a lofty tower in the neighborhood of the River  VENEDI or VENEuME, a people in European
Luppia (now Lippe). She encouraged Civilis Sarmatia, dwelling on the Baltic east of the
in his revolt against the Romans, but she was Vistula. The SINUS VENEDICUS (now Gulf of
afterward taken prisoner and carried to Rome. Rija), and the VENEDICI MONTES, a range of
VELIA or ELEA, also called HYELE ('Eiea, mountains between Poland and East Prussia,'T2e?, the different forms are owing to the word were called after this people.
having originally the zEolic digamma, which the  VENERIS PROMONTORIUM. Vid. PYRENES PRORomans changed into V: Velienses or Eleates, MONTORIUM.
pl.: now Castell' a Mare della Brucca), a Greek  VENERIS PORTUS or PYRENMI PORTUS, a seatown of Lucania, on the western coast, between port town of the Indigetes in Hispania TarraPaestum and Buxentum, was founded by the conensis, near the Promontorium Veneris, and
Phoceans, who had abandoned their native city on the frontiers of Gaul.
to escape from the Persian sovereignty, about  VENETIA. 1. A district in the north of Italy,
B.C. 543. It was situated about three miles was originally included under the general name
east of the River Hales, and possessed a good of Gallia Cisalpina, but was made by Augustus
harbor. It is celebrated as the birth-place of the tenth Regio of Italy. It was bounded on
the philosophers Parmenides and Zeno, who the west by the River Athesis, which separated
founded a school of philosophy usually known it from Gallia Cisalpina; on the north by the
under' the name of the Eleatic. It possessed a Carnic Alps; on the east by the River Timacelebrated temple of Demeter (Ceres). Cicero, vus, which separated it from Istria; and on the
who resided at Velia at one time, frequently south by the Adriatic Gulf. This country was,
mentions it in his correspondence; and it ap- and is, very fertile, and its inhabitants enjoyed
pears to have been reckoned a healthy place. great prosperity. The chief productions of the
(Hor., Ep., i., 15.) In the time of Strabo it had country were excellent wool, a sweet but muchceased to be a town of importance.        prized wine, and race-horses. Dionysius, the
927




VENETU8 LACUS.                          VENTIDIUS BASSUS.
tyrant of Syracuse, is said to have'kept a stud  Cerwant), a town of the Silures in Britain, il
of race-horses in this country. Its inhabitants, Monmoutlhshire.
the VENETI, frequently called HENETI ('EveroL)  VENTI (6verot), the winds. They appear perby the Greeks, were commonly said to be de- sonified, even in the Homeric poems, but, at
scendants of the Paphlagonian Heneti, whom  the same time, they are conceived as ordinary
Antenor led into the country after the Trojan phenomena of nature. The master and ruler
war; but this tale, like so many others, has of all the winds is 1 SEolus, who resides in the
evidently arisen from the mere similarity of the island 2Eolia (vid. 2EoLus); but the other gods
name.   Others supposed the Veneti to be a also exercise a power over them. Homer menbranch of the Celtic Veneti in Gaul; but this tions by name Boreas (north wind), Eurus (east
supposition is disproved by the express testi- wind), Notus (south wind), and Zephyrus (west
mony of Polybius, that they spoke a language wind). When the funeral pile of Patroclus
entirely different from the Celtic; and that they could not be made to burn, Achilles promised
had no connection with the Celts, may be in- to offer sacrifices to the winds; and Iris accordferred from the fact that they were always on ingly hastened to them, and found them feasthostile terms with the Celtic tribes settled in ing in the palace of Zephyrus in Thrace. BoItaly. Herodotus regards them as an Illyrian reas and Zephyrus thereupon straightway crossrace; and all writers are agreed that they did ed the Thracian Sea into Asia, to cause the fire
not belong to the original population of Italy. to blaze. According to Hesiod, the beneficial
In consequence of their hostility to the Celtic winds, Notus, Boreas, Argestes, and Zephyrus,
tribes in their neighborhood, they formed at an were the sons of Astraeus and Eos; and the deearly period an alliance with Rome; and their structive ones, such as Typhon, are said to be
country was defended by the Romans against the sons of Typhoeus. Later, especially philotheir dangerous enemies. On the conquest of sophical, writers endeavored to define the winds
the Cisalpine Gauls, the Veneti likewise be- more accurately, according to their places in the
came included under the Roman dominions; compass. Thus Aristotle, besides the four prinand they were almost the only people in Italy cipal winds (Boreas or Aparieias, Eurus, Notus,
who became the subjects of Rome without of- and Zephyrus), mentions three, the Meses, Caifering any resistance. The Veneti continued cias, and Apeliotes, between Boreas and Eurus;
to enjoy great prosperity down to the time of between Eurus and Notus he places the Phcethe Marcomannic wars, in the reign of the Em- nicias; between Notus and Zephyrus he has
peror Aurelius; but from this time their coun- only the Lips; and between Zephyrus and Botry was frequently devastated by the barba- reas he places the Argestes (Olympias or Scirians who invaded Italy; and at length, in the ron) and the Thrascias. It must further be obfifth century, many of its inh itants, to escape served that, according to Aristotle, the Eurus
the ravages of the Huns under Attila, took ref- is not due east, but southeast. In the Museum
uge in the islands off their coast, on which now  Pio-Clementinum there exists a marble monustands the city of Venice. The chief towns of ment upon which the winds are described with
Venetia in ancient times were PATAVIUM, AL- their Greek and Latin names, viz., Septentrio
TINUM, and AQUILEIA. The two latter carried on (Aparctias), Eurus (Euros or southeast), and
an extensive commerce, and exported, among between these two Aquilo (Boreas), Vulturnus
other things, large quantities of amber, which (Caicias), and Solanus (Apheliotes). Between
was brought from the Baltic through the inte- Eurus and Notus (Notos) there is only one, the
rior of Europe to these cities.-2. A district in Euroauster (Euronotus); between Notus and
the northwest of Gallia Lugdunensis, inhabited Favonius (Zephyrus) are marked Austro-Africus
by the Veneti, who were a brave people, and (Libonotus) and Africus (Lips); and between
the best sailors in all Gaul. Off their coast Favonius and Septentrio we find Chorus (Iapyx)
was a group of islands called INSULnM VENE- and Circius (Thracius). The winds were repTICmE.                                    resented by poets and artists in different ways;
VENETUS LACUS. Vid. BRIGANTINUS LACUS.  the latter usually represented them as beings
VENILIA, a nymph, daughter of Pilumnus, with wings at their heads and shoulders. The
sister of Amata (the wife of King Latinus), and most remarkable monument representing the
mother of Turnus and Juturna by Daunus.   winds is the octagonal tower of Andronicus
VENNONES, a people of Rmtia, and, according Cyrrhestes at Athens. Each of the eight sides
to Strabo, the most savage of the Reetian tribes, of the monument represents one of the eight
inhabiting the Alps near the sources of the principal winds in a flying attitude. A movAthesis (now Adige).                      able Triton in the centre of the cupola pointed
[VENNONIUS. 1. An early Roman annalist, with his staff to the wind blowing at the time.
placed by Cicero immediately after Fannius in All these eight figures have wings at their
his enumeration of Roman historians. No frag- shoulders, all are clothed, and the peculiarities
ments of his works remain; a few references of the winds are indicated by their bodies and
are collected by Krause, Histor, Rom. Fragm., various attributes. Black lambs were offered
p. 175-6. - 2. SEXTUS, one of the instruments as sacrifices to the destructive winds, and white
of Verres in oppressing the Sicilians.-3. C.; a ones to favorable or good winds. Boreas had a
money-lender (negotiator) in Cilicia, a friend of temple on the River Ilissus in Attica; and
Cicero, solicited, but unsuccessfully, a prefec- Zephyrus had an altar on the sacred road to
tura from the latter.]                    Eleusis.
VENTA. 1. BELGARUM (now Winchester), the  VENTIDIUS BAssUS, P., a celebrated Roman
chief town of the Belgas in Britain. The mod- general, was a native of Picenum, and was
ern city still contains several Roman remains. taken prisoner by Pompeius Strabo in the So-2. ICENORUM. Vid. ICENI.-3. SILURUM (now  ial war (B.C. 89), and carried to Rome. When
928




VENULUS.                                 VERCELLZE.
he grew up to man's estate, he got a poor living to make strings for their bows; and others,
by undertaking to furnish mules and vehicles again, supposed it to refer to the fancies and
for those magistrates who went from Rome to caprices of lovers, calvere signifying "to tease."
administer a province. In this humble employ- But it probably refers to the fact that on her
ment he became known to C. Julius Caesar, wedding-day the bride, either'actually or symwhom he accompanied into Gaul. In the Civil bolically, cut off a lock of hair to sacrifice it to
war he executed Casar's orders with ability, Venus. In these, the most ancient surnames
and became a favorite of his great commander. of Venus, we must recognize her primitive charHe obtained the rank of tribune of the plebs, acter and attributes. In later times her worand was made a praetor for B.C. 43. After Ca- ship became much more extended, and her idensar's death Ventidius sided with M. Antony in tification with the Greek Aphrodite introduced
the war of Mutina (43), and in the same year various new attributes. At the beginning of
was made consul suffectus. In 39 Antony sent the second Punic war, the worship of Venus
Ventidius into Asia to oppose Labienus and the Erycina was introduced from Sicily, and a temParthians. He conducted this war with distin- ple was dedicated to her on the Capitol, to
guished ability and success. In the first cam- which subsequently another was added outside
paign (39) he defeated the Parthians and Labi- the Colline gate. In the year B.C. 114, a Vesenus, the latter of whom was slain in his flight tal virgin was killed by lightning; and as the
after the battle; and in the second campaign general moral corruption, especially among the
(38) Ventidius gained a still more brilliant vie- Vestals, was believed to be the cause of this
tory over the Parthians, who had again invaded disaster, the Sibylline books, upon being conSyria. Pacorus, the king's son, fell in this bat- suited, commanded that a temple should be built
tle. Antony, however, far from being pleased to Venus Verticordia (the goddess who turns
with the success of Ventidius, showed great the hearts of men) on the Via Salaria. After
jealousy of him, and dismissed him from his the close of the Samnite war, Fabius Gurges
employment. Yet his services were too great founded the worship of Venus Obsequens and
to be overlooked, and he had a triumph in No- Postvorta; Scipio Africanus the younger, that
vember, 38. Nothing more is known of him. of Venus Genitrix, in which he was afterward
Ventidius was often cited as an instance of a followed by Caesar, who added that of Venus
man who rose from the lowest condition to the Victrix. The worship of Venus was promoted
highest honors; a captive became a Roman by Caesar, who traced his descent from Eneas,
consul and enjoyed a triumph; but this was in who was supposed to be the son of Mars and
a period of revolution.                   Venus. The month of April, as the beginning
[VENULUS, a Latin chieftain (according to of spring, was thought to be peculiarly sacred
Servius, originally from Argos), sent by Turnus to the goddess of love. Respecting the Greek
to Diomedes to persuade him to lend aid against goddess, vid. APHRODITE.
AEneas and the Trojans: he was subsequently  VENUSIA (Venusinus: now Venosa), an ancaptured by Tarchon, and carried off the field cient town of Apulia, south of the River Aufiafter a fierce struggle.]                 dus, and near Mount Vultur, situated in a roViENUS, the goddess of love among the Ro- mantic country, and memorable as the birthmans. Before she wasidentified with the Greek place of the poet Horace. It was originally a
Aphrodite, she was one of the least important town of the Hirpini in Samnium; and after its
divinities in the religion of the Romans; but original Sabellian inhabitants had been driven
still her worship seems to have been establish- out by the Romans, it was colonized by the
ed at Rome at an early time. There was a latter, B.C. 291, and formed an important milistone chapel with an image of Venus Murtea or tary station. Here the remnants of the Roman
Murcia in the Circus, near the spot where the army took refuge after the fatal battle of Cannae,
altar of Census was concealed. This surname 216.
was said to be the same as Myrtea (from myr-  V    I r VARAGRI, a people in Gallia Beltus, a myrtle), and to indicate the fondness of gica, on the Pennine Alps, near the confluence
the goddess for the myrtle-tree. In ancient of the Dranse and the Rhone.
times there is said to have been a myrtle grove  [VERANIU, Q., appointed by Tiberius Caesar
in front of her sanctuary below the Aventine. legatus or governor of Cappadocia, when that
Another ancient surname of Venus was Cloa- country was reduced to the form of a Roman
cina, which is said to have been derived from  province, A.D. 18. Veranius was one of the
her image having been found in the great sew- friends of Germanicus, and took an active part
er (cloaca); but this tale is nothing but an ety- in the prosecution of Cn. Piso. He was consul
rlological inference from the name. It is sup- in A.D. 49, and in A.D. 58, under Nero, he sueposed by modern writers that this surname sig- ceeded Didius Gallus as governor of Britain,
nifies the " Purifier," from cloare or cluere, "to but died there within a year.]
wash" or "purify." The statue of Venus un-  VERBANUS LACUS (now Lag'o Maggiore), a lake
der this surname was set up by T. Tatius in a in Gallia Cisalpina, and the largest lake in all
temple near the forum. A third ancient sur- Italy, being about forty miles in length from
name of Venus is Calva, under which she had north to south: its greatest breadth is eight
two temples in the neighborhood of the Capitol. miles. It is formed by the River Ticinus and
Some believed that one of them had been built other streams descending from the Alps; and
by Ancus Marcius, because his wife was in the River Ticinus issues from its southern exdanger of losing her hair; others thought that tremity. [In it are the Borronean islands, the
it was a monument of a patriotic act of the admiration of travellers.]
Roman women, who, during the siege of the   VERCELLE (Vercellensis: now Vercelli), the
Gauls, cut off their hair and gave it to the men chief town of the Libici in Gallia Cisalpina, and
59                                                              929




VERCINGETORIX.                                 VERRES.
subsequently a Roman municipium, and a place less to Dolabella as he had been to Carbo, and
of considerable importance.               turned evidence against him on his prosecution
VERCINGETORIX, the celebrated chieftain of by M. Scaurus in 78. Verres was praetor urthe Arverni, who carried on war with great banus in 74, and afterward pro-pretor in Sicily,
ability against Casar in B.C. 52. The history of where he remained nearly three years (73-71).
this war occupies the seventh book of Ceesar's The extortions and exactions of Verres in the
Commentaries on the Gallic war. Vercingeto- island have become notorious through the celerix fell into Caesar's hands on the capture of brated orations of Cicero. No class of the inAlesia, was subsequently taken to Rome, where habitants of Sicily was exempted from his avahe adorned the triumph of his conqueror in 45, rice, his cruelty, or his insults. The wealthy
and was afterward put to death.           had money or works of art to yield up; the
VERETUM (Veretinus: now Alessano), more middle classes might be made to pay heavier
anciently called BARIS, a town in Calabria, on imposts; and the exports of the vineyards, the
the road from Leuca to Tarentum, and six arable land, and the loom, he saddled with
hundred stadia southeast of the latter city.  heavier burdens. By capricious changes or
VEnRG, a town in the interior of Bruttium, violent abrogation of their compacts, Verres
of uncertain site.                        reduced to beggary both the producers and the
VERGELLUS, a rivulet in Apulia crossing the farmers of the revenue. His three years' rule
plain of Cannae, which is said to have been desolated the island more effectually than the
choked by the dead bodies of the Romans slain two recent Servile wars, and than the old strugin the memorable battle against Hannibal.  gle between Carthage and Rome for the posVERGILIUS. Vid. VRGILIUS.               session of the island. So diligently did he erVERGINIUS. Vid. VIRGINIUS.              ploy his opportunities, that he boasted of having
VEROLAMIUM or VERULAMIUM (now Old Veru- amassed enough for a life of opulence, even if
lam, near St. Alban's), the chief town of the he were compelled to disgorge two thirds of his
Catuellani in Britain, probably the residence of plunder in stifling inquiry or purchasing an acthe King Cassivellaunus, which was conquered quittal. As soon as he left Sicily, the inhabitby Caesar. It was subsequently made a Roman ants resolved to bring him to trial. They communicipium. It was destroyed by the Britons mitted the prosecution to Cicero, who had been
under Boadicea, in their insurrection against Lilybaean queestor in Sicily in 75, and had promthe Romans, but was rebuilt, and continued to ised his good offices to the Sicilians whenever
be an important place.                    they might demand them. Cicero heartily enVEROIANDUI, a people in Gallia Belgica, be- tered into the cause of the Sicilians, and spared
tween the Nervii and Suessiones, in the mod- no pains to secure a conviction of the great
ern Vermandois. Theirchief town was AUGUSTA criminal. Verres was defended by Hortensius,
VEROMIANDUORUM (now St. Quentin).         and was supported by the whole power of the
VEfRNA (Veronensis: now Verona), an im- aristocracy. At first his partisans attempted to
portant town in Gallia Cisalpina, on the River stop the prosecution by bribes, flatteries, and
Athesis, was originally the capital of the Euga- menaces; but, finding this to be impossible,
nei, but subsequently belonged to the Cenomani. they endeavoured to substitute a sham proseAt a still later time it was made a Roman col- cutor in the place of Cicero. Hortensius thereony, with the surname Augusta; and under the fore offered as prosecutor Q. Caecilius Niger,
empire it was one of the largest and most flour- who had been quaestor to the defendant, had
ishing towns in the north of Italy. It was the quarrelled with him, and had consequently, it
birthplace of Catullus, and, according to some was alleged, the means of exposing officially his
accounts, of the elder Pliny, though others make abuse of the public money. But the Sicilians
him a native of Comum. It is celebrated on rejected Caecilius altogether, not merely as no
account of the battle fought in its neighborhood match for Hortensius, but as foisted into the
in the Campi Raudii, by Marius against the cause by the defendant or his advocate. By a
Cimbri, and also by the victory of Theodoric technical process of the Roman law, called Divthe Great over Odoacer. Theodoric took up inatio, thejudices, without hearing evidence, dehis residence in this town, whence it is called termined from the arguments of counsel alone
by the German writers of the Middle Ages who should be appointed prosecutor. They deDietrichs Bern, to distinguish it from Bern in cided in Cicero's favor. The oration which
Switzerland. There are still many Roman re- Cicero delivered on this occasion was the Divmains at Verona, and, among others, an amphi- inatio in Q. Ccecilium. The pretensions of Caetheatre in a good state of preservation.  cilius were thus set aside. Yet hope did not
VERRES, C., was quaestor B.C. 82, to Cn. Pa- forsake Verres and his friends. Evidence for
pirius Carbo, and therefore, at that period, be- the prosecution was to be collected in Sicily itlonged to the Marian party. He, however, de- self. Cicero was allowed one hundred and tea
serted Carbo and went over to Sulla, who sent days for the purpose. Verres once again athim to Beneventum, where he was allowed a tempted to set up a sham prosecutor, who unshare of the confiscated estates. Verres next dertook to impeach him for his former extorappears as the legate of Cn. Cornelius Dolabella, tions in Achaia, and to gather the evidence in
prator of Cilicia in 80-79, and one of the most one hundred and eight days. But the new proserapacious of the provincial governors. On the cutor Cever went even so far as Brundisium in
death of the regular quastor C. Malleolus, Ver- quest of evidence, and the design was abanres became the pro-questor of Dolabella. In doned. Instead of the one hundred and ten
Verres LDelb-ella found an active and unscru- days allowed, Cicero, assisted by his cousin
pulous agent, and, in return, connived at his Lucius, completed his researches in fifty, and
excesses. But the pro quaestor proved as faith- returned with a mass of evidence and a crowd
930




VERRUGO.                     VESPASIANUS, T. FLAVIUS SABINUS.
of witnesses gathered from all parts of the isl- nus was in love with Pomona, he assumed all
and. Hortensius now grasped at his last chance possible forms, until at last he gained his end
of an acquittal, and it was not an unlikely one. by metamorphosing himself into a blooming
Could the impeachment be put off to the next youth. Gardeners accordingly offered to him
year, Verres was safe. Hortensius himself the first produce of their gardens and garlands
would then be consul, with Q. Metellus for his of budding flowers. The whole people celebracolleague, and M. Metellus would be pretor ur- ted a festival to Vertumnus on the 23d of Aubanns. For every firm and honest judex whom  gust, under the name of the Vortumnalia, denotthe upright M. Acilius Glabrio, then prator ur- ing the transition from the beautiful season of
banus, had named, a partial or venal substitute autumn to the less agreeable one. He had a
would be found. Glabrio himself would give temple in the vicus Tuscus, and a statue of him
place as quasitor or president of the court to M. stood in the vicus Jugarius, near the altar of
Meteilus, a partisan, if not a kinsman, of the Ops. The story of the Etruscan origin seems
defendant. It was already the month of July. to be sufficiently refited by his genuine Roman
The games to be exhibited by Cn. Pompey were name, and it is much more probable that the
fixed for the middle of August, and would oc- worship of Vertumnus was of Sabine origin.
cupy a fortnight; the Roman games would im- The importance of the worship of Vertumnus
mediately succeed them, and thus forty days in- at Rome is evident from the fact that it was
tervene between Cicero's charge and the reply attended to by a special flamen (flamen Vortumof Hortensius, who again, by dexterous adjourn- nalis).
ments, would delay the proceedings until the  VERULA (Verulanus: now Veroli), a town of
games of Victory, and the commencement of the Hernici in Latium, southeast of Aletrium,
the new year. Cicero therefore abandoned all and north of Frusino, subsequently a Roman
thought of eloquence or display, and merely in- colony.
troducing his case in the first of the Verrine  VERULAMIUM. Vid. VEROLAMIUM.
orations, rested all his hopes of success on the  VERUS, L. AURiELUS, the colleague of M. Auweight of testimony alone. Hortensius was relius in the empire, A.D. 161-169. He was
quite unprepared with counter-evidence, and born in 130, and his original name was L. Ceionafter the first day he abandoned the cause of ius Commodus. His father, L. Ceionius ComnVerres. Before the nine days occupied in hear- modus, was adopted by Hadrian in 136; and on
ing evidence were over, Verres quitted the city the death of his father in 138, he was, in purin despair, and was condemned in his absence. suance of the command of Hadrian, adopted,
He retired to Marseilles, retaining so many of along with M. Aurelius, by M. Antoninus. On
his treasures of art as to cause eventually his the death of Antoninus in 161, he succeeded to
proscription by M. Antony in 43. Of the seven the empire along with M. Aurelius. The histoVerrine orations of Cicero, two only, the Div- ry of his reign is given under AURELIUS. Verus
inatio and the Actio Prima, were spoken, while died suddenly at Altinum, in the country of the
the remaining five were compiled from the de- Veneti, toward the close of 169. He had been
positions after the verdict. Cicero's own divi- marriedto Lucilla, the daughter of his colleague.
siob of the impeachment is the following:   VESCINUS AGER. Vid. SUESSA AURUNCA.
1. In Q. Cecilium or Divinatio.  ViESEVUS. Vid. VESUVIUS.
1. Preliminary  2. Proan:iun-Actio Prima-   VESONTiO (now Besancon), the chief town of
Statement of the Case.     the Sequani in Gallia Belgica, situated on the
These alone were spon         River Dubis (now Doubs), which flowed around
These alone were spoken:the town, with the exception of a space of six
2. Orations  (3. Verres's official life to B.C. 73. hundred feet, on which stood a mountain, formfounded on 4- Jurisdictio Siciliensis.  ing the citadel of the town, and connected with
the Depo-  5 Oratio Frumentaria.      the latter by means of walls. Vesontio was an
sitions.-. ---   De Signis.         important place under the Romans, and still
17.     De Snppliciis.       contains ruins of an aqueduct, a triumphal arch,
These were circulated as documents or mani- and other Roman remains.
festoes of the cause after the flight of Verres.  VESPASIANUS, T. FLAVIUS SABINUS, Roman
VERRUGO, a town of the Volsci in Latium, of emperor A.D. 70-79, was born in the Sabine
uncertain site.                           country on the seventeenth of November, A.D.
VERTICORDIA. Vid. VENUS.                9. His father was a man of mean condition, of
VERTUMNUS or VORTUMNUS, is said to have Reate, in the country of the Sabini. His mothbeen an Etruscan divinity, whose worship was er, Vespasia Polla, was the daughter of a preintroduced at Rome by an ancient Vulsinian fectus castrorum, and the sister of a Roman
colony occupying at first the Caelian Hill, and senator. She was left a widow with two sons,
afterward the vicus Tuscus. The name is evi- Flavius Sabinus and Vespasian. Vespasian
dently connected with verto, and formed on the served as tribunus militum in Thrace, and was
analogy of alumnus from alo, whence it must questor in Crete and Cyrene. He was aftersignify "the god who changes or metamorpho- ward zedile and praetor. About this time he
ses himself." For this reason the Romans con- took to wife Flavia Domitilla, the daughter of a
nected Vertumnuswith all occurrences to which Roman eques, by whom he had two sons, both
the verb verto applies, such as the change of of whom succeeded him. In the reign of Clauseasons, purchase and sale, the return of rivers dius he was sent into Germany as legatus leto their proper beds, &c. But, in reality, the gionis; and in 43 he held the same command
god was connected only with the transforma- in Britain, and reduced the Isle of Wight. He
tion of plants and their progress from blossom  was consul in 51, and proconsul of Africa unto fruit. Hence the story, that when Vertum- der Nero. He was at this time very poor, and
931




VESTA.                                   VESTINTL
was accused of getting money by dishonorable identical with the Greek HESTIA both in namen
means. But he had a great military reputation, and import. She was the goddess of the hearth,
and he was liked by the soldiers. Nero after- and therefore inseparably connected with the
ward sent him to the East (66), to conduct the Penates; for AEneas was believed to have
war against the Jews. His conduct of the Jew- brought the eternal fire of Vesta from Troy
ish war had raised his reputation, when the war along with the images of the Penates; and the
broke out between Otho and Vitellius after the praetors, consuls, and dictators, before entering
death of Galba. He was proclaimed emperor upon their official functions, sacrificed, not only
at Alexandrea on the first of July, 69, and soon to the Penates, but also to Vesta at Lavinium.
after all through the East. Vespasian came to In the ancient Roman house, the hearth was the
Rome in the following year (70), leaving his son central part, and around it all the inmates daily
Titus to continue the war against the Jews. assembled for their common meal (cona); every
Titus took Jerusalem  after a siege of five meal thus taken was a fresh bond of union and
months; and a formidable insurrection of the affection among the members of a family, and
Batavi, headed by Civilis, was put down about at the same time an act of worship of Vesta,
the same period. Vespasian, on his arrival at combined with a sacrifice to her and the PeRome, worked with great industry to restore nates. Every dwelling-house therefore was, in
order in the city and in the empire. le dis- some sense, a temple of Vesta; but a public
banded some of the mutinous soldiers of Vitel- sanctuary united all the citizens of the state
lius, and maintained discipline among his own. into one large family. This sanctuary stood in
He co-operated in a friendly manner with the the Forum, between the Capitoline and Pala.
senate in the public administration. The sim- tine hills, and not far from the temple of the
plicity and frugality of his mode of life formed Penates. The temple was round, with a vaulta striking contrast with the profusion and lux- ed roof, like the impluvium of private houses, so
ury of some of his predecessors, and his exam- that there is no reason to regard that form as
pie is said to have done more to reform the an imitation of the vault of heaven. The godmorals of Rome than all the laws which had dess was not represented in her temple by a
ever been enacted. He lived more like a pri- statue, but the eternal fire burning on her hearth
vate person than a man who possessed supreme or altar was her living symbol, and was kept
power: he was affable and easy of access to all up and attended to by the Vestals, her virgin
persons. The personal anecdotes of such a priestesses. As each house, and the city itself,
man are some of the most instructive records so also the country had its own Vesta, and the
of his reign. He was never ashamed of the latter was worshipped at Lavinium, the metropmeanness of his origin, and ridiculed all attempts olis of the Latins, where she was worshipped
to make out for him a distinguished genealogy. and received the regular sacrifices at the hands
When Vologeses, the Parthian king, addressed of the highest magistrates. The goddess herto him a letter commencing in these terms, self was regarded as chaste and pure, like her
"Arsaces, king of kings, to Flavius Vespasia- symbol, the fire; and the Vestals who kept up
nus," the answer began, " Flavius Vespasianus the sacred fire were likewise pure maidens.
to Arsaces, king of kings." If it be true, as it Respecting their duties and obligations, vid.
is recorded, that he was not annoyed at satire Diet. of Antiq., art. VESTALES. On the first of
or ridicule, he exhibited an elevation of charac- March in every year, her sacred fire, and the
ter almost unparalleled in one who filled so ex- laurel-tree which shaded her hearth, were realted a station. He knew the bad character of newed, andon the fifteenth of June her temple
his son Domitian, and as long as he lived he was cleaned and purified. The dirt was carried
kept him under proper restraint. The stories into an angiportus behind the temple, which
that are told of his avarice and of his modes of was locked by a gate that no one might enter
raising money, if true, detract from the dignity it. The day on which this took place was a
of his character; and it seems that he had a dies nefastus, the first half of which was thought
taste for little savings, and for coarse humor. to be so inauspicious, that the priestess of Juno
Yet it is admitted that he was liberal in all his was not allowed to comb her hair or to cut her
expenditure for purposes of public utility. In nails, while the second half was very favorable
71 Titus returned to Rome, and both father and to contracting a marriage or entering upon other
son triumphed together on account of the con- important undertakings.  A few days before
quest of the Jews. The reign of Vespasian was that solemnity, on the ninth of June, the Vestamarked by few striking events. The most im- lia was celebrated in honor of the goddess, on
portant was the conquest of North Wales and which occasion none but women walked to the
the island of Anglesey by Agricola, who was temple, and that with bare feet. On one of
sent into Britain in 78. In the summer of 79, these occasions an altar had been dedicated to
Vespasian, whose health was failing, went to Jupiter Pistor. Respecting the Greek goddess,
spend some time at his paternal house in the vid. HESTIA.
mountains of the Sabini. By drinking to excess  VESTINI, a Sabellian people in Central Italy,
of cold water, he damaged his stomach, which lying between the Apennines and the Adriatic
was already disordered. But he still attended Sea, and separated from Picenum by the River
to business, just as if he had been in perfect Matrinus, and from the Marrucini by the River
health; and on feeling the approach of death, Aternus. They are mentioned in connection
he said that an emperor should die standing; with the Marsi, Marrucini, and Peligni; but
and, in fact, he did actually die in this posture, they subsequently separated from these tribes,
on the twenty-fourth of June, 79, being sixty- and joined the Samnites in their war against
nine years of age.                        Rome. They were conquered by the Romans
VESTA, one of the great Roman divinities, B.C. 328, and from this time appear as the al932




VESULUS.                             VETUS, ANTISTIUS.
lies of Rome. They joined the other allies in  VETULONIA, VETULONIUM, or VETUL6ONI, an
the Marsic war, and were conquered by Pom- ancient city of Etruria, and one of the twelve
peius Strabo in 89. They made a particular cities of the Etruscan confederation. From this
kind of cheese, which was a great favorite with city the Romans are said to have borrowed the
the Romans.                               insignia of their magistrates-the fasces, sella
VESULUS. Vid. ALPES.                    curulis, and toga pratexta-as well as the use of
VESUivus, also called VESEfvus, VESBIUS, or the brazen trumpet in war. After the time of the
VESVIUS, the celebrated volcanic mountain in Roman kings we find no further mention of VeCampania, rising out of the plain southeast of tulonia, except in the catalogues of Pliny and
Neapolis. There are no records of any erup- Ptolemy, both of whom place it among the intion of Vesuvius before the Christian era, but land colonies of Etruria. Pliny also states that
the ancient writers were aware of its volcanic there were hot springs in its neighborhood not
nature from the igneous appearance of its rocks. far from the sea, in which fish were found, notThe slopes of the mountain were extremely fer- withstanding the warmth of the water. The
tile, hut the top was a rough and sterile plain, very site of the ancient city was supposed to
on which Spartacus and his gladiators were be- have been entirely lost; but it has been dissieged by a Roman army. In A.D. 63 the vol- covered within the last few years near a small
cano gave the first symptoms of agitation in village called Mcagliano, between the River Osa
an earthquake, which occasioned considerable and the Albegna, and about eight miles inland.
damage to several towns in its vicinity; and It appears to have had a circuit of at least four
on the 24th of August, A.D. 79, occurred the and a half miles.
first great eruption of Vesuvius, which over-  VETURA GENS, anciently called VETUSIA, pawhelmed the cities of Stabiae, Herculaneum, trician and plebeian. The Veturii rarely occur
and Pompeii. It was in this eruption that the in the later times of the republic, and after B.C.
elder Pliny lost his life. Vid. PLINIUS. There 206, when L. Veturius Philo was consul, their
have been numerous eruptions since that time, name disappears from the Fasti. The most diswhich have greatly altered the shape of the tinguished families in the gens bore the names
mountain. Its present height is three thousand  CALVINUS, CICURINUS, and PHILO.
two hundred feet.                           VETURiUS MAIMURiUS is said to have been the
VETERA or CASTRA VETERA.   Vid. CASTRA, armorer who made the eleven ancilia exactly
No. 5.                                    like the one that was sent from heaven in the
VETRANIO, commanded the legions in Illyria reign of Numa. His praises formed one of the
and Pannonia at the period (A.D. 350) when chief subjects of the songs of the Salii. Even
Constans was treacherously destroyed and his the ancients themselves doubted in the rethrone seized by Magnentius.  Vetranio was ality of his existence: Varro interpreted his
proclaimed emperor by his troops; but at the name as equivalent to vetus memoria. Some
end of ten months he resigned his pretensions modern writers regard Mamurius Veturius as
in favor of Constantius, by whom he was treat- an Etruscan artist, because he is said to have
ed with great kindness, and permitted to retire made a brazen image of the god Verturnto Prusa, in Bithynia, where he passed the re- nus.
maining six years of his life.              VETUS, ANTISTIUS. 1. Proprzetor.in Further
VETTIUS, L., a Roman eques, in the pay of Spain about B.C. 68, under whom Caesar served
Cicero in B.C. 63, to whom he gave some val- as quaestor.-2. C., son of the preceding, quasuable information respecting the Catilinarian tot in 61, and tribune of the plebs in 57, when
conspiracy. He again appears in 59 as an in- he supported Cicero in opposition to Clodius.
former. In that year he accused Curio, Cicero, In the Civil war he espoused Caesar's party,
L. Lucullus, and many other distinguished men, and we find him in Syria in 45 fighting against
of having formed a conspiracy to assassinate  Q. Caecilius Bassus. In 34 Vetus carried on
Pompey. This conspiracy was a sheer inven- war against the Salassi, and in 30 was consul
tion for the purpose of injuring Cicero, Curio, suffectus. He accompanied Augustus to Spain
and others; but there is difficulty in determin- in 25, and on the illness of the emperor contining who were the inventors of it. Cicero re- ued the war against the Cantabri and Astures,
garded it as the work of Caesar, who used the whom he reduced to submission.-3. C., son of
tribune Vatinius as his instrument. At a later No. 2, consul B.C. 6; and as he lived to see
period, when Cicero had returned from exile, both his sons consuls, he must have been alive
and feared to provoke the triumvir, he threw  at least as late as A.D. 28. He was a fiiend of
the whole blame upon Vatinius. Vettius gave Velleius Paterculus.-4. L., grandson of No. 3,
evidence first before the senate, and on the and consul with the Emperor Nero, A.D. 55.
next day before the assembly of the people; In 58 he commanded a Roman army in Gerbut his statements were regarded with great many, and formed the project of connecting the
suspicion, and on the following morning he was Mosella (now Moselle) and the Arar (now Safound strangled inprison, to which the senate one) by a canal, and thus forming a communihad sent him. It was given out that he had cation between the Mediterranean and the
committed suicide; but the marks of violence Northern Ocean, as troops could be conveyed
were visible on his body, and Cicero at a later down the Rhone and the Saone into the Motime charged Vatinius with the murder.    selle through the canal, and down the Moselle
VETTIUS SCATO. Vid. SCATO.              into the Rhine, and so into the ocean.,Vetus
VETTONdES or VECTONES, a people in the inte- put an end to his life in 65, in order to anticirior of Lusitania, east of the Lusitani and west pate his sentence of death, which Nero had reof the Carpetani, extending from the Darius to solved upon. Vetus was the father-in-law of
the Tagus.                                Rubellius Plautus.
933




VIADUS.                           VICTOR, SEX. AURELIUS.
VIADvs (now Oder), a river of Germany, fall- destroyed by the Veientes in 477. Ovid says.
ing into the Baltic.                      that the Fabii perished on the Ides of February;
VIBIUS PANSA. Vid. PANSA.               but all other authorities state that they were
VIBIUS SEQUESTER. Vid. SEQUESTER.       destroyed on the day on which the Romans
VISB (Vibonensis: now Bivona), the Roman were subsequently conquered by the Gauls at
form of the Greek town HIPP6NIUM ('I7rrrTTIov: the Allia, that is, on the 15th before the Kal-'Irvrrovtar7f), situated on the southwestern coast ends of Sextilis, June the 17th. The whole
of Bruttium, and on a gulf called after it SINUS Fabia gens perished at the Cremera with the
VIBONENSIS or HIPPONIATES. It is said to have exception of one individual', the son of Marcus,
been founded by the Locri Epizephyrii; but it from whom all the later Fabii were descended.
was destroyed bythe elderDionysius, who trans- -3. M., brother of the two preceding, was conplanted its inhabitants to Syracuse. It was aft- sul 483, and a second time 480. In the latter
erward restdoiedT; and at aaiterm'ime it fell into year he gained a great victory over the Etrusthe hands of the Bruttii, together with the other cans, in which, however, his colleague the conGreek cities on this coast. It was taken from  sul Cincinnatus and his brother Q. Fabius were
the Bruttii by the Romans, who colonized it killed.-4. Q., son of No. 3, is said to have been
B.C. 194, and called it VIBO VALENTIA. Cicero the only one of the Fabii who survived the despeaks of it as a municipium; and in the time struction of his gens at the Cremera, but he
of Augustus it was one of the most flourishing could not have been left behind at Rome on accttiih  so-n u-th-of Italy.               count of his youth, as the legend relates, since
VIBULANUs, the name of the most ancient he was consul ten years afterward. He was
family of the FABIA GENS. It was so powerful consul 467, a second time in 465, and a third
in the early times of the republic that three time in 459. Fabius was a member of the secbrothers of the family held the consulship for ond decemvirate (450), and went into exile on
seven years in succession, B.C. 485-479. The the deposition of the decemvirs.
last person of the gens who bore this surname  VIBULLIUS RUFUS, L., a senator and a friend
was Q. Fabius Vibulanus, consul 412. This of Pompey, who made him praefectus fabrfim
Vibulanus assumed the agnomen ofAmbustus; in the Civil war. He was taken prisoner by Caeand his descendants dropped the name of Vibu- sar at Corfinium (49), and a second time in
lanus and took that of Ambustus in its place. Spain later in the year. When Ceesar landed
In the same way Ambustus was after a time in Greece in 48, he dispatched Vibullius to Pomsupplanted by that of Maximus.-1. Q. FABIUS pey with offers of peace. Vibullius made the
VIBULANUS, consul 485, when he carried on war greatest haste to reach Pompey, in order to give
with success against the Volsci and AEqui, and him the earliest intelligence of the arrival of
consul a second time in 482. In 480 he fought his enemy in Greece.
under his brother Marcus (No. 3) against the  VICENTIA or VICETIA, less correctly VINCENEtruscans, and was killed in battle. - 2. K., TIA (Vicentinus: now Vicenza), a town in Venebrother of the preceding, was quaestor parricidii tia, in the north of Italy, and a Roman muniin 485, and along with his colleague L. Valerius cipium on the River Togisonus.
accused Sp. Cassius Viscellinus, who was, in  VICTOR, SEX. AURELIUS, a Latin writer, flourconsequence, condemned by the votes of the ished in the middle of the fourth century under
populus. He was consul in 484, when he took the Emperor Constantius and his successors.
an active part in opposing the agrarian law, He was born of humble parents, but rose to diswhich the tribunes of the people attempted to tinction by his zeal in the cultivation of literabring forward. In 481 he was consul a second ture. Having attracted the attention of Julian
time, and in 479 a third time, when he espoused when at Sirmium, he was appointed by that
the cause of the plebeians, to whom he had be- prince governor of one division of Pannonia.
come reconciled. As his propositions were re- At a subsequent period, he was elevated by
jected with scorn by the patricians, he and his Theodosius to the high office of city praefect,
house resolved to quit Rome altogether, where and he is perhaps the same as the Sex. Aurethey were regarded as apostates by their own lius Victor who was consul along with Valenorder. They determined to found a settlement tinian in A.D. 373. The following works, which
on the banks of the Cremera, a small stream  present in a very compressed form a continuthat falls into the Tiber a few miles above Rome. ous record of Roman affairs, from the fabulous
According to the legend, the consul Kaeso went ages down to the death of the Emperor Theobefore the senate, and said that the Fabii were dosius, have all been ascribed to this writer;
willing to carry on the war against the Veientes but the evidence upon which the determination
alone and at their own cost. Their offer was of authorship depends is very slender, and in
joyfully accepted, for the patricians were glad all probability the third alone belongs to the
to see them expose themselves voluntarily to Sex. Aurelius Victor whom we have noticed
such dangers.  On the day after KMeso had above: 1. Origo Gentis Romane, in twentymade the proposal to the senate, three hundred three chapters, containing the annals of the Roand sixFabii, all patricians of one gens, assem- man race, from Janus and Saturnus down to
bled on the Quirinal at the house of Kaeso, and the era of Romulus. It is probably a prod mfrom thence marched with the consul at their tion of some of the later grammarians, who
head through the Carmental gate. They pro- were desirous of prefixing a suitable introdueceeded straight to the banks of the Cremera, tion to the series. 2. De Viris ZlfusOr.Ibus hr bhs
where they erected a fortress. Here they took Ronmc, in eighty-six chapters, commencing -twitl
up their abode along with their families and the birth of Romulus and Remus, a.d e&oclud.
clients, and for two years continued to devas- ing with the death of Cleopatra. 3. De Ccsnr=.:
tate the territory of Veii. They were at length bus, in forty-two chapters, exhibiting shot'ii. bab
934




VICTOR, PUBLIUS.                             VINDELICIA.
raphies of the emperors from Augustus to Con- printed in the Grammaticc Latince Auctores Ane,
stantius.  4. Epitome de Ccesaribus, in forty- tiqui of Putschius, IHannov., 1605, [and in the
eight chapters, commencing with Augustus and  Scriptores Lat. Rei M1etr. by Gaisford, Oxford,
concluding withTheodosius. Theselives agree  1837.] The fame enjoyed by Victorinus as a
for the most part almost word for word with the public instructor does not gain any accession
preceding, but variations may here and there from his works. The exposition of the De Inbe detected. Moreover, the first series term- ventione is more difficult to comprehend than
inates with Constantius, but the second comes the text which it professes to explain. — 4.
down as low as Arcadius and Honorius. The MAXIMUS VICTORINUS. We possess three short
best edition of these four pieces is by Arntze- tracts: 1. De Re Grammatica; 2. De Carmine
nius, Amst. et Traj. Bat., 1733, 4to.     Heroico; 3. De Ratione Metrorum; all apparentVICTOR, PUBLIUS, the name prefixed to an enu- ly the work of the same author, and usually asnreration of the principal buildings and monu- cribed in MSS. to a Maximus Victorinus; but
ments of ancient Rome, distributed according whether we ought to consider him the same
to the regions of Augustus, which has generally  with the rhetorician who flourished under Conbeen respected as a work of great authority by stantius, or as an independent personage, it is
Italian antiquaries. The best modern scholars, impossible to decide. They were printed in the
however, are agreed that this work, and a sim- collection of Putschius, Hannov., 1605, and in
ilar production ascribed to SEXTUS RUFUS, can that of Lindemann, Lips., 1831.
not be received in their present state as an-  VICTRIX. Vid. VENUS.
cient at all, but must be regarded as mere pieces  [VIDRUS (now Vecht?), a small stream of Gerof patch-work, fabricated not earlier than the mania, between the Rhenus and the Amisia.]
fifteenth century.                          VIDUCASSEs, a tribe of the Armorici in Gallia
VICTORdA, the personification of victory among Lugdunensis, south of the modern Caen.
the Romans. It is said that Evander, by the  VIENNA (Viennensis: now Vienne), the chief
command of Minerva, dedicated on Mount Pal- town of the Allobroges in Gallia Lugdunensis,
atine a temple of Victoria, the daughter of Pal- situated on the Rhone, south of Lugdunum. It
las. On the site of this ancient temple a new  was subsequentlyaRoman colony, and awealthy
one was built by L. Postumius during the war and flourishing town. Under the later emperwith the Samnites, and M. Porcius Cato added ors it was the capital of the province, called aftto it a chapel of Victoria Virgo. In later times er it Gallia Viennensis. The modern town conthere existed three or four sanctuaries of Vie- tains several Roman remains, of which the most
tory at Rome. Respecting the Greek goddess important is a temple, supposed to have been
of Victory, vid. NICE.                    dedicated to Augustus, and now converted into
VICTORIA or VICTORINA, the mother of Victo- a museum.
rinus, after whose death she was hailed as the  [VIGELLIUS, M., a Stoic philosopher, who lived
mother of camps (Mater Castrorum); and coins with Panmtius.]
were struck bearing her effigy. Feeling une-  [VIGENNA (now Vienne), a river of Gallia,
qual to the weight of empire, she transferred rising in the country of the Lemovices, and
her power first to Marius, and then to Tetricus, falling into the Liger (now Loire).]
by, whom some say that she was slain, while  VILLYUS ANNALIS. Vid. ANNALIS.
others affirm that she died a natural death.  VIMINALIS.  Vid. ROMA.
VICTORINUS. 1. One of the Thirty Tyrants,  VINCENTIUS, surnamed LIRINENSIS, from the
was the third of the usurpers who in succession monastery in the island of Lerins, where he ofruled Gaul during the reign of Gallienus. He ficiated as a presbyter. He was by birth a nawas assassinated at Colonia Agrippina by one of tive of Gaul, and died in the reign of Theodohis own officers in A.D. 268, after reigning some- sius and Valentinian, about A.D. 450.'His
what more than a year.-2. Bishop of Pettaw, on fame rests upon a treatise against heretics,
the Drave, in Styria, hence distinguished by the composed in 434. It commonly bears the title
epithet Petavionensis or Pictaviensis, flourished  Commonitorium pro Catholiccefidei antiquitate et
A.D. 270-290, and suffered martyrdom during universitate adversus profanas omniumz Hcereticothe persecution of Diocletian, probably in 303. rum novitates. The standard edition is that of
He wrote commentaries on the Scriptures, but Baluzius, 8vo, Paris, 1663, 1669, 1684.
all his works are lost.-3. C. MARIUS VICTORI-  VINDALUM, a town of the Cavares in Gallia
NUS, surnamed Afer from the country of his Narbonensis, situated at the confluence of the
birth, taught rhetoric at Rome in the middle of Sulgas and the Rhone.
the fourth century with so much reputation that  VINDELICIA, a Roman province south of the
his statue was erected in the Forum of Trajan. Danube, bounded on the north by the Danube,
In his old age he professed Christianity; and which separated it from Germany, on the west
when the edict of Julian, prohibiting Christians by the territory of the Helvetii in Gaul, on the
from giving instruction in polite literature, was south by Raetia, and on the east by the River
promulgated, Victorinus chose to shut up his CEnus (now Inn), which separated it from Norschool rather than deny his religion. Besides icum, thus corresponding to the northeastern
his commentaries on the Scriptures, and other part of Switzerland, the southeast of Baden,
theological works, many of which are extant, the south of Wiirtemberg and Bavaria, and the
Victorinus wrote, 1. Commentarius s. Expositzo northern part of the Tyrol. It was originally
in Ciceronis libros de Inentione, the best edition part of the province of Retia, and was conof which is in the fifth volume of Orelli's edi- quered by Tiberius in the reign of Augustus.
tion of Cicero. 2. Ars Grammatica de Ortho- At a later time Raetia was divided into two
graphia et Ratione Metrorum, a complete and vo- provinces, Rcetia Prima and Rcetia Sccunda,
luminous treatise upon metres, in four books, the latter of which names was gradually sup935




VINDEX, C. JULIUS.                              VIRBIUS.
planted by that of Vindelicia. It was drained west of Hispania Tarraconensis, forming the
by the tributaries of the Danube, of which the boundary between the Cantabri and Astures.
most important were the Licias or Licus (now  VINDOBONA (now Vienna, English; *Wien, GerLech), with its tributary the Vindo, Vinda, or man), a towi in Pannonia, on the Danube, was
Virdo (now Wertach), the Isarus (now Isar), and originally a Celtic place, and subsequently a
(Enus (now Inn). The eastern part of the La- Roman municipium. Under the Romans it becus Brigantinus (now Lake of Constance) also came a town of irportance; it was the chief
belonged to Vindelicia. The greater part of station of the Roman fleet on the Danube, and
Vindelicia was a plain, but the southern portion the head quarters of a Roman legion. It was
was occupied by the northern slopes of the Alpes taken and plundered by Attila, but continued to
Raeticae. It derived its name from its chief in- be a flourishing town under the Lombards. It
habitants, the VINDELICI, a warlike people dwell- was here that the Emperor M. Aurelius died,
ing in the south of the country. Their name is A.D. 180.
said to have been formed from the two rivers  VINDONISSA (now Windisch), a town in Gallia
Vindo and Licus; but it is more likely connect- Belgica, on the triangular tongue of land beed with the Celtic word Vind, which is found in tween the Aar and Reuss, was an important
the names Vindobona, Vindomagus, Vindonis- Roman fortress in the country of the Helvetii.
sa, &c. The Vindelici were a Celtic people, Several Roman remains have been discovered
and were closely connected with the Rati, with  on the site of the ancient town; and the founwhom they are frequently spoken of by the an- dations of walls, the traces of an amphitheatre,
cient writers, and along with whom they were and a subterranean aqueduct are still to be
subdued by Tiberius, as is mentioned above. seen.
The other tribes in Vindelicia were the Brigan-  [VINICIANUS, M. CMELIUS, tribune of the plebs
tii on the Lake of Constance, the Licatii or Li- B.C. 53, exerted himself to raise Pompey to
cates on the Lech, and the Breuni in the north the dictatorship, and was, in consequence, deof Tyrol, on the Brenner. The chief town in feated when he became a candidate for the cuthe province was Augusta Vindelicorum (now  rule adileship in B.C. 51. In the Civil war he
Augsburg), at the confluence of Vindo and the espoused the cause of Caesar, who left him in
Licus, which was made a Roman colony A.D. Pontus with two legions after the conquest of
14, and was the residence of the governor of Pharnaces in B.C. 48.]
the province. This town, together with the  [VINICIUS or VINUCIUS. 1. L., tribune of the
other towns of Vindelicia, fell into the hands of plebs B.C. 51, put his veto on a senatusconthe Aleranni in the fourth century, and from  sultum, directed against Caesar: perhaps the
this time the population of the country appears same Vinicius as the one who was consul sufto have been entirely Germanized.         fectus in B.C. 33.-2. M., born at Cales, in CamVINDEX, C. JULIUS, propraitor of Gallia Cel- pania, was consul with C. Cassius Longinus in
tica in the reign of Nero, was the first of the A.D. 30, in which year Paterculus dedicated his
Roman governors who disowned the authority work to him. Vid. PATERCULUS. In A.D. 33
of Nero (A.D. 68). He did not, however, as- Tiberius gave Julia Livilla, daughter of Gerpire to the empire himself, but offered it to Gal- manicus, in marriage to Vinicius; he was conba. Virginius Rufus, the governor of Upper sul a second time in the reign of Claudius, A.D.
Germany, marched with his army against Vin- 45; though in the following year he was put to
dex. The two generals had a conference be- death by Messalina, to whom he had become
fore Vesontio (now Besangcon), in which they an object of suspicion, and whose advances he
appear to have come to some agreement; but had repulsed.]
as Vindex was going to enter the town, he was  VINIUS, T., consul in A.D. 69 with the Emattacked by the soldiers of Virginius, and put peror Galba, and one of the chief advisers of
an end to his own life.                   the latter during his brief reign. He recom[VINDICIANUS, an eminent physician in the mended Galba to choose Otho as his successor,
time of Valentinian, A.D. 364-375: there are but he was, notwithstanding, killed by Otho's
extant a letter addressed by him to the em- soldiers after the death of Galba.
peror, and a poem on the medical art usually  VIPSANIA AGRIPPINA. 1. Daughter of M. Vipascribed to him, though others assign it to Mar- sanius Agrippa by his first wife Pomponia, the
cellus Empiricus. The poem is appended to daughter of T. Pomponius Atticus, the friend of
several editions of Celsus, and is contained also Cicero. Augustus gave her in marriage to his
in Burmann's Poetc Latini Minores.]       step-son Tiberius, by whom she was much beVINDnCIUS, a slave, who is said to have given loved; but after she had borne him a son, Drninformation to the consuls of the conspiracy sus, Tiberius was compelled to divorce her by
-which was formed for the restoration of the the command of the emperor, in order to marry
Tarquins, and who was rewarded in conse- Julia, the daughter of the latter. Vipsania aftquence with liberty and the Roman franchise. erward married Asinius Gallus. She died in
He is said to have been the first slave manu- A.D. 20. —. Daughter of M. Vipsanius Agrippa
mitted by the Vindicta, the name of which was by his second wife Julia, better known by the
derived by some persons from that of the slave; name of Agrippina. Vid. AGRIPPINA.
but it is unnecessary to point out the absurdity  VIPSNIUS AGRIPPA, M. Vid. AGRIPPA.
of this etymology.                          VIRBUS, a Latin divinity worshipped along
VINDILI. Vid. VANDILI.                  with Diana in tle- grove at Aricia, at the foot
VINDILIs (now Belle Isle), one of the isl- of the Alban Mount. He is said to have been
ands of the Veneti, off the northwestern coast the same as Hippolytus, who was restored to
of Gaul.                                  life by Esculapius at the request of Diana. He
VINDIus or VINNIUS, a mountain in the north- was placed by this goddess under the care of the
936




VIRDO.                                  VIRGILIUS.
nymph Aricia, and received the name of Virbius. Eclogues had all been completed, and probably
By this nymph he became the father of a son, before the Georgica were begun (Georg., iv.,
who was also called Virbius, and whom his 565). The epic poem of Virgil, the Eneid, was
mother sent to the assistance of Turnus against probably long contemplated by the poet. While.E neas.                                  Augustus was in Spain (27), he wrote to Virgil
VIRDO. Vid. VINDELICIA.                 to express his wish to have some monument of
[VIRGILIANUS, Q. FABIUS, the legatus of Ap- his poetical talent. Virgil appears to have conpius Claudius Pulcher in Cilicia in B.C. 51. He menced the XEneid about this time. In 23 died
espoused the cause ofPompey on the breaking Marcellus, the son of Octavia, Caesar's sister, by
out of the Civil war in B.C. 49.]         her first husband; and as Virgil lost no opporVIRGILYUS or VERGILUS MARO, P., the Roman tunity of gratifying his patron, he introduced
poet, was born on the 15th of October, B.C. 70, into his sixth book of the REneid (883) the wellat Andes (now Pietola), a small village near known allusion to the virtues of this youth, who
Mantua, in Cisalpine Gaul. Virgil's father prob- was cut off by a premature death. Octavia is
ably had a small estate which he cultivated: said to have been present when the poet was
his mother's name was Maia. He was educa- reciting this allusion to her son, and to have
ted at Cremona and Mediolanum (now Milan), fainted from her emotions. She rewarded the
and he took the toga virilis at Cremona on the poet munificently for his excusable flattery. As
day on which he commenced his sixteenth year, Marcellus did not die till 23, these lines were
in 55. It is said that he subsequently studied of course written after his death, but that does
at Neapolis (now Naples), under Parthenius, a not prove that the whole of the sixth book was
native of Bithynia, from whom he learned written so late. A passage in the seventh book
Greek. He was also instructed by Syron, an (606) appears to allude to Augustus receiving
Epicurean, and probably -at Rome. Virgil's back the Parthian standards, which event bewritings prove that he received a learned edu- longs to 20. When Augustus was returning
cation, and traces of Epicurean opinions are from Samos, where he had spent the winter of
apparent in them. The health of Virgil was 20, he met Virgil at Athens.'The poet, it is
always feeble, and there is no evidence of his said, had intended to make a tour of Greece,
attempting to rise by those means by which a but he accompanied the emperor to Megara and
Roman gained distinction, oratory and the prac- thence to Italy. His health, which had been
tice of arms. After completing his education, long declining, was now completely broken, and
Virgil appears to have retired to his paternal he died soon after his arrival at Brundisium on
farm, and here he may have written some of the twenty-second of September, 19, not having
the small pieces which are attributed to him, the quite completed his fifty-first year.  His reCulex, Ciris, Mloretum, and others. After the mains were transferred to Naples, which had
battle of Philippi (42) Octavianus assigned to been his favorite residence, and placed on the
his soldiers lands in various parts of Italy; and road from Naples to Puteoli (now Pozzuoli),
the neighborhood of Cremona and Mantua was where a monument is still shown, supposed to
one of the districts in which the soldiers were be the tomb of the poet. The inscription said
planted, and from.which the former possessors to have been placed on the tomb,
were dislodged. Virgil was thus deprived of
bis property. It is said that it was seized by a  Mantua me genuit Calabri rapere, tenet nune
veteran named Claudius or Clodius, and that    Partenope. Ce   pasa     dces,"
Asinius Pollio, who was then governor of Gallia we can not suppose to have been written by the
Transpadana, advised Virgil to apply to Octa- poet. Virgil named, as heredes in his testavianus at Rome for the restitution of his land, ment, his half-brother Valerius Proculus, to
and Octavianus granted his request. It is sup- whom he left one half of his property, and also
posed that Virgil wrote the Eclogue which stands Augustus, Maecenas, L. Varius, and Plotius Tucfirst in our editions to commemorate his grati- ca. It is said that in his last illness he wished
tude to Octavianus. Virgil became acquainted to burn the ZEneid, to which he had not given
with Maecenas before Horace was, and Horace the finishing touches, but his friends would not
(Sat., i., 5, and 6, 55, &c.) was introduced to Ma- allow him. Whatever he may have wished to
cenas by Virgil. Whether this introduction was be done with the TEneid, it was preserved and
in 41 or a little later, is uncertain; but we may published by his friends Varius and Tucca. The
perhaps conclude, from the name of Maecenas not poet had been enriched by the liberality of his
being mentioned in the Eclogues of Virgil, that patrons, and he left behind him a considerable
he himself was not on those intimate terms with property, and a house on the Esquiline Hill, near
AMicenas which ripened into friendship until the gardens of Maecenas. He used his wealth
after they were written. Horace, in one of his liberally, and his library, which was doubtless a
Satires (Sat., i., 5), in which he describes the good one, was easy of access. He used to send
journey fromr Rome to Brundisium, mentions his parents money every year. His father, who
Virgil as one of the party, and in language became blind, did not die before his son had atwh ich shows that they were then in the closest tained a mature age. Two brothers of Virgil
intimacy. The most finished work of Virgil, also died before him. In his fortunes and his
his Georgica, an agricultural poem, was under- friends Virgil was a happy man. Munificent
taken at the suggestion of Macenas (Georg., patronage gave him ample means of enjoyment
iii., 41). The concluding lines of the Georgica and of leisure, and he had the friendship of all
were written at Naples (Georg., iv., 559), and the most accomplished men of the day, among
the poem was completed after the battle of Ac- whom Horace entertained a strong affection for
tiun, B.C. 31, while Octavianus was in the East. him. He was an amiable, good-tempered man,
(Compare Georg., iv., 560, and ii., 171.)  His free from the mean passions of envy and jeal937




VIRGILIUS.                                VIRGILIUS.
onsy; and in all but health he was prosperous. gil the merit of striking originality; his chief
His fame, which was established in his life-time, merit consists in the skillful handling of borrowwas cherished after his death, as an inheritance ed materials.  His subject, which was by no
in which every Roman had a share; and his means promising, he treated in a manner both
works became school-books even before the instructive and pleasing; for he has given
death of Augustus, and continued such for cen- many useful remarks on agriculture, and diverturies after. The learned poems of Virgil soon sified the dryness of didactic poetry by numergave employment to commentators and critics. ous allusions and apt embellishments, and some
Aulus Gellius has numerous remarks on Virgil, occasional digressions without wandering too
and Macrobius, in his Saturnalia, has filled four far from his main matter. In the first book he
books (iii.-vi.) with his critical remarks onVir- enumerates the subjects of his poem, among
gil's poems. One of the most valuable com- which is the treatment of bees; yet the manmentaries on Virgil, in which a great amount of agement of bees seems but meagre material for
curious and instructive matter has been pre- one fourth of the whole poem, and the author
served, is that of Servius. Vid. SERVIUS. Vir- accordingly had to complete the fourth book
gil is one of the most difficult of the Latin with matter somewhat extraneous-the long
authors, not so much for the form of the ex- story of AristTeus. The Georgica is the most
pression, though that is sometimes ambiguous finished specimen of the Latin hexameter which
enough, but from the great variety of knowledge we have; and the rude vigor of Lucretius and
that is required to attain his meaning in all its the antiquated rudeness of Ennius are here refullness. Virgil was the great poet of the Mid- placed by a versification which in its kind car
die Ages too. To him Dante paid the homage not be surpassed. The Georgica are also the
of his superior genius, and owned him for his most original poem of Virgil, for he found little
master and his model. Among the vulgar he in the Works and Days of Hesiod that could
had the reputation of a conjurer, a necromancer, furnish him with hints for the treatment of his
a worker of miracles: it is the fate of a great subject, and we are not aware that there was
name to be embalmed in fable. The ten short any work which he could exactly follow as a
poems called Bucolica were the earliest works whole. For numerous single lines he was inof Virgil, and probably all written between 41 debted to his extensive reading of the Greek
and 37. These Bucolica are not Bucolica in poets.  The /Eneid, or adventures of REneas
the same sense as the poems of Theocritus, after the fall of Troy, is an epic poem on the
which have the same title. They have all a model of the Homeric poems. It was founded
Bucolic form and coloring, but some of them  upon an old Roman tradition that zEneas and
have nothing more. They are also called Eclo- his Trojans settled in Italy, and were the foundge or Selections, but this name may not have ers of the Roman name. In the first book we
originated with the poet. Their merit consists have the story of _Eneas being driven by a
in their versification, which was smoother and storm on the coast of Africa, and being hospimore polished than the hexameters which the tably received by Dido, queen of Carthage, to
Romans had yet seen, and in many natural and whom he relates in the episode of the second
simple touches. But as an attempt to transfer and third books the fall of Troy and his wanderthe Syracusan muse into Italy, they are certainly ings. In the fourth book the poet has elaboa failure, and we read the pastorals of Theo- rated the story of the attachment of Dido and
critus and of Virgil with a very different degree.Eneas, the departure of Aneas in obedience
of pleasure. The fourth Eclogue, entitled Pol- to the will of the gods, and the suicide of the
lio, which may have been written in 40, after Carthaginian queen.  The fifth book contains
the peace of Brundisium, has nothing of the the visit to Sicily, and the sixth the landing of
pastoral character about it. It is allegorical,  Eneas at Cumte in Italy, and his descent to the
mystical, half historical and prophetical, enig- infernal regions, where he sees his father Anmatical-any thing, in fact, but Bucolic. The chises, and has a prophetic vision of the glorious
first Eclogue is Bucolic in form and in treatment, destinies of his race and of the future heroes of
with an historical basis. The second Eclogue, Rome. In the first six books the adventures of
the Alexis, is an amatory poem, with a Bucolic Ulysses in the Odyssey are the model, and these
coloring, which, indeed, is the characteristic of books contain more variety of incident and sitall Virgil's Eclogues, whatever they may be in uation than those which follow. The critics
substance.  The third, the fifth, the seventh, have discovered an anachronism in the visit of
and the ninth are more clearly modelled on the AEneas to Carthage, which is supposed not to
form of the poems of his Sicilian prototype; and have been founded until two centuries after the
the eighth, the Pharmaceutria, is a direct imita- fall of Troy, but this is a matter which we may
tion of the original Greek. The tenth, entitled leave without discussion, or admit without alGallus, perhaps written the last of all, is a love lowing it to be a poetical defect. The last six
poem, which, if written in elegiac verse, would books, the history of the struggles of ARneas in
be more appropriately called an elegy than a Bu- Italy, are founded on the model of the battles
colic. The Georgica, or " Agricultural Poem," of the Iliad. Latinus, the king of the Latini,
in four books, is a didactic poem, which Virgil offers the Trojan hero his daughter Lavinia in
dedicated to his patron Mecenas. He treats of marriage, who had been betrothed to Turnus,
the cultivation of the soil in the first book, of the warlike king of the Rutuli. The contest is
fruit-trees in the second, of horses and other ended by the death of Turnus, who falls by the
cattle in the third, and of bees in the fourth. hand of Eneas. The fortunes of Eneas and
In this poem Virgil shows a great improve- his final settlement in Italy are the subject of
ment both in his taste and in his versification. the OEneid, but the glories of Rome and of the
Neither in the Georgics nor elsewhere has Vir- Julian house, to which Augustus belonged, are
938




VIRGILITS.                            VIRGINIUS REUF US
indirectly the poet's theme. In the first book short pieces in various metres, classed under
the foundation of Alba Longa is promised by the general name of Catalecta. That addressed
Jupiter to Venus (E neid, i., 254), and the trans-' Ad Venerem" shows that the writer, whoever
fer of empire from Alba to Rome; from the he was, had a talent for elegiac poetry. Of the
line of iEneas will descend the "Trojan Cse- numerous editions of Virgil, the best are by
sar," whose empire will only be limited by the Burmann, Amsterdam, 1746, 4 vols. 4to; by
ocean, and whose glory by the heavens. The Heyne, 1767-1775, Lips., 4 vols. 8vo, of which
future rivalry between Rome and Carthage, and the fourth edition contains important improvethe ultimate triumphs of Rome are predicted. ments by Wagner, Lips., 1830, 5 vols. 8vo 
The poems abound in allusions to the history of and by Forbiger, Lips., 1845-1846, 3 vols. 8vo
Rome; and the aim of the poet to confirm and (second edition).
embellish the popular tradition of the Trojan  [VIRGILIUS, C., praetor B.C. 62, had Q. Cicero
origin of the Roman state, and the descent of as one of his colleagues. Next year, B.C. 61,
the Julii from Venus, is apparent all through the he governed Sicily as proprietor, where P. Clopoem. It is objected to the Eneid that it has dius served under him as quaestor. He was
not the unity of construction either of the Iliad still in Sicily in B.C. 58, when Cicero was banor of the Odyssey, and that it is deficient in that ished, and refused to allow the latter refuge in
antique simplicity which characterizes these his province. In the Civil war Virgilius estwo poems. LEneas, the hero, is an insipid poused the cause of Pompey, and had the cornkind of personage, and a much superior interest mand of Thapsus, together with a fleet, in B.C.
is excited by the savage Mezentius, and also by 46. After the battle of Thapsus, Virgilius at
Turnus, the unfortunate rival of tEneas. Virgil first refused to surrender the town, but subseimitated other poets besides Homer, and he has quently, seeing resistance hopeless, he surrenoccasionally borrowed from them, especially dered the place to Caninius Rebilus.]
from Apollonius of Rhodes. If Virgil's subject  VIRGINIA, daughter of L. Virginius, a brave
was difficult to invest with interest, that is his centurion, was a beautiful and innocent girl,
apology; but it can not be denied that many betrothed to L. Icilius. Her beauty excited the
parts of his poem are successfully elaborated, lust of the decemvir Appius Claudius, who got
and that particular scenes and incidents are one of his clients to seize the'damsel and claim
treated with true poetic spirit. The historical her as his slave. The case was brought before
coloring which pervades it, and the great amount the decemvir for decision; her friends begged
of antiquarian learning which he has scattered him to postpone his judgment till her father
through it, make the.Eneid a study for the his- could be fetched from the camp, and offered to
torian of Rome. Virgil's good sense and taste give security for the appearance of the maiden.
are always conspicuous, and make up for the Appius, fearing a riot, agreed to let the cause
defect of originality. As a whole, the.Eneid stand over till the next day; but on the followleaves no strong impression, which arises from  ing morning he pronounced sentence, assigning
the fact that it is not really a national poem, Virginia to his freedman. - er father, who had
like the Iliad or the Odyssey, the monument of come from the camp, seeing that all hope was
an age of which we have no other literary mon- gone, prayed the decemvir to be allowed to
ument; it is a learned poem, the production of speak one word to the nurse in his daughter's
an age in which it does not appear as an em- hearing, in order to ascertain whether she was
bodiment of the national feeling, but as a mon- really his daughter. The request was granted;
ument of the talent and industry of an individ- Virginius drew them both aside, and snatching
ual. Virgil has the merit of being the best of up a butcher's knife from one of the stalls,
the Roman epic poets, superior both to Ennius plunged it in his daughter's breast, exclaiming,
who preceded him, and on whom he levied con- " There is no way but this to keep thee free."
tributions, and to Lucan, Silius Italicus, andVa- In vain did Appius call out to stop him. The
lerius Flaccus, who belong to a later age. The crowd made way for him; and, holding his
passion for rhetorical display, which character- bloody knife on high, he rushed to the gate of
izes all the literature of Rome, is much less the city, and hastened to the Roman camp.
offensive in Virgil than in those who followed The result is known. Both camp and city rose
him in the line of epic poetry. The larger edi- against the decemvirs, who were deprived of
tions of Virgil contain some short poems, which their power, and the old form of government
are attributed to him, and may have been among was restored. L. Virginius was the first who
his earlier works. The Culex, or Gnat, is a kind was elected tribune, and he hastened to take
of Bucolic poem, in four hundred and thirteen revenge upon his cruel enemy. By his orders
hexameters, often very obscure; the Ciris, or Appius was dragged to prison to await his trial,
the mythus of Scylla, the daughter of Nisus, and he there put an end to his own life in order
king of Megara, in five hundred and forty-one to avoid a more ignominious death.
hexameters, has been attributed to Cornelius  VIRGINIA or VERGINIA GENS, patrician and
Gallus and others; the Moreturm, in one hundred plebeian. The patricianVirginii frequentlyfilled.
and twenty-three verses, the name of a com- the highest honors of the state during the early
pound mess, is a poem in hexameters, on the years of the republic. They all bore the cogdaily labor of a cultivator, but it contains only nomen of Tricostus, but none of them are of
the description of the labors of the first part of sufficient importance to require a separate nothe day, which consist in preparing the More- tice.
tun; the Copa, in elegiac verse, is an invita-  VIRGINIUS, L., father of Virginia, whose tragi.
tion by a female tavern-keeper or servant at- fate occasioned the downfall of the decemvirs,
tached to a Caupona, to passengers to come in B.C. 449. Vid. VIRGIIA.
ad enjoy themselves. There are also fourteen  VIRGINUS RUFUS, consul A.D. 63, and gov93




VIRIATHUS.                                VITELLIUS.
ernor of Upper Germany at the time of the re- ferred remaining in the equestrian order: he
volt of Julius Vindex in Gaul (68). The sol- was the father of the twoVisci, who are praised
diers of Virginius wished to raise him to the as poets, and were on intimate terms with Horempire; but he refused the honor, and marched ace.]
against Vindex, who perished before Vesontio.  VISTULA (now Vistula, English; WVeichsel,
Vid. VINDEX. After the death of Nero, Vir- German), an important river of Germany, formginius supported the claims of Galba, and ac- ing the boundary between Germany and Sarmacompanied him to Rome. After Otho's death, tia, rising in the Hercynia Silva, and falling into
the soldiers again attempted to proclaim Virgin- the Mare Suevicum or the Baltic.
ius emperor, and, in consequence of his refusal  VISURGIS (now Weser), an important river of
of the honor, he narrowly escaped with his life. Germany, falling into the German Ocean. PtolVirginius died in the reign of Nerva, in his third emy makes it rise in Mount Meliboeus, because
consulship, A.D. 97, at eighty-three years of age. the Romans were not acquainted with the southHe was honored with a public funeral, and his ern course of the Weser below Minden.
panegyric was pronounced by the historian Tac-  VITELLIUS.  1. L., father of the emperor,
itus, who was then consul. The younger Pliny, was a consummate flatterer, and by his arts
of whom Virginius had been the tutor or guard- gained promotion. After being consul in A.D.
ian, also mentions him with praise.       34, he had been appointed governor of Syria,
VIRIATHUS, a celebrated Lusitanian, is de- and had made favorable terms of peace with Arscribed by the Romans as originally a shepherd tabanus. But all this only excited Caligula's
or huntsman, and afterward a robber, or, as he jealousy, and he sent for Vitellius to put him to
would be called in Spain at the present day, a death. The governor saved himself by his abguerilla chief. His character is drawn very ject humiliation and the gross flattery which
favorably by many of the ancient writers, who pleased and softened the savage tyrant. He
celebrate his justice and equity, which was paid the like attention to Claudius and Messaparticularly shown in the fair division of the lina, and was rewarded by being twice consul
spoils he obtained from the enemy. Viriathus with Claudius, and censor.-2. L., son of the
was one of the Lusitanians who escaped the preceding, and brother of the emperor, was contreacherous and savage massacre of the people sul in 48. He was put to death by the party of
by the proconsul Galba in B.C. 150. Vid. GALBA, Vespasian on his brother's fall.-3. A., Roman
No. 2. He was destined to be the avenger of emperor from January 2d to December 22d,
his country's wrongs. He collected a formida- A.D. 69, was the son of No. 1. He was consul
ble force, and for several successive years he during the first six months of 48, and his brothdefeated one Roman army after another. At er Lucius during the six following months. He
length, in 140, the proconsul Fabius Servilianus had some knowledge of letters and some eloconcluded a peace with Viriathus in order to quence. His vices made him a favorite of Tisave his army, which had been inclosed by the berius, Caius Caligula, Claudius, and Nero, who
Lusitanians in a mountain pass, much in the loaded him with favors. People were much sursame way as their ancestors had been by the prised when Galba chose such a man to comSamnites at the Caudine Forks. The treaty mand the legions in Lower Germany, for he had
was ratified by the senate; but Servilius Caepio, no military talent. His great talent was eatwho had succeeded to the command of Further ing and drinking. The soldiers of Vitellius proSpain in 140, renewed the war, and shortly aft- claimed him emperor at Colonia Agrippinensis
erward procured the assassination of Viriathus (now Cologne) on the 2d of January, 69. His
by bribing three of his friends.          generals Fabius Valens and Csecina marched
VIRIDOMARUS. 1. Or BRITOMATUS, the lead- into Italy, defeated Otho's troops at the decisive
er of the Gauls, slain by Marcellus. Vid. MAR- battle of Bedriacum, and thus secured for ViCELLUS, NO. 1.-2. Or VIRDUMARUS, a chieftain tellius the undisputed command of Italy. The
of the _/Edui, whom Caesar had raised from a soldiers of Otho, after the death of the latter,
low rank to the highest honor, but who after- took the oath of fidelity to Vitellius. Vitellius
ward joined the Gauls in their great revolt in reached Rome in July. He did not disturb any
B.C. 52.                                  person in the enjoyment of what had been given
[VIRIDOVIX, the chieftain of the Unelli, was by Nero, Galba, and Otho, nor did he confisconquered by Q. Titurius Sabinus, Caesar's le- cate any man's property. Though some of
gatus in B.C. 56.]                        Otho's adherents were put to death, he let the
VIRTUS, the Roman personification of manly next of kin take their property. But, though he
valor. She was represented with a short tunic, showed moderation in this part of his conduct,
her right breast uncovered, a helmet on her he showed none in his expenses. Hle was a
head, a spear in her left hand, a sword in the glutton and an epicure, and his chief athuseright, and standing with her right foot on a hel- ment was the table, on which he spent enormet. A temple of Virtus was built by Marcel- mous sums of money. Meantime Vespasian,
lus close to one of Honor. Vid. HONOR.    who had at first taken the oath of allegiance to
VISCELLINUS, SP. CASSIUS.  Vid. CASSIUS, Vitellius, was proclaimed emperor at Alexan
No. 1.                                    drea on the 1st of July. Vespasian was speed[Viscus.  1. Surnamed Thurinus, probably ily recognized by all the East; and the legions
from his native place Thurii in Calabria, a poet of Illyricum, under Antonius Primus, entered
and friend of Horace and Maecenas, one of the the north of Italy and declared for Vespasian.
guests at the supper of Nasidienus described by Vitellius dispatched Caecina with a powerful
Horace (Sat., ii., 8, 20).-2. VIBIUs Viscus, a force to oppose Primus; but Cseeina was not
R'-oman knight, who, though possessed of great faithful to the emperor. Primus defeated the
w~eaith and enjoying the favor of Augustus, pre- Vitellians in two battles, and afterward took
940




VITIA.                                VOLATERR E.
and pillaged the city of Cremona. Primus then temples and the four orders of architecture emmarched upon Rome, and forced his way into ployed in them, namely, the Ionic, Corinthian,
the city, after much fighting. Vitellius was Doric, and Tuscan. The Fifth Book relates to
seized in the palace, led through the streets public buildings, the Sixth to private houses,
with every circumstance of ignominy, and drag- and the Seventh to interior decorations. The
ged to the Gemonia Scale, where he was killed Eighth is on the subject of water; the mode of
with repeated blows. His head was carried finding it; its different kinds; and the various
about Rome, and his body was dragged into the modes of conveying it for the supply of cities.
Tiber; but it was afterward interred by his The Ninth Book treats of various kinds of sunwife Galeria Fundana. A few days before the dials and other instruments for measuring time;
death of Vitellius, the Capitol had been burned and the Tenth of the machines used in buildin the assault made by his soldiers upon this ing, and of military engines. Each book has a
building, where Flavius Sabinus, the brother of preface, upon some matter more or less conthe Emperor Vespasian, had taken refuge.  nected with the subject; and these prefaces
[VITIA, the mother of Fufius Geminus, was are the source of most of our information about
put to death by Tiberius in A.D. 32 because she the author. The best editions of Vitruvius are.
had lamented the execution of her son, who those of Schneider, 3 vols., Lips., 1807, 1808,
had been consul in A.D. 29.]              8vo; of Stratico, 4 vols., Udino, 1825-30, with
VITRUVIUS POLLIO, M., the author of the eel- plates and a Lexicon Vitruvianum; and of Mariebrated treatise on Architecture, of whom we ni, 4 vols., Rom., 1836, fol.
know nothing except a few facts contained in  [VIvIscI.  iid. BITURIGES, No. 2.]
scattered passages of his own work. He ap-  VOCATES, a people in Gallia Aquitanica, dwellpears to have served as a military engineer un- ing in the neighborhood of the Tarusates, Sosder Julius Caesar, in the African war, B.C. 46, slates, and Eusates, probably in the modern
and he was broken down with age when he Tursan or Teursan.
composed his work, which is dedicated to the  VocETYUS (now Bozberg), a mountain in GalEmperor Augustus. (The name of the"emper- lia Belgica, an eastern branch of the Jura.
or is not mentioned in the dedication, but there  VOCONiUS SAXA., Vid. SAXA.
can be no doubt that it was Augustus.) The  VOCONTII, a powerful and important people in
object of his work appears to have had refer- Gallia Narbonensis, inhabiting the southeastern
ence to himself as well as to his subject. He part of Dauphine, and a part of Provence, beprofesses his intention to furnish the emperor tween the Drac and the Durance, bounded on
with a standard by which to judge of the build- the north by the Allobroges, and on the south
ings he had already erected, as well as of those by the Salyes and Albioeci. Their country conwhich he might afterward erect; which can tained large and beautiful valleys between the
have no meaning, unless he wished to protest mountains, in which good wine was grown.
against the style of architecture which prevail- They were allowed by the Romans to live uned in the buildings already erected. That this der their own laws, and, though in a Roman
was really his intention appears from several province, they were the allies and not the subother arguments, and especially from his fre- jects of Rome.
quent references to the unworthy means by   VOGESUS or VosGESUS (now Vosges), a range
which architects obtained wealth and favor, of mountains in Gaul, in the territory of the
with which he contrasts his own moderation  Jingones, running parallel to the Rhine, and
and contentment in his more obscure position. separating its basin from that of the Mosella.
In a word, comparatively unsuccessful as an The rivers Sequana (now Seine), Arar (now Saarchitect, for we have no building of his men- one), and the Mosella (now  llMoselle), rise in
tioned except the basilica at Fanum, he attempt- these mountains.
ed to establish his reputation as a writer upon  VOLANDUM, a strong fortress in Armenia Mathe theory of his art; and in this he has been  jor, some days'journey west of Artaxata, mentolerably successful. His work is a valuable tioned by Tacitus (Ann., xiii., 39).
compendium of those written by numerous     VOLATERRIE (Volaterranus; now Volaterra),
Greek architects, whom he mentions chiefly in called by the Etruscans VELATHRI, one of the
the preface to his seventh book, and by some twelve cities of the Etruscan Confederation,
Roman writers on architecture. Its chief de- was built on a lofty hill, about eighteen thoufects are its brevity, of which Vitruvius him-' sand English feet above the level of the sea,
self boasts, and which he often carries so far as rising from a deep valley, and precipitous on
to be unintelligible, and the obscurity of the every side. The city was about four or five
style, arising in part from the natural difficulty miles in circuit. It was the most northerly city
of technical language, but in part also from the of the Confederation, and possessed an extensauthor's want of skill in writing, and sometimes ive territory. Its dominions extended eastward
from his imperfect comprehension of his Greek as far as the territory of Arretium, which was
authorities. His work is entitled De Architec- fifty miles distant; westward as far as the Medtura Libri X. In the First Book, after the ded- iterranean, which was more than twenty miles
ication to the emperor, and a general descrip- off; and southward at least as far as Populonia,
tion of the science of architecture, and an ac- which was either a colony or an acquisition of
count of the proper education of an architect, Volaterra- In consequence of possessing the
he treats of the choice of a proper site for a two great ports of Luna and Populonia, Volacity, the disposition of its plan, its fortifications, terrue, though so far inland, was reckoned as one
and the several buildings within it. The Sec- of the powerful maritime cities of Etruria. Volond Book is on the materials used in building. aterrme is.mentioned as one of the five cities
The Third and Fourth Books are devoted to which, acting independently of the rest of Etru941




VOLATERRANA VADAo                             VOLUSIANUS.
ria, determined to aid the Latins against Tar-  [VOLscaEN, a Rutulian warrior in the army
quinius Priscus; but its name is rarely men- ofTurnus; he encountered Nisus and Euryalus
tioned in connection with the Romans, and we as they were returning from their expedition to
have no record of its conquest by the latter. the Rutulian camp, loaded with booty, slew EuVolaterrse, like most of the Etruscan cities, ryalus, and was himself slain by Nisus.]
espoused the Marian party against Sulla; and  VOLSCI, an ancient people in Latium, but
such was the strength of its fortifications, that originally distinct from the Latins, dwelt on
it was not till after a siege of two years that both sides of the River Liris, and extended
the city fell into Sulla's hands. Cicero speaks down to the Tyrrhene Sea. Their language
of Volaterrae as a municipium, and a military was nearly allied to the Umbrian. They were
colony was founded in it under the triumvirate. from an early period engaged in almost unceasIt continued to be a place of importance even ing hostilities with the Romans, and were not
after the fall of the Western Empire; and it completely subdued by the latter till B.C. 338,
was for a time the residence of the Lombard from which time they disappear from history.
kings, who fixed their court here on account of  VOLSINII or VULSINII (Volsiniensis: now Bolthe natural strength of the site. The modern sena), called VELSINA or VELSUNA by the Etrustown covers but a small portion of the area oc- cans, one of the most ancient and most powercupied by the ancient city. It contains, how- ful of the twelve cities of the Etruscan Confedever, several interesting Etruscan remains. eration, was situated on a lofty hill on the northOf these the most important, in addition to the eastern extremity of the lake called after it
ancient walls, are the family tomb of the Ce- LACUS VOLSINIENSIS and VULSINIENSIS (now
cine, and a double gateway, nearly thirty feet Lago di Bolsena). Volsinii is first mentioned
deep, united by parallel walls of very massive in B.C. 392, when its inhabitants invaded the
character.                                Roman territory, but were' easily defeated by
VOLATERRANA VADA. Vid. VADA, No. 3.     the Romans, and were glad to purchase a twenVOLCeE, a powerful Celtic people in Gallia ty years' truce on humiliating terms. The VolNarbonensis, divided into the two tribes of the sinienses also carried on war with the Romans
Volcae Tectosages and the Volcae Arecomici, in 311, 294, and 280, but were on each occasion
extending from the Pyrenees and the frontiers defeated, and in the last of these years appear
of Aquitania along the coast as far as the to have been finally subdued. On their final
Rhone. They lived under their own laws, subjugation their city was razed to the ground
without being subject to the Roman governor by the Romans, and its inhabitants were comof the province, and they also possessed the pelled to settle on a less defensible site in the
Jus Latii. The Tectosages inhabited the west- plain. The new city, on which stands the modern part of the country from the Pyrenees as ern Bolsena, also became a place of importance.
far as Narbo, and the Arecomici the eastern  It was the birth-place of Sejanus, the favorite of
part from Narbo to the Rhone. The chief town Tiberius. Of the ancient city there are scarcely
of the Tectosages was TOLOSA. A portion of any remains. It occupied the summit of the
the Tectosages left their native country under highest hill, northeast of Bolsena, above the reBrennus, and were one of the three great tribes mains of a Roman amphitheatre. From the
into which the Galatians in Asia Minor were Lacus Volsiniensis the River Marta issues; and
divided. Vid. GALATIA.                    the lake contains two beautiful islands.
VOLCATIUS SEDIGITUS. Vid. SEDIGITUS.      [VOLTUMNA, an Etrurian goddess, at whose
[VoLCATIUS TULLUS, C., a Roman officer, who temple on Mons Ciminius (q. v.) the Etrurian
was left by Caesar in charge of the bridge over Confederation used to hold their general asthe Rhine when he was setting out on the ex- semblies.]
pedition against Ambiorix.]                 VOLTURCIUS or VULTURCIUS, T., of Crotona,
VOLCI or VULCI. 1. (Volcientes, pl.: now  one of Catiline's conspirators, was sent by LenVulci), an inland city of Etruria, about eighteen tulus to accompany the ambassadors of the Almiles northwest of Tarquinii, was about two lobroges to Catiline. Arrested along with the
miles in circuit, and was situated upon a hill ambassadors on the Mulvian bridge, and brought
of no great elevation. Of the history of this before the senate by Cicero, Volturcius turned
city we know nothing. It is only mentioned in iiformer upon obtaining the promise of pardon.
the catalogues of the geographers and in the  [VOLTURNUS. Vid. VULTURNUS.]
Fasti Capitolini, from which we learn that its  VOLUMNIA, wife of Coriolanus. Vid. CORIOcitizens, in conjunction with the Volsinienses, LANUS.
were defeated by the consul Tib. Coruncanius,  VOLUPIA or VOLUPTAS, the personification of
B.C. 280. But its extensive sepulchres, and sensual pleasure among the Romans, was honthe vast treasures of ancient art which they ored with a temple near the porta Romanula.
contain, prove that Vulci must at one time have  \VOLUSENUS QUADRATUS, C., a tribune of
been a powerful and flourishing city. These soldiers under Caesar in his Gallic wars, is
tombs were only discovered in 1828, and have spoken of by the latter as a brave and prudent
yielded a greater number of works of art than officer,-and was therefore employed on several
have been discovered in any other parts of difficult and dangerous enterprises. At a later
Etruria.-2. (Volcentes, Volcentani, pl.: now  period in the war he was praefectus equitum in
Vallo), a town in Lucania, thirty-six miles the contest with Commius, king of the Atrebasoutheast of Pwestum, on the road to Buxentum. tes, under Antony, and afterward, as tribune of
VOLERO PUBLILIUS. Vid. PUBLILIUS.      the plebs in B.C. 43, was one of the supporters
[VOLESUS. Vid. VOLUSJS.]                of Antony.]
VOLOGESES, the name of five kings of Pathia.  Vo LUSIANUS, son ofthe Emperor Trebonianus
Vid. ARSACEs, Nos. 23, 27, 28, 29, 30..Gallus, upon whom his father conferred the
942




VOLUSIUS M.ECIANUS.                           XANTHICLES.
title of Caesar in A.D. 251, and of Augustus in Fornacalia or Furnalia, Vulcan being the god
252. He was slain along with his father in of furnaces; but his great festival was called
254. Vid. GALLUS.                         Vulcanalia, and was celebrated on the 23d of
VorLoSIus MiCIANcUS, L., a jurist, was in the August. The Roman poets transfer all the stoconsilium of Antoninus Pius, and was one of the ries which are related of the Greek Hephlestus
teachers of M. Aurelius. Mecianus wrote sev- to their own Vulcan, the two divinities having
eral works; and there are forty-four excerpts in the course of time been completely identifrom his writings in the Digest. A treatise, fled. Respecting the Greek divinity, vid. HE-.De Asse et Ponderibus, is attributed to him, but PHrmSTUS.
there is some doubt about the authorship. It  VULCI. Vid. VOLCI.
is edited by Bocking, Bonn, 1831.           VULGIENTES, an Alpine people in Gallia NarVoLUSUS or VoLESUS. [1. One of the most bonensis, whose chief town was Apta Julia
distinguished chiefs in the army of Turnus; (now Apt).
had command of the infantry of the Volsci and  VULSINIT. Vid. VOLSINII.
the Rutuli.]-2. The reputed ancestor of the  VULSO, MANLIUS. 1. L., consul B.C. 256 with
Yaleria gens, who is said to have settled at M. Atilius Regulus. He invaded Africa along
Rome with Titus Tatius. Vid. VALERIA GENS.  with his colleague. For details, vid. REGULUS,
[VOLUX, the son of Bocchus, king of Maure- No. 3. Vulso returned to Italy at the fall of
tania, sent by his father, at the head of a large the year with half of the army, and obtained the
body of cavalry, to meet Sulla, and escort him  honor of a triumph. In 250 Vulso was consul a
to the royal presence.]                   second time with T. Atilius Regulus Serranus,
VoMANUS, (now Fomano), a small river in and with his colleague commenced the siege of
Picenum.                                  Lilybmum.-2. CN., curule edile 197, praetor
VONONES, the name of two kings of Parthia. with Sicily as his province 195, and consul 189.
Vid. ARSAcES, Nos. 18, 22.                He was sent into Asia in order to conclude the
VoPiscus, a Roman prenomen, signified a peace which Scipio Asiaticus had made with
twin child who was born safe, while the other Antiochus, and to arrange the affairs of Asia.
twin died before birth. Like many other an- He attacked and conquered the Gallogreci or
cient Roman pranomens, it was afterward used Galatians in Asia Minor without waiting for any
as a cognomen.                            formal instructions from the senate. He set
VoPIscus, FLAVIUs, a native of Syracuse, and out on his return to Italy in 188, but in his
one of the six Scriptores Historic Augusta, flour- march through Thrace he suffered much from
ished about A.D. 300. His name is prefixed to the attacks of the Thracians, and lost a conthe biographies of, 1. Aurelianus; 2. Tacitus; siderable part of the booty he had obtained in
3. Florianus; 4. Probus; 5. The four tyrants, Asia.'He reached Rome in 187. His triumph
Firmus, Saturninus, Proculus, and Bonosus; was a brilliant one, but his campaign in Asia
6. Carus; 7. Numerianus; 8. Carinus; at this had a pernicious influence upon the morals of
point he stops, declaring that Diocletian, and his countrymen. He had allowed his army evthose who follow, demand a more elevated style cry kind of license, and his soldiers introduced
of composition. For editions, id. CAPITOLINUS. into the city the luxuries of the East.
[VORANUS, a person mentioned in the Satires  [VULTEIUS MENA, an auctioneer in Rome, a
of Horace as a notorious thief, said to have been freedman of the family of the Vulteii or Volteii,
a freedman of Q. Lutatius Catulus.]       who was leading a happy life till Marcius PhiVosGESUS. Vid. VOGESUS.                 lippus took him under his protection and atVOTIENUS MONTINUS. Vid. MONTANUS.       tempted to better his condition; from the ill efVULCAXNYE INSULE. Vid..2EOLIL INSULI,.  fects produced by this change or elevation, HorVULCANUS, the Roman god of fire, whose ace draws a lesson of instruction.]
name seems to be connected with ful'ere, ful-  VULTUR, a mountain dividing Apulia and Lugur, and fulmen. His worship was of consid- cania near Venusia, is a branch of the Apenerable political importance at Rome, for a term- nines. It is celebrated by Horace as one of
pie is said to have been erected to him close by the haunts of his youth. From it the southeast
the comitium as early as the time of Romulus wind was called VULTURNUS by the Romans.
and Tatius, in which the two kings used to  [VULTURCIUs, T. Vid. VOLTURCIUS.]
meet and settle the affairs of the state, and  VULTURNUM (now Castel di Volturno), a town
near which the popular assembly was held. in Campania, at the mouth of the River VulturTatius is reported to have established the wor- nus, was originally a fortress erected by the Roship of Vulcan along with that of Vesta, and mans in the second Punic war. At a later time
Romulus to have dedicated to him a quadriga it was made a colony.
after his victory over the Fidenates, and to  VULTURNUS (now Volturno), the chief river
have set up a statue of himself near the ter- in Campania, rising in the Apennines in Sample. According to others, the temple was built nium, and falling into the Tyrrhene Sea. Its
by Romulus himself, who also planted near it principal affluents are the Calor (now Calore),
the sacred lotus-tree which still existed in the Tamarus (now Tamaro), and Sabatus (now Sadays of Pliny. These circumstances, and what bato).
is related of the lotus-tree, show that the temple of Vulcan, like that of Vesta, was regarded.
as a central point of the whole state, and hence
it was perhaps not without a meaning that the  [XANTHICLES (avOiKar), an Achaean, chosen
temple of Concord was subsequently built with- general by the Greek mercenaries of Cyrus in
in the same district. The most ancient festi- the place of his countryman Socrates, when the
val in honor of Vulcan seems to have been the latter had been treacherously seized by Tissa943




XANTHIPPE.                                 XENOCLES.
phernes, B.C.401, along with Clearchus. When against the Romans under Brutus. The city
the army reached Cotyora, Xanthicles was one was never restored after its destruction on the
of those fined for a deficiency in the cargoes of latter occasion. Xanthus was rich in temples
the ships which had brought the soldiers from  and tombs, and other monuments of a most inTrapezus, and of which he was one of the com- teresting character of art. Among its temples
missioners.]                              the most celebrated were those of Sarpedon and
XANTHIPPE (tv9OiTnr7), wife of Socrates, said of the Lycian Apollo; besides which there was
to be a woman of a peevish and quarrelsome a renowned sanctuary of Latona (ro Ar^TSov),
disposition.                              near the River Xanthus, ten stadia from its
XANTHIPPUS (6dvOLTrocf). 1. Son ofAriphron mouth, and sixty stadia from the city. The
and father of Pericles. In B.C. 490, he im- splendid ruins of Xanthus have recently been
peached Miltiades on his return from his un- thoroughly explored by Sir C. Fellowes and his
successful expedition against the island of Pa- coadjutors, and several important remains of its
ros. He succeeded Themistocles as command- works of art are now exhibited in the British
er of the Athenian fleet in 479, and commanded Museum under the name of the Xanthian Marthe Athenians at the decisive battle of Mycale. bles.
-2. The elder of the two legitimate sons of  XENARCHUS ({Evapyop). 1. Son of Sophron,
Pericles, Paralus being the younger. For de- and, like his father, a celebrated writer of mimes.
tails, vid. PARALUS.-3. The Lacedamonian, He flourished during the Rhegian war (B.C.
who commanded the Carthaginians against Reg- 399-389), at the court of Dionysius.-2-. A
ulus. For details, vid. REGULUS, No. 3. Xan- Athenian comic poet of the Middle Comedy,
thippus appears to have left Carthage a short who lived as late as the time of Alexander the
tine after his victory over Regulus.      Great. [The fragments of his comedies are.[XANTHO (etavo6), a daughter of Oceanus and given by Meineke, in his Comic. Grcec. Fragmn.,
Tethys one of the nymphs in the train of Cy- vol. ii., p. 811-15, edit. minor.]-3. Of Seleucia
rene.                                     in Cilicia, a Peripatetic philosopher and gram[XANTHUS (dvo00f), a son of Phaenops, broth- marian in the time of Strabo, who heard him.
er ofThoon, a warrior in the Trojan army, slain He taught first at Alexandrea, afterward at Athby Diomedes.]                             ens, and last at Rome, where he enjoyed the
XANTHUS (EdvOOC). 1. A lyric poet, older friendship of Augustus.
than Stesichorus, who mentioned him in one at  XENIXDES (Zev8d66), a Corinthian, who beleast of his poems, and who borrowed from him  came the purchaser of Diogenes the Cynic
in some of them. Xanthus maybe placed about when he was taken by pirates and sold as a
B.C. 650. No fragments of his poetry survive. slave.
-2. A celebrated Lydian historian, older than  [XENIAS (seviag). 1. A Parrhasian, one of
Herodotus, who flourished about B.C. 480. The the commanders of mercenaries in the service
genuineness of the Four Books of Lydian Histo- of Cyrus the younger, whom he accompanied,
rywhich the ancients possessed under the name with a body of three hundred men, to court,
of Xanthus, and of which some considerable when he was summoned thither by his father
fragments have come down to us, was question- Darius in B.C. 405. After the return of Cyrus
ed by some of the ancient grammarians them- to Western Asia, Xenias commanded for him
selves. There has been considerable contro- the garrisons in the several Ionian states, and
versy respecting the genuineness of this work with the greater portion of these troops, viz.,
among modern scholars. It is certain that four thousand heavy armed men, he joined the
much of the matter in the extant fragments is prince in his expedition against Artaxerxes.
spurious; and the probability appears to be that At Tarsus a large body of his troops and of
the work from which they are taken is the pro- those of Pasion left their standards for that of
duction of an Alexandrean grammarian, found- Clearchus; and Cyrus having allowed the latter
ed upon the genuine work of Xanthus. [The to retain them, Xenias and Pasion abandoned the
fragments of Xanthus are collected in Creuzer's army at Myriandrus, and sailed away to Greece.
iistoricorum Grcec. Antiquiss. Fragmenta, Hei- -2. An Elean of great wealth, was a proxenus
delb., 1806; and in Muller's Hist. Grceca. Fragm., of Sparta, and connected by private ties of hosvol. i., p. 36-44, Paris, 1841.]          pitality with King Agis II. In B.C. 400, during
XANrTUS (Sctvoc), rivers. 1. Vid. SCAMAN- the war between Sparta and Elis, Xenias and
DER.-2. (Now Echen Chai), the chief river of his oligarchical partisans made an attempt to
Lycia, rises in Mount Taurus, on the borders overpower their opponents and to subject their
of Pisidia and Lycia, and flows south through country to the Spartans, but they were defeated
Lycia, between Mount Cragus and Mount Mas- and driven into exile by Thrasideeus, the leader
sicytus, in a large plain called the Plain of Xan- of the democracy.]
thus (ro d(vOtov sredcov), falling at last into the  XENIPPA (now probably Uatippa), a city of
Mediterranean Sea a little west of Patara. Sogdiana, mentioned by Curtius.
Though not a large river, it is navigable for a  XiNOCLES (EcvocXc7g). 1. An Athenian tragic
considerable part of its course.          poet, son of Carcinus, who was also a tragic
XANTHUS (,,aVOOC: dr(vOtoC, Xanthius: ruins poet, and a contemporary of Aristophanes, who
at Gunik), the most famous city of Lycia, stood attacks him on several occasions. His poetry
on the western bank of the river of the same seems to have been indifferent, and to have rename, sixty stadia from its mouth. Twice in sembled the worse parts of Euripides; but he
the course of its history it sustained sieges, obtained a' victory over Euripides B.C. 415.
which terminated in the self-destruction of the There was another tragic poet of the name of
inhabitants with their property, first against the Xenocles, a grandson of the preceding, of whom
Persians under Harpagus, and long afterward no particulars are recorded.-2. An Athenian
944




XENOCRATES.                                XENOPHON.
architect, of the demos of Cholargos, was one the universe, which is expressed by Aristotle
ofthearchitects who superintended the erection in the words, that, directing his glance on the
of the temple of Ceres (Demeter) at Eleusis, in whole universe, Xenophanes said, " God is the
the time of Pericles.                     One." [His fragments are contained in KarXENOCRATES (-eVro/cparyTf). 1. The philoso- sten'sXenophanis Col. CarminumReliquie, Bruxpher, was a native of Chalcedon. He was born ellis, 1830.]
B.C. 396, and died 314, at the age of eighty-two.  XiENPHON (PeVoV0v). 1. The Athenian, was
He attached himself first to zEschines the So- the son of Gryllus, and a native of the demus
eratic, and afterward, while still a youth, to Erchia. The time of his birth is not known, but
Plato, whom he accompanied to Syracuse. Aft- it is approximated to by the fact that Xenophon
er the death of Plato he betook himself, with fell from his horse in the flight after the battle
Aristotle, to Hermias, tyrant of Atarneus; and, of Delium, and was taken up by Socrates, the
after his return to Athens, he was repeatedly philosopher, on his shoulders, and carried a dissent on embassies to Philip of Macedonia, and tance of several stadia. The battle of Delium
at a later time to Antipater during the Lamian was fought B.C. 424 between the Athenians
war. He is said to have wanted quick appre- and Boeotians, and Xenophon therefore could
hension and natural grace; but these defects not well have been born after 444. The time
were more than compensated by persevering of his death, also, is not mentioned by any anindustry, pure benevolence, freedom from all cient writer. Lucian says that he attained to
selfishness, and a moral earnestness which ob- above the age of ninety, and Xenophon himself
tained for him the esteem and confidence of the mentions the assassination of Alexander of
Athenians of his own age. Yet he is said to Pherae, which happened in 357. Between 424
have experienced the fickleness of popular fa- and 357 there is a period of sixty-seven years,
vor, and, being too poor to pay the protection- and thus we have evidence of Xenophon being
money (/eroictov), to have been saved only by alive nearly seventy years after Socrates saved
the courage of the orator Lycurgus. He be- his life at Delium. Xenophon is said to have
came president of the Academy even before the been a pupil of Socrates at an early age, which is
death of Speusippus, who was bowed down by consistent with the intimacy which might have
sickness, and he occupied that post for twenty- arisen fiom Socrates saving his life. The most
five years. The importance of Xenocrates is memorable event in Xenophon's life is his conshown by the fact that Aristotle and Theophras- nection with the Greek army, which marched
tus wrote upon his doctrines, and that Panetius under Cyrus against Artaxerxes in 401. Xenoand Cicero entertained a high regard for him. phon himself mentions (Anab., iii., 1) the cirOf his numerous works only the titles have cumstances under which he joined this army.
come down to us.-2. A physician of Aphrodis- Proxenus, a friend of Xenophon, was already
ias in Cilicia, lived about the middle of the first with Cyrus, and he invited Xenophon to come
century after Christ. Besides some short frag- to Sardis, and promised to introduce him to the
ments of his writings, there is extant.a little Persian prince. Xenophon consulted his masessay by him, entitled HIspi T7r io' roc V'EvdpsOv ter Socrates, who advised him to consult the
Tpof7c, " De Alimento ex Aquatilibus," which oracle of Delphi, for it was rather a hazardous
is an interesting record of the state of Natural matter for him to enter the service of Cyrus,
History at the time in which he lived. Edited who was considered to be the friend of the LacbyFranz, 1774, Lips., and byCoray, 1794, Neap., edeemonians and the enemy of Athens. Xenoand 1814, Paris.-3. A statuary of the school of phon went to Delphi, but he did not ask the god
Lysippus, was the pupil either of Tisicrates or whether he should go or not: he probably had
of Eutlycrates. He also wrote works upon the made up his mind. He merely asked to what
art. He flourished about B.C. 260.        gods he should sacrifice in order that he might
XEN6CRITUS (;ev6KpLroc), of Locri Epizephy- be successful in his intended enterprise. Socrii, in Lower Italy, a musician and lyric poet, rates was not satisfied with his pupil's mode
was one of the leaders of the second school of of consulting the oracle, but as he had got an
Dorian music, which was founded by Thaletas, answer he told him to go; and Xenophon went
and was a composer of Paeans.             to Sardis, which Cyrus was just about to leave.
XENOPHINES ('evobdcivZ}), a celebrated philos- He accompanied Cyrus into Upper Asia. In
opher, was a native of Colophon, and flourished the battle of Cuinaxa, Cyrus lost his life, his
between B.C. 540 and 500. He was a poet as barbarian troops were dispersed, and the Greeks
well as a philosopher, and considerable frag- were left alone on the wide plains between the
ments have come down to us of his elegies, and Tigris and the Euphrates. It was after the
of a didactic poem " On Nature."  According treacherous massacre of Clearchus and other
to the fragments of one of his elegies, he had of the Greek commanders by the Persian saleft his native land at the age of twenty-five, trap Tissaphernes that Xenophon came forward,
and had already lived sixty-seven years in Hel- He had held no command in the army of Cyrus,
las, when, at the age of ninety-two, he com- nor had he, in fact, served as a soldier. He was
posed that elegy. He quitted Colophon as a now elected one of the generals, and took the
fugitive or exile, and must have lived some time principal part in conducting the Greeks in their
at Elea (Velia) in Italy, as he is mentioned as memorable retreat along the Tigris over the
the feunder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. high table-lands of Armenia to Trapezus (TreHe sung in one of his poems of the foundation bizond), on the Black Sea. From Trapezus the
of Velia. Xenophanes was usually regarded in troops were conducted to Chrysopolis, which is
antiquity as the originator of the Eleatic doc- opposite to Byzantium. The Greeks were in
trine of the oneness of the universe. The great distress, and some of them, under XenoDeity was in his view the animating power of phon, entered the service of Seuthes, king of
60                                                              945




XENOPHON.                                 XENOPHON.
Thrace. As the Lacedaemonians under Thim- may have been a few years later. The followbron were now at war with Tissaphernes and ing is a list of Xenophon's works: 1. The AnabaPharnabazus, Xenophon and his troops were in- sis ('Avd6aair), or the History of the Expedition
vited to join the army of Thimbron, and Xeno- of the Younger Cyrus, and of the retreat of the
phon led them to Pergamus to join Thimbron, Greeks, who formed part of his army. It is di399. Xenophon, who was very poor, had made vided into seven books. This work has immoran expedition into the plain of the Caicus with talized Xenophon's name. It: is a clear and
his troops before they joined Thimbron, to plun- pleasing narrative, written in a simple style,
der the housem and property of a Persian named free from affectation; and it gives a great deal
Asidates. The Persian, with his women, chil- of curious information on the country which
dren, and all his movables, was seized; and was traversed by the retreating Greeks, and on
Xenophon, by this robbery, replenished his the manners of the people. It was the first
empty pockets (Anab., vii., 8, 23). He tells the work which made the Greeks acquainted with
story himself as if he were not ashamed of it. some portions of the Persian empire, and it
Socrates was put to death in 399, and it seems showed the weakness of that extensive monprobable that Xenophon was banished either archy. The skirmishes of the retreating Greeks
shortly before or shortly after that event. Xen- with their enemies, and the battles with some
ophon was not banished at the time when he of the barbarian tribes, are not such events
was leading the troops back to Thimbron (Anab., as elevate the work to the character of a milivii., 7, 57), but his expression rather seems to tary history, nor can it, as such, be compared
imply that his banishment must have followed with Caesar's Commentaries. 2. The Hellenica
soon after. It is not certain what he was do- ('EAvtrltc) of Xenophon are divided into seven
ing after the troops joined Thimbron. As we books, and comprehend the space of forty-eight
know nothing of his movements, the conclusion years, from the time when the history of Thuought to be that he stayed in Asia, and prob- cydides ends (rid. THUCYDIDES) to the battle of
ably with Thimbron and his successor Dercyl- Mantinea, 362. The Hellenica is generally a dry
lidas. Agesilaus, the Spartan king, was com- narrative of events, and there is nothing in the
manding the Lacedaemonian forces in Asia treatment of them which gives a special interagainst the Persians in 396, and Xenophon was est to the work. Some events of importance
with him at least during part of the campaign. are briefly treated, but a few striking incidents
When Agesilaus was recalled (394), Xenophon are presented with some particularity. 3. The
accompanied him; and he was on the side of Cyropcedia (Kvporracdeia), in eight books, is a
the Lacedremonians in the battle which they kind of political romance, the basis of which is
fought at Coronea (394) against the Athenians. the history of Cyrus, the founder of the Persian
It seems that he went to Sparta with Agesilaus monarchy. It shows how citizens are to be
after the battle of Coronea, and soon after he made virtuous and brave; and Cyrus is the
settled at Scillus, in Elis, not far from Olympia, model of a wise and good ruler. As a history it
a spot of which he has given a description in has no authority at all. Xenophon adopted the
the Anabasis (v., 3, 7, &c.). Here he was join- current stories as to Cyrus and the chief events
ed by his wife Philesia and his children. His of his reign, without any intention of subjecting
children were educated in Sparta. Xenophon them to a critical examination; nor have we
was now an exile, and a Lacedaemonian so far any reason to suppose that his picture of Peras he could become one. His time during his sian morals and Persian discipline is any thing
long residence at Scillus was employed in hunt- more than a fiction. Xenophon's object was to
ing, writing, and entertaining his friends; and represent what a state might be, and he placed
perhaps the Anabasis and part of the Hellenica the scene of his fiction far enough off to give it
were composed here. The treatise on hunting the color of possibility. His own philosophical
and that on the horse were probably also writ- notions and the usages of Sparta were the real
ten during this time, when amusement and ex- materials out of which he constructed his politercise of that kind formed part of his occupa- ical system. The Cyropcdia is evidence enough
tion. Xenophon was at last expelled from his that Xenophon did not like the political constiquiet retreat at Scillus by the Eleans after re- tution of his own country, and that a well-ormaining there about twenty years. The sen- dered monarchy or kingdom appeared to him
tence of banishment from Athfens was repealed preferable to a democracy like Athens. 4. The
on the motion of Eubulus, but it is uncertain in Agesilaus ('Ayy7aiZaog) is a panegyric on Agesiwhat year. In the battle of Mantinea, which laus II., king of Sparta, the friend of Xenophon.
was fought 362, the Spartans and the Athe- 5. The Hipparchicus ('IlrrapXtK6o) is a treatise
nians were opposed to the Thebans, and Xeno- on the duties of a commander of cavalry, and it
phon's two sons, Gryllus and Diodorus, fought contains many military precepts. 6. The De Re
on the side of the allies. Gryllus fell in the Equestri, a treatise on the Horse ('I7rrtse), was
same battle in which Epaminondas lost his life. written after the Hipparchicus, to which treatise
There is no evidence that Xenophon ever re- he refers at the end of the treatise on the Horse.
turned to Athens. He is said to have retired The treatise is not limited to horsemanship, as
to Corinth after his expulsion from Scillus, and regards the rider: it shows how a man is to
as we know nothing more, we assume that he avoid being cheated in buying a horse, how a
died there. The Hipparchicus and the treatise horse is to be trained, and the like. 7. The
on the revenues of Athens were written after Cynegeticus (KvvnyErTe6O') is a treatise on huntthe repeal of the decree of banishment. The ing; and on the dog, and the breeding and trainevents alluded to in the Epilogus to the Cyropa- ing of dogs; on the various kinds of game, and
dia (viii., 8, 4) show that the Epilogus at least the mode of taking them. It is a treatise writwas written after 362. The time of his death ten by a genuine sportsman, who loved the ex946




XENOPHON.                                   XERXES.
@rcise and the excitement of the chase; and it and doing services. 15. CEconomicus (0iKovoYmay be read with delight by any sportsman who tec6) is a dialogue between Socrates and CriOto
deserves the name. 8, 9. The Respublica Lace- bulus, in which Socrates gives instruction in
dcemoniorum and Respublica Atheniensium, the the art called (Economic, which relates to the
two treatises on the Spartan and Athenian administration of a household and of a man's
states (AaKedateovLiv IIoWltreia, and'AOnvatiov property. This is one of the best treatises of
IIHoereia), were not always recognized as gen- Xenophon. All antiquity and all modern writuine works of Xenophon, even by the ancients. ers agree in allowing Xenophon great merit
They pass, however, under his name, and there as a writer of a plain, simple, perspicuous, and
is nothing in the internal evidence that appears unaffected style. His mind was not adapted
to throw any doubt on the authorship. The for philosophical speculation: he looked to the
writer clearly prefers Spartan to Athenian insti- practical in all things; and the basis of his
tutions. 10. The De Vectigalibus, a treatise on philosophy was a strong belief in a divine methe Revenues of Athens (Lt6pot irep HIIpo6duov) diation in the government of the world. The
is designed to show how the public revenue of best edition of Xenophon's complete works is
Athens may be improved. 11. The Memorabilia by Schneider, Lips., 1815, 6 vols. 8vo, [of which
of Socrates, in four books ('Airofivip/oveIt/ara the first, second, and fourth volumes have been
osKp-TovS), was written by Xenophon to defend re-edited and much improved by Bornemann,
the memory of his master against the charge containing, the first, Cyropcedia, Leipzig, 1838;
of irreligion and of corrupting the Athenian the second, Anabasis, 1825; the fourth, Memorayouth. Socrates is represented as holding a bilia, 1829; and the sixth, containing the Opusseries of conversations, in which he develops cula politica, equestria, venatica, by Sauppe, 1838:
and inculcates moral doctrines in his peculiar the best separate editions of the more important
fashion. It is entirely a practical work, such works are, of the Cyropaedia, by Poppo, Leipas we might expect from the practical nature zig, 1821, and by Jacobitz, Leipzig, 1843; of
of Xenophon's mind, and it professes to exhibit the Anabasis, by Poppo, Leipzig, 1827, and by
Socrates as he taught. It is true that it may Kruiger, Halle, 1826; of the Memorabilia, by
only exhibit one side of the Socratic argument- Kiihner, Gotha, 1841; of the Historia Grceca,
ation, and that it does not deal in those subtle- from the text of Dindorf, with selected notes,
ties and verbal disputes which occupy: so large at the University Press, Oxford, 1831: in addia space in some of Plato's dialogues. Xeno- tion may be mentioned, as useful in the study of
phon was a hearer of Socrates, an admirer of Xenophon, Sturz's Lexicon Xenophonteum, 4
his master, and anxious to defend his memory. vols. 8vo, 1801-1804.]-2. The Ephesian, the
The charges against Socrates for which he suf- author of a romance, still extant, entiled Ephefered were, that " Socrates was guilty of not siaca, or the Loves of Anthia and Abrocomas
believing in the gods which the state believed ('EoeaCtaic, ra tcam'AvOiav Kac'AApoatc6lVv). The
in, and of introducing other new demons (6at- style of the work is simple, and the story is
eo6vta): he was also guilty of corrupting the conducted without confusion, notwithstanding
youth." Xenophon replies to these two charges the number of personages introduced. The adspecifically; and he then goes on to show what ventures are of a very improbable kind. The
Socrates's mode oflifewas. Thewholetreatise age when Xenophon lived is uncertain. He is
is intended to be an answer to the charge for probably the oldest of the Greek romance writwhich Socrates was executed, and it is, there- ers. The best editions of his work are by
fore, in its nature, not intended to be a complete Peerlkamp, Harlem, 1818, and by Passow, Lips.,
exhibition of Socrates. That it is a genuine pie- 1833.
ture of the man is indisputable, and it is the most  XERXES (Lp5~c). 1. King of Persia B.C.
valuable memorial that we have of the practical 485-465. The name is said by Herodotus (vi.,
philosophy of Socrates. 12. The Apology of Soc- 98) to signify the warrior, but it is probably the
rates ('Airo2oyia KcpaTrovf 7rpba rovf &dKaar-f) same word as the Zend ksathra and the Sanis a short speech, containing the reasons which crit kshatra, " a king." Xerxes was the son of
induced Socrates to prefer death to life. It is Darius and Atossa. Darius was married twice.
not a first-rate performance, and is considered By his first wife, the daughter of Gobryas, he
by some critics not to have been written by had three children before he was raised to the
Xenophon. 13. The Symposium (Mvpir6atov), throne; and by his second wife, Atossa, the
or Banquet of Philosophers, in which Xenophon daughter of Cyrus, he had four children after
delineates the character of Socrates.  The he had become king. Artabazanes, the eldest
speakers are supposed to meet at the house of son of the former marriage, and Xerxes, the
Callias, a rich Athenian, at the celebration of eldest son of the latter, each laid claim to the
the great Panathensea. Socrates and others succession; but Darius decided in favor of
are the speakers. The piece is interesting as Xerxes, no doubt through the influence of his
a picture of an Athenian drinking party, and of mother Atossa, who completely ruled Darius.
the amusement and conversation with which Xerxes succeeded his father at the beginning of
it was diversified. The nature of love and 485. Darius had died in the midst of his prepfriendship is discussed. 14. The Hiero ('Iipcov arations against Greece, which had been interTvpavveK6o) is a dialogue between King Hiero rupted by the revolt of the Egyptians. The
and Simonides, in which the king speaks of the first care of Xerxes was to reduce the latter
dangers and difficulties incident to an exalted people to subjection. He accordingly invaded
station, and the superior happiness of a private Egypt at the beginning of the second year of
man. The poet, on the other hand, enumerates his reign (B.C. 484), compelled the people again
the advantages which the possession of power to submit to the Persian yoke, and then regives, and the means which it offers of obliging turned to Persia, leaving his brother Achet947




XERXES.                                 X-IPHILINUS.
menes governor of Egypt. The next four years Leonidas was fighting with the land forces of
were devoted to preparations for the invasion Xerxes, the Greek ships at Artemisiurn attackof Greece. In the spring of 480 he set out from  ed the Persian fleet. In the first battle the
Sardis on his memorable expedition against Greeks had the advantage, and in the following
Greece. He crossed the Hellespont by a bridge night the Persian ships suffered still more front
of boats, and continued his march through the a violent storm. Two days afterward the conThracian Chersonese till he reached the plain test was renewed, and both sides fought with
of Doriscus, which is traversed by the River the greatest courage. Although the Greeks at
Hebrus. Here he resolved to number both his the close still maintained their position, and had
land and naval forces. Herodotus has left us a destroyed a great number of the enemy's ships,
most, minute and interesting catalogue of the yet their own loss was considerable, and half
nations comprising this mighty army, with their the Athenian ships were disabled. Under these
various military equipments and different modes circumstances, the Greek commanders abanof fighting. The land forces contained forty- doned Artemisium and retired to Salamis, opposix nations.  (Herod., vii., 61, foll.) In his site the southwest coast of Attica. It was now
mnarch through Thrace and Macedonia, Xerxes too late to send an army into Bceotia, and Attica
received a still further accession of strength; thus lay exposed to the full vengeance of the
and when he reached Thermopylee, the land and invader. The Athenians removed their wom.
sea forces amounted to two million, six hundred en, children, and infirm persons to Salamis,
and forty-one thousand, six hundred and ten _/Egina, andTrcezen. Meantime Xerxes marchfighting men. This does not include the at- ed through Phocis and Boeotia, and at length:endants, the slaves, the crews of the provision- reached Athens. About the same time that
ships, &c., which, according to the supposition Xerxes entered Athens, his fleet arrived in the
of Herodotus, were more in number than the bay of Phalerum. He now resolved upon an
fighting men; but, supposing them to have been engagement with the Greek fleet. The history
equal, the total number of male persons who of this memorable battle, of the previous disaccompanied Xerxes to Thermopylke reach the sensions among the Greek commanders, and of
astounding sum of five million, two hundred the glorious victory of the Greeks at the last,
and eighty-three thousand, two hundred and isrelatedelsewhere. Vid. THEMISTOCLES. Xerxtwenty! Such a vast number must be dis- es witnessed the battle from a lofty seat, which
missed as incredible; but, considering that this was erected for him on the shores of the main
army was the result of a maximum of effort land, on one of the declivities of Mount AEgathroughout the empire, and that provisions had leos, and thus beheld with his own eyes the debeen collected for three years before along the feat and dispersion of his mighty armament.
line of march, we may well believe that the Xerxes now became alarmed for his own safenumbers of Xerxes were greater than were ever ty, and resolved to leave Greece immediately.
assembled in ancient times, or perhaps at any He was confirmed in his resolution by Mardoknown epoch of history. After the review of nius, who undertook to complete the conquest
Doriscus, Xerxes continued his march through with three hundred thousand of his troops.
Thrace. On reaching Acanthus, near the isth- Xerxes left Mardonius the number of troops
mus of Athos, Xerxes left his fleet, which re- which he requested, and with the remainder
ceived orders to sail through the canal that had set out on his march homeward. He reached
been previously dug across the isthmus-and the Hellespont in forty-five days from the time
of which the remains are still visible (vid. of his departure from Attica. On arriving at
ATHOS)-and await his arrival at Therme, aft- the Hellespont, he found the bridge of boats deerward called Thessalonica. After joining his stroyed by a storm, and he crossed over to Asia
fleet at Therme, Xerxes marched through Mac- by ship. He entered Sardis toward the end of
edonia and Thessaly without meeting with any the year 480. In' the following year, 479, the
opposition till he reached Thermopylae. Here war was continued in Greece; but Mardonius
the Greeks resolved to make a stand. Leoni- was defeated at Plataeae by the combined forces
das, king of Sparta, conducted a land force to of the Greeks, and on the same day another
Thermopylhe; and his colleague Eurybiades victory was gained over the Persians at Mysailed with the Greek fleet to the north of Eu- cale in Ionia. Next year, 478, the Persians lost
boea, and took up his position on the northern their last possession in Europe by the capture
coast, which faced Magnesia, and was called of Sestos on the Hellespont. Thus the strugArtemisium from the temple of Artemis be- gle was virtually brought to an end, though the
longing to the town of Hestiaea. Xerxes ar- war still continued for several years longer.
rived in safety with his land forces before Ther- We know little more of the personal history of
mopylae, but his fleet was overtaken by a vio- Xerxes. He was murdered in 465, after a reign
lent storm and hurricane off the coast of Sepias of twenty years, by Artabanus, who aspired to
in Magnesia, by which at least four hundred become king of Persia. Xerxes was succeedships of war were destroyed, as well as an im- ed by his son ARTAXERXES I. —II. The only lemense number of transports. Xerxes attempt- gitimate son of Artaxerxes I., succeeded his
ed to force his way through the Pass of Ther- father as King of Persia in 425, but was murmopyle, but his troops were repulsed again and dered after a short reign of only two months by
again by Leonidas; till a Malian, of the name his half-brother Sogdianus, who thus became
of Ephialtes,.showed the Persians a pass over king.
the mountains of (Eta, and thus enabled them  XIPHILiNUS (gt1te;voc), of Trapezus, was a
to fall on the rear of the Greeks. Leonidas and monk at Constantinople, and made an abridghis Spartans disdained to fly, and were all slain. ment of Dion Cassius from the thirty-sixth to
Vid. LEONIDAS. On the same days on which the eightieth book, at the command of the Em948




XIPHONIA.                                 ZALEIJCUS.
peror Michael VII. Ducas, who reigned from  an early period. It is said to have derived its
A.D. 1071 to 1078. The work is executed with name from Zacynthus, a son of Dardanus, who
carelessness, and is only of value as preserving colonized the island from Psophis in Arcadia;
the main facts of the original, the greater part and, according to an ancient tradition, the Zaof which is lost. It is printed along with Dion cynthians founded the town of Saguntum in
Cassius.                                  Spain. Vid. SAGUNTUM. The islandis frequentXIPHONIA (ft0vlia: now Capo di S. Croce), a ly mentioned by Homer, who speaks of it as the
promontory on the eastern coast of Sicily, above " woody Zacynthus." It was afterward coloSyracuse, with a harbor (AtoLvetor:t[jv).  nized by Achaeans from Peloponnesus. It formXois or CHOIS (6gif, 6orE, X6i'), an ancient ed part of the maritime empire of Athens, and
city of Lower Egypt, north of Leontopolis, on continued faithful to the Athenians during the
an island of the Nile, in the Nomos Sebennyti- Peloponnesian war. At a later time it was subcus, the seat, at one time, of a dynasty of Egyp- ject to the Macedonian monarchs, and on the
tian kings. It appears to have entirely perished conquest of Macedonia by the Romans passed
under the Roman empire, and its site is very into the hands of the latter. It is now one of
doubtful. Some identify it with the Papremis the Ionian islands under the protection of Great
of Herodotus.                             Britain.
XUTHUS (oi0o0g), son of Hellen by the nymph  ZADRACARTA (ZadpaKcapra), one of the capital
Orseis, and a brother of Dorus and zEolus. He cities and royal residences in Hyrcania, lay at
was king of Peloponnesus, and the husband of the northern foot of the chief pass through
Creusa, the daughter of Erechtheus, by whom he Mount Coronus. (Compare TAPE.)
became the father of Acheus and Ion. Others  ZAGREUS (Zaypev'), a surname of the mystic
state that after the death of his father Hellen, Dionysus (AL6vvaor X06vogf), whom Zeus (JuXuthus was expelled from Thessaly by his piter), in the form of a dragon, is said to have
brothers, and went to Athens, where he mar- begotten by Persephone (Proserpina), before
ried the daughter of Erechtheus. After the she was carried off by Pluto. He was torn to
death of Erechtheus, Xuthus, being chosen ar- pieces by the Titans; and Athena (Minerva)
bitrator, adjudged the kingdom to his eldest carried his heart to Zeus (Jupiter).
brother-in-law Cecrops, in consequence of which  ZAGROS or -us (6 Zdypot and ro Zaiyptov opoc,
he was expelled by the other sons of Erech- now Mountains of Kurdistan and Louristan), the
theus, and settled in /Egialus in Peloponnesus. general name for the range of mountains formXYLINE, a town of Pisidia, between Corbasa ing the southeastern continuation of the Tauand Termessus, mentioned by Livy (xxxviii., rus, and the eastern margin of the Tigris and
15).                                      Euphrates valley, from the southwestern side
XYNIA or XYNYL (~vvia:,vvcevSC: now Tau- of the Lake Arsissa (now Van) in Armenia, to
kli), a town of Thessaly, in the district of Phthi- the northeastern side of the head of the Perotis, east of the lake of the same name (7y -vvtid  sian Gulf, and dividing Media from Assyria and
aipLv?: now Nizero or Dereli).            Susiana. More specifically, the name Zagros
XYPETEf (v7rErT: V7reTacou, gvrereev,,vrTE, r- was applied to the central part of the chain, the
ratcvevg, 7virevr, ~vrrzrot), said to have been northern part being called the mountains of the
anciently called TROJA, a demus of Attica be- Cordueni or Gordywei, and the southern part
longing to the tribe Cecropis, near Piraeus.  Parachoathras.
ZAITHA or ZAUTHA (ZavOd), a town of Mesoyz.0~~ zpotamia, on the eastern bank of the Euphrates,
twenty Roman miles south of Circesium, raZABATUS (Za6aros). Vid. Lycus, No. 5.   markable as the place at which a monument
[ZABDICENE, a district in Mesopotamia, in was erected to the murdered Emperor Gordian
which was a city named Zabda or Bezabda.]  by his soldiers.
ZABE (Zd6V), a name applied, under the later  ZALEUCUS (Zd6cv/cKc), the celebrated lawgiver
emperors, to the southern part of Numidia, as of the Epizephyrian Locrians, is said by some
far as the border of the Great Desert.    to have been originally a slave, but is described
[ZABUS, a river of Assyria, called by the Mac- by others as a man of good family. He could
edonians Caprus. Vid. CAPRUS.]            not, however, have been a disciple of PythagoZACYNTHUS (ZcKivv0og: ZaKciOtor, Zacynthi- ras, as some writers state, since he lived urpus: now Zante), an island in the Ionian Sea, ward of one hundred years before Pythagoras.
off the coast of Elis, about forty miles in cir- The date of the legislation of Zaleucus is ascumference. It contained a large and flourish- signed to B.C. 660. His code is stated to have
ing town of the same name upon the eastern been the first collection of written laws that the
coast, the citadel of which was called Psophis. Greeks possessed. The general character of
There are two considerable chains of mount- his laws was severe; but they were observed
ains in the island. The ancient writers men- for a long period by the Locrians, who obtained,
tion Mount Elatus, which is probably the same in consequence, a high reputation for legal oras the modern Scopo in the southeast of the isl- der. Among other enactments, we are told that
and, and which rises to the height of one thou- the penalty of adultery was the loss of the eyes.
sand five hundred and nine feet. Zacynthus There is a celebrated story of the son of Zaleuwas celebrated in antiquity for its pitch wells, cus having become liable to this penalty, and
which were visited by Herodotus, and which the father himself suffering the loss of one eye
still supply a large quantity of bitumen. About that his son might not be utterly blinded. It is
one hundred tons of bitumen are at the present further related that among his laws was one
day annually extracted from these wells. Za- forbidding any citizen, under penalty of death, to
cynthus was inhabited by a Greek population at enter the senate house in arms. On one occa949




ZALMOXIS.                                   ZENO.
sion, however, on a sudden emergency in time name for the river on which Bactra stood, and
of war, Zaleucus transgressed his own law, which is usually called Bactrus. Vid. BACTRA,
which was remarked to him by one present; The people on its banks were called Zariaspee.
whereupon he fell upon his own sword, declar-  ZELA or ZIELA (7r ZfZZa: now Zilleh), a city
ing that he won d himself vindicate the law. in the south of Pontus, not far south of Amasia,
Other authors tell the same story of Charon- and four days' journey east of Tavium.  It
das, or of Diodes.                        stood on an artificial hill, and was strongly forZALMOXIS or ZAMOLXIS (ZatLuo~oc, ZaCyoRLC), tified. Near it was an ancient and famous temsaid to have been so called from the bear's skin ple of Anaitis and other Persian deities, in which
(ZdWuor) in which he was clothed as soon as he great religious festivals were held. The surwas born. He was, according to the story cur- rounding district was called Zeletis or Zelitis.
rent among the Greeks on the Hellespont, a At Zela the Roman general Valerius Triarius
Getan, who had been a slave to Pythagoras in was defeated by Mithradates; but the city is
Samos, but was manumitted, and acquired not more celebrated for another great battle, that in
only great wealth, but large stores of knowledge which Julius Caesar defeated Pharnaces, and of
from Pythagoras, and from the Egyptians, whom  which he wrote this dispatch to Rome: VENI 
he visited in the course of his travels. He re- VIDI: VICi.
turned among the Getae, introducing the civili-  [ZELARHUS (ZtapXof), an inspector of the
zation and the religious ideas which he had market (dyopav6yuo) among the Greek mercenagained, especially regarding the immortality of ries of Cyrus, attacked by the soldiers for some
the soul. He was said to have lived in a sub- real or imaginary misconduct in his official duty
terraneous cave for three years, and after that while they were at Trapezus; avoided the atto have again made his appearance among the tack, and escaped from Trapezus by sea.]
Getae. Herodotus inclines to place the age of  ZELASIUM, a Thessalian town in the district
Zalmoxis a long time before Pythagoras, and Phthiotis, of uncertain site.
expresses a doubt not only about the story it-  ZELIA (Ziteta), an ancient city of Mysia, at
self, but as to whether Zalmoxis were a man, the foot of Mount Ida, and on the River 2Eseor an indigenous Getan deity. The latter ap- pus, eighty stadia from its mouth, belonging to
pears to have been the real state of the case. the territory of Cyzicus. At the time of AIexThe Getas believed that the departed went to ander's invasion the head-quarters of the Perhim.                                      sian army were fixed here.
ZXMA REGiA (Za/ca: Zamensis: now Zowa-    ZELUS (Zf7o0), the personification of zeal or
reen, southeast of Kaff), a strongly-fortified city strife, is described as a son of Pallas and Styx,
in the interior of Numidia, on the borders of the and a brother of Nice.
Carthaginian territory.  It was the ordinary  ZENO, ZENON (Zjvov)). 1. The founder of the
residence of King Juba, who had here his treas- Stoic philosophy, was a native of Citium in Cyury and his harem. It was the scene of one of prus, and the son of Mnaseas. He began at an
the most important battles in the history of the early age to study philosophy through the writworld, that in which Hannibal was defeated by ings of the Socratic philosophers, which his faScipio, and the second Punic war was ended, ther was accustomed to bring back from Athens
B.C. 202. Strabo tells us that it was destroyed when he went thither on trading voyages. At
by the Romans; but if so, it must have been the age of twenty-two, or, according to others,
restored, for we find it mentioned under the em- of thirty years, Zeno was shipwrecked in the
pire as a colony and a bishop's see. Pliny and neighborhood of Piraus; whereupon he was led
Vitruvius speak of a fountain in its neighbor- to settle in Athens, and to devote himself enhood. There were unimportant places of the tirely to the study of philosophy. According to
same name in Cappadocia and Mesopotamia.  some writers, he lost all his property in the shipZANCLE. Vid. MESSANA.                   wreck; according to others, he still retained a
ZAPAORTENE, a city in the southeast of Par- large fortune; but, whichever of these accounts
thia, in the mountains of the Zapaorteni.  is correct, his moderation and contentment beZARADRUS (now Sutlej), a river of Northern came proverbial, and a recognition of his virtues
India, now the southern boundary of the Punjab. shines through even the ridicule of the comic
It rises from two principal sources beyond the poets. The weakness of his health is said to
Himalaya, and falls into the Hyphasis (now  have first determined him to live rigorously and
Gharra).                                  simply; but his desire to make himself indeZARANGM or -i, or SARANGE (Zapdyyot, la- pendent of all external circumstances seems to
pdyyat), a people in the north of Drangiana, on have been an additional motive, and to have led
the confines of Aria. The close resemblance him to attach himself to the cynic Crates. In
of their name to the generic name of all the opposition to the advice of Crates, he studied
people of Drangiana, that is, Drangae, suggests under Stilpo of the Megaric school; and he suba doubt whether they ought to be specifically sequently received instruction from the two
distinguished from them.                  other contemporary Megarics, Diodorus Cronus
ZARAx or ZAREX (Zdpaf, Zdpi7). 1. The cen- and Philo, and from the Academics Xenocrates
tral part of the chain of mountains, extending and Polemo. The period which Zeno thus dealong the eastern coast of Laconia from Mount voted to study is said to have extended to
Parnon, on the frontiers of Argolis, down to the twenty years. At its close, and after he had
promontory Malea.-2. (Now Jeraka), a town on developed his peculiar philosophical system, he
the eastern coast of Laconia, at the foot of the opened his school in the porch adorned with the
mountain of the same name.                paintings of Polygnotus (Stoa Poccile), which, at
ZARIASPE. Vid. BACTRA.                  an earlier time, had been a place in which poets
ZARIASPIS, an earlier, probably the native met. From this place his disciples were called
950




ZENOBIA.                                ZENODOTUS.
Stoics. Among the warm admirers of Zeno was ried to Rome, where she adorned the triumph
Antigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia. The of her conqueror(274). Her life was spared by
Athenians likewise placed the greatest confi- Aurelian, and she passed the remainder of her
dence in him, and displayed the greatest esteem  years with her sons in the vicinity of Tibur
for him; for, although the well-known story that (now Tivoli). Longinus lived at her court, and
they deposited the keys of the fortress with him, was put to death on the capture of Palmyra.
as the most trustworthy man, may be a later Vid. LONGINUS.
invention, there seems no reason for doubting  Z.EN6BIA (Z7vo6ia: now Chelehi or Zelebi), a
the authenticity of the decree of the people by city of Chalybonitis, in Syria, on the west bank
which a golden crown and a public burial in the of the Euphrates, three days' journey both from
Ceramicus were awarded to him. The Athe- Sura and from Circesium. It was founded by
nian citizenship, however, he is said to have de- Zenobia.
lined, that he might not become unfaithful to  ZEN6OBUS (Znv66LoC), lived at Rome in the
his native land, where, in return, he was highly time of Hadrian, and was the author of a colesteemed. We do not know the year either of lection of proverbs in Greek, which have come
Zeno's birth or death. He is said to have pre- down to us. In this collection the proverbs are
sided over his school for fifty-eight years, and arranged alphabetically, and divided into hundto have died at the age of ninety-eight. He is reds. The last division is incomplete, the tosaid to have been still alive in the one hundred  tal number collected being five hundred and
and thirtieth Olympiad (B.C. 260). Zeno wrote fifty-two. It is printed in -the collection of
numerous works; but the writings of Chrysip- Schottus (IlapotifiaL'E2rvuLKai, Antwerp, 1612),
pus and the later Stoics seem to have obscured  [in the Parcemiographi Graci of Gaisford, Oxthose of Zeno, and even the warm adherents of ford, 1836, and of Leutsch and Schneidewin,
the school seem seldom to have gone back to  Gottingen, 1839.]
the books of its founder. Hence it is difficult  ZENODORUS, a Greek artist, who made for Neto ascertain how much of the later Stoic philos- ro the colossal statue of that emperor, which he
ophy really belongs to Zeno. -2. The Eleatic set up in front of the Golden House, and which
philosopher, was a native of Elea (Velia) in was afterward dedicated afresh by Vespasian
Italy, son of Teleutagoras, and the favorite dis- as a statue of the Sun. It was one hundred
ciple of Parmenides. He was born about B.C. and ten feet in height.
488, and at the age of forty accompanied Par-  ZENOD6TIUM or -IA (Zqvo68rToM, Znvo6oria), a
menides to Athens. Vid. PARMENIDES. He ap- fortress in the north of Mesopotamia, on the
pears to have resided some time at Athens, and small tributary of the Euphrates called Bilecha,
is said to have unfolded his doctrines to men a little above Nicephorium, and below Ichnee.
like Pericles and Callias for the price of one It was a Macedonian settlement, and the only
hundred minse. Zeno is said to have taken part one of the Greek cities of Mesopotamia which
in the legislation of Parmenides, to the mainte- did not revolt from the Parthians at the apnance of which the citizens of Elea had pledged proach of Crassus.
themselves every year by an oath. His love   ZENSODTUS (Zv66oorof). 1. Of Ephesus, a
of freedom is shown by the courage with which celebrated grammarian, was the first superinhe exposed his life in order to deliver his native tendent of the great library at Alexandrea, and
country from a tyrant. Whether he perished flourished under Ptolemy Philadelphus about
in the attempt, or survived the fall of the tyrant, B.C. 208. Zenodotus was employed by Philais a point on which the authorities vary. They delphus, together with his two great contempoalso state the name of the tyrant differently. raries, Alexander the 2Etolian, and Lycophron
Zeno devoted all his energies to explain and the Chalcidian, to collect and revise all the
develop the philosophical system of Parmeni- Greek poets. Alexander, we are told, underdes. Vid. PARaMENIDES.-3. An Epicurean phi- took the task of collecting the tragedies, Lycolosopher, a native of Sidon, was a contemporary phron the comedies, and Zenodotus the poems
of Cicero, who heard him when at Athens. He of Homer and of the other illustrious poets.
was sometimes termed Coryphceus Epicureorum. Zenodotus, however, devoted his chief attenHIe seems to have been noted for the disrespect- tion to the Iliad and Odyssey. Hence he is
ful terms in which he spoke of other philoso- called the first Reviser (Atiop0zrfj ) of Homer,
phers. For instance, he called Socrates the At- and his recension (AtOpOwatf) of the Iliad and
tic buffoon. He was a disciple of Apollodorus, Odyssey obtained the greatest celebrity. The
and is described as a clear-headed thinker and corrections which Zenodotus applied to the
perspicuous expounder of his views.       text of Homer were of three kinds. 1. He exZENOr3IA, queen of Palmyra. After the death punged. verses. 2. He marked them as spuriof her husband Odenathus, whom, according to ous, but left them in his copy. 3. He introsome accounts, she assassinated (A.D. 266), she duced new readings, or transposed or altered
assumed the imperial diadem as regent for her verses. The great attention which Zenodotus
sons, and discharged all the active duties of a paid to the language of Homer caused a new
sovereign. But not content with enjoying the epoch in the grammatical study of the Greek
independence conceded by Gallienus and toter- language.'The results of his investigations reated by Claudius, she sought to include all Syr- specting the meaning and the use of words
ia, Asia, and Egypt within the limits of her were contained in two works which he pubsway, and to make good the title which she lished under the title of a Glossary (FTDaaCt),
claimed of Queen of the East. By this rash and a Dictionary of barbarous or foreign phraambition she lost both her kingdom and her lib- ses.-2. Of Alexandrea, a grammarian, lived
erty. She was defeated by Aurelian, taken pris- after Aristarchus, whose recension of the Hooner on the capture of Palmyra (273), and car- meric poems he attacked.
951




ZEPHYRA.                                    ZEUS.
ZEPH0RA. Vid. HALICARNASSUS.            north. Calais is also mentioned as the founder
ZEPHiYRUM (Zeqvptov, sc. a(puTjpiov, i. e., the of the Campanian town of Cales.
western promontory), the name of several prom-  ZrTHUS (Z~tog), son of Jupiter (Zeus) and
ontories of the ancient world, not all of which, Antiope, and brother of Amphion. For details,
however, faced the west. The chief of them  vid. AMPHION.
were the following: I. In Europe. 1. (Now   ZEUGIS, ZEUGITANA REGIO (1 Zevytrav e
Capo di Brussano), a promontory in Bruttium, northern part of Tunis), the northern district
forming the southeastern extremity of the coun- of Africa Propria. Vid. AFRICA.
try, from which the Locri, who settled in the  ZEUGMA (Zedyea, i. e., Jnction: now probably
neighborhood, are said to have. obtained the Rumkaleh), a city of Syria, on the borders of
name of Epizephyrii. Vid. p. 445, b.-2. A prom- Commagene and Cyrrhestice, built by Seleucus
ontory on the western coast of Cyprus.-II. In Nicator, on the western bank of the Euphrates,
Asia. 1. In Pontus (now Cape Zefreh), a head- at a point where the river was crossed by a
land west of TRIPOLIS, with a fort and harbor bridge of boats, which had been constructed by
of the same name.-2. Vid. CARIA.-3. In Cili- Alexander the Great: hence the name. Aftercia (now probably Cape Cavaliere), a far-pro- ward, when the ford of Thapsacus became imjecting promontory, west of Promontorium  passable for travellers, on account of the hordes
Sarpedon. Some make it the headland east of of Arabs who infested the banks of the Lower
Promontorium Sarpedon, and just south of the Euphrates, the bridge at Zeugma gave the only
mouth of the Calycadnus, which Polybius, Ap- passage over the river.
pian, and Livy call by the same name as the  ZEUS (Zedt), called JUPITER by the Romans,
river, Calycadnus.-III. In Africa (now Kasser the greatest of the Olympian gods, was a son
Maarah), a headland on the northeastern coast of Cronos (Saturn) and Rhea, a brother of Poof Cyrenaica, west of Darnis.             seidon (Neptune), Hades (Pluto), Hestia (VesZEPHiaYRU  (ZEivpoc), the personification of ta), Demeter (Ceres), Hera (Juno), and was also
the west wind, is described by Hesiod as a son married to his sister Hera (Juno). When Zeus
of Astreeus and Eos (Aurora). Zephyrus and (Jupiter) and his brothers distributed among
Boreas are frequently mentioned together by themselves the government of the world by lot,
Homer, and both dwelt together in a palace in Poseidon (Neptune) obtained the sea, Hades
Thrace. By the Harpy Podarge, Zephyrus be- (Pluto) the lower world, and Zeus (Jupiter) the
came the father of the horses Xanthus and heavens and the upper regions, but the earth
Balius, which belonged to Achilles; but he became common to all. According to the Howas married to Chloris, whom he had carried meric account, Zeus (Jupiter) dwelt on Mount
off by force, and by whom he had a son Car- Olympus in Thessaly, which was believed to
pus.                                      penetrate with its lofty summit into heaven it[ZERNA (Zernensis), a city of Dacia, a Ro- self. He is called the father of gods and men,
man colony, situated a short distance east of the most high and powerful among the immorthe Pons Trajani: it is sometimes called Colo- tals, whom all others obey. He is the supreme
nia Zernensium.]                          ruler, who, with his counsel, manages every
ZERYNTHUS (ZjpvvOo: Zrpvv'toy), a town of thing; the founder of kingly power, and of law
Thrace, in the territory of Enos, with a temple and of order, whence Dice, Themis, and Nemeof Apollo and a cave of Hecate, who are hence sis are his assistants. For the same reason, he
called Zerynthius and Zerynthia respectively. protects the assembly of the people (ayopalof),
Some writers, however, place the Zerynthian the meetings of the council (3ovai^og), and as
cave of Hecate in Samothrace.             he presides over the whole state, so also over
ZETES (Zrt7c) and CALXIS (Kd2a^ci), sons of every house and family (EppKteo).  He also
Boreas and Orithyia, frequently called the Bo- watched over the sanctity of the oath (6pKlot)
EAD_,, are mentioned among the Argonauts, and the laws of hospitality (SivLto), and proand are described as winged beings. Their sis- tected suppliants (IaEioro). He avenged those
ter Cleopatra, who was married to Phineus, who were wronged, and punished those who
king of Salmydessus, had been thrown with her had committed a crime, for he watched the dosons into prison by Phineus at the instigation  ings and sufferings of all men (ET7r6pLg). He
of his second wife. Here she was found by was further the original source of all prophetZetes and Calais, when they arrived at Salmy- ic power, from whom all prophetic signs and
dessus in theArgonautic expedition. Theylib- sounds proceeded (7ravoypalog). Every thing
erated their sister and his children, gave the good as well as bad comes from Zeus (Jupiter);
kingdom to the latter, and sent the second wife according to his own choice, he assigns good or
of Phineus to her own country, Scythia. Oth- evil to mortals; and fate itself was subordinate
ers relate that the Boreadae delivered Phineus to him. He is armed with thunder and lightfrom the Harpies; for it had been foretold that ning, and the shaking of his aegis produces storm
the Harpies might be killed by the sons of Bo- and tempest: a number of epithets of Zeus
reas, but that the sons of Boreas must die if (Jupiter) in the Homeric poems describe him
they should not be able to overtake the Har- as the thunderer, the gatherer of clouds, and
pies. Others, again, state that the Boreadme per- the like. He was married to Hera (Juno), by
ished in their pursuit of the Harpies, or that whom he had two sons, Ares (Mars) and HeHercules killed them with his arrows near the phestus (Vulcan), and one daughter, Hebe.
island of Tenos. Different stories were rela- Hera (Juno) sometimes acts as an independent
ted to account for the anger of Hercules against divinity; she is ambitious, and rebels against
the Boreadae. Their tombs were said to be in her lord, but she is nevertheless inferior to him,
Tenos, adorned with sepulchral stelae, one of and is punished for her opposition; his amours
which moved whenever the wind blew from the with other goddesses or mortal women are not
952




ZEUS.                                     ZEUS.
concealed from her, though they generally rouse Mnemosyne; of Apollo and Artemis (Diana) by
her jealousy and revenge. During the Trojan Leto (Latona); and of Hebe, Ares (Mars), and
war, Zeus (Jupiter), at the request of Thetis, Ilithyia byHera(Juno). Athenawasborn out of
favored the Trojans, until Agamemnon repaired -the head of Zeus (Jupiter); while Hera (Juno),
the wrong he had done to Achilles. Zeus (Ju- on the other hand, gave birth to Hephiestus
piter), no doubt, was originally a god of a por- (Vulcan) without the co-operation of Zeus (Jution of nature. Hence the oak, with its eatable piter). The family of the Cronida accordingly
fruit, and the fertile doves, were sacred to him  enhbraces the twelve great gods of Olympus,
at Dodona and in Arcadia. Hence, also, rain, Zeus (Jupiter, the head of them all), Poseidon
storms, and the seasons were regarded as his (Neptune), Apollo, Ares (Mars), Hermes (Merwork; and hence, likewise, the Cretan stories cury), Hephaestus (Vulcan), Hestia (Vesta), Deof milk, honey, and the cornucopia. In the Ho- meter (Ceres), Hera (Juno), Athena (Minerva),
meric poems, however, this primitive character Aphrodite (Venus), and Artemis (Diana). These
of a personification of certain powers of'nature twelve Olympian gods, who in some places
is already effaced to some extent, and the god were worshipped as a body, were recognized
appears as a political and national divinity, as not only by the Greeks, but were adopted also
the king and father of men, as the founder and by the Romans, who, in particular, identified
protector of all institutions hallowed by law, their Jupiter with the Greek Zeus. In surveycustom, or religion. Hesiod also calls Zeus ing the different local traditions about Zeus, it
(Jupiter) the son of Cronos (Saturn) and Rhea, would seem that originally there were several,
and the brother of Hestia (Vesta), Demeter or at least three, divinities which in their re(Ceres), Hera (Juno), Hades (Pluto), and Po- spective countries were supreme, but which in
seidon (Neptune). Cronos (Saturn) swallowed the course of timhe became united in the minds
his children immediately after their birth; but of the people into one great national divinity.
when Rhea was pregnant with Zeus (Jupiter), We may accordingly speak of an Arcadian, Doshe applied to Uranus (Caelus) and Ge (Terra) donnaan, Cretan, and a national Hellenic Zeus.
to save the life of the child. Uranus (Coelus) 1. The Arcadian Zeus (Zedg Avica7os) was born,
and Ge (Terra) therefore sent Rhea to Lyctqs according to the legends of the country, in Arin Crete, requesting her to bring up her child cadia, either on Mount Parrhasium or on Mount
there. Rhea accordingly concealed Zeus (Ju- Lycaeus. Hewasbroughtuptherebythenymphs
piter) in a cave of Mount 2Egaeon, and gave to Thisoa, Neda, and Hagno. Lycaon, a son of
Crones (Saturn) a stone wrapped up in cloth, Pelasgus, erected a temple to Zeus Lycaeus on
which he swallowed in the belief that it was Mount Lycaeus, and instituted the festival of the
his son. Other traditions state that Zeus (Ju- Lycea in honor of him. Vid. LYClEus, LYCAON.
piter) was born and brought up on Mount Dicte No one was allowed to enter Qt4is sanctuary
or Ida (also the Trojan Ida), Ithome in Messe- of Zeus Lycaeus on Mount Lycaeus.  2. The
nia, Thebes in Boeotia, _Egion in Achaia, or Dodon(ean Zeus (Zet' Ato.rvaEoc or IIe2acoyttcc)
Olenos in JEtolia. According to the commo'n possessed the most ancient oracle in Greece, at
account, however, Zeus (Jupiter) grew up in Dodona in Epirus, from which he derived his
Crete. In the mean time, Cronos (Saturn), by name. At Dodona Zeus was mainly a prophetic
a cunning device of Ge (Terra) or Metis, was god, and the oak tree was sacred to him; but
made to bring up the children he had swal- there, too, he was said to have been reared
lowed, and first of all the stone, which was by the Dodonaean nymphs (Hyades). Respectafterward set up by Zeus (Jupiter) at Delphi. ing the Dodoneean oracle of Zeus, vid. Diet.
The young god now delivered the Cyclopes of Antiq., art. ORACULUM. 3. The Cretan Zeus
from the bonds with which they had been fet- (Zevg Atsr-aZof or KprJrayev'i).  We have altered by Cronos (Saturn), and they, in their ready given Hesiod's account of this god. He
gratitude, provided him with thunder and light- was brought up in a cave of Mount Dicte by
fting. On the advice of Ge (Terra), Zeus (Ju- the Curetes and the nymphs Adrastia and Ida,
piter) also liberated the hundred-armed Gigan- the daughters of Melisseus. They fed him with
tes, Briareos, Cottus, and Gyes, that they might the milk of the goat Amalthea, and the bees of
assist him in his fight against the Titans. The the mountain provided him withhoney. Crete
Titans were conquered and shut up in Tartarus, is called the island or nurse of the great Zeus,
where they were henceforth guarded by the and his worship there appears to have been very
HIecatoncheires. Thereupon Tartarus and Ge ancient. 4. The national Hellenic Zeus, near
(Terra) begot Typhoeus, who began a fearful whose temple at Olympia, in Elis, the great nastruggle with Zeus (Jupiter), but was con- tional panegyris was celebrated once in four
quered. Zeus (Jupiter) now obtained the do- years. There, too, Zeus was regarded as the
mninion of the world, and chose Metis for his father and king of gods and men, and as the
wife. When she was pregnant with Athena supreme god ofthe Hellenic nation. His statue
(Minerva), he took the child out of her body there was executed by Phidias, a few years beand concealed it in his head, on the advice of fore the outbreak of the Peloponnesian war, the
Uranus (Ccelus) and Ge (Terra), who told him  majestic and sublime idea of this statue having
that thereby he would retain the supremacy of been suggested to the artist by the words of
the world; for if Metis had given birth to a Homer (I., i., 527). Vid. PHIDIAS. The Greek
son, this son (so fate had ordained it) would and Latin poets give to Zeus or Jupiter an imhave acquired the sovereignty. After this, Zeus mense number of epithets and surnames, which
(Jupiter) became the father of the Horn and are derived partly from the places where he was
MIor-e by his second wife Themis; of the worshipped, and partly from his powers and
Charites by Eurynome; of Persephone (Proser- functions. The eagle, the oak, and the sumptna) by Demeter (Ceres); of the Muses by mits of mountains were sacred to him, and his
953




ZEUXIDAMUS.                                 ZONARAS.
sacrifices generally consisted of goats, bulls, On discovering his error, Zeuxis honorably
and cows. His usual attributes are the sceptre, yielded the palm to Parrhasius, saying that he
eagle, thunderbolt, and a figure of Victory in himself had deceived birds, but Parrhasius an
his hand, and sometimes also a cornucopia. artist. Besides this accuracy of imitation, many
The Olympian Zeus sometimes wears a wreath of the works of Zeuxis displayed great dramatic
of olive, and the Dodonaean Zeus a wreath of power. This appears to have been especially
oak leaves. In works of art Zeus is generally the case with his Infant Hercules strangling the
represented as the omnipotent father and king  Serpent, where the chief force of the composiof gods and men, according to the idea which tion consisted in the terror of Alcmenaa and Amhad been embodied in the statue of the Olym- phitryon as they witnessed the struggle. Anpian Zeus by Phidias. Respecting the Roman other picture, in which he showed the same
god, vid. JUPITER.                        dramatic power, applied to a very different subZEUXIDnMUS (Zevui'SauOC). 1. King of Sparta, ject, was his Female Hippocentaur, and which
and tenth of the Eurypontidse. He was grand- was lost in a shipwreck off Cape Malea, on its
son of Theopompus, and father of Anaxidamus, way to Rome, whither it had been sent by Sulla.
who succeeded him. -2. Son of Leotychides,  ZIKLAG( (EI Ce2la, EKeia), a town in the southking of Sparta. He was also named Cyniscus. west of Palestine, belonging to the Philistines
He died before his father, leaving a son, Archi- of Gath, whose king Achish gave it to David
damus II.                                 for a residence during his exile from the court
ZEUXIS (Zevft), the celebrated Greek painter, of Saul. On David's accession to the kingdom,
who excelled all his contemporaries except Par- it was united to Judah.
rhasius, was a native of Heraclea (probably of  [ZILIA, ZELIS (ZO2Xl), ZELES (ZitoC), ZELAS
the city of this name on the Euxine), and flour- or ZILIS (now Ar-Zila), an ancient Punic city
ished B.C. 424-400. He came to Athens soon in Mauretania Tingitana, at the mouth of a river
after the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, of the same name, south of Tingis; after the
when he had already achieved a great reputa- time of Augustus, a Roman colony, with the aption, although a young man. He passed some pellation Julia Constantia: according to Strabo,
time in Macedonia, at the court of Archelaiis, itS inhabitants were transferred to a town in
for whom he decorated the royal palace at Pella Spain. Vid. TRADUCTA JULIA.]
with paintings, probably soon after 413. He  ZIOBETIS ([not Zioberis as commonly written,
must have spent some time in Magna Grwecia, vid. Zumpt ad Curt., vi., 10], now Jinjeran), a
as we learn from the story respecting the pic- river of Parthia, [the same as the Stibcetes
ture of Helen, which he painted for the city of (,;rL6oirtf) of Diodorus, flows a short distance,
Croton; and it is also probable that he visited then disappears under ground; after a subterSicily, as we are told that he gave away one ranean course of three hundred stadia it reof his pictures to the Agrigentines. His travels appears, and flows on in a broader current until
through Greece itself were no doubt extensive  it unites with the Ridagnus. Forbiger, followWe find him at Olympia, where he made an os- ing Mannert, considers the united stream the
tentatious display, before the eyes of all Greece, CHOATRES of Ammianus (now Adschi-Su).]
of the wealth which his art had brought him,  ZION. Vid. JERUSALEM.
by appearing in a robe embroidered with his  ZOAR or TSOAR, ZOARA or ZOARAS (Z'ap, Zoown name in letters of gold. After acquiring apa: LXX., Z?7ySp and Zoyopa: now probably
a great fortune by the exercise of his art, he ruins in Ghor el Mezraa, on the Wady el Deraah),
adopted the custom of giving away his pictures, originally called BELA, a city on the southeast
because no adequate price could be set upon of the Dead Sea, belonging first to the Moabites,
them. The time of his death is unknown. The and afterward to the Arabs. In the time of
master-piece of Zeuxis was his picture of Helen, Abraham it was the smallest of the " cities of
in painting which he had as his models the five the plain," and was saved, at the intereession
most beautiful virgins of Croton, whom he was of Lot, from the destruction which fell upon
allowed to select for this purpose from among Sodom and Gomorrha.
all the virgins of the city. It was painted for  ZCETIUM or ZCETEUM (ZoiTLov, Zoiretov: Zoithe temple of Juno at Croton. This picture reeSC), a town of Arcadia, in the district Eutreand its history were celebrated by many poets, sia, north of Megalopolis.
who preserved the names of the five virgins  ZOILUS (Zot2og), a grammarian, was a native
upon whom the choice of Zeuxis fell. The ac- of Amphipolis, and flourished in the time of
curate imitation of inanimate objects was a de- Philip of Macedon. He was celebrated for the
partment of the art which Zeuxis and his young- asperity with which he assailed Homer.  He
er rival Parrhasius appear to have carried al- found fault with him principally for introducing
most to perfection. The well-known story of fabulous and incredible stories in his poems.
the trial of skill in that species of painting be- From the list that we have of his writings, it
tween these two artists, if not literally true, in- also appears that he attacked Plato and Isocradicates the opinion which was held in ancient tes. His name became proverbial for a captious
times of their powers of imitation. In this con- and malignant critic.
test the picture of Zeuxis represented a bunch  ZONARAS, JOANNES ('Ijauvvn7 6o Zovapac), a
of grapes, so naturally painted that the birds celebrated Byzantine historian and theologian,
flew at the picture to eat the fruit; upon which lived in the twelfth century under the emperors
the artist, confident in this proof of his success, Alexus I. Comnenus and Calo-Joannes.  Becalled upon his rival no longer to delay to draw  sides his theological works, there are still exaside the curtain and show his picture; but the tant, 1. Annales (Xpovi6ov), in eighteen books,
picture of Parrhasius was the curtain itself, from the creation of the world to the death of
which Zeuxis had mistaken for real drapery. Alexis in 1118. It is compiled from various
954




ZONE.                                  ZYGANTES.
Greek authors, whose very words Zonaras fre- probably of Bactrian origin, and from thence
quently retains.  The earlier part is chiefly spread eastward; and the tradition which reptaken from Josephus; and in the portion which resents Zoroaster a Mede sprang up at a later
relates to Roman history, he has, for the most time, when the chief seat of his religion was in
part, followed Dion Cassius. In consequence Media, and no longer in the further East. There
of the latter circumstance, the Annals of Zona- were extant in the later Greek literature sevras are of great importance in studying the early eral works bearing the name of Zoroaster; but
history of Rome. Of the first twenty books of these writings were forgeries of a later age, and
Dion Cassius we have nothing but the abstract belong to the same class of writings as the
of Zonaras; and even of the later books, of works of Hermes Trismegistus, Orpheus, &c.
which Xiphilinus has made a more full epitome, There is still extant a collection of oracles asZonaras has preserved many statements of cribed to Zoroaster, which are of course spuriDion which are entirely omitted by Xiphilinus. ous.  They have been published by Morell,
The best editions are by Du Fresne du Cange, Paris, 1595; by Obsopseus, Paris, 1507, and by
Paris, 1686, fol.; and by Pinder, Bonn, 1841, others.
8vo. 2. A Lexicon, edited by Tittmann, Lips.,  [ZORZINES or ZoRSINES, king of the Siraci, a
1808, 4to.                                people of Sarnnatia Asiatica, in whose territory
ZONE (Zv/v: Zavalof), a town of Thrace, on was the city USPE, taken by the Romans in the
a promontory of the same name in the 2Egean, reign of Claudius.]
where Orpheus is said to have sung.         [ZosIMus, a learned freedman of the younger
ZOPYRUS (ZT7rvpof). 1. A distinguished Per- Pliny, remarkable for his talents as a comedian
sian, son of Megabyzus. After Darius Hystas- and musician, as well as for his excellence as
pis had besieged Babylon for twenty months in a reader.]
vain, Zopyrus resolved to gain the place for his  ZOSIMus (ZJuatto), a Greek historian, who
master by the most extraordinary self-sacrifice, lived in the time of the younger Theodosius.
Accordingly, one day he appeared before Darius He wrote a history of the Roman empire in six
with his body mutilated in the most horrible books, which is still extant. This work must
manner; both his ears and nose were cut off, have been written after A.D. 425, as an event
and his person otherwise disfigured. After ex- is mentioned in it which took place in that year.
plaining to Darius his intentions, he fled to Bab- The first book comprises a sketch of the history
ylon as a victim of the cruelty of the Persian of the early emperors, down to the end of the
king. The Babylonians gave him their confi- reign of Diocletian (305). The second, third,
dence, and placed him at the head of their troops. and fourth books are devoted to the history of
He soon found means to betray the city to Da- the fourth century, which is treated much less
rius, who severely punished the inhabitants for concisely. The fifth and sixth books embrace
their revolt. Darius appointed Zopyrus satrap the period from 395 to 410, when Attalus was
of Babylon for life, with the enjoyment of its deposed.  The work of Zosimus is mainly
entire revenues.-[2. The son of Megabyzus, (though not altogether) an abridgment or comand grandson of the preceding, revolted from  pilation oftheworks of previous historians. His
the Persians, and fled to Athens.]-3. The Phys- style is concise, clear, pure, and not unpleasing.
iognomist, attributed many vices to Socrates in His chief fault as an historical writer is his negan assembly of his disciples, who laughed at lect of chronology. Zosimus was a pagan, and
him and at his art in consequence; but Socrates comments severely upon the faults and crimes
admitted that such were his natural propensi- of the Christian emperors. Hence his credibilties, but said that they had been overcome by ity has been assailed by several Christian writphilosophy.-[4. A Thracian, a slave of Pericles, ers. There are, no doubt, numerous errors of
assigned by him, as the least useful, from old judgment to be found in the work, and someage, of all his slaves, to Alcibiades as his paeda- times (especially in the case of Constantine) an
gogus.]-5. A surgeon at Alexandrea, the tutor intemperate expression of opinion, which someof Apollonius Citiensis and Posidonius, about what exaggerates, if it does not distort, the truth.
the beginning of the first century B.C. He in- But he does not seem fairly chargeable with devented an antidote, used by Mithradates, king liberate invention or willful misrepresentation.
of Pontus.                                The best editions are by Reitemeier, Lips.,
ZOROASTER or ZOROASTRES (Zopodacrp7), the 1784, [and by Imm. Bekker, Bonn, 1837.]
ZARATHUSTRA of the Zendavesta, and the ZER-  ZOSTiR (now Cape of Vari), a promontory on
DUSHT of the Persians, was the founder of the the west of Attica, between Phalerum and SuMagian religion. The most opposite opinions nium. It was a sacred spot, and contained alhave been held both by ancient and modern tars of Leto (Latona), Artemis (Diana), and
writers respecting the time in which he lived; Apollo.
but it is quite impossible to come to any conclu-  ZYGANTES or GYGANTES (Zvyavr-e, Tivyavre-),
sion on the subject. As the founder of the Ma- a people of Libya, whom Herodotus places on
gian religion, he must be placed in remote anti- the western side of the Lake Triton. Others
quity, and it may even be questioned whether mention a city Zygantis and a people Zyges on
such a person ever existed. This religion was the coast of Marmarica
955








CIRONOLOGICAL TABLES
OF
GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY,
CIVIL AND LITERARY,
FROM THE FIRST OLYMPIAD, B.C. 776, TO THE FALL OF
THE WESTERN EMPIRE, A.D. 476.
WITH
TABLES     OF GREEK AND ROMAN           MEASURES,
WEIGHTS, AND MONEYO
EDITED BY
WILLIAM SMITH, LL.D.,
EDITOR OF THE DICTIONARIES OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES, AN'D
BIOGBAPHY AND MYTIIOLOGY.
[From the Dictionaries of Greek and  Myona e   rio s z  l thology, and Antiquities, ]








ADVERTI SEMENT,
I. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES.
1. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF GREEK HISTORY,
FROM THE FIRST OLYMPIAD, B.C. 776, TO THE FALL OF CORINTH, B.C. 146.
2. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF ROMAN HISTORY,
FROM THE FOUNDATION OF THE CITY, B.C. 753, TO THE FALL OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE,
A.D. 476.
3. PARALLEL YEARS,
THAT IS, THE YEARS BEFORE THE CHRISTIAN ERA, THE YEARS FROM THE FOUNDATION OF
ROME, AND THE OLYMPIADS.
4. LISTS OF THE ATHENIAN ARCHONS EPONYMI, AND OF THE KINGS OF
THE MOST IMPORTANT MONARCHIES:
Kings of Egypt,                      Kings of Egypt (the Ptolemies),
Kings of Media,                     Kings of Pergamus,
Kings of Lydia,                      Kings of Bithynia,
Kings of Persia,                     Kings of Pontus,
Kings of Sparta,                     Kings of Cappadocia,
Kings of Macedonia,                  Kings of Rome,
Kings of Syria,                      Emperors of Rome,
And Emperors of Constantinople.




II. TABLES OF MEASURES, WEIGHTS, AND MONEY,
FROM THE DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES.
IN the construction of those Tables, the same authorities have been used as those referred to in
the articles in the body of the work. Particular acknowledgment is due of the assistance which
has been derived from the Tables of, Hussey and Wurm. The last two Tables (of Greek and Roman money) have been taken without alteration from Mr. Hussey's, because they were thought
incapable of improvement, except one addition in the Table of Attic Money. All the calculations, however, have been made de novo, even where the results are the same as in Mr. Hussey's
Tables.
The Tables are so arranged as to exhibit the corresponding Greek and Roman measures in
direct comparison with each other. In some of the Tables the values are given, not only in our
several measures, but also in decimals of a primary unit, for the purpose of facilitating calculations. In others, approximate values are given, that is, values which differ from the true ones by
some small fraction, and which, from their simplicity, will perhaps be found far more useful for
ordinary purposes than the precise quantities, while the error, in each case, can easily be corrected. Fuller information will be found under MENSURA, NUMMUS, PONDERA, and the specific
names, in the DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES.
Table                                        Table
I. Greek Measures of Length.               IX. Greek Measures of Capacity.
(1.) Smaller Measures.                      (2.) Dry Measures.
II. Roman Measures of Length.                X. Roman Measures of Capacity.
(1.) Smaller Measures.                      (2.) Dry Measures.
II. Greek Measures of Length.                XI. Greek Weights.
(2.) Land and Itinerary.             XII. Greek Money.
IV. Roman Measures of Length.              XIII. Roman Weights.
(2.) Land and Itinerary.                    (1.) The As and its Divisionso
V. Greek Measures of Surface.             XIV. Roman Weights.
VI. Roman Measures of Surface.                     (2.) Subdivisions of the Uncia.
VII. Greek Measures of Capacity.             XV. Roman Money.
(1.) Liquid Measures.                       (1.) Before Augustus.
VIII. Roman Measures of Capacity.            XVI. Roman Money.
(1.) Liquid Measures.                       (2.) After Augustus.
W. So




RULES
FOR THE
CONVERSION OF THE OLYMPIADS AND THE YEARS OF ROME (A.U.C.) INTO YEARS
BEFORE AND AFTER THE BIRTH OF CHRIST.
THE Olympiads commenced in the year 3938 of the Julian period, or B.C. 776. Each Olympiad contains 4 years. The year of Rome commenced B.C. 753.
To ascertain the years before or after Christ of any Olympiad, take the number of Olympiads
actually completed, multiply that number by 4, and if the product be less than 776, subtract that
product from 776; the remainder will be the years before Christ. If the product be more than
776, subtract 776 from that product, and the remainder will be the years after Christ.
We thus obtain the year before or after Christ of the last complete Olympiad: we must now
include the single years of the current Olympiad. To put down these correctly-if before Christ,
subtract the last completed year (viz., the number 1, 2, or 3 immediately preceding); if after Christ,
add the current year; the product will be the year before or after Christ, corresponding to the
current year of the current Olympiad.
For Example: Let the 3d year of the 87th Olympiad be the year to be converted. The umber of Olympiads actually completed is 86; multiply that number by 4, and the total will be 344.
Subtract this number (being less than 776) from 776, and the remainder will be 432; subtract
further the last completed year of the current Olympiad (viz., 2), and the year 430 before Christ
will be the corresponding year.
Suppose it were the 2d year of the 248th Olympiad. Multiply 247, the number of Olympiads
actually completed, by 4, and the total will be 988; as that number is larger than 776, deduct 776
from 988, and the remainder, 212, will be the year of the last complete Olympiad: add 2 for the
current year of the current Olympiad, and 214 after Christ (A.D. 214) will be the corresponding
year.
To find the year before or after Christ which corresponds to any given year of the Building of
Rome, add 1 year (for the current year) to 753, and from the total, 754, subtract the given year
of Rome; the remainder will be the corresponding year before Christ. If the given year of Rome
exceed 753, subtract 753 from the given number, and the remainder will be the corresponding
year after Christ.
For Example: Cmsar invaded Britain in the year of Rome 699. Deduct 699 from 754, and
that event is seen to correspond with the year B.C. 55. The Romans finally left Britain in the
year of Rome 1179. Subtract 753 from 1179, and the remainder, 426, will be the year of our
Lord in which that event took place.
61








CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF GREEK HISTORY,
FROM THE FIRST OLYMPIAD, B.C. 776, TO THE FALL OF CORINTH, B.C. 146.
B.C.                                                  B.C.
776 Coroebus the Elean gains the victory in the foot-race  693 Simonides of Amorgos, the lyric poet, flourished.
at the Olympic games. The Olympic games were        Glaucus of Chios, a statuary in metal, flourished. He
instituted by Iphitus the Elean about B.C. 884, but   was distinguished as the inventor of the art of solthe Olympiads were not employed as a chronolog-       dering metals.
ical era till the victory of Cormobus.          690 Foundation of Gela in Sicily, and of Phaselis in Pam775 Arctinus of Miletus, the Cyclic poet, flourished.      phylia.
774 Pandosia and Metapontum, in Italy, founded.      687 The empire of the Medes is computed by Herodotus
765 Cina3thon of Lacedeamon, the Cyclic poet, flourished.  to commence from this date, the 23d year of their
761 Eumelus flourished.                                    independence. It lasted 128 years, and terminated
753 Antimachus of Teos flourished.                         in B.C. 559.
750 Miletus at the height of its power. Many of its colo-  Archilochus flourished. See B.C. 708.
nies founded about this time or a little later.  685 The beginning of the second Messenian war.
748 Phidon, tyrant of Argos, celebrates the 8th Olympic  683 First annual archon at Athens.
games. He introduced copper and silver coinage,    TyTtseus, the Athenian poet, came to Sparta after the
and a new scale of weights and measures, through-    first success of the Messenians, and by his martial
out the Peloponnesus.                                 songs roused the fainting courage of the Lacedoe745 The first annual Prytanis at Corinth, 90 years before  monians.
the reign of Cypselus.                          678 Ardys, king of Lydia, succeeded Gyges.
744 Eumelus of Corinth, the Cyclic poet, flourished.  675 Foundation of Cyzicus by the Megarians.
743 The beginning of the first war between the Messeni- 674 Foundation of Chalcedon by the Megarians.
ans and the Lacedtemonians.                     672 The Pisatie, led by Pantaleon, revolt from the Eleans,
736 Callinus of Ephesus, the earliest Greek elegiac poet,  and espouse the cause of the Messenians.
flourished.                                        Alcman, a native of Sardis in Lydia, and the chief lyr735 Naxos, in Sicily, founded by the Chalcidians of Eu-    ic poet of Sparta, flourished.
boa.                                           670 Psammetichus, king of Egypt, begins to reign.
734 Syracuse founded by Archias of Corinth.          669 The Argives defeat the Lacedaemonians at Hysie.
730 Leontium and Catana, in Sicily, founded.         668 End of the second Messenian war, according to Pau728 Megara Hybleea, in Sicily, founded.                    sanias.
Philolaus of Corinth, the Theban lawgiver, flour- 665 Thaletas of Crete, the lyric poet and musician, flourished.                                               ished.
723 End of the first Messenian war. The Messenians were  664 A sea-fight between the Corinthians and Corcyrseans,
obliged to submit after the capture of Ithome, and   the most ancient sea-fight recorded.
to pay a heavy tribute to the Lacedasmonians.   662 Zaleucus, the lawgiver in Locri Epizephyrii, flour721 Sybaris, in Italy, founded by the Achasans.            ished.
718 War between the Lacedaemonians and Argives.      657 Byzantium founded by the Megarians.
716 Gyges begins to reign in Lydia. This dynasty reigned, 656 Phraortes, king of Media, succeeds Deioces.
according to Herodotus, 160 years, and terminated  655 The Bacchiadce expelled from Corinth. Cypselus
B.C. 546 by the fall of Crcesus.                     begins to reign. He reigned 30 years.
712 Astacus founded by the Megarians.                654 Foundation of Acanthus, Stagira, Abdera, and LampCallinus of Ephesus flourished.                        sacus.
710 Croton or Crotona, in Italy, founded by the Ache- 651 Birth of Pittacus, according to Suidas.
ans. Soon after the foundation of Croton the Ozo- 648 Himera in Sicily founded.
lian Locrians founded the Epizephyrian Locri in  647 Pisander, the epic poet of Camirus, in Rhodes, flourItaly.                                               ished.
709 Deioces begins to reign in Media. The Medes revolt- 644 Pantaleon, king of Pisa, celebrates the Olympic games.
ed from the Assyrians after the death of Sennache-  Terpander flourished.
rib in B.C. 711. The Assyrians, according to He- 635 Sardis taken by the Cimmerians in the reign of Ardys.
rodotus, had governed Upper Asia for 520 years. 634 Phraortes, king of Media, slain by the Assyrians, and
This account gives B.C. 710 + 520 = B.C. 1230 for    succeeded by his son Cyaxares. Irruption of the
the commencement of the Assyrian dominion. The       Scythians into Asia, who interrupt Cyaxares in the
Median kings reigned 150 years. See B.C. 687 and     siege of Nineveh.
559.                                           631 Cyrene, in Libya, founded by Battus of Thera.
708 Tarentum founded by the Laceda3monian Partheniae,  630 Mimnermus flourished.
under Phalanthus.                              629 Foundation of Sinope by the Milesians. Sadyattes,
Thasos and Parium, on the Propontis, founded by the    king of Lydia, succeeds Ardys.
Parians.                                       625 Periander succeeds Cypselus at Corinth. He reigned
Archilochus of Paros, the Iambic poet, accompanied     40 years.
the colony to Thasos, being then in the flower of  Arion flourished in the reign of Periander.
his age.                                       621 Legislation of Dracon at Athens.




964                              CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF
B C.                                                 B.C.
620 Attempt of Cylon to make himself master of Athens. 560 Pisistratus.usurps the government of Athens.
ie had been victor in the Olympic games in B.C.    Thales is nearly eighty years of age.
640. Assisted by Theagenes, tyrant of Megara,      Ibycus of Rhegium, the lyric poet, flourished.
whose daughter he had married, he seized the cit- 559 Cyrus begins to reign in Persia. The Median empie
adel, but was there besieged by the archon Mega-     ended. See B.C. 687.
cles, the Alcmeeonid. Cylon and his adherents sur-  Herlacla, on the Euxine, founded.
rendered on a promise that their lives should be   Anacreon begins to be distinguished.
spared, but they were put to death.             556 Simonides of Ceos, the lyric poet, born.
617 Alyattes, king of Lydia, succeeds Sadyattes.     553 Stesichorus died.
616 Neco, king of Egypt, succeeds Psammetichus.      549 Death of Phalaris of Agrigentum.
612 Peace between Alyattes, king of Lydia, and Miletus, 548 The temple at Delphi burned.
in the 12th year of the war.                       Anaximenes flourished.
611 Pittacus overthrows the tyranny of Melanchrus at 546 Sardis taken by Cyrus, and the Lydian monarchy
Mytilene.                                            overthrown.
Sappho, Alceus, and Stesichorus flourished.         Hipponax, the Iambic poet, flourished.
610 Birth of Anaximander.                            544 Pherecydes of Syros, the philosopher, and Theognis
607 Scythians expelled from Asia by Cyaxares, king of      of Megara, the poet, flourished.
Media, after holding the dominion of it for 28 years. 539 Ibycus of Rhegium, the lyric poet, flourished.
606 Nineveh taken by Cyaxares.                       538 Babylon taken by Cyrus.
Combat between Pittacus and Phrynon, the cor-        Xenophanes of Colophon, the philosopher, flourished
mander of the Athenians.                        535 Thespis, the Athenian, first exhibits tragedy.
Alca3us fought in the wars between the Mytilen'eans  532 Polycrates becomes tyrant of Samos.
and Athenians, and incurred the disgrace of leav- 531 The philosopher Pythagoras and the poet Anacreon
ing his shield on the field.                          flourished. All accounts make them contemporary
600 Psammis, king of Egypt, succeeds Neco.                 with Polycrates.
Massilia, in Gaul, founded by the Phoca3ans.      529 Death of Cyrus and accession of Cambyses as king
599 Camarina, in Sicily, founded 135 years after Syracuse.  of Persia.
596 Epimenides, the Cretan, came to Athens.          527 Death of Pisistratus, 33 years after his first usurpation.
595 Apries, king of Egypt, succeeds Psammis.          525 Cambyses conquers Egypt in the fifth year of his
Birth of Crcesus, king of Lydia.                       reign.
Commencement of the Cirrhean or Sacred War,          War of the Lacedaemonians against Polycrates of Sawhich lasted 10 years.                               mos.
594 Legislation of Solon, who was Athenian archon in     Birth of 2Eschylus.
this year.                                          Anacreon and Simonides came to Athens in the reign
592 Anacharsis came to Athens.                             of Hipparchus.
591 Cirrha taken by the Amphictyons.                 523 Chcerilus of Athens first exhibits htagedy.
Arcesilauis I., king of Cyrene, succeeds Battus I.  522 Polycrates of Samos put to death.
589 Commencement of the government of Pittacus at 521 Death of Cambyses, usurpation of the Magi, and acMytilene. He held the supreme power for 10 years      cession of Darius, son of Hystaspes, to the Persian
under the title of _Esymnetes.                        throne.
Alcseus the poet in exile, and opposed to the govern-  Hecatsus and Dionysius of Miletus, the historians,
ment of Pittacus.                                    flourished.
586 The conquest of the Cirrhaeans completed and the  520 Melanippides of Melos, the dithyrambic poet, flourPythian games celebrated.                            ished.
The seven wise men flourished. They were, accord- 519 Platwee places itself under the protection of Athens.
ing to Plato, Thales, Pittacus, Bias, Solon, Cleobu-  Birth of Cratinus, the comic poet.
lus, Myson, Chilon. The first four were universally  518 Birth of Pindar.
acknowledged. Periander, whom Plato excluded, 514 Hipparchus, tyrant of Athens, slain by IIarmodius
was admitted by some.                                 and Aristogiton.
Sacadas of Argos gained the prize in music in the  511 Phrynicus, the tragic poet, flourished.
first three Pythia, B.C. 586, 582, 578.         510 Expulsion of Hippias and his family from Athens.
585 Death of Periander.                                  The ten tribes instituted at Athens by Clisthenes.
582 Clisthenes of Sicyon, victor in the second Pythia.   Telesilla of Argos, the poetess, flourished.
Agrigentum founded.                               504 Charon of Lampsacus, the historian, flourished.
581 The dynasty of the Cypselidne ended.             503 Heraclitus of Ephesus, the philosopher, and Lasus
579 Pittacus resigns the government of Mytilene.           of Hermione, the lyric poet, flourished.
575 Battus II., king of Cyrene, succeeds Arcesilais I. Na- 501 Naxos besieged by Aristagoras and the Persians.
val empire of the Phocasans.                         Upon the failure of this attempt, Aristagoras de572 The war between Pisa and Elis ended by the subjec-     termines to revolt from the Persians.
tion of the Pisans.                                Hecataus the historian took part in the deliberations
2Esopus flourished.                                    of the Ionians respecting the revolt.
570 Accession of Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum. He  500 Aristagoras solicits aid from Athens and Sparta.
reigned 16 years.                                  Birth of Anaxagoras the philosopher.
569 Amasis, king of Egypt, succeeds Apries.          499 First year of the Ionian revolt The Ionians, assisted
Death of Pittacus, 10 years after his abdication.      by the Athenians, burn Sardis.
566 The Panathenaea instituted at Athens.                2Eschylus, aged 25, first exhibits tragedy.
Eugamon flourished.                              498 Second year of the Ionian revolt. Cyprus recovered
564 Alalia, in Corsica, founded by the Phocmeans.          by the Persians.




GREEK HISTORY.                                              965
B..                                                  B.C.
497 Third year of the Ionian revolt. Aristagoras slain in  479 Antiphon, the Athenian orator, born.
Thrace.                                            Chcerilus of Samos, the epic poet, probably born.
Death of Pythagoras, according to Eusebius       478 Sestos taken by the Greeks. Hieron succeeds Gelon.
496 Fourth year of the Ionian revolt. Histiweus comes    The history of Herodotus terminates at the siege of
down to the coast.                                   Sestos.
Birth of Hellanicus of Mytilene, the historian.  477 In consequence of the haughty conduct of Pausanias,
495 Fifth year of the Ionian revolt.                       the maritime allies place themselves under the suBirth of Sophocles.                                    premacy of Athens. Commencement of the Athe494 Sixth and last year of the Ionian revolt. The Ioni-    nian ascendency or empire, which lasted about sevans defeated in a naval battle near Miletus, and Mi-  enty years-sixty-five before the ruin of the Atheletus taken.                                         nian affairs in Sicily, seventy-three before the cap493 The Persians take the islands of Chios, Lesbos, and    ture of Athens by Lysander.
Tenedos. Miltiades fled from the Chersonesus to    Epicharmus, the comic poet, flourished in the reign
Athens. He had been in the Chersonesus twenty-       of Hieron.
two years, having succeeded his brother Stesagoras 476 Cimon, commanding the forces of the Athenians and
in the government in B.C. 515.                       of the allies, expels the Persians from Eion, on the
492 Mardonius, the Persian general, invades Europe, and    Strymon, and then takes the island of Scyros, where
unites Macedonia to the Persian empire.              the bones of Theseus are discovered.
491 Darius sends heralds to Greece to demand earth and   Phrynichus gains the prize in tragedy.
water.                                             Simonides, set. 80, gains the prize in the dithyrambic
War between Athens and JEgina.                         chorus.
Demaratus, king of Sparta, deposed by the intrigues  474 Naval victory of Hieron over the Tuscans.
of his colleague Cleomenes. He flies to Darius.    Death of Theron of Agrigentum.
490 Datis and Artaphernes, the Persian generals, invade 472 The Pearse of ]Eschylus performed.
Europe. They take Eretria in Euboea, and land in  471 Themistocles, banished by ostracism, goes to Argos.
Attica under the guidance of Hippias. They are       Pausanias 6onvicted of treason and put to death.
defeated at Marathon by the Athenians under the    Thucydides, the historian, born.
command of Miltiades.                              Timocreon of Rhodes, the lyric poet, flourished in the
jEschylus fought at the battle of Marathon, set. 35.   time of Themistocles.
489 Miltiades attempts to conquer Naxus, but is repulsed. 469 Pericles begins to take part in public affairs, forty
He is accused, and, unable to pay the fine, in which  years before his death.
he was condemned, is thrown into prison, where  468 Mycense destroyed by the Argives.
he died.                                           Death of Aristides.
Panyasis the poet, the uncle of Herodotus, flourished.  Socrates born.
487 Chionides, the Athenian comic poet, first exhibits.  Sophocles gained his first tragic victory.
486 Revolt of Egypt from the Persians in the fourth year 467 Death of Hieron.
after the battle of Marathon.                      Andocides, the orator, born.
485 Xerxes, king of Persia, succeeds Darius.             Simonides, set. 90, died.
Gelon becomes master of Syracuse.                466 Naxos revolted and subdued.
484 Egypt reconquered by the Persians.                   Great victory of Cimon over the Persians at the RivHerodotus born.                                        er Eurymedon, in Pamphylia.
AEschylus gains the prize in tragedy.                Themistocles flies to Persia.
Achaeus, the tragic poet, born.                      After the death of Hieron, Thrasybulus ruled Syra483 Ostracism of Aristides..He was recalled from ban-     cuse for a year, at the end of which time a demoishment three years afterward.                       cratical form of government was established.
481 Themistocles the leading man at Athens. He per-      Diagoras of Melos flourished.
suades his countrymen to build a fleet of 200 ships, 465 Revolt of Thasos.
that they might be able to resist the Persians.    Death of Xerxes, king of Persia, and accession of Ar480 Xerxes invades Greece. He set out from Sardis at       taxerxes I.
the beginning of the spring.. The battles of Ther- 464 Earthquake at Sparta, and revolt of the Helots and
mopylse and Artemisium were fought at the time       Messenians.
of the Olympic games. The Athenians deserted       Cimon marches to the assistance of the LacedEemotheir city, which was taken by Xerxes. The battle    nians.
of Salamis, in which the fleet of Xerxes was de    Zeno of Elea flourished.
stroyed, was fought in the autumn.             463 Thasos subdued by Cimon.
Birth of Euripides..          Xanthus of Lydia continued to write history in the
Pherecydes of Athens, the historian, flourished.       reign of Artaxerxes.
479 After the return of Xerxes to Asia, Mardonius, who  461 Cimon marches a second time to the assistance of the
was left in the command of the Persian army,         Lacedsenmonians, but his offers are declined by the
passed the winter in Thessaly.  In the spring        latter, and the Athenian troops sent back. Ostrahe marches southward, and occupies Athens ten        cism of Cimon.
months after its occupation by Xerxes. At the      Pericles at the head of public affairs at Athens.
battle of Plata se, fought in September, he is defeat- 460 Revolt of Inaros, and first year of the Egyptian war,
ed by the Greeks under the command of Pausanias.     which lasted six years. The Athenians sent assist
On the same day the Persian fleet is defeated off    ance to the Egyptians.
Aycale by the Greek fleet. Sestos besieged by the  Democritus and Hippocrates born.
Greeks in the autumn, and surrendered in the fol- 459 Gorgias flourished.
lowing spring.                                 458 Lysias born.




966                             CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF
B.C.                                               B.C.
458 The Oresteia of Esschylus performed.           439 Athens at the height of its glory.
457 Battles in the Megarid, between the Athenians and  437 Colony of Agnon to Amphipolis.
Corinthians. The Lacedaemonians march into Do-   The prohibition of comedy repealed.
ris, to assist the Dorians against the Phocians. On  436 Isocrates born.
their return, they are attacked by the Athenians at  Cratinus, the comic poet, gains the prize.
Tanagra, but the latter are defeated. The Atheni- 435 War between the Corinthians and Corcyraeans on
ans commence building their long walls, which      account of Epidamnus. The Corinthians defeated
were completed in the following year.              by the Corcyrweans in a sea-fight.
Panyasis, the uncle of Herodotus, put to death by  434 The Corinthians make great preparations to carry on
Lygdamis.                                          the war with vigor.
456 The Athenians, commanded by Myronides, defeat the  Lysippus, the comic poet, gains the prize.
Thebans at (Enophyta.                         433 The Corcyraeans and Corinthians send embassies to
Recall of Cimon from exile.                          Athens to solicit assistance. The Athenians form a
Herodotus set. 25. Thucydides et. 15.                defensive alliance with the Corcyrmans.
Herodotus is said to have recited his history at the  432 The Corcyreaans, assisted by the Athenians, defeat the
Olympic games when Thucydides was a boy. The       Corinthians in the spring. In the same year Potirecitation may therefore be placed in this year, if  dea revolts from Athens. Congress of the Pelothe tale be true, which is very doubtful.          ponnesians in the autumn to decide upon war with
Death of _Eschylus, cet. 69.                         Athens.
455 The Messenians conquered by the Lacedeemonians in  Andocides the orator, one of the commanders of the
the tenth year of the war. Tolmides, the Athenian  Athenian fleet to protect the Corcyresans against
general, settles the expelled Messenians at Naupac-  the Corinthians.
tus. See B.C. 464. Tolmides sails round Pelopon-  Anaxagoras, prosecuted for impiety at Athens, withnesus with an Athenian fleet, and does great injury  draws to Lampsacus, where he died about four
to the Peloponnesians.                             years afterward.
End of the Egyptian war in the sixth year. See B.C.  Aspasia prosecuted by the comic poet Hermippus,
460. All Egypt conquered by the Persians, except   but acquitted through the influence of Pericles.
the marshes, where Amyrteaus continued to hold    Prosecution and death of Phidias.
out for some years. See B.C. 449.             431 First year of the Peloponnesian war. The Thebans
Euripides, set. 25, first gains the prize in tragedy.  make an attempt upon Platcece two months before
454 Campaign of Pericles at Sicyon and in Acarnania.     midsummer. Eighty days afterward, Attica is inCratinus, the comic writer, flourished.              vaded by the Peloponnesians. Alliance between
451 Ion of Chios, the tragic writer, begins to exhibit.  the Athenians and Sitalces, king of Thrace.
450 Five years' truce between the Athenians and Pelopon-  Hellanicus eat. 65, Herodotus aet. 53, Thucydides Eet.
nesians, made through the intervention of Cinlon.  40, at the commencement of the Peloponnesian war.
Anaxagoras, set. 50, withdraws from Athens, after re-  The Medea of Euripides exhibited.
siding there thirty years.                    430 Second year of the Peloponnesian war. Second inCrates, the comic poet, and Bacchylides, flourished.  vasion of Attica.
449 Renewal of the war with Persia. The Athenians send  The plague rages at Athens.
assistance to Amyrteaus. Death of Cimon, and vic- 429 Third year of the Peloponnesian war. Potidmea surtory of the Athenians at Salamis, in Cyprus.       renders to the Athenians after a siege of more than
448 Sacred war between the Delphians and Phocians for    two years. Naval actions of Phormio in the Cothe possession of the oracle and temple. The Lac-  rinthian gulf. Commencement of the siege of Plaedaemonians assisted the Delphians, and the Athe-  tease. Death of Pericles in the autumn.
nians the Phocians.                              Birth of Plato, the philosopher.
447 The Athenians defeated at Coronea by the Boeotians.  Eupolis and Phrynichus, the comic poets, exhibit.
445 Revolt of Eubcea and Megara from Athens. The five 428 Fourth year of the Peloponnesian war. Third invayears''truce having expired (see B.C. 450), the Lac-  sion of Attica. Revolt of all Lesbos except Meedsemonians, led by Plistoanax, invade Attica. Aft.  thymna. Mytilene besieged toward the autumn.
er the Lacedasmonians had retired, Pericles recov-  Death of Anaxagoras, eat. 72.
ers Euboea. The thirty years' truce between Athens  The Hippolytus of Euripides gains the first prize.
and Sparta.                                       Plato, the comic poet, first exhibits.
444 Pericles begins to have the sole direction of public af- 427 Fifth year of the Peloponnesian war. Fourth invafairs at Athens. Thucydides, the son of Milesias,  sion of Attica. Mytilene taken by the Athenians
the leader of the aristocratical party, ostracized.  and Lesbos recovered. The demagogue Cleon beMelissus and Empedocles, the philosophers, flour-    gins to have great influence in public affairs. Plaished.                                             teee surrendered to the Peloponnesians. Sedition
443 The Athenians send a colony to Thurii, in Italy.     at Corcyra. The Athenians send assistance to the
Herodotus, set. 41, and Lysias, Eat. 15, accompany this  Leontinians in Sicily.
colony to Thurii.                                Aristophanes, the comic poet, first exhibits. He gains
441 Euripides gains the first prize in tragedy.          the prize with the play called AasraXEil, which is
440 Samos revolts from Athens, but is subdued by Peri-   lost.
cles in the ninth month.                         Gorgias ambassador from Leontini to Athens. He
Sophocles, cBt. 55, was one of the ten Athenian gener-  was probably now nearly sixty years of age.
als who fought against Samos.                426 Sixth year of the Peloponnesian war. The PeloponMelissus, the philosopher, defends Samos against Per-  nesians do not invade Attica in consequence of an
ides.                                              earthquake.
A decree to prohibit comedy at Athens.             Lustration of Delos.




GREEK HISTORY.                                              967
B.C.                                                 B.C.
426 The Babylonians of Aristophanes.                       cuse. Gylippus, the Lacedaemonian, comes to the
425 Seventh year of the Peloponnesian war. Fifth inva-     assistance of the Syracusans.
sion of Attica. Demosthenes takes possession of    The Birds and As7phia'aus (a lost drama) of ArisPylos. The Spartans in the island of Sphacteria      tophanes.
surrendered to Cleon seventy-two days afterward.   Amipsias, the comic poet, gains the prize with his
Eruption of Mount YEtna.                               Kwxaarat.
Accession of Darius Nothus.                      413 Nineteenth year of the Peloponnesian war. Invasion
The Acharnians of Aristophanes.                        of Attica and fortification of Decelea, on the advice
424 Eighth year of the Peloponnesian war. Nicias rava-     of Alcibiades.
ges the coast of Laconia and captures the island of  Third campaign in Sicily. Demosthenes sent with a
Cythera. March of Brasidas into Thrace, who ob-      large force to the assistance of the Athenians. Totains possession of Acanthus and Amphipolis. The     tal destruction of the Athenian army and fleet. NiAthenians defeated by the Thebans at Delium.         cias and Demosthenes surrender and are put to
Socrates and Xenophon fought at the battle of Delium.  death on the 12th or 13th of September, 16 or 17
Thucydides, the historian, commanded at Amphipolis.     days after the eclipse of the moon, which took place
The Knights of Aristophanes.                           on the 27th of August.
423 Ninth year of the Peloponnesian war. Truce for a     IHegemon of Thasos, the comic poet, was exhibiting'year.                                                his parody of the Gigantomachia when the news
Thucydides banished in consequence of the loss of      arrived at Athens of the defeat in Sicily.
Amphipolis. He was 20 years in exile.          412 Twentieth year of the Peloponnesian war. The LesThe Clouds of Aristophanes first exhibited.            bians revolt from Athens. Alcibiades sent by the
Antiochus of Syracuse brought down his history to      Lacedaemonians to Asia to form a treaty with the
this date.                                           Persians. He succeeds in his mission, and forms a
422 Tenth year of the Peloponnesian war. Hostilities in    treaty with Tissaphernes, and urges the Athenian
Thrace between the Lacedaemonians and Atheni-        allies in Asia to revolt. The Athenians make use
ans. Both Brasidas and Cleon fall in battle. Athe-   of the 1000 talents deposited for extreme emergnian citizens at this time computed at 20,000.       encies.
The Wasps of Aristophanes, and second exhibition     The Andromeda of Euripides.
of the Clouds.                                  411 Twenty-first year of the Peloponnesian war. DemocDeath of Cratinus.                                     racy abolished at Athens, and the government inProtagoras, the sophist, comes to Athens.              trusted to a council of Four Hundred. This coun421 Eleventh year of the Peloponnesian war. Truce for      cil holds the government four months. The Athefifty years between the Athenians and Lacediemo-     nian army at Samos recalls Alcibiades from exile
nians. Though this truce was not formally de-        and appoints him one of their generals. He is aft.
clared to be at an end till B.C. 414, there were, not-  erward recalled by a vote of the people at Athens,
withstanding, frequent hostilities meantime.         but he remained abroad for the next four years at
The MapucKa and KsXa eK of Eupolis.                    the head of the Athenian forces. Mindarus, the
420 Twelfth year of the Peloponnesian war. Treaty be-      Lacedaemonian admiral, defeated at Cynossema.
tween the Athenians and Argives effected by means  Antiphon, the orator, had a great share in the estabof Alcibiades.                                       lishment of the Four Hundred. After their downThe "Aypiot of Pherecrates. The Avr6XvKos of Eu-       fall he is brought to trial and put to death.
polis.                                             The history of Thucydides suddenly breaks off in the
419 Thirteenth year of the Peloponnesian war. Alcibia-     middle of this year.
des marches into Peloponnesus.                     The Lysistrata and Thesmophoriazusce of Aristophanes.
The Peace of Aristophanes.                           Lysias returns from Thurii to Athens.
418 Fourteenth year of the Peloponnesian war. The Athe- 410 Twenty-second year of the Peloponnesian war. Min.
nians send a force into Peloponnesus to assist the    darus defeated and slain by Alcibiades at Cyzicus.
Argives against the Lacedaemonians, but are defeat- 409 Twenty-third year of the Peloponnesian war.
ed at the battle of Mantinea. Alliance between Spar-  The Philoctetes of Sophocles.
ta and Argos.                                      Plato, met. 20, begins to hear Socrates.
417 Fifteenth year of the Peloponnesian war.         408 Twenty-fourth year of the Peloponnesian war. Al416 Sixteenth year of the Peloponnesian war. The Athe-     cibiades recovers Byzantium.
nians conquer Melos.                               The Orestes of Euripides.
Agathon, the tragic poet, gains the prize.           The Plutus of Aristophanes.
415 Seventeenth year of the Peloponnesian war. The   407 Twenty-fifth year of the Peloponnesian war. AlcibiAthenian expedition against Sicily. It sailed after  ades returns to Athens. Lysander appointed the
midsummer, commanded by Nicias, Alcibiades, and      Lacedaemonian admiral and supported by Cyrus,
Lamachus. Mutilation of the Hermes at Athens         who this year received the government of the counbefore the fleet sailed. The Athenians take Cata-    tries on the Asiatic coast. Antiochus, the lieutenant
na. Alcibiades is recalled home: he makes his es-    of Alcibiades, defeated by Lysander at Notium in
cape, and takes refuge with the Lacedaemonians.      the absence of Alcibiades. Alcibiades is in conseAndocides, the orator, imprisoned on the mutilation    quence banished, and ten new generals appointed,
of the Herman. He escapes by turning informer.     Antiphanes, the comic poet, born.
He afterward went to Cyprus and other countries. 406 Twenty-sixth year of the Peloponnesian war. Call!Xenocles, the tragic poet, gains the first prize.      cratidas, who succeeded Lysander as LacedemnArchippus, the comic poet, gains the prize.            lian admiral, defeated by the Athenians in the sen414 Eighteenth year of the Peloponnesian war. Second       fight off the Arginusa islands. The Athenian gencampaign in Sicily.. The Athenians invest Syra-      erals condemned to death, because they had n. c




968                              CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF
B.C.                                                 B.C.
picked up the bodies of those who had fallen in the  396 Sophocles, the grandson of the geat Sophocles, bebattle.                                              gills to exhibit this year in his own name. See B.C.
406 Dionysius becomes master of Syracuse.                  401.
Death of Euripides.                                  Xenocrates, the philosopher, born.
Death of Sophocles.                              395 Second campaign of Agesilaus in Asia. He defeats
Philistus of Syracuse, the historian, espoused the     Tissaphernes, and becomes master of Western
cause of Dionysius.                                  Asia. Tissaphernes superseded by Tithraustes,
405 Twenty-seventh year of the Peloponnesian war. Ly-      who sends envoys into Greece to induce the Greek
sander defeats the Athenians off zEgospotami, and    states to declare war against Lacedaemon. Corntakes or destroys all their fleet with the exception  mencement of the war of the Greek states against
of dight ships, which fled with Conon to Cyprus.     Lacedaemon. Lysander slain at Haliartus.
The Frogs of Aristophanes acted in February at the   Plato, aet. 34, returns to Athens.
Lensea.                                        394 Agesilaus recalled from Asia to fight against the Greek
404 Twenty-eighth and last year of the Peloponnesian       states, who had declared war against Lacedaimon.
war. Athens taken by Lysander in the spring, on      He passed the Hellespont about midsummer, and
the 16th of the month Munychion. Democracy           was at the entrance of Boeotia on the 14th of Auabolished, and the government intrusted to thirty    gust. He defeats the allied forces at Coronea. A
men, usually called the Thirty Tyrants.              little before the latter battle, the Lacedeemonians
The Thirty Tyrants held their power for eight months,  also gained a victory near Corinth; but about the
till Thrasybulus occupied Phyle and advanced to      same time, Conon, the Athenian admiral, and Pharthe Piraeus.                                         nabazus, gained a decisive victory over Pisander,
Death of Alcibiades during the tyranny of the Thirty.  the Spartan admiral, off Cnidus.
Lysias banished after the battle of Egospotami.      Xenophon accompanied Agesilaus from Asia, and
403 Thrasybulus and his party obtain possession of the     fought against his country at Coronea. He was, in
Piraeus, from whence they carried on war for sev-    consequence, banished from Athens. He retired
eral months against the Ten, the successors of the   under Lacedaemonian protection to Scillus, where
Thirty. They obtain possession of Athens before      he composed his works.
HIecatombeeon (July); but the contest between the  Theopompus brought his history'down to this year.
parties was not finally concluded till Boedromion    It embraced a period of 17 years, from the battle
(September). The date of the amnesty, by which       of Cynossema, B.C. 411, to the battle of Cnidos,
the exiles were restored, was the 12th of Boedro-    B.C. 394.
mion. Euclides was archon at the time.         393 Sedition at Corinth and victory of the LacedaemoniThucydides, Eet. 68, Lysias, and Andocides return to   ans at Lechaeum. Pharnabazus and Conon ravage
Athens.                                              the coasts of Peloponnesus. Conon begins to re401 Expedition of Cyrus against his brother Artaxerxes.    store the long walls of Athens and the fortifications
He falls in the battle of Cunaxa, which was fought   of the Piraeus.
in the autumn. His Greek auxiliaries commence  392 The Lacedaemonians under Agesilaus ravage the Cotheir return to Greece, usually called the retreat   rinthian territory, but a Spartan mora is cut to
of the Ten Thousand.                                 pieces by Iphicrates.
First year of the war of Lacedaemon and Elis.        The Ecclesiazzlsc of Aristophanes.
Xenophon accompanied Cyrus, and afterward was 391 Expedition of Agesilaus into Acarnania.
the principal general of the Greeks in their retreat.  Speech of Andocides " On the Peace." He is banCtesias, the historian, was physician at the court of  ished.
Artaxerxes at this time.                           Plato, the comic poet, exhibits.
The (Edipus at Colonus of Sophocles exhibited, after 390 Expedition of Agesipolis into Argolis. The Persians
his death, by his grandson Sophocles. See B.C. 406.  again espouse the cause of the Lacedaemonians, and
Telestes gains a dithyrambic prize.                    Conon is thrown into prison. The Athenians assist
400 Return of the Ten Thousand to Greece.                  Evagoras of Cyprus against the Persians. ThraSecond year of the war of Lacedsemon and Elis.         sybulus, the Athenian commander, is defeated and
The speech of Andocides on the Mysteries: he is now    slain by the Lacedaemonian Teleutias at Aspendus.
about 67 years of age.                         389 Agyrrhius sent, as the successor of Thrasybulus, to
399 The Lacedaemonians send Thimbron with an army          Aspendus, and Iphicrates to the Hellespont.
to assist the Greek cities in Asia against Tissapher.  Plato, et. 40, goes to Sicily: the first of the three voynes and Pharnabazus. The remainder of the Ten        ages.
Thousand incorporated with the troops of Thim-      Eschines born about this time.
brou. In the autumn Thimbron was superseded    388 Antalcidas, the Lacedaemonian commander on the
by Dercyllidas.                                      Asiatic coasf, opposed to Iphicrates and Chabrias,
Third and last year of the war of Lacedaemon and     The second edition of the Plutus of Aristophanes.
Elis.                                          387 The peace of Antalcidas.
Death of Socrates, met. 70.                          Antiphanes, the comic poet, begins to exhibit.
Plato withdraws to Megara.                       386 Restoration of Plataesa, and independence of the towns
398 Dercyllidas continues the war in Asia with success.    of Boeotia.
Ctesias brought his Persian History down to this year. 385 Destruction of Mantinea by the Lacedeemonians an.
Astydamras, the tragic poet, first exhibits.           der Agesipolis.
Philoxenus, Timotheus, and Telestes flourished.      Great sea-fight between Evagoras and the Persians,
397 Dercylidas still continues the war in Asia.     384 Birth of Aristotle.
396 Agesilaus supersedes Dercyllidas. First campaign  382 First year of the Olynthian war. The Lacedammoniof Agesilaus in Asia. le winters at Ephesus.         ans commanded by Teleutias.




GREEK     HISTORY.                                       969
B..                                                B.C.
382 Phcebidas seizes the Cadmea, the citadel of Thebes. 370 Expedition of Agesilaus into Arcadia.
This was before Teleutias marched to Olynthus.   Jason of Pherse slain. After the interval of a year,
Birth of Demosthenes.                                Alexander of Pher;e succeeds to his power in
381 Second year of the Olynthian war. Teleutias slain,   Thessaly.
and the command taken by Agesipolis.          369 First invasion of Peloponnesus by the Thebans.
380 Third year of the Olynthian war. Death of Agesipo-   They remain in Peloponnesus four months, and
lis, who is succeeded by Polybiades.               found Messene.
The Panegyricus of Isocrates.                  368 Second invasion of Peloponnesus by the Thebans.
379 Fourth and last year of the Olynthian war. The     Expedition of Pelopidas to Thessaly. He is imprisOlynthians surrender to Polybiades.                oned by Alexander of Pherse, but Epaminondas
Surrender of Phlius, after a siege of 20 months, to  obtains his release.
Agesilaus.                                       Eudoxus flourished.
The Cadmea recovered by the Theban exiles in the   Aphareus begins to exhibit tragedy.
winter.                                       367 Archidamus gains a victory over the Arcadians.
378 Cleombrotus sent into Boeotia in the middle of win-  Embassy of Pelopidas to Persia.
ter, but returned without effecting any thing. The  Death of the elder Dionysius of Syracuse, after a reign
Lacedaemonian Sphodrias makes an attempt upon      of 38 years.
the Pirsaus. The Athenians form an alliance with  Aristotle, sat. 17, comes to Athens.
the Thebans against Sparta. First expedition of  366 Third invasion of Peloponnesus by the Thebans.
Agesilaus into Boeotia.                          The Archidamus of Isocrates.
Death of Lysias.                                365 War between Arcadia and Elis.
377 Second expedition of Agesilaus into Bceotia    364 Second campaign of the war between Arcadia and
376 Cleombrotus marches into Boeotia, and sustains a     Elis. Battle of Olympia at the time of the games.
slight repulse at the passes of Cithsaron.       Demosthenes, sat. 18, delivers his oration against
The Lacedsamonian fleet conquered by Chabrias off    Aphobus.
Naxos, and the Athenians recover the dominion of  362 Fourth invasion of Peloponnesus by the Thebans.
the sea.                                           Battle of Mantinea, in June, in which Epaminondas
Tenth and last year of the war between Evagoras      is killed.
and the Persians.                                Xenophon brought down his Greek history to the
Demosthenes left an orphan in his seventh year.      battle of lantinea.
Anaxandrides, the comic poet, flourished.           Eschines, the orator, set. 27, is present at Mantinea.
375 Cleombrotus sent into Phocis, which had been invaded  361 A general peace between all the belligerents, with the
by the Thebans, who withdraw into their own coun-  exception of the Lacedeamonians, because the latter
try on his arrival.                                would not acknowledge the independence of the
Araros, the son of Aristophanes, first exhibits corn-  essenians.
edy.                                              Agesilaus goes to Egypt to assist Tachos, and dies in
Eubulus, the comic poet, flourished.                 the winter, when preparing to return home.
374 The Athenians, jealous of the Thebans, conclude a  Birth of Dinarchus, the orator.
peace with Lacedsemon. Timotheus, the Atheni- 360 War between the Athenians and Olynthians for the
an commander, takes Corcyra, and on his return     possession of Amphipolis. Timotheus, the Athenito Athens restores the Zacynthian exiles to their  an general, repulsed at Amphipolis.
country. This leads to a renewal of the war be-  Theopompus commenced his history from this year.
tween Athens and Lacedremon.                  359 Accession of Philip, king of Macedonia, set. 23. He
Second destruction of Platssa.                       defeats Argsaus, who laid claim to the throne, deJason elected Tagus of Thessaly.                     dares Amphipolis a free city, and makes peace with
Isocrates advocated the cause of the Plataeans in his  the Athenians. He then defeats the Pseonians and
IIHXa ra'K o.                                     Illyrians.
373 The Lacedaemonians attempt to regain possession of  Death of Alexander of Phersa, who was succeeded
Corcyra, and send Mnasippus with a force for the   by Tisiphonus.
purpose, but he is defeated and slain by the Corcy- 358 Amphipolis taken by Philip. Expedition of the Athersaans. Iphicrates, with Callistratus and Chabrias  nians into Euboea.
as his colleagues, sent to Corcyra.           357 Chios, Rhodes, and Byzantium revolt from Athens.
Prosecution of Timotheus by Callistratus and Iphic-  First year of the Social War. Chares and Chabrirates.  Timotheus is acquitted.                    as sent against Chios, but fail in their attempt upon
572 Timotheus goes to Asia. Iphicrates continued in the  the island. Chabrias killed.
command of a fleet in the Ionian Sea.            The Phocians seize Delphi. Commencement of the
The most eminent orators of this period were Leoni-  Sacred War. The Thebans and the Locrians are
das, Callistratus, Aristophon the Azenian, Cepha-  the chief opponents of the Phocians.
lus the Colyttian, Thrasybulus the Colyttian, and  Dion sails from Zacynthus and lands in Sicily about
Diophantus.                                        September.
Astydamas gains the prize in tragedy.              Death of Democritus, sat, 104, of Iippocrates, sat. 104,
7t31 Congress at Sparta, and general peace, from which   and of the poet Timotheus.
the Thebans were excluded, because they would  356 Second year of the Social war.
not grant the independence of the Boeotian towns.  Birth of Alexander, the son of Philip and Olympias,
The Lacedsamonians, commanded by Cleombrotus,        at the time of the Olympic games.
invade Boeotiat but are defeated by the Thebans  Potid'sa taken by Philip, who gives it to Olynthus.
under Epaminondas at the battle of Leactra.      Dionysius the younger expelled from Syracuse by
a'nclndation of Megalopolis.                         Dion, after a reign of 12 years.




970                              CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF
B.c.                                                 B.C.
356 Philistus, the historian, espouses the side of Dionys- 339 Xenocrates succeeds Speusippus at the Academy.
ius, but is defeated and slain.                338 Philip is chosen general of the Amphictyons, to carry
The speech of Isocrates De Pace.                       on the war against Amphissa. He marches through
355 Third and last year of the Social War. Peace con-      Thermopylae, and seizes Elatea. The Athenians
eluded between Athens and her former allies.         form an alliance with the Thebans; but their united
354 Trial and condemnation of Timotheus.                  -forces are defeated by Philip at the battle of ChinDemosthenes begins to speak in the assemblies of the   ronea, fought on the 7th of Metageitnionf (August).
people.                                              Philip becomes master of Greece. Congress at
353 Philip seizes upon Pagasas, and begins to besiege Me-  Corinth, in which war is declared by Greece against
thone.                                               Persia, and Philip appointed to conduct it.
Death of Dion.                                       Death of Isocrates, set. 98.
352 Philip takes Methone and enters Thessaly. He de- 337 Death of Timoleon.
feats and slays Onoinarchus, the Phocian general, 336 Murder of Philip, and accession of his son Alexander,
expels the tyrants from Pheree, and becomes mas-      st. 20.
ter of Thessaly. He attempts to pass Thermopy-     Dinarchus, ast. 26, began to compose orations.
lae, but is prevented by the Athenians.        335 Alexander marches against the Thracians, Triballi,
War between Lacedeemon and Megalopolis.                and Illyrians. While he is engaged in the war,
The first Philippic of Demosthenes.                    Thebes revolts. He forthwith marches southward,
351 Speech of Demosthenes for the Rhodians.                and destroys Thebes.
349 The Olynthians, attacked by Philip, ask succor firm  Philippides, the comic poet, flourished.
Athens.                                         334 Alexander commences the war against Persia. He
The Olynthiac orations of Demosthenes.                 crosses the Hellespont in the spring, defeats the
348 Olynthian war continued.                               Persian satraps at the Granicus in the month TharThe speech of Demosthenes against Midias.              gelion (May), and conquers the western part of
347 Olynthus taken and destroyed by Philip.                Asia Minor.
Death of Plato, set. 82. Speusippus succeeds Plato.  Aristotle returns to Athens.
Aristotle, upon the death of Plato, went to Atarnae. 333 Alexander subdues Lycia in the winter, collects his
Anaxandrides, the comic poet, exhibits.                forces at Gordium in the spring, and defeats Darius
346 Peace between Philip and the Athenians.                at Issus late in the autumn.
Philip overruns Phocis and brings the Sacred war to  332 Alexander takes Tyre, after a siege of seven months,
an end, after it had lasted ten years. All the Pho-  in Hecatombscon (July). He takes Gaza in Sepcilan cities, except Abme, were destroyed.           tember, and then marches into Egypt, which subOration of Isocrates to Philip.                        mits to him. In the winter he visits the oracle of
Oration of Demosthenes on the Peace.                   Ammon, and gives orders for the foundation of Al.
345 Speech of _Eschines against Timarchus.                 exandrea.
344 Timoleon sails from Corinth to Syracuse, to expel    Stephanus, the comic poet, flourished.
the tyrant Dionysius.                          331 Alexander sets out from  Memphis in the spring,
Aristotle, after three years' stay at Atarnws, went to  marches through Phoenicia and Syria, crosses the
Mytilene.                                            Euphrates at Thapsacus in the middle of the sumThe second Philippic of Demosthenes.                   mer, and defeats Darius again at Arbela or Gauga343 Timoleon completes the conquest of Syracuse.           mela on the 1st of October. He wintered at PerDionysius was thus finally expelled. He had regained   sepolis.
the sovereignty after his first expulsion by Dion.  In Greece, Agis is defeated and slain by Antipater.
Disputes between Philip and the Athenians. An Athe- 330 Alexander marches into Media, and takes Ecbatana.
nian expedition is sent into Acamnania to counteract  From thence he sets out in pursuit of Darius, who
Philip, who was in that country.                     is slain by Bessus. After the death of Darius, AlThe speech of Demosthenes respecting Halonnesus.       exander conquers Hyrcania, and marches in purThe speeches of Demosthenes and JEschines, IIepi       suit of Bessus through Drangiana and Arachosia,
Hapa7rpe6dagt.                                       toward Bactria.
342 Philip's expedition to Thrace. He is opposed by Di-  The speech of IEschines against Ctesiphon, and the
opithes, the Athenian general at the Chersonesus.    speech of Demosthenes on the Crown. aEschines,
Aristotle comes to the court of Philip.                after his failure, withdrew to Asia.
Death of Menander.                                   Speech of Lycurgus against Leocrates.
Isocrates, aet. 94, began to compose the Panathenaic  Philemon began to exhibit comedy, during the reign
oration.                                             of Alexander, a little earlier than Menander.
341 Philip is still in Thrace, where he wintered.    329 Alexander marches across the Paropamisus in the
The oration of Demosthenes on the Chersonesus, in      winter, passes the Oxus, takes Bessus, and reaches
which he vindicates the conduct of Diopithes, and    the Jaxartes, where lhe founds a city Alexandrea.
the third and fourth Philippics.                     He subsequently crosses the Jaxartes, and defeats
Birth of Epicurus.                                    the Scythians. He winters at Bactra.
340 Philip besieges Selymbria, Perinthus, and Byzantium. 328 Alexander is employed during the whole of this camIsocrates completes the Panathenaic oration. See       paign in the conquest of Sogdiana.
B.C. 342.                                          Crates, the cynic, flourished.
Ephorus brought down his history to the siege of Pe- 327 Alexander completes the conquest of Sogdiana early
rinthus.                                             in the spring. He marries Roxana, the daughter
339 Renewal of the war between Philip and the Atheni-      of Oxyartes, a Bactrian prince. After the subjatgaans. Phocion compels Philip to raise the siege       tion of Sogdiana, Alexander returns to Bactra, froin
both of Byzantium and Perinthus.                     whence he marches to invade India. He cTrsse



GREEK HISTORY.                                              971
B.C                                                  B.C.
the Hydaspes, and defeats Porus. He continues        menes surrendered by the Argyraspids, and put to
his march as far as the Hyphasis, but is there com-  death. Antigonus becomes master of Asia. Seleu.
pelled by his troops to return to the Hydaspes. In   cus flies from Babylon, and takes refuge with Ptolethe autumn he begins to sail down the Hydaspes       my in Egypt.
and the Indus to the ocean, which he reached in    Cassander takes Pydna, and puts Olympias to death.
July in the following year.                          He marries Thessalonice, the daughter of Philip,
326 Alexander returns to Persia with part of his troops    and keeps Roxana and her son Alexander IV. in
through Gedrosia. He sends Nearchus with the         custody. Cassander rebuilds Thebes.
fleet to sail fronm the mouths of the Indus to the Per- 315 Coalition of Seleucus, Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysian Gulf. Nearchus accomplishes the voyage in       simachus against Antigonus. First year of the war.
129 days.                                          Polemon succeeds Xenocrates at the Academy.
3S5 Alexander reaches Susa at the beginning of the year. 314 Second year of the war against Antigonus. SuccessToward the close of ithe visits Ecbatana, where      es of Cassander in Greece. Antigonus conquers
Hephsestion dies. Campaign against the Cossasi       Tyre, and winters in Phrygia.
in the winter.                                     Death of the orator 7Eschines, set. 75.
324 Alexander reaches Babylon in the spring.         313 Third year of the war against Antigonus.
Harpalus comes to Athens, and bribes many of the  312 Fourth year of the war against Antigonus. Ptolemy
Greek orators.                                       and Seleucus defeat Demetrius, the son of AntigoDemosthenes, accused of having received a bribe        nus, at Gaza. Seleucus recovers Babylon on the
from Harpalus, is condemned to pay a fine of 50      1st of October, from which the era of the Seleucitalents. He withdraws to Trcezen and /Egina.         de commences.
323 Death of Alexander at Babylon in June, after a reign  311 General peace.
of twelve years'and eight months.                  Murder of Ioxana and Alexander IV. by Cassander.
Division of the satrapies among Alexander's generals. 310 Hercules, the son of Alexander and Barsine, a preThe Greek'states make war against. Macedonia, usn-     tender to the throne.
ally called the Lamian war. Leosthenes, the Athe-  Ptolemy appears as liberator of the Greeks. Renewnian general, defeats Antipater, and besieges Lamia,  al of hostilities between him and Antigonus.
in which Antipater had taken refuge. Death of Le-  Agathocles lands in Africa.
osthenes.                                          Epicurus, set. 31, begins to teach at Mytilene and
Demosthenes returns to Athens.                         Lampsacus.
Hyperides pronounces the funeral oration over those  309 Hercules murdered by Polysperchon.
who had fallen in the-Lamian war.               308 Ptolemy's expedition to Greece.
Epicurus, set. 18, cones to Athens.              307 Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, becomes master of
Death of Diogenes, the cynic.                          Athens. Demetrius Phalereus leaves the city.
322 Leonnatus comes to the assistance of Antipater, but  The orator Dinarchus goes into exile.
is defeated and slain. Craterus comes to the assist- 306 Demetrius recalled from Athens. He defeats Ptoleance of Antipater. Defeat of the confederates at     my in a great sea-fight off Salamis in Cyprus. Aftthe battle of Crannon on the 7th of August. End      er that battle Antigonus assumes the title of king,
of the Lamian war. Munychia occupied by the          and his example is followed by Ptolemy, Seleucus,
Macedenians on the 19th of September.                Lysimachus, and Cassander.
Death of Demosthenes on the 14th of October.         Antigonus invades Egypt, but is compelled to retreat.
Death of Aristotle, set. 63, at Chalcis, whither he had  Epicurus settles at Athens, where he teaches about
withdrawn from Athens a few months before.           36 years, till his death, at the age of 72.
321 Antipater and Craterus cross over into Asia, to carry  305 Rhodes besieged by Demetrius.
on war against Perdiccas. Craterus is defeated and  304 Demetrius makes peace with the Rhodians, and reslain by Eumenes, who had espoused the side of       turns to Athens.
Perdiccas. Perdiccas invades Egypt, where he is 303 Demetrius carries on the war in Greece with success
slain by his own troops. Partition of the provinces  against Cassander.
at Triparadisus.                               302 War continued in Greece between Demetrius and
Menander, set. 20, exhibits his first comedy.          Cassander.
320 Antigonus carries on war against Eumenes.            Demochares, the nephew of Demosthenes, banished.
319 Death of Antipater, after appointing Polysperchon re-  Archedicus, the comic poet, fourished.
gent, and his son Cassander chiliarch.         301 Demetrius crosses over to Asia.
Escape of Eumenes firom Nora, where he had been      Battle of Ipsus, in Phrygia, about the month of Aulong besieged by Antigonus.                          gust, in which Lysimachus and Seleucus defeat AnDesmades put to death by Cassander.                   tigonus and Demetrius. Antigonus, set. 81, falls in
318 War between Cassander and Polysperchon in Greece.     the battle.
The Athenians put Phocion to death. Athens is      Hieronymus of Cardia, the historian, flourished.
conquered by Cassander, who places it under the  300 Demetrius obtains possession of Cilicia, and marries
government of Demetrius Phalereus.                   his daughter Stratonice to Seleucus.
317 Eumenes is appointed by Polysperchon commander       Birth of Lycon, the Peripatetic.
of the royal forces in the East, and is opposed by  297 Demetrius returns to Greece, and makes an attempt
Antigonus. Battle of Gabiene, between Eumenes        upon Athens, but is repulsed.
and Antigonus.                                     Death of Cassander, and accession of his son Philip.
Death of Arridsaus, Philip, and Eurydice.        296 Death ofPhilip, and accession of his brother Antipater.
Olympias returns to Macedonia, and is besieged by    Demetrius takes Salamis and dEgina, and lays siae
Cassander at Pydna.                                  to Athens.
316 Last battle between Antigonus and Eumenes. Eu-       Pyrrhus returns to Epirus,




972                              CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF
B.C.                                                 B.C.
295 Demetrius takes Athens                           241 Agis IV., king of Sparta, put to death in consequence
294 Demetrius makes an expedition into Peloponnesus.       of his attempts to reform the state.
Civil war in Macedonia between the two brothers  239 Death of Antigonus, and accession of his son DemeAntipater and Alexander.                             trius IL
Demetrius becomes king of Macedonia.             236 Cleomenes III. becomes King of Sparta.
292 Demetrius conquers Thebes.                       229 Death of Demetrius II., and accession of Antigonua
Dinarchus returns from exile.                          Doson, who was left by Demetrius guardian of his
291 Lysimachus defeated, and taken prisoner by the Geta.   son Philip.
Second insurrection of Thebes against Demetrius.  227 Cleomenes commences war against the Achsean
Pyrrhus invades Thessaly, but is obliged to retire be-  league.
fore Demetrius.                                226 Cleomenes carries on the war with success against
Death of Menander, sat. 52.                            Aratus, who is again the general of the Achaean
290 Demetrius takes Thebes a second time. He cele-         league.
brates the Pythian games at Athens.             225 Reforms of Cleomenes at Sparta.
289 Demetrius carries on war against Pyrrhus and the  224 The Achseans call in the assistance of Antigonus Do.
AEtolians. He marries Lanassa, one of the wives      son against Cleomenes.
of Pyrrhus, and the daughter of Agathocles.    222 Mantinea taken by Antigonus and Megalopolis by
Posidippus, the comic poet, begins to exhibit.         Cleomenes.
288 Death of Agathocles.                             221 Antigonus defeats Cleomenes at Sellasia, and obtains
287 Coalition against Demetrius. He is driven out of       possession of Sparta. Cleomenes sails to Egypt,
Macedonia, and his dominions divided between Ly-     where he dies. Extinction of the royal line of the
simachus and Pyrrhus.                                Heraclidae at Sparta.
Demetrius sails to Asia.                          220 Death of Antigonus Doson, and accession of Philip
Pyrrhus driven out of Macedonia by Lysimachus,         V., ret. 17.
after seven months' possession.                    The Achaeans and Aratus are defeated by the A2toliStrato succeeds Theophrastus.                          ans. The Achaeans apply for assistance to Philip,
286 Demetrius surrenders himself to Seleucus, who keeps    who espouses their cause. Commencement of the
him in captivity.                                    Social war.
285 Ptolemy II. Philadelphus is associated in the kingdom  The history of Aratus ended in this year, and that of
by his father.                                       Polybius commences.
284 Demetrius, at. 54, dies in captivity at Apamea,in Syria. 219 Successes of Philip. He invades JEtolia and Elis,
283 Death of Ptolemy Soter, sat. 84.                       and winters at Argos.
281 Lysimachus is defeated and slain by Seleucus at the  Phylarchus, the historian, flourished.
battle of Corupedion.                           218 Continued successes of Philip. He again invades
280 Seleucus murdered by Ptolemy Ceraunus, seven           YEtolia, and afterward Laconia.
months after the death of Lysimachus.           217 Third and last year of the Social war. Peace cons
Antiochus I., the son of Seleucus, becomes King of     eluded.
Asia, Ptolemy Ceraunus King of Thrace and Mace- 215 Philip concludes a treaty with Hannibal.
donia.                                         214 Eratosthenes flourished.
Pyrrhus crosses into Italy.                      213 Philip removes Aratus by poison.
Irruption of the Gauls and death of Ptolemy Cerau-   Birth of Carneades.
nus. He issucceededbyhis brother Meleager, who  212 Death of Archimedes at the capture of Syracuse by
reigns only two months.                              the Romans.
Rise of the Acheaan league.                      211 Treaty between Rome and the Etolians against Philip,
Demosthenes honored with a statue on the motion of  210 The Romans take 2Egina.
~  his nephew Demochares.                          209 Philip invades Elis.
Birth of Chrysippus.                             208 Philip marches into Peloponnesus to assist the Achs
279 Antipater King of Macedonia for a short time. Sos-     ans.
thenes, the Macedonian general, checks the Gauls.  Philopmmen is elected general of the Achbean league,
The Gauls, under Brennus, invade Greece, but Bren-   and effects important reforms in the army.
nus and a great part of his army are destroyed at 207 Philopemen defeats and slays Machanidas, tyrant of
Delphi. Death of Sosthenes.                          Lacedaemon, at the battle of Mantinea.
278 Antigonus Gonatas becomes King of Macedonia.         Death of Chrysippus, who was succeeded by Zeno
Zeno of Cittium flourished at Athens.                  of Tarsus.
275 Birth of Eratosthenes.                           205 The IEtolians make peace with Philip.
274 Pyrrhus returns to Italy.                            Philip's treaty with Rome.
Birth of Euphorion.                              202 Nabis, tyrant of Lacedaemon, takes Messene.
273 Pyrrhus invades Macedonia, and expels Antigonus      Philip makes war upon the Rhodians and Attalus.
Gonatas.                                       201 Philopcemen, general of the Achaeans, defeats Nabis,
272 Pyrrhus invades Peloponnesus, and perishes in an     Philip takes Chios, and winters in Caria.
attack on Argos. Antigonus regains Macedonia.  200 Philip returns to Macedonia. War between Philip
270 Death of Epicurus, set. 72.                            and Rome, which continues till B.C. 197. See the
262 Death of Philemon, the comic poet, set. 97.            Roman Tables.
251 Aratus delivers Sicyon, and unites it to the Achean  Aristophanes, the grammarian, flourished.
league.                                        197 Philip defeated at the battle of Cynoscephale.
250 Arsaces founds the Parthian monarchy.            196 Greece declared free by Flamininus at the Istluiasa
243 Aratus, a second time general of the Achesan league,  games.
delivers Corinth from the Macedonians.         194 Death of Eratosthenes, ate. 80.




GREEK HISTORY.                                            93
9 P         en    eatNab           afwarlain             eat           and a.C.
192 Philopoemen defeats Nabis, who is afterward slain by  179 Death of Philip and accession of Perseus.
the ZEtolians. Lacedeemon is added by Philopce- 171 War between Perseus and Rome, which continues
men to the Achaean league.                         till B.C. 168. See the Roman Tables.
Antiochus comes into Greece to assist the ZEtolians 168 Defeat and capture of Perseus by 2Emilius Paulus.
against the Romans. He winters at Chalcis.        Division of Macedonia.
191 Antiochus and the ZEtolians defeated by the Romans 167 One thousand of the principal Achaeans are sent to
at the battle of Thermopylae.                       Rome.
190 The Romans besiege Amphissa, and grant a truce to   Polybius is among the Achaean exiles.
the Etolians.                                 151 Return of the Achaean exiles.
169 The Romans besiege Ambracia, and grant peace to  149 Andriscus, pretending to be the son of Perseus, lays
the XEtolians.                                      claim to the Macedonian throne.
188 Philopcemen again general of the Achaean league, sub- 148 Andriscus conquered by Metellus.
jugates Sparta, and abrogates the laws of Lycurgus. 147 Macedonia reduced to the form of a Roman province.
183 The Messenians revolt from  the Achaean league.     War between Rome and the Achaeans.
They capture and put to death Philopcemen, eet. 70. 146 Destruction of Corinth by Mummius. Greece be182 Polybius, the historian, carries the urn at the funeral  comes a Roman province. [Although this is denied,
of Phiopoemen,                                      in an able dissertation, by C. F. Hermann.]




CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF ROMAN HISTORY,
FROM THE FOUNDATION OF THE CITY, B.C. 753, TO THE FALL OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE, A.D. 476.
B.C.                                                 B.C.
753 Foundation of Rome on the Palatine Mount, on the           P. Postumius Tubertus.
Palilia, the 21st of April. This is the era of Varro. 504 Coss. P. Valerius Poplicola IV.
According to Cato, Rome was founded in B.C. 751;         T. Lucretius Tricipitinus II.
according to Polybius, in B.C. 750; according to    Appius Claudius removes to Rome.
Fabius Pictor, in 747.                          503 Coss. P. Postumius Tubertus II.
753 Romulus, first Roman king, reigned thirty-seven            Agrippa Menenius Lanatus.
to   years. Rape of the Sabine women. Conquest          Death of P. Valerius Poplicola.
716   of the Ceaninenses, Crustumini, and Antemnates. 502 Coss. Opiter Virginius Tricostus.
War and league with the Sabines, who settle on           Sp. Cassius Viscellinus.
the Capitoline and Quirinal, under their king Ta- 501 Coss. Postumus Cominius Auruncus.
tius. Tatius slain at Laurentum. Wars with Fi-           T. Lartius Flavus s. Rufus.
dense and Veii.                                    Institution of the dictatorship. T. Lartius Flavus s
716 Interregnum for a year.                                Rufus was the first dictator, and Sp. Cassius Vis
716 Numa Pompilius, second Roman king. The length          cellinus the first magister equitum.
to   of Numa's reign is stated differently. Livy makes  500 Coss. Ser. Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus.
673  it 43 years; Cicero, who follows Polybius, 39 years.      M. Tullius Longus. Died.
Constant peace during Numa's reign. Institution  499 Coss. T. Ebutius Elva.
of religious ceremonies and regulation of the year.      P. Veturius Geminus Cicurinus.
673 Tullus Hostilius, third Roman king, reigned 32 years. 498 Coss. T. Lartius Flavus s. Rufus II.
to   Destruction of Alba, and removal of its inhabitants      Q. Clcelius (Volcula) Siculus.
641  to Rome. War with Veii and Fidenwe. League          Diet. A. Postumius Albus Regillensis.
with the Latins.                                    Mag. Eq. T. _Ebutius Elva.
640 Ancus Alarcius, fourth Roman king, reigned 24 years.  Battle of Lake Regillus, in which the Latins are deto   Origin of the plebeians, consisting of conquered     feated by the Romans. Some writers place this
616   Latins settled on the Aventine. Extension of the     battle in B.C. 496, in which year Postumius was
city. Ostia founded.                                 consul.
616 L. Tarquinius Priscus, fifth Roman king. Greatness  497 Coss. A. Sempronius Atratinus.
to   of the Roman monarchy. Great public works un-            M. Minucius Augurinus.
578   dertaken. Conquest of the Sabines and Latins. 496 Coss. A. Postumius Albus Regillensis.
The senate increased to 300. The number of the           T. Virginius Tricostus Cealiomontanus.
equites doubled. Institution of the minores gentes.  Tarquinius Superbus dies at Cumae.
578 Servius Tullius, sixth Roman king, reigned 44 years. 495 Coss. Ap. Claudius Sabinus Regillensis.
to   He adds the Esquiline and Viminalis to the city,         P. Servilius Priscus Structus.
534   and surrounds the city with a stone wall. Consti-  Oppression of the plebeians by the patricians. The
tution of Servius Tullius. Institution of the 30 pie-  tribes increased from 20 to 21 by the addition of the
beian tribes, and of the comitia centuriata.         tribus Claudia.
534 L. Tarquinius Superbus, last Roman king. The con- 494 Coss. A. Virginius Tricostus Ceeliomontanus.
to   stitution of Servius Tullius abrogated. Tarquin be-      T. Veturius Geminus Cicurinus.
510   comes ruler of Latium. Malkes war upon the Vol-    Diet. M'. Valerius Volusus Maximus.
scians, and conquers Suessa Pometia. Sends colo-   iMag. Eq. Q. Servilius Priscus Structus.
nies to Signia and Circeii. Expulsion of the Tar-  First secession of the plebs to the Sacred Mount. In.
quins and establishment of the republic.             stitution of the Tribuni plebis and iEdiles plebis.
509 Coss. L. Junius Brutus. Slain in battle.               Colony sent to Velitrae.
L. Tarquinius Collatinus. Abdicated.        493 Coss. Sp. Cassius Viscellinus II.
Sp. Lucretius Tricipitinus. Died.                    Postumus Cominius Auruncus II.
MI. Horatius Pulvillus.                         Treaty with the Latins concluded by Sp. Cassius.
P. Valerius Poplicola.                            War with the Volscians, and capture of Corioli.
War with the Etruscans, and death of Brutus in bat- 492 Coss. T. Geganius Macerinus.
tie. First treaty with Carthage.                         P. Minucius Augurinus..508 Coss. P. Valerius Poplicola II.                     Lex Icilia. Famine at Rome. Colony sent to Norba,
T. Lucretius Tricipitinus.                  491 Coss. MI. Minucius Augurinus LI.
War with Porsena, king of Clusium.                        A. Sempronius Atratinus II.
507 Coss. P. Valerius Poplicola III.                     M. Coriolanus goes into exile among the Volscians.
MI. Horatius Pulvillus II.                  490 Coss. Q. Sulpicius Carerinus Cornutus.
Dedication of the Capitoline temple by the consul         Sp. Lartius Flavus s. Rufus II.
Horatius.                                      489 Coss. C. Julius Julus.
506 Coss. Sp. Lartius Flavus s. Rufus.                        P. Pinarius Mamercinus Rufus.
T. Herminius Aquilinus.                        The Volscians, commanded by Coriolanus, attack
505 Coss. M. Valerius VolusuB.                             ltome.




CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES, ETC.                                           975
B.C,                                                 B.C.
488 Coss. Sp. Nautius Rutilus.                       467 Cosu. Ti. Emilius Mamercus II.
Sex. Furius Medullinus Fusus..Q. Fabius Vibulanus.
Successes of Volscians. Retreat of Coriolanus.       Colony sent to Antium.
487 Coss. T. Sicinius Sabinus.                       466 Coss. Sp. Postumius Albus Regillensis.
C. Aquilius Tuscus.                                  Q. Servilius Priscus Structus II.
486 Coss. Proculus Virginius Tricostus Rutilus.      465 Coss. Q. Fa-ius Vibulanus II.
Sp. Cassius Viscellinus III.                         T. Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus III.
League concluded by Sp. Cassius with the Hernici.    War with the AEquians.
First agrarian law proposed by Sp. Cassius.    464 Coss. A. Postumius Albus Regillensis.
485 Coss. Ser. Cornelius Cossus Maluginensis.                 Sp. Furius Medullinus Fusus.
Q. Fabius Vibulanus.                            War with the /Equians.
Condemnation and death of Cassius.               463 Coss. P. Servilius Priscus Structus.
484 Coss. L. LEmilius Marnercus.                              L. Ebutius Elva.
K. Fabius Vibulanus.                            Pestilence at Rome.
483 Coss. M. Fabius Vibulanus.                       462 Coss. L. Lucretius Tricipitinus.
L. Valerius Potitus.                                 T. Vet-rius Geminus Cicurinus.
War with Veii, which lasts several years. Power of   C. Terentillus Arsa, trib. pl., proposes a revision of
the Fabia gens.                                      the laws. The consuls triumph over the Volscians
482 Coss. C. Julius Julus.                                 and 2Equians.
Q. Fabius Vibulanus II.                     461 Coss. P. Volumnius Amintinus Gallus.
481 Coss. K. Fabius Vibulanus II.                              Ser. Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus.
Sp. Furius Medullinus Fusus.                    Struggles between the patricians and plebeians re.
480 Coss. Cn. Manlius Cincinnatus.                         specting the law of Terentillus, which are continM. Fabius Vibulanus II.                           ned till B.C. 454. Accusation and condemnation
Manlius falls in battle against the Etruscans.         of K. Quinctius, the son of Cincinnatus.
479 Coss. K. Fabius Vibulanus III.                   460 Coss. C. Claudius Sabinus Regillensis.
T. Virginius Tricostus Rutilus.                      P. Valerius Poplicola II. Died,
The Fabia gens undertakes the war with Veil, and           L. Quinctius Cincinnatus.
stations itself on the Cremera.                    During the contentions of the patricians and plebei478 Coss. L. Emilius Mamercus II.                          ans, the Capitol is seized by Herdonius. The conC. Servilius Structus Ahala. Died.                sul Valerius is killed in recovering it.
Opiter Virginius Tricostus Esquilinus.      459 Coss. Q. Fabius Vibulanus III.
477 Coss. C. Horatius Pulvillus.,                              L. Cornelius Maluginensis.
T. Menenius Lanatus.                            War with the Volscians and IEquians. Antium reDestruction of the Fabii at the Cremera.               volts, and is conquered. Peace with the 2Equians.
476 Coss. A. Virginius Tricostus Rutilus.            458 Coss. L. Minucius Esquilinus Augurinus.
Sp. Servilius Priscus Structus.                       C. Nautius Rutilus II.
The Veientes take the Janiculum.                      Diet. L. Quinctius Cincinnatus.
475 Coss. P. Valerius Poplicola.                     uIa8g. Eq. L. Tarquitius Flaccus.
C. Nautius Rutilus.                             War with the Eqquians and Sabines. The Roman
Impeachment of the ex-consul Servilius by the trib-    army shut in by the enemy, but delivered by the
unes.                                                dictator Cincinnatus.
474 Coss. A. Manlius Vulso.                          457 Coss. C. Horatius Pulvillus II.
L. Furius Medullinus Fusus.                          Q. Minucius Esquilinus Augurinus.
The census taken. Lustrum VIII. Forty years' htuce   Tribunes of the plebs increased from five to ten.
with Veii.                                      456 Coss. M. Valerius (Lactuca) Maximus.
473 Coss. L. Emilius Mamercus III.                             Sp. Virginius Tricostus Culiomontanus.
Vopiscus Julius Julus.                          The Mons Aventinus is assigned to the plebeians by
Murder of the tribune Genucius.                        the law of the tribune Icilius.
472 Coss. L. Pinarius Mamercinus Rufus.              455 Coss. T. Romilius Rocus Vaticanus.
P. Furius Medullinus Fusus.                          C. Veturius Geminus Cicurinus.
Publilius Volero, trib. pl., proposes the Publilia lex.  Victory over the iEquians.
471 Coss. Ap. Claudius Sabinus Regillensis.          454 Coss. Sp. Tarpeius Montanus Capitolinus.
T. Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus.                   A. Aternius Varus Fontinalis.
Publilius, again elected trib. pl., carries the Publilia  The patricians yield. See B.C. 461. Three commislex, which enacted that the plebeian magistrates     sioners are sent into Greece to become acquainted
should be elected by the comitia tributa. Wars       with the Grecian laws.
with the _Equians and Volscians. Ap. Claudius, 453 Coss. Sex. Quinctilius Varus.
the consul, deserted by his army.                        P. Curiatius Festus Trigeminus.
470 Coss. L. Valerius Pctitus II.                        A famine and pestilence.
Ti. 2Emilius Mamercus.                      452 Coss. P. S.stius Capitolinus Vaticanus.
Impeachment of the ex-consul Ap. Claudius, who             T. A-mnenius Lanatus.
dies before his trial.                             The ambassadors return from Greece. It is resolved
469 Coss. A. Virginius Tricostus Cesliomontanus.           to appoint Decemviri, from whom there should be
T. Numicius Priscus.                             no appeal (provocatio).
468 Coss. T. Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus II.      451 Coss. Ap. Claudius Crassinus Regillensis Sabinus IL
Q. Servilius Priscus Structus.                         Abdicated.
Antium taken by the Romans.                                T. Genucius Augurinus. Abdicated.




976                              CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF
B.C.                                                 B.C.
451 Decemviri. Ap. Claudius Crassinus Regillensis Sabi- 441 Coss. C. Furius Pacilus Fusus.
nus.                                           M'. Papirius Crassus.
T. Genucius Augurinus.                 440 Coss. Proculus Geganius Macerinus.
Sp. Veturius Crassus Cicurinus?                  L. Menenius Lanatus.
C. Julius Julus.                           A famine at Rome. A Prafectus Anonaz appointed
A. Manlius Vulso.                            for the filst time. Sp. Mtelius distributes corn to
Ser. Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus,           the poor.
P. Sestius Capitolinus Vaticanus.      439 Coss. T. Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus VI.
P. Curiatius Festus Trigeminus.                  Agrippa Mnenius Lanatus.
T. Romilius Rocus Vaticanus.               Dict. L. Quinctius Cincinnatus II.
Sp. Postumius Albus Regillensis.           Mag. Eq. C. Servilius Structus Ahala.
Laws of the Ten Tables promulgated.                  Sp. MNelius summoned before the dictator, and hilled.
450 Decemviri. Ap. Claudius Crassinus Regillensis Sabi-    by the magister equitum  when he refused to obey
nus II.                                    the summons.
M. Cornelius Maluginensis.             438 III. Tribuni Miliztum consuzlari potestate (Liv., iv., 16),
L. Sergius Esquilinus.                     The inhabitants of Fidenee revolt, and place themL. Minucius Esquilinus Augurinus.            selves under the protection of Veii. Murder of the
T. Antonius Merenda.                         Roman ambassadors.
Q. Fabius Vibulanus.                   437 Coss. M. Geganius Macerinus III.
Q. Poetilius Libo Visolus.                       L. Sergius (Fidenas).
K. Duilius Longus.                         Diet. Mam. /Emilius Mamercinus.
Sp. Oppius Cornicen.                       Mag. Eq. L. Quinctius Cincinnatus.
M'. Rabuleius.                             Fidene reconquered. The Veientes defeated,
Two additional tables are added, thus making the  436 Coss. M. Cornelius Maluginensis.
laws of the Twelve Tables.                               L. Papirius Crassus.
449 Coss. L. Valerius Poplicola Potitus.             435 Coss. C. Julitft Julus II.
M. Horatius Barbatus.                                L. Virginius Tricostus.
The decemvirs continue illegally in the possession of  Diet. Q. Servilius Priscus Structus (Fidenas).
power. In consequence of the death of Virginia,     Mlag. Eq. Postumus 2Ebutius Elva Cornicen.
the plebeians secede to the Mons Sacer. The de-     Censs. C. Furius Pacilus Fusus.
cemvirs deposed, and the old form of government          M. Geganius Macerinus.
restored. Valerius and Horatius appointed consuls. 434 III. Trib. Mil. coes. pot. (Liv., iv., 23.)
The Leges Valerias Horatiae increase the power  433 III. Trib.Mi. cons. pot. (Liv., iv., 25.)
of the plebeians. Successful war of the consuls     Dict. Mam. 2Emilius Mamercinus II.
against the AEquians and Sabines.                  Mlag. Eq. A. Postumius Tubertus.
448 Coss. Lar Herminius Equilinus (Continisanus).        The Lex Emilia of the dictator limits the duration
T. Virginius Tricostus Cteliomontanus.            of the censorship to eighteen months.
Lex Trebonia.                                    432 III. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., iv., 25.)
447 Coss. M. Geganius Macerinus.                     431 Coss. T. Quinctius Pennus Cincinnatus.
C. Julius Julus.                                     C. Julius Mento.
The quaistors are for the first time elected by the  Diet. A. Postumius Tubertas.
people, having been previously appointed by the    Mag. Eq. L. Julius Julus.
consuls.                                           Great victory over the /Equians and Volscians at
446 Coss. T. Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus IV.            Mount Algidus.
Agrippa Furius Medullinus Fusus.            430 Coss. C. Papirius Crassus.
War with the Volscians and ZEquians.                       L. Julius Julus.
445 Coss. M. Genucius Augurinus.                     429 Coss. L. Sergius Fidenas II.
C. Curtius Philo.                                    Hostus Lucretius Tricipitinus.
Lex Canuleia establishes connubium between the pa- 428 Coss. A. Cornelius Cossus.
tricians and plebeians: it is proposed to elect the      T. Quinctius Pennus Cincinnatus I.
consuls from the patricians and plebeians, but it is  427 Coss. C. Servilius Structus Ahala.
enacted that Tribuni militumn with consular power        L. Papirius Mugillanus II.
shall be elected indifferently from the two orders.  War declared against Veii by the vote of the comitia
444 Coss. L. Papirius Mugillanus.                          centuriata.
L. Sempronius Atratinus.                    426 IV. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., iv., 31.)
Three Tribuni militum with consular power appoint-   Dict. Mam. ZEmilius Mamercinus III.
ed, but they are compelled to abdicate from a defect  Mag. Eq. A. Cornelius Cossus.
in the auspices. Consuls appointed in their place. War with Veii. Fidena3 again revolts, is retalen and
443 Coss. M. Geganius Macerinus II.                        destoyed.
T. Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus V.        425 IV. Trib. Mil. cots. pot. (Liv., iv., 35.)
Censores. L. Papirius Mugillanus.                    Truce with Veil for twenty years.
L. Sempronius Atratinus.                424 IV. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., iv., 35.)
Institution of the censorship. The history of Dionys-  Censs. L. Julius Julus.
ius breaks off in this year. Victory over the Vol-       L. Papirius Crassus.
scians.                                        423 Coss. C. Sempronius Atratinus.
442 Coss. M. Fabius Vibulanus.                                Q. Fbius Vibulanus.
Postumus MEbutius Elva Cornicen.               War with the Volscians. Vulturnum   takenx by fhe
Colony founded at Ardea.                               Samnites.




ROMAN HISTORY.                                                97'7
BC.                                                   B.C.
422 ZV. Tib, AilZ. cons. pot. (Liv., iv., 42.)         400 Anxur recovered by the Romans.
421 Coss. N. Fabius Vibulanus.                         399 VI. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., v., 13.)
T. Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus.                A pestilence at Rome. A Lectisternium instituted
The number of the qu estors increased from two to        for the first time.
four.                                            398 VI. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., v., 14.)
420 IV. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., iv., 44.)             An embassy sent to consult the oracle at Delphi.
Conquest of the Greek city of Cumm by the Campa- 397 VI. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., v., 16.)
nians.                                           396 VI. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., v., 18.)
419 IV. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., iv., 44.)              Diet. M. Furius Camillus.
418 III. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., iv., 45.)            Mag. Eq. P. Cornelius Maluginensis.
Dict. Q. Servilius Priscus Fidenas II.                 Capture of Veil by the dictator Camillus.
TIaag. Eq. C. Servilius (Structus) Axilla.         395 VI. Trib. Nil. cons. pot. (Liv., v., 24.)
Censs. L. Papirius Mugillanus.                     394 VI. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., v., 26.)
Mam. Emilius Mamercinus.                         Peace made with the Falisci.
Defeat of the 2Equians, Lavici taken, and a colony  393 Coss. L. Valerius Potitus. Abdicated.
sent thither.                                              P. Cornelius Maluginensis Cossus. Abdicated.
417 IV.. Tr il. i cons. pot. (Liv., iv., 47.)                L. Lucretius Flavus (Tricipitinus).
416 IV. Trib. Nil. cons. pot. (Liv., iv., 47.)                   Ser. Sulpicius Camerinus.
415 IV. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., iv., 49.)              Censs. L. Papirius Cursor.
414 IV. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., iv., 49.)                    C. Julius Julus. Died.
War with the Aiquians. Bola conquered. Postu-                 M. Cornelius Maluginensis.
mius, the consular tribune, killed by the soldiers.  Distribution of the Veientine territory among the
From  this time the power of the MEquians and          plebeians.
Volscians declines, chiefly through the increasing  392 Coss. L. Valerius Potitus.
might of the Samnites.                                     M. Manlius Capitolinus.
413 Coss. A. Cornelius Cossus.                         391 VI. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., v., 32.)
L. Furius Medullinus.                             Camillus banished. War with Volsinii. The Gauls
412 Goss. Q. Fabius Vibulanus Ambustus.                      invade Etruria and lay siege to Clusium.
C. Furius Pacilus.                            390 VI. Trib. NIil. cons. pot. (Liv., v., 36.)
411 Coss. M. Papirius Mugillanus.                          Dict. M. Furius Camillus II.
C. Nautius Rutilus.                            I   lagc. Eq. L. Valerius Potitus.
410 Coss. M'. IEmilius Mamercinus.                         ROME TAKEN BY THE GAULS. The Romans are deC. Valerius Potitus Volusus.                        feated at the battle of the Allia on the 16th of July
M. Mienius, tribune of the plebs, proposes an agrarian    (Niebuhr, vol. ii., note 1179), and the Gauls entered
law.                                                   Rome on the third day after the battle. Camillus
409 Coss. Cn. Cornelius Cossus.                              recalled from exile and appointed dictator. The
L. Furius Medullinus IL                             Gauls leave Rome after holding it seven months.
Three of the four qucestors are plebeians, being the  389 VI. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., vi., 1.)
first time that the plebeians had obtained this office.  Dict. M. Furius Camillus III..408 I1I. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., iv., 56.)            Mag. Eq. C. Servilius Ahala.
Dict. P. Cornelius Rutilus Cossus.                     Rome rebuilt. The Latins and Hernicans renounce
Mag. Eq. C. Servilius (Structus) Ahala.                  their alliance with Rome. Rome attacked by the
407 IV. Trib. Mil. eons. pot. (Liv., iv., 57.)               surrounding nations, but Camillus gains victories
Expiration of the truce with Veil.  See B.C. 425.        over them.
The truce was made for twenty years; but the     388 VI. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., vi., 4.)
years were the old Roman years of ten months.    387 VI. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., vi., 5.)
The Romans defeated by the Volscians.                The number of the Roman tribes increased from 21
406 IV. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., iv., 58.)               to 25, by the addition of four new tribes, the StellaWar with the Volscians. Anxur, afterward called          tina, Tromenetina, Sabatina, and Arniensis.
Tarracina, taken. War declared against Veii. Pay  386 VI. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., vi., 6.)
decreed by the senate to the Roman soldiers for the  Defeat of the Antiates and Etruscans.
first time.                                      385 VI. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., vi., 11.)
405 VI. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., iv., 61.)             Dict. A. Cornelius Cossus.
Siege of Veii, which lasts ten years. See B.C. 396.    Mag. Eq. T. Quinctius Capitolinus.
404 VI. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., iv., 61.)             Defeat of the Volscians. A colony founded at Satri.
An eclipse of the sun recorded in the Annales Maxi-      cum. The patricians accuse M. Manlius Capitolimi as occurring on the Nones of June. (Cic., de        nus of aspiring to royal power.
Rep., i., 16.)                                   384 VI. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., vi., 18.)
403 VI. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., v., 1.)               Manlius is brought to trial, condemned, and put to
Censs. M. Furius Camillus.                               death.
M. Postumius Albinus Regillensis.           383 VI. Trib. 12il. cons. pot. (Liv., vi., 21.)
Livy counts the censors among the consular tribunes,   The Ager Pomptinus assigned to the plebeians. A
whom he accordingly males eight in number.             colony founded at Nepete.
402 VI. Trib. 1Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., v., 8.)          382 VI. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., vi., 22.)
Defeat of the Romans before Veii. Anxur recovered      War with Preeneste.
by the Volscians.                                381 VI. Tib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., vi., 22.)
401 VI. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., v., 10.)              War with Preeneste and the Volscians.
400 VI Trib. Mil. cons. Jpot. (Liv., v., 12.)          380 VI. Trib. MIil. conss. pot. (Liv., vi., 27.)
62




978                              CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF
B.c.                                                 B.C.
380 Censs. C. Sulpicius Camerinus. Abdicated,              by the people. Earthquake at Rome. Self:devoo
Sp. Postumius Regillensis Albinus. Died.         tion of Curtius.
Dict. T. Quinctius Cincinnatus Capitolinus.      361 Coss. C. Sulpicius Peticus II.
Mag. Eq. A. Sempronius Atratinus.                          C. Licinius Calvus Stolo II.
Prceneste taken by the dictator.                     Diet. T. Quinctius Pennus Capitolinus Crispinus.
379 VI. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., vi., 30.)           Mag. Eq. Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis.
378 VI. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., vi., 31.)           Invasion of the Gauls. T. Manlius kills a Gaul in sinCenss. Sp. Servilius Priscus.                          gle combat, and acquires the surname of Torquatus.
Q. Cloelius Siculus.                       360 Coss. C. Poetelius Libo Visolus.
377 VI. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., vi., 32.)                 M. Fabius Ambustus.
376 VI. Trib: Mil. cons. pot. Their names are not men-   Diet. Q. Servilius Ahala.
tioned by Livy, but Diodorus (xv., 71) has pre-     Mag. Eq. T. Quinctius Pennus Capitolinus Crispi
served the names of four of them.                    nus.
The ROGATIONES LICINIE proposed by C. Licinius       War with the Gauls and Tiburtines, who are defeated
and L. Sextius, the tribunes of the people, to im-   by the dictator.
prove the condition of the plebeians, and to in- 359 Coss. M. Popilius Leenas.
crease their political power.                            Cn. Manlius Capitolinus Imperiosus.
375 C. Licinius and L. Sextius re-elected tribunes every  358 Coss. C. Fabius Ambustus.
to   year; and as the patricians would not allow the          C. Plautius Proculus.
371   Rogations to become laws, the tribunes prevented   Diet. C. Sulpicius Peticus.
the election of all patrician magistrates during these  Mag. Eq. M. Valerius Poplicola.
years.                                              Plautius defeats the Hernicans, and Sulpicius the
370 VI. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., vi., 36.)             Gauls. Fabius fights unsuccessfully against the
C. Licinius and L. Sextius, who are again elected      Tarquinienses. Renewal of the alliance with Latribunes, allow consular tribunes to be chosen this  tium. Lex Poetelia de ambitu, proposed by the tribyear, on account of the war with Velitrl-. Licini-    une Poetelius. The number of tribes increased
us and Sextius continue to be re-elected down to     fiom 25 to 27 by the addition of the Ponmptina and
B.C. 367.                                            Pzublilia.
369 VI. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., vi., 36.)       357 Coss. C. Marcius Rutilus.
368 VI. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., vi., 38.)                 Cn. Manlius Capitolinus Imperiosus II.
Diet. M. Furius Camillus IV.                         Lex Duilia et Matnia de lunciario fenore, restoring the
Meag. Eq. L. 2Emilius Mamercinus.                      rate of interest fixed by the Twelve Tables. Lex
Diet. P. Manlius Capitolinus.                          Manlia de vicesina manumissorum.
Mag. Eq. C. Licinius Calvus.                         Privernum taken. C. Licinius fined for an infraction
367 VI. Trib. Mil. cons. pot. (Liv., vi., 42.)             of his own law.
Diet. M. Furius Camillus V.                      356 Coss. M. Fabius Ambustus II.
Mag. Eq. T. Quinctius Cincinnatus Capitolinus.             M. Popilius LEenas II.
The ROGATIONES LICINIJE passed. One of the con-      Diet. C. Martius Rutilus.
suls was to be chosen from the plebeians; but a    Mag. Eq. C. Plautius Proculus.
new magistracy was instituted, the preatorship,    FIRST PLEBEIAN DICTATOR, C. Marcius Rutilus, con.
which was to be confined to the patricians. Ca-      quers the Etruscans.
millus, the dictator, conquers the Gauls, and dedi- 355 Coss. C. Sulpicius Peticus III.
cates a temple to Concordia to celebrate the recon-      M. Valerius Poplicola.
ciliation of the two orders.                       Both consuls patricians, in violation of the Licinian
366 Coss. L. ]Emilius Mamercinus.                          law.
L. Sextius Sextinus Lateranus.              354 Coss, M. Fabius Ambustus III.
Censs. A. Postumius Regillensis Albinus.                   T. Quinctius Pennus Capitolinus Crispinus.
C. Sulpicius Peticus.                          Both consuls again patricians. League with the Sam.
FIRST PLEBEIAN CONSUL, L. Sextius.                     nites.
FIRST PRETOR, L. Furius Camillus.                353 Coss. C. Sulpicius Peticus IV.
365 Coss. L. Genucius Aventinensis.                            M. Valerius Poplicola II.
Q. Servilius Ahala.                             Dict. T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus.
Pestilence at Rome. Death of Camillus.               llag. Eq. A. Cornelius Cossus Arvina.
364 Coss. C. Sulpicius Peticus.                          War with Ccere and Tarquinii. Truce made with
C. Licinius Calvus Stolo.                         Caere for 100 years.
The pestilence continues. Ludi scenici first insti- 352 Coss. P. Valerius Poplicola.
tuted.                                                   C. Marcius Rutilus II.
363 Coss. Cn. Genucius Aventinensis.                     Diet. C. Julius Julus.
L. 2Emilius Mamercinus II.                      Mag. Eq. L. 2Emilius Mamercinus.
Diet. L. Manlius Capitolinus Imperiosus.             Quinqueviri Mlensarii appointed for a general liquida.
Mag. Eq. L. Pinarius Natta.                           tion of debts.
Censs. M. Fabius Ambustus.                       351 Coss. C. Sulpicius Peticus V.
L. Furius Medullinus.                               T. Quinctius Pennus Capitolinus Crispinus II.
362 Coss. Q. Servilius Ahala II.                         Diet. M. Fabius Ambustus.
L. Genucius Aventinensis II.                   Mag. Eq. Q. Servilius Ahala.
Diet. Ap. Claudius Crassinus Regillensis.            Censs. Cn. Manlius Capitolinus Imperiosus.
MIag. Eq. P. Cornelius Scapula.                            C. Marcius Rutilus.
Half of the Tribuni Militum for the first time elected  FIST PLEBEIAN CENSOR, C. Marcius Rutilus. War




ROMAN HISTORY.                                              979
B.C.                                                 B.C.
with the Tarquinienses, to whom a truce for 40       Leges Publilike, proposed by the dictator, (I.) give
years is granted.                                    to the plebiscita the force of leges (ut plebiscita omn350 Coss. M. Popilius Leenas III.                          nes Quirites tenerent); (2.) abolish the veto of the
L. Cornelius Scipio.                             curices on the measures of the comitia centuriata
Diet. L. Furius Camillus.                              (3.) enact that one of the censors must be a pleMag. Eq. P. Cornelius Scipio.                          beian.
The Gauls defeated by the consul Popilius.       338 Coss. L. Furius Camillus.
349 Coss. L. Furius Camillus.                                 C. Meenius.
Ap. Claudius Crassinus Regillensis. Died.       Subjugation of Latium concluded.
Diet. T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus II.        337 Coss. C. Sulpicius Longus.
Mag. Eq. A. Cornelius Cossus Arvina II.                    P. YElius Peetus.
Both consuls patricians. The Gauls defeated by the   Diet. C. Claudius Crassinus Regillensis.
consul Camillus. Mi. Valerius Corvus kills a Gaul  Mag. Eq. C. Claudius Hortator.
in single combat.                                  FIRST PLEBEIAN Pa:ETOR, Q. Publilius Philo. The
348 Coss. M. Valerius Corvus.                              preetorship was probably thrown open to the pleM. Popilius Laenas IV.                           beians by his laws.
Diet. C. Claudius Crassinus Regillensis.         336 Coss. L. Papirius Crassus.
Meag, Eq. C. Livius Denter.                                K. Duilius.
Renewal of the treaty with Carthage.                 Peace with the Gauls.
347 Coss. T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus.           335 Coss. M. Valerius Corvus (Calenus) IV.
C. Plautius Venno Hypsseus.                          M. Atilius Regulus.
Reduction of the rate of interest.                   Diet. L. 2Emilius Mamercinus Privernas.
346 Coss. M. Valerius Corvus II.                         Mag. Eq. Q. Publilius Philo.
C. Poetelius Libo Visolus.                      Cales taken.
Second celebration of the Ludi Seeculares. War 334 Coss. T. Veturius Calvinus.
with the Volscians. Satricum taken.                      Sp. Postumius Albinus (Caudinus).
345 Coss. M. Fabius Dorso.                               Diet. P. Cornelius Rlufinus.
Ser. Sulpicius Camerinus Rufus.                 Mag. Eq. M. Antonius.
Dict. L. Furius Camillus II.                         Colony sent to Cales.
Mag. Eq. Cn. Manlius Capitolinus Imperiosus.     333 Coss. (L. Papirius Cursor.
War with the Aurunci.                                      C. Poetelius Libo Visolus II.)
344 Coss. C. Marcius Rutilus III.                        The consuls of this year are not mentioned by any
T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus II.               ancient authority, and are inserted here on con~
Dict. P. Valerius Poplicola.jecture.
Mag. Eq. Q. Fabius Ambustus.                     332 Coss. A. Cornelius Cossus Arvina II.
AEdes Monetae dedicated.                                  Cn Domitius Calvinus.
343 Coss. MI. Valerius Corvus III                        Dit. M. Papirius Crassus.
A. Cornelius Cossus Arvina.                     SIg. Eq. P. Valerius Poplicola.
FIRST SAMNITE WAR. The Cempanians place them-        Censs. Q. Publilius Philo.
selves under the protection of the Romans, who            Sp. Postumius Albinus.
send the two consuls against the Samnites. Vale-   The civitas given to the Acerrani. Two new tribes
rius defeats the Samnites at Mount Gaurus.           added, Mlcia and Scaptia. The Samnites and Lu342 Coss. C. Marcius Rutilus IV.                           canians fight with Alexander, king of Epirus, who
Q. Servilius Ahala.                              makes a treaty with the Romans.
Diet. A1. MValerias Corvus.'                     331 Coss. M. Claudius Marcellus.
Mag. Eq. L. rEmilius Mamercinus Privernas.                 C. Valerius Potitus Flaccus.
Insurrection of the Roman army at Capua. Various      ict. Cn. Quintilius Varus.
concessions made to the plebeians: that no one     Mag. Eq. L. Valerius Potitus.
should hold the same magistracy till after the ex- 330 Coss. L. Papirius Crassus II.
piration of ten years, that no one should hold two       L. Plautius Venno.
magistracies in the same year, and that both con-  Revolt of Fundi and Privernum.
suls might be plebeians. Lex Genucia forbade the  329 Coss. L. IEmilius Mamercinus Privernas II.
taking of interest.                                      C. Plautius Decianus.
341 Coss. C. Plautius Venno Hypseeus II.                 Privernum taken. The civitas given to the Privert
L. AEmilius Mamercinus Privernas.                nates. A colony sent to Anxur (Tarracina).
Peace and alliance with the Samnites.            328 Coss. C. Plautius Decianus (Venox) IL
340 Coss. T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus III.                P. Cornelius Scipio Barbatus.
P. Decius Mus.                                 A colony sent to Fregellee.
Diet. L. Papirius Crassus.                       327 Coss. L. Cornelius Lentulus.
Mag. Eq. L. Papirius Cursor.                              Q. Publilius Philo II.
LATIN WAR. Self-devotion of Decius and defeat of     Diet. M. Claudius Marcellus.
the Latins at Mount Vesuvius. The Latins become    Mag. Eq. Sp. Postumius Albinus.
the subjects of Rome.                              War with Paltepolis.
339 Coss. Ti. jEmilius Mamercinus.                   326 Coss. C. Poetelius Libo Visolus IIL
Q. Publilius Philo.                                  L. Papirius Mugillanus (Cursor II.).
Diet. Q. Publilius Philo.                            SECOND SAMNITE WAR. Paleepolis taken. Lex PoeMag. Eq. D. Junius Brutus Scaeva.                      telia et Papiria enacted that no plebeian should beThe Latins renew the war and are defeated. The         come a nexts.




980                              CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF
B.C.                                                 B.C.
32.5 Coss. L. Furius Camillus II.                    312 Censs, Ap. Claudius Ccuas,
D. Junius Brutus Sceeva.                                C. Plautius (Venox).
Diet. L. Papirius Cursor.                            The censor Claudius constructs the Via Appia and
Mag. Eq. Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus. Abdicated.       the Aqua Appia; and, in order to gain popularity,
L. Papirius Crassus.                          distributes the libertini among all the tribes.
324 The Dictator and Magister Equitum continued in of- 311 Coss. C. Junius Bubulcus Brutus III.
fice this year by a decree of the senate, without any    Q. Emnilius Barbula II.
consuls. Defeat of the Samnites.                   The Etruscans declare war against the Romans, but
323 Coss. C. Sulpicius Longus II.                          are defeated. Victory over the Samnites.
Q. Aulius Cerretanus.                       310 Coss. Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus II.
322 Coss. Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus.                       C. Marcius Rutilus (Censorinus).
L. Fulvius Curvus.                              The Etruscans again defeated. Ap. Claudius continDiet. A. Cornelius Cossus Arvina.                      ues censor after the abdication of his colleague, in
Mag. Eq. M. Fabius Ambustus.                           defiance of the Lex sEmilia. The Samnites and
The Samnites defeated.                                 Etruscans defeated.
321 Coss. T. Veturius Calvinus II.                   309 Diet. L. Papirius Cursor II.
Sp. Postumius Albinus II.                      Mleag. Eq. C. Junius Bubulcus Brutus II.
Diet. Q. Fabius Ambustus.                            No consuls this year. The Samnites and Etruscans
Mag. Eq. P. PElius Paetus.                             again defeated.
Diet. Mi. AEmilius Papus.                        308 Coss. Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus III.
Mag. Eq. L. Valerius Flaccus.                              P. Decius Mus II.
Surrender of the Roman army to the Samnites at the   The Samnites again defeated. War with the Mars3
Caudine Forks. The Romans refuse to ratify the       and Peligni.
peace with the Samnites made by the consul, and  307 Coss. Ap. Claudius C ecus.
continue the war.                                        L. Volumnius Flamma Violens.
320 Coss. Q. Publilius Philo III.                        Censs. M. Valerius Maximus.
L. Papirius Cursor II. (III.).                        C. Junius Bubulcus Brutus.
Diet. C. Masnius.                                    Fabius, proconsul, defeats the Samnites at Allifa3.
Mag. Eq. M. Foslius Flaccinator.306                    os. P. Cornelius Arvina.
Diet. L. Cornelius Lentulus.                               Q.  acs Tremulus.
Mag. Eq. L. Papirius Cursor II.                      Dit. P. Cornelius Scipio Barbatus.
Diet. T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus.               Ma. Eq. P. ecius MLs.
Mag. Eq. L. Papirius Crassus.                        Insurrection and subjugation of the HIernicans.
319 Coss. L. Papirius Cursor III. (Mugillanus).      305    s.   Postumius hegellus.
Q. Aulius Cerretanus II.
Q. Aulius Cerretanus ItI.~              Ti. Minucius Augurinus. Slain in battle.
Defeat of the Samnites by Papirius.. Fulnis Crvus Ptinus.
M. Fulvius Curvus Petinus.
318 Coss. M. Foslius Flaccinator.                        Victorious campaign against the Samnites. Bovia
L. Plautius Venno.                                nu  take
Censs. L. Papirius Crassus.                      304 Coss. P. Sulpicins Saverrio.
C. Meenius.                                         P. Sempronius Sophus.
Truce made with the Samnites for two years. Two      Censs. Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus.
new tribes added, Ufentina anld Falerina.                 P. Decius Mas.
317 Coss. C. Junius Bubulcus Brutus.                -    Peace concluded with the Samniites. The YEquians
Q. Emilius Barbula.                              defeated with great slaughter. Peace with the
316 Coss. Sp. Nautius Rutilus.                             Marrucini, Marsi, Peligni. The censors place all
M. Popilius Lenas.                               the libertini in the four city tribes.
Diet. L. 2Emilius Mamercinus Privernas IJ.           Cn. Flavius males known the civile jas, and publish.
Mag. Eq. L. Fulvius Curvus.                            es a calendar of the dies fasti and nefasti.
The Samnites renew the war.                      303 Coss. L. Genucius Aventinensis.
315 Coss. Q. Publilius Philo IV.                              Ser. Cornelius Lentulus (Rufinus).
L. Papirius Cursor IV.                          Colonies sent to Sora and Alba.
Diet. Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus.               302 Coss. M. Livius Denter.
Mag. Eq. Q. Aulius Cerretanus. Slain it battle.           M. Z Emilius Paullus.
C. Fabius Ambustus.                         Diet. C. Junius Bubulcus Brutus.
314 Coss. M. Pcetelius Libo.                            Mfag. Eq. M. Titinius.
C. Sulpicius Longus III.                       The sEquians renew the war, but are easily defeated
Diet. C. Mlasnius II.                                 by the dictator.
Mag. Eq. M. Foslius Flaccinator II.              301 Diet. Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus II.
Victory over the Samnites. Insurrection and subju-  Mag. Eq. M. 2Emilius Paullus.
gation of the Campanians.                          Diet. M. Valerius Corvus II.
313 Coss. L. Papirius Cursor V.                          Mag. Eq. C. Sempronius Sophus.
C. Junius Bubulcus Brutus II.                  No consuls this year. War with the Marsi and Etr;s.
Colonies founded by the Romans at Saticula, Suessa,   cans.
and the island Pontia.                         300 Coss. Q. Appuleius Pansa.
312 Coss. M. Valerius Maximus.                                M. Valerius Corvus V.
P. Decius Mus.                                 The Lex Ogulnia increases the number of the pon.
Diet. C. Sulpicius Longus.                            tiffs and augurs, and enacts that four of the pontiff
Mag. Eq. C. Junius Bubulcus Brutus.                   and five of the augurs shall always be plebeians.




ROMAN HISTORY.                                              981
B.C.                                                 B.C.
300 The Lex Valeria deprovocatione re-enacted the former  the plebeians. The Lex Meenia was very probably
law, which had been twice before passed on the       passed in this year.
proposition of different members of the same gens. 285 Coss. C. Claudius Canina.
299 Coss. M. Fulvius Psetinus.                                 M. 2Emilius Lepidus.
T. Maulius Torquatus. Died.                 284 Coss. C. Servilius Tucca.
M. Valerius Corvus VI.                               L. Ceecilius Metellus Denter
Genss. P. Sempronius Sophus.                     283 Coss. P. Cornelius Dolabella Maximus.
P. Sulpicius Saverrio.                              Cn. Domitius Calvinus Maximus.
Two new tribes formed, the Aniensis and Terentina.   Censs........
A colony sent to Narnia among the Umbrians.               Q. Cedicius Noctua. Abdicated.
298 Coss. L. Cornelius Scipio.                           The Gauls besiege Arretium, and defeat the Romans,
Cn. Fulvius MIaximus Centumalus.                  In the course of the same year the Gauls and Etrus.
TeIIRD SAIMNITE WAR. The Samnites invade the           cans are defeated by the Romans.
territory of the Lucanians, the allies of the Romans, 282 Coss. C. Fabricius Luscinus.
which occasions a war. The Samnites defeated at          Q. iEmilius Papus.
Bovianum; the Etruscans at Volaterrue. Colony      The Boii defeated: peace made with them. The
founded at Carseoli.                                 Samnites revolt, but are defeated together with the
297 Coss. Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus IV.                  Lucanians and Bruttians. The Romans relieve
P. Decius Mus III.                                Thurii. The Tarentines attack a Roman fleet.
The war continued in Samnium. The Etruscans re-  281 Coss. L..Emilius Barbula.
main quiet this year.                                    Q. Marcius Philippus.
296 Coss. L. Volumnius Flamma Violens II.                PYRRHUS ARRIVES IN ITALY. He came upon the inAp. Claudius Ceecus II.                           vitation of the Tarentines, to assist them in their
The war continued in Samnium, and also in Etruria.     war against the Romans.
295 Coss. Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus V.             280 Coss. P. Valerius Loevinus.
P. Decius Mus IV.                                    Ti. Coruncanius.
Great defeat of the Samnites, Etruscans, Umbrians,   Diet. Cn. Domitius Calvinus Maximus.
and Gauls at Sentinum.                             Mag. Eq.........
294 Coss. L. Postumius Megellus II.                      Censs........
M. Atilius Regulus.                                   Cn. Domitius Calvinus Maximus.
Censs. P. Cornelius Arvina.                          The Romans defeated by Pyrrhus near Heraclea.
C. Marcius Rutilus (Censorinus).           279 Coss. P. Sulpicius Saverrio.
War continued in Samnium    and Etruria. Three             P. Decius Mus.
cities in Etruria, Volsinii, Perusia, and Arretium,  The Romans again defeated by Pyrrhus near Ascuo
sue for peace: a truce is made with them for 40      lum.
years.                                          278 Coss. C. Fabricius Luscinus II.
293 Coss. L. Papirius Cursor.                                  Q. 2Emilius Papus II.
Sp. Carvilius Maximus.                          Pyrrhus passes over into Sicily. The Romans carry
The Samnites defeated with great loss. First sun-      on the war with success against the nations of
dial set up at Rome.                                 Southern Italy, who had sided with Pyrrhus.
292 Coss. Q. Fabius Maximus Gurges.                  277 Coss. P. Cornelius Rufinus II.
D. Junius Brutus Scaeva.                              C. Junius Brutus Bubulcus II.
The consul Fabius defeated by the Samnites; but his  276 Coss. Q. Fabius Maximus Gurges II.
father, Q. Fabius Maximus, gains a great victory         C. Genucius Clepsina.
over the Samnites, from which they never recover.   Diet. P. Cornelius Rufinus.
Pontius, the Samnite general, taken prisoner.      nlag. E q.........
291 Coss. L. Postumins Megellus III.                     Pyrrhus returns to Italy.
C. Junins Brutus Bubulcus.                  275 Coss. M'. Curius Dentatus II.
The Samnites hopelessly continue the struggle. Co-         L. Cornelius Lentulus.
minium taken. A colony sent to Venusia.             Censs. C. Fabricius Luscinus.
290 Coss. P. Cornelius Rufinus.                                 Q. 2Emilius Papus.
M'. Curius Dentatus.                            Total defeat of Pyrrhus near Beneventum. He leaves
Both consuls invade Samnium. The Samnites sub-         Italy.
mit, and sue for peace. Conclusion of the Samnite  274 Coss. M'. Curius Dentatus III.
wars, which had lasted 53 years. See B.C. 343.           Ser. Cornelius Merenda.
289 Coss. M. Valerius Maximus Corvinus.              273 Coss. C. Claudius Canina II.
Q. Csedicius Noctua.                                 C. Fabius Dorso Licinus. Died.
Triumviri Capitales instituted. Colonies sent to Cas-      C. Fabricius Luscinus III.
trum, Sena, and Hadria.                            Embassy from Ptolemeus Philadelphus to Rome.
288 Coss. Q. Marcius Tremulus II.                          Colonies sent to Posidonia and Cosa.
P. Cornelius Arvina II.                     272 Coss. L. Papirius Cursor II.
237r Coss. M. Claudius Marcellus.                             Sp. Carvilius Maximus II.
C. Nautins Putilus.                             Censs. M'. Curius Dentatus.
286 Coss. M. Valerius Maximus Potitus.                         L. Papirius Cursor.
C. Ellus Pastus.                              Conclusion of the war in Southern Italy. Tarentum
Dict. Q. Hortensius.                                   submits.
Last secession of the plebs. The Lex Hortensia of  271 Coss. C. Quinctius Claudus.
the dictator confirms more fully the privileges of       L. Genucius Clepsina.




982                              CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF
B.c..C.
271 Rhegium is taken, and the soldiers of the Campanian  256 Coss. L. Manlius Vulso Longus.
legion, who had seized the city, are taken to Rome       Q. Cedicius. Died.
and put to death.                                        PI. Atilius Regulus II.
270 Coss. C. Genucius Clepsina II.                       Ninth year of the first Punic war. The two consula,
Cn. Cornelius Blasio.                             Manlius and Regulus, defeat the Carthaginians by
269 Coss. Q. Ogulnius Gallus.                              sea and land in Africa. Success of the Roman
C. Fabius Pictor.                                 arms in Africa. Manlius returns to Rome with
Silver money first coined at Rome.                     part of the army. Regulus remains ini Africa.
268 Coss. Ap. Claudius Crassus Rufus.                255 Coss. Ser. Fulvius Paetinus Nobilior.
P. Sempronius Sophus.                                M. Emilius Paullus.
The Picentines defeated and submit to the Romans.    Tenth year of the first Punic war. Regulus continm
Colonies founded at Ariminum and Beneventum.         ues the war in Africa with great success, defeats the
267 Coss. M. Atilius Regulus.                              Carthaginians, and takes Tunis, but is afterward
L. Julius Libo.                                   defeated by the Carthaginians under the command
The Sallentines defeated and Brundisium taken.         of Xanthippus, and taken prisoner. The Romans
266 Coss. N. Fabius Pictor.                                equip a large fleet, which defeats the Carthaginians,
D. Junius Pera.                                   and carries off from Africa the survivors of the
The Sallentines submit. Subjugation of Italy com-      army of Regulus; but on its return to Italy it is
pleted.                                              wrecked, and most of the ships are destroyed.
265 Coss. Q. Fabius Maximus Gurges III               254 Coss. Cn. Cornelius Scipio Asina II.
L. Mamilius Vitulus.                                  A. Atilius Calatinus II.
CGess. Cn. Cornelius Blasio.                         Eleventh year of the first Punic war. The Romans,
C. Marcius Rutilus II. (Censorinus).             in three months, build another fleet of 220 ships.
264 Coss. Ap. Claudius Caudex.                             They take Panormus.
M. Fulvius Flaccus.                         253 Coss. Cn. Servilius Ceepio.
FIRST PUNIC WAR. First year. The consul Claudi-            C. Sempronius Bla sus.
us crosses over into Sicily, and defeats the Cartha-  Censs. D. Junius Pera. Abdicated.
ginians and Syracusans. Gladiators exhibited for          L. Postumius Megellus. Died.
the first time at Rome.                            Twelfth year of the first Punic war. The two con.
263 Coss. M'. Valerius Maximus (Messala).                  suls ravage the coast of Africa. On their return to
M'. Otacilius Crassus.                            Italy, the Roman fleet is again wrecked. The senDiet. Cn. Fulvius Maximus Centumalus.                  ate resolve not to build another fleet. Tib. CorunMeag. Eq. Q. Marcius Philippus.                        canius the first plebeian Pontifex Maximus.
Second year of the first Punic war. The two consuls  252 Coss. C. Aurelius Cotta.
cross over into Sicily, and raise the siege of Messa-    P. Servilius Geminus.
na. Hiero makes peace with the Romans.              Ce7zss. I'. Valerins Maximus Messala.
262 Coss. L. Postumius (Megellus).                              P. Sempronius Sophus.
Q. Mamilius Vitulus.                            Thirteenth year of the first Punic war. The two conThird year of the first Punic war. The two consuls     suls carry on the war in Sicily. Capture of Himera.
lay siege to Agrigentum, which is taken after a  251 Coss. L. Caecilius Metellus.
siege of seven months.                                   C. Furius Pacilus.
26i Coss. L. Valerius Flaccus.                           Fourteenth year of the first Punic war. The two
T. Otacilius Crassus.                            consuls carry on the war in Sicily.
Fourth year of the first Punic war. The Carthagini- 250 Coss. C. Atilius Regulus (Serranus) II.
ans ravage the coast of Italy.                           L. Manlius Vulso (Longus) II.
260 Coss. Cn. Cornelius Scipio Asina.                    Fifteenth year of the first Punic war. Great victory
C. Duilius.                                       of the proconsul Metellus at Panormus. Regulus
Fifth year of the first Punic war. The Romans first    sent to Rome to solicit peace, or, at least, an exbuild a fleet. The consul Duilius gains a victory    change of prisoners. The Romans, on the contraby sea over the Carthaginians.                       ry, resolve to prosecute the war with the greatest
259 Coss. L. Cornelius Scipio.                             vigor. A new fleet built. The two consuls lay
C. Aquilius Florus.                              siege to Lilybneum.
Sixth year of the first Punic war. The consul Cor-   [Arsaces founds the Parthian monarchy.]
nelius attacks Sardinia and Corsica. His colleague  249 Coss. P. Claudius Pulcher.
carries on the war in Sicily.                           L. Junius Pullus.
258 Coss. A. Atilius Calatinus.                          Diet. M. Claudius Glicia. Abdicated.
C. Sulpicius Paterculus.                             A. Atilius Calatinus.
Censs. C. Duilius.                                   Mag. Eq. L. Ceecilius Metellus.
L. Cornelius Scipio.                          Sixteenth year of the first Punic war. The consul
Seventh year of the first Punic war. The two con-      Claudius defeated by sea. He is commanded by
suls carry on the war in Sicily, but without much    the senate to nominate a dictator, and nominnates,
success.                                             in scorn, Glicia, who had been his scribe, but who
257 Coss. C. Atilius Regulus (Serranus).                   is compelled to resign. The fleet of the other coiCn. Cornelius Blasio II.                         sul is wrecked.  The dictator Atilius Calatinus
Diet. Q. Ogulnius Gallus.                              crosses over into Sicily, being the fi'st dictate-r
M.ag Eq. M. Laetorius Plancianus.                      who carried on war out of Italy.
Eighth year of the first Punic war. The consul Atili- 248 Coss. C. Aurelius Cotta II.
us gains a naval victory off Tyndaris.                   P. Servilius Geminus IL




ROMAN HISTORY.                                              983
B.C.                                                 B.C.
248 Seventeenth year of the first Punic war. The con-          C. Licinius Varus.
suls carry on the war in Sicily.                    Censs. L. Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus.
247 Coss. L. Caecilius Metellus II.                             Q. Lutatius Cerco. Died.
N. Fabius Buteo.                                The Transalpine Gauls cross the Alps on the invitaCenss. A. Atilius Calatinus.                           tion of the Boii; but, in consequence of dissensions
A. Manlius Torquatus Atticus.                    with the Boil, they return home.
Eighteenth year of the first Punic war. Hamilcar      The Romans carry on war with the Ligurians and
Barca appointed general of the Carthaginians. He     Corsicans.
ravages the coasts of Italy. The citizens at the cen- 235 Coss. T. Manlius Torquatus.
sus are 251,222.                                         C. Atilius Bulbus II.
[Birth of Hannibal.]                                 The Sardinians rebel at the instigation of the Cartha246 Coss. M'. Otacilius Crassus II.                        ginians, but are subdued. The temple of Janus is
M. Fabius Licinus.                                shut for the second time.
Dict. Ti. Coruncanius.                                The poet NEevius flourished.
MAag. Eq. M. Fulvius Flaccus.                     234 Coss. L. Postumius Albinus.
Nineteenth year of the first Punic war. During this        Sp. Carvilius Maximus.
year, and for several successive years, the war is  Censs. C. Atilius Bulbus.
chiefly defensive. Both parties are exhausted with        A. Postumius Albinus.
the struggle. Hamilcar carries on the war with      War with the Ligurians, Corsicans, and Sardinians,
great skill.                                          who were secretly urged by the Carthaginians to
245 Coss. M. Fabius Buteo.                                 revolt.
C. Atilius Bulbus.                              Birth of M. Porcius Cato.
Twentieth year of the first Punic war.            233 Coss. Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus.
244 Coss. A. Manlius Torquatus Atticus.                        M'. Pomponius Matho.
C. Sempronius Blwfsus II.                       War with the Ligurianls and Sardinians
Twenty-first year of the first Punic war.         232 Coss. M. 2Emilius Lepidus.
243 Coss. C. Fundanius Fundulus.                                L. Publicius Malleolus.
C. Sulpicius Gallus.                            The two consuls carry on war in Sardinia. The
Twenty-second year of the first Punic war. The con-     agrarian law of the tribune C. Flaminius.
sul Fundanius defeats Hamilcar in Sicily. A sec- 231 Coss. M. Pomponius Matho.
ond prastor appointed for the first time.                C. Papirius Maso.
242 Coss. C. Lutatius Catulus.                            Diet. C. Duilius.
A. Postumius Albinus.                           MIag. Eq. C. Aurelius Cotta.
Twenty-third year of the first Punic war. The Ro-     Censs. T. Manlius Torquatus. Abdicated.
mans again build a fleet.                                  Q. Fulvius Flaccus. Abdicated.
241 Coss. A. Manlius Torquatus Atticus II.                The Sardinians and Corsicans subdued. Sp. CarviliQ. Lutatius Cerco.                                us divorces his wife, the first instance of divorce at
Censs. C. Aurelius Cotta.                               Rome. Other dates are given for this event.
M. Fabius Buteo.                           230 Coss. M. ]Emilius Barbula.
Twenty-fourth and last year of the first Punic war.        M. Junius Pera.
The proconsul Catulus defeats the Carthaginians     Censs. Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus.
by sea, off the AEgates. Peace made with the Car-         M. Sempronius Tuditanus.
thaginians.  Sicily becomes a Roman province.       War with the Ligurians.
Revolt and conquest of the Falisci. War of the  229 Coss. L. Postumius Albinus II.
Carthaginians with the mercenaries. The citizens         Cn. Fulvius Centumalus.
at the census are 251,000.                          War with the Illyrians, who are easily subdued.
240 Coss. C. Claudius Centho.                               Death of Hamilcar in Spain, who is succeeded in
M. Sempronius Tuditanus.                          the command by Hasdrubal.
A colony sent to Spoletium. The Sardinians revolt 228 Coss. Sp. Carvilius Maximus II.
from Carthage.                                           Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus II.
Livius Andronicus begins to exhibit tragedies at      Postumius, the proconsul, who had wintered in Illyr.
Rome.                                                 icum, makes peace with Teuta, queen of the Illyri09 Coss. C. Manlius Turrinus.                              ans. First Roman embassy to Greece. Hasdrubal
Q. Valerius Falto.                                makes a treaty with the Romans.
Q. Ennius, the poet, born.                       227 Coss. P. Valerius Flaccus.
238 Coss. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus.                             M. Atilius Regulus.
P. Valerius Falto.                              Number of prastors increased from two to four.
The Romans carry on war with the Boii and Liguri- 226 Coss. M. Valerius Messala.
ans. The Floralia instituted. Conclusion of the          L. Apustius Fullo.
war of the Carthaginians against their mercenaries  225 Coss. L. /Emilius Papus.
after it had lasted three years and four months.         C. Atilius Regulus. Slain in battle.
The Carthaginians are obliged to surrender Sar-     Censs. C. Claudius Centho.
dinia and Corsica to the Romans. Hamilcar sent            M. Junius Pera.
into Spain,                                        WAR WITH THE GAULS. The Transalpine Gauls
237 Coss. L. Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus.                  cross the Alps and join the Cisalpine Gauls. Their
Q. Fulvius Flaccus.                              united forces defeated by the consul fEmilius. The
War continued with the Boil and Ligurians.             consul Atilius falls in the battle..M6 Coss, P. Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus.                 Q Fabius Pictor, the historian, served in the Gallic




984                              CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF
B.C.                                                 B.C.
war. He was a contemporary of the historian L. 216 Coss. C. Terentius Varro.
Cincius Alimentus.                                      L. iEmilius Paulus II. Slain in battle.
224 Coss. T. Manlius Torquatus II.                       Diet. M. Junius Pera.
Q. Fulvius Flaccus II..                         a,. Eq. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus.
Diet. L. C2ecilius Metellus.                         Dict. sine Mag E. Eq. M. Fabius Buteo.
Jlag. Eq. N. Fabius Buteo.                           Third year of the second Punic war. Great defeat
Second year of the Gallic war. The Boii submit.        of the Romans at the battle of Cannes, on the 2d
Plautus, perhaps, began to exhibit in this year. See   of August. Revolt of Capua and many other cities.
the article PLAUTUS.                                 The war continued in Spain. Death of liero.
223 Coss. C. Flaminius.                              215 Coss. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus.
P. Furius Philus.                                    L. Postumius Albinus III. SlaZi in battle.
Third year of the Gallic war. The consul Flaminius         M. Claudius Marcellus II. Abdicated.
crosses the Po and defeats the Insubrians.               Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus 1II.
222 Coss. Cn. Cornelius Scipio Calvus.                   Fourth year of the second Punic war. The war beI. Claudius MIarcellus.                           gins to turn in favor of the Romans. Marcellus
Fourth and last year of the Gallic war. The Insubri-   gains a victory over Hannibal near Nola. The Roans, defeated by the consul Marcellus, submit to the  mans conquer the Carthaginians in Sardinia. SueRomans. The consul Marcellus wins the spolia         cess of P. and Cn. Scipio in-Spain. Treaty of Hanopima.                                               nibal with Philip, king of Macedon. The sumptua221 Coss. P. Cornelius Scipio Asina.                       ry law of the tribune C. Oppius.
I. Minucius Rufus.                          214 Goss. Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus IV.
Diet. Q. Fabius MIaximus Verrucosus,                       M. Claudius Marcellus III.
AIag. Eq. C. Flaminius.                               Censs. M. Atilius Rfegulus. Abdicated.
War with the Istri, who are subdued. Hannibal sue-          P. Furius Philus. Died.
ceeds Hasdrubal in the command of the Carthagin-   Fifth year of the second Punic war. Hannibal in the
ian army in Spain.                                   neighborhood of Tarentum. Marcellus is sent into
220 Coss. L. Veturius Philo.                               Sicily. He besieges Syracuse, but turns the siege
C. Lutatius Catulus.                              into a blockade. War continued in Spain.
Censs. L. iEmilius Papus.                        213 Coss. Q. Fabius Maximus.
C. Flaminius.                                        Ti. Sempronius Gracchus II.
The censors place the libertini in the four city tribes.  Diet. C. Claudius Centho.
Flaminius makes the Via Flaminia and builds the    Mg. Eq. Q. Fulvius Flaccus.
Circus Flaminius. The citizens at the census are   Sixth year of the second Punic war. Hannibal cono,
270,213.                                             tinues in the neighborhood of Tarentum. Marcel.
219 CossL. I. Livius Salinator.                            lus continues the siege of Syracuse. Successes of
L. aEmilius Paulus.                               P. and Cn. Scipio in Spain. They thilk of crossSecond Illyrian war against Demetrius of Pharos,      ing over to Africa. War between the Romans and
who is conquered by the consul AEmilius. Hanni-      Philip.
bal takes Saguntum after a siege of eight months, 212 Coss. Q. Fulvius Flaccus III.
and winters at Carthago Nova.                            Ap. Claudius Pulcher.
The poet Pacuvius born fifty years before Attius.    Seventh year of the second Punic war. Hannibal
First medical shop opened at Rome by Archagathus,      takes Tarentum. Marcellus takes Syracuse. P.
a Greek, to whom the Romans granted the jus Qui-     and Cn. Scipio defeated and slain in Spain. Insti.
aitium.                                              tution of the Ludi Apollinares.
218 Coss. P. Cornelius Scipio.Death of Archimedes.
Ti. Sempronius Longus.                      211 Coss. Cn. Fulvius Centumalus.
SECOND PUNIC WAR. First year. Hannibal began              P. Sulpicius Galba Maximus.
his march from Carthago Nova at the commence-      Eighth year of the second Punic war. Hannibal atment of spring, and reached Italy in five months.    tempts in vain to raise the siege of Capua. The
He defeats the Romans at the battles of the Ticinus  Romans recover Capua. P. Scipio is sent into
and the Trebia, and winters in Liguria. Cn. Scipio   Spain toward the end of the summer. The JEtolicarries on the war with success in Spain.            ans desert Philip and conclude a treaty with thq
L. Cincius Alimentus wrote an account of Hannibal's    Romans.
passage into Italy.                            210 Coss. M. Claudius Marcellus IV.
217 Coss. Cn. Servilius Geminus.                              M. Valerius Leevinus.
C. Flaminius II. Slai in battle.                Diet. Q. Fulvius Flaccus.
iM. Atilius Regulus II.                         Mag. Eq. P. Licinius Crassus Dives.
Diet. Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus II.               Censs. L. Veturius Philo. Died.
Mag. Eq. lI. Minucius Rufus.                               P. Licinius Crassus Dives. Abdicated.
Diet. L. Veturius Philo.                             Ninth year of the second Punic war. Hannibal fightb
Jlag. Eq. M. Pomponius Matho.                          a drawn battle with Marcellus. In Sicily, Leevinus
Second year of the second Punic war. Hannibal         takes Agrigentum. In Spain, Scipio tales Carthamarches through the marshes into Etruria, and de-    go Nova. The citizens at the census are 137,101.
feats Flaminius at the battle of the Lake Trasime- 209 Coss. Q. Fulvius Flaccus IV.
nus. Fabius Maximus, elected dictator by the peo-        Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus V.
ple, will not risk a battle. Hannibal marches into  Censs. M. Cornelius Cethegus.
Apulia, where he passes the winter. The war con-          P. Sempronius Tuditanus.
tinued in Spain,                                   Tenth year of the second Punic war. The consal




ROMAN HISTORY.                                              985
B.C.                                                I.C.
Fabius recovers Tarentum. In Spain. Scipio gains  201 Coss. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus.
a victory near Bascula. In this year the number          P. _Elius Patus.
of Roman colonies was thirty.                      Eighteenth and last year of the second Punic war
208 Coss. M. Claudius Marcellus V. Slain in battle.        Peace granted to the Carthaginians.
T. Quinctius (Pennus Capitolinus) Crispinus. 200 Coss. P. Sulpicius Galba Maximus II.
Died.                                              C. Aurelius Cotta.
Diet. T. Manlius Torquatus.                          Renewal of the war with Philip, king of Macedonia
Mag. Eq. C. Servilius.                                 Sulpicius sent into Greece. War with the InsubriEleventh year of the second Punic war. The two         an Gauls. Colony sent to Venusium.
consuls defeated by Hannibal near Venusia; Mar- 199 Coss. L. Cornelius Lentulus.
cellus is slain. Continued success of Scipio in          P. Villius Tappulus.
Spain. Hasdrubal crosses the Pyrenees and win-,     Censs. P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus.
ters in Gaul.                                             P. AElius Pretus.
P07 Goss. C. Claudius Nero.                              War continued against Philip and the Gauls. SulpiM. Livius Salinator I.                            cius succeeded in the command in Greece by Vil.
Diet. M. Livius Salinator.                             lius. Colony sent to Narnia.
Amag. Eq. Q. Caecilius Metellus.                 198 Coss. Sex. dElius Peatus Catus.
Twelfth year of the second Punic war. Hasdrubal            T. Quinctius Flamininus.
crosses the Alps and marches into Italy; is defeat-  War continued against Philip and the Gauls. Villius
ed on the Metaurus and slain. The Romans carry       is succeeded by Flamininus.
on the war in Greece against Philip: they take  197 Coss. C. Cornelius Cethegus.
Oreum, in Euboea. Continued success of Scipio            Q. Minucius Rufus.
in Spain.                                          War continued against Philip and the Gauls. Defeat
Livius Andronicus was probably still alive in this     of Philip by Flamininus at the battle of Cynoscephayear.                                                lEe, in the autumn. Peace concluded with Philip.
206 Coss. L. Veturius Philo.                               Number of praetors increased to six. Lex Porcia
Q. Csecilius Metellus.                            de provocatione.
Thirteenth year of the second Punic war. The con- 196 Coss. L. Furius Purpureo.
suls march into Bruttii. Hannibal remains inactive.      M. Claudius Marcellus.
Scipio becomes master of Spain; he crosses over    War continued against the Gauls. The consuls de.
into Africa, and makes a league with Syphax.         feat the Insubrians and the Boii. Flamininus pro205 Coss. P. Cornelius Scipio (Africanus).                 claims the independence of Greece at the Isthmian
P. Licinius Crassus Dives.                        games. Hannibal takes refuge at the court of AnDiet. Q. Ceecilius Metellus.                           tiochus. Triumviri Epulones created by the Lex
Mag. Eq. L. Veturius Philo.                            Licinia.
Fourteenth year of the second Punic war. The war 195 Coss. L. Valerius Flaccus.
continued in Bruttii. Scipio crosses over into Sic-      M. Porcius Cato.
ily, where he passes the winter. Peace concluded    War continued against the Gauls. Flamininus marchbetween Rome and Philip.                             es against Nabis, the tyrant of Sparta. Liberation
g04 Coss. M. Cornelius Cethegus.                           of Argos. Order restored in Spain by the consul
P. Sempronius Tuditanus.                          Cato. The Lex Oppia repealed.
Censs. M. Livius Salinator.                          Birth of Terence.
C. Claudius Nero.                          194 Coss. P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus II.
Fifteenth year of the second Punic war. The war            Ti. Sempronius Longus.
continued in Bruttii. Hannibal conquered near       Censs. Sex. lElius PAetus Catus.
Croton. Scipio crosses over to Africa. The citi-          C. Cornelius Cethegus.
zens at the census are 214,000.                    War continued against the Gauls. Flamininus and
Ennius, the poet, is brought to Rome by the qusestor   Cato return to Rome, and triumph. The Romans
Cato, from Sardinia.                                 found several colonies this year, in Campania, Lu203 Coss. Cn. Servilius Csepio.                            cania, Apulia, and Bruttii. In this year the sena.
C. Servilius.                                     tors receive separate seats at the Roman games.
Diet. P. Sulpicius Galba Maximus.                      The citizens at the census are 143,704.
lMag. Eq. M. Servilius Pulex Geminus.            193 Coss. L. Cornelius Merula.
Sixteenth year of the second Punic war. Scipio             Q. Minucius Thermus.
prosecutes the war with success in Africa. Defeat  War continued against the Gauls. Ambassadors sent
of the Carthaginians and Syphax; Syphax is taken     to Philip.
prisoner. Hannibal leaves Italy, and crosses over  192 Coss. L. Quinctius Flamininus.
to Africa.                                               Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus.
~02 Coss. M. Servilius Pulex Geminus.                    War with the Gauls continued. Philip crosses over
Ti. Claudius Nero.                               into Greece on the invitation of the 1Etolians.
Diet. C. Servilius.                                  The Pwnnals of Plautus probably represented in this
Ml4ag. Eq. P. /Elius Psetus.                           year.
Seventeenth year of the second Punic war. Hanni- 191 Coss. P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica.
bal is defeated by Scipio at the decisive battle of      M'. Acilius Glabrio.
Zama. The Carthaginians sue for peace. After       WAR-n ITH ANTIOCHUS. The consul Acilius defeats
this year no dictator was appointed for 120 years,   Antiochus at Thermopylae. The Romans defeat the
till Sulla.                                          fleet of Antiochus. He winters in Phrygia. The
Death of the poet Nasvius,                             consul Cornelius defeats the Boii, who submit. The




986                              CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF
B.C.                                                 B.C.
colony of Bononia founded in their country in the    Apuani transplanted to Samnium. Colony sent to
following year;                                      Pisa. The Lex Annalis of the tribune Villius fixes
191 The Pseudolus of Plautus probably represented in      the age at which the magistracies might be held.
this year.                                     179 Coss. L. Manlius Acidinus Fulvianus.
190 Coss. L. Cornelius Scipio (Asiaticus).                     Q. Fulvius Flaccus.
C. Lslius.                                      Censs. L. REmilius Lepidus.
The consul L. Scipio crosses into Asia, and defeats         M. Fulvius Nobilior.
Antiochus at the battle of Magnesia. Peace made    War continued against the Ligurians. They are dewith him, but not ratified till B.C. 188.            feated by the consul Fulvius. Tib. Gracchus, the fa189 Coss. M. Fulvius Nobilior.                             ther of the two tribunes, subdues the Celtiberians in
Cn. Manlius Vulso.                                Spain. Death of Philip, king of Macedonia, and acCenss. T. Quinctius Flamininus.                        cession of Perseus. The citizens at the census are
M. Claudius Marcellus.                           273,294.
The consul Fulvius subdues the Etolians. Peace      Caecilius, the comic poet, flourished.
made with them. The consul Manlius conquers     178 Coss. M. Junius Brutus.
the Galatians in Asia Minor. The citizens at the         A. Manlius Vulso.
census are 258,318.                                War with the Istrians.
Ennius accompanies Fulvius into 2Etolia.          177 Coss. C. Claudius Pulcher.
188 Coss. M. Valerius Messala.                                 Ti. Sempronius Gracchus.
C. Livius Salinator.                            Subjugation of the Istrians by the consul Claudius,
Manlius remains in Asia, and ratifies the peace with   who also defeats the Ligurians. Colonies founded
Antiochus. He returns home through Thrace and         at Luna and Lucca. The consul Gracchus carries
Macedonia, and is attacked by the Thracians.          on war against the Sardinians, who had revolted.
187 Coss. M. Gemilius Lepidus.                        176 Coss. Q. Petillius Spurinus. Slaoi in battle.
C. Flaminius.                                        Cn. Cornel. Scipio Hispallus. Died.
The two consuls carry on war against the Ligurians.        C. Valerius Laevinus.
L. Scipio accused of embezzlement in the war with   War continued against the Ligurians. The consul
Antiochus, and is condemned. He was accused          Petillius defeated and slain by the Ligurians. Gracby the Petillii, tribunes of the plebs, at the instiga-  chus subdues the Sardinians.
tion of Cato.                                   175 Coss. P. Mucius Sceevola.
186 Coss. Sp. Postumius Albinus.                               M. /Emilius Lepidus II.
Q. Marcius Philippus.                           War continued against the Ligurians, who are defeatWar continued against the Ligurians. The Senatus-.     ed by the consuls. Gracchus returns to Rome, and
consultum de Bacchanalibus.                          triumphs over the Sardinians. Origin of the prov185 Coss. Ap. Claudius Pulcher.                            erb Sardi venales.
M. Sempronius Tuditanus.                    174 Coss. Sp. Postumius Albinus Paullulus.
War continued against the Ligurians. P. Scipio Af-         Q. Mucius ScEevola.
ricanus accused by M. Navvius. He retires from      Censs. Q. Fulvius Flaccus.
Rome before his trial.                                    A. Postumius Albinus.
184 Coss. P. Claudius Pulcher.                           The censors order the streets of Rome to be paved,
L. Porcius Licinus.                               The citizens at the census are 269,015.
Ccnss. L. Valerius Flaccus.                      173 Coss. L. Postumius Albinus.
M. Porcius Cato.                                    M. Popillius Laenas.
War continued against the Ligurians. Cato exer-      Popillius defeats the Ligurians.
cises his censorship with great severity; expels   Ennius is now in his 67th year.
Flamininus from the senate, and deprives L. Scipio  172 Coss. C. Popillius Lamnas.
of his equus publicus.                                   P. tElius Ligus.
Death of Plautus.                                    Eumenes comes to Rome to denounce Perseus.
183 Coss. M. Claudius Marcellus.                     171 Coss. P. Licinius Crassus.
Q. Fabius Labeo.                                     C. Cassius Longinus.
War continued against the Ligurians. Death of Scip-  WAn WITH PEaSEUS. First year. The consul Licihn
io Africanus. (The year of his death is variously    ius carries on the war with success against Per.
stated.) Death of Hannibal,                          seus. He winters in Boeotia and Thessaly.
182 Coss. Cn. Bsebius Tamphilus.                     170 Coss. A. Hostilius Mancinus.
L. Emilius Paulus.                                   A. Atilius Serranus.
War continued against the Ligurians. Two praetors    Second year of the war against Perseus. The consul
sent into Spain.                                     Hostilius Mancinus commands in Macedonia.
181 Coss. P. Cornelius Cethegus.                         Birth of the poet Accius or Attius.
M. Baebius Tamphilus.                       169 Coss. Q. Marcius Philippus II.
War continued against the Ligurians. The Ligures          Cn. Servilius Caepio.
Ingauni submit to the Romans. Lex Cornelia BD-     Censs. C. Claudius Pulcher.
bia de atabitl. The sumptuary law of the trib-            Ti. Sempronius Gracchus.
une Orchius. Discovery of the alleged books of     Third year of the war against Perseus. The consul
Numa.                                                Marcius commands in Macedonia. The Lex Voco
180 Coss. A. Postumius Albinus.                            nia. The libertini placed in the four city tribes by
C. Calpurnius Piso. Died.                        the censor Gracchus. The citizens at the census
Q. Fulvius Flaccus.                              are 312,805.
War continued against the Ligurians. The Ligures     Death of Ennius.




ROMAN HISTORY.                                              987.c.                                                  B.C.
168 Coss. L. JEmilius Paulus II.                           Athenians send an embassy to Rome, consisting
C. Licinius Crassus.                              of the philosophers Diogenes, Critolaiis, and CarFourth and last year of the war against Perseus.       neades, to obtain a remission of the fine of 500 talThe consul XEmilius Paulus defeats Perseus at the    ents, which they had been sentenced to pay after
battle of Pydna, on the 22d of June. Perseus short-  the war with Perseus.
ly afterward taken prisoner. End of the Macedo- 154 Coss. Q. Opimius.
nian monarchy. War with the Illyrians: the war           L. Postumius Albinus. Died.
is ended in 30 days.                                     M'. Acilius Glabrio.
Death of Cescilius, the comic poet.                   Censs. M. Valerius Messala.
167 Coss. Q, Elius Peetus.                                      C. Cassius Longinus.
M. Junius Pennus.                               The consul Opimius is sent against the Oxybii, Tranls
Emilius Paulus settles the affairs of Greece. He de-   alpine Gauls. The citizens at the census are 324,000.
stroys seventy towns in Epirus. More than 1000      The poet Pacuvius flourished.
principal Achaeans are sent to Rome: among them  153 Coss. Q. Fulvius Nobilior.
is the historian Polybius.                               T. Annius Luscus.
166 Coss. M. Claudius Marcellus.                         In this year the consuls for the first time enter on
C. Sulpicius Gallus.                             their office on the 1st of January. War with the
The consuls defeat the Alpine Gauls and the Liguri-    Celtiberians in Spain begins. It is conducted unans.                                                 successfully by the consul Nobilior.
The Andria of Terence exhibited.                 152 Coss. M. Claudius Marcellus III.
165 Coss. T. Manlius Torquatus.                                L. Valerius Flaccus. Died.
Cn. Octavius.                                   The consul Marcellus conducts the war in Spain with
The Hecyra of Terence exhibited.                       more success.
164 Coss. A. Manlius Torquatus.                      151 Coss. L. Licinius Lucullus.
Q. Cassius Longinus. Died.                           A. Postumius Albinus.
Censs. L. AEmilius Paulus.                           The consul Lucullus and the prietor Sulpicius Galba
Q. Marcius Philippus.                            conduct the war in Spain. Lucullus conquers the
The citizens at the census are 327,022.                Vaccasi, Cantabri, and other nations; but Galba is
163 Coss. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus II.                      defeated by the Lusitanians. Return of the AchaeM'. Juventius Thalna.                             an exiles.
The Corsicans rebel, but are subdued by the consul   Postumius Albinus, the consul, was a writer of Roman
Juventius.                                           history.
The Heautontimorumenos of Terence exhibited.     150 Coss. T. Quinctius Flamininus.
162 Coss. P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica. Abdicated.'. Acilius Balbus.
C. Marcius Figulus. Abdicated.                  Galba, at the beginning of the year, most treacherousP. Cornelius Lentulus.                            ly destroys the Lusitanians. Viriathus was among
Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus.                        the few who escaped.
161 Coss. M. Valerius Messala.                           Cato, Eet. 84, brought down his Origines to this period.
C. Fannius Strabo.                          149 Coss. L. Marcius Censorinus.
The philosophers and rhetoricians banished from            M'. Manilius.
Rome. The sumptuary law of the consul Fannius.     THIRD PUNIC WAR. First year. The consuls land
The Eunuchus and Phormio of Terence exhibited.         in Africa. Death of Masinissa, set. 90. The Lex
160 Coss. L. Anicius Gallus.                               Calpunia of the tribune L. Calpurnius Piso de repe.
M. Cornelius Cethegus.                           tundis (malversation and extortion by the governThe Pontine marshes drained. Death of L. AEmilius      ors of the provinces), which was the first law on
Paulus.                                              the subject. A pseudo-Philippus, named AndrisThe Adelphi of Terence exhibited at the funeral        cus, appears in Macedonia, but is defeated and slain
games of dEmilius Paulus.                            within a year.
159 Coss. Cn. Cornelius Dolabella.                       Death of Cato, set. 85.
M. Fulvius Nobilior.                            L. Calpurnius Piso, the author of the law de repetun.
Genss. P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica.                     dis, was an historian.
M. Popillius Lasnas.                       148 Coss. Sp. Postumius Albinus Magnus.
The citizens at the census are 338,314. A water-           L. Calpurnius Piso Ca3sonius.
clock set up at Rome by the censor Scipio.         Second year of the third Punic war. The pseudo.
Death of Terence.                                      Philippus defeated and taken prisoner by Q. Mete!~
158 Coss. M.,milius Lepidus.                             lus, the prietor. Success of Viriathus in Lusitania.
C. Popillius Laenas II.                         Birth of Lucilius.
157 Coss. Sex. Julius Csesar.                        147 Coss. P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus 2Emilianus.
L. Aurelius Orestes.                                 C. Livius Drusus.
Ariarathes V. Philopator comes to Rome. A colony      enss. L. Cornelius Lentulus Lupus.
was founded at Auximum, in Picenum.                      L. Marcius Censorinus.
156 Coss. L. Cornelius Lentulus Lupus.                   Third year of the third Punic war. Scipio crosses
C. Marcius Figulus II.                           over to Africa. War declared between Rome and
The consul Marcius carries on war against the Dal-     the Achaeans. Continued success of Viriathus in
matians.                                             Lusitania. The citizens at the census are 32,,000.
L55 Coss. P, Cornelius Scipio Nasica II.             146 Coss. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus.
M. Claudius Marcellus II.                            L. Mulnmius Achaicus.
The consul Scipio subdues the Dalmatians. The        Fourth andlast year ofthe thirdPulcwar Car. ttaget




988                              CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF
B.C.                                                 B.C.
146   taken by Scipio and razed to the ground: its terri-  he is defeated by the Numantines, and makes a
tory made a Roman province. The Achaeans de-         peace with them, which the senate refuses to ratify.
feated by Mummius, Corinth taken, and the Roman  136 Coss. L. Furius Philus.
province of Achaia formed (but vid. p. 000 of Ta-        Sex. Atilius Serranus.
bles). Continued success of Viriathus in Lusitania.  Censs. Ap Claudius Pulcher.
Cassius Hemina, the historian, flourished.                  Q. Fulvius Nobilior.
C. Fannius, the historian, serves with Scipio at Car-  Brutus remains in Further Spain as proconsul, and
thage.                                               subdues the Gallheci. The proconsul Lepidus, who
145 Coss. Q. Fabius Maximus.EAmilianus.                   had succeeded Mancinus in Nearer Spain, is defeatL. Hostilius Mancinus.                            ed by the Vaccaei. The citizens at the census are
The consul Fabius commands in Spain against Viria-     323,923.
thus, and carries on the war successfully.      135 Coss. Ser. Fulvius Flaccus.
144 Coss. Ser. Sulpicius Galba.                                Q. Calpurnius Piso.
L. Aurelius Cotta.                              The consul Piso succeeds Lepidus in Nearer Spain,
Fabius continues in Spain as proconsul.                but carries on the war without success. The con.
143 Coss. Ap. Claudius Pulcher.                            sul Flaccus defeats the Vardasi in Illyricum.
Q. Csacilius Metellus Macedonicus.          134 Coss. P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus EAmilianus II.
Commencement of the Numantine war. The consul              C. Fulvius Flaccus.
Metellus commands in Nearer Spain, to carry on      Scipio is elected consul to end the Numantine war.
the war against the Numantines. The prattor Q.       He receives Nearer Spain as his province, and car.
Pompeius continues in Further Spain, to carry on     ries on the war with vigor. Servile war in Sicily:
the war against Viriathus and the Lusitanians. Me-   the consul Fulvius sent against the slaves.
tellus prosecutes the war with success, but Pom-    Sempronius Asellio, the historian, served at Numantia.
peius is defeated by Viriathus. Another pretender  133 Coss. P. Mucius Sceevola.
in Macedonia defeated and slain.                         L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi.
142 Coss. L. Ceecilius Metellus Calvus.                  Numantia taken by Scipio and destroyed. The consul
Q. Fabius Maximus Servilianus.                    Piso defeats the slaves in Sicily. Tib. Gracchus,
Censs. P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus (Emilianus).      tribune of the plebs, his legislation and murder.
L. Mummius Achaicus.                       132 Coss. P. Popillius Lenas.
Q. Metellus continues in Nearer Spain as proconsul.        P. Rupilius.
The consul Servilianus, in Further Spain, carries   End of the Servile war in Sicily. Return and trion war against Viriathus. The citizens at the cen-   umph of Scipio.
sus are 328,442.                                131 Coss. P. Licinius Crassus Mucianus.
M. Antonius, the orator, born.                             L. Valerius Flaccus.
Fannius, the historian, serves in Spain.              Ccnss. Q. Cmcilius Metellus Macedonicus.
141 Coss. Cn. Servilius Caepio.                                 Q. Pompeius Rufus.
Q. Pompeius.                                    The consul Crassus carries on war with Aristonicus
Fabius Servilianus remains as proconsul in Further     in Asia. The affairs of Sicily settled by Rupilius,
Spain: is defeated by Viriathus, and makes a peace   the proconsul. C. Papirius Carbo, tribune of the
with him, which is ratified by the senate. The con-  plebs, brings forward laws which are opposed by
sul Pompeius succeeds MIetellus in Nearer Spain:     Scipio Africanus and the aristocracy. Both cenhis unsuccessful campaign.                           sors plebeians for the first time. The citizens are
140 Coss. C. Laelius Sapiens.                              317,823.
Q. Servilius Caspio.                        130 Coss. C. Claudius Pulcher Lentulus.
Capio succeeds Fabius in Further Spain, renews the         M. Perperna.
war with Viriathus, and treacherously causes his   Aristonicus defeats and slays Crassus. He is defeatassassination. Pompeius continues as proconsul in    ed and taken prisoner by the consul Perperna.
Nearer Spain; is defeated by the Numantines, and  129 Coss. C. Sempronius Tuditanus.
makes a peace with them, but afterward denies that       M. Aquillius.
he did so.                                         The consul Aquillius succeeds Perperna in Asia. ArCrassus, the orator, born.                             istonicus put to death. The consul Sempronius carAttius, set. 30, and Pacuvius, tet. 80, both exhibit in  ries on war against the Iapydes. Death of Scipio
this year.                                           Africanus, at the age of 56.
139 Coss. Cn. Calpurnius Piso.                       128 Coss. Cn. Octavius.
M. Popillius Lsenas.                                 T. Annius Luscus Rufus.
Ceepio remains as proconsul in Further Spain. The  127 Coss. L. Cassius Longinus Ravilla.
consul Popillius succeeds Pompeius in Nearer            L. Cornelius Cinna.
Spain.                                         126 Coss. M. jEmilius Lepidus.
138 Coss. P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio.                 L. Aurelius Orestes.
D. Junius Brutus (Callaicus).                   The consul Aurelius puts down a rebellion in Sardinia,
The consul Brutus succeeds Csepio in Further Spain:    C. Gracchus goes to Sardinia as queestor. M. Juhe subdues Lusitania. Popillius remains as consul    nius Pennus, tribune of the plebs, carries a law oein Nearer Spain, and is defeated by the Numantines.  dering all aliens to quit Rome. The Ludi Seculb
137 Coss. M. Emilius Lepidus Porcina.                      res celebrated for the fourth time.
C. Hostilius Mancinus. Abdicated.          125 Coss. M. Plautius Hypsmeus.
Brutus remains in Further Spain as proconsul, and         M. Fulvius Flaccus.
completes the subjugation of Lusitania. The con-   Censs. Cn. Servilius Caspio.
sul Malciaus succeeds Popillius in Nearer Spain:          L. Cassius Longin.s Ravilla.




ROMAN HISTORY.                                                989
B.Co.    B.C.
125 The consul Flacetus subdues the Salluvii in Trans- 112 Juglrtha kills AdherbaL  The consul Drusus corn.
alpine Gaul. L. Opimius, the praetor, destroys Fre-    mands in Thrace, and defeats the Scordisci.
gellea, which had revolted. Aurelius remains in  111 Coss. P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica. Died.
Sardinia with Gracchus. The citizens are 390,736.          L. Calpurnius Bestia.
124 Coss. C. Cassius Longinus.                             JUGURTsHINE WAR. First year. The consul CalpurC. Sextius Calvinus.                               nius Bestia is bribed by Jugurtha, and grants him
War in Transalpine Gaul continued. The consul            peace.
Calvinus defeats the Allobroges and Arverni. C. 110 Coss. M. Minucius Rufus.
Gracchus returns to Rome from Sardinia.                    Sp. Posturmius Albinus.
123 Coss. Q. Ceecilius Metellus (Balearicus).              Second year of the Jugurthine war. Jugurtha comes
T. Quinctius Flamininus.                            to Rome, but quits it again secretly, in consequence
C. Gracchus, tribune of the plebs, brings forward his    of the murder of Massiva. The consul Albinus comnLeges Sempronin3.    A colony sent to Carthage.         mands in Africa. but returns to Rome to hold the
Sextius Calvinus remains in Transalpine Gaul as         comitia, leaving his brother Aulus in the command.
proconsul. The consul Metellus subdues the Ba-          The consul Minucius fights against the Thracians.
learian islands.                                  109 Coss. Q. Caecilius Metellus (Numidicus).
L. Coelius Antipater, the historian, flourished in the       M. Junius Silanus.
time of C. Gracchus.                                  Censs. M.'Emilius Scaurus. Abdicated.
122 Coss. Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus.                               M. Livius Drusus. Died.
C. Fannius Strabo.                                Third year of the Jugurthine war. Aulus is defeated
C. Gracchus tribune of the plebs a second time. Com-     in January by Jugurtha, and concludes a peace,
pletion of the conquest of the Salluvii in Transal-    which the senate refuses to ratify. The consul
pine Gaul, and foundation of Aquae Sextiwe by the      Metellus sent into Africa, and carries on the war
proconsul Sextius Calvinus.                            with success. The consul Silanus is defeated by
121 Coss. L. Opimius.                                        the Cimbri. The proconsul Minucius defeats the
Q. Fabius Maximus (Allobrogicus).                   Thracians.
Death of C. Gracchus. The proconsul Domitius de-       Birth of T. Pomponius Atticus.
feats the Allobroges. The consul Fabius likewise  108 Goss. Ser. Sulpicius Galba.
defeats the Allobroges and Arverni, who submit to          L. Hortensius. Condemned.
the Romans.                                                M. Aurelius Scaurus.
120 Coss. P. Manilius.                                      Censs. Q. Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus.
C. Papirius Carbo.                                       C. Licinius Geta.
Censs. L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi.                       Fourth year of the Jugurthine war. Metellus conQ. Ca3cilius Metellus Balearicus.                  tinues in the command as proconsul, and defeats
119 Coss. L. Ceecilius Metellus (Dalmaticus).                Jugurtha.
L. Aurelius Cotta.                            107 Coss. L. Cassius Longinus. Slain.
C. Marius tribune of the plebs.                              C. Marius.
The orator L. Crassus (set. 21) accuses Carbo.         Fifth year of the Jugurthine war. The consul Marius
118 Coss. tM. Porcius Cato. Died.                            succeeds Metellus in the command. The consul
Q. Marcius Rex.                                     Cassius defeated and slain by the Cimbri and their
The consul Marcius conquers the Stceni, a Gallic na-     allies.
tion. A colony founded at Narbo Martius. Death   106 Coss. C. Atilius Serranus.
of Micipsa.                                                Q. Servilius Ceepio.
117 Coss. P. Caecilius Metellus Diadematus.                 Sixth and last year of the Jugurthine war. Marius
Q. Mucius Scaevola.                                 continues in the command as proconsul. Jugurtha
The consul Metellus subdues the Dalmatians. Ambas-       is captured. Birth of Cn. Pompeius on the 30th
sadors are sent to Numidia, who restore Adherbal.       of September.
116 Coss. C. Licinius Geta.                                Birth of Cicero at Arpinum on the 3d of January.
Q. Fabius Maximus Eburnus.                    105 CGoss. P. Rutilius Rufus.
Birth of Varro.                                              Cn. Mallius Maximus.
115 Coss. M. 2Emilius Scaurus.                             The Cimbri defeat Q. Servilius Caspio, proconsul,
M. Coacilius Metellus.                              and Cn. Mallius, consul.
Censs. L. Cascilius Metellus Dalmaticus.           104 Coss. C. Marius II.
Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus.                             C. Flavius Fimbria.
The citizens at the census are 394,336.                Triumph of Marius., Preparations against the Cim114 Coss. Mi. Acilius Balbus.                                bri, who march into Spain. The Lex Domitia of
C. Porcius Cato.                                    the tribune Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus gives to the
The consul Cato defeated by the Scordisci in Thrace.     people the right of electing the priests.
Birth of the orator Hortensius.                    103 Coss. C. Marius III.
113 Coss. C. Cncilius Metellus Caprarius.                       L. Aurelius Orestes. Died.
Cn. Papirius Carbo.                              Continued preparations against the Cimbri.
Commencement of the war against the Cimbri and         The Tereus of Attius exhibited.
Teutoni. They defeat the consul Carbo near No-       Death of Lucilius.
reia, but, instead of penetrating into Italy, cross into  102 Coss. C. Marius IV.
Gaul. The consul Metellus carries on the war suc-          Q. Lutatius Catulus.
cessfully against the Thracians.                    GCenss. Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus.
112 Coss. M. Livius Drusus.                                       C. Caecilius Metellus Caprarius.
L. Calpurnius Piso Caesonius.                    The Cimbri return from Spain into Gaul, Malicls




990                              CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF
B.C.                                                 B.C.
completely defeats the Teutoni at the battle of     lum taken. The franchise granted to all the cona
Aquea Sextiee. The consul Catulus stationed in       federate towns of Italy, and the Latin franchise to
Northern Italy. A second servile war arises in       the Transpadani. The new citizens enrolled by the
Sicily, and was ended by the proconsul Aquilius      census in eight new tribes.
in B.C. 99. It was badly conducted by L. Lucul.    Cicero serves under Pompeius in the MIarsic war.
lus and C. Servilius.                           88 Coss. L. Cornelius Sulla (Felix).
101 Coss. C. Marius V.                                        Q. Pompeius Rufus. Slain.
M'. Aquilius.                                   End of the Marsic war. The Samnites alone-continue
Marius joins the proconsul Catulus in Northern Italy.  in arms. Sulla receives the command of the war
They defeat the Cimbri in the Campi Raudii, near     against Mithradates. This occasions the civil wars
Verona. The consul Aquilius sent against the slaves  of Marius and Sulla. Marius expels Sulla from
in Sicily.                                           Rome, and receives from the tribes the command
100 Coss. C. Marius VI.                                    of the Mithradatic war. Sulla marches upon Rome
L. Valerius Flaccus.                              with his army, enters the city, and proscribes MaI
Sedition and death of L. Appuleius Saturninus, the     rius and the leading men of his party.
tribune of the plebs. Banishment of Metellus Nu-.   Cicero hears Philo and Molo at Rome.
midicus. Birth of C. Julius Ceesar on the 12th of  87 Coss. Cn. Octavius. Slain.
July.                                                    L. Cornelius Cinna. Abdicated.
99 Coss. M. Antonius.                                         L. Cornelius Merula. Slain.
A. Postumius Albinus.                           Sulla crosses over to Greece to conduct the war
Return of Metellus Numidicus to Rome. The servile      against Mithradates. He is opposed by Arehelaiis,
war in Sicily ended by M'. Aquilius, the proconsul.  the general of Mithradates; lays siege to Athens.
98 Coss. Q. Csecilius Metellus Nepos.                     The consul Cinna espouses the side of Marius.
T. Didius.                                        Cinna and Marius enter Rome, and massacre their
War with the Celtiberians breaks out. Didius corn-     opponents. The consul Octavius, the orator M.
mands in Spain. Q. Sertorius serves under him.       Antonius, and other distinguished men, put to
Lex Cescilia.                                        death.
87 CGoss. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus.                       Sisenna, the historian, described these times.
P. Licinius Crassus.                            Birth of Catullus.
Genss. L. Valerius Flaccus.                       86 Coss. L. Cornelius Cinna II,
M. Antonius.                                        C. Marius VII. Died.
Didius remains in Spain as proconsul, and fights sue-      L. Valerius Flaccus II.
cessfully against the Celtiberians.                 Censs. L. Marcinus Philippus.
96 Coss. Cun. Domitius Ahenobarbus.                            M. Perperna.
C. Cassius Longinus.                            Death of Marius, set. 70. Sulla continues the war
Ptolemseus, king of Cyrene, dies, and leaves his king.  against Mithradates; takes Athens on the 1st of
dom to the Romans.                                   March; defeats Archelaiis in Bceotia. Flaccus, who
95 Coss. L. Licinius Crassus.                             is elected consul in Marius's place, receives the
Q. Mucius Scievola.                               command of the Mithradatic war, and crosses over
Birth of Lucretius.                                    to Asia; he is murdered by Fimbria.
94 Coss. C. Ccelius Caldus.                             Birth of Sallust.
L. Domitius Ahenobarbus.                     85 Coss. L. Cornelius Cinna III.
93 Coss. C. Valerius Flaccus.                                 Cn. Papirius Carbo.
M. Herennius.                                   Sulla begins to treat with Archelaus respecting the
92 Coss. C. Claudius Pulcher.                             terms of peace. Fimbria prosecutes the war in
M. Perperna.                                      Asia with success against Mithradates.
Ceness. Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus.                 84 Coss. Cn. Papirius Carbo II.
L. Licinius Crassus.                                L. Cornelius Cinna IV. Slain.
Sulla, propr.etor, is sent to Asia; he restores Ario-  Peace concluded between Mithradates and Sulla.
barzanes to the kingdom of Cappadocia, and re-       After the conclusion of the peace, Sulla marches
ceives an embassy from the king of the Parthians,    against Fimbria, who kills himself.
the first public transaction between Rome and Par-.  83 Coss. L. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus.
thia.                                                    L. Norbanus Balbus.
91 Coss. L. Marcius Philippus.                          Sulla returns to Italy at the beginning of the year.
Sex. Julius Caesar.                              Civil war between him and the Marian party. Cu.
M. Livius the tribune of the plebs. His legislation.   Pompeius (set. 23) takes an active part in Sulla's
He attempts to give the franchise to the Italian al-  favor. Q. Sertorius flies to Spain. The Capitol
lies, but is assassinated by his opponents.          burned on the 6th of July. L. Murena, the proDeath of the orator Crassus.                           prietor, renews the war against Mithradates.
90 Coss. L. Julius Caesar.                           82 Coss. C. Marius. Slew himself.
P. Rutilius Lupus. Slain.                            Cn. Papirius Carbo III. Slain.
THE MARSIC OR SOCIAL WAar. The Lex Juliaof the       Diet. L. Cornelius Sulla Felix.
consul gives the franchise to all the Latins.      Mlag. Eq. L. Valerius Flaccus.
89 Coss. Cn. Pompeius Strabo.                           Victories of Sulla and his'generals. Capture of Prme.
L. Porcius Cato. Slain.                          neste, and death of the younger Marius, the consul.
Censs. P. Licinius Crassus.                            Sulla is undisputed master of Italy. He is appointL. Julius Coasar.                               ed dictator for an indefinite period; proscribes his
Successes of the Romans in the Marsic wag. Ascu.       opponents; Cn. Pompeius is sent to Sicily, to car.




ROMAN HISTORY.                                              991
B.C.                                                1 B.C.
ry on war against the Marians. Q. Sertorius holds    of the war in Italy against the gladiators commandout in Spain.                                        ed by Spartacus. The consul M. Lucullus succeeds
82 Birth of P. Terentius Varro Atacinus, the poet.        Curio in Macedonia, and subdues the Bessi in this
Birth of C. Licinius Calvus, the orator,               or the following year.
81 Coss. M. Tullius Decula.                          72 Coss. L. Gellius Poplicola.
Cn. Cornelius Dolabella.                             Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus.
Sulla continues dictator. His legislation. Successful  Murder of Sertorius; defeat and death of Perperna;
campaign of Cn. Pompeius in Africa; returns to       end of the war in Spain. Lucullus follows Mithra.
Rome, and triumphs.                                  dates into Pontus. The two consuls are defeated
Cicero's (set. 26) oration Pro Quintio.                by Spartacus.
Valerius Cato, the grammarian and poet, flourished.  71 Coss. P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura.
80 Coss. L. Cornelius Sulla Felix II.                         Cn. Aufidius Orestes.
Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius.                     War with Mithradates continued. Mithradates flies
Sulla continues dictator, but holds the consulship as  into Armenia to his son-in-law Tigranes. Spartawell. Siege and capture of Mytilene, in Asia: C.     cus defeated and slain by M. Licinius Crassus, preaJulius Csesar (set. 20) was present at the siege.    tor. Pompeius, on his return from Spain, falls in
Cicero's (ast. 27) oration Pro Sex. Roscio Amerino.    with and destroys some of the fugitives.
79 Coss. P. Servilius Vatia (Isauricus).             70 Coss. Cn. Pompeius Magnus.
Ap. Claudius Pulcher.                                Licinius. Crassus Dives.
Sulla lays down his dictatorship. Metellus, procon-  Censs. L. Gellius Poplicola.
sul, goes to Spain to oppose Sertorius.                   Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus.
Cicero (eat. 28) goes to Athens.                     War with Mithradates continued, but no active opero
78 Coss. M. Emilius Lepidus.                              ations this year. Lucullus is engaged in regulating
Q. Lutatius Catulus.                              the affairs of Asia Minor: Mithradates remains in
Death of Sulla, set. 60. The consul Lepidus attempts to  Armenia. Pompeius restores to the tribunes the
rescind the laws of Sulla, but is opposed by his col-  power of which they had been deprived by Sulla.
league Catulus. Metellus continues the war against   The Lex Aurelia enacts that the judices are to be
Sertorius. P. Servilius Vatia is sent as proconsul   taken from the senators, equites, and tribuni serarii,
against the pirates on the southern coasts of Asia   instead of from the senators exclusively, as Sulla
Minor.                                               had ordained.
Cicero (set. 29) hears Molo at Rhodes.               Cicero (set. 37) impeaches Verres; he delivers the
Sallust's history began from this year.                orations In Q. Caeciliumn Divinatio and Actio I. in
77 Coss. D. Junius Brutus.                                 Vrrem.
Mam. zEmilius Lepidus Livianus.                 Birth of Virgil.
Lepidus takes up arms, is defeated by Catulus at the  69 Coss. Q. Hortensius.
Mulvian bridge, and retires to Sardinia, where he        Q. C-ecilius Metellus (Creticus).
dies in the course of the year. Sertorius is joined  War with Mithradates continued. Lucullus invades
by M. Perperna, the legate of Lepidus. Cn. Pom-      Armenia, defeats Tigranes, and takes Tigranocerta.
peius is associated with Metellus in the command     The Capitol dedicated by Q. Catulus.
against Sertorius.                                 Cicero (set. 38) curule sedile. His orations Pro M,
Cicero (eat. 30) returns to Rome.                      Fonteio and Pro A. Czecina.
76 Coss. Cn. Octavius.                               68 Coss. L. C-cilius Metellus. Died.
L. Scribonius Curio.                                 Q. Marcius Rex.
Metellus and Pompeius carry on the war against Ser-  War with Mithradates continued. Lucullus defeats
torius unsuccessfully.                               Tigranes and Mithradates on the Arsanias, and lays
Cicero (sat. 31) engaged in pleading causes.           siege to Nisibis. Q. Metellus, proconsul, conducts
Birth of Asinius Pollio.                               the war in Crete.
75 Coss. L. Octavius.                                67 Coss. C. Calpurnius Piso.
C. Aurelius Cotta.                                   M'. Acilius Glabrio.
War with Sertorius continued. The proconsul P.       War with Mithradates continued. Mutiny in the army
Servilius Vatia, who was sent against the pirates    of Lucullus. He marches back to Pontus, whither
in B.C. 78, subdues the Isaurians, and receives the  Mithradates had preceded him, and had defeated C.
surname of Isauricus. The proconsul C. Scribo-       Triarius, the legate of Lucullus. The war against
nius Curio commands in Macedonia, subdues the        the pirates is committed to Cn. Pompeius by the
Dardani, and penetrates as far as the Danube.        Lex Gabinia. Metellus concludes the war in Crete
Cicero (set. 32) qusestor in Sicily.                   either in this or the following year. L. Roscius
74 Coss. L. Licinius Lucullus.                            Otho, tribune of the plebs, carried a law that the
M. Aurelius Cotta.                                equites should have separate seats in the theatre.
War with Sertorius continued. Renewal of the war       M. Terentius Varro serves under Pompeius in the
with Mithradates: Lucullus appointed to the com-     war against the pirates.
mand; he carries on the war with success, and   66 Coss. MI'. Emilius Lepidus.
relieves Cyzicus, which was besieged by Mithra-          L. Volcatius Tullus.
dates.                                             War with Mithradates continued. The conduct of it
Cicero (eat. 33) returns from Sicily to Rome.          is committed to Cn. Pompeius by the Lex Manilia.
73 Coss. M. Terentius Varro Lucullus.                     He had already brought the war against the pirates
C. Cassius Varus.                                to a close. He invades Armenia, and makes peace
War with Sertorius continued. Mithradates is de-       with Tigranes. Mithradates retires into the Cimfeated by Lucullus near Cyzicus. Commencement        merian Bosporus.




992                                CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF
Bc..                                                    B.C.
66 Cicero (et. 41), prsetor, delivers the orations Pro       powers,-for five years. Ptolemenus Anietes comers
Leges ian7ilia and Pro A. Cluentio.                     to Rome.
65 Coss. P. Cornelius Sulla. Did     enter                 Cicero (set. 50) recalled from banishment.
P. Autronius Pa3ts. 6                          56 Coss. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus.
L. Aurelius Cotta.                                       L. Marcius Philippus.
L. Manlius Torquatus.                              Cesar's (at. 44) third campaign in Gaul. He conCenss. Q. Lutatius Catulus. Abdicated.                    quers the Veneti in tle northwest of Gaul. Cesar
M. Licinius Crassus Dives. Abdicated.              met Pompeius and Crassus at Luca in April, and
War with Mithradates continued. Pompeiuspursues           made arrangements for the continuance of their
Mithradates, and fights against the Albanians and       power. Clodius is curule sdile.
Iberians. Catiline's first conspiracy. Csesar (eet.    Cicero's (set. 51) orations, (1.) Pro Seztio; (2.) In Va35) is curule sedile.                                   tiniua; (3.) De HIarnospicum Responsis; (4.) De ProBirth of Q. Horatius Flaccus.                              vinciis Consular'ibts; (5.) Pro AM. Celio Rlefo; (6.)
64 Coss. L. Julius Caesar.                                   Pro L. CornelZio Balbo.
C. Marcius Figulus.                            55 Coss. Cn. Pompelus Magnus II.
Ccnss. L. Aurelius Cotta.                                     M. Licinius Crassus II.
Pompeius returns from the pursuit of Mithradates.        Censs. M. Valerius Messala Niger.
He makes Syria a Roman province, and winters                 P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus.
there.                                                Caesar's (eot. 45) fourth campaign in Gaul. Ie crosos
Cicero's (Eet. 43) oration In Toga Candida.               es the Rhine: he invades Britain. Assignment of
63 Coss. M. Tullius Cicero.                                   the provinces to the triumvirs by the Lex TreboC. Antonius.                                         nia. Csesar receives the Gauls and Illyricum for
Deatl of Mithradates. Pompeius subdues Phoenicia           five years more; Pompeius the Spains, and Crasand Palestine, and takes Jerusalem after a siege of      sus Syria. Ptolemasus Auletes restored to Egypt
three months. Catiline's second conspiracy detect-       by A. Gabinius.
ed and crushed by Cicero. Birth of Augustus.           Cicero (mt. 52) composes his De Orators. His speech
Cicero (aet. 44) delivered many orations in his consul-   In Pisonem.
ship. Those which are extant were delivered in        Virgil (oet. 16) assumes the toga virilis.
the following order: (1.) De Legs Agraria; (2.)    54 Coss. L. Domitius Ahenobarbus.
Pro C. Rabirio; (3.) In Catilinamz; (4.) Pro Mu-           Ap. Claudius Pulcher.
renla.                                                 Csesar's (set. 46) sixth campaign in Gaul. His second
62 Coss. D. Junius Silanus.                                   expedition into Britain: war with Ambiorix in the
L. Licinius Murena.                                  winter. Crassus marches against the Parthians.
Defeat and death of Catiline. Pompeius returns to        Cicero (set. 53) composes his De Republica. His oraItaly. Csesar (set. 38) is praetor; Cato is tribune     tions Pro M. Scauro, Pro Plancio, Pro C. Rabirio
of the people.                                          Postzlno.
Cicero's (ot. 45) oration Pro P. Sulla.              53 Coss. Cn. Domitius Calvinus.
61 Coss. M. Pupius Piso Calpurnianus.                            M. Valerius Messala.
M. Valerius Messala Niger.                         Caesar's (set. 47) seventh campaign in Gaul. He again
Triumph of Pompeius on the 28th and 29th of Sep-           crosses the Rhine. Defeat and death of Crassus
tember. Trial and acquittal of P. Clodius. Csesar        by the Parthians.
(set. 39), propraetor, obtains the province of Fur-   Cicero (aet. 54) elected augur.
ther Spain.                                        52 Coss. Cn. Pompeius Magnus III. Sole consul for the
Cicero's (set. 46) oration Pro Arcjiia.                        first part of the year.
60 Coss. L. Afranius.                                            Ez Kal. Seztil. Q. Csecilius Metellus Pius Scipio.
Q. Csecilius Metellus Celer.                       Csesar's (set. 48) eighth campaign in Gaul. InsurrecCaesar's victories in Spain. He returns to Rome.          tion in Gaul; Csesar takes Alesia and VercingetoHis coalition with Polmpeius and Crassus, usually       rix. Death of Clodius in January: riots at Rome:
called the First Triumvirate.                            Pompeius sole consul.
59 Coss. C. Julius Csesar (set. 41).                        Cicero's (eet. 55) oration Pro Milone. He composes
M. Calpurnius Bibulus.                               his De Legibls.
The agrarian law of Cassar. The acts of Pompeius        Death of Lucretius.
in Asia ratified. Caesar receives the provinces of  51 Coss. Ser. Sulpicius Rufus.
Cisalpine and Transalpine Gaul and Illyricum for            M. Claudius Marcellus.
five years.                                           Caesar's (set. 49) ninth campaign in Gaul. SubjugaCicero's (set. 48) oration Pro L. Flacco.                 tion of the country. The consul Marcellus proBirth of T. Livius, the historian.                        poses measures against Csesar.
58 Coss. L. Calpurnius Piso Csesoninus.                    Cicero (mt. 56) goes as proconsul to Cilicia.
A. Gabinius.                                   50 Coss. L. lEmilius Paulus.
Cesar's (set. 42) first campaign in Gaul; he defeats          C. Claudius Marcellus.
the Helvetii and Ariovistus. P. Clodius is tribune    Censs. Ap. Claudius Pulcher.
of the plebs.                                                L. Calpurnius Piso Csesoninus.
Cicero (set. 49) is banished.                           C  sar (eet. 50) spends the year in Cisalpine Gaul,
57 Coss. P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther.                     Measures of Pompeius against Csesar.
Q. Csecilius Metellus Nepos.                      Cicero (set. 57) leaves Cilicia, and reaches BrundisiCaesar's (set. 43) second campaign in Gaul. He de-        um at the end of the year.
feats the Belgse. The superintendence of the an-      Death of Hortensius.
nona colmmitted to Pompeius, witlh extraordinary      Sallust is expelled the senate,




ROMAN HISTORY.                                              993.C.                                                  B.C.
49 Coss. C. Claudius Marcellus.                      44 MURDEP OF CSAILR (set. 56) on the 15th of March. OcL. Cornelius Lentulus Crus.                      tavianus, on the death of Ceesar, comes from ApolDict. without /lag. Eq. C. Julius Caesar.              lonia to Rome. M. Antonius withdraws from Rome,
Commencement of the civil war between Csesar (set.     and proceeds to Cisalpine Gaul at the end of Novem51) and Pompeius. Caesar marches into Italy, and     ber, to oppose D. Brutus: he is declared a public
pursues Pompeius to Brundisium. Pompeius leaves      enemy by the senate.
Italy in March, and crosses over to Greece. Caesar  Cicero (set. 63) composes his Tusculanzc Disputatiogoes to Rome, and then proceeds to Spain, where      nes, De Nlatura.Deorum, De Divinatione, De Fato,
he conquers Afranius and Petreius, the legati of     De Amicitia, De Senectute, De Gloria, Topica, De OfPompeius. He returns to Rome, is appointed dic-      ficiis. His orations Philippica I., in the senate; Phitator for the election of the consuls, resigns the of-  lippica II. (not spoken); Philippica III., in the senlice at the end of 11 days, and then goes to Brun-   ate; Philippica IV., before the people.
disium, in order to cross over into Greece.      43 Coss. C. Vibius Pansa. Died.
Cicero (ast. 58) comes to Rome, but crosses over to        A. HIirtius. Slain.
Greece in the month of June.                             C. Julius Caesar Octavianus. Abdicated.
48 Coss. C. Julius Caesar II.                                 C. Carrinas.
P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus.                        Q. Pedius. Died.
Caesar (set. 52) lands in Greece, defeats Pompeius at      P. Ventidius.
the battle of Pharsalia in the month of August.    Siege of Mutina: death of the consuls Pansa and HirMurder of Pompeius (set. 58) before Alexandrea.      tius. M. Antonius is defeated, and flies to Gaul.
Caesar comes to Egypt: Alexandrine war.              Octavianus comes to Rome, and is elected consul.
Cicero (mat. 59) returns to Italy after the battle of  The murderers of Cresar outlawed. SECOND TrIPharsalia, and arrives at Brundisium.                UMVIRATE formed by Octavianus, Antonius, and Le47 Diet. C. Julius Caesar II.                             pidus: they take the title Triumviri Reipublicse Con.
Mag. Eq. M. Antonius.                                  stituende: they proscribe their enemies.
Coss. Q. Fufius Calenus.                             Cicero (set. 64) proscribed and put to death; the reP. Vatinius.                                      maining Philippic orations delivered in this year.
Caesar (set. 53) dictator the whole year. The consuls  Birth of Ovid.
Calenus and Vatinius were only appointed at the    Death of Laberius, the mimographer.
end of the year. Caesar concludes the Alexandrine  42 Coss. L. Munatius Plancus.
war, marches into Pontus, and conquers Pharna-           M. JEmilius Lepidus II.
ces; arrives in Italy in September. He crosses      Censs. L. Antonius Pietas.
over to Africa before the end of the year, to carry       P. Sulpicius.
on war against the Pompeians.                       War in Greece, between the triumvirs and the repubCicero (set. 60) meets Caesar at Brundisium, is par-   lican party. Battle of Philippi, and death of Casdoned by him, and returns to Rome.                    sius. Second battle of Philippi, and death of Bra46 Coss. C. Julius Caesar III.                            tus. Birth of Tiberius, afterward emperor.
M. _Emilius Lepidus.                            Horace (set. 23) fights at the battle of Philippi.
Caesar (set. 54) defeats the Pompeians at the battle of  41 Coss. L. Antonius Pietas.
Thapsus in April. Death of Cato, set. 48. Caesar         P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus II.
returns to Rome and triumphs. Reformation of        War of Perusia. The consul L. Antonius and Fulvia,
the calendar by Caesar.                              the wife of M. Antonius, oppose Octavianus. AnCicero (set. 61) composes his Breutus and Partitiones  tonius is besieged in Perusia toward the end of the
Oratorite. His orations Pro Alarcello and Pro Li-    year.
gario.                                           40 Coss. Cn. Domitius Calvinus II. Abdicated.
Sallust praetor, and accompanies Csesar in the Afri-       C. Asinius Pollio.
can war.                                                 L. Cornelius Balbus.
45 Diet. C. Julius Caesar III.                                P. Canidius Crassus.
Mag. Eq. M..Emilius Lepidus.                        Capture of Perusia. Death of Fulvia. Reconciliation
Cos. wit7hout colleague. C. Julius Caesar IV.          between Octavianus and M. Antonius, who conclude
Coss. Q. Fabius Maximus. Died.                         a peace at Brundisium: M. Antonius marries OctaC. Caninius Rebilus.                              via, the sister of Octavianus. Labienus and the
C. Trebonius.                                     Parthians invade Syria.
Cesar (set. 55) defeats the Pompeians in Spain at the  Cornelius Nepos flourished.
battle of Munda in March. Triumph of Caesar.    39 Coss. L. Marcius Censorinus.
He is made consul for ten years, and dictator and        C. Calvisius Sabinus.
censor for life.                                   Octavianus and Antonius have an interview with Sex.
Cicero (set. 62) divorces Terentia; marries Publilia;  Pompeius at Misenum, and conclude a peace with
loses his daughter Tullia; divorces Publilia. He     him. M. Antonius spends the winter at Athens.
composes his Orator, Academica, De FiTiibus. His     Ventidius, the legatus of Antonius, defeats the Paroration Pro Deiotaro.                                thians: death of Labienus. Birth of Julia, the
44 Diet. C. Julius Caesar IV.                             daughter of Octavianus.
Mag. Eq. a. ZEmilius Lepidus II.                 Horace (set. 26) is introduced to Msecenas by Virgil.
Mag. Eq. C. Octavius.                                  and Varius.
Maeg. Eq. Cn. Domitius Calvinus. Dia not enter upon.  38 Coss. Ap. Claudius Pulcher
Coss. C. Julius Caesar V. Assassinated.                   C. Norbanus Flaccus.
M. Antonius.                                    War between Octavianus and Sex. Pompeius. OctaP. Cornelius Dolabella.                           vianus marries Livia. Ventidius again defeats the
63




994                              CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF.c.                                                  B.C.
Parthians, and drives them out of Syria. Death          Ex Kal. Nov. L. Seanius.
of Pacorus. Sossius, the legatus of Antonius, con-  Death of Antonius (set. 51) and Cleopatra. Egypt
quers the Jews.                                      made a Roman province. Octavianus passes the
38 Horace (set. 27) is engaged upon the first book of his  winter at Samos.
Satires.                                           OCTAVIANUS SOLE RULER OF THE ROMAN WORLD.
37 Coss. M. Agrippa.                                    Cornelius Gallus, the poet, appointed praefect of
L. Caninius Gallus. Abdicated.                    Egypt.
T. Statilius Taurus.                         29 Coss. Imp. Csesar Augustus V.
Antonius comes to Italy. Renewal of the Triumvi-           Sex. Appuleius.
rate for another period of five years. Octavianus        Ex Eal. Jil. Potitus Valerius Messala.
employs this year in preparations against Sex. Pom-      Ex Kal. Nov. C. Furnius.
peius. Agrippa crosses the Rhine.                                    C. Cluvius.
Varro (eet. 80) composes his De Re Rustica.          Octavianus returns to Rome and celebrates three tri
36 Coss. L. Gellius Poplicola. Abdicated.                 umphs, Dalmatian, Actian, Alexandrine. Temple
M. Cocceius Nerva. Abdicated.                     of Janus closed.
L. Munatius Plancus II.                      28 Coss. Imp. Caesar Augustus VI.
C. Sulpicius Quirinus.                               M. Agrippa II.
Defeat of Sex. Pompeius, who flies to Asia. Lepidus  Census taken by the consuls. The citizens at the
ceases to be one of the triumvirs. M. Antonius in-   census are 4,164,000.
vades the Parthian dominions late in the year, and  Death of Varro.
is obliged to retreat with great loss.           27 Coss. Imp. Csesar Augustus VII.
35 Coss. L. Cornificius.                                      M. Agrippa III.
Sex. Pompeius.                                  Octavianus receives the title of Augustus, and accepts
Sex. Pompeius (et. 39) is put to death in Asia. Oc-    the government for ten years. Division of the provtavianus defeats the Illyrians.                      inces between him and the senate. Augustus goes
34 Coss. L. Scribonius Libo.                              into Spain. Messala triumphs on account of his
M. Antonius. Abdicated.                           conquest of the Aquitani, probably in the preceding
L. Sempronius Atratinus.                          year.
Ex Gal. Jul. Paul. 2Emilius Lepidus.            Tibullus accompanied Messala into Aquitania.
C. Memmiius.                     26 Coss. Imp. Caesar Augustus VIII.
Ex Kal. Nov. Nov. Herennius Picens.                 T. Statilius Taurus II.
Octavianus defeats the Dalmatians. Antonius invades  Augustus conducts the war in Spain. Death of Corand subdues Armenia.                                 nelius Gallus.
Death of Sallust.                                 25 Coss. Imp. Caesar Augustus IX.
33 Coss. Imp. Csesar Augustus II. Abdicated.                 M. Junius Silanus.
L. Volcatius Tullus.                            Augustus continues to conduct the war in Spain, and
P. Autronius Psetus.                              subdues the Cantabri. The Salassi subdued by A.
Ex Ial. Mai. L. Flavius.                          Terentius Varro, and the colony of Augustus Prse.
Ex Kal. Jul. C. Fonteius Capito.                  toria (Aosta) founded in their country. The temM'. Acilius (Aviola).                 pie of Janus shut a second time. Marcellus marEx Kal. Sept. L. Vinucius.                       ries Julia, the daughter of Augustus.
Ex Kal. Oct. L. Laronius.                    24 Coss. Imp. Caesar Augustus X.
Rupture between Octavianus and Antonius. Both              C. Norbanus Flaccus.
parties prepare for war. In this year Octavianus   Augustus returns to Rome.   Elius Gallus marches
is called, in the Fasti, Imperator Caesar Augustus,  against the Arabians.
though the titles of Imperator and Augustus were   Virgil is now employed upon the Eneid.
not conferred upon him till B.C. 27. Agrippa sedile.  Horace (set. 41) publishes the first three books of his
Horace (set. 32) probably publishes the second book    Odes in this or the following year.
of his Satires.                                 23 Coss. Imp. Caesar Augustus XI. Abdicated.
32 Coss. Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus.                           A. Terentius Varro Murena. Died.
C. Sosius.                                           L. Sestius.
Ex Kal. Jul. L. Cornelius.                           Cn. Calpurnius Piso.
Ex Kal. Nov. N. Valerius.                       Augustus is invested with the tribunician power for
Antonius divorces Octavia. War declared against       life. Death of Marcellus. An embassy from the
Antonius at the conclusion of the year.              Parthians: Augustus restores the son of Phraates,
Death of Atticus.                                      but keeps Tiridates at Rome.
31 Coss. Imp. Caesar Augustus III.                   22 Coss. M. Claudius Marcellus YEserninus.
M. Valerius Messala Corvinus.                        L. Arruntius.
Ex IKal. Mai. M. Titius.                        Censs. L. Munatius Plancus.
Ex Kal. Oct. Cn. Pompeius.                            Paul. 2Emilius Lepidus.
Antonius defeated at the battle of Actium on the 2d  Conspiracy of Murena detected and punished. Can.
of September. Octavianus proceeds to the East.       dace, queen of the Ethiopians, invades Egypt. Re
Horace (setat. 34) probably publishes his book of      volt of the Cantabri in Spain.
Epodes.                                         21 Coss. M. Lollius.
30 Coss. Imp. Caesar Augustus IV.                            Q. Emnilius Lepidus.
M. Licinius Crassus.                           Augustus goes to the East, and spends the winter at
Ex KIal. Jul. C. Antistius Vetus.                Samos. Agrippa marries Julia, the daughter of
Ex Id. Sept. M. Tullius Cicero.                  Augustus and widow of Marcellus.




ROMAN HISTORY.                                              995
B.C.                                                 B.C.
20 Coss. 1M. Appuleius.                                   of Sextilis receives his name. Tiberius succeeds
P. Silius Nerva.                                 his brother in the war against the Germans. CenThe Parthians restore the Roman standards. Ambas       B sus taken by Augustus. Death of Msecenas.
sadcrs come to Augustus from the Indians. Augus-   Death of Horace, eet. 57.
tns winters again at Samos. Birth of C. Ceesar, the  7 Cos. Ti. Claudius Nero II.
grandson of Augustus.                                    Cn. Calpurnius Piso.
9 Coss. C. Sentius Saturninus.                          Tiberius returns to Rome from Germany, but soon
QC. Lucretius Vespillo.                          aafterward sets out again to the same country.
Ex Kal. Jul. M. Vinuci s.                     6 Css     Lsius Balbus.
Augustus returns to Rome. The Cantabri are finally         C. Antistius Vetus.
subdued.                                           Tiberius receives the tribunician power for five years,
Death of Virgil.                                       and retires to Rhodes, where he remained seven
18 Coss. P. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus.               years.
C. Cornelius Lentulus.                        5 Coss. Imp. Ceesar Augustus XII.
Augustus accepts the empire for five years. TheL. Cornelius Sulla.
Lex Julia of Augustus De Maritandis Ordiniibus.    C. Cesar receives the toga virilis.
Death of Tibullus.4 Coss. C. Calvisius Sabinus.
Horace (Eet. 47) publishes the first book of his Epis-     L. Passienus Rufus.
ties about this time.                              BIRTH OF JESUS CHRIST. Death of Herod, king of
17 Coss. C. Furnius.                                      Judeea.
C. Junius Silanus.                            3 Coss. L. Cornelius Lentulus.
The Ludi SeSculares celebrated. Birth of L. Csesar, the   M. Valerius Messalinus.
grandson of Augustus. Agrippa is sent into Asia.   Birth of Galba, afterward emperor.
Horace (aet. 48) writes his Carmen Seculare.       2 Coss. Imp. Caesar Augustus XIII. Abdicated.
16 Coss. L. Domitius Ahenobarbus.                            Ml. Plautius Silvanus. Abdicated.
P. Cornelius Scipio.                                 Q. Fabricius.
Ex Kal. Jul. L. Tarius Rufus.                        L. Caninius Gallus.
Agrippa is in Asia, where his friendship is cultivated  L. Casar receives the toga virilis. Banishment of
by Herod. The Germans defeat the Roman army          Julia.
under Lollius. Augustus sets out for Gaul.         Ovid publishes his poem De Arte Amandi.
15 Coss. M. Livius Drusus Libo.                       1 Coss. Cossus Cornelius Lentulus.
L. Calpurnius Piso.                                  L. Calpurnius Piso.
Augustus remains in Gaul. Tiberius and Drusus sub-   BIRTH OF JEsus CHRIST, according to the common
due the Rasti and Vindelici.                         era. C. Caesar is sent into the East
14 Coss. 1M. Licinius Crassus.                      A.D.
Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Augur.                 1Coss. C. Caesar.
Augustus remains in Gaul.                                  L. 2Emilius Paulus.
13 Coss. Ti. Claudius Nero (afterward Ti. Caesar Augus-  War in Germany.
tus).                                       2 Coss. P. Vinucius.
P. Quinctilius Varus.                                P. Alfenius Varus.
Augustus returns from Gaul, and Agrippa from Asia.         Exz al. Jul. P. Cornelius Lentulus Scipio.
Horace (aet. 52) publishes the fourth book of his Odes.                T. Quinctius Crispinus Valeria19 Coss. M. Valerius Messala Barbatus Appianus. Died.                      nus.
P. Sulpicius Quirinus. Abdicated.               Interview of C. Ceesar with Phraates, king of Parthia.
C. Valgius Rufus. Abdicated.                     L. Casar dies at Massilia, on his way to Spain. TiC. Caninius Rebilus. Died.                       berius returns to Rome.
L. Volusius Saturninus.                         Velleins Paterculus serves under C. Caesar.
Death of Agrippa in March, in his 51st year. Death  3 Coss. L.,Elius Lamia.
of Lepidus. Augustus becomes pontifexmaximus.            M. Servilius.
11 Coss. Q. ]Elius Tubero.                                    Ex  al. Jul. P. Silius.
Paul. Fabius Maximus.                                            L. Volusius Saturninus.
Drusus carries on war against the Germans, and Ti-   Augustus accepts the empire for a fourth period'of
berius against the Dalmatians and Pannonians. Ti-    ten years.
berius marries Julia. Death of Octavia, the sister  4 Coss. Sex. Elius Catus.
of Augustus.                                             C. Sentius Saturninus.
10 Coss. Julius Antonius.                                    Ex Kal. Jul. C. Clodius Licinus.
Q. Fabius Maximus Africanus.                                     Cn. Sentius Saturninus.
Augustus is in Gaul. He returns to Rome at the end   Death of C. Cassar in Lycia. Tiberius adopted by Auof the year with Tiberius and Drusus. Birth of       gustus. Tiberius sent to carry on the war against
Claudius, afterward emperor.                         the Germans.
9 Coss. Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus. Died.         Velleius Paterculus serves under Tiberius in Ger.
T. Quinctius (Pennus Capitolinus) Crispinus.     many.
Drusus sent against the Germans, and dies during the  Death of Asinius Pollio.
war.                                             5 Coss. L. Valerius Messala Volesus.
The history of Livy ended with the death of Drusus.       Cn. Cornelius Cinna Magnus.
8 Coss. C. Marcius Censorinus.                              Ex Kal. Jul. C. Ateius Capito.
C. Asinius Gallus.                                               C. Vibius Postumus.
Augustus accepts the empire a third time. The month  Second campaign of Tiberius in Germany.




996                              CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF
A.D.                                                 A.D.
6 Coss. M. JEmilius Lepidus.                        18 Coss. Ti. Cesar Augustus III. Abdicated,
L. Arruntius. Abdicated.                             Germanicus Czesar II.
L. Nonius Asprenas.                                  L. Seius Tubero.
Third campaign of Tiberius in Germany. Revolt of     Tiberii 5.-Germanicus is in the East.
the Pannonians and Dalmatians.                      Death of Ovid and of Livy.
7 Coss. A. Licinius Nerva Silianus.                 19 Coss. M. Junius Silanus.
Q. CEecilius Metellus Creticus.                      L. Norbanus Balbus.
Germanicus is sent into Germany. First campaign      Tiberii 6.-Germanicus visits Egypt, and returns to
of Tiberius in Illyricum against the Pannonians and   Syria, where he dies in his 34th year. Drusus carDalmatians.                                           ries on war in Germany with success. The Jews
Velleius Paterculus qunestor.                          are banished from Italy.
8 Coss. M. Furius Camillus.                          20 Coss. M. Valerius Messala.
Sex. Nonius Quinctilianus.                           M. Aurelius Cotta.
Ex Kal. Jul. L. Apronius.                       Tiberii 7.-Agrippina, the wife of Germanicus, comes
A. Vibius Habitus.                    to Rome. Trial and condemnation of Piso.
Second campaign of Tiberius in Illyricum.         21 Coss. Ti. Caesar Augustus IV.
9 Coss. C. Poppanus Sabinus.                                 Drusus Caesar II.
Q. Sulpicius Camerinus.                         Tiberii 8.-Junius Bleesus is sent into Africa againsa
Ex Kal. Jul. M. Papius Mutilus.                   Tacfarinas.
Q. Poppaeus Secundus.            22 Coss. D. Haterius Agrippa.
Third and last campaign of Tiberius in Illyricum.          C. Sulpicius Galba.
Subjugation of the Dalmatians. Defeat of Quintil-        Ex Kal. Jul. M. Cocceius Nerva.
ins Varus, and destruction of his army. The Ro-                      C. Vibius Rufinus.
mans lose all their conquests in Germany east of    Tiberii 9.-The tribunician power is granted to Drun
the Rhine. Birth of Vespasian, afterward emperor.    sus.
Exile of Ovid.                                     23 Coss. C. Asinius Pollio.
10 Coss. P. Cornelius Dolabella,                              C. Antistius Vetus.
C. Junius Silanus.                              Tiberii 10.-Death of Drusus: he is poisoned by SeEx Kal. Jul. Ser. Cornelius Lentulus Malugi.     janus.
nensis.                        24 Coss. Ser. Cornelius Cethegus.
Tiberius again sent to Germany.                            L. Visellius Varro.
11 Coss. M. 2Emilius Lepidus.                            Tiberii 11.-End of the African war by the death of
T. Statilius Taurus.                              Tacfarinas.
Ex Kal. Jul. L. Cassius Longinus.               Birth of the elder Pliny.
Tiberius and Germanicus cross the Rhine, and carry  25 Coss. MI. Asinius Agrippa.
on war in Germany.                                       Cossus Cornelius Lentulus.
12 Coss. Germanicus Caesar.                              Tiberii 12.-Cremutius Cordus, the historian, is acC. Fonteius Capito.                               cused, and dies of voluntary starvation.
Ex Kal. Jul. C. Visellius Varro.             26 Coss. C. Calvisius Sabinus.
Tiberius returns to Rome and triumphs.                     Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Goetulicus.
Birth of Caligula.                                         Ex Kal. Jul. Q. Marcius Barea.
Ovid publishes his Tristia.                                            T. Rustius Nummius Gallus.
13 Coss. C. Silius.                                     Tiberii 13.-Tiberius withdraws into Campania, and
L. Munatius Plancus.                              never returns to Rome. Poppeus Sabinus carries
Augustus accepts the empire a fifth time for ten years.  on war successfully against the Thracians.
14 Coss. Sex. Pompeius.                              27 Coss. M. Licinius Crassus Frugi.
Sex. Appuleius.                                      L. Calpurnius Piso.
Census taken: the citizens are 4,197,000. Death of    Tiberii 14.
Augustus at Nola, in Campania, on the 19th of Au-  28 Coss. Ap. Junius Silanus.
gust, in the 76th year of his age.                       P. Silius Nerva.
TIBERIUS (aet. 56) succeeds Augustus as emperor.             Sluf. Q. Junius Blasus.
Revolt of the legions in Pannonia and Germany.                 L. Antistius Vetus.
Death of Agrippa Postumus, the grandson, and of     Tiberii 15.-Death of Julia, the grand-daughter of AuJulia, the daughter, of Augustus.                    gustus. Agrippina, the daughter of Germanicus, is
15 Coss. Drusus Caesar.                                   married to Domitius Ahenobarbus: Nero was the
C. Norbanus Flaccus.                              issue of this marriage. Revolt of the Frisii.
Tiberii 2.-Germanicus carries on war against the  29 Coss. L. Rubellius Geminus.
Germans.                                                 C. Fufius Geminus.
16,Coss. T. Statilius Sisenna Taurus.                          Suf. A. Plautius.
L. Scribonius Libo.                                         L. Nonius Asprenas.
Ex Kal. Jul. P. Pomponius Greecinus.           Tiberii 16.-Death of Livia, the mother of Tiberius.
Tiberii 3.-Germanicus continues the war in Germa-  30 Coss. M. Vinucius.
ny, but is recalled by Tiberius. Rise of Sejanus.        L. Cassius Longinus.
17 Coss. C. Cmecilius Rufus.                                    Sf. C. Cassius Longinus.
L. Pomponius Flaccus.                                       L. Nevvius Surdinus.
Tiberii 4.-Germanicus returns to Rome and tri-       Tiberii 17.
umphs. lie is sent into the East. Great earth-     Asinius Gallus is imprisoned.
quake in Asia, War in Africa against Tacfarinas.   Velleius Paterculus writes his history in this yean




ROMAN HISTORY.                                                997
A.D.                                                   A.D.
31 Coss. Ti. Ceesar Augustus V.                        42 Coss. Ti. Claud. Coes. Aug. Germanicus II.
L. Elius Sejanus.                                      C. Ceecina Largus.
Suf. vii. Id. Milai. Faust. Cornelius Sulla.           Suf. Kal. Mart. (C. Vibius Crispus).
Sextidius Catullinus.          Claudii 2.-Mauretania is conquered and divided into
Kal. Jul. L. Fulcinius Trio.             two provinces. Deaths of Peetus and Arria.
Kal. Oct. P. Memmius Regulus.          Asconius Pedianus flourished.
Tiberii 18.-Fall and execution of Sejanus.          43 Coss. Ti. Claud. Cees. Aug. Germanicus III.
32 Coss. Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus.                              L. Vitellius II.
M. Furius Camillus Scribonianus.                         Suf. Kal. Mfart. (P. Valerius Asiat.).
SfJ. Kal. Jul. A. Vitellius.                    Claudii 3.-Expedition of Claudius into Britain.
Tiberii 19.-Birth of Otho.                             Martial born March 1st.
33' Coss. Ser. Sulpicius Galba (afterward Coes. Aug.).  44 Coss. L. Quinctius Crispinus Secundus.
L. Cornelius Sulla Felix.                              M. Statilius Taurus.
Sef. Kal. Jul. L. Salvius Otho.                 Claudii 4.-Claudius returns to Rome and triumphs.
Tiberii 20.-Agrippina and her son Drusus are put to       Death of Agrippa, king of Judea.
death.                                            45 Coss. M. Vinucius II.
Death of Asinius Gallus and of Cassius Severus.              Taurus Statilius Corvinus.
34 Coss. L. Vitellius.                                            S1ef. M. Cluvius Rufus.
Paul. Fabius Persicus.                                        Pompeius Silvanus.
Tiberii 21.                                             Claudii 5.
Birth of Persius.                                      Domitius Afer flourished.
35 Coss. C. Cestius Gallus Camerinus.                  46 Coss... Valerius Asiaticus II.
M. Servilius Nonianus.                                 M. Junius Silanus.
Tiberii 22.                                                    Seuf. P. Suillius Rufus.
36 Coss. Sex. Papinius Allienus.                                       P. Ostorius Scapula.
Q. Plautius.                                      Claudii 6.
Tiberii 23.                                         47 Coss. Ti. Claud. Caes. Aug. Germanicus IV.
37 Coss. Cn. Acerronius Proculus.                               L. Vitellius III.
C. Petronius Pontius Nigrinus.                            Slf. Kal. Mart. (Ti. Plautius Silvanus EliaStif. Kal. Jul. C. Ceesar Augustus Germanicus.                           nus.)
Ti. Claudius (afterward Ceos.       Claudii 7.-Ludi Seeculares celebrated. Corbulo comrn
Aug.).                            mands in Lower Germany, and reduces the Frisil
Death of Tiberius (oet. 78), March 16th.                  to submission.;
CALIGULA emperor (eet. 25). He puts to death Tibe.   48 Coss. A. Vitellius (afterward Aug.).
rius, the son of Drusus. Birth of Nero.                    L. Vipstanus Poplicola.
38 Coss. M. Aquilius Julianus.                                    Suf. Kal. Jul. L. Vitellius.
P. Nonius Asprenas.                                                    (C. Calpurnius Piso.)
Caligulte 2.-Death of Drusilla, the sister of Caligula.  Censs. Ti. Claudius Coes. Aug. Germanicus.
Birth of Josephus.                                             L. Vitellius.
39 Coss. C. Cassar Augustus Germanicus II.                 Claudii 8.-Messalina, the wife of Claudius, is put to
L. Apronius Ca3sianus.                              death.
Stf. Kal. Febr. Sanquinius Maximus.          49 Coss. Q. Veranius.
Jul. Cn. Domitius Corbulo.                 C. (A.) Pompeius Gallus.
Sept. Domitius Afer.                         (Sizf. L. Memmius Pollio.
CaliguleT 3.-Herod Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee, is                  Q. Allius Maximus.)
deposed, and his dominions given to Agrippa. Ca-      Claudii 9.-Claudius marries Agrippina.
ligula sets out for Gaul.                             Seneca recalled from exile.
40 Coss. C. Cuesar Augustus Germanicus III. (Sole con-  50 Coss. C. Antistius Vetus.
sul.)                                                 M. Suillius Nerulinus.
Suf. Id. Jan. L. Gellius Poplicola.             Claudii 10.-Claudius adopts Domitius Ahenobarbus
M. Cocceius Nerva.                   (afterward the Emperor Nero), the son of Agrippi(Kal. Jul. Sex. Junius Celer.                  na. In Britain, the Silures are defeated by OstoriSex. Nonius Quinctilianus.)          us, and their leader, Caractacus, is captured.
Caligula3 4.-Caligula is at Lugdunum (Lyon) on the  51 CGoss. Ti. Claud. Coes. Aug. Germanicus V.
1st of January. His mad expedition to the Ocean:           Ser. Cornelius Orfitus.
he returns to Rome in triumph.                               Suf. IHal. Jul. (C. Minicius Fundanus.
Philo Judaeus is sent from Alexandrea as an ambas.                           C. Vetennius Severus.)
sador to Caligula.                                               Kal. Nov. T. Flavius Vespasianus (afterThe poet Locan is brought to Rome.                                             ward Caes. Aug.).
41 Coss. C. Ceesar Augustus Germsanicus IV.               Claudii 11.-Nero receives the toga virilis. Burrus
Cu. Sentius Saturninus.                            appointed proefect of the praetorians by the influStf. viI. Id. Janz. Q. Pomponi-s Secundus.       ence of Agrippina.
Caligula (eet. 29) slain, January 24th.             52 Coss. Faustus Cornelius Sulla.
CLAUDIus emperor (oet. 49). Agrippa receives Judea           L. Salvius Otho Titianus.
and Samaria. The Germans defeated by Galba and               (Suef. Ial. Jul. Servilius Barea Soranus.
Gabinius.                                                                  C. Licinius Mucianus.)'eneca publishes his De Ira Libri ties. He is exiled                Kal. Nov. L. Cornelius Sulia.
in this year.                                                               T. Flavius Sabinus.




~99~8                   CCHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF
A.D.                                                 A.D.
Claudii 12.                                               C. Suetonius Paullinus.
53 Coss. D. Junius Silanus.                             Neronis 13.-Tiridates comes to Rome, and receivea
Q. Haterius Antoninus.                           the crown of Armenia from the emperor. Nero
Claudii 13.-Nero marries Octavia, the daughter of      then goes to Greece. The Jewish war begins, and is
Claudius.                                             continued for some years. It is finished in A.D. 70,
54 Coss. M. Asinius Marcellus                           Martial comes to Rome.
M'. Acilius Aviola.                          67 Coss. L. Fonteius Capito.
Claudius (set. 63) poisoned October 12th.                  C. Julius Rufus.
NERO emperor (met. 17). Corbulo appointed to the     Neronis 14.-Nero, in Greece, enters the contests at
command in Armenia, and continues in the East        the Olympic games. He puts Corbulo to deatho
some years.                                          He returns to Pome at the end of the year. Ves55 Coss. Nero Claud. Cees. Aug. Germanicus.               pasian conducts the war against the Jews.
L. Antistius Vetus.                          68 Coss. Silius Italicus. Abdicated.
Neronis 2.-Britannicus (ast. 14) is poisoned.              Galerius Trachalus. Abdicated.
56 Coss. Q. Volusius Saturninus.                              Nero Claud. Cas. Aug. Germanicus V. (without
P. Cornelius Scipio.                                   colleague).
Neronis 3.                                                   Suf.  al. Jl. J  M. Plautius Silvanus.
Seneca publishes his De Clementia Libri IL                                M. Salvius Otho (afterward
57 Coss. Nero Claud. Caes. Aug. Germanicus IL                                  Ceas. Aug.).
L. Calpurnius Piso.                                     Suzf. Kal. Sept. C. Bellicus Natalis.
Suf. L. Caasius Martialis.                                         P. Cor. Scip. Asiaticus.
Neronis 4.                                            In Gaul, Vindex revolts, and proclaims Galba emn58 Coss. Nero Claud. Ces. Aug. Germanicus IIL             peror. Nero (eet. 30) kills himself on June 9th.
M. Valerius Messala.                            GALBA emperor. Vespasian continues the war against
Neronis 5.-Corbulo drives Tigranes out of Armenia,     the Jews.
and takes Artaxata,his capital. Nero is in love with  69 Coss. Ser. Sulpicius Galba Caesar Augustus IL.
Poppaea Sabina, the wife of Otho. Otho is sent into      T. Vinius (Junius). Slain.
Lusitania, where he remained ten years.                  E  IKal. Mart. T. Virginius Rufus.
59 Coss. C. Vipstanus Apronianus.                                          L. Pompeius Vopiscus.
C. Fonteius Capito.                                  Ex Kal. Mai. M. Cealius Sabinus.
Neronis 6.-Agrippina, the mother of Nero, is mur-                       T. Flavius Sabinus.
dered by his order.                                      Ex Kal. Jul. T. Arrius Antoninus.
Death ofDonitius Afer.                                                 P. Marius Celsus II.
60 Coss. Nero Claud. Cees. Aug. Germanicus IV.                Ez IHal. Sept. C. Fabius Valens.
Cossus Cornelius Lentulus.                                        A. Licin. Cac, Condemnsed.
Neronis 7.-Complete subjugation of Armenia by Cor-         Ex pr. Kal. Nov. Roscius Regulus.
bulo. The Quinquennalia instituted by Nero.              Ex HIal. Nov. Cn. Ceacilius Simplex.
61 Coss. C. Petronius Turpilianus.                                        C. Quinctius Atticus.
C. Caesonius Peatus.                            GALBA (et. 73) is slain January 15th. Otho had formed
Neronis 8.-Insurrection in Britain under Boadicea:     a conspiracy against him.
she is conquered by Suetonius Paullinus. Galba     OTHO (wet. 36) emperor from January 15th to his
commands in Spain, where he continued till he        death, April 16th, was acknowledged as emperor
was elected emperor.                                 by the senate on the death of Galba.
Birth of Pliny the younger.                          VITELLIUS (set. 54) was proclaimed emperor at Co.
62 Coss. P. Marius Celsus.                                logne on January 2d, acknowledged as emperor by
L. Asinius Gallus.                               the senate on the death of Otho, and reigned till
Suf. L. AnnEeus Seneca.                         his death, December 22d.
Trebellius Maximus.                      VESPASIAN (set. 60) was proclaimed emperor at Al.
Neronis 9.-Nero divorces Octavia, and puts her to      exandrea on July 1st, and was acknowledged as
death shortly afterward. He marries Poppaa Sa-       emperor by the senate on the death of Vitellius.
bina. Death of Burrus, the plretorian praefect.     On the death of Galba followed the civil war between
Death of Persius.                                      Otho and Vitellius. The generals of Vitellius march
63 Coss. C. Memmius Regulus.                              into Italy, and defeat the troops of Otho at the batL. Virginius Rufus.                              tie of Bedriacum. Thereupon Otho put an end to
Neronis 10.                                            his own life at Brixellum, April 16th. Vitellius is
Seneca completes his Naturales Quostiones after this  in Gaul at the time of Otlo's death; he visits the
year.                                               field of battle toward the end of May, and then pro64 Coss. C. LaEcanius Bassus.                             ceeds to Rome. Meantime the generals of VespaM. Licinius Crassus Frugi.                       sian invade Italy, tale Cremona, and march upon
Neronis 11.-Great fire at Rome. First persecution      Rome. They force their way into Rome, and Iill
of the Christians.                                   Vitellius, December 2d. The Capitolburned. The
65 Coss. A. Licinius Nerva Silianus.                      war against the Jews suspended this year.
M. Vestinus Atticus.                        70 Coss. Imp. T. Flavius Vespasianus Augustus IL
Neronis 12.-Piso's conspiracy against Nero detected        T. Caesar Vespasianus.
and suppressed. Death of Poppaea Sabina.                Ex Kal. Jl. C. Licinius Mucianus IL
Seneca the philosopher, and Lucan the poet, put to                     P. Valerius Asiaticus
death.Ex Kal. Nov. L. Annius Bassus.
66 Coss. C. Lucius Telesinus.                                             C. Caecina Pstus.




ROMAN HISTORY.                                              999
AD.                                                  A.D.
70 Vespasiani 2.-Vespasian proceeds to Italy, andleaves  81 Coss. L. Flavius Silva Nonio s Bassus.
his son Titus to carry on the war against the Jews.      Asinius Pollio Verrucosus.
Titus takes Jerusalem, after a siege of nearly five      Ex Kal. Mai. L. Vettius Paullus.
months. Insurrection in Batavia and Gaul, headed                     T. Junius Montanus.
by Civilis; it commenced in the preceding year,    Death of Titus (tet. 40) on September 13th.
before the capture of Cremona. It is put down in   DOMITIAN emperor (aet. 30). Fourth campaign of
this year by Cerialis.                               Agricola in Britain.
71 Coss. Imp. T. Flavius Vespasianus Augustus III.   82 Coss. Imp. CEesar Domitianus Augustus VIII.
M. Cocceius Nerva (afterward Imp. CEes. Aug.).       T. Flavius Sabinus.
Ex Kal. IM~art. T. Caesar Domitianus.           Domitiani 2.-The Capitol restored. Fifth campaign
Cn. Pedius Castus.                  of Agricola in Britain.
C. Valerius Festus.          83 Coss. Imp. Caesar Domitianus Augustus IX.
Vespasiani 3.-Titus returns to Italy. Triumph of           Q. Petilius Rufus II.
Vespasian and Titus. The temple of Janus closed.   Domitiani 3.-Expedition of Domitian against the
72 Coss. Imp. T. Flavius Vespasianus Augustus IV.         Catti. Sixth campaign of Agricola in Britain: he
T. Caesar Vespasianus II.                         defeats the Caledonians.
Vespasiani 4.-Commagene is reduced to a province.  84 Coss. Imp. Caesar Domitianus Augustus X.
73 Coss. T. Caesar Domitianus II.                             Ap. Junius Sabinus.
M. Valerius Messalinus.                         Domitiani 4.-Domitian returns to Rome and triVespasiani 5.                                          umphs; he assumes the title of Germanicus, and
74 Coss. Imp. T. Flavius Vespasianus Augustus V.          receives ten consulships and the censorship for
T. Caesar Vespasianus III. Abdicated.             life. Seventh campaign of Agricola in Britain: he
Ez IKal. Jul. T. Caesar Domitianus III.           defeats Galgacus.
Censs. Imp. T. Flavius Vespasianus Augustus.      85 Coss. Imp. CEesar Domitianus Augustus XI.
T. Caesar Vespasianus.                              T. Aurelius Fulvus.
Vespasiani 6.-Censors appointed for the last time.   Domitiani 5.-Agricola recalled to Rome.
The dialogue De Oratoribus is written in the 6th of  86 Coss. Imp. Caesar Domitianus Augustus XII.
Vespasian.                                               Ser. Cornelius Dolabella Petronianus.
75 Coss. Imp. T. Flavius Vespasianus Augustus VI.               Sif. C. Secius Campanus.
T. Caesar Vespasianus IV.                       Domitiani 6.-The Dacians, under Decebalus, make
Ex IKal. Jul. T. Caesar Domitianus IV.            war upon the Romans. Birth of Antoninus Pius.
M. Licinius Mucianus III.        87 Coss. Imp. Caesar Domitianus Augustus XIII.
Vespasiani 7.-Temple of Peace completed.                   A. Volusius Saturninus.
76 Coss. Imp. T. Flavius Vespasianus Augustus VII.      Domitiani 7.
T. Caesar Vespasianus V.                     88 Coss. Imp. Caesar Domitianus Augustus XIV.
Ex IKal. Jul. T. Caes. Domitianus V. (T. Plau-       L. Minucius Rufus.
tius Silvanus Elianus II.).      Domitiani 8.-The Ludi Steculares celebrated.
Vespasiani 8. -Birth of Hadrian.                     Tacitus prtetor.
77 Goss. Imp. T. Flavius Vespasianus Augustus VIII.  89 Coss. T. Aurelius Fulvus II.
T. Caesar Vespasianus VI.                            A. Sempronius Atratinus.
Ex Ial. Jl.. T. Ceesar Domitianus VI.          Domitiani 9.
Cn. Julius Agricola.                Quintilian teaches at Rome.
Vespasiani 9.-Pliny dedicates his Historia Naturalis  Tacitus leaves Rome four years before the death of
to Titus, when consul for the sixth time.            Agricola. See A.D. 93.
78 Coss. L. Ceionius Commodus.                       90 Coss. Imp. Caesar Domitianus Augustus XV.
D. Novius Priscus.                                   M. Cocceius Nerva II.
Vespasiani 10.-Agricola takes the command in Brit-   Domitiani 10.-The philosophers expelled front
ain: he subdues the Ordovices, and takes the island  Rome. Domitian defeated by the Quadi and Marof Mona.                                             comanni. He purchases a peace of Decebalus.
9 GCoss. Imp. T. Flavius Vespasianus Augustus IX.       Pliny (tst. 29) prEetor.
T. Caesar Vespasianus VII.                   91 Coss. M'. Acilius Glabrio.
Death of Vespasian (et. 69), June 23d.                     M. Ulpius Trajanus (afterward Imp. Caes. Aug.).
TITUs emperor (tet. 38). Second campaign of Agric-          Suf. Q. Valerius Vegetus.
ola in Britain. Eruption of Vesuvius on August                 P. Met(ilius Secundus).
24th, and destruction of Herculaneum and Pompeii.  Domitiani 11.-Domitian celebrates a triumph on acDeath of the elder Pliny (aet. 56) in the eruption of  count of his pretended victory over the Dacians.
Vesuvius. The younger Pliny was now 18.              Insurrection of L. Antonius in Germany, who is
60 Coss. nIp. Titus Caesar Vespasianus Augustus VIII.     defeated by the generals of Domitian.
T. Cnesar Domitianus VII.                    92 Coss. Imp. Caesar Domitianus Augustus XVI.
Seuf. L. Llius Plantius Lamia.                     Q. Volusius Saturninus.
Q. Pactumeius Fronto.                          Ex Id. Jan. L. Venu(leius Apronianus).
Suf. M. Tillius (Tittius) Frugi.                   Ex Kal. Mai. L. Stertinius Avitus.
T. Vinicius Julianus.                                        Ti............
Titi 2.-Great fire at Rome. Completion of the Am-          Ex IKal. Sept. C. Junius Silanus.
phitheatre (Colosseum) and Baths commenced by                          Q. Arv..........
Vespasian: Titus exhibits games on the occasion    Domitiani 12.
for 100 days. Third campaign of Agricola in Brit-  93 Coss. Pompeius Collega.
ain: he advances as far as the Frith of Tay.             Cornelius Priscus.




1000                             CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF
A.D.                                                 A.D.
93        Suf. M. Lollius Paullinus Valerius Asiaticus  103 Coss. Imp. Cassar Nerva Trajanus Augustus V.
Saturninus.                                  L. Appius Maximus II.
C. Antius Aulus Julus Torquatus.                 (Suf. C. Minicius Fundanus.
Domitiani 13.-Sarmatian war. Domitian set forth                   C. Vettennius Severus.)
in May, A.D. 93, and returned in January, A.D. 94.  Trajani 6.-Trajan defeats the Dacians, and granlt
Death of Agricola (at. 56).                          peace to Decebalus. He returns to Rome, tri.
Josephus (met. 56) finishes his Antiquities.           umphs, and assumes the name of Dacicus.
94 Coss. L. Nonius Torquatus Asprenas.                  Pli-iy arrives at his province of Bithynia in Septemo
T. Sextius Magius Lateranus.                      ber.
Suf. L. Sergius Paullus.                  104 Coss......Suranus.
Domitiani 14.                                              P. Neratius Marcellus.
Statius publishes his Thlebais about this time.      Trajani 7.-Second Dacian war. Hadrian serves un95 Coss. Imp. Cesar Domitianus Augustus XVII.             der Trajan in this war.
T. Flavius Clemens.                             Pliny writes from his province to Trajan concerning
Domitiani 15.-The consul Clemens put to death.         the Christians.
Persecution of the Christians.                     Martial (Est. 62) publishes book xii. at Bilbilis, in Spain.
96 Coss. C. Manlius Valens.                         105 Coss. Ti. Julius Candidus II.
C. Antistius Vetus.                                  C. Antius Aulus Julius Quadratus II.
Domitian (eat. 44) slain September 18th.             Trajani 8.-Dacian war continued. Trajan builds a
NERVA emperor (sat. 63).                               stone bridge over the Danube.
97 Coss. Imp. Nerva Ceesar Augustus III.            106 Coss. L. Ceionius Commodus Verus.
T. Virginius Rufus III.                              L. Titius Cerealis.
Nervae 2.-M. Ulpius Trajanus is adopted by Nerva.    Trajani 9.-End of the Dacian war, and death of DeFrontinus is appointed Curator Aquarum.                cebalus. Dacia is made a Roman province. Tra98 Coss. Imp. Nerva Caesar Augustus IV.                   jan returns to Rome, and triumphs a second time
Nerva Trajanus Cmasar II.                         over the Dacians. Arabia Petraea conquered by
Ex Kal. Jzl. C. Sosius Senecio.                   Cornelius Palma.
L. Licinius Sura.               107 Coss. L. Licinius Sura III.
Ex Kal. Oct. Afranius Dexter.                        C. Sosius Senecio IV.
Death of Nerva (set. 65), January 25th.                      Suf.....Suranus II.
TRAJAN emperor (aet. 41). Trajan, at his accession,              C. Julius Servilius Ursus Servianus.
is at Cologne.                                      Trajani 10.
Pliny is appointed Prsefectus lErarii.           108 Coss. Ap. Annius Trebonius Gallus.
99 Coss. A. Cornelius Palma.'                          M. Atilius Metilius Bradua.
C. Sosius Senecio (II.).                               Suf (C. Julius Africanus.
Trajani 2.-Trajan returns to Rome.                               Clodius Crispinus.)
Martial publishes a second edition of book x. of his             L; Verulanus Severus.
Epigrams.                                          Trajani 11.
100 Coss. Imp. Caesar Nerva Trajanus Augustus III.   109|Coss. A. Cornelius Palma II.
Sex. Julius Frontinus III.                           C. Calvisius Tullus II.
Ex Kal. Mart. M. Cornelius Fronto.                     Szsf. P. Elius Hadrianus (afterward Impo
Ex Kal. Sept. C. Plinius Caecilius Secundus.                  CEes. Aug.).
Cornutus Tertullus.                            M. Trebatius Priscus.
Ex Kal. Nov. Julius Ferox.                      Trajani 12.
Acutius Nerva.                  110 Coss. Ser. Salvidienus Orfitus.......... L. Roscius lElianus.                       M. Peducasus Priscinus.
Ti. Claudius Sacerdos.                     Suf. (P. Calvisius Tullus.
Trajani 3.                                                       L. Annius Largus.)
Pliny, consul, delivers his Panegyricus in the senate  Trajani 13.
in the beginning of September. Pliny and Tacitus 111 Coss. M. Calpurnius Piso.
accuse Marius Priscus.                                   L. Rusticus Junianus Bolanus.
Martial probably published book xi. at Rome in this         Szuf. C. Julius Servilius Ursus Servianus M,
year. In the course of the year he withdrew to                 L. Fabius Justus.
Spain, from which he had been absent 35 years.     Trajani 14.
101 Coss. Imp. Ceesar Nerva Trajanus Augustus IV.    112 Coss. Imp. Caesar Nerva Trajanus Augustus VI.
Sex. Articuleius Psetus.                             T. Sextius Africanus.
Ex Kal. Mart. Cornelius Scipio Orfitus.        Trajani 15.
Ex Kal. Mai. Baebius Macer.                 113 Coss. L. Publicius Celsus II.
M. Valerius Paullinus.                  C. Clodius Crispinus.
Ex Ial. Jul. C. Rubrius Gallus.                Trajani 16.-The column of Trajan erected.
Q. Caslius Hispo.               114 Coss. Q. Ninnius Hasta.
Trajani 4.-First Dacian war. Trajan commands in           P. Manilius Vopiscus.
person, and crosses the Danube. Hadrian qusestor.  Trajani 17.-Parthian war. Trajan leaves Italy in tiv
102 Coss. C. Sosius Senecio III.                          autumn, and spends the winter at Antioch.
L. Licinius Sura II.                       115 Coss. L. Vipstanus Messala.
Ex Kal. Jul. M'. Acilius Rufus.                      M. Pedo Vergilianus.
C. Csacilius Classicus,            Trajani 18.-Parthian war continued. Trajan conTrajani 5.-Dacian war continued.                       quers Armenia. Great earthquake at Antioch a'




ROMAN HISTORY.                                               1001
A.D.                                                   A.D.
the beginning of the year. Sedition of the Jews in   Hadriani 13.-Hadrian passes the winter at Athens.
Greece and Egypt.                                130 Coss. Q. Fabius Catullinus.
Martyrdom of Ignatius.                                       M. Flavius Aper.
116 Coss. (QErmilius) Ilianus.                             Had'iani 14.-Hadrian visits Judea and Egypt.
(L.) Antistius Vetus.                        131 Goss. Ser. Octavius Laenas Pontianus.
Trajani 19.-Parthian war continued. Trajan takes             M. Antonius Rufinus.
Ctesiphon, and sails down the Tigris to the ocean.   Hadriani 15.-Hadrian visits Syria. The Jewish war
Revolt of the Parthians suppressed by the generals     begins.
of Trajan. Trajan assumes the name of Parthicus.  132 Coss. C. Serius Augurinus.
117 Coss. Quinctius Niger.                                       C. Trebius Sergianus.
C. Vipstanus Apronianus.                          Hadriani 16.-The Jewish war continues. The Edic.
Ez Kal. Jul. M. Erucius Clarus.                    tum Perpetuum promulgated.
Ti. Julius Alexander             133 Coss. M. Antonius Hiberus.
Sedition of the Jews in Cyrene and Egypt suppressed.         Nummius Sisenna.
Trajan (aet. 60) dies at Selinus, in Cilicia, on his re-  Hadriani 17.-The Jewish war continues.
turn to Italy, August 8th.                       134 Coss. C. Julius Servilius Ursus Servianus lII.
HADRIAN emperor (at. 42). He was at Antioch at               C. Vibius Juventius Varus.
the death of Trajan.                                 Hadriani 18.-The Jewish war continues.
118 Coss. Imp. Ceasar Trajanus Hadrianus Augustus II.  135 Coss.....Lupercus.
Ti. Claudius Fuscus Salinator......Atticus.
Hadriani 2.-Hadrian comes to Rome: he sets out                 Suf... Pontianus.
for Mcesia, in consequence of a war with the Sar-... Atilianus.
matians; a conspiracy against him discovered and     Hadriani 19.-The Jewish war continues.
suppressed; he returns to Italy, and intrusts the  136 Coss. L. Ceionius Commodus Verus.
command of Dacia to Marcius Turbo.                         Sex. Vetulenus Civica Pompeianus.
Juvenal flourished.                                    Hadriani 20.-The Jewish war ended. Hadrian adopts
119 Coss. Imp. Cesar Trajanus Hadrianus Augustus III.        L. 2Ilius Verus, and confers upon him the title of
C. Junius Rusticus.                                 Cesar.
Hadriani 3.-Turbo is appointed prmetorian preefect 137 Coss. L. 3lius Verus Cfsar II.
in the place of Attianus, and Clarus in the place of       P. Celius Balbinus Vibulius Pius.
Similis.                                             Hadriani 21.
I20 Coss. L. Catilius Severus.                          138 Coss.........Niger.
T. Aurelius Fulvus (afterward Imp. Caes. Anto........ Camerinus.
ninus Aug. Pius).                               Death of L. Verus, January 1st. Hadrian adopts
Hadriani 4.-Hadrian begins a journey through all the     Antoninus Pius, and gives him the title of Caesar,
provinces of the empire. He visits Gaul and Ger-       February 25th. Death of Hadrian (eet. 62), July
many.                                                   10th.
121 Coss. M. Annius Verus II.                              ANTONrNUS Pius emperor (ast. 51)...... Augur.                                  139 Coss. Imp. T. 2El. Caesar Ant. Augustus Pius IL
Hadriani 5.-Hadrian visits Britain and Spain. He             C. Bruttius Praesens II.
passes the winter at Tarraco, in Spain. Birth of     Antonini 2.
M. Aurelius.                                      140 Coss. Imp. T. 2El. Cassar Ant. Augustus Pius III.
122 Coss. M'. Acilius Aviola.                                    M. 2Elius Aurelius Verus Cassar (afterward Imp.
C. Corellius Pansa.                                      Augustus)..Hadriani 6.-Hadrian visits Athens, where he passes    Antonini 3.
the winter.                                      141 Coss. M. Peduceeus Stloga Priscinus.
123 Coss. Q. Articuleius Petinus.                                T. Hoenius Severus.
L. Venuleius Apronianus.                         Antonini 4.-Death of Faustina.
Hadriani 7.                                        142 Coss. L. Statius Quadratus.
124 Coss. M'. Acilius Glabrio.                                   C. Cuspius Rufinus.
C. Bellicius Torquatus.                          Antonini 5.
Hadriani 8.                                        143 Coss. C. Bellicius Torquatus.
125 Coss. Valerius Asiaticus II.                                 Ti. Claudius Atticus Herodes.
Titius Aquilinus.                                Antonini 6.
Hadriani 9.-Hadrian is at Athens.                      Fronto flourished.
126 Coss. M. Annius Verus III.                         144 Coss. P. Lollianus Avitus.... Eggius Ambibulus.                                C. Gavius Maximus.
Hadriani 10.-Birth of Pertinax. Death of Similis.      Antonini 7.
127 Coss. T. Atilius Titianus.                             Valentinus, the heretic, flourished.
M. Squilla Gallicanus.                       145 Coss. Imp. T..El. Ces. Ant. Aug. Pius IV.
Hadriani 11.                                                 M. Aurelius Ceesar II.
12  Coss. L. Nonius Torquatus Asprenas II.                 Antonini 8.
M. Annius Libo.                              146 Coss. Sex. Erucius Clarus II.
Hadriani 12.                                                 Cn. Claudius Severus.
319 Coss. P. Juventius Celsus II                           Antonini 9.-Birth of Severus.
Q. Julius Balbus.                            147 Coss. C. Annius Largus.
S2uf. C. Neratius Marcellus II.                      C. Prast. Pacatus Messalinus;
Cn, Lollius Gallus.                        Antonini 10. —M. Aurelius marries Faustina, the ema




1002                             CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF
A.D.                                                 A.D.
peror's daughter, and receives the tribunician pow- 164 Coss. M. Pompeius Macrinus.
er. The Ludi Smeculares celebrated.                      P. Juventius Celsus.
Galen (set. 17) begins to study medicine.            Aurelii 4.-Parthian war continued. Marriage of VeAppian published his Histories about this time.        rus and Lucilla.
148 Coss............ Torquatus                      165 Coss. M. Gavius Orfitus.
Salvius Julianus.                                     L. Arrius Pudens.
Antonini 11.                                         Aurelii 5.-Parthian war continued.
149 Coss. Ser. Scipio Orfitus.                       166 Goss. Q. Servilius Pudens.
Q. Nonius Priscuso                                   L. Fufidius Pollia.
Antonini 12.                                         Aurelii 6.-Parthian war finished. Triumph of Mi
150 Coss........ Gallicanus.                              Aurelius and Verus. Commodus receives the title.Antistius Vetus,                               of Caesar.
Antonini 13.                                         Martyrdom of Polycarp.
Marcian, the heretic, flourished.                167 Coss. Imp. Cwes. L. Aur. Verus August. III.
151 Coss. Sex. Quintilius Condianus.                           M. Ummidius Quadratus.
Sex. Quintilius Maximus.                        Aurelii 7.-A pestilence at Rome. War with the MarAntonini 14.                                            comanni and Quadi. Both emperors leave Rome,
Justin Martyr publishes his Apologyo                   in order to carry on this war, and winter at Sir152 Coss. M. Acilius Glabrio.                              mium.
M. Valerius Homullus.                           Galen (set. 37) practices medicine at Rome during the
Antonini 15.                                           pestilence.
Hegesippus flourished.                            168 Coss. L. Venuleius Apronianus II.
153 Coss. C. Bruttius Prsesens.                                L. Sergius Paullus II.
A. Junius Rufinus.                              Aurelii 8.-The barbarians submit to the emperors,
Antonini 16.                                           but soon renew the war.
154 Coss. L. AmEius Aurelius Commodus (aftercard Imp.    Athenagoras writes his Apology.
Cees. Aug.).                              169 Coss. Q. Sosius Priscus Senecio.
T. Sextius Lateranus.                                P. Coelius Apollinaris.
Antonini 17.                                          Aurelii 9.-Death of Verus (set. 39).
Birth of Bardesanes.                              170 Coss. M. Cornelius Cethegus.
155 Coss. C. Julius Severus.                                   C. Erucius Clarus.
M. Junius Rufinus Sabinianus.                   Aurelii 10.-Aurelius continues the war against ftle
Ex. Kal. Nov. Antius Pollio.                      Marcomanni.
Opimianus.                     171 Coss. T. Statilius Severus.
Antonini 18.                                               L. Alfidius Herennianus.
156 Coss. M. Ceionius Silvanus.                          Aurelii 11.
C. Serius Augurinus.                        172 Coss........ Maximus.
Antonini 19........ Orfitus.
157 Coss. M. Civica Barbarus.                            Aurelii 12.-Aurelius continues the war against the
M. Metilius Regulus.                              Marcomanni; he assumes the title Germanicus,
Antonini 20.                                           which is also conferred upon Commodus.
158 Coss. Sex. Sulpicius Tertullus,                   173 Coss. M. Aurelius Severus II.
C. Tineius Sacerdos.                                 Ti. Claudius Pompeianus.
Antonini 21.                                         Aurelii 13.
159 Coss. Plautius Quintillus.                       174 Coss........    Gallus.
Statius Priscus........ Flaccus.
Antonini 22.                                         Aurelii 14.-Aurelius continues the war against the
Galen (set. 29) at Pergamus.                           Marcomanni. Victory over the Quadi. Miracle
160 Coss. Ap. Annius Atilius Bradua.                       of the Thundering Legion. (Vid. p. 131, b.)
T. Clodius Vibius Varus.                    175 Coss. Calpurnius Piso.
Antonini 23.                                               M. Salvius Julianus.
161 Coss. M. JElius Verus Cesar III.                     Aurelii 15.-Peace concluded with the Marcomannm
L. Elius Aurelius Commodus II.                    and the other barbarians. Revolt of Cassius Avidi.
Death of Antoninus Pius (set. 74), March 7.            us in the East: he is slain after three months. AuM. AURELIUS (set. 39) emperor. He associates with      relius goes to the East. Commodus receives the
him in the empire L. VERUS (eat. 31). There are      toga virilis. Death of Faustina.
thus two Augusti. Birth of Commodus, son of M. 176 Coss. T. Vitrasius Pollio II.
Aurelius, on August 31st.                                M. Flavius Aper II.
162 Coss. Q. Junius Rusticus.                            Aurelii 16.-Aurelius visits Athens on his return fromin
C. Vettius Aquilinus.                            the East. He triumphs on December 23d wFith
Suf. Q. Flavius Tertullus.                     Commodus.
Aurelii 2.-War with the Parthians. Verus sets forth  177 Coss. Imp. L. Aurelius Commodus Aug.
to the East, to conduct the war against the Parthi-      M. Plautius Quintillus.
ans. M. Aurelius remains at Rome.                  Aurelii 17.-Commodus receives the tribunician po rs
163 Coss. M. Pontius Lselianus.                            er. Persecution of the Christians in Gaul........ Pastor.                                 Irenaeus becomes Bishop of Lyon in Gaul.
Sof. Q. Mustius Priscus.                  178 Coss. Gavius Orfitus.
Aurelii 3.-Parthian war continued.                         Julianus Rufis.




ROMAN HISTORY.                                             1003
A.D.                                                 A.D.
Aurelii 18.-Renewal of the war with the Marcoman- 193 Coss. Q. Sosins Falco.
ni and the northern barbarians. Aurelius sets out        C. Julius Erucius Clarus.
with Commodus to Germany.       Earthquake at              Suf. Flavius Claudius Sulpicianus.
Smyrna.                                                        L. Fabius Cilo Septimianus.
179 Coss. Imp. L. Aurelius Commodus Aug. II.                    Suf. Kal. Mai. Silius Messala.
P. Marcius Verus.                                      SufJ. IKal. J Et.  lius.
Ex IEal. Jul. P. Helvius Pertinax (afterward                         Probus.
Imp. Cses. Aug.).                 PERTINAX (set. 66) emperor, reigned from January
M. Didius Severus Julianus (after-   1st to March 28th, when he was slain. Thereupon
ward Imp. CaGs. Aug.).             the prsetorian troops put up the empire to sale,
Aurelii 19.-Defeat of the Marcomanni.                  which was purchased by M. Didius Salvius Julianus.
180 Coss. C. Bruttius Prsesens.                          JULIANUS (set. 56) emperor, reigned from March 28rh
Sex. Quintilius Condianus.                        to June 1st.
Death of M. Aurelius (set. 58) at Vindobona (Vienna)  SEPTIMIUS SEVErUS (set. 46) is proclaimed emperor
or Sirmium, March 17th.                              by the legions in Pannonia. He comes to Rome
CoMMoDUS (tet. 19) emperor.   Commodus makes           and is acknowledged as emperor by the senate.
peace with the Marcomanni and other barbarians,      After remaining a short time at Rome he proceeds
and returns to Rome.                                 to the East, where the legions had declared Pescen181 Coss. Imp. M. Aurelius CommodusAntoninusAug. III.      nius Niger emperor. Severus confers the title of
L. Antistius Burrus.                              Cesar upon Clodius Albinus in Britain.
Commodi 2.                                       194 Coss. Imp. Cees. L. Septimius Severus Augustus II.
89 Coss....... Mamertinus.                                   D. Clodius Albinus Csesar....... Rufus.                                   Severi 2. —Defeat and death of Niger. Severus lays
Ex Kial. Jul. 2Emilius Juncus.                    siege to Byzantium, which continues to hold out
Atilius Severus.                      after the death of Niger.
Commodi 3.                                       195 Coss. Scapula Tertullus.
183 Coss. Imp. M. Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Aug. IV.        Tineius Clemens.
C. Aufidius Victorinus II.                      Severi 3.-Siege of Byzantium continued. Severus
Ex Kal, Febr. L. Tutilius Pontius Gentianus.      crosses the Euphrates, and subdues the MesopotaEx Ial. Mai. M. Herennius Secundus.               mian Arabians.
M. Egnatius Postumus.          196 Coss. C. Domitius Dexter II......... T. Pactumeius Magnus.                      L. Valerius Messala Thrasia Priscus.
L. Septimius F......              Severi 4.-Capture of Byzantium. Severus returns
Commodi 4.-Conspiracy of Lucilla, the sister of        to Rome. He confers the title of Cesar upon his
Commodus, against the emperor, but it is sup-        son Bassianus, whom he calls M. Aurelius Antonipressed.                                             nus, but who is better known by his niclname Car184 Coss. L. Cossonius Eggius Marullus,                    acalla. Severus proceeds to Gaul to oppose Albi.
Cn. Papirius hElianus.                            nus.
Suf. C. Octavius Vindex.                  197 Coss. Ap. Claudius Lateranus.
Commodi 5.-Ulpius Marcellus defeats the barbarians........ Rufinus.
in Britain.                                        Severi 5.-Albinus defeated and slain by Severus,
185 Coss..... Maternus.                                   February 19th. Severus proceeds to the East to..... Bradua.                                     carry on war against the Parthians.
Commodi 6.-Death of Perennis.                    198 Coss........ Saturninus.
Birth of Origen........ Gallus.
186 Coss. Imp. M. Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Aug. V.    Severi 6.-Severus carries on the Parthian war with
(M'. Acilius) Glabrio II                          success: he takes Ctesiphon. Caracalla is declared
Commodi 7.                                             Augustus, and his brother, L. Septimius Geta, Cse87 Coss....... Crispinus.                                 sar........ JElianus.                           199 Coss. P. Cornelius Annulinus II.
Commodi 8.                                                M. Aufidius Fronto.
188 Coss........ Fuscianus II.                          Severi 7.-Severus lays siege to Atra, but is repulsed.
M. Servilius Silanus II.                    200 Coss. Ti. Claudius Severus.
Commodi 9.-Birth of Caracalla.                            C. Aufidius Victorinus.
189 Coss. Junius Silanus.                                Severi 8.-Severus continues in the East.
Servilius Silanus.                          201 Coss. L. Annius Fabianus.
Commodi 10.-Death of Cleander.                            M. Nonius Arrius Mucinus.
190 Coss. Imp. M. Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Aug. VI.   Severi 9.-Severus continues in the East with Carae
M. Petronius Septimianus.                        calla. Caracalla receives the toga virilis.
Commodi 11.                                      202 Coss. Imp. Cses. L. Septim. Severus Aug. III.
1    a91 Coss. (Cass)ius Pedo Apronianus.                     Imp. Caes. M. Aurel. Antoninus Aug.
M. Valerius Bradua (Mauricus).                  Severi 10.-Persecution of the Christians. Severus
Commodi 12.-Fire at Rome. Commodus assumes             returns to Rome. He celebrates the Decennalia
the name of Hercules.                                and the marriage of Caracalla and Plautilla.
192 Coss. Imp. L. iElius Aurelius Commodus Aug. VII.  203 Coss. C. Fulvius Plautianus II.
P. Helvius Pertinax II.                              P. Septimius Geta.
Cornmodi 13.-Commodus (et. 31) slain on Decem-       Severi 11.- Plautianus slain. The arch of Severuts
ber 21st.                                            celebrating his victories, is dedicated in this yesa



1004                              CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF
A.D.                                                   A.D.
Origen (eat. 18) teaches at Alexandrea.                  payment of a large sum of money. He then re204 Coss. L. Fabius Cilo Septimianus II.                     tires to Syria.
M. Annius Flavius Libo.                           Dion Cassius is at Rome at the time of Caracalla's
Severi 12.-The Ludi Sseculares are celebrated.           death.
205 Coss. Imp. Cases. M. Aurel. Antoninus Aug. II.     218 Coss. Imp. Cses. M. Opil. Sev. Mac. Aug. II.
P. Septimius Geta Caesar.                              C. Oclatinus Adventus.
Severi 13.                                                     Suf. Imp. Cass. M. Aurelius Antoninus (Ela206 Coss. MI. Nummius Albinus.                                      gabalus) Aug.
Fulvius Emilianus.                                Sedition of the army during their winter in Syria: a
Severi 14.                                               great part espouse the cause of Elagabalus. Ma207 Coss.... Aper.                                          crinus is defeated near Antioch, June 8th, and is... Maximus.                                    shortly afterward put to death.
Severi 15. —WVar in Britain.                           ELAGABALUS (set. 14) emperor. He winters at Nico.
Tertullian publishes his work against Marcion.           media.
208 Coss. Imp. Cases. M. Aurelius Antoninus Aug. III.      Dion Cassius is governor of Pergamus and Smyrna.
P. Septimius Geta Caesar II.                  219 Coss. Imp. Caesar M. Aurelius Antoninus (Elagabalus)
Severi 16.-Severus goes to Britain with his two sons           Aug. II.
Caracalla and Geta.                                        Q. Tineius Sacerdos II.
209 Coss. Civica Pompeianus.                               Elagabali 2.-Elagabalus comes to Rome.
Lollianus Avitus.                             220 Coss. Imp. Cres. M. Aurel. Anton. (Elagabalus) Aug.
Severi 17. - Severus invades Caledonia.  Geta re-              III.
ceives the title of Augustus.                              P. Valerius Eutychianus Comazon II.
Tertullian writes his treatise De Pallio.              Elagabali 3.
210 Coss. M'. Acilius Faustinus.                       221 Coss. Gratus Sabinianus
Triarius Rufinus.                                      Claudius Seleucus.
Severi 18.-The wall in Britain completed by Seve-      Elagabali 4.-Elagabalus adopts and confers the title
rus.                                                   of Caesar upon Bassianus Alexianus (aset. 13), better
Papinian, the jurist and the prsefect of the praetorians,  known by the name of Alexander Severus.
was with Severus in Britain.                     222 Coss. Imp. Cues. M. Aurel. Anton. (Elagabalus) Aug.
211 Coss. (Q. Hedius Rufus) Lollianus Gentianus.                  IV.
Pomponius Bassus.                                       M. Aurelius Alexander Caesar.
Death of Severus (set. 64) at Eboracum (York), Feb-    Elagabalus (set. 18) slain March 11th.
ruary 4th.                                           ALEXANDER SEVERUS emperor (set. 14)
CARACALLA (set. 23) emperor; but his brother GETA      The-jurists Ulpian and Paulus are among the coun.
(set. 22) had been associated with him in the em-      sellors of Alexander Severus.
pire by their father.  Caracalla and Geta return to  223 Coss. L. Marius Maximus II.
Rome.                                                      L. Roscius _Elianus.
Tertullian publishes his letter ad Scapulam.           Alexandri 2.
212 Coss. C. Julius Asper II.'                     224 Coss. Claudius Julianus II.
C. Julius Asper.                                       L. Bruttius Quinctius Crispinus.
Caracallas 2.-Geta murdered by his brother's orders.   Alexandri 3.
Papinian and many other distinguished men put to  225 Coss....... Fuscus II.
death....... Dexter.
213 Coss. Imp. M. Aurelius Antoninus Aug. IV.              Alexandri 4.
D. Ccelius Balbinus II                        226 Coss. Imp. Cass. M. Aur. Sev. Alex. Aug. II.
Sitf. (MA. Antonius Gordianus (afterwsard Imp....... Marcellus II.
Caes. Aug.).                             Alexandri 5.-The Parthian empire overthrown by
Helvius Pertinax.)                           Artaxerxes (Ardishir), who founds the new Persian
Caracallse 3.-Caracalla goes to Gaul.                    kingdom of the Sassanidse.
214 Coss....... Messalla.                                Origen at Antioch........ Sabinus.                              227 Coss....... Albinus.
Caracallee 4.-Caracalla attacks the Alemanni, visits....... Maximus.
Dacia and Thracia, and winters at Nicomedia.         Alexandri 6.
215 Coss....... Lmetus II.                            228 Coss....... Modestus II....... Cerealis........ Probus.
Caracallae 5.-Caracalla goes to Antioch and thence     Alexandri 7.-Ulpian killed by the soldiers.
to Alexandrea.                                       Origen a presbyter.
216 Coss. Vatius Sabinus II.                           229 Coss. Imp. Cass. M. Aur. Sev. Alex. Aug. III.
Cornelius Anulinus.                                    Cassius Dio II.
Caracallaa 6.- Caracalla passes the Euphrates and      Alexandri 8.
makes war against the Parthians. He winters at       Dion Cassius consul a second time: after his seconfd
Edessa.                                                consulship, he retired to Bithynia.
M37 Coss. C. Bruttius Praesens.                            Origen composes several works at Alexandrea.
T. Messius Extricatus II.                    230 Coss. L. Virius Agricola.
Caracalla (eet. 29) slain near Edessa, April Rth.           Sex. Catius Clementinus.
ZMAcRTrus (set. 53) emperor. He confers the title of   Alexandri 9.
Caesar upon his son Diadumenianus. He is de- 231 Coss....Claudius Pompeianus.
satci by the Parthians, and purchases peace by the        T. Fl... Pelignianus.




ROMAN HISTORY.                                             1005
A.D.                                                 AD.
Alexandri 10.-Alexander marches against the Per-       against the Persians. Sapor I. succeeds his father
sians,                                                Artaxerxes as King of Persia.
Origen leaves Alexandrea and settles at Csesarea.  242 Coss. C. Vettius Atticus.
232 Coss........Lupus.                                        C. Asinius Prastextatus....... Maximus.                                 Gordiani 5.-Gordian, with the assistance of his fa.
Alexandri 11.-Alexander defeats the Persians in Mes.   ther-in-law Misitheus, defeats the Persians.
opotamia, and returns to Antioch.                  Plotinus is in Persia.
Gregory of Neocassarea is the disciple of Origen at 243 Coss. L. Annius Arrianus.
Csesarea.                                                C. Cervonius Papus.
233 Coss........ Maximus.                                Gordiani 6.-Death of Misitheus........ Paternus.                           244 Coss. (L. Armenius) Peregrinus.
Alexandri 12.-Alexander returns to Rome and tri-           (A. Fulvius) Enmilianus.
umphs.                                              Gordian (set. 18) is slain by the contrivance of Phil.
Birth of Porphyry.                                     ip, the praetorian prsefect in Mesopotamia, in the
234 Coss........ Maximus II.                              spring.
(C. Ccelius) Urbanus.                           PHILIPPUS I. emperor. Philip confers the title of Ce.
Alexandri 13.-Alexander carries on war against the     sar upon his son, the younger Philip, and returns to
Germans.                                             Rome.
235 Goss....... Severus.                                Plotinus is at Rome........ Quinctianus.                        245 Coss. Imp. Csesar M. Julius Philippus Augustus.
Alexander (set. 27) slain by the soldiers in Gaul, Feb... Junius Titianus.
ruary 10th. His mother Mammsea slain along with    Philippi 2.-War with the Carpi, on the Danube,
him.                                            246 Coss........   Prsesens.
MAXIMINUS emperor........Albinus.
Origen writes his De Martyrio.                       Philippi 3.
236 Coss. Imp. Maximinus Pius Aug.                       Origen (set. 61) composes his work against Celsus....... Africanus.                                about this time.
Maximini 2.-Maximinus defeats the Germans.       247 Coss. Imp. Caesar M. Julius Philippus Augustus II.
237 Coss. (P. Titius) Perpetuus.                               M. Julius Philippus Csesar.
(L. Ovinius Rusticus) Cornelianus.              Philippi 4.-Philip bestows the rank of Augustus upon
Suf. Junius Silanus.                            his son, the younger Philip.
Messius Gallicanus.                   248 Coss. Imp. Csesar M. Julius Philippus (I.) Aug. III.
Maximini 3.-Maximinus again defeats the Germans            Imp. Csesar M. Julius Philippus (II.) Aug. II.
and winters at Sirmium.                            Philippi 5.-The Ludi Sseculares are celebrated.
238 Coss....... Pius.                                   Cyprian is appointed Bishop of Carthage.
Proculus Pontianus.                         249 Coss. (A. Fulvius) aEmilianus II.
Sezf. Ti. Claudius Julianus.. Junius Aquilinus... Celsus Elianus.                      The two Philips are slain in September or October,
GORDIANus I. and II., father and son, were proclaim-   at Verona.
ed emperors in Africa, and are acknowledged by     DECIS emperor. He confers the title of Ceasar upon
the senate: they were proclaimed in February and    his son Herennius Etruscus.
were slain in March. After their death, M. Clo- 250 Coss. Imp. Caesar C. Messius Quintus Trajanus Dedius Pupienus MAXIMUS and D. Caelius BAIBINUS              cius Aug. II.
are appointed emperors by the senate: they confer        Annius Maximus Gratus.
the title of Csesar upon Gordianus, a grandson of  Decii 2.-Great persecution against the Christians, in
Gordianus I. Maximinus hears of the elevation of     which Fabianus, bishop of Rome, perishes.
the Gordians in his winter quarters at Sirmium, and  251 Coss. Imp. Caesar C. Messius Quintus Trajanus Deforthwith marches toward Italy. Whenhereaches              cius Aug. III.
Hemona, about 240 miles from Sirmium, he hears           Q. Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius Csesar.
of the elevation of Maximus and Balbinus. He       Decius carries on war against the Goths. He is slain
reaches Aquileia (60 miles from Hemona), and is      in November, together with his son Herennius
there slain by his soldiers, along with his son Maxi-  Etruscus.
mus, in April. Maximus, the emperor, was then at   GALLUS Trebonianus emperor. The title of AugusRavenna: he returns to Rome, and is slain along      tus is conferred upon Hostilianus, a younger son
with Balbinus, about the middle of June. The sol-    of Decius. Gallus confers the title of Caesar upon
diers proclaim                                       his son Volusianus.
GORDIANUS III. emperor (et. 12).                 252 Coss. Imp. Cses. C. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus Aug. II
239 Goss Imp. Cses. M. Antonius Gordianus (III.) Aug.          C. Vibius Volusianus Csesar.
M. Acilius Aviola.                              Galli 2.-Volusianus is elevated to the rank of Augus.
Gordiani 2.                                            tus. Gallus returns to Rome. Commencement of
Philostratus flourished.                               a great pestilence, which rages for 15 years. Death
240 Coss........ Sabinus II.                              of Hostilianus........ Venustus.                           253 Coss. Imp. Caesar C. Vibius Volusianus Augustus II.
Gordiani 3.-Sedition in Africa suppressed.                M. Valerius Maximus.
241 Cos. Imp. Cess. M. Antonius Gordianus (III.) Pius    Galli 3. —EtILirArus is proclaimed emperor in Mce.
Fel. II.                                         sia. VALERIANUS is proclaimed emperor in Restia.
Gordiani 4.-Gordian marries the daughter of Misith-  Death of Origen (set. 68).
eus, and sets out to the East to carry on the war  254 Coss. Imp. Caes. P. Licinius Valerianus Augustus IL,




1006                            CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF
A.D.                                                 A.D.
Imp. Cses. P. Licinius Gallienus Augustus.  266 Coss. Imp. Cessar P. Licinius Gallienus VIL
uEmilianus marches into Italy. Gallus and Volusia-....... Sabinillus.
nus slain by their own troops in February.  Emil-  Gallieni 14.
ianus slain by his own troops in May. VALERIANUS  267 Coss....... Paternus.
emperor. His son GALLIENUS is made Augustus.........Arcesilaus.
255 Coss. Imp. Cass. P. Licinius Valerianus Augustus III.  Gallieni 15.-Odenathus is slain, and is succeeded by
Imp. Ceesar P. Licinius Gallienus Augustus II.    his wife Zenobia, who governs with Vabalathus.
Valeriani et Gallieni 3.-The barbarians begin to in-   Postumus is slain: many usurpers in succession
vade the empire on all sides. The Goths invade       assume the empire in Gaul: it is at last in possesIllyricum and Macedonia. Gallienus is in Gaul.       sion of Tetricus.
256 Coss. (M.) Valerius Maximus II.                  268 Coss....... Paternus II.
(M'. Acilius) Glabrio....... Marinianus.
Val. et Gallieni 4.-The Franks invade Spain.         Gallienus slain in March by the arts of Aureolus.
257 Coss. Imp. C-asar P. Licinius Valerianus Aug. IV.    CLAUDIUS II., surnamed Gothicus, emperor. AureoImp. Caesar P. Licinius Gallienus Aug. III.       lus slain. Claudius defeats the Alemanni.
(Suf. a. d. XI. K. Jun. M. Ulpius Crinitus.   Porphyry retires to Sicily.
L. Domitius Aurelia- 269 Coss. Imp. Casar M. Aurelius Claudius Aug. II.
nus (afterzoard Imp........ Paternus.
Cass. Aug.).            Claudii 2. —Claudius gains a great victory over the
Val. et Gallieni 5.-Aurelian defeats the Goths.        Goths. Zenobia invades Egypt.
258 Coss. Memmius Tuscus.                            270 Coss...... Antiochianus....... Bassus........Orfitus.
Val. et Gallieni 6.-Valerian sets out for the East, to  Claudius again defeats the Goths. Death of Claudius,
carry on war against the Persians. Persecution of    at Sirmium, in the summer. Aurelian proclaimed
the Christians. While the empire is invaded by the   emperor at Sirmium, and Quintillus, the brother
barbarians, and Valerian is engaged in the Persian   of Claudius, at Rome. Quintillus puts an end to
war, the legions in different parts of the empire pro-  his own life.
claim their own generals emperors. These usurp-    AURELIAN emperor. He comes to Rome, and then
ers are known by the name of the Thirty Tyrants.     proceeds to Pannonia, to repel the barbarians. BePostumus is proclaimed emperor in Gaul. The          fore the end of the year he returns to Italy, to atGoths take Trapezus.                                 tack the Marcomanni and Alemanni, who are in
Martyrdom of Cyprian.                                  Italy.
259 Coss........Emilianus.                          Death of Plotinus in Campania........ Bassus.                                 Paul of Samosata deposed.
Val. et Gallieni 7.-The Goths plunder Bithynia,  271 Coss. Imp. Caesar L. Domitius Aurelianus Aug. IL
260 Coss. P. Cornelius Sascularis II.                          Ceionius Virius Bassus II.. Junius Donatus (II.).                       Aureliani 2. —Aurelian defeats the Marcomanni and
Val. et Gallieni 8.-Saloninus, the son of Valerian, put  Alemanni in Italy. Aurelian returns to Rome, and
to death by Postumus. Valerian is talen prisoner     begins to rebuild the walls.
by Sapor, the Persian king. The Persians are driv-  272 Coss....... Quietus.
en back by Odenathus, the ruler of Palmyra. In....... Voldumianus.
genuus and Regalianus are proclaimed emperors.     Aureliani 3.-Aurelian goes to the East, and males
261 Coss. Imp. Csesar P. Licinius Gallienus Aug. IV.       war upon Zenobia, whom he defeats and besieges
L. Petronius Taurus Volusianus.                  in Palmyra. Hormisdas succeeds Sapor as King
Gallieni 9. —Macrianus, Valens, and Calpurnius Piso    of Persia.
are proclaimed emperors: the two latter are easily  Manes flourished.
put down, but Macrianus marches from Syria to at- 273 Coss. M. Claudius Tacitus (afterward Imp. Cnsar
tack Gallienus.                                            Aug.).
262 Coss. Imp. Csesar P. Licinius Gallienus Aug. V... Placidianus........ Faustinus.                              Aureliani 4.-Aurelian takes Zenobia prisoner. He
Gallieni 10.-Aureolus is proclaimed emperor: he de-    proceeds to Egypt, and puts down the revolt of
feats and slays Macrianus, with his two sons, in II-  Firmus. Varanes I. succeeds Hormisdas as King
lyricum. The Goths ravage Greece and Asia Minor.     of Persia.
The Persians take and plunder Antioch.             Longinus put to death on the capture of Palmyra.
263 Coss.......Albinus I.                            274 Coss. Imp. Caesar L. Domitius Aurelianus Aug. III.
Maximus Dexter.                                      C. Julius Capitolinus.
Gallieni 11.                                         Aureliani 5. —Aurelian goes to Gaul to put down TetPorphyry is at Rome in this and the following year.    ricus, who had reigned there fiom the end of A.D.
264 Coss. Imp. Caesar P. Licinius Gallienus Aug. VI.       267. Submission of Tetricus. Aurelian returns to....... Saturninus.                              Rome and triumphs: both Zenobia and Tetricus
Gallieni 12. —Odenathus is declared Augustus. First    adorn his triumph. Aurelian founds a temple to
council upon Paul of Samosata.                       the Sun.
265 Coss. P. Licinius Valerianus Valeriani Aug. f. II.  275 Coss. Imp. CGesar L. Domitius Aurelianus Aug. IV
(L. C'esonius) Lucillus (Macer Rufinianus.)          T. Nonius Marcellinus.
Gallieni 13. —Postumus continues emperor in Gaul,           Stf. Aurelius Gordianus.
and repels the barbarians: he associates Victorinus            Vettius Cornificius Gordianus.
with him in the empire.                            Aurelian slain in March. After an interregnum of six
Death of Dionysius of Alexandrea.                      months, M. Claudius Tacitus is proclaimed emperor.




ROMAN HISTORY.                                             1007
A.D,                                                 A.D.
TACIT5US em-perro.                               287 Coss. Tmp. Caes. C. Val. Diocletianus Aug. III.
276 oss. Imp. Caesar M. Claudius Tacitus Aug. II.            Imp. COes. M. Aur. Val. Maximianus Aug....... TEmilianus.                             Diocletiani 4: Maximiani 2.-Maximianus again deo
Suf. dElius Scorpianus.                        feats the barbarians in Gaul. Carausius assumes
Death of Tacitus. Florianus, the brother of Tacitus,  the purple in Britain.
is proclaimed emperor at Rome, and M. Aurelius 288 Coss. Imp. Caes. M. Aur. Val. Maximianus Aug. II.
Probus in the East. Florianus sets out to the East       Pomponius Januarius.
to oppose Probus, but is slain at Tarsus.          Diocletiani 5: Maximiani 3.-Preparations of -MaximPROBUs emperor. Varanes II. succeeds Varanes I.       ianus against Carausius.
as King of Persia.                             289 Coss. M. Macrius Bassus.
f277 Coss. Imp. Caesar M. Aurelius Probus Aug.                L. Ragonius Quintianus.
M. Aurelius Paullinus.                          Diocletiani 6: Maxiniani 4.-Naval war between CaProbi 2.-Probus defeats the barbarians in Gaul.        rasius and Maximianus. Carausius defeats Max278 Coss. Imp. Caesar M. Aurelius Probus Aug. II.         imianus...... Lupus.                                   Mamertinus delivers his Panegyricus lMaximiavno.
Probi 3.-Probus defeats the barbarians in Illyricum. 290 Coss. Imp. Cams. C. Valerius Diocletianus Aug. IV.
279 Coss. Imp. Caesar M. Aurelius Probus Aug. III.            Imp. Cses. M. Aur. Val. Maximianus Aug. III....... Nonius Paternus I I..Diocletiani 7: Maximiani 5.-The emperors grant
Probi 4.-Probus reduces the Isaurians and the Blem-    peace to Carausius and allow him to retain inde~
myes. Saturninus revolts in the East                 pendent sovereignty.
K280 Coss...... Messalla.                               Lactantius flourishedin the reign of Diocletian.....Gratus.                               291 Coss........ Tiberianus II.
Probi 5.-Saturninus is slain. Probus returns to           Cassius Dio.
Rome, and then proceeds to Gaul, where he puts     Diocletiani 8: Maximiani 6.-Diocletian and Mlaximidown the revolt of Proculus and Bonosus, either in   anus have a conference at Milan. Maximianus celthis year or the following.                          ebrates the Quinquennalia.
Cyrillus is Bishop of Antioch.                       Mamertinus delivers the Genethliacus Mazimiano.
281 Goss. Imp. Casar M. Aurelius Probus Aug. IV.     292 Coss........ Hannibalianus.......'Tiberianus........Asclepiodotus.
Probi 6.                                             Diocletiani 9: MBaximiani 7.-Constanties Chlorzus and
282 Coss. Imp. Caesar M. Aurelius Probus Aug. V.           Galerius are proclaimed Coesars; and the govern-...... Victorinus.                                ment of the Roman world is divided between the
Probus is slain at Sirmium in September.               two Augusti and the two Caesars. Diocletian had
CARUS emperor.                                         the government of the'East, with Nicomedia as his
283 Coss. Imp. Cas. M. Aurelius Carus Aug.                residence: Maximianus, Italy and Africa, with MiM. Aurelius Carinus Carl Aug. f. Caesar.          lan as his residence: Constantius, Britain, Gaul, and
Stuf. M. Aurelius Numerianus Carl Aug. f        Spain, with Trdves as his residence: Galerius, IllyrCasar.                                   icum, and the whole line of the Danube, with SirMatronianus.                               mium as his residence.
Carinus and Numerianus, the sons of Carus, are as- 293 Coss. Imp. CGes. C. Valerius Diocletianus Aug. V.
sociated with their father in the empire. Carinus        Imp. Cees. M. Aur. Val. Maximianus Aug. IV.
is sent into Gaul; and Carus, with Numerianus, pro-  Diocletiani 10: Maximiani 8.-Carausius is slain by
ceeds to the East. Carus subdues the Sarmatians      Allectus, who assumes the purple, and maintains
on his march from Sirmium to the East. Carus         the sovereignty in Britainf'or three years. Varanes
carries on the war against the Persians with sue-    III. succeeds Varanes II. as King of Persia, and is
cess, but dies near Ctesiphon.                       himself succeeded by Narses in the course of the
284 Coss. Imp. Caes. M. Aurelius Carinus Aug. II.          same year.
Imp. Caes. M. Aurelius Numerianus Aug. II.  294 Coss. Fl. Val. Constantius Caesar.
Slf. C. Valerius Diocletianus (afterward Imp.      Gal. Val. Maximiianus Caesar.
Aug.).                                 Diocletiani 11: Maximiani 9.
Annius Bassus.                       295 Coss....... Tuscus.
(Suf. M. Aur. Valer. Maximianus [afterward....... Anulinus.
Imp. Ces. Aug.]                        Diocletiani 12: Maximiani 10. —Defeat of the Carpi.
M. Junius Maximus.)                  296 Coss. Imp. CGes. C. Valerius Diocletianus Aug. VI.
Numerianus returns from Persia with the army, but         Fl. Val. Constantius Coesar II.
is slain by Aper at Perinthus in the beginning of  Diocletiani 13: Maximiani 11.-Constantius recovers
September..                                          Britain.
DIOCLETIAN emperor.                                  Arnobius published his work Advereszs Gentes.
285 Coss. Imp. Cses. C. Valerius Diocletianus Aug. II.  297 Coss. Imp. Cses. M. Aur. Val. Maximianus Aug. V...... Aristobulus.                                  Gal. Val. Maximianus Caesar II.
Diocletiani 2.-War between Diocletian and Carinus    Diocletiani 14: Macximiani 12.- Diocletian defeats
in Mcesia. Carinus is slain. Diocletian winters at   Achilleus in Egypt. Maximianus defeats the QuinNicomedia.                                           quegentiani in Africa.  Galerius carries on war
286 Coss. M. Junius Maximus II.                            against the Persians unsuccessfully.
Vettius Aquilinus.                              Eumenius delivers the Panegyricus Constantio.
Diocletiani 3.-MAXIMIANUS is declared Augustus on  298 Coss. Anicius Faustus (II.).
April 1st, and is sent by Diocletian into Gaul. Max-     Virius Gallus.
imianus defeats the barbarians in Gaul.            Diocletiani 15: Maximiani 13.-Galerius collects fresh




1008                             CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF
A.D.                                                 A.D.
forces and defeats the Persians in Armenia. Narses 309.First year after consulship of M. Aur. Val. Masxinmla
concludes a peace with the Romans.                                              nus X.
299 Coss. Imp. Caes. C. Valerius Diocletianus Aug. VII.                             Imp. C. G. V. MaximnImp. Caws. MI. Aur. Val. Maximianus Aug. VI.                                 ans Aug. VII,
Diocletiani 16: Maximiani 14.-Defeat of the Marco-  Constantini 4: Galerii 5: Licinii 3. - Sapor II. suemanniosu..s                                         ceeds Hormisdas II. as King of Persia.
Eumenius delivers his oration Pro Instaurandis   310 $econd year after consulship of M. Aur. Val. MaximiSchoZis..anus X.
S00 Coss. Fl. Val. Constantius Ceesar III.                                           Imp. C. G. V. MaximGal. Val. Maximianus Ceesar III.                                              ianus Aug. VII.
Diocletiani 17: Maximiani 15                         Constantini 5: Galerii 6: Licinii 4.-Maximianus, the
301 Coss....... Titianus II.                              colleague of Diocletian, is put to death at Massilia........ Nepotianus.                             Eumenii Panegyricus Constantino. 
Diocletiani 18: Maximiani 16.-Hormisdas II. suc- 311 Coss. Imp. Cees. Gal. Val. Maximianus Aug. -III.
ceeds Narses, king of Persia.                           (Imp. Cass. Val. Licinianus Licinius Aug.)
302 Coss. Fl. Val. Constantius Caesar IV.                Constantini 6: Licinii 5.-Edict to stop the persecaGal. Val. Maximianus CassarIV.                   tion of the Christians. Death of Galerius. Licinias
Diocletiani 19: Maximiani 17.-.Diocletian and Max-     and Maximinus divide the East between them.
imianus triumph.                                   Eumenii Gratiarum Actio Constantino.
303 Coss. Imp. Caes. C. Valerius Diocletianus-Aug. VIII.  312 Coss. Imp. Caos. Fl. Val. Constantinus. Aug. 1I.
Imp. Cces. M.Aur. Val. Maximianus Aug. VII.          Imp. Caes. Val. Licinianus Licinius Aug. II.
Diocletiani 20: Maximiani 18.-Persecution of the    Constantini 7: Licinii 6.-War of Constantine and
Christians. Diocletian celebrates the Vicennalia at  Maxentius. Constantine marches into Italy. Max.
Rome.                                                entius isfinally defeated at Saxa Rubra, not far from
304 Coss. Imp. Caes. C. Valeri-s Diocletianus Aug. IX.     the Cremera, and perishes in his flight, in the Tiber,
Imp. Caes. M. Aur. Val. Maximianus Aug. VIII.     Oct. 27. The Indictions commence Sept. 1st.
Diocletiani 21: Maximiani 19.-Diocletian enters upon  Iamblichus flourished.
his consulship at Ravenna on January 1st, and is at 313 Coss. Imp. C s. Fl. Val. Constantinus Aug. III.
Nicomedia at the close of the year                       Imp. Cees. Val. Licinianus Licinius Aug. III.
305 Coss. Fl. Val. Constanstius Caesar V.                Constantini 8: Licinii 7.-Constantine and Licinius
Gal. Val. Maximianus Caesar V                     meet at Milan; Licinius marries Constantia, the
Diocletian abdicates at Nicomedia on May 1st, and      sister of Constantine. War between Licinius and
compels Maximianus to do the same. Constantius       Maximinus: the latter is defeated at Heraclea oi
and Galerius, the Caesars, are declared Augusti; and  April 30th, and dies a few months afterward at TarSevelrus and MaximinLusss Daza are declared the      sus. Constantine and Licinius thus become the
Caesars.                                             sole Augusti. Edict in favor of the Christians.
CONSTANTIUS I. and.GALEREus emperors.                  Death of Diocletian.
306 Coss. Imp. CaWs. Fl. Val. Constantius Aug. VI.   314 Coss C. Ceionius Rufius Volusianus II.
Imp. Cas. Gal. Val. Maximianus Aug. VI....... Annianus.
Suf. P. Cornelius Anulinus.                  Constantini 9: Licinii 8.-War between Constantine
Constantii 2: Galerii 2. -Death of Constantius at....n and Licinius. Licinius is defeated first at Cibalis in
York, in Britain. CONSTANTINoS, who was in Brit-.... aPannonia, and afterward atAdrianople. Peace is then
ain at the time, assumes the title of Cmesar, and is  concluded on condition that Licinius should resig
acknowledged as Cassar by Galerius. SEVERnUS,        to Constantine Illyricum, Macedonia, and Achaia.
the Caesar, was proclaimed Augustus by Galerius. 315 Coss. Imp. CEes. Fl. Val. Constantinus Aug. IV.
MAXENTIUS, the son of Maximianus, is proclaimed          Imp. Caes. Val. Licinianus Licinius Aug. IV.
emperor by the pratorian troops at Rome, but his   Constantini 10: Licinii 9.
authority is not recognized by the two Augusti and  316 Coss........ Sabinus.
the two Caesars. The commencement of Constan-....... Rufinus.
tine's reign is placed in this year, though he did not  Constantini 11: Licinii 10
receive the title of Augustus till A.D. 308.    317 Coss........ Gallicanus.
CONSTANTINUS I. begins to reign........ Bassus.
Vopiscus publishes the life of Aurelian.             Constantini 12: Licinii 11.-The ranl of CaEsar is con307 Coss. M. Aur. Val. Maximianus IX.                      ferred upon Crispus and Constantine, the sons of
Fl. Val. Constantinus Csesar.                     the Emperor Constantine, and upon Licinius, the
Constantini 2: Galerii 3.-Severus is defeated and      son of the Emperor Licinius.
slain by Maxentius in Italy. Galerius makes an un- 318 Coss. Imp. CEes. Val. Licinianus Licinius Aug. V.
successful attack upon Rome.                            Fl. Jul. Crispus Caesar.
LICINIUS is declared Augustus by Galerius. Galerius  Constantini 13: Licinii 12.
confers the title of Filii Augustorum upon Constan- 319 Coss. Imp. Caes. Fl. Val. Constantinus Aug. V.
tine and Maximinus.                                     Fl. Val. Licinianus Licinius Caesar.
208 Coss. M. Aur. Val. Maximianus X.                     Constantini 14: Licisii 13.
Imp. Cas. Gal. Val. Maximianns Aug. VII.   320 Coss. Imp. Caes. Fl. Val. Constantinus Aug. VL
Constantini 3: Galerii 4: Licinii 2. —Galerius de-       Fl. Cl. Constantinus Cassar.
clares Constantine and Maximinus Augusti. There    Constantinil5: Licinii 14.-Crispus defeats the Franoks
are thus four Augusti: 1. Galerius. 2. Licinius.    in Gaul.
3. Constantine. 4. Maxininus, besides the usurper 321 Coss. Fl. Jul. Crispus Csesar II.
Maxentius.                                              Fl. Cl. Constantinus Cassar 11.




ROMAN HISTORY.                                             i009
A.D.                                                 A.D.
Constantini 16: Licinii 15.                            fresh distribution of the provinces made among
Nazarii Panegyrious Constantino.                       the five Caesars.
322 Coss. Petronius Probianus.                           Athanasius, bishop of Alexandrea, is deposed by the
Anicius Julianus.                                 council at Tyre, and goes into exile.
Constantini 17: Licinii 16.-Constantine defeats the  336 Coss. Fl. Popillius Nepotianus.
Sarmatians, and pursues them across the Danube......     Facundus.
323 Coss. Acilius Severus.                               Constantini 31.-Marriage of Constantius.
Vettius Rufinus,                            337 Coss....... Felicianus.
Constantini 18.-War between Constantine and Li-            T. Fabius Titianus.
cinius. Constantine defeats Licinius near Adriano-  Death of Constantine in May: he is baptized before
pie on July 3d, and again at Chalcedon on Septem-    his death by Eusebius of Nicomedia. He was at
ber 18th. Licinius surrenders himself to Constan-    the time making preparations for war with the
tine. Constantius, the son of Constantine, is ap-    Persians.
pointed Caesar November8th. Constantine is now      CONSTANTINUS II., CONSTANTIUS II., and CONSTANS
sole Augustus, and his three sons, Crispus, Con-     are declared Augusti. The Caesars Delmatius and
stantine, and Constantius, are Csesars.              Hanniballianus, and the other relations of the late
324 Coss. Fl. Jul. Crispus Csesar III.                     emperor, are put to death.
FI. Cl. Constantinus Cesar III              338 Coss........Ursus.
Constantini 19.-Licinius is put to death by command....... Polemius.
of Constantine.                                    Constantini II., Constantii II., Constantis 2.-Constan325 Coss....... Paullinus.                               tius carries on the war against the Persians. First....... Julianus.                                 siege of Nisibis by the Persians.
Constantini 20.-The Vicennalia of Constantine. The   Athanasius returns from exile.
Christian council of Nicaa (Nice): it is attended  339 Coss. Imp. Coes. Fl. Jul. Constantius Aug. II.
by 318 bishops, and adopts the word bpoovalov.            mp. Cas. Fl. Jul. Constans Aug.
326 Coss. Imp. C'es. Fl. Val. Constantinus Aug. VII.     Constantini II., Constantii II., Constantis 3.-ConstanFl. Jul. Constantinus Caesar.                    tius carries on the war against the Persians. ConConstantini 21.-Constantine celebrates the Vicenna-    stantine is at Trves, ad Constans at Sirmium.
lia at Rome. Crispus and the younger Licinius   340 Coss.....     Acindynus.
are put to death. Constantine leaves Rome, and           L. Aradius Val. Proculus.
never returns to it again.                          Constantii II., Constantis 4.-War between Constan327 Coss......    Constantinus.                           tine II. and Constans. Constantine II. is defeated......... Maximus.            -               and slain: Constans, in consequence, becomes sole
Constantini 22.-Death of Fausta. Constantine founds    emperor of the West.
Helenopolis, in honor of his mother Helena.        Acacius succeeds Eusebius as Bishop of Caesarea.
328 Coss......  Januarinus.                    341 Coss. Antonius Marcellinus........ J..ustus.                            Petronius Probinus.
Constantini 23.                                      Constantii II., Constantis 5.-Constans carries on war
Libanius (at. 14) is at Antioch.                       against the Franks. A law against pagan sacrifices
329 Coss. Imp. Caes. Fl Val. Constantinus Aug. VIII.promulgated. Ariansynod ofAntioch. Athanasiua
Fl. Cl. Constantinus C3sar IV.                    is deposed by the synod of Antioch: he goes to
Constantini 24.                                        Rome, and is protected by Constans.
330 Coss...... Gallicanus.                          342 Coss. Imp. Caes. Fl. Jul. Constantius Aug. III........ Symmachus.                                   Imp. Cees. Fl. Jul. Constans Aug. II.
Constantini 25.-Dedication of Constantinople, which  Constantii II., Constantis 6.-Constans defeats the
Constantine makes the capital of his empire          Frans. Sedition at Constantinople.
331 Coss. (Annius) Bassus.                           343 Coss. M. Maecius Memmius Furius Placidus...... Ablavius,                                      (Fl. Pisidius) Romulus.
Constantini 26.-Birth of Julian.                     Constantii II., Constantis 7.-Constans, in Britain, carBirth of Hieronymus (St Jerome).                       ries on war against the Picts and Scots.
332 Coss...... Pacatianus.                              Firmicus Maternus addresses his work De Errore
H.......  l.ilariannus.:                     Profanarunm Religionuo to Constantius and ConConstantini 27.-War with the Goths: they are de        stans.
feated by Constantine Caesar.                  344 Coss.......    Leontius.
333 Coss. Fl. Jul. Delmatius (afterward Ciesar)........ Sallustius.......Zenophlilus.                             Constantii II., Constantis 8.-Earthquake in Pontus.
Constantini 28.-Constans, the son of Constantine, is 345 Coss       Amantius.
made Caesar. Famine and pestilence in Syria.                      Albinus.
34 Coss. L. Ranius Acontius Optatus.                     Constantii II., Constantis 9. —Earthquakes in Greece
Anicius Paullinus.                               and Italy.
Constantini 29. —The Sarmatians receive settlements  346 Coss. Imp. Caes. Fl. Jul. Constantius Aug. IV.
in the empire. Calocerus, a usurper in Cyprus, is       Imp. Caes. Fl. Jul. Constans Aug. III.
slain by Delmatius.                                Constantii II., Constantis 10.-Second siege of Nisibis
35 GCoss. Julius Constantius,                              by the Persians.
Ceionius Rufus Albinus.                        Libanius is at Nicomedia.
Constantini 30.-The Tricennalia of Constantine. 347 Coss....... Rufinus.
Delmatius or Dalmatius, and Hanniballianus, the......Eusebius.
nephews of the emperor, are made Caesars. A        Constantii II., Constantis 11.-Council of Sardic6
64




1010                             CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF
A.D.                                                 A.D.
which pronounced the Council of Nice to be suffi-  Constantii II. 21.-Second campaign of Julian: he decient.                                               feats the Alemanni, and crosses the Rhine. ConAthanasius restored by the Council of Sardica.         stantius visits Rome.
Themistius's oration n7rept qavopworas..             Ammianus Marcellinus is at Sirmium.
348 Coss. Fl. Philippus.                             358 Coss.......Datianus.
Fl. Salia.                                           Neratius Cerealis.
Constantii II., Constantis 12.-The Persians invade   Constantii II. 22.-Third campaign of Julian: he deMesopotamia: battle of Singara.                      feats the Franks, and again crosses the Rhine. ConPrudentius born.                                       stantius crosses the Danube, and carries on war
349 Coss....... Limenius.                                  against the Quadi. Earthquake at Nicomedia.
Aco Catulinus.                                  Aurelius Victor flourished.
Constantii II., Constantis 13.                   359 Coss. Fl. Eusebius.
Libanius's Panegyric upon Constantius and Constans.        Fl. ypatius.
Athanasius returns to Alexandrea.                    Constantii II. 23.-Fourth campaign of Julian: he
350 Coss........ Sergius.                                  crosses the Rhine a third time, and lays waste the....... Nigrinianus.                              country of the Alemanni: he winters at Paris. SaConstantii II. 14.-Death of Constans at Helena.        por invades Mesopotamia, and takes Amida after a
Magnentius assumes the purple at Augustodunum          long siege. Synods of Ariminum and Seleucia.
(Autun), in Gaul, Nepotianus at Rome, and Vetra-   Ammianus Marcellinus serves in the war against Sa.
sio at Mursa, in Pannonia. Nepotianus is slain in   por.
28 days after his elevation. Constantius marches 360 Coss. Imp. Caes. Fl. Jul. Constantius Aug. X.
to the West, and deposes Vetranio in December, 10        Fl. Cl. Julianus Cassar III.
months after his elevation. Third siege of Nisibis  Constantii II. 24.-Julian is proclaimed Augustus by
by the Persians during the absence of Constantius    the soldiers at Paris. Constantius winters at Con.
in the West.                                         stantinople, and carries on war in person against
351 Coss. Magnentius Aug.                                  Sapor. Successes of the Persians, who take SinGaiso.                                            gara. Constantius winters at Antioch.
Constantii II. 15.-Constantius appoints his cousin  361 Coss. Fl. Taurus.
Gallus Caesar, and sends him to the East to conduct      Fl. Florentius.
the war against the Persians. Magnentius appoints  Preparations for war between Constantius and Julian.
his brother Decentius Csasar. War between Con-       Constantius sets out for Europe, but dies on his
stantius and Magnentius. Constantius defeats Mag-    march in Cilicia. Julian meantime had moved
nentius at the battle of Mursa. Julian abandons      down the Danube to Sirmium, and heard of the
Christianity.                                        death of Constantius before reaching Constantinople.
352 Coss. Decentius Cses.                                JULIANUS emperor.
Paullus.                                        Aurelius Victor still alive.
Constantii II. 16.-Constantius drives Magnentius into  362 Coss. Cl. Miamertinus.
Gaul. Revolt of the Jews.                                Fl. Nevitta.
353 Coss. Imp. Coes. Fl. Jul. Constantius Aug. VI.       Juliani 2.-Julian spends the first part of the year at
Fl. Jul. Constantius Gallus Cassar II.            Constantinople and then sets out for Antioch, where
Constantii II. 17.-Magnentius is defeated by Constan-  he winters. He favors the pagans.
tius in Gaul, and puts an end to his own life. Mar-  Julian wrote his Ccesares and many of his other works
riage of Constantius and Eusebia. Gallus acts with   in this year.
cruelty at Antioch.                                Libanius is patronized by Julian.
Ammianus Marcellinus in the East with Ursicinus.     Athanasius, who had returned to Alexandrea, is driven
Libanius is at Antioch.                                out again by Julian.
354 Coss. Imp. Cses. Fl. Jul. Constantius Aug. VII.  363 Coss. Imp. Ca3s. Fl. Cl. Julianus Aug. IV.
Fl. Jul. Constantius Gallus Caesar III.              Fl. Sallustius.
Constantii II. 18.-Constantius is in Gaul in the early  Julian attempts to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem.
part of the year, and winters at Milan. By his or-   He sets out from Antioch against the Persians, enders Gallus is put to death at Pola, in Istria.      ters Mesopotamia, takes several towns, crosses the
Ammianus Marcellinus is at Milan.                      Tigris, but is obliged to retreat through want of
Birth of Augustine.                                    provisions: in his retreat he is slain.
355 Coss. Fl. Arbitio.                                   JOVIAN emperor. He is compelled to conclude a disFl. Lollianus.                                    graceful peace with the Persians: he winters at
Constantii II. 19.-Silvanus assumes the purple in      Ancyra.
Gaul, but is slain. Julian is declared Ceesar, and  Athanasius is restored by Jovian.
appointed to the command of Gaul. Synod of Mi- 364 Coss. Imp. Caes. Fl. Jovianus Aug.
lan, by which Athanasius is condemned.                  Fl. Varronianus Joviani Aug. f. N. P
Gregory of Nazianzus and Basil of Caesarea study at  Jovian dies in February.
Athens together.                                   VALENTINIAN I. is proclaimed emperor on February
356 Coss. Imp. Cses. Fl. Jul. Constantius Aug. VIII.       6th. He associates his brother VALENS with him
Fl. Cl. Julianus Caesar.                         in the empire. Valentinian undertakes the governConstantii II. 20.-First campaign of Julian in Gaul.   ment of the West and gives to Valens the East.
Athanasius is expelled from Alexandrea, and retires  Eutropius concludes his history.
to the desert.                                 365 Coss. Imp. Caes. Fl. Valentinianus Aug.
357 Coss. Imp. Coes. Fl. Jul. Constantius Aug. IX.            Imp. CaBs. Fl. Valens Aug.
Fl. Cl. Julianus Ctesar II.                    Valentiniani I., Valentis 2. —Valentinian sets out for




ROMAN HISTORY.                                              1011
A.D.                                                  A.D.
Gaul to repel the Alemanni. Revolt of Procopius  378 Coss. Imp. Fl. Valens Aug. V.
in the East. War between Valens and Procopius.            Imp. Fl. Valentinianus (II.) Aug. II.
Libanius (Eat. 51) composes his Funeral Oration on    Valentis 15: Gratiani 12: Valentiniani II. 4. —The
Julian.                                               Goths defeat the Romans with immense slaughter
366 Coss. Fl. Gratianus Valentiniani Aug. f. N, P.          near Adrianople: Valens falls in the battle. GraDagalaiphus.                                      tiaa had previously defeated the Lentienses AleValentiniani I., Valentis 3.-The Alemanni are defeat-   manni at Argentaria, and was advancing to the ased in Gaul. Procopius is defeated and slain.          sistance of Valens, when he heard of the death of
Apollinarius, the heretic, flourished.                  the latter.
367 Coss. Fl. Lupicinus.                                  Ammianus Marcellinus concludes his history.
Fl. Jovinus.                                     The Chronicon of Hieronymus ends at the death of
Valentiniani I., Valentis 4.-Valens carries on war      Valens.
against the Goths. In Britain Theodosius defeats  379 Coss. D. Magnus Ausonius.
the Picts and Scots. GRATIANUS, the son of Valen-         Q. Clodius Hermogenianus Olybrius.
tinian, is declared Augustus.                       Gratiani 13: Valentiniani II. 5: Theodosii I. 1.
368 Goss. Imp. Cees. Fl. Valentinianus Aug. II.           TIEODOSIUS I. is proclaimed Augustus by Gratianus,
Imp. Caes. Fl. Valens Aug. II.                     and placed over the East. Theodosius defeats the
Valentiniani I., Valentis 5: Gratiani 2.-Second cam-    Goths. The Lombards appear. Artaxerxes sucpaign of the Gothic war. The Alemanni take and        ceeds Sapor II. as king of the Persians.
plunder Moguntiacum.    Valentinian crosses the     Ausonius returns thanks to Gratian, who had appointRhine and defeats the Alemanni.                       ed him consul (ad Gratianes n gratiarusm actio pro
369 Coss. Fl. Valentinianus Valentiniani Aug. f. N. P.      consulat)....... Victor.                               380 Coss. Imp. Fl. Gratianus Aug. V.
Valentiniani I., Valentis 6: Gratiani 3.-Third cam-         Imp. Fl. Theodosius (I.) Aug.
paign of the Gothic war. Valentinian fortifies the  Gratiani 14: Valentiniani II. 6: Theodosii I. 2.-TheRhine.                                                odosius again defeats the Goths. He expels the
370 Coss. Imp. Cses. Fl. Valentinianus Aug. III.            Arians from the churches, and is zealous for the
Imp. Cass. Fl. Valens Aug. III.                    Catholic faith.
Valentiniani I., Valentis 7: Gratiani 4.-Valens con-  Death of Basil of Caesarea.
eludes a peace with the Goths. Irruption of the  381 Coss. Fl. Syagrius.
Saxons: they are routed by Severus.                       Fl. Eucherius.
371 Coss. Imp. Cas. Fl. Gratianus Aug. II.                Gratiani 15: Valentiniani II. 7: Theodosii I. 3.-Death
Sex. Anicius Petronius Probus.                     of Athanaric, kring of the Visigoths.  Council of
Valentiniani I., Valentis 8: Gratiani 5.-Valentinian    Constantinople.
passes the Rhine.                                    Gregory of Nazianzus is declared bishop of Constan372 Coss. Fl. Domitius Modestus.                           tinople: he withdraws into retirement, and NectaFl. Arintheus.                                    rius is chosen in his stead.
Valentiniani I., Valentis 9: Gratiani 6.- Revolt of  382 Coss. Antonius.
Firmus in Mauretania.                                     Afranius Syagrius.
373 Coss. Imp. Cces. Fl. Valentinianus Aug. IV.           Gratiani 16: Valentiniani II. 8: Theodosii I. 4.Imp. Cses. Fl. Valens Aug. IV.                     Peace with the Goths. Alaric begins to reign.
Valentiniani I., Valentis 10: Gratiani 7.-Theodosius  Ausonius brought down his PFasti to the consuls of
sent against Firmus.                                  this year.
Death of Athanasius on May 2d.                     383 Coss. Fl. Merobaudes II.
374 Coss. Imp. Cses. Fl. Gratianus Aug. III.                    Fl. Saturninus.
C. Equitius Valens.                              Valentiniani II. 9: Theodosii I. 5.-ARCADIUS is proValentiniani I., Valentis 11: Gratiani 8.-The Quadi     claimed Augustus by his father Theodosius. Reand Sarmatians invade Pannonia. Murder of Para,       volt of Maximus in Britain. War between Gratiaking of Armenia, by order of Valens.                  nus and Maximus in Gaul.     Gratianus is slain.
375 Coss. Post Consuslatumc Gratiani III.                   Theodosius makes a peace with Maximus, by which
Equitii.                           Maximus is acknowledged emperor of Spain, Gaul,
Valentiniani I., Valentis 12: Gratiani 9.-Valentinian   and Britain, and Valentinian is secured in the posgoes to Carnuntum and represses the barbarians,       session of Italy andAfrica. Accession of Sapor III.,
He dies at Bregetio November 17th.                    king of Persia.
VALENTINIAN II., the younger son of Valentinian I., 384 Coss. Fl. Ricomer.
is proclaimed Augustus.                                   Fl. Clearchus.
Ambrosius bishop of Milan.                            Valentiniani II. 10: Theodosii I. 6.-Birth of HonoEpiphanius writes Ilepi apiaceswv.                      rius, the son of Theodosius. Treaty with Persia.
376 Coss. Imp. Cses. Fl. Valens Aug. V.                     Symmachus, pra.fect of the city, addresses the emImp. Caes. Fl. Valentinianus (II.) Aug.           perors, urging them to replace the altar of Victory
Valentis 13: Gratiani 10: Valentiniani II. 2. —The     in the senate; but is opposed by Ambrose.
Huns expel the Goths. The Goths cross the Dan- 385 Coss. Imp. Fl. Arcadius Aug.
ube, and are allowed by Valens to settle in Thrace.      Bauto.
Theodosius slain at Carthage.                       Valentiniani II. 11: Theodosii I. 7.-Sacrifices pro377 Coss. Imp. Caes. Fl. Gratianus Aug. IV.                 hibited in the East by a law of Theodosius.
Fl. Merobaudes.                                 Augustine is at Milan.
Valentis 14: Gratiani 11: Valentiniani II. 3. - The  386 Coss. Fl. Honorius Theodosii Aug. f. N. P.
Goths rebel: war with the Goths.                         Euodius.




1012                             CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF
A.D.                                                 A.D.
Valentiniani II. 12: Theodosii I. 8.-The Greothingi 396 Coss. imrp. Fl. Arcadius Aug. I'V
conquered on the Danube, and transplanted to            Imp. Fl. Honorius Aug. III.
Phrygia.                                           Arcadii et Honorii 2.-Alarie ravages the south of
Hieronymus (St. Jerome) visits Egypt and returns to    Greece. Stilicho's second expedition against Alaric
Bethlehem.                                         Claudian's De III. Consulatu Honorii Aug. and In
Chrysostom a presbyter.                                Rfijhinum7. Hieronymus (St. Jerome) continues to
387 Coss. Imp. Fl. Valentinianus (II.) Aug. III.           write.
Eutropius.                                  397 Coss. Fl. Caesarius.
Valentiniani II. 13: Theodosii I. 9.-Sedition at Anti-    Nonius Atticus.
och. Valentinian is expelled from Italy by Max-    Arcadii et Honorii 3.-Revolt of Gildo in Africa, and
imus. Theodosius prepares for war with Maximus.      consequent scarcity of food at Rome. Birth of
The orations of Libanius and Chrysostom respecting     Flacilla, the daughter of Arcadius.
the riots at Antioch..    Symmachus writes (Ep., iv., 4) to Stilicho.
388 Coss. Imp. Fl. Theodosius (I.) Aug. II.              Death of Ambrose.
Cynegius.                                      Hieronymus (St. Jerome) continues to write.
Valentiniani II. 14: Theodosii I. 10.-War between  398 Coss. Imp. Fl. Honorius Aug. IV.
Theodosius and Maximus. Maximusis slainat Aqui-         Fl. Eutychianus.
leia: his son Victor is slain in Gaul by Arbogastes,  Arcadii et IHonorii 4. —MarTiage of Honomius wih
the general of Theodosius. Theodosius vwinters at    Maria, the daughter of Stilicho. Defeat and death
Milan. Accession of Varanes IV., king of Persia.     of Gildo.
389 Coss. Fl. Timasius.                                  Clandian's De IV. Consulate Honorii Aug., ppithalao
Fl. Promotus.                                     miutm Honorii Aug. et _Marie, De Bello Gildonico.
Valentiniani II. 15: Theodosii I. 11.   Theodosius   Chrysostom succeeds Nestorius as'bshop of Convisits Rome. He winters at Milan.                    stantinople.
Drepanius delivers his Panegyricus at Rome in the  399 Coss. Eutropius. Slain in office.
presence of Theodosius.                                  Fl. Mallius Theodorus.
390 Coss. Imp. Fl. Valentinianus (II.) Aug. IV.          Arcadii et Honorii 5.-Birth of Pulcheria, the second
Neoterius.                                       daughter of Arcadius. Tribigildus ravages Phrygia.
Valentiniani II. 16: Theodosii I. 12. - Massacre at    Fall of Eutropius in his own consulship: he is first
Thessalonica by order of Theodosius: he is in con-   banished to Cyprus, and then recalled and put to
sequence excluded from the church at Milan by        death at Chalcedon. Accession of Yezdijird I.,
Ambrose for eight months. The temple of Serapis      king of Persia.
at Alexandrea is destroyed.                        Claudian's In Fl. 3Iallii Theodori consulatum and In
Death of Gregory of Nazianzus.                         Eutropium.
391 Coss. Tatianus.                                  400 Coss. Fl. Stilicho.
Q. Aurelius Symmachus.                               Aurelianus.
Valentiniani II. 17: Theodosii I. 13.-Theodosius re-  Arcadii et Honorii 6.-Revolt of Ginaas: he is deo
turns to Constantinople.                             feated, and retires beyond the Danube.
392 Coss. Imp. Fl. Arcadius Aug. II.                     Claudian's In Prinum Consulaotum Fl. Stilichonis,
Fl. Rufinus.                                    Sulpicius Severus flourished.
Theodosii I. 14.-Valentinian II. is slain by Arbogastes, 401 Coss. Fl. Vincentius.
who raises EUGENIUS to:;i, empire of the West.        Fl. Fravitta.
Hieronymus writes his work De Viris Illustribus.     Arcadii et Honorii 7.-Gainas is slain in Thrace, and
393 Coss. Imp. Fl. Theodosius (I.) Aug. III.               his head is brought to Constantinople. Birth of
Abundantius.                                     Theodosius II., the son of Arcadius.
Theodosii I. 15. —HNORIs u  is proclaimed Augustus  402 Coss. Imp. Fl. Arcadius Aug. V.
by his father Theodosius. Preparations for war           Imp. Fl. Honorius Aug. V.
between Theodosius and Eugenius.                   Arcadii et Honorii 8.-Alaric invades Italy.
Hieronymus (St. Jerome) publishes his work In Jo-    Hieronymus writes Adv. Rufinum, and other worlis,
vianum.'403 Coss. Imp. Fl. Theodosius (II.) Aug.
394 Coss. Imp. Fl. Arcadius Aug. III.                         Fl. Rumoridus.
Imp. Fl. Honorius Aug. II.                      Arcadii et Honorii 9.-Battle of Pollentia, and retreat
Theodosii I. 16.-War between Theodosius and Eu-        of Alaric.
genius. Victory of Theodosius near Aquileia: Eu-   Claudian's De Bello Getico.
genius is slain, and Arbogastes kills himself two days  Prudentius writes Isn Symrnachum.
after the battle.                                  Chrysostom is banished by means of Eudoxia: a tu395 Coss. Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius.                 mult followed, and he is recalled.
Anicius Probinus.                          404 Coss. Imp. Fl. Honorius Aug. VI.
Death of Theodosius at Milan.                             Aristaenetus.
ARCADIUS (set. 18) and HONORIUS (aet. 11) emperors:  Arcadii et Honorii 10.- Ravages of the Isaurianns
Arcadius of the East, and Honorius of the West.     Death of Eudoxia.
Honorius is committed to the care of Stilicho.     Claudian's De VI. Consulatu Ilonorii Ass.
Marriage of Arcadius. Arcadius is at first governed  Chrysostom is banished a second time.
by Rufinus, who is slain in November, and then by  405 Coss. Fl. Stilicho II.
Eutropius. Alaric ravages Thrace and the north          Anthemius.
of Greece. Stilicho crosses the Alps to attack him.  Arcadii et Honorii 11.-Tite ravages of the Isauriana
Claudian, the poet, flourished.                       continue. Radagaisus invades Italy, but is defeated
Socrates, the ecclesiastical historian, flourished.   by Stilicho.




ROMAN HISTORY.                                             1013
A.D.                                                 A.D.
Chrysostom is in exile at Cucusus.               416 Coss. Imp. Fl. Theodosius (II.) Aug. VII.
406 Coss. Imp. Fl. Arcadius Aug. VI.                           Junius Quartus Palladius.
Anicius Petronius Probus.                       Honorii 22: Theodosii II. 9.-Wallia makes peace
Arcadii et Honorii 12.-The ravages of the Isaurians    with Honorius, restores to him his sister Placidia,
continue. The Vandals enter Gaul.                    and surrenders Attalus.
Chrysostom is in exile at Arabissus.                 Pelagius is in Palestine, where Hieronymus (St. JeHieronymus writes Adversus Vigilantium.                rome) is still alive.
407 Coss. Imp. Fl. Honorius Aug. VII.                    Rutilius Numatianus writes his Itinerarium.
Imp. Fl. Theodosius (II.) Aug. II.          417 Coss. Imp. Fl. Honorius Aug. XI.
Arcadii et Honorii 13.-The ravages of the Isaurians        Fl. Constantius II.
continue. Revolt of Constantine in Britain. Death  Honorii 23: Theodosii II. 10.-Honorius, who has no
of Chrysostom on his way from Arabissus to Pityus.   children, gives his sister Placidia in marriage to
408 Coss. Anicius Bassus.                                  Constantius. War of the Goths in Spain.
Fl. Philippus.                                  Orosius ends his history.
Honorii 15: Theodosii II. 1.-Death of Arcadius and  418 Coss. Imp. Fl. Honorius Aug. XII.
accession of THEODOSIUS II. (eet. 7). Stilicho is        Imp. Fl. Theodosius (II.) Aug. VIII.
slain at Ravenna. Alaric invades Italy and besieges  Honorii 24: Theodosii II. 11.-The Goths subdue
Rome: he retires on the payment of a large sum       Spain, and return to Gaul: death of Wallia, who
of money.                                            is succeeded by Theodoric I. Aquitania is ceded
409 Coss. Imp. Fl. Honorius Aug. VIII.                     to the Goths, whose king resides at Tolosa.
Imp. Fl. Theodosius (II.) Aug. III.         419 Coss. Monaxius.
Honorii 15: Theodosii II. 2.-Alaric besieges Rome         Plintas.
a second time, and by his influence ATTALUS is     Honorii 25:-Theodosii II. 12.-Birth of Valentinian
proclaimed emperor in place of Honorius. Pla-        III., the son of Constantius and Placidia. War be.
cidia, the daughter of Theodosius I., is taken pris-  tween the Suevi and Vandals in Spain.
oner by Alaric. Revolt of Gerontius in Spain: he  420 Coss. Imp. Fl. Theodosius (II.) Aug. IX.
proclaims Maximus emperor. The Vandals invade            Fl. Constantius III.
Spain.                                             Honorii 26: Theodosii II. 13.-Accession of Varanes
410 Coss. Fl. Varanes.                                     V., king of Persia. Persecution of the Christians
(Tertullus).;                                        in Persia.
Honorii 16: Theodosii II. 3. —Attalus is deposed. 421 Coss. Eustathius.
Alaric besieges Rome a third time, which he takes        Agricola.
and plunders. Death of Alaric near Rhegium, on     Honorii 27: Theodosii II. 14.-Constantius is declar.
his way to Sicily. He is succeeded by Ataulphus.     ed Augustus, but dies at the end of seven months.
The history of Zosimus ends.                           Theodosius marries Eudocia (originally named
Birth of Proclus.                                      Athenais). War with the Persians.
411 Cos. Imp. Fl. Theodosius (II.) Aug. IV. (without col- 422 Coss. Imp. Fl. Honorius Aug. XIII.
league).                                           Imp. Fl. Theodosius (II.) Aug. X.
HIonorii 17: Theodosii II. 4.-War between the usurp-  Honorii 28: Theodosii II. 15.-Birth of Eudoxia, the
ers Constantine and Gerontius. Expedition of Con-    daughter of Theodosius and Eudocia. Peace constantius, the general of Honorius, against Constan-  cluded with the Persians.
tine and Gerontius. Death of Constantine and Go- 423 Coss. Asclepiodotus.
rontius.                                                 Fl. Avitus Marinianus.
412 Coss. Imp. Fl. Honorius Aug. IX.                     Honorii 29: Theodosii II. 16.-Death of Honorius in
Imp. Fl. Theodosius (II.) Aug. V.                 August.
Honorii 18: Theodosii II. 5.-Jovinus is proclaimed  424 Coss. Castinus.
emperor in Gaul.  Ataulphus makes peace with             Victor.
Honorius and enters Gaul.                          Theodosii II. 17.-Valentinian, the son of ConstanCyril succeeds Theophilus at Alexandrea.               tius and Placidia, is appointed Csesar by Theodo413 Coss. Lucius.                                          sius at Thessalonica.  Joannes immediately asHeraclianus. Slain i office.                      sumes the purple at Ravenna.
Honorii 19: Theodosii II. 6.-Jovinus is slain in Gaul 425 Coss. Imp. Fl. Theodosius (II.) Aug. XI.
by Ataulphus. Heraclianus revolts in Africa and          Fl. Placidius Valentinianus Caesar.
invades Italy, but is defeated and slain           Theodosii II. 18: Valentiniani III. 1.-VALENTINIAN
414 Coss. Fl. Constantius.                                 III. is declared Augustus, and placed over the West.
Fl. Constans.                                     Defeat and death of the usurper Joannes. Aetius
HIonorii 20: Theodosii II. 7.-Marriage of Ataulphus    attacks the Goths in Gaul.
and Placidia, the daughter of Theodosius 1. At-    Philostorgius concludes his history.
talus is again proclaimed emperor by Ataulphus. 426 Coss. Imp. Fl. Theodosius (II.) Aug. XII.
Ataalphus passes into Spain. Pulcheria, the sister      Imp. Fl. Placidius Valentinianus (III.) Aug. II.
of Theodosius II., is proclaimed empress at Con-   Theodosii II. 19: Valentiniani III. 2.
stantinople. Persecution of the Christians in Persia.  Proclus studies at Alexandrea.
415 Coss. Imp. Fl. Honorius Aug. X.                  427 Coss. Hierius.
Imp. Fl. Theodosius (II.) Aug. VI.                   Ardaburius.
Huonorii 21: Theodosii II. 8.-Ataulphus is slain in  TheodosiiII. 20; ValentinianiIII. 3.-Revoltof BoniSpain, and is succeeded by Wallia.                   facius in Africa.
Orosius writes his Apologia contrat PelagizmL de lAr- 428 Coss. Fl. Felix.
bitrii Liberitate.                                       Taurus.




1014                             CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF
A.D.                                                  A.D.
Theodosii II. 21: Valentiniani III. 4. —Atius carries   Litorius, the  oman general, Peace is made wits
on war in Gaul against the Franks. Death of Gun-     the Goths. Carthage is taken by Genseric.
deric, king of the Vandals, and accession of Gen-   Nestorius is still living in exile.
seric.                                          440 Coss. Imp. Fl. Placid. Valentinianus (III.) Aug. V,
Nestorius, the heretic, appointed patriarch of Con-        Anatolius.
stantinople.                                        Theodosii II. 33: Valentiniani III. 16.-Genseric inl
429 Coss. Florentius.                                       vades Sicily.
Dionysius.                                       Leo is made Bishop of Rome.
Theodosii II. 22: Valentiniani III. 5.-The Vandals    Salvianus publishes his work.De Gubernatione Dei,
cross over into Africa under their king Genseric: 441 Cos. Cyrus (withozut colleague).
they were called into Africa by Bonifacius.         Theodosii II. 34: Valentiniani III. 17. —War with the
430 Coss. Imp. Fl. Theodosius (II.) Aug. XIII.              Vandals. The Huns, under Attila, pass the Danube
Imp. Fl. Placidius Valentinianus (III.) Aug. III.  and lay waste Illyricum.
Theodosii II. 23: Valentiniani III. 6.-Bonifacius is  442 Coss. Eudoxius.
reconciled with Placidia. War of Bonifacius with          Fl. Dioscorns.
the Vandals. Siege of Hippo.                        Theodosii II. 35: Valentiniani III. 18.-The Huns conDeath of Augustine (Eet. 75).                           tinue their ravages in Illyricum and Thrace.
431 Coss. Bassus.                                     443 Coss. Petronius Maximus II.
Fl. Antiochus.                                        Paternus s. Paterius.
Theodosii II. 24: Valentiniani III. 7. —Capture of    Theodosii II. 36: Valentiniant III. 19.
Hippo. Defeat of Bonifacius, who leaves Africa. 444 Coss. Imp. Fl. Theodosius (II.) Aug. XVIII.
The Vandals masters of the greater part of Africa.        Albinus.
Council of Ephesus.                                 Theodosii II. 37: Valentiniani III. 20.-Eudocia reNestorius is deposed at the council of Ephesus.         tires to Jerusalem.
432 Coss. Aetius.                                     445 Coss. Imp. Fl. Placid. Valentinianus (III.) Aug. VI.
Valerius.                                             Nonius s. Nomus.
Theodosii II. 25: Valentiniani III. 8.-War between    Theodosii II. 38: Valentiniani III. 21.
Bonifacius and Aetius. Death of Bonifacius.     446 Coss. Aetius III.
433 Coss. Imp. Fl. Theodosius (II.) Aug. XIV.                   Q. Aurelius Symmachus.
Petronius Maximus.                               Theodosii II. 39: Valentiniani III. 22.-In Spain, the
Theodosii II. 26: Valentiniani III. 9.                  Vandals defeat Vitus, the Roman general, and lay
434 Coss. Ariovindus.                                       waste the Roman dominions. The Britons beg asAspar.                                             sistance of Aetius to defend them against the Picts
Theodosii II. 27: Valentiniani III. 10.-Attila and his  and Scots, but it is refused them.
brother Bleda become kings of the Huns. Honoria  447 Coss. Callepius s. Alypius.
(aet. 16), the sister of Valentinian, is banished from    Ardaburius.
Constantinople on account of incontinency: she is   Theodosius II. 40: Valentiniani III. 23.-Attila crosses
said, in consequence, to have written to Attila to    the Danube, and lays waste the provinces of the
offer herself as his wife, and to invite him to invade  Eastern empire in Europe: he penetrates as far as
the empire.                                           Thermopylae. Arrival of the Saxons in Britain.
Vincentius Lirinensis writes Advcrsuzs Hiereticos.  448 Coss. Ruffus Prsetextatus Postumianus.
435 Coss. Imp. Fl. Theodosius (II.) Aug. XV.                    Fl. Zeno.
Imp. Fl. Placid. Valentinianus (III.) Aug. IV.   Theodosii II. 41: Valentiniani III. 24.-Embassies to
Theodosii II. 28: Valentiniani III. 11.-Peace with      and from Attila. Rechiarius, the king of the Suevi,
Genseric. Aitius defeats the Burgundians in Gaul.     ravages the Roman dominions in Spain.
436 Coss. Fl. Anthemius Isidorus.                         Priscus, the Byzantine writer, accompanies the emSenator.                                          bassy to Attila.
Theodosii II. 29: ValentinianiIII. 12.-War with the  449 Coss. Protogenes.
Burgundians and the Goths in Gaul. Theodoric,             Asterius.
king of the Goths, lays siege to Narbo.             Theodosii II. 42: Valentiniani III. 25.-A new embas.
437 Coss. Aetius II.                                        sy is sent to Constantinople. Council of Constan.
Sigisbuldus.                                      tinople, which condemns Eutyches. Council of
Theodosii II. 30: Valentiniani III. 13.-The war with    Ephesus, which condemns Flavianus.
tlhe Burgundians and Goths continues. Aetius de- 450 Coss. Imp. Fl. Placid. Valentinianus (III.) Aug. VIIL
feats the Burgundians, and raises the siege of Nar-       Gennadius Avienus.
bo. Genseric persecutes the Catholics in Africa.    Valentiniani III. 26: iMIarciani 1.-Death of TheodG.
Valentinian comes to Constantinople, and marries      sins, who left no children.
Eudoxia, the daughter of Theodosius.                MARCIAN is declared emperor of the East: he marries
Proclus in Athens.                                      Pulcheria. Attila threatens both the Eastern and
438 Coss. Imp. Fl. Theodosius (II.) Aug. XVI.               Western empires.
Anicius Acilius Glabrio Faustus.            451 Coss. Imp. Fl. Marcianus Aug.
Theodosii II. 31: Valentiniani III. 14.-The war with       Adelphius.
the Goths continues. The Codex Theodosianus is      Valentiniani III. 27: Marciani 2.-Attila invades Gaul;
published.                                            He is defeated at Chalons by Aitius and Theodoric,
439 Coss. Imp. Fl. Theodosius (II.) Aug. XVII.             the king of the Goths. Theodoric falls in the battle,
Festus.                                           and is succeeded by his son Torismond. Council
Theodosii II. 32: Valentiniani III. 15.-Theodoric,      of Chalcedon, at which M.arcian was present,
who is besieged at Tolosa, sallies forth and defeats  452 Coss. Asporacius.




ROMAN HISTORY.                                             1015
A.D.                                                 A.D.
Fl. Herculanus.                                 Leonis 5: Majoriani 5. —Majorian returns to Italy,
Valentiniani III. 28: Marciani 3.-Attila invades Italy,  where he is deposed and put to death by order of
and takes Aquileia after a siege of three months:    Ricimer, who raises Libius Severus to the empire.
after ravaging the whole of Lombardy, he recross-  SEVERUS emperor of the West.
es the Alps. Death of Torismond, and accession  462 Coss. Imp. Fl. Leo (I.) Aug. II.
of Theodoric II.                                        Imp. Lib. Severus Aug.
Leo, bishop of Rome, was sent as ambassador to Attila.  Leonis 6: Severi 2.-Genseric renews the war, and
453 Coss. Vincomalus.                                      ravages Italy. Theodoric II. renews the war in
Opilio.                                           Gaul, and obtains possession of Narbo.
Valentiniani III. 29: Marciani 4.-Death of Attila and  463 Coss. Fl. Ceacina Basilius.
dispersion of his army. Death of Pulcheria.              Vivianus.
454 Coss. Aetius.                                        Leonis 7: Severi 3.-Theodoric II. attempts to obStudius.                                         tain possession of the whole of the Roman domilValentiniani III. 30: Marciani 5. —Atius is slain by   ion in Gaul, but is defeated by ]Egidius. Theodoric
Valentinian.                                         rules over the greater part of Spain.
455 Coss. Imp. Fl. Placid. Valentinianus (III.) Aug. VIII.  464 Coss. Rusticus.
Procopius Anthemius (afterward Imp. Aug.).           Fl. Anicius Olybrius.
Marciani 6.-Valentinian is slain in March by Petro-  Leonis 8: Severi 4.-Death of 2Egidius.
nius Maximus, whose wife he had violated.      465 Coss. Fl. Basiliscus.
MAxIMUS is proclaimed emperor of the West, but            Herminericus s. Arminericus.
is slain in July, when Genseric was approaching    Leonis 9.-Death of Severus. No emperor of the
Rome.                                                West is appointed for this and the following year:
Genseric takes and plunders Rome.                      Ricimer keeps the power in his own hands.
AVITUS is proclaimed in Gaul emperor of the West, 466 Coss. Imp. Fl. Leo (I.) Aug. III.
in July, through the means of Theodoric II., king        (Tatianus.)
of the Goths.                                      Leonis 10.-Theodoric II. is slain by his brother EuLeo intercedes with Genseric.                         ric, who succeeds him.
456 Coss. Varanes.                                   467 Coss. PusEeus.
Joannes.                                             Joannes.
Marciani 7.-Theodoric invades Spain, conquers the    Leonis 11: Anthemii L. —Ricimer applies to Leo to
Suevi, and kills their king Rechiarius. Ricimer,     appoint an emperor of the West: Leo appoints
the commander of Avitus, gains a naval victory       Procopius Anthemius.
over Genseric. Avitus is deposed by means of Ri-   ANTHEMIUS emperor of the West. He gives his
cimer.                                               daughter in marriage to Ricimer.
Sidonius Apollinaris, the son-in-law of Avitus, writes  Sidonius Apollinaris comes to Rome.
his Paaegyricus Avito.                         468 Cos. Imp. Proc. Anthemius Aug. II. (without col457 Coss. Fl. Constantinus.                                     league).
Rufus.                                          Leonis 12: Anthemii 2.-War with Genseric. The
Leonis 1: Majoriani 1. —Death of Marcian at the be-    Roman forces land in Africa, but the expedition
ginning of the year.                                 fails through the misconduct of Basiliscus.
LEO I., emperor of the East, is raised to the empire  Sidonius Apollinaris writes his Panegyricus Anthemio
by Aspar.                                            bis Consuli.
MAJORIAN, emperor of the West, is raised to the em-  469 Coss. Fl. Marcianus.
pire by Ricimer.                                        Fl. Zeno (afterward Imp. Caes. Aug.).
458 Coss. Imp. Fl. Leo (I.) Aug.                         Leonis 13: Anthemii 3. —Zeno, the Isaurian, afterImp. Jul. Majorianus Aug.                        ward the emperor, marries Ariadne, the daughter
Leonis 2: Majoriani 2.-The Vandals land in Africa      of Leo. This excites the jealousy of the powerful
and are defeated. Naval preparations of Majorian     minister Aspar.
against the Vandals. Majorian crosses the Alps in  470 Coss. Jordanes.
the winter, in order to settle the affairs of Gaul be-   Severus.
fore invading Africa. Earthquake at Antioch. Ac-   Leonis 14: Anthemii 4.-Euric, king of the Visigoths,
cession of Firoze or Peroses as a king of Persia.    takes Arelate and Massilia, and defeats the Britons,
Sidonius Apollinaris addresses his Panegyricus Majo-   who had come to the assistance of the provincials.
riano.                                         471 Coss. Imp. Fl. Leo (I.) Aug. IV.
459 Coss. Patricius.                                          Anicius Probianus.
Fl. Ricimer.                                   Leonis 15: Anthemii 5.-Aspar is slain by order of
Leonis 3: Majoriani 3.-Majorian defeats Theodoric      Leo.
II., king of the Goths; peace is concluded between  472 Coss. Festus.
Majorian and Theodoric.                                 Marcianus.
460 Goss. Magnus.                                        Leonis 16.-War between Ricimer and Anthemius.
Apollonius.                                      Ricimer appoints Anicius OLYBnIUS emperor, and
Leonis 4: Majoriani 4.-Majorian marches into Spain,   lays siege to Rome, which he takes by storm in
intending to pass over into Africa, but his fleet is  July: Anthemius perishes in the assault. Both Riccompletely destroyed by the Vandals at Carthage-    imer and Olybrius die later in the year.
na. Majorian concludes a treaty with Genseric; 473 Cos. Imp. Leo (I.) Aug. V. (without colleague).
he returns to Gaul, and winters there.             Leonis 17.-Leo associates with him in the empire
461 Coss. Severinus.                                      his grandson Leo. GLYCEaruS is proclaimed em.
Dagalaiphus.                                     peror in the West.




1016                CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF ROMAN HISTORY,
A.D.                                                A.D.
474 Cos. Imp. Leo (II.) Aug. (without colleague).        makes his own son ROMULUS AVUGSTULUS emr
Death of Leo I., and accession of LEO II. The latter  peror of the West.
associates his father with him in the empire. Leo 476 Coss. Fl. Basiliscus II.
II. dies toward the end of the year, and is succeed-   Armatus.
ed by ZENO. Glycerius is deposed, and JULIUS      Zenonis 3. —The barbarians invade Italy under Odo.
NEPos appointed emperor of the West.                acer. Orestes is defeated and slain. Romulus Au475 Cos. Imp. Zeno Aug. II. (without colleague).         gustulus is deposed. Odoacer is acknowledged as
Zenonis 2.-Julius Nepos is deposed by Orestes, who   King of Italy. END OF THE WESTERIN EPIIi BE.
The preceding Chronological Tables have been drawn up chiefly from the Fasti.Hellenici and Fasti Rozmani of Mr,
Clinton, from the Griechische and Roamische Zeittafeln by Fischer and Soetbeer, and from the Annales Veterum l Reg.
eorum et Populorum by Zumpt.




PARALLEL YEARS.
B.C. l.C.  OL.  B.C. U.C,  OL.  B.C.  T..C.  OL.  B.C...C.  OL. IB.C...C.  OL.  B.C. UC.  OL.  B.C. U.C.  OL,
776    1.1 689 65     4 602 152  3 515 239    2 428 326 88.1 341 413  4 254 500   3
775       2 688 66 23.1 601 153  4 514 240    3 427 327   2 340 414 110.1 253 501  4
774       3 687 67    2 600 154 45.1 513 241  4 426 328   3 339 415   2 252 502132.1
773       4 686 68    3 599 155  2 512 242 67.1 425 329   4 338 416   3 251 503   2
772     2.1 685 69   4 598 156   3 511 243    2 424 330 89.1 337 417  4 250 504   3
771       2 684 70 24. 1 597 157  4 510 244   3 423 331   2 336 418 111. 1 249 505  4
770       3 683 71    2 596 158 46.1, 509 245  4 422 332  3 335 419   2 248 506 133.1
769      4 682 72     3 595 159  2 508 246 68.1 421 333   4 334 420   3 247 507   2
768     3.1 681 73    4 594 160  3 507 247    2 420 334 90.1 333 421  4 246 508   3
767       2 680 74 25.1 593 161   4 506 248   3 419 335   2 332 422112. 1 245 509  4
766       3 679 75    2 592 162 47.1 505 249  4 418 336   3 331 423   2 244 510134.1
765       4 67876     3 591 163   2 504 250 69.1 417 337  4 330 424   3 243 5113  2
764     4.1 677 77    4 590 164   3 503 251   2 416 338 91.1 329 425  4 242 51 2  3
763       2 676 78 26.1 589 165   4 502 252   3 415 339   2 328 426113.1 241 513  4
762       3 675 79    2 588 166 48.1 501 253  4 414 340   3 327 427   2 240 514 135.1
761       4 674 80    3 587 167   2 500 254 70.1 413 341  4 326 428   3 239 515   2
760     5.1 673 81    4 586 168   3 499 255   2 412 342 92.1 325 429  4 238 516   3
759       2 672 82 27.1 585 169   4 498 256   3 411 343   2 324 430 114.1 237 517  4
758       3 671 83    2 584 170 49.1 497 257  4 410 344   3 323 431   2 236 518136.1
757       4 670 84    3 583 171   2 496 258 71.1 409 345  4 322 432   3 235 519   2
756     6.1 669 85    4 582 172   3 495 259   2 408 346 93.1 321 433  4 234 520   3
755       2 668 86 28.1 581 173   4 494 260   3 407 347   2 320 434 115.1 233 521  4
754      3 667 87    2 580 174 50.1 493 261   4 406 348   3 319 435   2 232 522 137.1
753  1   4 666 88    3 579 175   2 492 262 72.1 405 349   4 318 436   3 231 523   2
752  2 7.1 665 89    4 578 176   3 491 263    2 404 350 94.1 317 437  4 230 524   3
751  3    2 664 90 29.1 577 177  4 490 264    3 403 351   2 316 438116.1 229 525  4
750  4   3 663 91    2 576 178 51.1 489 265   4 402 352   3 315 439   2 228 526 138. 1
749  5   4 662 92     3 575 179   2 488 266 73.1 401 353  4 314 440   3 227 527   2
748  68.1 661 93      4 574 180   3 487 267   2 400 354 95.1 313 441  4 226 528   3
747  7    2 660 94 30.1 573 181   4 486 268   3 399 355   2 312 442117.1 225 529  4
746  8   3 659 95     2 572 182 52.1 485 269  4 398 356   3 311 443   2 224 530 139.1
745  9    4 658 96    3 571 183   2 484 270 74.1 397 357  4 310 444   3 223 531   2
744 10 9.1 657 97     4 570 184   3 483. 271  2 396 358 96.1 309 445  4222 532    3
743 11    2 656 98 31.1 569 185   4 482 272   3 395 359   2 308 446 118.1 221 533  4
742 12    3 655 99    2 568 186 53.1 481 273  4 394 360   3 307 447   2 220 534 140.1
741 13    4 654 100   3 567 187   2 480 274 75.1 393 361  4 306 448   3 219 535   2
740 14 10. 1 653 101  4 566 188   3 479 275   2 392 362 97.1 305 449  4 218 536   3
739 15    2 652 102 32.1 565 189  4 478 276   3 391 363   2 304 450119.1 217 537  4
738 16   3 651 103    2 564 190 54.1 477 277  4 390 364   3 303 451   2 216 538 141.1
737 17   4 650 104    3 563 191   2 476 278 76.1 389 365  4 302 452   3 215 539   2
736 18 11.1 649 105   4 562 192   3 475 279   2 388 366 98.1 301 453  4 214 540   3
735 19    2 648 106 33. 1 561 193  4 474 280  3 387 367   2 300 454 120.1 213 541  4
734 20    3 647 107   2 560 194 55.1 473 281  4 386 368   3 299 455   2 212 542 142.1
733 21   4 646 108    3 559 195   2 472 282 77.1 385 369  4 298 456   3 211 543   2
732 22 12. 1 645 109  4 558 196   3 471 283   2 384 370 99.1 297 457  4 210 544   3
731 23    2 644 110 34. 1 557 197  4 470 284  3 383 371   2 296 458 121.1 209 545  4
730 24'3 643 111    2 556 198 56.1 469 285  4 382 372   3 295 459   2 208 546 143.1
729 25    4 642 112   3 555 199   2 468 286 78.1 381 373  4 294 460   3 207 547   2
728 26 13. 1 641 113  4 554 200   3 467 287   2 380 374 100. 1 293 461  4 206 548  3
727 27    2 640 114 35.1 553 201  4 466 288   3 379 375   2 292 462 122.1 205 549  4
726 28    3 639 115   2 552 202 57.1 465 289  4 378 376   3 291 463   2 204 550 144.1
725 29    4 638 116   3 551 203   2 464 290 79.1 377 377  4 290 464   3 203 551   2
724 30 14.1 637 117   4 550 204   3 463 291   2 376 378 101.1 289 465  4 202 552  3
723 31    2 636 118 36.1 549 205  4 462 292   3 375 379   2 288 466 123. 1 201 553  4
722 32    3 635 119   2 548 206 58. 1 461 293  4 374 380  3 287 467   2 200 554 145.1
721 33    4 634 120   3 547 207   2 460 294 80.1 373 381  4 286 468   3 199 555   2
720 34 15.1 633 121   4 546 208   3 459 295   2 372 382 102.1 285 469  4 198 556  3
719 35    2 632 122 37. 1 545 209  4 458 296  3 371 383   2 284 470 124.1 197 557  4
718 36    3 631 123   2 544 210 59.1 457 297  4 370 384   3 283 471   2 196 558 146. 1
717 37    4 630 124   3 543 211   2 456 298 81.1 369 385  4 282 472   3 195 559   2
716 38 16.1 629 125   4 542 212   3 455 299   2 368 386 103.1 281 473  4 194 560  3
715 39   2 628 126 38.1 541 213   4 454 300   3 367 387   2 280 474 125.1 193 561  4
714 40    3 627 127   2 540 214 60.1 453 301  4 366 388   3 279 475   2 192 562 147.1
713 41    4 626 128   3 539 215   2 452 302 82.1 365 389  4 278 476   3 191 563   2
712 42 17. 1 625 129  4 538 216   3 451 303   2 364 390104.1 277 477  4 190 564   3
711 43    2 624 130 39.1 537 217  4 450 304   3 363 391   2 276 478 126.1 189 565  4
710 44    3 623 131   2 536 218 61.1 449 305  4 362 392   3 275 479   2 188 566 148.1
709 45   4 622 132    3 535 219   2 448 306 83.1 361 393  4 274 480   3 187 567   2
708 46 18.1 621 133   4 534 220   3 447 307   2 360 394105.1 273 481  4 186.568   3
707 47    2 620 134 40.1 533 221  4 446 308   3 359 395   2 272 482 127.1 185 569  4
706 48   3 619 135    2 532 222 62.1 445 309  4 358 396   3 271 483   2 184 570149.1
705 49   4 618 136    3 531 223   2 444 310 84.1 357 397  4 270 484   3 183 571   2
704 50 19.1 617 137  4 530 224    3 443 311   2 356 398106.1 269 485  4 182 572   3
703 51   2 616 138 41.1 529 225   4 442 312   3 355 399   2 268 486128.1 181 573  4
702 52   3 615 139   2 528 226 63.1 441 313   4 354 400   3 267 487   2 180 574 150.1
701 53   4 614 140   3 527 227    2 440 314 85.1 353 401  4 266 488   3 179 575   2
700 54 20. 1 613 141  4 526 228  3 439 315    2 352 402 107.1 265 489  4 178 576  3
699 55   2 612 142 42.1 525 229  4 438 316    3 351 403  2 264 490 129. 1 177 577  4
698 56   3 611 143   2 524 230 64.1 437 317   4 350 404  3 263 491    2 176 578 151.1
697 57   4 610 144   3 523 231    2'436 318 86.1 349 405  4 262 492  3 175 579   2
696 58 21.1 609 145  4 522 232   3 435 319    2 348 406 108. 1 261 493  4 174 580  3
695 59    2 608 146 43.1 521 233  4 434 320   3 347 407  2 260 494 130.1 173 581  4
694 60   3 607 147   2520 234 65.1 433 321   4 346 408   3 259 495    2 172 582 152.1
693 61    4 606 148  3 519 235   2 432 322 87.1 345 409  4 258 496    3 171 583   2
692 62 22.1 605 149  4 518 236   3 431 323    2 344 410 109.1 257 497  4 170 584  3
691 63    2 604 150 44.1 517 2371  4 430 324  3 343 411   2 256 498 131. 1 169 585  4
6901 64   3 603 151  2 516 238 66. 1 429 325  4 342 412   3 [ 255 499  2 168 586 153. 1




1018                             PARALLEL YEARS.
BC.C. OL.  B.C. TC.  OL.  A   U.C. OL.  A.D. U.C.  OL.  A.D. U.C.  OL.  A.D.  U.C. OL.  A.D. V.C. O.
167 587   275 679     2   17 770 199.1 109 862 222.1 201 954 245.1 293 1046 268.1385 1138 291.1
166 588   3  741 680  3   18 771   2 110 863   2 202 955   2 294 1047   2 386 1139  2
165 589   4  73 681   4  19 772   3 111 864    3 203 956   3 295 1048   33871140    3
164 590 154. 1  72 682177.1 20 773  4112 865   4204 957    4296 1049    4388 1141   4
163 591   2  71 683   2  21 774 200. 1 113 866 223.1 205 958 246.1 297 1050 269.1 389 1142 292.1.
162 592   3  70 684   3  22 775    2114 867    2 206 959   2 298 1051   2 390 1143  2
161 593   4  69 685   4   23 776   3 115 868   3 207 960   3 299 1052   3 391 1144  3
160 594 155 168 686 178. 1  24 777  4116 869   4208 961    43001053     43921145    4
159 595, 267 687     225 778 201.1117 870 224. 1 209 962 247.1301 1054 270.1 393 1146 293.1
158 596   3  66 688   3   26 779   2 118 871   2 210 963    2 302 1055  2 394 1147  2
157 5971  465 689     4   27 780   3119 872    3211 964    33031056     33951148.3
156 598156.164 690179.1   28 781   4120 873    4212 965    43041057     43961149    4
155 599   263 691     2   29 782 202.1 121 874 225.1 213 966 248. 1 305 1058 271.1 397 1150 294.1
154 600   3  62 692   3   30 783   2 122 875   2 214 967    2 3061059   2 398 1151  2
153 601   4  61 693   4   31 784   3 123 876   3 215 968    3 307 1060  3 399 1152  3
152 602 157.1  60 694 180.1  32 785  4 124 877  4 216 969   4 308 1061  4 400 1153  4
151 603   2  59 695   2   33 786 203. 1 125 878 226.1 217 970 249.1 309 1062 272.1 401 1154 295.1
150 604   3  58 696   3   34 787   2 126 879   2 218 971    2 310 1063  2 402 1155  2
149 605   4  57 697   4   35 788   3 127 880   3 219 972    3 311 1064  3 403 1156  3
148 606 158. 1  56 698 181. 1  36 789  4 128 881  4 220 973  4 312 1065  4 404 1157  4
147 607   255 699     237 790 04.1129 882 227. 1 221 974 250. 1 313 1066 273.1 405 1158 296.1
146 608   354 700     338 791      2130 883    2222 975     2314 1067   24061159    2
3.45 609  4  53 701   4   39 792   3 131 884   3 223 976    3 315 1068  3 407 1160  3
144 610 159. 1  52 702 182. 1  40 793  4 132 885  4 224 977  4 316 1069  4 408 1161  4
143 611   251 703     241 794205.1133 886228. 1 225 978251.13171070274. 1 4091162297.1
142 612   3  50 704   3   42 795   2 134 887   2 226 979    2 318 1071  2 410 1163   2
141 63    4  49 705   4   43 796   3 135 888   3 227 980    33191072    34111164    3
140 614 160. 1  48 706 183. 1  44 797  4 136 889  4 228 981  4 320 1073  4 412 1165  4
139 615   2  47 707   2   45 798 206.1 137 890 229. 1 229 982252.13211074275.14131166298.1
138 616   3  46 708   3   46 799   2 138 891   2 230 983    2 322 1075  2 414 1167   2
137 617   4  45 709   4   47 800   3139 892    3231 984     3323 1076   3415 1168    3
136 618161. 1  44 710184. 1  48 801  4140 893  4232 985     43241077    44161169     4
135 619   2  43 711   2   49 802 207. 1 141 894 230. 1 233 986 253.1 325 1078 276.1 417 1170 299.1
134 620   3  42 712   3   50 803   2 142 895   2 234 987    2 326 1079  2 418 1171   2
133 621   4  41 713   4   51 804   3 143 896   3 235 988    3 327 1080  3 419 1172   3
132 622 162. 1  40 714 185.1  52 805  4 144 897  4 236 989  4 328 1081  44201173     4
131 623   2  39 715   253 806 208. 1 145 898 231. 1 237 990254.13291082277. 1 4211174300.1
130 624   3  38 716   3   54 807   2 146 899   2 238 991    2 330 1083  2 4221175    2
129 625   4  37 717   4   55 808   3 147 900   3 239 992    3 331 1084  3 423 1176   3
128 626 163.1  36 718186. 1  56 809  4148 901  4240 993     43321085    4424 1177    4
127 627   235 719     2   57 810 209. 1 149 902 232. 1 241 994 255.1333 1086 278. 1 425 1178 301. 1
126 628   3  34 720   3   58 811   2 150 903   2 242 995    2 334 1087  2 426 1179   2
125 629   4  33 721   4   59 812   3 151 904   3 243 996    3 335 1088  3 427 1180   3
124 630164.1  32 722187.1 60 813   4152 905    4244 997     43361089    44281181     4
123 631   2  31 723   2   61 814 210.1 153 906 233. 1 245 998 256.1 337 1090 279.1 429 1182 302. 1
122 632   3  30 724' 3   62 815   2 154 907   2 246 999    2 3381091   2 4301183    2
121 633   4  29 725   4   63 816   3 155 908   3 247 1000   3 339 1092  3 431 1184   3
120 634 165 128 726188. 1  64 817  4156 909    42481001     43401093    4 4321185    4
119 635   227 727     2   65 818 211. 1 157 910 234. 1 249 1002 257.1 341 1094 280.1 433 1186 303.1
118 636   3  26 728   3   66 819   2 158 911   2 250 1003   2 342 1095  2 434 1187   2
117 637   4  25 729   4   67 820   3159 912    3251 1004    3343 1096   3 435 1188   3
116 638 166.124 730 189.1 68 821   4160 913    42521005     4344 1097   4 436 1189   4
115 639   223 731     269 822212. 1 161 914 235.1253 1006 258. 1 345 1098 281. 1 437 1190 304.1
114 640   322 732     370 823      2162 915    2254 1007    23461099    2 438 1191   2
113 641   4  21 733   4   71 824   3 163 916   3 255 1008   3 347 1100  3 439 1192   3
112 642167.120 734190.172 825      4164 917    42561009     43481101    4 4401193    4
111 643   2  19 735   273 826 213. 1 165 918 236.1257 1010 259. 1 349 1102 282.1 4411194 305. 1
110 644   3  18 736   3   74 827   2 166 919   2 258 1011   2 350 1103  2 442 1195   2
109 645   417 737     4   75 828   3167 920    3259 1012    3351 1104   3 443 1196   3
108 646168. 1  16 738 191. 1  76 829  4 168 921  4 260 1013  4 352 1105  4 444 1197  4
107 647   2  15 739   277 830 214.1169 922 237. 1 261 1014 260.1353 1106 283.1 445 1198 306.
106 648   3  14 740   3   78 831   2 170 923   2 262 1015   2 354 1107  2 446 1199   2
105 649   413 741     479 832      3171 924    3263 1016    33551108    3 4471200    3
104 650169 112 742192.180 833      4172 925    4264 1017    4356 1109   4 4481201    4
103 651   2  11 743   2   81 834 215. 1 173 926 238. 1 265 1018 261. 1 357 1110 284. 1 449 1202 307.1
102 652   3  10 744   382 835      2174 927    2266 1019    2358 1111   2 450 1203   2
101 653   4   9 745   4   83 836   3 175 928   3 267 1020   33591112    3 4511204    3
100 654 170. 1  8 746 193. 1  84 837  4 176 929  4 268 1021  43601113   4 4521205    4
99 655   2   7 747   285 838 216. 1 177 930 239.1269 1022 262.1361 1114 285.1 453 1206 308.1
98 656   3   6 748   3   86 839   2 178 931   2 270 1023   23621115    2 454 1207   2
97 657   4   5 749    4  87 840   3 179 932   32711024     33631116    3 4551208    3
96 658171.1  4 750 194.188 841    4180 933    42721025     43641117    4 4561209    4
95 659   2   3 751    289 842217. 1 181 934 240. 1 273 1026 263. 1 365 1118 286.1 47 1210 309.1
94 660   3   2 752    390 8431    2182 935    2274 1027    23661119    2 4581211    2
93 661   4   1 753    491 8441    3183 936    3275 1028    3367 1120  -3 459 1212   3
92 662172. 1 A.D.        92 8451  4 184 937   4 2761029    4 3681121   4 4601213    4
91 663i  2   1 754 195. 1  93 846 218. 1 185 938 241.1277 1030 264.1369 1122 287.1 461 1214 310.1
90 664   3   2 755    294 847     2186 939    22781031     23701123    2 4621215    2
89 665   4   3 756   3   95 848   3 187 940   3 279 1032   3 371 1124  3 463 1216   3
88 666173. 1  4 757  4   96 849   4 188 941   4 280 1033   43721125    4 4641217    4
87 6671  2   5 758 196. 1  97 850 219. 1 189 9421242.1 281 1034 265.1 373 1126 288. 1 465 1218 311. 1
86 668   3. 6 759   2   98 851   2 190 943   2 282 1035   2 374 1127  2 466 1219  2
85 669   4   7 760   3   99 852   3191 944    3283 1036    3375 1128   3467 1220   3
84 670 174. 1  8 761  4100 853    4192 945    4284 1037    4376 1129   4468 1221   4
83 671   2   9 762197.1 101 854 220.1 193 946 243. 1 285 1038 266. 1 377 1130 289.1 469 1222 312.1
82 672   310 763     2102 855     2194 947    22861039    23781131     24701223    2
81 673   411 764     3103 856     3195 948    3287 1040    3379 1132   3 471 1224  3
80 674175.112 765    4104 857     4 196 949   4 2881041   4 3801133    4 4721225   4
79 675   2  13 766 198. 1 105 858 221.1 197 950244.1 28911042 267.13811134290.1 4731226313.1
78 676   314 767     2106 859     2198 951    22901043    23821135     2 474 1227  2
77 677   415 768     3107 860     3199 952    3291 1044   3383 1136    3 475 1228  3
76 678176. 1  16 769  4 108 861   4200 953    42921045    43841137     44761229    4




THE ATHENIAN ARCHONS EPONYMI,
FROM B.C. 496 TO B.C. 292.
Or. B.C.                             OL. B.C.                            OL. B.C.
71 496 Hipparchus.                       426 Euthynus.                      357 Agathocles.
495 Philippus.                       425 Stratocles.                106 356 Elpines.
494 Pythocritus.                 89 424 Isarchus.                        355 Callistratus.
493 Themistocles.                    423 Amynias.                        354 Diotimus.
72 492 Diognetus.                        422 Alcaus.                        353 Theodemus.
491 Hybrilides.                      421 Aristion.                  107 352 Aristodemus.
490  Phsnippus.                  90 420 Astyphilus.                      351 Thessalus.
489 Aristides.                       419 Archias.                        350 Apollodorus.
73 488 Anchises.                         418 Antiphon.                       349 Callimachus.
487   — 417 Euphemus.                                               108 348 Theophilus.
486   — 91 416 Arimnestus.                                               347 Themistocles.
485 Philocrates.                     415 Chabrias.                       346 Archias.
74 484 Leostratus.                       414 Pisander.                       345 Eubulus.
483 Nicodemus.                       413 Cleocritus.                109 344 Lyciscus.
482 Themistocles?                92 412 Callias.                         343 Pythodotus.
481 Cebris?                          411 Theopompus.                     342 Sosigenes.
75 480 Calliades.                        410 Glaucippus.                     341 Nicomachus.
479 Xanthippus.                      409 IDiocles.                  110 340 Theophrastus.
478 Timosthenes.                 93 408 Euctemon.                        339 Lysimachides.
477 Adimantus.                       407 Antigenes.                      338 Chserondas.
76 476 Phaedon.                          406 Callias.                       337 Phrynichus.
475 Dromoclides.                     405 Alexias.                   111 336 Pythodemus.
474 Acestorides.                 94 404 (Pythodorus).                    335 Evsenetus.
473 Menon.                           403 Euclides.                       334 Ctesicles.
77 472 Chares.                           402 Micon.                          333 Nicocrates.
471 Praxiergus.                      401 Xenaenetus.                112 332 Nicetas (Niceratus).
470 Demotion.                     95 400 Laches.                         331 Aristophanes.
469 Apsephion.                       399 Aristocrates.                   330 Aristophon.
78 468 Theagenides.                      398 Ithycles.                       329 Cephisophon.
467 Lysistratus.                      397 Suniades.                 113 328 Euthycritus.
466 Lysanias.                     96 396 Phormion.                       327 Hegemon.
465 Lysitheus.                        395 Diophantus.                    326 Chremes.
79 464 Archidemides.                     394 Eubulides.                      325 Anticles.
463 Tlepolemus.                      393 Demostratus.               114 324 Hegesias.
462 Conon.                        97 392 Philocles.                      323 Cephisodorus.
461 Evippus.                         391 Nicoteles.                      322 Philocles.
80 460 Phrasiclides.                     390 Demostratus.                    321 Archippus.
459 Philocles.                       389 Antipater.                 115 320 Neaechmus.
458 Bion.                         98 388 Pyrrhion.                       319 Apollodorus.
457 Mnesithides.                      387 Theodotus.                     318 Archippus.
81 456 Callias.                          386 Mystichides.                    317 Demogenes.
455 Sosistratus.                     385 Dexitheus.                 116 316 Democlides.
454 Ariston.                      99 384 Diotrephes.                     315 Praxibulus.
453 Lysicrates.                      383 Phanostratus.                   314 Nicodorus.
82 452   Cherephanes.                    382 Evander.                        313 Theophrastus.
451 Antidotus.                       381 Demophilus.                117 312 Polemon.
450 Euthydemus.                  100 380 Pytheas.                        311 Simonides.
449 Pedicus.                         379 Nicon.                          310 Hieromnemon.
83 448 Philiscus.                        378 Nausinicus.                     309 Demetrius.
447 Timarchides.                     377 Callias.                   118 308 Charinus.
446 Callimachus.                 101 376 Charisander.                    307 Anaxicrates.
445 Lysimachides.                    375 Hippodamas.                     306 Corcebus.
84 444 Praxiteles.                       374 Socratides.                     305 Xenippus.
443 Lysanias.                        373 Asteus.                    119 304 Pherecles.
442 Diphilus.                    102 372 Alcisthenes.                    303 Leostratus.
441 Timocles.                        371 Phrasiclides.                   302 Nicocles.
85 440 Morychides..                      370 Dysnicetus.                     301 Calliarchus.
439  Glaucides.                      369 Lysistratus.               120 300 Hegemachus.
438 Theodorus.                   103 368 Nausigenes.                     299 Euctemon.
437 Euthymenes.                      367 Polyzelus.                      298 Mnesidemus.
86 436 Lysimachus.                       366 Cephisodorus.                  297 Antiphates.
435 Antiochides.                     365 Chion.                     121 296 Nicias.
434 Crates.                     104 364 Timocrates                      295 Nicostratus.
433 Apseudes.                        363 Chariclides                    294  Olympiodorus.
87 432 Pythodorus.                       362 Molon.                         293    -
431 Euthydemus.                      361 Nicophemus.                122 292 Philippus.
430 Apollodorus.                105 360 Callimedes.                     291
429 Epaminon.                        359 Eucharistus.                   290
88 428 Diotimus.                         358 Cephisodotus.                  289
427 Eucles (Euclides).




LISTS OF KINGS.
I. KINGS OF EGYPT.                                                               Yrs. B.C.B.C.
Yrs. m. B.c B 3C  4. Alyattes                      reigned 57 617-560
I. Psammetichus                reigned 54 0 671-617    5. Crcesus                                14 560-546
2. Neco "                              16 0   617-601
3. Psammis                              6 0 601-595                   IV. KINGS OF PERSIA.
4. Apries                         "    25 0 595-570                                          Yrs. m. B.C. B.C.
5. Arnasis                        "    44 0 570-526     1. Cyrus                      reigned 30 0 559-529
6. Psammenitus,                        06 526-525      2. Cambyses                            7 5 529-522
3. Smerdis                             0 7   522-522
II. KINGS OF MEDIA.                     4, Darius I. Hystaspis.                36 0 521-485
Yrs. B.C. B.C.  5. Xerxes I.                         20 0 485-465
1. Deioces                        reigned 53 709-656    6. Artabanus                           0 7 465-465
2. Phraortes                         "    22 656-634    7. Artaxerxes I. Longimanus           40 0 465-425
3. Cyaxares                          "    40  634-594   8. Xerxes II.                          0 2 425-425
4. Astyages                          4    35 594-559    9. Sogdianus             "0 7 425-425
10. Darius II. Nothus"                 19 0 424-405
HI. KINGS OF LYDIA.                     11. Artaxerxes II. Mnemon      "       46 0 405-359
Yrs. B.C.B.C. 12. Ochus               "              21 0 359-338
1. Gyges                          reigned 38 716-678   13. Arses                               2 0 338-336
2. Ardys                             "    49 678-629   14. Darius III. Codomannus              4 11 336-331
3. Sadyattes                         "    12 629-617
V. KINGS OF SPARTA.
1. ARISTODEarUS.
2. EURYSTHENES,                                        2. PeOCLES.
3. Agis I.                                             3. So0is.
4. Echestratus.                                        4. Eurypon,
5. Labotas.                                            5. Prytanis
6. Doryssus.                                           6. Eunomus.
7. Agesilaus L                                         7. Polydectes.
8. Archelans.                                          8. Charilaus.
9. Teleclus.                                           9. Nicander.
10. Alcamenes.                                         10. Theopompus.
11. Polydorus.
12. Eurycrates.                                        11. Zeuxidamus.
13. Anaxander.                                         12. Anaxidamus.
14. Eurycratides.                                      13. Archidamus I.
15. Leon.                              Yrs.  B.C. BC.  14. Agesicles.                           Yrs. B.C. B.C.
16. Anaxandrides               reigned           520   15. Ariston.
17. Cleomenes                     "    29    520-491   16. Demaratus.
18. Leonidas                      "    11    491-480   17. Leotychides                   reigned 22  491-469
19. Plistarchus           "            22    480-458
20. Plistoanax                    "    50    458-408   18. Archidamus II.                    "   42 469-427
21. Pausanias                     "    14    408-394   19. Agis II.                          "   29 427-398
22. Agesipolis I.                 "    14    394-380   20. Agesilaus II.                     i   37 398-361
23. Cleombrotus I.                "     9    380-371
24. Agesipolis II.                "     1    371-370
25. Cleomenes II.                 "     61   370-309   21. Archidamus IlL                        23 361-338
22. Agis III.,               8 338-330
23. Eudamidas I.
26. Areus I.                      "    44    309-265   24. Archidamus IV.
27. Acrotatus                          [1]  265-[264] 25. Eudamidas II.
28. Areus II.                          [8] [264]-[256J
29. Leonidas II.                                       26. Agis IV.'               4 244-240
30. Cleombrotus II.
Leonidas again.                                     27. Eurydamidas.
31. Cleomenes III.                     16    236-2.20  28. Archidamus V.
32. Agesipolis III.
VI. KINGS OF MACEDONIA.                                                          Yrs. m. B.C.B.C.
Yrs. m. B.C. B.C.  20. Demetrius Poliorcetes      reigned  7  0 294-287
1. Perdiccas I.'               21. Pyrrhus              "0 7 287-286
2. Arga'us.                                           22. Lysimachus                          5  6  286-280
3. Philippus I.                                          Ptolememus Ceraunus ]
4. Aeropus.                                              Meleager 
5. Alcetas.                                              Antipater
6. Amyntas I.                            [540]-[500]     Sosthenes                            3  0 280-277
7. Alexander I.                          [500]-[454]     Ptolemaeus
8. Perdiccas II.                         [454]- 413      Alexander 
9. Archelaus                reigned 14 0    413-399      Pyrrhus again
10. Orestes and Aropus,          "  s50      399-394   23. Antigonus Gonatas                  44 0 283-239
11. Pausanias                   "     1 0    394-393   24. Demetrius II.                 4, 10 0 239-229
12. Amyntas II.                 "    24 0    393-369   25. Antigonus Doson               "     9  0 229-220
13. Alexander H.                "     2 0    369-367   26. Philippus V.                  4!   42 0   220-178
Ptolemaeus Alorites       "        3 0   367-364   27. Perseus                       "    11 0 178-167
14. Perdiccas III.              S     5 0    364-359
15. Philippus II.               "    23 0    359-336                 VII. KINGS OF SYRIA.
16. Alexander III. the Great   "     13 0    336-323                                            Yrs. B.C. B.C.
17. Philippus III. AridEeus     i     7 0    323-316    1. Seleucus I. Nicator           reigned 32 312-2280
Olympias                     "     1 0   316-315    2. Antiochus I. Soter               "    19 280-261
16. Cassander            "           19 0    315-296    3. Antiochus II. Theos              "    15 261-246
19. Philippus IV.          "          1 0    296-295    4. Seleucus II. Callinicus          "    20 246-226




LISTS OF KINGS.                                             1021
Yrs. B.C. B.C.                                         Yrs. B.C. B.C.
5. Seleucus II. Ceraunmms        reigned  3 226-22312. Ariarathes VI.                   reigned  6   42- 36
6. Antiochus III. the Great              36 223-187                                                    AD.
7. Seleucus IV. Philopator          "    12 187-175   13. Archelaus                             50   36- 15
8. Antiochus IV. Epiphanes               11 175-164
9. Antiochus V. Eupator         "         2 164-162XIII. KINGS OF PARTHIA.
10. Demetrius I. Soter               "    12 162-150     The kings of Parthia are given in chronological order
11. Alexander Bala            "            5 150-146   under ARSAcEs.
12. Demetrius II. Nicator
Antiochus VI.                    "        146-137         XIV. KINGS OF PERSIA (SASSANIDE).
Trypho                                               A list of these kings is given on p. 777-9.
13. Antiochus VII. Sidetes           "     9 137-128
Demetrius II. Nicator (again)             128-125                 XV. KINGS OF ROME.
34. Seleucus V.                               125-125Yrs. B.C.B.C.
15. Antiochus VIII. Grypus I         tYs BCBC
15. Antfiochus VIII.~ Grypus  < ~ 121- 95    1. Romulus                       reigned 38 753-715
16. Antiochus,IX. Cyzicenus                             2. Numa Pompilius"                       42  715-673
17. Seleucus VI.                                        3. Tullus Hostilius                 "    32  673-641
18. Antiochus X. Eusebes                                4. Ancus Marcius"                        24 641-616
[19. Philippus                                                                              6
19. Philippus I.E    a               4         95_ 3    5. L. Tarquinius Priscus                 38 616-578
20. Demetrius III. Eucasrus,6. Servius Tullius                                         44 578-534
21. Antiochus XI. Epiphanes                             7. L. Tarquinius Superbus                25 534-510
22. Antiochus XII. Dionysus 
Tigranes, king of Armenia         "    14  83- 69XVI. EMPERORS OF ROME.
23. Antiochus XIII. Asiaticus        "     4   69- 65                                           Yrs. A.D. A.D.
VIII. RINGS OF EGYPT.                    Augustus                                           14
VIII. KINGS OF EGYPTTiberius                                     reigned 23   14- 37
Yrts.  B.C. B.C. Caligula"                                4   37- 41
1. Ptolemseus I. Soter        reigned 38 (40) 323-285 Claudius                                  13   41- 54
2. Ptolem' us II. Philadelphus        36 (38) 285-247  Nero"                                    14   54- 68
3. Ptolemseus III. Evergetes          25     247-222  Galba                                          68- 69
4. Ptolemneus IV. Philopator          17     222-205  Otho                                           69- 69
5. Ptolemaeus V. Epiphanes      "     24     205-181  Vitellius                                      69- 69
6. Ptolemeus VI. Philometor           35     181-146  Vespasian                            "    10   69- 79
7. Ptolemaeus VII. Evergetes II.                      Titus                                      2   79- 81
or Physcon                  "    29     146-117  Domitian                             "    15   81- 96
8. Ptolemaeus VIII. Soter II. or                      Nerva                                "     2   96- 98
Lathyrus                         36     117- 81  Trajan"                                   19   98-117
[Ptolemmeus IX. Alexander I.]                      Hadrian"                                  21 117-138
Cleopatra.                                         Antoninus Pius"                           23 138-161
Ptolemeus X. Alexander II.    "            81- 80     M. Aurelius"                            19  161-180
9. Ptolemaus XI. Dionysus or                            L. Verus                           "     8  161-169
Auletes                          29      80- 51   Commodus                                  12 180-192
10. Cleopatra                    <(    21      51- 30  Pertinax                             d. 193-193
[Ptolemseus XII.                                    Julianus"                                     193-193
Ptolemwus XIII.]                                    Septimius Severus                    "    18  193-211
Caracalla                          St    6 211-217
IX. KINGS OF PERGAMUS.                       Geta"                                    1  211-212
Yrs. B.C. B.C. Macrinus                            "     1  217-218
1. Philetsrus                    reigned 17 280-263   Elagabalus"                                4 218-222
2. Eumenes I.                       "    22 263-241Alexander Severus                       "    13 222-235
3. Attalus I.                       "    44 241-197   Maximinus                            "     3 235-238
4. Eumenes II.                      "    38 197-159     Gordianus I.
5. Attanlus II. Philadelphu         "    21 159-138                                                 238-238
6. Attalus III. Philometor                5  138-133    Pupienus Maximus 1
238-238
Balbinus                                     323
X. KINGS OF BITHYNIA.                     Gordianus IIL"                            6 238-244
Yrs. B.C. B.C.   Philippus                                  5 244-249
1. Zipretes.                                          Decius                                     2  249-251
2. Nicomedes I.              reigned [28] 278 -[250]  Trebonianus Gallus"                        3 251-254
3. Zielas                       "    [22] [250]-[228]  Emilianus                                    253-253
4. Prusias I.                   "    [48] 228 -[180]    Valerian"                                7 253-260
5. Prusias II.                       [31] [180]- 149    Gallienus                               15 253-268
6. Nicomedes II. Epiphanes      <    " 58  149 - 91   Claudius II.                               2 268-270
7. Nicomedes III. Philopator    "     17   91 - 74    Aurelian                                   5 270-275
Tacitus                                    1 275-276
XI. KINGS OF PONTUS.                        Florianus                                    276-276
Yrs. B.C. B.C.   Probus"                                    6 276-282
1. Ariobarzanes I.                                    Caru-s                                     1 282-283
2. Mithradates I.                                       Carinus,                    2   24
3. Ariobarzanes IL. reigned 26  363 - 337     Numerianus                                      -
4. Mithradates II.              "     35  337 - 302     Diocletian                              21 284-305
5. Mithradates III.             "     36  302 - 266     Maximian                                19 286-305
6. Ariobarzanes III.       "         [26] 266 -[240]  Constantius I. Chlorus                     1 305-306
7. Mithradates IV.              "    [50] [240]-[190]  (Galerius                           "     6 305-311
8. Pharnaces I.          "           [34] [190]-[156]   Constantine I. the Greatl               31 306-337
9. Mithradates V. Evergetes     "    [36] [156]-[120]   Licinius                               16 307-323
10. Mithradates VI. Eupator.           57  120 - 63      Constantine II.                          3 337-340
11. Pharnaces II.                "     16   63 - 47      Constantius II.                         24 337-361
Constans I"                             13 337-350
XII. KINGS OF CAPPADOCIA.                   Julian                                     2 361-363
Yrs. B.C. B.C. Jovian                             "     1 363-364
1. Datames.
2. Ariamnes I.                                                        WESTERN EMPIRE.
3. Ariarathes I.                                                                               Yrs. A.D. A.D.
4. Ariarathes II.                reigned  7 315-308   Valentinian I.                    reigned 11 364-375
5. Ariamnes II.                                       Gratian"                                  16 367-383
6. Ariarathes III.                                    Valentinian II.                      "   17 375-392
7. Ariarathes IV.                   "    58 220-162   Theodosius I. (Emperor of the West
8. Ariarathes V.                    "    32 162-130     as well as of the East)"                3  392-395
9. Ariarathes VI.                   u    34  130- 96  Honorius                                 28 295-423
10. Ariobarzanes I.                  "      3)  93- 63  Theodosius II. (Emperor of the West
11. Ariobarzanes IL                  "         3 3- 42   as well as of the East)            "    2 423-425




1022                                      LISTS OF KINGS.
Yrs. A.D. A.D.                                        Yrs. A.D. A.D.
Valentinian III.                  reigned 30 425-455   Constantine VIII., Stephanus,
Petronius Maximus                             455-455    sons of Romanus I., reigned   reigned       944-944
Avitus                               "     1  455-456    five weeks                )
Majorian                                   4  457-461  Romanus II.                        "     4   959- 963
Libius Severus                       "     4  461-465  Nicephorus II. Phocas              "     6   963- 969
Anthemius                            "     5 467-472   Joannes I. Zimisces                "     7   969- 976
Olybrius                             "        472-472  Basil II., colleague of Joannes I.  d   56   9691025
Glycerius                                     473-474    for seven years                              9
Julius Nepos                                  474-475  Constantine IX., colleague of Basil     52   976-1028
Romulus Augustulus                            475-476    II. for forty-nine years                   976-1028
Romanus III. Argyrus               "     6  1028-1034
Michael IV. Paphlago                     7 1034-1041
EASTERN EMPIRE.                        MIichael V. Calaphates             "        1041-1042
Yrs. A.D. A.D. Zoe and Theodora                  "        1042-1042
Valens                            reigned 14  364-378  Constantine X. Monomachus          "    12  1042-1054
Theodosius I.                        "    16 378-395   Theodora (again)                   "     2 1054-1056
Arcadius                             "    13 395-408   Michael VI. Stratioticus           "     1 1056-1057
Theodosius II.                       "    42 408-450   Isaac I. Comnenus                  "     2 1057-1059
Marcian"                                   7 450-457   Constantine XI. Ducas              "     8  1059-]1067
Leo I. Thrax                         "    17 457-474   Romanus IV. Diogenes               "     4 1067-1071
Leo II.                              "        474-474  Michael VII. Ducas                 "     7 1071-1078
Zeno                                 "    17 474-491   Nicephorus III. Botaniates         "     3 1078-1081
Anastasius I.                        "    27 491-518   Alexis or Alexius I. Comnenus      "    37 1081-1118
Justin I.                            "     9 518-527   Joannes II. Comnenus or Calon-          25  1118-1143
Justinian I.                         It   39 527-565     Joannes
Justin II.                                13  565-578  Manuel I. Comnenus                 "    38 1143-1181
Tiberius II.                               4  578-582  Alexis I. or Alexius II. Comnenus':    2 1181-1183
iIvauricius'   20 582-602   Andronicus I. Comnenus             "     2  1183-1185
Phocas                               "     8  602-610  Isaac II. Angelus!      "    10  1185-1195
Heraclius I.:'   31  610-641  Alexis or Alexius III. Angelus     "     8 1195-1203
Constantine Ill., also called                 6   4    Alexis or Alexins IV. Angelus            1 1203-1204
Heraclius II.                                41-1    Alexis or Alexius V. Ducas        "         1204-1204
IHeracleonas                         "        641-641
Constans II,                         "    27 641-668      LATIN EMPERORS OF CONSTANTINOPLE.
Constantine IV. Pogonatus            "    17  668-685                                         Yrs. A.D. A.D.
Justinian II. Rhinotmetus            "    10  685-695  Baldwin I.                      reigned  1 1204-1205
Leontius'                                  3 695-698   Henry                              "    10  1206-1216
Tiberius Absimarus"                        6  698-704  Peter                              "        1217Justinian II. (again)                "     7 704-711   Robert                             "     7  1221-1228
Philippicus or Philepicus            "     2  711-713  Baldwin II.                        "    33 1228-1261
Anastasius II."                            3 713-716
Theodosius II.                       t     1  716-717            GREEK EMPERORS OF NICAEA.
Leo III. Isaurus                     "    24 717-741                                           Yrs. A.D A.D.
Constantine V. Copronymus            t    34 741-775   Theodorus I. Lascaris           leigned 16 1206 1222
[Artavasdes, usurper.]                               Joannes III. Vatatzes              "    33  1222-1255
Leo IV. Chazarus                     "     5 775-780   Theodorus II. Lascaris             "     4  1255-1259
Constantine VI.                      "    17  780-797  Joannes IV. Lascaris               "     1 1259-1260
Irene                                "     5  797-802  Michael VIII. Pal aologus          "     1 1260-1261
Nicephorus                                 9 802-811
Stauracius                                    811-811  GREEK EMPERORS OF CONSTANTINOPLE AGAIN.
Michael I. Rhangabe                        2 811-813                                           Yrs. A.D. A.D.
Leo V. Armenius                            7 813-820   Michael VIII. Paleologus        reigned 21 1261-1282
Michael II. Balbus                         9 820-829   Andronicus II. Paleologus          "    46 1282-1328
Theophilus                                12  829-842  Michael IX. Palseologus (associated
Michael III.                              25 842-867     with Andronicus IL. in the emBasil I. Macedo                           19 867-886     pire).
Leo VI. Sapiens            "              25  886-911  Andronicus III. Pal eologus        "    13  1328-1341
Constantine VII. Porphyrogenitus     "    48 911-959   Joannes V. Cantacuzenus            "    13 1342-1355
Alexander, colleague of Constan-           1  911-912  Joannes VI. Palologus                   36 ]355-1391
tine VII.                    $ "oll911-91agManuel IL Pal.eologus                             34 1391-1425
Romanus I. Lecapenus, colleague           25 919-944   Joannes VII. Palheologus           "    23  1425-1448
of Constantine VII.                                  Constantine XIII. Paleologus             5 1448-1453




TABLES
OF
MEASURES, WEIGHTS, AND MONEY,




TABLO 1.
GRECIAN MEASURES OF LENGTH.
I. SMALLER MEASURES.              Decima's of a Foot.  Fee. ce.
Ad vZo^.....................................................................06326"2- 7584375
2  KO6.........................................1264"       1516875
I                                                                         H ^
4  2  la.aacavrj A65pov, Aoyu,* or Aaxvlo6'oyjp'.................~2528" 303375  ^
8 4 2   A ~ f  o'H ^ Tro ~ yf.................................._..............50566-03375  
8 4 2 -Atj'Cor~ iwptrr66to4t....5056         "6-0675   0
10  5  2n   1+  Atxd~t................i..-.................................  6320" 7-584375
11  5'  2-  13  1'Op~ooad)p v.........................................6 5834 12  |
4   14 8  Tv pOWO~..,...............  6952  " 8-3428125
12  6  3  1n o 1 - I -Jj-.............7584l2590 125 71
16 8 4j 2J 1+a IlA i HOVE...                      1.01125  1 0.135
18 9 42L- 1   11- 1- 1. Invyw  *.,,.......1-13766         1 1651875 
20^ -JL-J 10  5t 2i2 2   T.vy........................... 1264.1.316875 
24  1216 3  2t  2T22  2  13   1L...HXT......................5169  1  162025
7236)18i  9  7<  6-s  6  4+  4  3j  3  ZNo.......... 4-5506  4  6-6075 
964 4  24  12 f9  8I  8  6  5-  4+  4  11'OprTA'.......  6-0675  6  0.81




TABLE 11.
ROMAN MEASURES OF LENGTH.
I. SMALLER MEASURES.                                      Decimals of a Foot.  eet.  Inches.
Digitus.......................................      -060675                7281
|I  | UNCIAL  or  POlleX............O.................................................  | | 0809 0              -9708 E
4    3   Palmus......................................  -2427  2-9124 
12   9    3    Palmus Major (of late times)...........................                        7281          <      8-7372 2
1 -   -    --   - U.* or Polle.......................
16   12   4 |13     PE st.............................                                   97086
20   15    5   1    14-  Palmipes.................................................        1-2135          1      2-562
24   18    6  2     1-   1    CTBITUS...........4........                                       562          1      564744 
(1) NOTES TO TABLE I.. 
Some make the 6ox/z == -irtQa/.  -.
t The accounts of these measures are various and somewhat confused. (See Wurm, p. 91; Hussey, p. 235.)                          M
t A measure mentioned by some late writers, which, from its name, may be presumed to have been used for measuring timber..
N.B. Approximate Values.-From the above table it will be seen that the Greek Foot, Cubit, and Orguia only exceed the English Foot, Foot and a half, and Fathom by
about 1-lOth, 2-lOths, and 8-lOths of an inch respectively.
(2) NOTES TO TABLE II.
It is not thought necessary to give the whole scale of the Uncial divisions of the foot. They can be easily calculated from the Uncia.
t The accounts of this measure are various and somewhat confused. (See Wurm, p. 91; Hussey, p. 235.)
N.B. Approximate Values.-The Roman Uncia, Pes, and Cubitus only fall short of our Inch, Foot, and Foot and a half by less than 1-10th, 4-lOths, and 6-10ths of an inch respectively.
a1,




GRECIAN MEASURES OF LENGTH.
II. LARGER MEASURES.-LAND AND ITINERARY."          Decimals of a Mile.. _Miles. Feet. Inches.
l OT'S....................*...***..**             0001915    "     1 0.135
1    nIHXT...................................... 000287.t  1 6-2025
2      12-   B  a..................................................000478    2  63375
—.:- -...w
6     4   |  2-'OPrTIA'........................  001149         6  081
10     6- |  4     12|  K  apog, "Agaiva, or AsEacrovs........................00195  "  10  135
60     40    24     10   6    "A.a.................................01149    "    60  81 
600   400    240   100   60    10  6   STA'AION or STA'AIO......   149"          606 9
1200   800   480   200   120   20  12   2  |AavXog...............  2298       1213  6
--------               --    ---  -   --  -   —,, o.,  ----                                5o
2400   1600  960    400  240   40  24   4   2'InFO... o      -4596"        2427   " 
4800   3200  1920   800  480   80  48   8   4  2 ROMAN MILE (fXtov)   9193      "  4854
18,000  12,000  7200  3000  1800  300 180 30 15 72 34 Hlapaaudyy.    3-4474     3   2362 6
36,000 24,000 14,400  6000  3600  600 360  60 30 15 7 — 2  olvo... 6-8948    6  4735
360,000 240,000 144,000 60,000 36,000 6000 3600 600 300 150 75 20 10 DEGREE  68-9488t  68 5110  "




TABLE IV.
ROMAN MEASURES OF LENGTH.
II. LARGER MEASURES.-LAND AND ITINERARY.                       Decimals of a Mile. Miles. Feet. Inches.
PES...........'                                                     o.........   -0001838     "..11-6496
1 Cubitus............................................                            -0002757            1    5-4   44
22     l     Gradus or Pes Sestertius....................,....,,...,........'0004596             2  5-124  |
5      33       2     PASSUS........................           - 0009193.     4 10-248 
10      6        4      2    Decempeda or Pertica.....................   001838              9  8-496 
120     80      48      24     12    Actus (in length).........................  2206'"    116  5-952   z
5000    3333    2000    1000   500   41|- MILLE PASSUUM...................  9193           4854     " 
7500    5000    3000    1500   750    62   1-   Gallic Leuga.................     1379          1    2003    "    |
_____-____ —---.'-  "  4"
75,0 250,000   150     75,000  37,5000  3125 75  50  DEGREE*...................   68-9488        68   5110          C
(1) NOTES TO TABLE III.
In order to show the relations more clearly, the foreign measures most familiar to the Greeks are included in this table.
t This is, of course, not the true number of English statute miles contained in a degree of a great circle of the earth, but the number computed from the data exhibited in the
table, some of which are only approximate; namely, 1 degree =75 Roman miles=- 600 Greek stadia, and 1 Greek foot= -12-135 inches. The true value of a degree in English
miles is 69-= 69 0196, and the difference is only about 7-100ths of a mile.
(2) NOTE TO TABLE IV.' See note to Table III.
N.B. The Roman mile only differs from the English by less than 1-10th.




0
G
TABLE V.
GRECIAN MEASURES OF SURFACE.
ORDINARY LAND MEASURES.                                    Square Feet.  Perches. Square Feet.  g
llOT'i (Square Foot).....                                                                    1-0226              1-0226 t|
36'EarO.........                         36-81456     "      36-81456 0
100    241    "Awcatva (Square of the K6ato.)...........                 102-26266     "     102-26266   w
I833'O-  23^-  81-'Hpt"8iC70.,,.,............ 8.21.888          3      36.439.
16661'  46 —-  162~  2'.E....,.1704?3776                          6      70-877     Z4
16 6    26   167  3     E/  o1...................................................      1 0 - 7 667             - 7 
2500  | 69     25    3   1    "Apovpa............................................     2556-5664      9     106-318     M
10,000  277-k  100   12   6    4   HAE'PON.......          10,226-2656     37    153-02*
This differs from a rood, or a quarter of an acre, by little more than two perches; for the rood contains 40 perches.
N.B. It is worth while to notice how the decimal and duodecimal systems are combined in the above scale, and also in the measures of length.




TABLE VL
ROMAN MEASURES OF SURFACE.
ORDINARY LAND MEASURES.                               Square Feet.  Acres.  Roods. Perches. Square Feet.
PES QulADRATUS...............................................
PES QUADRATUS                                                ~~~~~~~~94245,.. 9445
100      Scrupulum or Decempeda Quadrata*................                   94245                             94245 
480       4      ACTUS SIMPLEX.....452-377                                                       1     180127 t| 
2400       24      5     UNCIAt................................            2261)89                      8     83885 
3600       36      7      11 Clima.............3392-83                                                 12     12583 
~~~~~~~~~~~~~.  o.               oo~,o~.o.      e.. o 1212' 3 b
14,400     144      30     6     4   ACTUS QUADRATS...             13,571318             1       9     23107 
28,000!288        60     12    8     2   JUGERTUM........               27,142636             2      19     18989 
57,600     576     120    24    16    4     2   Heredium.........         54,285272        11   0      39     10753~.
5,760,000  57,600  12,000 2400 1     0   0  200 100 10 Centuria.         5,428,5272        124     2      19     13525 
23,040,000 2130,400 48,000 9600 6400 1600 800 400      4   Saltus.      21,714,1088        498    1      37     268 7511 
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_ _ 
* This was the square of the standard 10-foot measuring-rod.
t The As to which this Uecia and the above Scrupulum belong is the Jugerum. The other divisions of the Jugerum may easily be calculated from the Uncia. The Semissis
is, of course, the Actus Quadratus.
i. e., almnost 5-8ths of an acre.               ~ i.e., almost an acre and a quarter.!1 i. e., almost 500 acres.




TABLE VI.
GRECIAN MEASURES OF CAPACITY.
Approximate.'
I. ATTIC LIQUID MEASURES.                                     Gallons. Pints.  Approximate
Gallons. Pints.
Ko   tp  v..............................................................................008.............  "
| ----- --—........
|5     2-     2 |  Ko6YX    27...................*....|.......                                    04 16 
30      5 5                 3 2     K TAap;o...................................     "     08      "       
30             24     12 6        4     2    Ko, Tpv6aov  or'H va...............................va................  "  1248  ^  |
720     160    1288 1   44   72    48    24 12  6          XO.....................                  -4 
5760   2 80   2304   1152   576   384   192    96   48     8    ROMAN AMPHORA (KEpa6tOv)..     5    6608     6     "
640      430    3456   128    864    76   288   144   72    12...........AM...OPET..METPHT     8    5-12     9 
As the Sextarius differs from the English pint by only 1-25th part of the latter, it will be found useful, in ordinary rough calculations, to take it at exactly a pint, and so with
the other measures in this table. The results thus obtained may be corrected by subtracting from each of them its 1-25th part.
Nl.B, The  i~Egaes measures of capacity may be easily obtained from these, according to the ratio given under QUADRAN TAL.




ROMAN MEASURES OF CAPACITY.
Approximate.'
i|~~~~~~ ~~I. LIQUID MEASURES.                                           Gallons. Pints. 
I  ~ —~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Gallons.                             Pints.
12              2   Quartarius, i..e., 1-4th... of t he.....e.. t  i                   4s
24      6     4     2   Hem eina or Cotyla................'....              " 
I24    ~ 6  |4      2 Iem[2         l...................-.o..,.,,.......  2IIaor  Cotyla..  "  *48 I" | - 
48     12     8     4     2   SEXTARIUS, i. e., 1-6th of the Congius....................   96  "  1   Z
288     72    48    24    12   6   CONGIUS......................................  "  576  "    6
1152    288   192   96    48   24    4   Urna -...............                   2    7-04   3
2304    576   384   192   96   48    8    2   AMPHORA QUADRANTAL.................  5  6-08  6   "
46,080  11,520  7680  3840  1920  960  160'  40  20  Culeus........................  115  16  120
* See the note to Table VII.
t According to the uncial division, the Sextarius was the As, and the Cyathus the Uncias.




TABLE IX
GRECIAN MEASURES OF CAPACITY.
Approximate.*
IL ATTIC DRY MEASURES.                          Gallons. Pints.  Approximate
G-allons.  Pints.
Ko2dplov..........................................              -008  "
----  KV   0 1.                                                                               TY.
60     6    4   KOTT'AH  or eHytva.........,4.,,,,..,,,,.,,..,,,,.,.........  "  48 
120    12   8    2   S-E'ITH (Sextarius).96
_________ _____ ______                                                                              H -3
240    24   16   4    2  XOINIS.......  ^,. ^.,.,,."..,.      1-92   <<    2t 
_  ---   -— _ —— __ 11~ 
960    96   64   16   8   4   dll1 Hef.......,..,..,,,.....................681.....
9_0_   96   64   164_____ ___76____ -  I1920   192  128  32   16   8   2'Eicrog (equal to the Roman Modius)............  1  7-36  2
11,520  1152 768  192  96  48   12   6  ME.AIMN.,                          11  4-16   12t
* See the note to Table VIL     t Or one quart.         * Or one bushel and a half.
N.B. Respecting the.~Eginetan Measures, see the note to Table VII.




TABLE R.
ROMAN MEASURES OF CAPACITY.
Approximate.'
II. DRY MEASURES.                           Gallons. Pints. 
Gallons.   Pints.  g
Ligula........................                                     02   "
4   CYATH eST abulum................................................................  (  08  " 
6    1U  Acetabulum..................................'            4 -2  "<  --   g
12    3    2   Quartarius, i. e., 1-4th  of the  Sextarius....................................   24  " 
24    6    4    2   Hemina or Cotyla.............                    48   "     -   |
48   12    8    4     2   SEXTARIUS, i. e., 1-6th of the Congius........................  -96,  "  1  t
384   96   64   32    16   8   Semimodius...............................  "  7-68  1 
MI
768  192   128  64    32   16    2   MODIUS...................................   1  7-36  24
a See the note to Table VII.  t See the note to Table VIII.  t Or a quarter of a bushel.
co
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1034                  TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
TABLM XI.
GRECIAN WEIGHTS.
1. Ratios of the three chief Systems..Eginetan: Euboic or old Attic.........'................::  6:    5
2Eginetan: Solonian or later Attic*...............................::   5:    3
Euboic: Solonian............................: 138 100
or:: 100: 72
or:: 25: 18
The ZEginetan Talent=6000 ZEginetan Drachmna =7200 Euboic=10,000 Solonian
Euboic      t"   =5000                      =" — 6000  "  =    8333- "
Solonian*   "    = —3600         "          -=4320    "   = —  6000    "
* Also called the Attic Silver Talent. When Attic weights are spoken of without any further distinction, these
are generally intended.
Ezact.*          Approximate.
2. Wgieatan Weights.
lb.  oz.     grs.      lb.  oz.  grs.
Obol ('O3oXc))............................                 18472                 20
6      Drachma (Apaxr]).................          " / 110-83x      1 n 
600       100    Mina (Mva)..............  1  9   145-83-f      12...
36,000 | 6000       60   I Talent (TaXavrov)..  95 i",                100   "   t"
* In this and the other tables the English weights used are those of the avoirdupois scale as fixed by statute;
namely, the grain= the Troy grain, the ounce = 437l grains, the pound=- 16 ounces -=7000 grains.
t Or ~ of an ounce.
Exact.           Approzximate.
3. iuboics or Attic Commercial Weights.*       lb-  oz.     gr.       lb.  oz.  gr.
l Ib.  oz.    grs.     lb.  oz.  grs.
Obol...........................               15-3934.( |     151
6    Drachma....................              92 3611   l      L 1933
600       100    Mina.............1                 5    48-611      1 
36,000     6000   I60       Talent..........    79    2   291-63"      80 1       "
* See Diet. of Antiq., p. 933, b., 934, a. It is here assumed that the Attic commercial mina was exactly 138- silver
drachmae, not 138, as stated in the decree. The difference is not quite half a grain in the drachma.
Exact.           Approximnate.
4,. Attic Commercial Weights Increased.*       lb — -gre              lb.   s
lb.  oz.     grs.      Ib.  oz.  grs.
1 Mina=1-50 Drachmam (silver)............       1     6      50       1 
5 Mine   =6 Mina (commercial)..............     7    14    291-62     7 | " 4t
1 Talent=65 Minm (commercial).                  88t  "     145.8 90            ( "
* See Diet of Antiq., page 934, a.
t Here, as in the preceding table, the commercial mina is taken as equal to 1385- drachmae, not 138.
Exact.           Approxicmate.
5. Attic Silver Weights.                    -  |    grs. -- -- |      oz- |_
lIb.  oz.    grs.      Ib.  oz.  grs.
O bol......................................0833                               12
6     Drachma..........................                  66-5*   1       c "  70
600       100     Mina....................        15     875        1       " 1  
36,000     6000      60    Talent...........     57 " t[ 60                   "l ".
* This value is, if any thing, too small. Bockh makes it 67-4. Respecting other scales of weight, see PoNDEa,
a Dict. of Antiq.
t Or 5 of an ounce.




TABLE! RX.
GRECIAN MONEY.
I. ATTIC COPPER AND SILVER.                                     ~    S.  d. Farthings.
Lepton (A —-v)..                                                                                   ""            116
~Chalchus (XaX iov-).....8123
14      2    iDichalcon or Quarter Obol (A' x2Jo-v)..,   c"           1-6235'
28       4      2    Half Obol ('Hfto662utov)...............3235.56  6          4             O8'00k 4............................                               cc       i   2112  [   6             4     2    Dbou(A6ov)"                                                         "   3   1
168      24     12     6     3     l1-  Triobolus (Tpt06oXov)                                     C   C   4   3.3
224   -32    -16     -8      4   1.12  - 11   ITetrobools y8Tsp0o6oov)."                             "   6   2
336     481 24         121613             2        Th9uA      Ap~t)C
672     96      48124112           1614      13     2 Didr.achm (Alpaxtov)...".......                 1   7  2
134 4    192    96     48    24     12    8     6   4    2   T1 rar h1T-1d~a~zv....      
3-3,600  4800   2400   1200 160      0    200 I13&j 100 J 0   23 1MINA (MVat)..                    4    1- 3            o
2,016,0001288,0001144,000 72,000 36,000 18,000112,00019000 600013000 13,09 60  TALENT (TaXavrov).....2430 15t
Respecting the sense in which stunis of ancient money are said to be equivalent to certain sums of our money, see N-uSmmus in Dict. of Asntig.
ThVe Drachmna was very nearly equal to the French Franc.
fOr, approxi ately, ~250, the difference being only 1-40th.
II. igiea and Eztboic Silver.-The coins of these systems can be easily calculated from the Attic, according to the ratios given in Table XI., No. 1. As thus calculated,
thie I~ginetan Talent was equal to ~406 5s., and the Euboic was equal to ~6338 10s. 10d., and the Dracisnun were e'qual respectively to Is. 4 Id. for the Eginetan, and is. 11-d. ~
6dUh of a farthing for the Euhoic. Respecting the values of the coins actually found, see Nuemmus.
III. G'reciae Gold.-The values of the Grecian gold money can not be conveniently reduced to the tabular form; they will be found in'the articles STAT~EP and DAseEICcUS.




TAIBL3 X.IL
ROMAN WEIGHTS.
Avoirdupois Weight.
I. THE UNCIAL DIVISIONS OF THE POUND.
Decimals of a Pound.  Oz.  Grs.
UNCIA.....................................060119         43083^
14  Sescuncia or Sescunx.........................................0................90178  1  203-75
2
3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;
2  -  Sextans............................................................. *120238  1  404416- 
3  2  1  Quadrans or Teruncius....................  -180357  2  168-7500  o
2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4 21- 2 1- Trie ns..................           -240476  3 270-83 - 1
5  31  2-  12-  11  Quineunx........................ -300595  4  354-16' L
6  4  3  2  11  1-  SEMIS or Semissis.......................................  -360714  5  337-5
6  4  3  2  1' 2  5
C ~   3l     3mSetnx.
7  4    2  1  1  1  Septunx.................. -420833  6  320-331 
23     4  5  6 
8  5-  4  2-  2  13  1  11  Bes or Bessis..............  -480952  7  104-16' 
3      5                                                        j 
9  6  4-  3  2  1  1-  12  1  Dodrans..............-541071  8  277-5  1
9  6  4'  3  2' 14  5  2  7  8
10  61  5  31  21  21  Ig-  13  ~O~..~~...,.....,..  601190  9  270-83-5
10  6-  5  31  2L  2  lj  1,  1-  1-  Dextans....................601190  9  27083
3    3  2     3    4  9 
11  7"  5  32-  23  21  1A  1A  1 3  1  1  Deunx.......................... -661309  10  260-83|12  8  6  j 4  /  \ 2 2J 2  Hii/i  n   /  1w-V  As or LIBRA................721428  11  2375
This only differs from the ounce  voirdupois by less than 7 grains.
This onlv differs fromm the ounce atvoirdupois by less than 7 grains.




TABLE XIV.
ROMAN WEIGHTS.
IL SUBDIVISIONS OF THE UNCIA.                     Grains.
Sili ua.........................................................................2 2 92224
3   Obolus............................................. 8-767361  t|
6    2  SCRUPULUM.....................     17-53472
12   4  J  2  Sem isextula......................................................................  35-0694
24   8    4   2   SEXTULA...........138
36  12    6   3    1H-  Sicilicus..........,..           105-2083  U
48  16    8   4    2   1- Duella...140-277
3                                                         o
72   24  12   6    3    2   1J-  Semuncia............................................  120-416 
144  48  24   12   6    4   3    2  UNCIA.420-833
1728  576  288  144  72  48  36  24   12  As or LIBBRA.............................  5050
0
CZ




TABLE XV.
ROMAN MONEY.
I. BEFORE THE RPEIGN OF AUGUSTUS: when the Denarius was 1-7th of an Ounce, or about 60 Grains.
1. Copper Coins.                                2. Silver Coins.~                s. d. Farthings.
Sestula..............                               "          -35416
I  -  Quadrans...........                        Teruncius.............................. "          53125
2    1    Triens..............................................................................  "  7083 
3  2  Semissis........................  2    Se  ella..........                         10625
6    4     3    2    As..........4                      2    Libella....'   "   2-125 2
12    8    6     4    2    Dupondius............................         "1'25J
24   16    12    8         4  2  SESTERTIUS.......  16    8    4    SESTETIUS...........      "   2      5
48    32   24    16    8    4    2.32                    16    8     2   Quinarius...........       4     1
96   64    48   32    16    8    4..       24   32    16    4    2    DENARIUS...    "   "  8     2
3. Gold  Coins.  AUREUS   (value in proportion to Roman Silver).......................................   17  8  2
(value in English current coin)............................................ 1 1   2
4. Money of Account (not a Coin). SESTERTIUM or Mille Nummi.....................................17 1 
For the subdivisions of the gold money, see AunuiM, in the Dict. of Antig.




TABLE ZTVL
ROMAN MONEY.
II. AFTER THE REIGN OF AUGUSTUS: when the Denarius was 1-8th of an Ounce, or 52'5 Grains.  ~  s. d- Farthings.,~~Sq~~~~~~~~extula."'                                               "......'............   <  -3125
uadrans....... 685
1   Q uadrans...............................................................................  875 
16                8 2          Querissis  orVictor at............................3
6    4    3   2   As I........................................................  " "  "  -8 7 
24  16   12   8    4   2   SESTERTIUS................1 3.5.
48   32  24   16   8   4    2   Quinarius or Victoriatus...c.c......              3  3       l
96  64   48  32   16   8    4   2   DENARIUS                                          7 2 
AUREUS, reckoned at 25 Denarii..."          15 7 2
reckoned in English Current Coin..........                        18 5 325
SESTERTIUM or Mille Nummi  7..................                         16 3    cc
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