MARTIN BEHAIM,
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THE TIMES OF COLUMBUS:
BEING THE TENTH ANNUAL DISCOURSE
BEFORE THE
MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY,
)On./ 1NU  R? Y 25th, 1 8 55.
By JOHN    G. MORRIS, D D.
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BY JOHN  MURPHY &  C..
1855.








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THERE are many men who have acted conspicuous parts in scenes of thrilling historical interest,
whose names are little known to general readers,
and whose surpassing merits are not properly appreciated. They have been either lost in the more
refulgent light of brighter luminaries, or have been
purposely over-looked by cotemporaneous historians. Fellow laborers in the same field of investigation, who have left records of their own operations,
may have from envy or interested selfishness, disregarded their claims to distinction or only casually
mentioned their names as associated with themselves. Thus often, real merit in science, literature
and art, is depreciated, and many a man, on the
other hand, gains credit for what he never achieved,
and receives a reward which he never deserved.
But posterity often awards to a man the honor
which his cotemporaries have denied him. All history demonstrates this fact. There is a resurrection of genius, which had long been buried in oblivion. Envy and detraction may dig its grave and
bury it; but eventually it comes forth reanimate.
It was not dead; it only slept.




4
Historians and poets of the olden time speak of
various statues, and other works executed by distinguished artists of their day, which then attracted
the admiration of the world of taste and refinement,
but most of them with even the names of the artists
also, have perished. Now and then, one is exhumed from amid the rubbish of some ancient
temple, and men of artistic taste and knowledge
recognize it as the long lost production of some
celebrated sculptor of antiquity. It may be mutilated to some extent, but the modern artist sets to
work and repairs it. He endeavors to restore it to
its original beauty and symmetry, and however he
may fail, yet the ancient artist's name is rescued
from oblivion, and posterity awards him due honor.
Let ours be the task of bringing out from undeserved obscurity, a man famous and powerful in
his day, but now known only to comparatively few;
a man cotemporary with the discovery of our country,-the associate and assistant of Columbus,-the
fellow voyager with many of the great navigators
of that period,-a man to whom his too ardent
friends have attributed the discovery of this continent, but whilst he does not deserve, and never
claimed that distinction, still by his astronomical
and geographical science, far in advance of most
men of his generation, as well as by his superior
skill in the preparation of nautical instruments and
charts, contributed much to the splendid geographical discoveries of that adventurous age.
We allude to MARTIN BEHAIM of Germany. His
name is not as familiar to us as those of Columbus,
and Vespucius, Magellan, and de Gama, but it will
be shown that his services were not less valuable,




and his merits not less commendable. Probably
exceeding them all in scientific acquirements, he
not less deserves the admiration and gratitude of
mankind. His name has been for several ages
somewhat obscured, but it is beginning to shine
forth in its original lustre. The bright, particular
star is emerging from the cloud which for years had
partly concealed it, and it now again holds a conspicuous place in the firmament of science. Professor Ghillany of Nurnberg, of all others, deserves
most credit for resuscitating the name of Behaim,
and to his magnificent work on this subject, all
future historians and biographers must go for full
and authentic information.
The Historical Society of Maryland does not
confine its researches exclusively to the history of
our own State, but extends them to other lands
and other ages; and hence it will not be thought
improper to introduce a subject foreign to our own
land and age.
Before we enter more particularly on our specific
subject, we shall dwell for a few minutes on some
facts of great historical interest closely connected
with it.
The whole history of the discovery of our country
is full of interest. We do not allude merely to the
adventurous daring, the appalling sufferings, the unconquerable perseverance, the lion hearted energy
of the men who achieved it, all of which have been
so graphically described by historians, and by none
so well as by our own illustrious countryman, Mr.
Irving, but we allude to the scientific results of
those various expeditions, and we shall confine-ourselves for the present more particularly to some of




6
the maps and charts, which these bold adventurers
prepared. It will be seen that whilst they are exceedingly imperfect and erroneous in many respects,
yet they are objects of deep interest to men who
study the early history of our continent.
To Humboldt we are indebted for the publication
of the earliest pen and ink map of America, extant.
There is but one copy of the original known, and
that belongs to the valuable collection of the distinguished Baron Walckanaer of Paris, where, in
1832, Humboldt first discovered its real character,
and its real author. It had until then been regarded
as a Portuguese,nap of the world of an unknown
age. It is a map of the world by Juan de la Cosa,
(also called Juan Biscaino,) which he drew in the
year 1500, i. e. six years before the death of Columbus. It was a precious discovery to such a man as
Humboldt, and he had the most important sections
of it engraved on three sheets. It bears the inscription, Juan de la Cosa la fizo en el Puerto de Ste.
Maria en ano 1500. This inscription stands under
a small colored picture, representing the great
Christopher wading through the sea, and bearing
on his shoulders the infant Christ, carrying a globe
in his right hand, a significant allusion to Christopher (Christ bearing) Columbus, and expressive
also of the hope of the spread of Christianity which
the discovery of this continent (Aug. 1, 1498) excited. Juan de la Cosa, the draughtsman of the
map, was the associate of Columbus on his second
expedition, which continued from September 25,
1493, to June 11, 1496. He was connected with
five expeditions, in two of which he was commander.
He must have been a man of great nautical experi



ence and science, and perhaps of some presumption
too, for in the evidence in a trial growing out of the
operations of Columbus, it is said by one of the
witnesses, that Christopher Columbus, who was
usually styled admiral, complained of Juan de la
Cosa " for going about and claiming that he knew
more than he, the admiral himself."
That section of the map most interesting to us,
represents in tolerably exact configuration, but too
far north for the greater and less Antilles, the northern coast of South America, also the eastern coast
on which the mouths of the Orinoco and Amazon
rivers are laid down. A coast line without any
name from Cabo de la Vela to the extreme north,
connects Venezuela with Labrador.  There is
nothing on the map to show that he had any idea
of the outline of the coast from Puerto de Mosquitos on the western end of the isthmus of Panama
to Honduras, a part of the coast first discovered by
Columbus on his fourth and last expedition, (from
May, 1502 to November, 1504.) He had no conception of the configuration of the Gulf of Mexico,
which Cortez first navigated in 1519, though the
existence of the coast of Mexico was made known
at an earlier period by the natives of Cuba; nor is
the coast of the United States of North America
distinctly designated, though Sebastian Cabot on
his second expedition, sailed along the whole coast
from Newfoundland to Florida, in 1498. Northerly
in a mer discubrierta per Ingleses, N. E. of Cuba,
the map gives the discoveries of English navigators
on a coast that runs from east to west. The coast
here represented is probably that extending along
the Gulf of St. Lawrence, opposite the present




8
Island of Anticosta. The isle of Verde, N. E. of
Cuba d'Ingleterre is probably Newfoundland. The
coast which abruptly turns to the north, extending
only to 70~ latitude, and reaching so far east as to
embrace the Islands of Trierland, is most probably
the present Iceland.
This map contains no positive allusion to the earlier discovery of the continent of America on the
coast of Labrador, by John and Sabastian Cabot,
between latitude 56 and 58, on June 24, 1497, thirteen months before the discovery of the continent
of South America, at the eastern part of the province of Camana by Columbus. It is very likely
that de la Cosa knew it, but why he did not state
it, is not known.
This is the proper place to remark that the so
styled first discoveries of the continent of North
America by the Cabots, and of South America by
Columbus, should be designated only as rediscoveries. About 500 years before that period, (A. D.
1000,) Leif, the son of Erek the Red, the Scandinavian, landed on the continent in Massachusetts,
which was a part of Vinland, which name the Scandinavians gave to the coast between Boston and
New York. According to the oldest tradition and
Icelandic record, even the southern coast between
Virginia and Florida, was already described under
the name of the White man's Land, or Great Iceland.  Intercourse subsisted between Greenland
and New Scotland (Maryland) until 1347; between
Greenland and Bergen, in Norway, until 1484, that
is, until seven years after Columbus had visited
Iceland.




9
All the original maps of Columbus and Vespucius
are lost, so that this one of Juan de la Cosa is to
be regarded as the oldest extant. Until it was discovered and published by Humboldt in 1832, two in
the military library at Weimar, of the years 1527
and 1529, were considered the most ancient, but
they are twenty-one and twenty-three years of more
recent date than the death of Columbus in 1506.
The first engraved map of portions of the new
continent, appears in the Roman edition of Ptolemy
of 1508, but it does not contain the name America.'This name appears in no edition of Ptolemy before
1522, but it does appear in some other works and
maps published ten or twelve years before that
period, as shall presently be shown.
Another question of interest in this connexion is,
what is the origin of the name Jmerica, and who
gave that name to the continent? This is an interesting enquiry. We all think it should have been
called Columbia, but how came it to be baptized
America? The solution will show how the single
suggestion of one man made even in error, can forever determine the designation of continents.
Columbus died in Valadolid on 20th May, 1506,
and one year afterwards there appeared an anonymous work in Latin, entitled An Introduction to
Cosmography. It was published in the small city
of St. Die, in the Vosges mountains of Lorraine,
and it contains the proposition to give the name of
America to the new world, "in honor of its discoverer, Amerigo Vespucci."
A second edition of this work appeared in 1509,
in which the author gives his name as Martinus
Ilacomylus. Two other editions appeared in Venice




10
in 1535 and 1554. Notwithstanding its frequent
publication, this book has now become so rare that
in 1832 there was but one copy in Paris, and that
not even in the Royal library. Who was this
Ilacomylus who first gave the name America to the
new world? For more than 300 years it was uncertain, and according to Navarette, the great geographer, he was regarded as a Hungarian, but Humboldt has irrefutably proved that he was a German,
a teacher of geography at the gymnasium in St. Die,
and a native of Freiburg in Breisgan. His German
name was Martin Waldseemiiller (or Waltzemiller.)
We are indebted then to a German lecturer on
geography in an obscure town in the Vosgian mountains, for this name.
The settlement of this question is important as
regards the personal character of Vespucci. Not a
few influential historians have charged him with
assuming the name himself, and inserting it on maps
of the new discovered countries, which he as pilot
major had executed in Seville. This name was
first proposed in 1507, and he was not appointed
pilot major until 1508. Besides, the idea of having
discovered a new world, never entered into the
mind of Vespucci, nor in that of Columbus. Both
died in the full conviction of having discovered parts
of Asia, before unknown. Only four years before
his death, Columbus writes to Pope Alexander VI:
"I have taken possession of 1400 islands, and have
discovered 333 leagues of the continent of Asia."
Vespucci died February 22, 1512, (not in 1508 as
Robertson asserts, and not in 1516 as Bandini and
Tiraboschi maintain,) without ever having heard of
the honor which the geographers had conferred on




his name. The name did not appear on any maps
until eight years after his death. It is remarkable,
that Ferdinand Columbus, who as the biographer
of his illustrious father, most strenuously vindicates
his character and reputation against all attacks, and
whose work was finished only in 1533, never expresses himself unfavorably of Vespucci, and does
not even mention the name "America," although it
was at that time already extensively known. But
if this son, so jealous of his father's fame, had at all
suspected Vespucci of arrogating claims to distinction to which his own father was entitled, he would
have denounced him severely, as he did all others
who tried to tarnish the reputation of the great
navigator.
Thus the admiration which a German geographer
entertained for Amerigo Vespucci, excited by reading his correspondence with Renatus of Lorraine,
was really the occasion of giving the name of
America to a large portion of the globe.
Now, let us proceed to the illustration of our special theme; the history of Martin Behaim. Germany for ages, has been the birth place of genius.
Her history is full of heroic deeds in every department of human effort. It is the land of science, of
art, of arms and of song.  The pre-eminence of
Germany in the highest grades of intellectual exertion, and her amazing progress in every art that can
ennoble mankind, have elicited the applause of all
who can be charmed by poetry, or instructed by
philosophy. Though other lands have produced a
more brilliant array of great navigators and discoverers of unknown countries, yet it is not the mere
mariner or commander of an expedition, who de2




serves the entire credit of discoveries. It is true,
he incurs the risk, he endures the labor, he suffers
the exposure and has the honor of first seeing the
long sought for land, but it is the astronomer on
board mapping the heavens, the geographer drawing his charts, the meteorologist observing the temperature, the hydrogapher watching the tides, the
artizan making and manipulating the nautical instruments, the philosopher studying all the phenomena
occurring in nature-it is he who eminently deserves
a large share of the honors of discovery, for it is by
the aid of his labors that the mariner is led to his
brilliant results. Many a splendid geographical discovery has been made at sea, by the help of mathematical and artistic labor executed ashore.  It was
German astronomers, who by their calculations and
tables, enabled the seafaring nations of that day to
accomplish many of their brilliant exploits in the
field of geographical discovery. Behaim was mariner, astronomer, geographer, artist and philosopher,
all combined, and was publicly acknowledged by the
Emperor Maximilian, to be the most extensively
travelled citizen of the German empire.
His family was of Bohemian origin, which immigrated to Nurnberg on account of religious persecution about A. D. 916. It was afterwards exalted
to the rank of the patricians of that famous city, a
subordinate degree of nobility in former times highly
prized.
Our hero was born in 1459, two or three years
later than Columbus. We possess no records of
his early life, but his father who was an enterprizing
and wealthy merchant, had his son educated in the
highest schools. The imperial city of Nurnberg




13
was distinguished for its enterprizing, thrifty and
pious spirit, and all the sons of those who could
afford it, received a scientific education. The merchants of Nurnberg of that day, and even of earlier
times, established commercial relations all over
Europe, where there was a prospect of gain, and
even in the East Indies, a few years after the discovery of the passage by the way of the Cape of
Good Hope. The sons of the patricians who were
the most distinguished merchants of the city, were
obliged to learn the languages of Europe, and to
devote themselves strictly to commercial pursuits
and studies. After their apprenticeship, they were
sent to other countries to serve as clerks or agents
of their fathers, and in this capacity Martin Behaim,
quite a young man, appears in the Netherlands.
But what is particularly interesting to us is the
relation which young Behaim held to Regiomontanus, the greatest mathematician and astronomer
of that day. His German name was John Muller,
but in conformity to the custom of many of the
learned men of that age, he latinized his name from
his birth place Konigsberg (Regismons.) He was
born in 1436, and died in Rome in 1476, in the 40th
year of his age; after having run a splendid scientific career in various countries in Europe, he
settled as he thought finally in Nurnberg in 1471,
for the purpose of prosecuting his philosophical
pursuits, but at the end of 1475, Pope Sixtus IV
appointed him bishop of Ratisbon, and called him
to Rome to improve the calendar. Unwillingly
did he obey this call. He went to Rome and died
a year afterwards. This was a convenient way of
securing the services of a learned man,-conferring




14
on him the bishopric of a diocese, which he never
expected to see, and enjoining duties he never was
expected to perform, and for which he had no inclination. But in this way the Pope succeeded in
drawing the mathematician to Rome, which any.other offer might have failed to do.
His residence in Nurnberg had the most beneficial influence on the scientific improvement of the
citizens. It was at that time a sort of central place,
brought into close contact with all parts of Europe,
by the commercial relations and travels of its merchants, through whom the philosopher held scientific correspondence with the learned of all lands.
His influence on the people was marked and
decisive. His studious example and attractive lectures created a zealous interest in the higher mathematical sciences.  A  wealthy citizen, Bernard
Walter, purchased printing materials at his own
cost for the purpose of publishing the works of
Regiomontanus, and the same liberal patron of
science, furnished the means also of procuring
mathematical and astronomical instruments for the
use of those who cultivated these branches. The
philosopher also on his own account, established a
manufactory, in which with his own hands, he made
a large number of curious and valuable instruments.
Some of these are preserved to this day, in the city
library of Nurnberg, where so many interesting
scientific and artistic relics of the bygone ages are
to be seen.
Geography was also the subject of his ardent
pursuit. No means were left unemployed to gain a
knowledge of all the discoveries, and to publish them
to the world. HIe was in constant correspondence




15
with many of the philosophers of that day, and
especially with Toscanelli, the famous Florentine
mathematician, the same man who furnished Columbus with a chart on which was marked the westward course he would have to take towards the
East Indies.
The early death of Regiomontanus in 1476, and
in the fortieth year of his age, left many of his works
unfinished, but during his brief career, he performed
an incredible amount of scientific labor. He contributed much to elevate Nurnberg to as high a degree of celebrity in science as it had for many years
before enjoyed in commerce. One of his zealous
eulogists says of him, "Nurnberg attained to such
an exalted distinction in mathematical studies,
through the influence of Regiomontanus, that Tarentum could not more justly boast of Archytas, nor
Syracuse of Archimedes, nor Byzantium of Proclus, nor Alexandria of Ctesibius, than Nurnberg of
Regiomontanus."
During the residence of this distinguished philosopher in Nurnberg, (1471-1475,) our hero, Martin
Behaim, was from 12 to 16 years of age, just at that
period of life when a tendency to higher studies is
developed. He was of a family of the first rank,
which always had access to the philosopher's workrooms and study, and we may well presume that
this ardent young man, who a few years later became celebrated as a geographer and astronomer,
availed himself of the instructions of Regiomontanus. The Portuguese writers say, that Behaim
boasted of having been a pupil of Regiomontanus. Though he was destined to the pursuit of
trade by his parents, yet like many a commercial




16
apprentice since that time, his expanding mind could
not be bound down to the ledger, the sales-room or
manufactory, but soared aloft to subjects of higher
intellectual interest. From the counting-room, he
would go to his astronomical studies, impatient for
the hour of release from what he called the drudgery of business. The deep hours of the night were
spent in severe intellectual toil, whilst most of the
other young men of Nurnberg were engaged in
frivolous and perhaps vicious amusements. But
Behaim's memory lives, and they are forgotten or
were never known. He contributed to the increase
and diffusion of knowledge among men-they aimed
only at the increase of gold, and the preservation of
it among themselves. But still, he was compelled
to make business his chief employment, and the
death of his father in 1474, only imposed heavier
responsibilities on him. But it is not likely that he
was a very successful merchant, unless he had a
more active partner than himself, for a man whose
mind is constantly employed about maps, charts,
globes, heavenly bodies and mathematical instruments, can hardly be expected to be fit for anything
else. He who dwells among the stars, finds it hard
to come down among the common places of earth.
Astronomy and traffic in the "sugar and cotton
line' do not exactly suit together. Yet from 1475
to 1479, we find Behaim in Mechlin, Antwerp and
Frankfort, apparently engaged in mercantile transactions, and all the while exhibiting the most affectionate interest for his mother, as his published correspondence shows. Still it is very probable that
science occupied as much or more of his attention
than commerce. He every where sought the society




of learned astronomers, and we can easily conceive
how a man of his tastes and inclinations would
spend his time in the intervals of business, or even
during some of the hours which other more systematic men would devote to it. All studious men
know how easy it is to find excuses to prosecute a
favorite branch, even amid the calls of pressing professional engagements. Thus it was with Behain;
business was often compelled to yield to science.
Though his pecuniary interests may have suffered,
yet his reputation was advancing every day. The
merchant astronomer who may not have been successful on change at Antwerp or Frankfort, was in
intimate intercourse with another, and a very different class of men from that which congregates in the
busy mart. Let it be remembered that at this time
he was not over nineteen years of age, and yet his
fame had gone beyond the boundaries of his native
land, and the government of Portugal, at that period,
extensively engaged in maritime pursuits, perhaps
more than any other, employed Behaim in her
marine service. We now lose sight of him in Germany for eleven years, (1479-1491.) He did not
visit his native city until 1491, when he returned for a
short period, laden with honors and enjoying a world
wide reputation as cosmographer and navigator.
The young merchant becomes an adventurous sailor
and explorer, and makes invaluable contributions to
geographical knowledge.
He was not over twenty years of age (1480) when
we find him a member of a committee appointed by
King John of Portugal, for the promotion of nautical science. This circumstance alone stamps the
scientific character of the man. One so young, and




18
a foreigner too, would not have been elevated to
such a position, if he had not already made extraordinary progress in mathematical knowledge. The
pursuits of commerce brought him to Lisbon, for the
merchants of Nurnberg held relations with most of
the cities of southern Europe. But there is reason
to believe that the interests of science too, had no
small influence in determining his visit to the south.
At that early day, the Germans seemed to have
been the most favored of all foreigners in Portugal.
Jerome Munzer, a great German traveller of those
days (1494-95) informs us that he was honored by
invitations to the table of King John four times.
He remarks that on his travels through the peninsula, he encountered many German settlers as
clergymen, merchants, artists, printers and artillerists. Even in Granada, which had been rescued
from the Moors only three years before, and as yet
inhabited by them, he found German printers. King
Alphonsus who reigned from 1448-81, had Germans, particularly as artillerists, in his service on
his marine expeditions, and elevated one of them to
the command of all the Portuguese rifle corps. As
German powder was much sought after, and Alphonsus admitted all warlike instruments and materials
into his country free of duty, the Nurnbergers
naturally took advantage of this favorable permit.
Even as early as 1428, a German (Lambert von
Horgon) immigrated into Portugal with his family,
and received from King John a section of land as a
present, on condition of inducing German colonists
to come and cultivate it. The Germans in Lisbon
who were in the service of the government as
marines or soldiers, enjoyed special privileges, and




19
established a hospital in Lisbon for themselves.
The German Hanseatic cities were not inactive in
regard to Portuguese voyages of discovery; they
supplied ships and provisions, and it is likely, loaned
money as well as furnished marines; the first printers in Portugal were Germans. One of them, Valentine Ferdinand, was in 1503 appointed shield-bearer
to Queen Leonora, wife of John II. It was he who
translated the travels of Marco Polo into Portuguese. King Manuel valued the art of printing so
highly that he invited the German printer, Jacob
Cromberger, to Portugal, elevated him to the rank
of the nobility, and issued a decree granting to all
who pursued the s blessed art " in Portugal, equal
rights with the nobility of the royal house. Not
only were the men of Germany in great demand in
Portugal and other southern countries, but her
manufactures also. Nurnberg, though lying far in
the interior, was particularly famous among the
Portuguese for the cultivation of those sciences and
the manufacture of those instruments which related
to navigation. Compasses were, at that time, almost exclusively manufactured at Nurnberg; the
compass makers were so numerous that in 1510,
they united themselves into a special guild. The
celebrated ephemerides of Regiomontanus first appeared in Nurnberg in 1473, and these were much
sought after by navigators. Thus Germany was
enterprizing in those days. German emigrants were
found every where in southern Europe, and we have
some conception of what German emigration is
since the discovery of this country.
The duties of the committee appointed by King
John, and of which young Behaim was a member,
3




20
were to simplify nautical instruments, to discover
new ones, and to diffuse mathematical and astronomical knowledge among the Portuguese. It was
composed of the most distinguished mathematicians
of the country, and consisted of five members, Jose
and Rodrigo, physicians to the King, Martin Behaim, the bishop Ceuta, Diogo Ortiz and the bishop
of Viseu Calhadilha. Humboldt says, that these
two last are but one person, with the two different
names. One of them, Jose, was an Israelite.
The King was particularly desirous that the committee should discover a method by which navigators
who had lost sight of the coast, might find their
way, for though the compass gave them the direction in which they should steer, yet they were
uncertain of their latitude. He directed Behaim
particularly, in consultation with the two physicians,
to discover some means whereby mariners could
determine their exact position at sea. They discovered the art of sailing by the sun's height-they
calculated declination tables for the sun, and applied
the astrolabe to the purposes of navigation. A
similar instrument was known to the Portuguese
before Behaim's time, but it had been used only by
astronomers. As early as the close of the thirteenth
century, there was an instrument used on the Castilian ships by which the hour of the night could be
determined at sea by the stars, but at the same time,
the Portuguese do not appear to have used the
astrolabe at sea, until this committee proposed by
it to measure the height of the sun. The chief improvement, made by Behaim in the instrument, was
the substitution of brass for the coarse material of
wood, and instead of having it placed on a tripod




and thus be subject to the ship's motion, he attached
it to the mast, and by a proper arrangement made
it maintain a vertical position.
The Portuguese writers give Behaim the credit
of having contributed most towards the improvement and application of the astrolabe. He had
been educated in the city from which the Pope had
called Regiomontanus to Rome for the purpose of
improving the Calendar-he had even been a pupil
of the great philosopher himself. It was this, that
procured him a place in the committee and gave
him special influence. He had seen these instruments in the workshop of his teacher, which he
recommended to the Portuguese, and was therefore
well qualified, young as he was, to discharge the
duties of his office.  Columbus, Vasco de Gama,
Cabot, Magellan and others used these instruments,
and it was in this way the Germans exerted no small
influence on the voyages of discovery of those days.
If many of them did not personally share in the
dangers and privations of these adventures, yet it
was John Regiomontanus and other Germans who
through their nautical instruments and astronomical
tables, enabled maritime nations to trust themselves
securely to unknown seas.
We now follow Behaim on his first voyage as a
navigator. Soon after discovering the application
of the astrolabe to the measurement of distance by
the sun's height, he had an opportunity of practically
applying it. He was appointed by King John,
astronomer and cosmographer to the expedition
fitted out to prosecute further discoveries on the
African coast, under the command of Diogo Cao.
The farther these voyages extended, the more cus



22
tomary it became to send out a practical astronomer
who understood the use of the astrolabe, the quadrant and the tables calculated by Regiomontanus.
Occasionally the command of a ship was entrusted
to the astronomer, as appears to have been the case
with Behaim, and most certainly was with Americo
Vespucci. On the globe which Behaim afterwards
constructed, he gave short memoranda of the results
of the expedition at various places. This expedition
sailed in 1484, and was absent nineteen months.
The most southern point it attained was Table Bay,
where they erected a stone column with the arms
of Portugal inscribed upon it. The discoveries
made during this voyage were the Prince's Islands,
and St. Thomas near the equator, and this was
accomplished by the aid of Behaim's astrolabe, which
emboldened navigators to sail out of sight of land.
Before that, islands which lay far from the coast,
were discovered only by accident, when ships were
driven towards them by storms.
After his return from this voyage, the success of
which owed so much to his astronomical science,
Behaim was elevated to the knighthood of the order
of Christ by John II. The King himself girded
him with the sword, and the crown Prince, afterwards King Manuel, buckled on his right spur.
The ceremony took place in the presence of the
Queen and the whole court.
Here is the proper place to notice a fact which
has operated unfavorably on the character of Behaim
and has raised up against him a host of enemies,
although he is perfectly innocent and has been drawn
into the difficulty by injudicious admirers. It is,
that he came to America before Columbus, and




23
hence should be regarded as the real discoverer of
this continent. This unfounded claim was first set
up by John Christopher Wagenseil, professor of
history in the Nurnberg University of Altdorf, who
flourished between 665-1705. This man who was
an extensive traveller-a profound jurist, historian
and oriental linguist, enjoying a world wide reputation and receiving from crowned heads distinguished
marks of favor and honor, abused his exalted position in the learned world, to confer a distinction on
the Behaim family to which they made no claim
whatever, and in the ground of which probably
Wagenseil himself had no confidence. In a latin
eulogy which he delivered in 1682, in honor of a
relative of our Behaim who had rendered valuable
services to the University of Altdorf, the orator in
the language of fulsome flattery and unmeasured
adulation so common in that day, laments grievously
that the name of Behaim as the discoverer of
America had not been properly recognized and
honored until then, and appeals as proofs that
Behaim had gone to America before Columbus, to
two Nurnberger documents preserved in the archives
of the city, which however say nothing at all of that
which Wagenseil wished to show. His other citations merely mention Behaim as a great astronomer
and navigator without specifying any of his discoveries. One of his quotations expresses the conjecture that Behaim might have suggested the idea
of a western continent to Columbus, but the infer
ealce is too bold, that therefore Behaim was the
discoverer of America.  Wagenseil repeats the
assumption in his Historia Universalis, which had
an extensive circulation in Germany, and this idea




24
having been copied into other works, became
almost universally prevalent in Germany during the
last century. More recent investigations and references to Portuguese and Spanish documents have
reinstated Columbus into his rights, and as formerly
Behaim's merits were exalted above measure, men
now felt inclined to depreciate him accordingly. If
we dare not claim honors for him which he did not
deserve, we will not allow him to be deprived of
those which are due him. Several of his countrymen in the United States have maintained the same
unfounded position. Mr. Otto, a German gentleman of New York in 1786, addressed to Dr.
Franklin and published in the transactions of the
American Philosophical Society (1786, II. No. 35)
a memoir on the discovery of America, in which he
maintains the priority of discovery for Behaim.
More recently, a writer named Loher, in a history
of the Germans in America, published in Cincinnati
in 1847, takes the same untenable ground; whilst
of course, we cannot sustain these writers, yet we
cannot allow Behaim to be robbed of this merit,
that his science contributed essentially to the discovery of America, and this naturally leads us to
speak of his relation to Columbus, and the great
event which distinguished the life of the latter.
The Spanish historian Herrera affirms (dec. 1,
lib. 1, cap. 2,) that Columbus was established in the
grounds which determined him to seek a marine
way to East India by sailing west, by his friend the
Portuguese Martin de Bohemia of the Island'of
Fayal, who was a learned cosmographer. The
Dutch compiler and publisher of a large collection
of voyages and travels, Peter Van der Aa improves




25
somewhat on Herrera and makes Behaim a native
of Fayal and a Portuguese. Robertson, in his
History of America, follows Van der Aa, and if
the City of Nurnberg did not possess his globe and
other documents establishing his birth place, Martin
Behaim would probably flourish in history as a Portuguese, or at least as a Bohemian immigrant to
Portugal.
Let us investigate the correctness of this very
credible observation of the Spanish historian, that
Columbus was confirmed in his views and conjectures by Behaim.
Columbus began his nautical life in his 18th year,
and about the year 1470 went to Portugal in pursuit of employment.  Humboldt assumes that it
was 1477. The enterprises of the Portuguese at
that time attracted many sea-faring men to their
country, particularly from Italy, and they were very
cheerfully received. In Portugal, he married Felipa, the daughter of Bartolomeo Monnio de Palestrello.  This Palestrello was an Italian mariner,
who, in the service of Portugal, conducted a colony
to Porto Santo, one of the Canaries, and was appointed by Prince Henry, governor of this island.
He was already dead when Columbus married the
daughter, who lived with her mother in straightened
circumstances, in Lisbon. The widow, whom Columbus took into his own family, gave him all the
charts and journals of her deceased husband. By
the study of these charts, most probably not before
1477, he conceived the plan of finding the way to
the East Indies by going westward. In this year
he sought the advice of Toscanelli, the celebrated
astronomer of Florence, to whom is ascribed the




26
credit of first conceiving the idea of sailing westward to the East Indies. His correspondence with
Columbus on this subject, is exceedingly interesting.
The latter made occasional voyages in Portuguese
ships to Guinea, and when he was at home he obtained a meagre support for his family by drawing
charts, in which he also instructed his brother Bartolomeo. His wife's sister was married to Pedro
Correa, who was governor of the island of Porto
Santo. Columbus, for a season, resided on this
island, where his son Diego was born, but he soon
returned to Portugal. Probably, in 1480, he made
a voyage to Iceland.
After the committee, of which we have spoken
above, had furnished to navigators an improved astrolabe, Columbus conceived himself sufficiently
armed to venture out into the unknown sea, and
soon after this discovery he made propositions to
the Court of Portugal, but he met with no favor.
When his wife died, he left Portugal, towards the
end of 1484, much disheartened and in straightened
financial circumstances.  It is uncertain whether
he went to Genoa or where he spent the year 1485;
in 1486 he was in Spain, extremely destitute, where
he supported himself poorly by drawing maps. His
attempts to secure confidence in his enterprize, at
the Court of Spain, were fruitless, and in 1491 he
received a final and peremptory refusal. In the same
year he was invited by King John II, of Portugal,
to return to Lisbon, but held back by a tender relation to Donna Beatrice Henriquenz, in Cordova, he
made a last attempt at the Court of Spain, in which
he was supported by a friend. He at last succeeded
in effecting a contract, which was signed April 18th,




27
1492. On August 3d, 1492, he enters on his first
voyage.
If we compare this brief sketch of the circunstances of Columbus in Portugal, with the history
of Behaim, we shall discover, in several respects, a
peculiar affinity between the destinies of both men.
Both came to Portugal from foreign countries-both
were engaged in drawing maps and charts, which of
course required a constant examination of all new
discoveries, and frequent intercourse with mariners.
We are not sure whether Behaim pursued this occupation as a means of livelihood; he was not poor as
Columbus was, but his favorite pursuits naturally
led him to employ much of his time in this occupation. Columbus married the daughter of a foreigner,
who was governor of the island of Porto Santohe himself resided in this island, which lies far in
the Western Ocean, in 2~ east longitude. Behaim
also married the daughter of a foreigner, the governor of the island of Fayal, which is 13~ longitude nearer America than Porto Santo. He also
lived by turns on this island and in Lisbon.
Behaim came to Lisbon in 1479 or 1480, where
Columbus had already lived since 1470 or 1474.
Columbus left Lisbon towards the end of 1484. It
would have been strange if these two men, engaged
in the same pursuits in the same city, had not become intimately acquainted with each other. We
should rather suspect that Columbus would seek the
society of Behaim, who had brought with him the
reputation of having been a pupil of the great Regiomontanus, and as we have already observed, who
was a member of the royal commission for the promotion of nautical affairs. It was Behaim, who, by
4




28
his improvement of the astrolabe to such an extent
as to amount to a discovery, furnished mariners with
the means of finding their way on the open sea, and
thus of putting Columbus into a position of venturing out on the trackless deep. It was only after the
discovery of this instrument that Columbus made
the proposition first to the Portuguese government
for the prosecution of his cherished enterprize, for
now the beginning of such a project must have
appeared less adventurous and the success of it
more certain. We have before seen that the nautical commission or junta de mathematicos, which
King John appointed, consisted of Jose, Rodrigo,
Behaim, Bishop Diogo Ortiz and Bishop Calcadilha.
They began their labors in 1481. Two of them,
Jose and Rodrigo, the physicians, with Behaim, were
entrusted with the duty of discovering a method of
sailing according to the sun's elevation, and the
result was the improved astrolabe. Between 1481
and 1483 Columbus introduced his project to the
notice of King John. The King referred it to the
mathematical junta for examination. Bishop Ortiz
appointed a sub-committee, of which he was chairman, to report on it. The other two members were
the physicians. After investigation, they agreed in
emphatically pronouncing the enterprize of Columbus as a negociofabuloso.
We may ask, why was not Behaim placed on this
sub-committee? He was at that time in Lisbon, and
had not yet entered on his voyage with Diogo Cao.
He was acknowledged to be a learned cosmograph,
and had already rendered invaluable services as one
of the commission. The globe of Behaim answers
the question. According to the distances marked




29
on this globe, Behaim must have entirely sanctioned
the plan of Columbus, for his island of Fayal lies
pretty nearly in the middle between Portugal and
the Asiatic Islands. Doubtless it was well known
that he favored the proposition-he was regarded
as committed, and hence could not be an impartial
judge.
The idea of a western passage to India did not
originate with Columbus, as we have already observed. It was common among the geographers
and mathematicians of that day, who, like Toscanelli, Behaim, Columbus, Vespucci, and all others
of any pretensions to science, were convinced of
the spherical figure of the earth, but who, at the
same time, entertained the erroneous idea that Asia
extended much farther eastward towards Europe
than it really does. Alphonsus V, the predecessor
of King John, had made enquiries of Toscanelli
respecting the western route, before Columbus had
laid his plans before the Portuguese government.
The idea, hence, was not new. There was only
wanting a man who was bold enough to venture on
the prosecution of it, and that man was Columbus.
From authentic accounts, it appears certain that he
had some distinguished patrons in Lisbon. Even
King John did not allow himself to be deterred by
the unfavorable report of the committee. Columbus
represented the matter to him personally. The King
was inclined to engage in the enterprize, but the
injudicious and extragavant demand of an hereditary
vice-royalty in the new discovered countries which
Columbus made, determined the King to withdraw
his favor. There is no doubt that Columbus would
have gained his point much sooner if he had not




30
pursued his private interest to such an unbounded
extent. He wanted to be hereditary Vice-King of
the countries he would discover, Grand Admiral in
those seas, and to receive other extraordinary perquisites. His demands were sufficient to awaken
the suspicion and excite the jealousy of any Prince,
and this was the cause of his failure. Ferdinand,
of Spain, afterwards eagerly took advantage of the
occasion of some complaints of the colony of Hispaniola against Columbus, to retrench his extraordinary privileges, which he never again recovered.
An improper advantage was attempted to be taken
of Columbus, and the dishonest proposition came
from the Bishop of Ceuta. He suggested a plan
by which, on the one hand, the desire of the King
might be gratified, and on the other, the extravagant
demands of Columbus might be evaded.
The plan was to make an attempt to discover this
western course without the aid of Columbus, under
the pretence of sending provisions to the Cape de
Verd Islands. A fleet was fitted out with orders to
sail westward, in the course laid down by Columbus,
and to ascertain if there were any signs of land.
This fleet, which was manned by persons totally
unqualified for the enterprize, sailed a few degrees
beyond the Cape de Verd Islands, and returned
with the report that they saw nothing but a boundless waste of water, and that the proposition of
Columbus was ridiculous. Columbus, without any
prospect of carrying his plans into execution, in
Portugal, and offended by the mean attempt of
cheating him out of his anticipated prize by the
secret expedition just alluded to, left Portugal in
disgust, and without the knowledge of his friends,




31
towards the end of the year 1484, during the time
that Behaim was absent with Diogo Cao, on his
voyage to the coast of Africa.
Columbus and Behaim continued their correspondence after the former left Portugal. Herrera
reports that Columbus called Behaim "his friend,"
and refers to him in his application for patronage to
the Spanish Court. Columbus, himself, was not
lost sight of by the Court of Portugal; as has been
observed, he was invited to return to Lisbon by
King John, in 1491. He refers to c his friend " of the
island of Fayal, and this leads us to presume that
an amicable relation, and most probably a correspondence, was sustained between them for years
after. The residence of Behaim on Fayal, which
is by one-half nearer to the presumed coast of Asia,
must have given a peculiar weight to his testimony
of the possibility of reaching the coast of Asia and
the East Indies by this western route. When Columbus was yet in Lisbon, Behaim, as it appears,
was not yet married; he married only after his
return from the voyage with Diogo Cao in 1486;
we can scarcely presume that he had been on the
island of Fayal before his marriage, and before
the departure of Columbus from Portugal. When,
then, he refers to Behaim as his "friend in Fayal,"
he must have been on intimate terms with him during the time that Behaim lived on the island. His
residence on this island was of essential service to
Columbus, for he was there placed in a position to
discover various traces of the existence of a country towards the west. From time to time large
masses of pine timber were deposited on the beach
of Fayal by currents from the west, and on the




32
shores of the neighboring island of Flores, were
found corpses of an unknown race of men, and
these circumstances were regarded as proofs of the
existence of a country to the west.
Even if we are far from ascribing to Behaim the
merit of discovering America, which is founded only
on the untenable presumption that, in his voyage to
Southern Africa, he was driven to the coast of
Brazil, as Cabral was subsequently, or that he was
once drifted to the coast of North America from
Fayal, of which, however, he says nothing on his
globe-if we ascribe to him no undeserved merit,
yet we maintain that he contributed essentially to
the execution of Columbus' plans by his astrolabe,
which enabled navigators to direct their course in
the open sea, as well as by the opinion, though erroneous, but which he shared with Columbus, of the
proximity of the coast of Asia, to which his reputation as a learned cosmograph, living so far on the
Western Ocean, gave peculiar weight.
If we examine the globe of Behaim, which he
constructed in 1492, the same year that Columbus
sailed on his first voyage of discovery, and observe
the short distance which he makes between Fayal
and the Antilles, and thence to the islands of the
Asiatic coast, we cannot for a moment doubt that
Behaim would have had no hesitation in undertaking
such a western voyage. He might, indeed, have
thought it more rational to follow the more certain
way to East India round Africa, which he himself
accomplished as far as the 22~ of south latitude,
and which he distinctly marks on his globe, although
Vasco de Gama first completely sailed over this
course.




33
In considering this subject, we must never lose
sight of the fact, that it was not the idea of discovering a new continent which determined lColumbus
to steer westward, but the object was to discover a
marine passage to the East Indies. Columbus had
no presentiment of a new continent; he merely presumed, that on this western way he would discover
many new islands and the eastern coast of Asia,
and of these new possessions, which he expected to
discover for the crown of Spain, he claimed the
rights and immunities of a Vice-King before he
sailed.
The new continent of America was discovered by
pure accident. Columbus, Vespucci, and generally
all the navigators of that day, had no other idea
than that it was the eastern coast of Asia which they
had discovered. Both these men died in that conviction. They, as well as the Portuguese and Spaniards generally, were not satisfied with the discovery
of these countries, so long as the anticipated way
to the East Indies was not found in that direction.
Even all subsequent voyages, also the last of Columbus and Vespucci, had no other design in view
than to discover a passage to the East Indies,
through or over those large Asiatic Islands, as they
thought, or at least preliminarily to reach the Spice
Islands of Molucca.  The opinion, that America
was a part of Asia, was entertained by the geographers during the whole of the sixteenth century.
At first the newly discovered coast of the American
continent was regarded as a part of Asia, stretching far to the east. Subsequently, North and South
America appear on the maps as two divided islands
at a moderate distance from the continent of East



34
ern Asia. South America is the proper New World,
and bears the name America. North America continues to be small, and is frequently associated with
Cuba under the same name. Still later, when the
discovery was made that there was no passage
through the Isthmus of Panama, and Magellan had
sailed out into the Pacific Ocean, America again
becomes a part of the continent of Asia, extending
eastwardly far out into the sea. It would be interesting, if we had time, to follow the various changes
on the most ancient maps.
On his second voyage, in 1494, Columbus made
his crew swear, as he himself believed, that the
coast of Cuba was the extreme end of the continent of Asia, a part of the province of Mango, of
the southern section of Cathai, (China,) and that it
might be reached by land from Spain. Towards
the end of 1500, he writes to Donna Juana de la
Torre, governess of the infant Don Juan, "if the
new countries discovered by me are not so highly
appreciated as the other parts of India, it is owing
to personal hostility; from these lands commerce
will be extended to Arabia Felix and to Mecca."
In a letter, which he wrote in July, 1504, on his
fourth and last voyage, he thus expresses himself:
" On the 13th of May, I arrived in the province of
Mango, which borders on the coast of China.
From Ciguara, in the land of Veragua, there are
but ten days travel to the river Ganges." In a letter to Pope Alexander, in 1502, he says: "I have
discovered 1500 islands and 333 miles of the continent of Asia." He promises the Pope, from the
profits of his discoveries, to support for seven years
50,000 infantry and 5,000 cavalry for the conquest




35
of the Holy Sepulchre; and declares that it was
Satan alone who prevented him thus far, as he had
fondly hoped, to gather annually a ton of gold."
Vespucci also, in a letter to Pier Francisco de Medicis, says, that his discoveries related to the boundless country of Asia." Vespucci had as little conception of a new continent as Columbus. Whatever
geographical errors these men may have entertained, it is certain that Martin Behaim aided them
essentially in their discoveries.
Whether Behaim was intimately acquainted with
Vespucci, cannot be determined from Spanish or
Portuguese documents. It is a remarkable fact,
that Vespucci's name is no where mentioned in
Portuguese archives. But still we should not wonder at this apparent oversight, when we know that
many persons of distinction and many important
events have been passed over in silence by the authors of those days. Facts crowded upon them
too thickly to record every thing. In general, they
were satisfied with mentioning only the commanders
of an expedition. The subordinate officers and the
astronomers are frequently unnoticed. The latter,
on the other hand, who not improperly regarded
themselves as the principal characters of the expedition, as they directed the course of the ship in
these voyages of discovery, very seldom in their
reports mention the names of the commanders.
Thus, for instance, Behaim, when he speaks of his
voyage four distinct times on his globe, in no place
mentions Diogo Cao. Vespucci himself, who accompanied these expeditions only as astronomer
and cosmograph, makes no secret of the fact, that
he had a superior officer over him, but he speaks
5




36
with little respect of the scientific attainments of
these officers, and never mentions their names in
his reports. Besides, many important reports of
those days may have been lost: in others, frequently
momentous circumstances are omitted. Thus, for
example, the celebrated Spanish historian of the
West Indies, Herrera, who mentions Behaim, knows
nothing of the Italian savant Toscanelli who corresponded with Columbus, and to whom the latter
is probably indebted for his idea of finding a westward way to the East India. Thus also the cotemporaneous Spanish writer, Oviedo, does not even
once allude to Vespucci, who was at the same time
held in such high respect by the Spanish Court.
The name of Christovalo Jaquez, a great navigator
of those days, does not occur, where we would
most certainly expect to find it, in the Records of
Domiano de Goes, nor in the general catalogue of
Portuguese voyages by Faria y Sousa. In the letters of Vespucci the name of Columbus occurs but
once, and then he is mentioned as the discoverer of
the island Antillia. Thus, until the more recent
investigations of Munioz, it was not known where
Vespucci died; and if we wonder that the name of
Behaim is not found in the present Portuguese archives, and from this fact conclude that he was not
highly esteemed in that country, we must also wonder that the name of Vespucci is not found in the
same archives, and yet we know that he was four
years in the service of Portugal, performed two
voyages to America at the expense of the king, and
was in other respects honored by the government.
There can be no doubt that Behaim, who spent
his time between Fayal and Lisbon, became ac



37
quainted with Vespucci, and that these two men of
similar tastes and pursuits should have frequently
consulted about the most probable method of finding a western way to the East. It is certain that
Vespucci used the improved astrolabe of Behaim,
as well as Columbus. In a letter in which he
speaks of his first voyage in the service of Portugal,
he complains of the ignorance of the mariners, and
says that the expedition would have lost its way
entirely after a storm, if he had not set them right
by the use of the astrolabe and quadrant.
Behaim's connexion with the discovery of the
Straits of Magellan, which Wagenseil ascribes to
him, is very remarkable. Magellan, embittered by
the ingratitude of the King of Portugal, whom he
had faithfully served five years, attached himself to
the service of Spain in 1517. He exhibited to the
bishop of Burgos, a beautiful painted globe on
which was described the course he intended to take
in finding the way to the East. The Straits, however, through which he intended to pass, he purposely left white on his globe, so that no person
might discover his secret. When pressed by the
ministers, he declared his purpose to be to sail
southward from the mouth of Rio de Solis (now
Rio de la Plata) until he came to the Straits. He
was certain of finding it, for he had seen it marked
on a chart of Martin Behaim, a celebrated Portuguese geographer, and that this chart threw much
light on the subject.
Pigofetta, who accompanied Magellan on this
expedition and kept an extensive journal, and one of
the few who returned in good health, says: "On the
21st of October, 1520, we discovered a Strait, to




38
which we gave the name of the Eleven Thousand
Virgins, to whom that day was consecrated. This
Strait is one-hundred and ten miles long and a half
mile wide. It extends into another sea, to which
we gave the name of Pacific. High, snow covered
mountains surround it; it is also very deep, so that
we could not cast anchor excepting very near the
shore, and then only in twenty-five or thirty fathoms.
Without the superior knowledge of our commander
we never would have found the outlet of this Strait,
for we all thought it was closed at the other end,
but our commander who was as skillful as he was
adventurous, knew that he had to steer through a
remarkably narrow and unknown passage which he
had seen designated on a chart prepared by the
celebrated cosmographer, Martin Behaim." Supported by this testimony, the distinguished author,
William Postellus, (born in 1510 in Normandy,)
called this Strait Fretum.Martini Bohemi.
How are we to account for the fact that Behaim
mentions this narrow passage between the two seas,
and yet we have no account of his having been
there? But what he did from 1494 to 1506, when
he died in Lisbon, (that is, twelve years,) is wholly
unknown to us. It is not impossible that he may
have seen the Straits and designated them on his
chart from actual observation, though we have no
account of it. The last letter from him extant is of
the date of 1494, and his absence on distant expeditions may account for this interruption in his correspondence. This is a very probable surmise. On
the island of Fayal, he was one third nearer
America than the Portuguese-the Azores were a
usual landing place for ships on their way to




39
America; Columbus himself on the return from his
first voyage (February 13, 1493) landed on the
island of St. Maria; the inhabitants of the Azores
were enterprizing seamen who carried their commerce even to Ireland. Behaim was in 1494, in
which his last letter is dated, but thirty-five years of
age, a man in the vigor of life. Under such circumstances, we feel almost compelled to assume, that a
man so ardently devoted to marine affairs and
geography, and who was so much nearer to America
than the inhabitants of Europe, could not resist the
impulse of making a voyage to the new and much
talked of country. It was precisely at the time' that
Behaim had returned to Portugal and to Fayal
from his visit to Nurnberg, that the Portuguese were
most actively engaged in finding a southern passage
to India on the eastern coast of South America; is
it at all improbable that Behaim accompanied some
of these expeditions and actually accomplished the
passage through the Strait himself!
We are not to assume that no other expeditions
sailed towards America than those of which Spanish
and Portuguese writers make mention, and hence
that Behaim never visited the Strait, because no
writer gives us any account of it. Even some of
the government expeditions are not noticed by
authors; but besides these, there were not a few
secret adventures on private account, which of
course are not recorded, but by means of these,
intercourse between the two hemispheres was comparatively frequent.
Even if we cannot positively assume that Behain
himself ever saw the Strait, yet the designation of
it on his map can be naturally accounted for on the




40
ground that he presumed there must be a passage
and he marked it down before it was really discovered. Even if he never had been in Brazil, yet
the different expeditions to the Brazilian coast, and
particularly those of Vespucci, taught him that the
newly discovered country of 10~ south latitude extended towards south-west, and that the presumed
and long sought for passage must eventually be
found further towards the south. He marked it on
his map agreeably to the custom of the geographers
of that day, who not only introduced what was
demonstrated to be geographical truth, but also
their own probable conjectures and assumptions.
He had the analogy of Africa before him, which
extends far towards south-east, but which finally
terminates in a point which can be sailed around.
Behaim had also marked on his globe the eastern
coast of Africa and the whole passage to India,
although this prescribed way was actually sailed
over for the first time six years later by Vasco de
Gama.
But what shall we say to this remarkable fact,
that a geographer in the centre of Germany, far
removed from all connexion with the navigators of
the west, not only designated with tolerable exactness the figure of South America, but even the
Straits subsequently named after Magellan, before
Magellan discovered them? This was actually
done by John Schoner in 1520, a celebrated geographer of Nurnberg, whose charts and globes, as
well as those of Apianus of the same period,
separate North and South America from Asia and
Japan by a sea, whilst other maps of that day
regard America as a part of Asia or in close con



41
nexion with it. This globe is still preserved in the
city library of Nurnberg. Magellan discovered the
Strait on October 21, 1520; in the same year,
Schoner finished his globe in Bamberg; he could
not have heard of this discovery in time to have
marked it on his globe which was finished the same
year that the discovery was made, but besides this,
we knew that he had designated the Strait on another globe five years before! The question is,
whence did he derive his information of a southern,
but yet nameless passage into the Pacific Ocean,
but from Behaim? Schoner had studied in Nurnberg, where be became well acquainted with the
correspondents and relatives of Behaim, and most
probably corresponded with him himself, and thus
gained his information. In the preparation of his
globe, he would naturally consult the great astronomers and geographers of the day, and standing in
close connexion with those of his own country, and
hearing all about Behaim's discoveries and well
founded assumptions, he adopted them and transferred them to his globe; and yet strange to say,
this same man who in 1520 had tolerably correct
geographical ideas, thirteen years later (1533) abandoned the opinion that America was a distinct
country, and wrote a quarto to prove that the
American islands constituted a part of Asia. He
says, that later investigations establish this fact!
Whatever we may think of the relation of Behaim
to the discovery of the Straits of Magellan, it cannot
appear unreasonable that Postell should have given
it the name of Fretum Martini Bohemi. Magellan
according to indisputable documents, had repeatedly
acknowledged that he had found this Strait desig



42
nated on a chart of Behaim, and that this chart
awakened in him the idea of sailing through this
passage to the Moluccas. The honor of having
really found the way to the Spice Islands through
the Strait, belongs to Magellan, but it should have
retained the name of him to whom the adventurous
navigator himself confesses that he owed the knowledge of the passage.
We shall now speak more particularly of Behaim's globe, to which allusion has several times
been made.
It has been stated that his principal residence
was the island of Fayal, where he was engaged in
the service of Portugal. It appears that his correspondence with his relations in Nurnberg was not
very active. He had been absent too long to be on
very intimate terms with the family at home.
In 1491 he visited them in Nurnberg. His brother, Wolf, who resided in Lyons, wrote to his cousin
in Nurnberg thus: "I am sorry to hear that my
brother Martin is still with you, leading such a singular life. I wish we were entirely rid of him."
It is likely that the free and easy manners of a
southern sailor, did not exactly suit the sober industry and rigid morals of the staid old Nurnbergers.
They expected that the knighted Martin should devote himself from morning to evening to the duties
of the counting room, or to some other utilitarian
pursuit, with the same activity that characterized
the sons of the Nurnberger merchants. Instead of
this, he did nothing but spend his time in an amateur cultivation of a small garden. This brought in
no money, and his economical neighbors regarded
it as an unprofitable waste of time. His brother




43
Wolf, who must have been a great utilitarian,
thought he might open a trade in vegetables! His
mode of life gave great offence, and more particularly
when they discovered that his rank as a knight
would not allow him, according to the Portuguese
notions of propriety, to engage in commerce of any
kind.
Behaim had become a sailor, and as was the case
with all Portuguese seamen of that day, he was
always ready to peril his life at sea or in battle
against the Moors by land, but little inclined to a
regular, continuous business requiring sedentary,
quiet labor. The manners of the Portuguese at
that time differed so much from those of the Germans, that a Portuguese who remained in Germany,
every where gave offence. Even their costume was
too gay and frivolous for the sober and plain dressed
Nurnbergers.  When Behaim's son visited his
father's relatives in Nurnberg in 1520, he was compelled to lay aside his Portuguese dress, and to buy
a plain black German suit. From all this, it is
evident that Martin Behaim was no very welcome
guest to the friends of his family in Nurnberg.
The principal design of his visit to that city, may
have been to settle affairs relative to his inheritance,
for his mother had died in 1487. It is certain that
he returned to Portugal much richer than when he
left it. He remained in Nurnberg two years.
It was not, however, horticultural recreations
alone that occupied his time during these two years.
Together with the prosecution of his favorite
studies, he constructed the celebrated globe which
is to this day preserved in the family of Behaim.
An inscription on it, asserts that he made it in 1492
6




44
at the request of three persons, the principal citizens, and leaves it in the city as a memento of his
sojourn. It is crowded with notices of the various
islands and regions, some of which are curious
enough.
The diameter of the globe is two feet. The
material of which it is constructed is pasteboard,
covering a wooden frame.   This pasteboard is
coated with gypsum, and over this again is stretched
parchment on which the drawings are made. An
iron axis goes through the centre. The sea is
painted in ultra marine, the land is brown and
green; the tops of the snow mountains are white.
The inscriptions and names are of different colors,
in gold, silver, white and yellow. The meridian is
iron; the horizon is brass, and the whole is supported on an iron tripod. As may be expected,
time has wrought some changes in its appearance;
the ultra marine has become black, and the other
colors have become pale. It is now preserved with
great care by the family, and in 1847 a perfect facsimile of it was made for the Academy of Paris,
and a copy was also left with the family. There is
no notice of America on this globe.
Behaim returned to Portugal as we have seen in
1493. Soon after his arrival, he was sent by King
John on a secret embassy to the Netherlands, with
which the Emperor Maximilian was in some way
connected. The fact is, it concerned the emperor's
own son Philip, who was about to ascend the throne
of the lower countries. The reason why Behaim
was sent, and not a native Portuguese, was doubtless from consideration to the emperor himself.
Behaim was not unknown to him, and he had




45
openly declared Behaim to be the most extensively
travelled citizen of the German empire. But in
relation to Philip also, a native of the Netherlands,
the selection was appropriate, for Behaim had lived
in that country, had married there, and understood
the language as well as the German.
He could not at first successfully execute his
mission. On the voyage from Lisbon to the Netherlands, the ship was captured by an English
corsair, and he was conveyed to England as a prisoner.  The complaint against the piracy of the
English at that time was universal. Even English
nobles were engaged in the nefarious business. In
1470, an English corsair named Falconbridge, a
nephew of the Earl of Warwick, who at that time
governed England, captured twelve Portuguese
merchant ships in the channel, and plundered them.
The Portuguese received permission from their
King Alphonsus to make reprisals by which the
English marine interests suffered to such an extent,
that King Edward sent commissioners to Portugal
to negotiate for a cessation of the practice.
Behaim was detained in England with his attendants, three months. He was several times so reduced by fever, that he conceived himself on the
point of death. After his recovery, he escaped from
captivity by the help of a pirate, who conveyed him
by night over the channel to the coast of France.
Thence he went to the Netherlands in execution of
his commission. It is not known what the precise
object of it was, but soon after the arrival of Maximilian in the Netherlands, Behaim suddenly left
with a despatch to his sovereign. He wrote to his
friends in Nurnberg, (March 37, 1494,) that he in



46
tended to remain in Portugal until Whitsuntide, and
then return to Fayal. This is the last letter from
him that is extant. Of his destiny from 1494 to 1506,
we know nothing. That he stood in the highest
esteem in Lisbon, is evident from the fact that the
Cavalier Diego Gomez, dedicated to him a report
on the discovery of America, besides the confidence
reposed in him by King John. With the death of
King John, the affairs of Behaim took an unfavorable turn. The King died October 25, 1495; under
his successor Manuel, Behaim seems to have lost
his position at the court of Portugal. It is not certain that he had fallen into disgrace, at least, Pigofetta reports, that the King had a chart of Behaim
suspended in his chamber, on which the subsequently discovered Straits of Magellan are distinctly
marked, and this is regarded as presumptive evidence that he was still esteemed by the King.
The years between 1494 and 1506, were rich in
expeditions to the west and east, and we can only
conjecture how Behaim was employed during that
period. We do not certainly know whether he took
part in any of them, but this is certain that he became poor, and for this we cannot account, for he
brought a considerable sum with him from Nurnberg. Under King John II, he doubtless drew a
salary from the court which he served as equerry.
Later important discoveries, as that of the Cape
of Good Hope, the marine passage to the East
Indies and of America, obscured his merits to some
extent; younger men rose up prominently; most
probably King Manuel on his accession, either
reduced his salary or withdrew it altogether. Now
he was obliged to have recourse to his private




47
funds, for his knightly dignity forbade him to engage
in commerce, and besides, it is likely he had but
little taste for such employments. From the restless sea life, and love of adventure, the luxury and
enormous expense of living, the ostentatious and
wasteful extravagance which prevailed in Portugal
at that time, when every body sought his fortune
at sea, and hoped without any trouble to become
rich again in the East Indies,-from these causes,,
his patrimony could very easily be spent. Behaim
was not the only man in Portugal about that time,
who fiom an exalted position in society, was brought
down to penury and want. Camoens, the celebrated author of the Lusiad, (born 1517,) who had
resided a long time in India, spent the last years of
his life in Lisbon in wretched poverty, and subsisted
on alms, which a slave begged for him in the streets
at night. Pock, a cotemporary writer, gives us an
idea of life in Portugal. He tells us that men became rich and poor very suddenly-that the idea of
saving money never entered their minds, and that
they would maintain an outward appearance of
state and luxury, even if at home the most lamentable destitution prevailed.  "This is their way
here "-he says-" if a man has ten ducats he must
have a scarlet coat, a silver sword, a guitar to serenade the ladies with at night. In Portugal, the air
is poisoned with pride.  They are the proudest
people that can be found in the world; they ride
the whole day through the streets with four servants
walking behind them, and when they return home,
instead of having fowls and other roast meats to
eat, they devour a radish seasoned with salt."




48
Probably Behaim was enticed into these extravagant habits, and he became poor. But sea faring
men seldom become rich; Columbus and Vespucci
were both poor, however eagerly the former sought
after the acquisition of wealth. It may be that
Behaim lost his fortune in some unsuccessful private expedition, for we can hardly suppose that
such an adventurous, restless spirit as he would be
content with the inactive life of a plain citizen. He
may have joined one of those numerous expeditions
of the day, and like many other bold adventurers
before him and since, paid the price of his rashness
by the loss of his fortune. Thus we can explain
why it was that he often found himself in pecuniary
straits during his repeated sojourns in Lisbon, for
after the death of John II, he probably drew no
pension from the court.
Behaim died July 29, 1506, in a hospital instituted
by the Germans in Lisbon, and was buried in the
Dominican church. He left one son, but he does
not appear to have inherited the talents or energy
of his father.
It is not known whether this son has left any
descendants. Most probably that branch of the
family died out with the decease of the son, but the
father, Martin Behaim, though not represented by
any posterity, has achieved for himself a name that
will be handed down to the latest generation, and
cherished with veneration by all men of science.




MEMOIR
OF THE
BARON DE KALB,
READ AT THE MEETING
OF THE
||m  gRl U Jm i  ainwi l joif lg,
7th January, 1858,
BY J. SPEAR SMITH.
BALTIMORE:
PRINTED BY JOHN D. TOY.
1858.








DE KALB.
GENTLEMEN:
THE recent presentation to the Society of a fine portrait
of the Baron de Kalb, offers a proper occasion for some
notice of this distinguished officer of the Revolutionary
War. And, it may not be the less appropriate, from his
having bpen in command of the Maryland Line from
1780 until his death.
John, Baron de Kalb, Baron de Kalsbritt, &c. was
born in 1732, near Nuremburg, in the dominions of
Prussia. His parents were Protestants, and of some note
among the noblesse of the country. They had it, therefore, in their power to give him a good education, and to
imbue him with those high moral qualities, which ever
distinguished his future life. At an early age he entered
the service of France, as a cadet, in a German regiment.
He rose by degrees to the rank of General of Brigade,
and, in reward of his gallantry, was made a Knight of
the Royal Order of Merit. Serving through the whole
of the seven years war, and uniting a close study of the
military art, with its practice in the field and in garrison,
he became an accomplished soldier. The treaty of peace
of 1763, put an end to his active duties and threw him
into retirement.
This inactivity was not of long duration, as, soon after
the date of the treaty, he was selected by the Duke de
Choiseul, to visit America for the purpose of inquiring into




4
the military capabilities, political condition, and popular
sentiment of the British Colonies. The confidence thus
reposed in him, was a flattering manifestation of the
reliance of that great statesman, on his talent and discretion, in the execution of so delicate a trust. It required
zeal, secresy, perspicacity and fidelity. It seems to have
been faithfully discharged by him.  But, ample and
accurate as no doubt were his investigations, they have
never been made public, and are probably still buried in the
archives of France. It is no unfair conjecture to suppose,
that the Baron was fully cognizant of the patriotic opposition made in 1761 by Jame Otis to the famous "Writs
of Assistance." That opposition was, for the period, as
astounding in its fearless defiance of the crown, as it was
eloquent and logical, in the argument.  The report of
this prompt resistance of lawless power, soon pervaded
the colonies, and in its traverse, awakened every mind to
anxious thought, and every heart, to stern self-reliance.
It is hardly an exaggeration to say that, this bold movement was the beginning of the revolution. Not that Mr.
Otis, or any other man caused it. The inbred devotion to
liberty, common to all, was the real and dominating constituent of that happy result. Without it, there would
have been no successful revolt.  This ennobling sentiment came in with the Pilgrims of the East-with the
companions of Smith-the followers of Penn-and the
associates of Baltimore. As it came, so it continued, and
when assailed, all banded for its defence.
These incipient discontents, with the ardent and unceasing discussions of them, would naturally make a
vivid impression on a mind, so discerning as that of De
Kalb. And the more so as, from a comparison of dates,
he may have really witnessed, as the sequence of them,
the meeting of the first Congress at Newv York in 1765.




5
The design of this convention being to bring about a
union for the concentrated action of the colonies, imparted a still more threatening aspect to a dissatisfaction,
now become so universal. It is probable, therefore, that
he looked forward, with no little assurance, to the fruitful
consequences that might result, from such grave events.
Nor is it less likely that, knowing the far-reaching policy
of De Choiseul,* he felt great satisfaction in noting down
these very remarkable proceedings.   But, prior to his
return from this tour of investigation, the latter was
driven from the post of prime minister of Louis XV. by
the intrigues of the infamous Duke d'Aiguillon, and the
influence of Madame du Barri, the King's mistress.
And so little importance was attached to the mission of
De Kalb, by a degraded and frivolous court, that he had
infinite difficulty in obtaining even an audience of the
new minister, to render an account of the information he
had gathered.   De Choiseul had been cautiously preparing to retaliate on England, the injuries she had inflicted on his country. D'Aiguillon, the new premier, was
careless of every thing but the retention of the power, he
had so ignobly acquired.   The former, in retribution
of the loss to France of her colonies, had been aiming to
wrench from England her transatlantic possessions, whilst
the latter was prostrating the honor of the realm and the
dignity of the crown, in the sensual revels of an imbecile
King, and in base sycophancy to a low-bred courtezan.
France being still at peace, and De Kalb freed from
active public duties, he retired to a small estate which he
possessed, near Versailles. There, in the midst of his
family circle, he devoted himself to literary and agricul* Talleyrand said of the Duke-" Of all the men of our age, he possessed
the greatest foresight, and as early as 1769 he felt assured of the separation
of America from England." Sur les Colonies.




6
tural pursuits. In this seclusion he continued, until the
conflict between Great Britain and her colonies had become so animated, as to arouse all his feelings in their
behalf.
The profoundest mortification was felt by the French
army, at the disgraceful stipulations of the treaty of 1763.
They had shorn France to the quick. Whole provinces
were wrested from her sceptre, and her glory in arms,
was deeply stained. England had not only seized the
Canadas, and occupied her insular colonies, but had
nearly annihilated her navy, in repeated victories. By
the treaty, the magnificent empire she had built up in
America, was surrendered. Acquisitions, stretching from
tlie Atlantic to the sources of the Mississippi, were forever
lost. These vast territories, with the valley of that great
river, to its embouchure in the Gulf of Mexico, gave her
the signal stratagetical advantage, of almost encircling
the sea-board colonies of her enemy.  An attitude so
commanding, ceased with the annexation to the British
crown, of the French North American domain.
The French people also, were as indignant as was the
army, at these national disasters.  Canada was dear to
them, not only from religious sympathy, but from the
family ties which connected its inhabitants with them, in
the most affectionate relations. There was scarce a province in France, unrepresented in this cherished abode.
The first European settlers in these northern regions
were exclusively French. No other had preceded them,
nor had any other, up to the war of 1756, ever interfered
with their happy and peaceful homes. Their clergy had
diligently ministered to the wants of their flocks, and
with a zeal worthy the best days of Christianity, had
penetrated the distant wilds, bearing with them  the
meekness and purifying influences of the gospel.  Cov



7
ered with productive farms and thriving villages, French
laws, habits and associations pervaded the whole colony.
The sacrifice of such a possession might justly arouse the
strongest feeling of indignation throughout France, and
well excite her people to grasp any opportunity for its
recovery, or for visiting the fullest retribution on the despoiler. Hence it was that, at a later period, both the army
and people so enthusiastically sided with us, and that the
timely and powerful aid of their government, was so liberally extended to the revolted British colonies.
His visit to these colonies, had made the Baron de Kalb
intimately acquainted with their resources and means of
defence, and the indomitable character of their people.
Sympathizing with them in their resistance to oppression,
whilst participating ardently in the:" repinings, excited
by the ruinous peace of 1163, he was foremost in the
proffer of his assistance. His zeal in the cause seems to
have admitted of no procrastination, and to have led him
to an early interview with the American agents, Dr.
Franklin and Silas Deane. After several conferences he
finally come to an agreement with them.
Among the important objects of the agency of these
gentlemen, in Paris, was that of securing the services of
capable officers, not only for commands, but to assist,
with their experience, in training our undisciplined levies
for the field. In November 1776, the Baron signed his
contract with Mr. Deane, as well for himself as for
Capt. Du Bois Martin* and a few others, he had the privilege of nominating. His engagement was to serve the
United States under the orders of Congress, and in return,
to have the rank of Major General, with its incidents; his
aides to be Majors. The contract being executed, he at
-IS. Memoir of Du Bois Martin, Port Folio, No. 9, Md. Hist. Soc.




8
once entered on the task of obtaining other defenders of
the American cause, from the ranks of the French army.
Among those who, at the time were entertaining the same
desire of uniting in the contest, was the Marquis De Lafayette, the most renowned, and the most important.
Though strongly opposed by his family and his friends,
he yet, at a conference with De Kalb, came to his final
decision. His agreement with Mr. Deane was signed in
December, being one month later than that of the Baron.
He also was to have the rank of Major General.
As France had not yet declared war, all the movements
of these officers had to be conducted with the utmost
secrecy. Not the least of their difficulties was to get out of
France either by land or sea, so closely were they watched
by the British Embassador, and their own authorities.
They could not openly charter a vessel, nor could they
embark at any of the French ports. Capt. Dubois Martin
seems to have been the efficient agent, who, by his activity
and boldness, overcame all impediments. At the time, he
was a Captain of Infantry of a Regiment stationed at
St. Domingo, but had previously been in the French
Navy. By means of his brother, who was in the civil
service, he had an interview with the Marquis, and then
solved the difficulty, by proposing that the latter should
supply the means of purchasing a vessel. This proposal
was accepted without hesitation, and Du Bois Martin empowered to make the purchase.  This, as he says, "I
accomplished that very night before I slept." The vessel
being equipped, the gallant officers who were to sail in
her to our shores had the good fortune, through many
perils, and in various disguises, to elude their pursuers,
and to make a speedy and safe embarkation. They sailed
from the small Spanish port of Passage in March 1777,
and after a tedious voyage, arrived at Winyaw Bay, in




9
South Carolina, in the following June.  It is probable
the vessel was commanded by Du Bois Martin, as he says
in his memoir, "The perfect success of the enterprise of
course afforded, me great delight. In the month of June,
I landed the Marquis and his suite of officers near Charleston."  He further adds, we were pursued, "by boats sent
to arrest us, by the Governor of Bordeaux-our answer to
our pursuers was, that we would throw into the sea, the
first man who attempted to board us." The reception of
these officers by the people of Charleston, was so gratifying, and indeed, enthusiastic as to have largely added to
the satisfaction, they felt, in having undertaken so gallant
an adventure. But, more important matters than cordial
greetings, and brilliant fetes, were before them, and after
a brief sojourn, they took their departure for the north.
On their arrival at Philadelphia, Congress, after some
painful delays, ratified the appointment of the Marquis, to
the rank of Major General, on the last of July.  This
enabled him to be earlier in the field than De Kalb, who
encountered still greater difficulty. He did not receive
his commission until the 15th of September.  It was,
however, antedated, so as to be c6temporaneous with that
of the Marquis. Gen. Conway, then a Brigadier, warmly
opposed the appointment of the former, urging that he
was a new man, had seen no service here, was his inferior
in the French army, and therefore, should not now be
made to outrank him. But, Congress, feeling bound to
redeem the pledges given by its agents abroad, turned a
deaf ear to the complaints of this turbulent and conceited
officer, and in the end, fulfilled the compact between Mr.
Deane and the Baron. From that moment, until his
death, he devoted himself zealously, to the responsible
charges entrusted to him.
2




10
Early in October, sanctioned by the authority of Congress, he applied to the Commander in Chief, for active
service. But, as no vacancy existed, all the divisions of
the army having their chiefs, it was found impossible to
accede to his wish. After the fall of Fort Mifflin, in
November, he was sent, with Generals Knox and St.
Clair, by Washington, to decide on the expediency of
retaining possession of Fort Mercer, at Red Bank, on the
Jersey Shore, and of thus being enabled to keep the
enemy's fleet in check, or of withdrawing the troops
from a post, they had so long, and so bravely defended.
In their report, they advised the retention of the position, and that it should be strengthened, by an additional
force. This was done, and the whole command entrusted
to General Greene.
During the same month he was a member of the
Council of General Officers, to which was submitted the
question of attacking, or of beleaguering the enemy, in
Philadelphia. It was decided that the strength of the
British defences, stretching from the Schuykill to the
Delaware, was too formidable, to admit of a successful
assault, and that the American army was not in sufficient force to besiege such extended lines. A siege also,
was the less promising, from the access, in the rear, to
the river which the enemy enjoyed, for obtaining his supplies. Both of these plans were abandoned. In the vote
of four, for an attack, and eleven against it, the Baron,
always remarkable for his prudence, took his place with
the latter.
He is next found in a situation which bid fair for active
service, and which was every way congenial to his feelings. A projet for an attack on Canada, was, without
the sanction of Washington, hastily formed in February,
1778. Lafayette was ordered by Congress to lead the




11
invading force, of which Conway was to be one of the
Generals. There being no other of higher rank, detailed
for that service, he would necessarily, have been next in
command to the Marquis.   The latter however, soon
disappointed this ambitious device, by insisting on having De Kalb, assigned to the very responsible post, so
artfully obtained by Conway.  But, the ill-digested
scheme fell through, from a sheer want of an adequate
force, and of sufficient resources.  Generals Lafayette
and De Kalb were, therefore, ordered to return immediately to Head Quarters, with the few troops they found
at Albany.
In May, the army being still at Valley Forge, and the
British in Philadelphia, another council of war was
convened to again decide whether an attack should be
attempted. The objections to it, which existed on the
previous occasion, having undergone no change, it was
unanimously advised, to remain on the defensive and
wait for events. On the 18th June, however, the enemy
having evacuated the City, and crossed the Delaware,
Gen. Washington was enabled to take the field, and to
commence offensive operations.
During the campaign of the last year, 178, the Maryland and Delaware regiments, which always acted in one
body, were under the command of Major General Sullivan, who being detached to the north, that duty devolved
on Gen. Smallwood. The campaign of 1779, was one
of stratagetic movements and combinations, rather than of
conflict, between the belligerents, each one aiming to
out-general the other, and thus, to gain the vantage
ground.
In March, 1780, we find De Kalb at the head of the
troops which defended the lines, from Elizabethtown to
Amboy, and in April, being put in command of the




12
Maryland Division; he was ordered to the South. When
these orders were received, the Division was at Morristown, but no time was permitted to elapse, before its
march was begun.    It was composed, as usual of the
Maryland and Delaware battalions.    Throughout the
war, they acted as one body, and wherever the storm of
battle raged fiercest, or the deadly strife was the most
desperate and sanguinary, there were they ever foremost.
To be selected for the command of sueh men was a high
honor, one too, for which De Kalb was deeply grateful,
and which he was always proud to acknowledge.
The long journey from New Jersey to South Carolina,
was made on foot, with the exception of the passage from
Elkton, to Petersburg, in Virginia. The two brigades,
one under Smallwood, and the other, under Gist, had not
the satisfaction of passing through Baltimore, so urgent
was the state of affairs in the South. Thus, the pleasure
was denied them, of being welcomed by that genial hospitality, for which she has ever been distinguished. All
classes would have vied with each other in tendering to
them, the most affectionate attentions. They were not
only brethren in patriotism, but really so, from the more
endearing ties of kindred. The Legislature of the State
however, made liberal appropriations, for the comfort of
both officers and men, whose spirit was thus cheered on,
to the endurance of the dangers and hardships before
them. In their tedious march, they were subjected to
unceasing difficulties, as well from want of food, as from
a scarcity of the means of transportation, in a thinly
settled and wasted country. These became the greater,
as their distance from Petersburg increased, and on their
arrival at Hillsborough, in N. Carolina, it was necessary
to halt for a few days, to restore the vigor of the men.
It'was hoped too that, during this delay, many of the




13
militia of N. Carolina and Virginia, who had been
aroused to renewed activity, by the advent of De Kalb,
would reach the camp.
The Baron was not entirely disappointed in these expectations, and having refreshed his troops, he moved on
towards South Carolina. At Deep River, where he arrived on the 6th July, he was overtaken by Gen. Gates,
who had been appointed by Congress, not by Washington, to the chief command, in the South. The success at
Saratoga, had given him a high repute, for military
genius, and the most unbounded confidence was reposed
in his ability, by the country. Not so, however, by those
who knew him better. De Kalb received him with all
the military honors, due to his rank, and handed over to
him the command of the men, he had so well conducted,
through intense sufferings, to the scene of action. When
the Baron was chosen by Washington, the South was
under the command of Gen. Lincoln, to whose aid the
Maryland division was detached. But, should any untoward event displace the latter, De Kalb would necessarily oqcupy the vacant post. The capitulation of Charleston, in May, caused Lincoln to return to the North, and
that event, for which the prudence of Washington had
prepared, resulted in the command devolving on the
Baron. Gates however, succeeded in counteracting the
effects of this forecast, and of these effective precautions,
of the commander in chief.  The latter, it was well
known, would have given the preference to Gen. Greene,
should Congress determine to confide the Southern Department, to some other than De Kalb. Gates had been
for some time, in fact, making the most zealous efforts to
obtain this honorable position. It would thwart Washington, minister to his own ambition, and, from the
imperfect means of intercommunication of the period,




14
render him nearly independent of the authority of one,
to whose high place, he enviously aspired, and to supplant whom, he had entered into the cabal of Conway
and others. In a letter which he addressed to a South
Carolina member of Congress, he invited earnest attention to the sufferings, and the claims to protection of the
South, and indicated the means, by which relief could be
afforded. This letter was read in Congress, and with
other appliances, led to his being commissioned by that
body, to the grave, and responsible duties, for which he
was so ill qualified, and which would have been so much
better discharged, by the general he displaced.
The main objects of this expedition were-to reinforce
Lincoln-to give heart to the whigs-to repress the tories,
and to rally around it, the armed men of Virginia and
North Carolina, whilst such a display would re-invigorate
the partisan corps of Sumpter, Marion, and Pickens. In
the mean time, if Lincoln's command were broken up, it
should encounter no useless risk, that might destroy this
plan, nor should it strike a blow, unless it could be done,
with telling effect, taking care to strain every ner,ve, to
harass or check the aggressor, by surprises, cutting off
convoys, and by all those annoyances, which damp the
ardor of an enemy, and demoralize an invading foe.
With these salutary views, ever present in the cautious,
and well trained mind of De Kalb, he was making his
slow, but prudent advances. The enemy being at Camden, under Lord Rawdon, he had determined to make a
circuitous march from Deep River, through a region where
his men could be well supplied; and with that aim, he
was preparing to establish magazines and hospitals. By
pursuing this course, he would have come down, on the
flank of the enemy, brought his column, well conditioned
into the field, whilst its strength would be increased, by




15
the reinforcements which would be daily joining his standard. To these advantages must be added the very great
one, of the improvement in the discipline, and consequent
steadiness of the militia, by a longer association with the
regular troops. It was an admirable design, worthy of
all praise, and if it had not been, in the end, attended by
brilliant achievements, it certainly never could have been
visited by the overwhelming disasters which an opposite
course inflicted. Had the original plan of the campaign
been adhered to, the brave sons of Maryland and Delaware would not have fallen a sacrifice to inflated vanity
and consummate negligence.
As soon as Gates assumed the command, he announced
his intention to march, in as direct a road as possible, to
Camden. All the officers remonstrated against this rash
step, urging the impracticability of the intervening country, its utter barrenness, and the debilitating effects on the
men, of such an exposure,-that they would be worn
down, from want of food, and thus reach the enemy's
post, enfeebled and dispirited by exhaustion and sickness.
The Adjutant General, O. H. Williams, presented these
objections, with all the force of his great ability and eminent soldiership.  The Virginia cavalry officers also,
begged him to delay but a few days, in order that their
men might join them, and thus, have an available force
of horse added to his command. He obstinately refused,
expecting to find the enemy greatly his inferior in numbers, and saying that Armand's troop would suffice. It
consisted of but sixty men. He reached the camp on the
25th July, and put the army en route, on the 27thmerely occupying these two days, in reviewing the troops,
and in issuing orders, for their departure. On the 13th
of August they encamped at Rugely's Mills, or Clermont,
and as had been foreseen, the men were reduced in effi



16
ciency, by hunger,* fatigue and dysentery.  Here he received advices from Gen. Sumpter, with a request for a
reinforcement of his small band, to enable him to capture
a British convoy, on its way to Camden. Gates, without
the least hesitation, complied, and detached four hundred
men and two pieces of artillery, under Col. Woolford of
Maryland.   One hundred of these men were regulars.
This was another false step, for, on the eve of assailing
the enemy, his whole force should have been kept well
together, in order to meet the varied contingencies of a
conflict, and the more so, as the number of his adversaries
was only conjectural.  Moreover, if he proved victorious,
the convoy would, necessarily, have fallen into his hands,
and if defeated, it would, as surely, be recaptured should
Sumpter have succeeded. So, it turned out, having been
retaken by Tarleton, after its seizure by Sumpter, with
the loss also, of the greater part of Woolford's men.
As soon as Lord Rawdon got wind of the approach of
Gates, he drew in all his outposts, strengthened his defences, with redoubts, and awaited the assault.   But,
being joined by Lord Cornwallis, with a strong reinforcement, they determined to assume the offensive. Their
army numbered full three thousand men, most of them
veterans, but all well enured to discipline, and to battle,
having also, a strong body of cavalry, under Tarleton,
and six heavy cannon. Except a body of North Carolinians, they were all regulars, and even this battalion had
served so long, as to have become equal to their associates.
The morning report of Adjutant General Williams,
puts the American army at three thousand and fifty men,
of whom more than one-half were militia, and the larger
portion of these were now, for the first time, in presence of
* I'It occurred to some, that the hair powder, which remained in their bags,
would thicken soup, and it was actually applied."-WILLIAMS' NARRATIVE.




17
an enemy. To these must be added seven pieces of artillery and the handful of horse under Lt. Col. Armand.
Thus, numerically, the adversaries were nearly equal.
In their qualifications for battle, there was the greatest
disparity. Viewing them in this light, the Americans
were outnumbered in the proportion of two to one, with
the disadvantage also, of a vast inferiority in cavalry.
Gen. Gates seemed to be under the strong conviction
that Lord Rawdon was much too weak, to withstand
him,-that it was too late for him to r eceive any succorand that, an undoubted conquest, was to crown him with
fresh laurels. He took things as they appeared-believed
they could undergo no change-and did not stoop to inform himself, of what was transpiring beyond his own
camp. Vain glorious, and inflated with the triumph over
Burgoyne, he had persuaded himself, as well as others,
that he was a great martial chieftain, and could rely, exclusively, on his own superior genius. A resort to the
experience of his subordinates, much less to more humble
sources of information, was superfluous to a leader of such
military sagacity. De Kalb, on the contrary, advised
their continuance at Clermont,-to strengthen a naturally
good position, and to wait, at least, for more reliable intelligence, than they now had. And, if attacked, it would
better suit the composition of the American army, to be
on the defensive than to stake a combat, in open field, on
a force so largely consisting of raw militia. Besides, the
enemy may have been reinforced, and if so, might possibly, have such an excess, as to render our attempts either
useless, or fatal to the expedition. Most of the officers
concurred in this reasoning. It was unheeded, and the
advance was ordered to take place, at ten, on the night of
the 15th. The design was, by a forced march, to take
3




18
the enemy by surprise, to fall on him    at dawn, and
achieve an easy victory.
Cornwallis, prompted by a like motive, left Camden,
about the same hour, to beat up the quarters of the
Americans, at Clermont. The advanced guards of the
two armies met in the dark, at midnight, and after a
skirmish of some minutes, fell back on their respective
lines. In this affair, Col. Porterfield* of Virginia, was
wounded, and afterwards made prisoner. Both generals
determined to pause until day-light, to form their order
of battle. And now, to his utter astonishment, Gates
learnt from a prisoner, that the enemy was commanded
by Cornwallis, in person, and that he had brought with
him from Charleston, a strong addition to the detachment,
at Camden. This led to another council of war, in which
it was rashly concluded to "fight."  This gallant, hut
imprudent decision, failed to receive the approval of De
Kalb, Williams, and others of the Continental line, they
preferring to return to the defensible ground at Clermont,t and the more so, as the intended surprise had
entirely failed.  When Williams summoned De Kalb to
the council, the Baron said,$ "Well, has the General
given you orders to retreat the army." A stolid indifference to such opinions, being clearly manifested, preparations were made, and by both parties, for the eventful
struggle.
Lord Cornwallis formed his alignment, by stationing
on his right wing, a corps of light infantry, with the 23d
and 33d regiments, headed by Lt. Col. Webster. Lord
Rawdon was assigned to the left, with the volunteers of
* A brave and excellent officer.
t "One hundred men there, I am told, would have defended the pass,
against the whole British army." —Gov. Nash of N. C. to Gen. Washington.SPARKS.
+ Williams' Narrative.




19
Ireland, the infantry of the Legion, a battalion of the N.
Carolina regiment, and four pieces of artillery.  The
71st regiment, with two field pieces, formed the reserve,
part covering the right, and the other, the left of the
array, with Tarleton's horse, in the'rear of the whole.*
Gen. Gates made his arrangements, by posting the 2d
Maryland Brigade, including the Delaware contingent,
on the right, under Gen. Gist.   The Virginia militia
were placed on the left, commanded by Gen. Stevens,
whilst those of N. Carolina, led by Gen. Casswell, formed
the centre, the greater part of the artillery occupying the
road.  The 1st Maryland Brigade, under Gen. Smallwood, constituted the reserve, including Armand's cavalry.
The extreme flanks of both armies rested on swamps.
De Kalb took his station with the right, Gates being some
200, yards in the rear, to overlook the combatants, and to
issue his orders.*
The mere statement of the American and British dispositions, shows the radical defects of the former, and the
superiority of the latter. The enemy's front was strong,
not only in the qualifications of the troops, but in the
stations of the artillery, as well as, in the adaptation of
the reserve to every emergency. Regulars on the right
and left, a compact centre, an efficient reserve, with a
strong body of horse, to dash at the opposing ranks, the
instant they were thrown into disorder.  The only part
of the American front that had any strength, was the
right, and this, for a time, bore the whole brunt of the
conflict. Even, here, Gen. Gist had, during the battle,
to repair an omission, which as he supposed, was left to
his discretion,t by Gen. Gates, and he therefore ordered
a Delaware company to fill up an exposed interval. The
* Official Reports, Md. Journal, 1780.  t Gist Papers, vol. 2, Md. H. S.




20
centre was weak, the left more so, and too much of the
artillery seemed to be massed in the road. Had the
feeble left been sustained by more of the field pieces, or,
had it been composed of Smallwood's brigade, which
constituted the reserve, the result might, and probably
would have been, more propitious to the patriot cause.
The two armies being thus drawn up, the battle began
at dawn, on the 16th August, by the interchange of discharges of their artillery.  Williams, to inspirit the
militia of the left, led forward a body of skirmishers, in
its front. He hoped also, by this step, to check the
enemy, and by it, to still further encourage these untried
men, lest their want of steadiness, under fire, should
prove fatal to the day.  The effort was fruitless.  The
British right, with loud shouts, advanced rapidly, and
pouring in a brisk fire, so appalled the militia of the
American left, that they broke, threw down their muskets, and fled, taking with them, all the N. Carolina
militia, except four hundred men, under Col. Dixon.
These bravely stood their ground, for sometime.  De
Kalb now ordered up Smallwood, with his reserve, to fill
the gap, and unite with Gist. But, his numbers were
not sufficient, to completely extend to the swanip. Still,
he arrested the onward course of the enemy, and the
whole line now became engaged. Reduced as was the
American army by the flight of the militia, yet it never
flinched, but contested every inch of ground with heroic
courage. Borne back by the unequal pressure of the foe,
they as often rallied and caused them, in return, to recede. It was now a strife of the bayonet, fighting hand
to hand, man to man, in this desperate conflict. Never,
on any field, was there a greater display of indomitable
fortitude, and chivalric bearing. De Kalb, still bent on
success, re-formed his shattered ranks, for another assault




21
on the British line, now reinforced by their reserve. All
rallied to the call, and placing himself in their front, he
led on that last, and fearful attack, by which he hoped,
if not to gain the mastery, to at least inflict such a loss
to the enemy, as would secure his retreat. Well did
they breast the serried ranks of their adversaries, and
well too, was the work of death, done by the bayonets of
Maryland.   But, in this great crisis of their fate, De
Kalb fell, at the head of his devoted followers, pierced
with eleven wounds. Despite even this sad event, Smallwood's brigade, and Gist still maintained the unequal
struggle, when Cornwallis, amazed at so obstinate a resistance, ordered his light infantry to push round the
American left, and thence to its rear. And seeing that,
his opponents were without cavalry, he instantly brought
up his own. It promptly obeyed the order, and at this
eventful moment, made a furious charge on the Americans, worn, and staggering under the unceasing blows
of overpowering numbers. Now, did the refusal of Gates
to await the assemblage of his own cavalry, tell with
fatal effect. The proposed delay would have averted the
ruinous discomfiture which ensued. For, had our gallant
mounted men, led on by Col. Washington, been in the
field, Tarleton would have been bravely met, and held.at
bay, during which the desperate onslaught of De Kalb,
might have changed the fate of the day. Infantry and
dragoons thus, came crushing down on the fragments of
the American line, and threw it into inextricable confusion. Nearly surrounded by their opponents, and with
no corps of horse to shield them, from that of the enemy,
or to cover a retreat, it was impossible for them to reform, or to retire in a body, from this terrible melee. It
became, from necessity, a sauve qui peut, each man shifting for himself. Fortunately, the adjoining morasses, to




22
which numbers of them retired, afforded shelter, from the
brutal troopers of Tarleton.
Generals Gates, Stevens and Casswell did all in their
power, to rally the flying militia, but in vain, and they
with Armand's horse, were swept along, by the retreating
tide..Gates, not knowing that De Kalb was still battling
for victory, and supposing the whole force had fled, retired to Charlotte, some sixty miles from the scene. The
air indeed, was so still, and the smoke so dense, as to
shut out all that was passing. Thus ended the battle of
Camden, as wrong in its conception, as it was defective
in military arrangements, yet, ever memorable for the
signal gallantry of the Maryland and Delaware lines. It
was the most disastrous of the whole war.  Artillery,
small arms, ammunition, baggage wagons, with their
contents, fell, without exception, into the hands of the
enemy. All was lost, save the honor of the heroic sons
of Maryland and Delaware, whose prowess extorted, even
from Britons, the meed of praise.  That the regulars
should have so firmly held their ground, after being
abandoned, by the whole of the left, and centre, is well
entitled to remembrance. When an army is marshalled
for battle, if any important section of the front, take flight,
it.is not unusual for the whole to be fatally intimidated.
It is rare that such an event, does not create so much
want of confidence, as to lead to despair, and a consequent
participation in the panic and dissolution of the whole
force. It is still more rare for them to keep their ranks,
when left to their fate, by so large a body, as two-thirds
of the whole. So argued Gen. Gates, but these brave
men never seemed, for a moment, to think even of a retreat. On the contrary, though their reserve was broken
through, by the fleeing militia, they yet did not falter,
or give way. The reserve also, immediately closed up,




23
sternly advanced, and drove back the enemy, who were
coming exultingly on, supposing there was nothing left,
but to pursue and slay the runaways. No less praise is
due to Gist's brigade for its valor, in continuing the fight,
when so deserted, than to the reserve under Smallwood,
when so broken by the militia, for its steadiness, and its
prompt junction, with their heroic comrades.
Nor should it be forgotten that, on this bloody field
were not only Smallwood, and Gist, and Williams, but a
Howard, a Gunby, Hall, Giles, Anderson, Winder, Gassaway, Reid, Beale, Duval, Handy, Somerville, Kilty,
Nelson, Brice, Jamison, Dorsey, Hanson, Norris, and
many others of Maryland, with Vaughan, Kirkwood,
Willson, McKennan, Patton, Rhqads, &c. of Delaware.
With the exception of prisoners, the loss on both sides,
was nearly equal, though were we to bredit the English
account, that on our part, was much the greater. Nothing is more common than to exaggerate the force, and the
losses of an enemy, after a battle. The British commander
has, in no way, deviated from such examples. In his
official letter he makes two statements of the strength
of the Americans. In the first, he rates it at full six
thousand men, and in the second, he reduces it to five
thousand, whereas, as has been shown, it was, in fact,
but three thousand and fifty. Our killed and wounded
are, in the same spirit, put down at nine hundred, when
in reality, our loss, including militia and prisoners, did
not exceed three hundred and fifty, of whom, more than
a third of the wounded, subsequently recovered.*   His
* Among other misstatements of Cornwallis, are those of the death of Gen.
Gregory, and the capture of Gen. Rutherford. Their names are not mentioned in the American official report of the killed, wounded and prisoners.See note A at the end. And, Gov. Nash, of N. C. writes that they, with others
enumerated by him, "are safe."




24
own loss he reports to be only two hundred and twentyfour, in killed, wounded and missing. In opposition to
this, we have the acknowledgment of a British officer
that, "they had seven hundred killed and wounded,
either mortally, or so as to disable them in future."*
The probabilities are however, as has been stated, that
there was but little disparity, in the losses of the two
parties, though it is possible, the admission of a British
officer may be nearer the truth.   But, admitting an
equality only, there could be no stronger evidence, than
it adduces, of the devotedness, spirit, and self-possession
of the American soldiery, with such large odds of a veteran force, to contend with. It is not easy to state the
precise number of the.American regulars who fought the
battle of Camden. About fourteen hundred left Morristown, and it is no unfair presumption, from the hardships
of the march, the scarcity of food, and its unwholesomeness, that not more than eleven hundred were fit for duty,
on the day of battle. Even on the night march from
Clermont, many of the men, afflicted with dysentery,
were compelled to quit the ranks, as is mentioned by
Williams. Now, if the one hundred regulars, detached
under Woolford, be deducted, there were left but one
thousand, to contend with the three thousand of the
enemy. Many writers give but nine hundred, to the
Americans.
Immediately after the battle, Lord Cornwallis returned
to Charleston, after directing Lord Rawdon to hold the
post, at Camden, and to fortify its front, the flanks being
covered by the Wateree and a deep creek.     And, so
stunned were they, by the severe blow they had received,
as to have been disabled from advancing further, northward.
* Maryland Journal.  Gov. Nash makes their loss 500.




25
This consequence, dearly as it was bought, was attended
with others, of no small advantage.   The enemy were
deterred from overrunning North, as they had done,
South Carolina and Georgia, and time was gained, for reuniting the scattered remains of the army, at Hillsborough.
In a few weeks, nearly seven hundred of the regulars, and
many of the militia, were reassembled, and in good condition, to receive Gen. Greene, who was promptly despatched to supersede Gen. Gates. When the former
therefore, reached the South, he had it in his power, to
take the field, and begin that career of glory, which
placed him, second only, to Washington. Do not these
results give a sufficient response, to the remark, which
has been made, that the regulars fought too long, at
Camden?    If they had fled with the militia, such would
have been the confusion of a frantic crowd, as to have
denied all order, and to have rendered the carnage, inevitably greater, whilst those who escaped this fate, must
have been made prisoners. As it was, the stern resistance
of the Continentals, saved the militia, and a goodly
number of their own body made a successful retreat.  It
was better then, to stand up to the brave encounter, as
well for their own manhood, as for the good of their
country.
On the fall of De Kalb, his aide Col. Dubuysson,
raising him in his arms, and showing him to the surrounding enemies, stated his rank, and implored them to
spare him. In thus exposing himself to save his chief, he
also, was wounded, and made prisoner. Whilst prostrate
and disabled, the British soldiers, with their characteristic cruelty* were still thrusting their bayonets, into the
* The barbarities practised by the British army, on the Americans, were of
ruthless severity. These cruelties, were not inflicted on the soldiery alone,
but were extended to non-combatants in town and country, with rare excep4




26
fallen General. And, in their savage greed for plunder,
they even stripped him, to his shirt.*  The entreaties of
Dubuysson, at last, prevailed, and after the fell excitement of the strife had subsided, with unwonted humanity
on their part, they extended to him, every succour in
their power. In a few days however, he expired, having
on his death bed, dictated a valedictory letter to Generals
Smallwood and Gist, intending it also, for the officers and
soldiers of his division. As the substance only, of this
letter has been quoted by the historians of the revolution,
it is but right, to give it, in full, on this occasion.
CHARLOTTE August 26th, 1780. t
Dear Generals,-Having received wounds in the action
of the 16th instant, I was made prisoner, with the
Honorable Major General the Baron De Kalb, with whom
I served as Aid-De-Camp and friend, and had an opportunity of attending that great and good officer, during
the short time he languished with eleven wounds, which
proved mortal on the third day.
It is with particular pleasure I obey the Baron's last
commands, in presenting his most affectionate compliments to all the officers and men of his division. He
expressed the greatest satisfaction in the testimony given
by the British army, of the bravery of his troops; and he
was charmed with the firm opposition they made to
superior force, when abandoned by the rest of the army.
The gallant behaviour of the Delaware regiments, and
the Companies of Artillery attached to the Brigades,
afforded him infinite pleasure. And the exemplary contions. So great was their excess that, it was said in Europe;-" England has
revived in America, the ferocity of the Goths, and the brutal ravages of the
most savage of the invaders of Rome."
* Williams' Narrative.    t Dubuysson was now on parole.




27
duct of the whole Division, gave him an endearing sense
of the merit of the troops he had the honor to command.
I am, Dear Generals, with regard and respect, your
most obedient humble servant,
LE CHEVALIER DUBUYSSON, Lt. Col.
To the Brigadiers SMALLWOOD and GIST.*
The Baron De Kalb was six feet in height, erect, and
well-proportioned, with a manly face, and an agreeable
expression. In his habits he was remarkably abstemious,
and had trained himself to the endurance of the severest
hardships. Respected, and beloved by his troops, he was
distinguished for his sagacity in council, a wary circumspection in his preparations, and for his fearless chivalry
in battle. He was well read in the best English, German, and French authors, speaking these languages with
fluency. He married Anne Elizabeth Van Robais, by
whom he had three children, two sons and one daughter.
The elder of the sons perished on the revolutionary
scaffold of France, in 1793. The second, the Baron
Elie De Kalb, who served with distinction in the French
army, married Elise Signard, and had two children, a
son who died in early life, and a daughter, Leonore. She
married the Viscount d'Alzac, and they are now residing
at Milou near Paris. They have five sons. Anne Marie
Caroline, the daughter of Major General Baron De Kalb,
married Jean Luc Geymuller, a Swiss officer in the
French army. They left three sons and one daughter.
Thus the name of De Kalb is extinct, the descendants
bearing the names of D'Alzac and Geymuller.
In Congress, on 14th October 1780, it wasResolved, That a Monument be erected to the Memory
M MIaryland Journal, 1780.




28
of the late Major General the Baron De Kalb, in the City
of Annapolis in the State of Maryland, with the following
inscription:
SACRED TO TIO E MEMrORY OF
THE BARON DE KALB,
Knight of the Royal Order of Military Merit,
Brigadier of the Armies of France,
And
Major-General in the Service of the United States of America.
Having served with Honor and Reputation for three years,
He gave a last and glorious Proof of his Attachment to the
Liberties of Mankind and the Cause of America,
In the Action near Camden, in the State of South Carolina,
On the 16th of August, 1780;
Where, leading on the Troops of the Maryland and
Delaware Lines against Superior Numbers,
And animating them by his Example to Deeds of Valour,
He was pierced with many Wounds, and
On the 19th following expired, in the 48th Year of his Age,
The Congress of the United States of America
In Gratitude to his Zeal, Services, and Merit,
Have erected this Monument.
It is painful to know that this resolution has never been
carried into effect. For this omission, on the part of our
revolutionary ancestors, when we remember their destitution, their anxious moments, and the countless difficulties
claiming their daily attention, there is much of apology.
But, for their descendants no such exemption can be invoked.   Ample opportunity, and leisure, with no stinted
means, have been at their bidding.        The ungrateful
neglect still exists, though the attention of the Federal
Government has been repeatedly invited to the discharge
of this patriotic duty. It should be ever cherished as a
sacred bequest from patriot sires, to be religiously fulfilled, by their more opulent descendants.




29
His remains however, are not unhonored. They were
interred at Camden, and the citizens of South Carolina,
have erected over them, a beautiful structure, recounting
his heroism, and devotion to the cause, he so generously
espoused. It is a monument, suited to its purpose, ennobling its authors, whilst transmitting to after times,
an apt exemplar of their patriotism, and his worth.* It
is still more endeared, from the corner stone having been
laid in 1825, by Lafayette, the companion in arms, and
devoted friend of De Kalb.
When the Cincinnati Society was formed, in 1783,
diplomas of membership, with the appropriate badges of
the Institution, were granted to the sons of De Kalb, and
were, most gratefully, acknowledged by them.
In the official despatch of Gen. Gates to Gen. Washington, of the 30th of August, from Hillsborough, he
says: "Too much honor cannot be paid by Congress, to
the memory of the Baron De Kalb. He was every thing
an excellent officer should be, and in the cause of the
United States, he has sacrificed his life."
Washington also, bears testimony to his worth.writing to Lt. Col. Dubuysson, on the 10th October 1780,
he thus expresses himself: "I sincerely lament the loss
of the Baron De Kalb. The manner in which he died,
fully justified the opinion which I have ever entertained
of him, and will endear his memory to the country." So
likewise, in his reply, dated 25th May, 1791, to a congratulatory address of the inhabitants of Camden, he
says: "Your grateful remembrance of that excellent friend
and gallant officer, the Baron De Kalb, does honor to the
goodness of your hearts. With your regrets, I mingle
mine for his loss, and to your praise I join the tribute of
my esteem for his memory." t
* See Note B. at the end.    t See Note C. at the end.




30
There were certain arrears of pay, due to him at the
time of his death, and in 1819, his heirs petitioned Congress for their liquidation.  By the urgent advocacy of
Mr. Lowndes of S. Carolina, a grant of some land in
Ohio, was awarded to them. From their ignorance of
the laws of the country, they found, when endeavoring
to turn this grant to account, that the land had been sold
for taxes.  All attempts to recover it were fruitless.
They consequently, at a later period, again appealed to
the bounty of Congress. Just as these claims proved to
be, after undergoing the severest scrutiny, they were yet
slurred over, from session to session, until 1855. An act
was then passed, which provides that, "in consideration
of the claims, services, and sacrifices of the late Major
General Baron De Kalb in the war of the revolution,"
there be paid to his children and heirs the sum of sixtysix thousand and ninety dollars, and seventy-six cents.
The Legislature of Maryland had strongly urged the
payment of these claims, and the Hon. Henry May, one
of her representatives in Congress, was mainly instrumental in having her behests fulfilled.
However tardy, this act of justice, it nevertheless,
affords a gratifying evidence of the integrity, as well as,
of the gratitude of the country. And, may we not indulge the hope that, a no less laudable sentiment, will
yet erect the monument decreed by those, from whom we
have received our independence, our liberties, and an
empire republic?




NOTES.
NOTE A.
"List of Continental Officers killed, captivated, wounded, and missing,
in the action of the 16th and 18th': August, 1780."
Killed.
The Honorable Major-General the Baron de Kalb.
Capt. Williams,    6th Maryland Regiment.
Capt. Duvall,      2d         do.
Lieutenant Donovan, 6th       do.
Lieut: and Adjutant Coleman, Artillery.
Wounded.
Captain Somerville, 6th Maryland Regiment.
"   Gibson,    5th        do.
"   Roun,     Virginia State Artillery.
Lieut: Duvall,    3d Maryland Regiment.
"   Sears,     2d        do.
Ensign Fickle,    7th       do.
Prisoners.
Lt. Col. Woolford, 5th Maryland Regiment-wounded,
Lt. Col. Vaughan, Delaware.
Lt. Col. Porterfield, Virginia State Regiment-wounded.
Lt. Col. Dubuysson, A. D. Camp Gen. de Kalb.
Major   Winder,    1st Maryland Regiment.
Major   Patton,    Delaware Regiment.
Major   Pinckney, A. D. Camp Gen. Gates-wounded.
Captains Brice,    3d Maryland Regiment.
Hoops,     4th       do.
Lynch,     5th       do.
Hamilton, 5th        do.
* This date refers to the affair, in which the convoy, was recaptured from
Sumpter.




32
Captain Hardman,   2d Maryland Regiment, wounded.
Smith,     3d        do.           do.
Dorsey,    Artillery,             do.
La Brune, Legion,"                do.
Rhoads,    Delaware Regiment.
Lamouth,          do.
Captain-Lieut. Waters, Artillery.
Lieutenants Shoemaker, 4th Maryland Regiment, wounded.
Hanson,    4th        do.          do.
Read,      5th        do.          do.
Norris,   6th         do.          do.
Wallace, Artillery.
Foot, Legion.
Moseley, Artillery.
Duff, Delaware Regiment.
Shillington, do.
Lieut. & Adjt. Purvis,  do.
Ensigns Burgiss, 4th Maryland Regiment.
{'  Roach, Delaware        do.
Volunteers Nelson, 6th Maryland do.  wounded.
Rutlidge, 4th do.
Missing.
Captain Morris, 7th Maryland Regiment-wounded.
Gassaway, 2d      do.
Lieut.  Gassaway, 2d      do.
Captain Meredith, Artillery.
Captain-Lieut. Blair, do.
(Signed)                    O. H. WILLIAMS.
Hillsborough, August 29th, 1780.
*The Legion was commanded by Armand, and at the time, consisted of
sixty horsemen and forty infantry.




33
NOTE B.
In March 1825, the remains of De Kalb, were exhumed from the grave,
in which they were interred, after his death, at Camden. They were
transported with due ceremonial, to the new tomb, prepared for them, and
on which a monument has been erected, by the people of South Carolina.
Immediately over the grave, a stone slab was placed, having engraved
on it. "This stone was placed over the remains of BARON DE KALB,
by Gen. Lafayette, 1825." It had on it also, the words,-"Faedus" "Esto
Perpetuum."
Over this was erected a white marble obelisk, with the following inscription:-  "HERE lie the remains of BARON DE KALB, a German by
birth, but in principle, a citizen of the world. His love of liberty induced
him to leave the Old World, to aid the citizens of the New, in their
struggle for INDEPENDENCE. His distinguished talents and many virtues,
weighed with Congress, to appoint him MAJOR GENERAL in their REVOLUTIONARY ARMY. He was second in command in the battle fought near
Camden, on the 16th of August, 1780, between the British and Americans,
and there nobly fell, covered with wounds, while gallantly performing
deeds of valor, in rallying the friends, and opposing the enemies of his
adopted country."
"In gratitude for his zeal and services, the citizens of South Carolina
have erected this monument."
On that occasion, Gen. Lafayette said:"In that army, Sir, which offered a perfect assemblage of every civic and
military virtue, Major General Baron De Kalb has acted a conspicuous
part. His able conduct, undaunted valor, and glorious fall in the first
battle of Camden, form one of the remarkable traits of our struggle for
independence and freedom. He was cordially devoted to our American
cause, and while his public and private qualities have endeared him to his
cotemporaries, here I remain to pay to his merits on this tomb, the tribute
of an admiring witness, of an intimate companion, of a mourning friend."
5




34
NOTE C.
Col. Nicholas Rogers of Baltimore, was an aide-de-camp of De Kalb,
at Valley Forge, and on the line, from Elizabethtown to Amboy. When
Gen. H. Lee was writing his Memoirs of the War, in the South, he
applied to Col. Rogers, for such information, as he might possess, in
regard to the Baron. Having been permitted to make extracts, from the
Colonel's reply to Gen. Lee, they are now added, as of high value, coming
from  such a source.  From  the intimacy also, which usually exists,
between a General and his aide, the best opportunity was presented to
Col. Rogers, of gaining a clear insight into the character of his chief.
The reply is dated, New York, 24th January, 1810.
"MY DEAR SIR:-Respecting my good and old friend the Baron de
Kalb, about whom we have formerly had some conversation, I wish I
could give you such information as would contribute to make your intended publication as interesting as the world will naturally expect from
your pen; but the long lapse of time and other circumstances, may probably, contrary to your expectations, render it rather scanty, however,
such as it is, I am happy to place it at your service.:" In frequent conversations with him on the affairs of our country —then
almost the only topic of conversation-he has repeatedly told me of his
having been in this country between the years 1763 and 1765, in a concealed character,-as a German travelling for his pleasure.-This he did,
from one end of the continent to the other; and, as I know him to have
been an acute observer, he must have picked up a great deal of information for the French Court, by which, I have no doubt, he was expressly
employed for that particular purpose.
"Speaking the English language well, and possessing the most conciliating
and condescending manners, he had it in his power to insinuate himself
everywhere, from the drawing-room down to the grog shop, and be assured
that he culled from every group something appertaining to his mission,
and marked well, in every countenance even, and conversation, the particular partialities and antipathies towards the two great leading nations of
Europe, Great Britain and France. He often declared to me that such
was the universal prepossession in favor of the former, and the almost
instinctive hostility to the latter, that he sincerely believed and often said
that nothing could have induced the Americans to have revolted against
the mother country but the highly injudicious and short-sighted conduct




35
of the British ministry, whom he frequently ridiculed for their egregious
folly in so wantonly casting off such an inestimable and powerful auxiliary.
"He has often told me that, in all his travels from North to South, he
could find nobody of any consequence, either native or British, who did not
think that Old England was the neplus ultra and perfection of all human
power.
"In the latter part of his residence amongst us, in his assumed character,
he became, by some accident, suspected, was taken up, and was, I believe,
put into prison for a few days. However, he soon made his way good and
was released, for on examining his papers and baggage, nothing could be
found to implicate him, because he never then kept, as he told me, anything like a manuscript trusting all to his memory, which I knew to be
great. It was hardly possible to find a man more completely suited to
such a mission. His wonderful sobriety and temperance at table being
almost to excess and without example.
"In Europe, I believe, he was engaged chiefly in the Quarter Master
Department, where, from his great aptitude for detail and minutiee he
must have been valuable. Had we have employed him in that line he
might been of great service, for we frequently felt many inconveniences and
suffered much from our ill-judged arrangement and want of foresight.
"Besides his extreme temperance, sobriety and prudence, with his great
simplicity of manners which highly fitted him for his undertaking, he had
also many of the other qualifications for a soldier, such as patience, long
suffering, strength of constitution, endurance of hunger and thirst, and a
cheerful submission to every inconvenience in lodging, for I have known
him, repeatedly, to arrange his portmanteau as a pillow, and wrapping
his great horseman's cloak around him stretch himself before the fire and
take as comfortable a nap as if upon a bed of eider down. He would rise
before day, light his candles and work till nine, then take a slice of dry
bread with a glass of water, and go to work again until about twelve or
one, when he would ride to Head Quarters, pick up the news of the day,
and return to dinner. This meal consisted of a little soup and a shin of
beef, or of a dry tasteless round, with his favorite beverage, water. After
this he would go to work again, and so continue until dark, when without
using his candle he would get to bed, that he might rise at the earliest
hour in the morning. This was his mode of life generally, whilst we were
at the Valley Forge, where we all suffered not a little.
" In size, he was a perfect Ariovistus, being upwards of six feet, and
fully equal to the fatigues of a soldier. He would often walk twenty or
thirty miles a day without sigh, or complaint, and indeed, often preferred




36
that exercise, to riding. His complexion and skin were remarkable, being
as fair and fresh, as those of a youth.
" The observations and information of so judicious a person as Baron de
Kalb, would help much to open our eyes to the conduct of the French
Court, during our contest, particularly, during the early part of it, for,
it was incomprehensible to us and to the world in general, why the French
should be so long timidly hesitating, whether they should take an unequivocal part in our favor, when, apparently, there never was so good an
opportunity offered to a rival nation, to injure an opponent, so eternally
and deadly hostile."




Iaq23and ||hstal[al jamuetg
ANNUAL REPORT,
1858.
CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS.








ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
PRESIDENT
OF THE
~aaliAa         lotiorzral  le riete
WITH T E
CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS;
18 58.
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
BY JOHN MURPHY~ AND COMPANY,
MARBLE BUILDING, 182 BALTIMORE STREET,
B A LTIM ORE.








LIST OF OFFICERS.
PRESIDENT.
JOHN SPEAR SMITH.
VICE-PRESIDENT.
JOHN PENDLETON KENNEDY.
CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.
Rev. EDWIN A. DALRYMPLE, D. D.
RECORDING SECRETARY.
SEBASTIAN     F. STREETEII.
TREASURER.
JOIN    HANAN.
LIBR A RIAN.
LEWIS H. STEINER,. D.
COMMITTEE ON HONORARY MEMBERSHI1P.
JAMES GEORGE.   J. D. PRATT.  MENDES I. COHEN.
COMMITTEE ON FINANCE.
JOHN HANAN.    WILLIAM McKIM.    ENOCH PRATT.
TRUSTEES OF THE ATHEN2EUM.
JOHNS HOPKINS. WILLIAM McKIM. WILLIAM E. MAYHEW.
COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENT.
ROBERT LESLIE.        S. F. STREETER.
J. SAURIN NORRIS.     CAMILLUS KIDDER.
LIBRARY COMMITTEE.
Rev. G. W. BURNAP, D.D. E. R. HARNEY.  GEO. WM. BROWN.
J. I. COHEN, M. D.  J. J. THOMSEN.  L. II. STEINER, M.D.
WILLIAM F. GILES.   THOS. D. BAIRD.  GEO. A. WARDER.
GEORGE M. GILL.     S. F. STREETER.  M. COURTNEY JENKINS.
COMMITTEE ON THE GALLERY.
J. H. B. LATROBE.  S. W. SMITH.   ALONZO LILLY.
S. K. GEORGE.       ENOCH PRATT.








REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT
OF THE
MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY,
AT THE
Annual Meeting in February, 1858.
GENTLEMEN:
Since my last report, very material changes have
been made in the condition of the Society. It affords me
the sincerest pleasure to say, that these changes have been
for the better, and that our future is full of gladdening
promise. The efforts to attain so elevated a degree of prosperity, have been zealous and untiring. No institution has
been more steady in its onward progress, or, with means
so limited, more successful in accomplishing the ends for
which it was formed. At first, its continuance was so much
of a problem, that some expressed the belief it would prove
as short lived as many similar enterprises here, and in
other quarters of the Union. But, the vigilant economy,
uninterrupted harmony, and devotion to its best interests,
which have, at all times, attended your councils, have
averted any calamity which might otherwise have overwhelmed us. And now, it may be fairly admitted, that so
far as any human institution is beyond the chance of extinction, this Society enjoys that enviable condition.
Some few years since, a plan was matured, and adopted,
for the creation of an endowment fund. Its main object
was, to shield us from those casualties, which threaten all
associations depending for their maintenance, on voluntary




6
contributions. The means for the creation of this fund,
were, the investment of our annual surplusses, bequests,
and donations.  These surplusses have been judiciously
invested by your Committee of Finance, and are now yielding an income. This sound policy, it is trusted, will be continued; as it not only secures our independence, but inspires
a useful confidence in our prudence. We have not yet been
favored with any bequest, nor has the contemplated design
of obtaining donations been resorted to. It would, however, have been attempted, and, as is believed, successfully,
but for the proposed transfer to us, of the rights and property of the Baltimore Library Company. The expediency
of our acceding to this transfer was greatly doubted, and
led to much discussion and negotiation.  These doubts
arose, not that such an acquisition was not duly appreciated, but from the apprehension, that our pecuniary ability was unequal to the sustenance of both establishments.
This objection yielded in the end, to the pledge given by
gentlemen of influence, to raise a sum, the interest on
which would render us secure from embarrassment. The
transfer was then consummated. This engagement to collect the large amount deemed necessary, put an end to the
more humble contributions projected for the endowment
fund. The gentlemen to whom allusion has been made,
had not only devised the appropriate arrangements, but
had already begun to solicit the donations they had promised, when their progress was stayed by circumstances, to
which it may not be proper to advert at this time. From
the foregoing, it will be seen that no donations were made,
either to the endowment fund, or to the greater one, which
was to relieve us from the pressure of the Baltimore Library Company's expenses, assumed by us.
About this time, unusually large additions were fortunately made to our roll of members. They were greater
than at any anterior period, and have gone on, until the list
has swollen to five hundred names. This increase has enabled us to meet the additional claims we. had to assume,




7
with the transfer to us of the Library Company, and its
consequent responsibilities.  The apprehended difficulty
was thus overcome, whilst our resources have throughout,
been adequate to the ordinary demands on them.
The transfer of the Library Company added some eleven
thousand volumes to our catalogues, and among them,
numerous rare and choice works, some of which are of
the highest value. The united libraries now contain over
fifteen thousand volumes. These are annually added to, by
donations from individuals, the Federal Government, States,
and corresponding societies. These various donations have,
at no time, been intermitted, but have always maintained
an equable course, from the outset of the Society. Occasional purchases have likewise, added various historical and
scientific productions to the collection.
The gallery of paintings is now nearly full, and presents
a beautiful collection, every way attractive. Our own possessions constitute but a small part of the whole, the larger
portion being deposited with us by individuals. This will
enable the Committee on the Gallery, to have an exhibition
with great ease, and at a trifling expense, during the next
autumn. For the present, the gallery is open to the members of the Society, and their families. In fulfilment of one
of its original purposes, its use has been tendered to the
School of Design of the Maryland Institute. The pupils
will be in attendance from ten to two o'clock, under the
inspection of a teacher, and of our assistant librarian, so as
to effectually prevent injury to either the paintings or statuary. It is gratifying to know that we are thus enlarging
our sphere of usefulness. It must not be omitted, that
many fine portraits of revolutionary, and other worthies,
have been added to those which had been heretofore selected with so much care. The noble paintings of the
"Communion of St. Jerome," by Domenichino, and the
"Martyrdom of Peter the Dominican," by Titian, have
been framed, and occupy their places in the Gallery.
Another purpose of the Society is now in successful ope



8
ration, in the department of Natural History. It has been
allotted to a committee of seven members, who have provided appropriate receptacles for the various specimens,
and who are in the diligent discharge of their laborious
task. In a short time, all the minerals will be labeled and
arranged, and with the science now brought to bear on this
branch of our duties, it has every promise of being highly
creditable to the Society.
To add as many attractions as possible to the institution,
a chess room, for its members, is in daily use. In another
apartment, most of the periodical works, with some daily
gazettes, are provided, where every comfort is extended to
those of the members who choose to make it a resort. All
the rooms are thrown open during the day, and on every
Monday night, the library is lighted up, and kept open
until ten. Besides the usual monthly meetings of the Society, a soiree is held once in each month. These reunions
have met with great approbation, and seem to be very generally acceptable. They tend to keep up a kindly feeling
among our associates, and to promote that gentlemanly
intercourse, which has been so mainly instrumental in promoting our success.
The attention of Congress has been invited by the Society to the preservation of such medals as have been, or
may hereafter be stricken off; in commemoration of signal
national events, or of individuals, who, by their deeds, may
be entitled to such honors. The application has received
the promptest attention from our Senators and Representatives. It has been referred to the Joint Committee on the
Library, and there is good reason to believe that a favorable report will be made, and a consequent issue, which
will effectuate the very proper, as well as desirable intents
of the Society. It is believed also, that other institutions
throughout the country will unite in furthering the patriotic design.
You are aware, that from our entrance into this edifice, a
sum of money was laid aside, in each year, for its repairs,




9
and for its renovation, at the necessary time. That period
had arrived, and the Council of Government of the Athen1eum, during the last summer, had the whole of it thoroughly renewed. It is now in as good condition as when
we received it from the builders, no exertions having been
omitted, to have the work executed in the most perfect manner. The gentlemen of the Council gave their personal
attention, and supervision to all the various parts of the
repairs.
At the instance of the Society, the Legislature of the
State has enacted a law, in which provision is made, for
obtaining copies of certain manuscripts, relating to the
Colonial History of Maryland. Some of these documents
are in the College de Propaganda Fide, at Rome, and I am
happy to add that, Mr. Jno.- H. Alexander, one of our members, has been appointed by his Excellency the Governor,
for the execution of the duty. To aid him in its discharge,
the Most Reverend Archbishop Kenrick has courteously
addressed a letter to the Prefect of the College, commending Mr. Alexander to his good offices. There can be no
doubt therefore, that thus fortified, Mr. Alexander will meet
with the desired success.
I would again, most respectfully call the attention of
members to the preparation of Essays, to be read before the
Society. These productions are often of much interest,
whilst they, at the same time, fulfil a not unimportant part
of the duties contemplated in your by-laws, and keep alive
the spirit of the association. I deem them of high importance, and when regretting that so few have been presented,
during the past year, will cherish the hope that more of
diligence will characterize the one on which we are now
entering.
At the end of fourteen years of our existence as a Society, we find ourselves in a useful and successful progress,
our Books, Maps, Manuscripts, Paintings, Statuary, and
objects of Natural History have steadily increased. For
research into our archives, not only the members, but the
2




10
public can, and do have recourse. Our receipts invariably
meet our expenditures, and, when the annual collections
are completed by the Treasurer, an investment is always
punctually made of the excess. It is not too much, then,
to say, that we are in a state of matured strength; that our
prosperity is advancing; and that we are perfectly independent. For this, the fruit of your labors, and devotion
to the conservation of our well-being, allow me to proffer
my sincere congratulations.




CONSTITUTION
OF THE
MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
ARTICLE I.
THIS Society shall be styled the "MARYLAND HISTORICAL
SOCIETY." Its object shall be to collect, preserve, and diffuse information relating to the Civil, Natural, and Literary
History of the State of Maryland, and American History
and Biography generally.
ARTICLE II.
This Society shall consist of Active, Corresponding, and
Honorary Members.
ACTIVE MEMBERS shall consist of citizens of the State,
residing in Baltimore, or within fifteen miles thereof.
CORRESPONDING MEMBERS shall consist of citizens of the
State residing elsewhere therein; and also of persons residing in other States.
HONORARY MEMBERS shall consist of persons distinguished for their literary or scientific attainments,-particularly in the department of History-throughout the
world.
ARTICLE III.
The officers of this Society shall consist of a President,
Vice President, Corresponding Secretary, Recording Secre



12
tary, Treasurer and Librarian, who shall be elected by
ballot at the annual meeting of the Society, from the class
defined in Art. II. as Active members. Should a vacancy
occur in any of these offices, by death, resignation, removal
or otherwise, it may be filled up by ballot of the members
present at the monthly meetings provided for in the next
article.
ARTICLE IV.
The annual meeting of the Society shall be held on the
first Thursday of February, and meetings shall be held for
the ordinary transactions and purposes of the Society on
the first Thursday of every month.
At the annual meetings, the officers of the Society shall
be elected by ballot; and, at the monthly meetings new
members shall be proposed and voted for.
In order to become an Active or Corresponding member
of this Society, the name of the party applying or proposed
therefor, must be given in writing, to the Recording Secretary at the meeting previous to the one on which he is to
be balloted for, and three negative votes shall exclude the
candidate from membership.
In order to become an Honorary member of the Society,
the name of the party must be proposed to the Society, at
a regular meeting, by a committee of three on honorary
membership, to be elected annually, at the period of the
election of the Society's officers.
All Active members shall pay on admission, the sum of
five dollars, and a subsequent annual contribution of five
dollars. And no one shall be deemed an active member,
or receive a diploma, until he has signed the register of
members, or accepted his appointment as member in writing.
The President, or in his absence, the Vice President, or
Secretary, shall have the power to call special meetings, on
the requisition of five active members; and the object of
the meeting shall be stated by the Secretary in his advertisement.




13
The quorum for a special meeting shall consist of at least
twenty members.
ARTICLE V.
The citizens of each County in the State of Maryland,
who are Corresponding members of this Society, are authorised and empowered to form within each of their respective Counties, a Chapter of this Society, the President of
which Chapter, elected by the county members, shall be exofficio a Vice President of the Maryland Historical Society.
It shall be the duty of these Chapters to meet at least
once a month, at such times and places within their respective counties as they may see proper to appoint.
At these meetings, essays, local historical accounts, memoirs on the natural history of the county, or documents
of interest to the State generally, may be presented, or prepared; all of which shall be forwarded to the Corresponding Secretary of the Historical Society, by the President of
the Chapter, together with all other collections relative to
the civil, natural, or literary history of the State, in order
that they may be preserved in the archives and cabinets of
the Institution.
ARTICLE VI.
For the establishment and support of the Gallery of Fine
Arts, which the Society is empowered to form, by virtue of
the Act of the General Assembly of Maryland, passed 6th
of March, 1845, chapter 198,-the proceeds of all exhibitions, whether annual or other, in the Gallery of Fine Arts,
shall be pledged and set apart specifically, for the collection,
increase, and preservation of paintings, drawings, sculpture,
and works of Fine Art generally, to be expended under the
direction of a committee, to be called "THE COMMITTEE ON
THE GALLERY," and who shall report their proceedings to
the Society at its stated meetings.




14
ARTICLE VII.
The proceeds of the annual subscriptions to the Maryland Historical Society, after the payment of the necessary
expenses of the Institution, shall be set apart for the increase of the Library, Historical Collections, and Publications; and shall, on no occasion, be applied to the use of
the Gallery of Fine Arts.
ARTICLE VIII.
This Constitution may be amended from time to time, as
the Society shall deem proper; but a motion for an amendment shall not be received unless a notice thereof shall
have been given and entered on the journals of the Society
at the last preceding meeting.




B Y-LA.WS
OF THE
MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
I.
THE President, or in his absence, the highest officer present, shall preside at all meetings of this Society. Seven
members of the Society shall constitute a quorum, at the
monthly meeting; and, at the annual meeting, those of the
members who are present, shall constitute a quorum.
The duty of the President, or presiding officer, shall be
to preserve order, regulate the order of proceedings, and
give the casting vote when required.
II.
The Corresponding Secretary shall conduct all the correspondence of the Society;-he shall preserve the originals
of all communications addressed to the Society, and keep a
fair copy of all his letters in books.
It shall moreover be his duty to read to the Society the
correspondence which he has sustained since the previous
meeting.
He shall likewise present all the documents, essays, collections or contributions, of whatever nature, that he has
received since the last meeting from the President of the
several Chapters of this Society, or from other sources.




16
III.
The Recording Secretary shall keep the minutes of all
meetings of this Society, and, at the opening of each of
them, shall read those of the preceding; he shall have the
custody of the constitution, by-laws and records; shall give
due notice of the time and place of all the Society's meetings; and he shall keep, in books, a neat and accurate
record of all the orders and proceedings of the Society.
IV.
The Treasurer shall receive, and keep deposited in bank,
to the credit of the Society, all donations and bequests of
money, and all other sums belonging to the Society. He
shall pay all such sums as may be due by the Society, by
checks, countersigned by the President, or some member
authorized in writing by the President to act in his absence.
He shall keep a faithful account of all moneys received and
paid by him, and, once in every year, render a particular
statement of the same to the Society, which shall appoint a
committee of three members to audit and report on his
accounts to the annual meeting.
V.
The Librarian shall preserve, arrange, and keep in good
order, all books, MSS., documents, pamphlets, papers and
contributions of every kind to the library or cabinet of the
Society. He shall keep a catalogue of the same, and take
especial care that no books, MSS., documents, papers, or
any property of the Society, pertaining to the library and
cabinet, confided to his keeping, be, under any pretext, or
by the permission or authority of any officer, removed or
taken from the Society's rooms. He shall be furnished
with a book in which to record all donations and bequests
of whatever nature, relating to his department, with the
name of the donor and the time when bestowed. He shall
carefully number thie books, MSS., and collections, and mark
them with the title of this Society, and the name of the
donor or depositor.




17
VI.
A committee of twelve, on the library, shall be appointed
by ballot, at the annual meeting, to serve until the election
of their successors, and shall have the supervisory care of
all publications by the Society, under the provisions of the
1st Art. of the Constitution. They shall, with the Librarian, provide suitable shelves, cases and fixtures, by which
to arrange and display the books, manuscripts, and collections of the Society. They shall have power to elect an
Assistant Librarian, to fix his compensation, subject to the
approbation of the Society, to dismiss him and elect another
in his place, in their discretion; to establish a Reading Room
when the Society shall deem it practicable and expedient
so to do, to regulate the hours during which the Library
and Reading Room shall be kept open, to establish rules
and regulations for the government and management of the
Library and Reading Room, to appropriate for the purchase
of books and' other necessary expenses of the Library and
Reading Room such funds as may be placed at their disposal for such purposes; to prepare and print a complete catalogue of the Library and Collections of the Society, when
the Society may deem it expedient so to do, and generally
to take charge of, and control the Library and Reading
Room and Collections of the Society, except such as consist
of works of art, and are placed under the charge of the COMMITTEE ON THE GALLERY; said library committee shall make
a report quarter yearly of its proceedings to the Society.
The Librarian shall keep a "Pamphlet catalogue" on
which to enter each pamphlet when received, under its
appropriate class; and to affix on the title page a number
in the regular sequence of its reception.
Pamphlets shall be classified according to subjects-not
alphabetically.
MSS. shall be kept by the Librarian in port-folios, and
catalogued with proper references to their subjects.
All purchases of Books and Manuscripts shall be made
only by the Library committee, with the sanction of the
President and Treasurer.
3




No maps, manuscripts, drawings, engravings, or works of
art, shall be loaned to any person to be taken from the
rooms of the Society.
The President, Vice President, and Library committee
may exercise a sound discretion in refusing to authorize
the loan of any books, which, by reason of their value,
rarity, or any other cause, they may deem unsuitable to be
loaned to be taken from the rooms of the Society. And if
the loan of any book shall be refused by the President,
Vice President, or any member of the Library committee,
such refusal shall be final, unless such loan shall be subsequently sanctioned by a majority of the persons filling the
offices of President, Vice President, and Library committee
for the time being. Neither shall any books deposited with
the Historical Society, but not the property thereof, be
loaned to any person.
VII.
The Society shall select by ballot, at the sixth monthly
meeting antecedent to the annual meeting, one of its Active
or Corresponding members, who shall be requested by the
President to deliver a Historical Discourse at said annual
meeting. And at the same time the Society shall appoint
such other exercises to accompany the delivery of the
annual discourse as shall be appropriate to the occasion.
VIII.
No books, MSS., or property of the Society shall be, at
any time, lent to any person, to be removed from the
Society's rooms.
IX.
Any failure on the part of a member, after due notice for
six months by the Treasurer, to pay his annual dues, shall
be considered a forfeiture of membership, and no person
who has thus lost his membership shall be re-admitted without the strict payment of all arrears.




x.
All vacancies in committees by death, resignation, or
otherwise, shall be filled by the other members of the committee.
XI.
In the event of the dissolution of the Maryland. Historical Society, at any period, the books, collections, documents,
and all objects of interest presented to or deposited with
the Society, shall be returned to the original owners or
depositors, or to their representatives.  And if neither
owners, depositors, nor representatives are to be found,
then the said books, documents, or objects, shall be presented to some scientific or literary institution. And further, that the Librarian shall cause a label to be engraved,
which shall be placed in every book, document, or other
object belonging to the Society, upon which it shall be his
duty to write the name of the owner or depositor.
XII.
There shall be annually chosen, by ballot, at the period
of the election of officers, three Trustees of the ATHENAEUM,
conformably to the provisions of its charter, granted by the
Legislature of Maryland.
XIII.
There shall annually be chosen by ballot, at the period
of the election of officers, a COMMITTEE ON THE GALLERY,
consisting of five members, whose duty it shall be to take
charge of the Gallery of Art belonging to the Society, to
conduct its management, exhibitions, &c., &c., and to report
from time to time, at the regular monthly meetings of the
Society.




20
XIV.
There shall annually be chosen by ballot, at the period
of the election of officers, a COMMITTEE OF FINANCE, consisting of three members, of which the Treasurer shall be
one, whose duty it shall be to make permanent investments
of all surplusses in the Treasury, bequests, and donations
to the Society.
XV.
There shall annually be appointed by the President, at
the meeting next after the annual election, a committee, to
be styled the COMMITTEE ON NATURAL HISTORY, whose
duty it shall be to superintend the collection and arrangement of specimens illustrating the Natural History of the
State of Maryland, in particular, and of our country generally, and who shall have the power of appointing sub-commnittees composed of one or more members —either Active,
Corresponding, or Honorary-to act as collaborators in the
performance of their duties. At least once in every quarter, a report shall be handed to the Society exhibiting the
condition and wants of the department.
XVI.
All papers, either original or translated, read before the
Society by members thereof, shall be the property of the
Society, and no papers or manuscripts belonging to it shall
be published, or in any way given to the public, without
the consent of the Society.
XVII.
All motions to print an address, or other paper read
before the Society, shall lie over to the meeting next after
that, at which it is made, before it shall be in order to take
a vote on it.




HONORARY MEMBERS.
JAMES M. WAYNE........................Savannah, Georgia.
J. K. TEFFT.......................... 
GEORGE FOLSOM............................Neew York.
CHARLES WILKES, U. S. N............Washington, D. C.
GEORGE BANCROFT........................New York.
WILLIAM H. PRESCOTT................. Boston, Massachusetts.
EDWARD EVERETT........................  " 
JARED SPARKS.......................... Cambridge,  "
BENJAMIN SILLIMAN....................New Haven, Connecticut.
DAVID HOFFMAN..........................London, England (deceased).
J. R. BARTLETT............................ New York.
JAMES RENWICK..........................  
PROF. RAFN................................. Copenhagen, Denmark.
GEORGE S. HILLIARD..................... Boston, Massachusetts.
DAVID RIDGELY.......................... Washington, D. C.
J. S. STEPHENS.............................New York.
BARON FREDERICK VON RAUMER.. Berlin, Prussia.
LEWIS CAss................................ Detroit, Michigan.
WASHINGTON IRVING.....................New York.
ROBERT WALSH...........................Maryland.
J. R. POINSETT...........................Charleston, S. C. (deceased).
J. McP. BERRIEN........................Georgia, (deceased).
W. GILMOR SIMMS....................... Charleston, South Carolina.,
M. CHAMPOLLION FIGEAC..............Paris.
COUNT LEON DE LA BORDE............ 
GULIAN C. VERPLANCK................. ew York.
ALEXANDER VATTEMARE............. Paris.
PETER FORCE................................ Washington, D. C.
REV. DR. RYDER........................ Georgetown,  "
PROF. JOSEPH HENRY.................... Washington,  "'
PEDRO DE ANGELIS........................ ontevideo, South America.
ROBERT C. WINTHROP.................. Boston, Massachusetts.
SIR HENRY LYTTON BULWER........England.
A. CALDERON DE LA BARCA........... Spain.
JAMES M. GILLIS, U. S. N............ Washington, D. C.
THOMAS H. BENTON......................Missouri.
THOMAS CORWIN..........................Ohio.
ALEXANDER H. H. STUART............ Virginia.
GEORGE TICKNOR.......................... Massachusetts.




22
GEORGE PEABODY......................... London, England
SIR EDWARD BULWER LYTTON..... England..MARPTIN FARQUHAR TUPPER...........     "
CONWAY ROBINSON...................Richmond, Virginia.
MILLARD FILLMORE...................... Buffalo, New York.
THOMAS SULLY........................Philadelphia.
JUAN N. ALMONTE....................Mexico.
WILLIAM RODEWALD.....................Bremen.
PROF. GEORGE TUCKER.................. Philadelphia.
CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.
Col. Jose Arenales.......................... Buenos Ayres.
J. Mora Moss....................... I" "
John R. Baltzell............................ Frederick, Maryland.
James M  cSherry............................ 
Thomas G. Pratt.......................Annapolis, Maryland.
William F. Lynch, U. S. N............Baltimore County, Maryland.
James Alfred Pearce.......................Kent County, Maryland.
Wills DeHass.............................. Wheeling, Virginia.
Anthony Kimmel........................ Frederick County, Maryland.
Lieut. Col. Dixon, U. S. A..............Maryland.
Maj. Gen. Nathan Towson..............   "    (deceased).
William B. Buchanan.....................Wheeling, Virginia (dece'd).
William McCarty...........................Sunbury, Pennsylvania.
John B. Kerr................................ Easton, Maryland.
Joseph C. G. Kennedy.................... Washington, D. C.
N. B. Shurtleff..............................Boston, Massachusetts.
Edward D. Ingraham..................... Philadelphia, (deceased).
Nicholas H. Wise...........................San Francisco, California.
J. Romeyn Brodhead......................New York.
Edward Armstrong......................Philadelphia.
Job  R. Tyson.................................
John H. Rauch............................ Iowa.
George W. Curtis.......................... New York.
Frederick Kidder..........................Boston, Massachusetts.
Samuel G. Drake...............r...........
George W. Brown.........................Ellsworth, Maine.
Lieut William Gibson, U. S. N......
Josiah Curtis............................Boston, Massachusetts.
Peregrine Wroth........................... Ient County, Maryland.
Gen. Tench Tilghman..................... Talbot County, Maryland.
Alexander Evans........................Cecil County, Maryland.




23
James Lowry Donaldson, U. S. A.... Baltimore, Maryland.
James Lenox................................New York.
Rev. Robert Davidson.....................Brunswick, New Jersey.
Ephraim    M. Wright....................... Boston, Massachusetts.
Isaac E. Heisler............................. Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
James G. M. Ramsey.................. Knox County, Tennessee.
Samuel W. Thayer.........................Burlington, Vermont.
Thomas Bragg..............................ackson, North Carolina.
John G. Shea................................ New York.
Samuel Tyler..............................Frederick, Maryland.
Charles S. Parran.......................... Calvert County, Maryland.
William J. Ross........................... Frederick, Maryland.
James Spear Loring........................ Boston, Massachusetts.
Horatio R. Riddle........................... New York.
John Sharplen............................. Philadelphia.
Henry Dutton................................New Haven, Connecticut.
Charles J. Bushnell........................New York.
E. B. O'Callaghan..........................
Pro'f. E. Foreman.......................... Washington, D. C
R. C. MIackall............................... Calvert County. Maryland.
Edward W. Belt............................Prince George's Co., Md.
E. Norman Leslie..........................Skeneateles, New York.
William S. Hart.......................... Hartville, New York.
Chandler E. Potter......................... Manchester, New Hampshire.
George Wood................................ Washington, D. C.
W  illiam   Rich................................ 
Edward Kidder.............................. Wilmington, North Carolina.
George C. Swallow.......................... Colombia, Iissouri.
Florence O'Donnoghue.................. Prince George's Co., Md.
James Banks................................ Fayetteville, North Carolina.
Edmund Flagg.W............................. Washington, D. C.
J. Dixon Roman........................... Hagerstown, Maryland.
Rev. John B. Kerfoot.....................       " 
John J. Maxwell...........................New York.
-John A; Warder........................... Cincinnati, Ohio.
George S. Bryan.......................... Charleston, South Carolina.
Josiah F. Polk.............................. Washington, D. C.
Rev. Caleb Davis Bradlee................ Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Rev. Baron Stow..........................Boston,'1
Christopher C. Cox........................Easton, Maryland.
Prof. Samuel S. Haldeman..............Columbia, Pennsylvania.
Frederick DeWitt.......................... Massachusetts.
Charles Campbell......................... Virginia.
Plowden C. J. Weston.................... South Carolina.




ACTIVE MEMBERS.
George W. Andrews,   William J. Albert,    George J. Appold,
William S. Appleton,  Joseph T. Atkinson,  R. Snowden Andrews,
R. H. Atwell,        Jno. A. Armstrong,    John H. Alexander,
Theodore R. Appold,  Augustus J. Albert,   John Armstrong,
Thomas W. Atkinson, James W. Allnutt,      Rev. Ethan Allen.
Samuel Appold.
James M. Buchanan,   J. C. Baugher,        Zenus Barnum,
George Brown,        James H. Bevans,      Riggen Buckler, M.D.
Geo. Wm. Brown,      John J. Baltzell,     Alexander E. Brown,
F. W. Brune,         George W. Byrd,       Robert T. Baldwin,
F. W. Brune, Jr.     Francis X. Brenan,    Lewis A. Birely,
John C. Brune,       William Brown,        Charles Bulling,
William H. Brune,    Emanuel Baltzell,     Richard J. Baker,
John Buckler, M.D.    Llewellyn F. Barry,  Nathan Brinton,
T. H. Buckler, M.D.   John W. Ball,        William Bose,
Robert P. Brown,     James W. Bryan,       Charles J. Baker,
Robert D. Brown,     Charles E. Beatty,    Rev. L.P.W.Balch, D.D.
Charles Bradenbaugh, Thomas M. Brown,      William Bridges,
Nathan C. Brooks,    Rev. N. C. Burt,      Henry M. Bash,
Rev. J. C. Backus, D.D. William Brogden, Jr. Samuel Burns,
James Bordley, M.D.  M. Dulany Ball,       William F. Burns,
Rev. G.W.Burnap,D.D. Jerome N. Bonaparte, Thomas D. Baird,
Aug. W. Bradford,    William Buckler,      Charles T. Boehm.
Robert C. Barry,     John Brooks,
George S. Brown,     Lawrence P. Bayne,
George B. Coale,     Thomas Corner,        Wm. Q. Caldwell,
E. S. Courtney,      A. Fuller Crane,      William C. Conine,
James C. Coale,      Joshua 1. Cohen, M.D. Joseph Cockey, M.D.
C. O. Cone, M.D.     Charles H. Clarke,    H. K. Cooley,
J. Paul Cockey, M.D.  Richard H. Conway,   Benjamin Crane,
Charles R. Carroll,  Israel Cohen,         John Creagh,
Allen A. Chapman,    J. Mason Campbell,    Rev. A. C. Coxe,
Francis A. Crook,    H. D. G. Carroll,     Hugh A. Cooper,
William B. Canfield,  James Carroll,       Wilson C. N. Carr,
Ira Canfield,        Samuel Chew, M.D.     Isaac Cole,
Mendes I. Cohen,     Ashur Clarke,         Galloway Cheston,
Joseph Cushing,      J. I. Cohen, Jr.      E. P. Cohen,
James Cortlan, Jr.    David Creamer,       Fred. E. Chatard, M.D.
John Cushing,




25
John I. Donaldson,   Henry Winter Davis,   Thomas DeFord,
Samuel J. Donaldson,  Charles H. Dupuy,    John Duer,
Thomas Donaldson,    Isaac DeFord,         W. F. Dalrymple.
Jacob R. Dr6ge,      Rev. E. A. Dalrymple, Henry W. Drakely,
J. R.W. Dunbar, M.D. B. DeFord,     [D.D. John H. Duvall,
W. H. Diffenderffer,  George W. Dobbin,    Win. Y. DeFord,
George L. L. Davis,  Adam Denmead,         Rev. P. Seibert Davis.
James Ellicott,      John Eastman,         John Egerton.
C. J. M. Eaton,
W. Frederick Frick,  William C. France,    Lyman Fulton,
John Fonerden, M.D. George Frick, M.D.     Charles Findley,
Robert Fulton, M.D.  James J. Fisher,      Richard France,
Andrew Flanagan,     Rev. R. Fuller, D.D.  Jeremiah Fisher,
Robert A. Fisher,    Charles Ferguson,     Moor N. Falls.'B. A. Franklin,
Wm. H. Gatchell,     John P. Gunn, M.D.    Walter Gwynn, Jr.
John M. Gordon,      James George,         George Gibson,
J. J. Graves, M.D.   William H. Graham,    G. S. Gibson, Jr. M D.
Alexander B. Gordon, Hugh Gelston,         William H. Griffith,
Charles J. M. Gwinn,  William F. Giles,    Henry Garrett,
Samuel K. George,    Charles Gilman,       James Getty,
George M. Gill,      William W. Glenn,     John Gregg,
Geo. S. Gibson, M.D.  Rev. S. R. Gordon,   Herman H. Graue,
Edward M. Greenway, Judson Gilman, M.D. Charles A. Grinnell,
Levin Gale,          John Garrett,         L. Howard Golder.
J. Morrison Harris,  Samuel 0. Hoffman,    E. R. Harney,
James Hall, M.D.      Alexander H. Hobbs,  Samuel Hinks,
Johns Hopkins,       Edmund A. Harrison, Rev. R. C. Hall,
Robert Hall,         Sidney G. Hand,       W. Taylor Hall,
William G. Harrison, Edward 0. Hinkley,    Matthew Howe,
Robert S. Hollins,   Charles D. Hinks,     John A. Hambleton,
John Hanan,          George W. Herring,    John Hurst,
Samuel Hurlbut,      Robert W. Hyman,      J. S. Hubbel,
Henry R. Hazelhurst, John Eager Howard,    Geo. R. Hyland,
William Harrison,    William Key Howard, B. M. Heighe,
C. D. Hollins,       Edward Holloway,      Rev. W. Hamilton, D.D.
Jacob W. Houck, M.D.
George C. Irwin.
M. Courtney Jenkins,  Henry F. Jackson.    Kensey Johns,
Austin Jenkins,      J. Stricker Jenkins,  Henry E. Johnson,
Hugh Jenkins,        Hugh Jenkins, Jr.     Rev. W. E. Johnson.
C. C. Jamison,       Alfred Jenkins,
4




26
John P. Kennedy,     William Geo. Krebs,   Michael J. Kelly,
J. T. Keys,          W. M. Kemp, M. D.     Edward M. Keith,
Robert R. Kirkland,  Joseph King, Jr.      Edward D. Kemp,
Anthony Kennedy,     Martin J. Kerney,     David Keener, M. D.
Camillus Kidder,     Adam B. Kyle,
J. H. B. Latrobe,     Francis B. Loney,    Robert Lemmon,
Benjamin H. Latrobe, B. Rush Lloyd,        P. R. Lovejoy,
Z. Collins Lee,      Edward Laroque,       G. W. Lurman,
Robert Leslie,       John Lester,          Richard Lemmon,
Martin Lewis,         Alonzo Lilly,        Alexander Lorman,
Randolph B. Latimer, Ferdinand C. Latrobe, G. W. Lawrence, M.D.
J. C. Legrand,        Robert Lawson,       Osman Latrobe,
Stephen S. Lee,      W. Penn Lewis,        Ellis B. Long,
J. H. Luckett,        Charles W. Lentz,    Edmund G. Lind.
Brantz Mayer,        G. W. Miltenberger,   Nath. H. Morrison,
Charles F. Mayer,     WVm. Morrison, [M.D. George N. Moale,
James H. McHenry,    Rev. J. G. Morris, D.D. George Morrison,
iRamsay McHenry,     Chas. F. Mayer of L.  Diedrick Meier,
William McKim,        M.W. Merryman, M.D. Ed. P. Morong, M.D.
Haslett McKim,       Joseph H. Meredith,   Campbell Morfit, M.D.
Robert M. McLane,    J. McKew, M.D.        Edgar G. Miller,
Jno. V. L. McMahon, Francis V. Moale,      R. H. Mitchell,
John B. Morris,      Chas. C. McTavish,    J. Thomas Morris,
John Murphy,         Francis B. Mayer,     H. D. Mears,
Wm. E. Mayhew,       Augustus Mathiot,     Rev. John C. McCabe,
Jonathan Meredith,    Thomas Mackenzie,    James H. Millikin,
Leonard Mackall, M.D. John F. McJilton,    Robert McKim,
Henry Mankin,        Cosmo T. Mackenzie,   Robert McDowell.
Joseph C. Manning,   W. L. Montague, Jr.   D. H. Miller,
Robert Mickle,       J. H. McCulloch, M.D. D. P. Montague.
Wm. M. Medcalfe,     Wm. F. Murdoch,
J. Spear Nicholas,   John R. Niernsie,     Albert Nunez,
George Nielson,      J. Mason Nicholson,   C. Sidney Norris,
J. C. Nielson,        George W. Norris,    Charles G. Nicholson.
John Saurin Norris,  W. H. Norris,
William H. Owens,    Samuel B. Owings,     John M. Orem.
C. Oliver O'Donnell,  C. O'Donovan, M.D.
Charles H. Pitts,    William B. Perine,    Jabez D. Pratt,
Robert Purviance,    John G. Proud,        Edwin L. Parker,
Robert Purviance, Jr. Benj. C. Presstman,  Robert W. Pendleton,
Enoch Pratt,         Nelson Poe,           A. S. Piggot, M.D.
James R. Patridge,   John F. Pickerell,    Nicholas G. Penniman,
William A. Poor,     J. Hall Pleasants,    John B. Piet,




27
Josias Pennington,   R. F. Pinckney, U. S. N. Henry Pendexter,
James Polk,          Albert Perry,        Nicholas Popplein,
Joseph W. Patterson,  Wnm. H. Perkins,    James F. Purvis, Jr.
David M. Perine,     Thomas S. Plummer,   John R. Prentiss, M.D,
Oliver A. Parker,    George I. Porter,    Simon Parkhurst.
Lloyd N. Rogers,     S. S. Richardson, M.D. Francis L. Reed,
Joseph Robinson,     A. C. Robinson, M.D. William Riley, M.D.
Joseph Reynolds,     A. M. Rogers,        Joseph Rogers, Jr.
William Reynolds,    William G. Read,     Henry G. Rice,
Andrew Reid,         H. J. Rogers,        Andrew Reese.
Charles Reese,       Andrew S. Ridgely,
A. Schumacher,       Lewis H. Steiner, M.D. John Stewart,
William Schley,      Edward Slade,        R. Carter Smith,
Sebastian F. Streeter,  Lawrence Sangston,  George Small,
John Spear Smith,    James H. Stone,      Joseph H. Spence,
Samuel W. Smith,     Henry Stockbridge,   George F. Sloan,
Thomas M. Smith,     George E. Sangston,  John R. Seemuller,
B. R. Spalding,      T. Sappington, M.D.  Wm. W. Spence,
J. H. Stickney,      Jervis Spencer,      John A. Swope,
Robert M. Smith,     Thomas Sewell, Jr.   J. Alexander Shriver,
Thomas Swann,        Archibald Sterling,  Peter G. Sauerwein,
William C. Shaw,     I. Nevitt Steele,    Edward Sterling,
C. A. Shaeffer,      James Swan,          Henry Snowden,
George H. Steuart,   Jas. A. Stewart, M.D. Richard Sewell. 
Nathan R. Smith, M.D. Hugh Sisson,        Rev. Geo. L. Staley.
St. George W. Teackle, Luke Tiernan,      Edward Tiffany,
J. Han. Thomas, M.D. Richard W. Tyson,    Jesse Tyson,
John D. Toy,         J. Jacob Thomsen,    Philip T. Tyson,
Laurence Thomsen,    Thos. M. Tolman,     Philip E. Thomas, Jr.
Isaac Tyson, Jr.     James W. Tyson,      Henry S. Taylor,
Wm. H. Travers,      Charles Tiernan,     Jacob Trust,
Alexander Turnbull,  R. H. Townsend,      Wm. Geo. Tiffany,
Wm. G. Thomas,       Chas. J. R. Thorpe,  Frederick Tyson,
George P. Tiffany,   Nathaniel J. Thayer,  Rev. O. H. Tiffany.
James E. Tyson,
Philip R. Uhler.
Adalbert J. Volck,   P. G. Van Winkle,    B. F. Voss,
George L. Vickers,   Herman Von Kapff,    W. C. Van Bibber, M.D.
Geo. F. R. Wasche,   Wm. F. Worthington, J. Alden Weston,
Samuel G. Wyman,     Thomas Wilson,       William Woodville,
David S. Wilson,     Ambrose A. White,    J. 0. Wharton, M.D.
James Winchester,    Henry Webster,       Wm. Woodward,




28
Otho H. Williams,    Nathaniel Williams,  Milton Whitney,
John H. Wyman,       Henry Withington,    Joseph C. Whitney,
George Warner, Jr.,  Augustus Webster,    Wm. J. Waterman,
Thomas Winans,       T. Yates Walsh,      H. J. Werdebaugh,
Thomas H. Williams,  John W. Walker,      R. Clinton Wright,
James H. Wood,       John Whitridge,      W. H. DeC. Wright,
George A. Warder,    John Williams,       H. L. Whitridge,
Hiram Woods,         Wm. T. Walters,      John R. Winslow,
Frank R. Wright, M.D. Rev. J. C. White,   Wm. C. Wait,
H. Veasy Ward,       Charles W. Webb,     William Wallace,
Rev. S. H. Worcester, Ed. H. White, M.D.  Wm. C. Wilson,
Rev. Franklin Wilson, P. C. Williams, M.D. Thomas Whitridge,
S. Teackle Wallis,   John L. Weeks,       P. M. Womble, M.D.
Chas. E. Wethered,   Wm. S. Waters,       A. Townsend Waugh.
Wm. Wilson, Jr.
Coleman Yellott.




CATALOGUE
OF
aintings,       ntaving
&c.  &c.
AT THE
OF THE
SIXTH ANNUAL EXHIBITION,
1858.
BALTIMORE:
PRINTED BY JOHN D. TOY,
Corner of Market and St. Paul Streets.




OFFICERS
O F' I C E R S
OF THE
toliral     iottuimt  of  larmat
President.
J. SPEAR SMITH.
JOHN P. KENNEDY, VICE-PRESIDENT.
REV. E. A. DALRYMPLE, COR. SEC.
S. F. STREETER, REC. SEC.
J. HANAN, TREASURER.
LEWIS H. STEINER. LIBRARIAN.
Committee on the Gallery.
J. H. B. LATROBE.
S. W. SMITH.
ALONZO LILLY.
ENOCH PRATT.
J. STRICKER JENKINS.




(CATALOGUE OF' PAINTINGS.
The Pictures marked thus * are for sale-for prices apply at the door of the
Galler.
Owners of Pictures are requested to correct any errors in the Catalogue.
DR. EDMONDSON'S PICTURES.
NO.   SUBJECT.                              ARTIST.
1 Flower Piece,                          Virbringer
2  Dead Rabbit,                       English Artist
3  Boy with Eggs,                           Piazetti
4  German Artist,                      Ernst Fischer
6  Head of an Old Man,                    Do.
6  A Peasant Woman-Adoration,             Do.
7  Girl's Head,                           Do.
8  Sailor Boy,                            Do.
9  Head of John the Baptist,             Unknown
10  Ruins of old Bridge and Harbour,       Al. Miller
11  Garden Scene-Dead Rabbit,              Unknown
12  Portrait of a Lady,                Ernst Fischer
13  Portrait of a Duchess,                Unknown
14  Landscape, Water Fall,             French School
15  Hessian Girl                           Schneider
16  Girl arranging Flowers,            Italian School
17  Gathering Flowers-Large,                Do.
18  Shepherdess and Sheep,                  Boucher
19  Gentleman at Fireside,              Ernst Fischer
20  Landscape-The Lover,                   Unknown
21  The Miniature,                      Ernst Fischer
22  Passe par Tout,                        Do.
23  Gulnare-Candle Light,                  Do.
24  The Golden Wedding,                 Ver. Heyden
25  Fruit Piece,                         Elder Peale




4                    CATALOGUE OF PAINTINGS.
NO.   SUBJECT.                              ARTIBT.
26  Portrait Rosalie,                         Harley
27  Interior-Sun Light,                    E. Fischer
28  Country Village,                          Newell
29  Boy and Puppies,
80  Dogs and Parrot,
81  Indian Chief,                          Al. Miller
32  The Game of' Ten-pins,                    Linnig
33  Children-Mooonlight,                  Er. Fischer
34  Belle of Newport,                          Court
35  White Horse,                              Newell
36  Madonna, after Murillo,               Er. Fischer
37  Tame Ducks,                         Honderkoeter
38  Flowers and Statuary,              Benito Espinos
39  Fiddlei Boy,
40  Sheep under Cover,                        Newell
41  Titian's Venus,                       after Titian
42  Hagar and Ishmael,                        Bagaza
43  Cottage Door-Travelling Tinker, J. W. Boddington
44  Landscape and Cattle,                     Newell
45  Vase of Flowers,                   Italian School
46  Sea Piece,                              F. Birch
47  Falcon Hunting-Head by Couture, Paris,    Newell
48  Charles First,          after Vandyke, Er. Fischer
49  Virginia Wedding,                     W. Ranney
50  Incredulity of St. Thomas,         after Guercino
51  Magdalen,
52  Diana and Endymion,                 Dan Seeghers
53  Landscape,                              Balfourin
54  Village Bride,           after Greuze, Er. Fischer
55  Spaniel Dogs,                            Ansdale
56  Decline of Life-Old Lady,              Schuessele
57  The Busy Bee-Cottage,                     Newell
58  Garden Scene, Fountain and Flowers, Italian School
59  Sleeping Artist and his Subject,      J. Tolabert
60  Mischievous Boys, Porcelain,          Er. Fischer
61  Portrait of Chas. Carroll of Carrollton,   Latta
62  Female Artist in Studio,               Ger. Dow
63  The Proposal,                          Unknown
64  Sportsmen-Double Shot,               De. Posterin
65  Diana and Flora,                   Dan. Seeghers
66  Gonzalvo de Avalos,                    Al. Miller
67  Madonna and Child-after Vandyke,      Er. Fischer
68  French Pastarol-the Country Dance, after Watteau
69  Children of Rubens, after Rubens,     Er. Fischer




CATALOGUE OF PAINTINGS.                       5
NO.   SUBJECT.                             ARTIST.
70  Winter Scene,                        Kreuseman
71  Landscape,                            after Brill
72  Death of Saul,                        Unknown
73  Rural Scene-Children at Spring,       Er. Fisher
74  Landscape-View on the Rhine,       Von. Ensrich
75  Interior-Gossiping,                      A. Pez
76   Do. -Asking a Blessing,                Kahant
77 Marine-off Holland,                 Dutch School
78  Interior-Conversation and Music, 1663,  Boucke
79  Milton Composing Paradise Lost,    French School
80  Winter Piece,                          Breughel
81  Fruit Piece,                            Newell
82  Madonna and Child-from Rubens,        E. Fischer
83  Souvenir De Cceur,                   A. Gapple
84  Portrait-Lady of the Court of Louis 16th, A. Graffelle
85  Countess Gartz,                           Graff
86  Gypsey Fortune Teller, after Sir T. Lawrence, Newell
87  Sir Walter Raleigh and Queen Elizabeth,  E. Lamy
88  Marine-off the Coast of Holland,     Van Enrich
89  Study-Old Man,                       E. Fischer
90  Study-Old Woman,                      Do.
91  The Blond Girl,                       Do.
92  Study-Boy,                            Do.
93  Portrait-a Boy,                       Do.
94  Study-Female Figure,                     Guerin
95  Portrait-after Rubens,                Al. Miller
96  Sympathy,                              Lalabert
97  Sir Geo. Stewart's Caravan crossing Prairie, Al. Miller
98  Scene-Shepherdess and Dog,              Boucher
99  Portrait-Rembrandt's Daughter,        E. Fischer
100  Portrait-Spectacles,                      Graff
101  Flower Piece,                        Vanbringer
102  Piety,                                E. Fischer
103  Little Girl,                          Do.
104  Head,                                 Do.
106  Moyese Age,                           Do.




6                    CATALOGUE OF PAINTINGS.
NO.        SUBJECT.                   PROPRIETOR.            ARTIST.
106 Head of the Saviour,            Dr. Fuller.  after Guido, Unknown
107 Lady at her Toilet,             W. Dresel.               Schollen
108 Interior, Kitchen-servant asleep, W. Dresel.          B. De Loose
109 Fruit Seller-candle light,      Dr. Edmondson.          Unknown
110 Landscape-Evening,              Wm. King.             Paul Weber
111 Portrait-Gentleman,                               after Rembrandt
112 The Good Shepherd,              His. Soc.   after Murilio, T. Ruckle
113 Landscape-View of the Cordil- 
leras, near Cotopaxi, S. Amer.  Mignot.           L. R. Mignot
from Nature,               J
114 Portrait-Rubens Wife,           Dr. Edmondson.        after Rubens
115 Landscape,                      Wm. King. after Lessing. Hawksett
116 Garden Scene-Gypsey Fortune. Kennedy.   A        London
Tellerp                   X J { P  Kennedy.   Andrews, London
117 Interior-Kitchen,               Wm. King.                 Cantins
118 The Philosopher in his Studio,  Wm. King.              E. Bertien
119 The Ferry,                      J. Shaw.                  Zwagers
120 Independence,                   F. B. Mayer.          F. B. Mayer
121 Volcanic Regions, near Cotopaxa,  Dr.  rris.              Mgnot
S. Amer. from Nature,
123 Mountain Scenery-Swiss Peasants, F. Fickey, Jr.
124 The White Horse,                W. King. after Nature, Van Arden
125 Madonna, Del Sisto,             Historical Society.  after Raffaele
" Here the Madonna appears as the Queen of the Heavenly host, in a
brilliant glory of countless angel heads, standing on the clouds, with the
Eternal Son in her arms; St. Sixtus and St. Barbara kneel at the sides.
Both of them seem to connect the picture with the real spectators. A curtain, drawn back, encloses the picture on each side: underneath is a
light parapet, on which two beautiful boy-angels lean. The Madonna is
one of the most wonderful creations of Raphael's pencil: she is at once the
exalted and blessed woman of whom the Saviour was born, and the tender
earthly Virgin, whose pure and humble nature was esteemed worthy of
so great a destiny. There is something scarcely describable in her countenance; it expresses a timid astonishment at the miracle of her own
elevation; and at the same time, the freedom and dignity resulting from
the consciousness of her divine situation. The Child, enthroned in her
arms, rests naturally, but not listlessly, and looks down upon the world
with a serious expression. Never has the loveliness of childhood been
blended so touchingly, with a deep-felt, solemn consciousness of the holiest
calling, as in the features and countenance of this Child. The eye is with
difficulty disenchanted from the deep impressions produced by these two
figures; so as to rest upon the grandeur and dignity of the Pope, the
lowly devotion of St. Barbara, and the cheerful innocence of the two angel
children.
k' This is a rare example of a picture of Raphael's later time, executed
entirely by his own hand. No design, no study of the subject, for the
guidance of a scholar, no old engraving, after such a study, has ever come
to light. The execution, itself, evidently shows that the picture was
painted without any such preparation. Proofs are not wanting, even of
alterations in the original design. The two angels, in the lower part, are
very evidently a later addition by the master's hand. According to
Vasari, Raphael painted this picture for the principal altar of St. Sixtus,
at Piacenza-at least, it was there in his time, and was only removed to
Dresden in the last century. It has been supposed, with great probability,
that it had been intended for a proession picture. We can easily con



CATALOGUE OF PAINTINGS.                        7
ceive the elevating impression that this glorified appearance must have
produced, as it was borne slowly along over the heads of adoring multitudes, accompanied by the lights, the incense and the sacred songs of the
different orders."
126 Cleopatra Stung by an Asp,      J. Hodges.   after Titian, by Sasso
127 Portrait of Addison,            Dr. Chas. O'Donovan.  Peter Lilly
128 Flora,                          J. Hodges.   after Titian, by Sasso
129 Beginning of the Hugenot War,   J. H. Meredith. W. D. Washington
Particulars hereafter.
130 Landscape,                      Louis Smith.           R. Wilson
131 The Ship Advance Abandoned,     J. P. Kennedy.        J. Hamilton
132 Shepherdess and Flock,          F. Fickey, Jr. after Rosa Bonheur, l
H. Newell J
133 Sir Geo. Stewart's Caravan in G.      Wait.          A.J. Miller
Camp-Nebraska River, 
134 Interior-the Hunters, a Game of  F. Fickey, Jr.
Cards,
135 Sight of the First ship,        J. P. Kennedy.           J. Shaw
136 The Beggar Boy and his Dog,    J. B. Kremelberg.        Niedman
137 View on Canal-Holland,         Levering.             G. Hendriks
138 Battle Piece-Cavalry,          W. King.               C. P. Lions
139 Portrait of a Gentleman,       Mercantile Library.         Elliott
1391 Bavarian Peasant Girl,         J. H. Meredith. W. D. Washington
140 Portrait of a Lady,             Aug. Albert.           Old Halls
141 Joseph and Potiphar's Wife,     Historical Society.        Guido
142 Narcissus,                      Judge Lee.             N. Poussin
143 Landscape,                      Aug. Albert.          J. S. 1856
144 Landscape-Sunset,               W. Dresel.             F. Thurau
145 Vase of Flowers                 W. King.                  Roesen
1451 Winter Scene-Holland,            Do.                    Huffman
146 Landscape,                        Do.                  D. Munter
147 Magdalen in the Desert,         J. Cortlan, Jr.           Baltoni
148 Communion of St. Jerome,        Historical Society. after Domini- 
chino 
The original of this painting is in the Vatican at Rome, and is one of
the most world renowned productions of art. It was copied at the instance of the late Mrs. Crawford by Signor Bartolomaie, an eminent Italian painter, who was induced to devote himself to the reproduction of the
original with a zeal whose success is illustrated in this, perhaps the finest
copy that exists. The same remarks apply to Peter Martyr of Titian,
from the church of S. S. Giovanni, Paoli in Venice, which is also the
work of Signor Bartolomaie, and pronounced by those who have
seen the two works side and side to be the best copy of the many that
have been made of the original.




8                    CATALOGUE OF PAINTINGS.
NO.       SUBJECT.                  PROPRIETOR.                ARTIST.
149 Ruins-Cattle Reposing,          W. King.                  H. Roos
150 Winter Landscape,    *                           J A. Krauseman
151 Lake Scene,                     Dr. Colburn.              Colburn
152 Cromwell, after Execution of}      W    r               L S   er
Charles,               G. W. Brown.            L. Sumers
Charles,
153 View in Switzerland,   *                               Hengsbach
154 Landscape-Waterfall,            De Ford.                 Hendriks
155 Cupid,                          Historical Society.
156 Interior-Kitchen,               Levering.               Unknown
157 Interior-Boor Drinking,         Levering.                  Do.
158 Landscape,                      Geo. J. Appold.            Do.
159 Interior-Candlelight,           J.H. Meredith.     Pupil of Van 
Schendel I
160 Taggart's Valley River,         Balt. & Ohio R. R. E. G. McDowell
161 The Marriage Supper at Cana,    Md. Historical Society.  Powell.
"Paul Veronese painted four pictures on this subject, equally celebrated,
of which this is the first and the largest of the four. It comprises one
hundred and twenty figures, the greatest part portraits, of the most
celebrated personages of the age, in which the painter lived. The first
figure on the left is Alphonse D'Avalos, Marquis de Guast, by the side of
him is Eleanor of Austria, and her husband Francis 1st. in a Venetian
Cap. Afterwards, we see Mary, Queen of England, and Sultan Soliman
the second. At the angle of the table, the person in profile and baldheaded, is the Emperor Charles V., bearing the insignia of the order of
the Golden Fleece.
" Paul Veronese is seated in front playing the viol-Titian, the bass,
near him Tintoret touches the violin, and Bassan the flute.
"This picture was painted for the dining-hall of St. George in Venice,
the conquests of France caused it to be brought to Paris in 1798, where it
was placed in the principal saloon of the Louvre. It has remained there
ever since, the Italian Commissioners empowered to take back the pictures in 1815, having consented to leave this splendid work in France, and
to take in exchange a St. Stephen painted by Charles Lebrun."
162 Landscape-Mountain and Mills,   W. King.                  J. Shaw
163 Landscape and Cattle,   *       Meredith.              De Munter
164 Landscape-View on Rhine,        J. P. Kennedy.         Tachtleven
165 Landscape-Brook,                J. P. Kennedy.          Unknown
166 Drovers,                        Judge Lee.              Vanderdos
167 Marine Piece,   *                                        A. Hulk
168 Studio of Rubens,               Thos. Winans.    Chas. Herbsthoffer
169 Reception of Mentor and Tele-   Dr.Chas. ODonovan.        B. West
macchus by Calypso,
170 Winter Scene in Holland,
171 Peter Martyr-See No. 148,       Historical Society.  after Titian, 
Signor Bartolomiae J
172 Landscape-Autumn,               Wilmot.                 W. M. B.
173 Landscape,                      W. King.               D. Munter
174 Fruit Woman,                    W. King.               H. Frelens
175 Sheep and Cattle,               J. Cortlan, Jr.            Robbe
176 River Side,                     J. P. Kennedy.          Unknown




CATALOGUE OF PAINTINGS. 
NO.. SUBJCT.                         PROPRIETOR.            ARTIST.
177 Nymphs Repo3sing,               Judge Lee.              Polenburg
178 The Miser Surprised,            J. P. Kennedy.        S. Detouche
179 Henry IV. Emperor Germay        Jas. Cortlan, Jr. Orig'l by L. Classn
Anno Dom. 1066,
"Having refused to appear before the assembly at Tribur convoked by
Anno, Archbishop of Cologne, is seized by the Saxon Nobles, whom he
had treated with the utmost scorn. Adalbert, Archbishop of Bremen,
the most learned and polished man of the times, and adviser of Henry,
narrowly escaped arrest.  After three years concealment and the loss of
all his lands, died in want and degradation."
180 Old Ballad Singers,             J. H. Meredith.           Mueller
181 Landscape-Storm,                W. King.              after Vernet
182 City and Bay of Naples.                                  Do.
183 Sunset-Mountain Scene.          W. King.         Paal of Dusseldorf
184 Cardinal,                       Judge Lee.
185 Portrait-Maria Antoinette,                            Adol Huber
Queen of France, 
186 Flowers, Fruit and Game,                               Paoli Bonzi
187 Landscape,                      W. King.               Vandersuit
188 Abe, in the Flying fish, vide   J P. Kennedy                Birch
Swallow Barn,              J
189 Landscape,                      W. King.                 Schirmer
190    Do.    Cottage-Windmill, &c. J. P. Kennedy.           Williams
191 Fruit piece,                    J. H. Meredith.         J. B. Ord
192 Vender of Quack Medicine,       J. P. Kennedy.            Victoor
193 Interior-Music Party,               Do.                 Unknown
194 Solitude,                           Do.              Salvator Rosa
195 Landscape-Cattle, Shepherds, &c. J. D. Kremelberg.  A. J. Daiwalla
196 Beatrice Cinci,                 Jas. Hodges.  after Guido, Varucca
197 Poesy and Artists,              J. H. Meredith.
198 Granite Cliffs,                 S. Coleman.             S. Colman
199 Magdalen and Crown of Thorns,                        after Corregio
200 Dutch Lady and Child,           Dr. Edmondson's Est.  Ern. Fischer
201 Landscape,                      W. King.       Venetian, Unknown
202 Portrait-Jaquelin,              J. P. Kennedy.             Greuze
203 Landscape near Otsego Lake,     Dr.Harris                  M   ot
New York-Autumn,           f
204 Portrait-Countess de Berry,     J. P. Kennedy.            Boucher
206 Horse and Pigeon,               F. Fickey, Jr.             Newell
206 Winter Landscape-Cottage,       J. P. Kennedy.        I. Constable
207 Still Life,                         Do.                 Von Aelst
208 Winter Piece,                       Do.
209 Landscape,                      Kremelberg.            Aug. Seidel
210 Seaport,                        J. P. Kennedy.             Vernet
211 The Old Horse,                  J. P. Kennedy.           Morland
212 Landscape-Ruins,                 W. King.           Jno. Hawksett
213 Portrait of a Lady,             Judge Mason.      Gil. Stuart, 1798
214 Setter Dog,                     J. Levering.           Van Arden




10                   CATALOGUE OF PAINTINGS.
NO.       SUBJECT.                    PROPRIETOR.              ARTIST.
215 Game Piece,                     F. Fickey, Jr.        after Rubens
216 The Landing Place,              J. P. Kennedy.           L. Redig
217 Winter Piece,                   J. P. Kennedy.              Smetz
218 The Notte of Corregio-The Holy 
Night, the adoration of the   Md. Hist. Soc.       after Corregio
Shepherds,                  }'The Notte is celebrated for the striking effect of the light, which, in
accordance with the old legend, proceeds from the new-born babe: the
radiant infant and the mother who holds him, are lost in the splendor,
which has guided the distant shepherds. A maiden on one side, and a
beautiful youth on the other, who serve as a contrast to an old shepherd,
receive the full light which seems to dazzle their eyes; while angels,
hovering above, appear in a softened radiance. A little further back,
Joseph is employed with his ass, and in the back ground are more shepherds with their flocks. Morning breaks in the horizon, an ethereal light
flows through the whole picture, and leaves only so much of the outline
and substance of the forms apparent as is necessary to enable the eye to
distinguish the objects."
219 Portrait-Madam Le Brun,         J. Hodges.           after Sabatelli
220 Conception of the Madonna,      J. Hodges.            after Bianchi
221 Landscape,                      Aug. Albert.        W. L, Sonntag
222 Landscape-Evening,      *                                    Liest
223 Dauphin Louis XVII.             J. P. Kennedy.      Mad. Le Brun
224 Martin Luther entering the Town Jas Cortlan, Jr. original, L. Classin
Hall at Worms,Jas CortlanJr ornal L. Clasin
" As he drew near the door which was to admit him to the presence of
his Judges, he was met by a valiant knight, Geo. Frundsberg, who
touched him upon the shoulder and kindly said, "my poor monk, my
poor monk, thou hast a march and a struggle to go through, such as neither I, nor many other captains have seen the like in our most bloody
battles, but if thy cause be just, and thou art sure of it, go forward in
God's name and fear nothing! He will not forsake thee."
225 Fishkill Mountain and Hudson }Dr. Harris.                  Mignot
River-Winter,              }                            Mgo
226 Landscape-on the Rhine,         Dr. Edmondson's Estate. Champany
227 Mother and Infant,              Kremelberg.          C. E. Butcher
228 Marauders,                      W. King.                 P. Fiefer
229 Conversation-Your Health,       Dr. Edmondson's Estate.
230 Interior-She Waits,                      Do.        after Reynolds
231'he Gleaner,                             Do.
232 Bursting of the Dyke-Holland,            Do.             C. Collins
233 Chinese Tea Party,                       Do.
234 Chinese Typhoon,                        Do.               Langua
235 Wild Turkeys,                            Do.         E. E.: Newell
236 Juvenile Soldiers,                       Do.            Al. Miller
237 Reading President's Message,             Do.            Al. Miller
238 Wood Gatherer,                          Do.             Unknown
239 Vase of Flowers,                         Do.               Do.
240 Genoese Lady,                   Dr. Chas. O'Donovan.
241 Flowers, Dog, &c.               Judge Lee,                 Do.




CATALOGUE OF PAINTINGS.                      11
SMALL ROOM.
NO.        SUBJECT.                  PROPRIETOR.            A RIST.
242 Duke of Lorraille-Francis I. of         Origial bv Adolph Huer
Austria,
243 Portrait
244 Group of Children,  *                             Adolph. Huber
The Family, or house of Austria, in which is introduced the Portrait
of Maria Antoinette
245 Bacchus and Ariadne,           Judge Lee.              Unknown
246 Flower Piece,                  F. Fickey, Jr.       Van Huysum
247 Interior-Horse, &c,            Dr. Harris.            Unklown
248 Cottage Door-the return, &c.   J. H. Meredith.         Vanlinder
249 South American Landscape,      Gen. Williamson.
250 The Young Guard,               W. King.               Unknown
251 Dead Hare,                     F. Fickey, Jr.
252 Head of Saviour,               Dr. Fuller.           after Guido
263 Raffaele-Portrait,             Jas. Hodges.         after Raphael
254 Flower Piece)                  F. Fickey, Jr.      Van Huysum
255 Lady and Pet Dog,              G. Appold.             Unknown
256 Dead Game,                     G. S. Brown, Jr.
257 Landscape,                     Geo. Eaton.         A. B. Durand
268 Landscape,                     J. Shaw.                   Shaw
259 Highland Music,                H. Newell.         after Landseer
260 Lion Hunt,                     Levering.            after Rubens
261 South American Landscape,      Gen. Williamson.       Unknown
262 Portrait-Thomson Mason, Va.    Judge Mason.              Do.
263 Terrier Dogs,                  W. King.                S. Raven
264 Flora,                         Dr. Edmondson's Est.
265 Portrait-Vivienne,   *                               Hy. Rigaud
266 Crucifixion,                   F. Fickey, Jr.           Dietrici
267 Portrait in Pastelle,          Dalmaine.               Dalmaine
2682Interior-The Officer.          Geo. Eaton.              Lecoeurt
269 Landscape,                     G. W. Brown.           McDowell
270 Battle Piece-Cavalry,          W. King.              C. P. Lions
271 Landscape,                     J. P. Kennedy.
272 Landscape,                     J. P. Kennedy.           J. Shaw
273 Danl. Boone, Discovering the   Judge Lee.                  King
Valley of Miss.,                   Lee.                 King
274 The Chess Players,             W. H. Meredith. W. D. Washington
275 Landscape-Scene in Switzer- )W   i.                 au    tn
land,                      lW. Klng.              Baumgartner
276 View on the Guayaquil River, S. A. Dr. Harris.           Mignot
277 Toilet-Mother and Daughter,    Judge Lee.
278 Charity,                       Geo. W. Brown.      W. S. Tiffany
279 Dead Game,                     Geo. S. Brown.         H. Newell




12                  CATALOGUE OF PAINTINGS.
NO.           SUBJECT.              PROPRIETOR.             ARTIST.
280 Landscape-Winter,               W. H. Meredith.           Kostor
281 Sea piece-Dutch Boats,                                   A. Hulk
282 Landscape,                     Judge Lee.                Webster
283 Portrait-Col. Richard Barnes,   Judge Mason. Sir. Jos. Reynolds, l
Original 1755 J
284 Landscape and Cows,            W. H. Meredith.      A. Verhoesen
285 Landscape-Crossing the Brook.   W. King.               Unknown
286 Portrait,
Col. John Barnes of the British Army, time of Charles II., brought to
this country by Col. Abraham Barnes of St. Mary's County, Md. 1760.
Judge Mason. Original by G. Kneller, 1760.
287 Portrait-Maria Theresa, Queen             Original b  dol Huber
of Austria,.
288 Portrait-Thos. Mason of Va.    Judge Mason.       Sir J. Reynolds
289 Jupiter and Antiope,           L. Rogers.                Corregio
290 The Saviour Bound and Crowned 
with Thorns,   * 
291 View of Baltimore from Beach   M. Kimmel.                F. Guy
Hill,
292 Portrait-Seneca,               Judge Mason.            Unknown
293 Portrait-Homer,                    Do.                 Unknown
294 View of Baltimore from How-    Hitcal                       Bek
ard's Park,                            Socety.            Bek
295 Vase of Flowers,               Historical Society.     Unknown
296 Female-Parrot, Flowers, Dead               Original y P   i 
Game, Companion to No 186,*                              Bo
297 Vase of Flowers,               Historical Society.     Unknown




CATALOGUE OF PAINTINGS.                      13
ENGRAVINGS.
NO.           SUBJECT.              PROPRIETOR.              ARTIST.
298 A Proof Line Engraving, of the
Horse Fair,   G. W. Brown.        Rosa Bonheur
299     Do.         Do.    Shakspeare and his Cotemporaries,  G. W. Brown.           Jno. Faed
300  A Proof Mezzotint Print-The
Last Judgment,                G. W. Brown.          Jno. Martin
"God shall bring every work into judgment, with every secret thing
whether it be good or whether it be evil. Eccle. 12 ch. 14 ver."
301 A Proof Mezzotint Print-Great
Day of his Wrath,            G. W. Brown           Jno. Martin''And the heavens departed as a scroll when it is rolled together; and
every mountain and island were moved out of theirplaces. Revela. 6 ch.
and 14 ver.
302 A Proof Mezzotint Print-The
Plains of Heaven,            G. W. Brown.          Jno. Martin'And God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes; and there shall
be no more death, neither sorrow, nor crying, neither shall there be any
more pain: for the former things are passed away. And he that sat
upon the throne said, behold I make all things new. Revela. 21 ch."
303 A Proof Line Engraving, of the
Marriage Supper at Cana,     G. W. Brown.        Paul Veronese
304 A Fine Line Engraving-Aurora,       Do.              Guido Rheni
306 A Proof Line Engraving-Mary
Magdalen Anointing the feet
of Christ,                       Do.                P. Veronese
306 Fine Line Engraving-Lord's Supper, Do.               Leo de Vinci
307   Do.    Madonna del Sisto,     J. H. Meridith.      after Raffael
308 Portrait-Fine Line,             White.          Sir. Jos. Reynolds
309  Do.         Do.                 Do.                     Schidoni
310  Do.         Do. Rosetta,         Do.                  C. Netcher
311  Do.         Do. D. Crespe,       Do.                     Crespe
312 The feast of Mondawmin-Indian
Thanksgiving, water colors   S. G. Wyman.            F. Mayer
313 The Thunder Dance of the Dakotas,
water colors,                     Do.                 Do.
STATUARY.
314 Bust of Greek Slave,            W. K. Howard.      Hiram Powers
316 Bust of Proserpine,                 Do.                 Do.








A
PAPER UPON THE ORIGIN
OF THEI 
Iteac the Ytlh of May, 185y,
BEFORE THE
BY GEO. LYNN-LACHLAN DAVIS,
OF BALTIMORE.
JTow p7blished, by perrmission of the (President of the Society,
with only, few slight alterattion.
_ < * O ---------------------
altimore... |rinhte    b  0oljn,n rpgp  & (to,
PUBLISHERS, BOOKSELLERS, PRINTERS, AND STATIONERS,
Marble Building, 182 Baltimore street.
1860.








CQ2e des;ire to cdoJustice to can adopted
som of XJc  ~ryc7zand, (7ow c a dzistingished
officer of the FedceraZ J\Tavcy,) cbnd the
interest so strongzy   b manifested by c7ll
casses of fylmrr ccTns 7 n every tzhing
reZatizng to one of the oZd c'nd great
rrbpbres of flszao, wi 7 be some excGse,
it is hoped, for the p7lbocZtion, cbt thzis
time, of the folowinzg 2caper.
faltimore, June 20, 1 60.








o RIG ( I N
OF THIE
JAPAN EXPEDITION.
To the MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY I owe an
apology for the character of the topic I have selected.
That doubts should exist respecting subjects connected
with the twilight of our earliest history-that the exploits
of King Arthur, or the piratical deeds of Captain Ingle,
should still involve a variety of open questions-is surely
a matter of no surprise. But it saddens us to think, a
discussion could arise upon a point which may be easily
traced, with the aid of documents, to so recent a period;
and which cannot, as an excuse for misapprehension, plead
even the simple fact, that there is the least political or
religious prejudice in any way mingled with it. It may
also mortify us to know, how readily the authority of the
Government may be invoked in the propagation of errorto say nothing of the distinguished man, whose name is
associated with an act of such gross historical injustice.
My meaning will be apparent upon the reading of a paragraph from the huge volume now lying before me, and




6         ORIGIN OF THE JAPAN EXPEDITION.
entitled "Narrative of the Expedition of an American
Squadron to the China Seas and Japan, performed in the
years 1852, 1853, and 1854, under the command of Commodore M. C. Perry, United States Navy, by order of the
Government of the United States, compiled from the original notes and journals of Commodore Perry and his
officers, at his request and under his supervision, by
Francis L. Hawks, D.D., LL.D., with numerous illustrations.
Published by order of the Congress of the United States."
"Commodore Perry," according to this Narrative, "after
careful examination, believed that, under all the circumstances, there was a favorable opportunity for our country
to establish commercial relations with Japan, and avowed
his belief to several of his brother officers, as well as to
some of the dignitaries of the Government, and eminent
citizens, long before the subject was discussed publicly, and
the expedition resolved upon. There were doubtless others (and among them probably some of high station in the
Government) whose minds had been led to a similar conclusion, and who, like Commodore Perry, anticipated popular opinion on the subject of an expedition.  Indeed,
instructions had been sent out to Commodore Aulick, then
on the East India Station, directing him to proceed to
Japan; and the State Department, then under the charge of
Mr. Webster, had sought information concerning Japan
from the officer who commanded the Preble on her visit,
Commodore Glynn, who very strongly felt and urged the
importance of establishing, if possible, a friendly communication between that kingdom and our own country. We
believe, however, we do no wrong to any one when we say,




ORIGIN OF THE JAPAN EXPEDITION.         7
that the thought of making an immediate effort was urged
by Commodore Perry; and, at all events, on the recall of
Commodore Aulick, he proposed to the Government of the
United States the Expedition which was finally sent. The
proposition was favorably received; and it was determined
that a squadron should be dispatched, under his command,
on the peaceful mission of endeavoring to open a friendly
commercial intercourse with the Japanese." See page 77.
Such, I regret to add, is a specimen of the loose, slip-shod
method of the Reverend narrator. Will it be believed that
the Expedition was actually projected eighteen months
before the sailing of Commodore Perry; that a proposal
was submitted to the Government, by Commodore John H.
Aulick, as early as the 9th of May, 1851; that the Expedition was then set on foot; that, on the day afterwards, a
letter was addressed by the President to the Emperor of
Japan; that, on the 30th of the same month, a commission
was given to Commodore Aulick to make a treaty with the
Emperor; and that this Expedition was in the East under
the command of Commodore Aulick, at the very time to
which the preceding paragraph of the Rev. Dr. Hawks
refers? Yet there is ample evidence in support of each of
these propositions. The first paper I will read developes
the ground-work of the design; and clearly proves, that
while Mr. Webster promptly approved of the project, the
credit of originating this far-famed Expedition is due to
Commodore Aulick. It is a letter from the pen of the
great statesman, at that time the Secretary of State, to Mr.
Graham, the Secretary of the Navy, written in the author's
very best style, and dated on the 9th of May, 1851.




8         ORIGIN OF THE JAPAN EXPEDITION.
DEPARTMENT OF STATE,
WASIINGTON, May 9th, 1851.
Honorable WM. A. GRAHAM,
Secretary of the Navy:
SIR:-You will doubtless have seen in the public journals, that a number of Japanese were sometime since picked
up at sea, six hundred miles from the Japanese Islands, by
the barque Auckland, Captain Jennings, by whom they
had been treated very kindly, brought into the port of San
Francisco, and subsequently placed on board the revenue
cutter Polk, to await arrangements for their return to their
native country.
Captain Aulick has suggested to me, and I cheerfully
concur in his opinion, that this incident may afford a favorable opportunity for opening commercial relations with the
Empire of Japan, or at least of placing our intercourse with
that Island upon a more easy footing.
Under these circumstances, I have the honor to inquire,
whether there is any small national vessel on the Western
coast of the United States, that could, without inconvenience to the public service, be ordered to take these unfortunate men on board at San Francisco, and proceed with
them to Hong-Kong? Commodore Aulick is charged with
the delivery of a letter from the President of the United
States to the Emperor of Japan. And if these Japanese
mariners can be thus forwarded to Hong-Kong, there to
await the arrival of the Commodore, he could then take
them on board of one of these vessels under his command,
and return them to their native land. Accompanied by an
imposing naval force, as he probably would be on this




ORIGIN OF THE JAPAN EXPEDITION.          9
service, and with the kindly disposition awakened in the
bosom of the Emperor towards this Government, by the act
of restoring these unfortunates to their homes, the occasion,
it is believed, would be most auspicious for the accomplishment of the more important objects of Commodore Aulick's
mission.
I am, sir, respectfully,
Your obedient servant,
DANIEL WEBSTER.
The Japanese mariners were subsequently sent to the
East, in conformity with the suggestion contained in the
preceding letter. But let me here add another very interesting epistle signed by the President, but written (we may
presume) by the same illustrious Secretary of State:MILLARD FILLMORE,
President of the United States of America,
To His Imperial Majesty, the Emperor of Japan:
GREAT AND GOOD FRIEND:-I send you this letter by an
envoy of my own appointment, an officer of high rank in
his country, who is no missionary of religion. He goes, by
my command, to bear to you my greeting and good wishes,
and to promote friendship and commerce between the two
countries.
You know that the United States of America now extend
from sea to sea; that the great countries of Oregon and
California are parts of the United States; and that from
these countries, which are rich in gold and silver and
2




10        ORIGIN OF THE JAPAN EXPEDITION.
precious stones, our steamers can reach the shores of your
happy land in less than twenty days.
Many of our ships will now pass in every year, and
some perhaps in every week, between California and China;
these ships must pass along the coast of your Empire;
storms and winds may cause them to be wrecked on your
shores,-and we ask and expect, from your friendship and
your greatness, kindness for our men, and protection for
our property. We wish that our people may be permitted
to trade with your people; but we shall not authorize them
to break any laws of your Empire. Our object is friendly
commercial intercourse, and nothing more.  You have
many productions which we should be glad to buy; and
we have productions which might suit your people.
Your Empire has a great abundance of coal; this is an
article which our steamships, in going from California to
China, must use. They would be glad that a harbor in
your Empire should be appointed to which coal might be
brought, and where they might always be able to purchase it.
In many other respects, commerce between your Empire
and our country would be useful to both. Let us consider
well what new interests arise from the recent events which
have brought our two countries so near together, and what
purposes of friendship, amity and intercourse they ought
to inspire into the breasts of those who govern both countries. Farewell.
Given under my hand and seal, at the City of Wash[L. s.]  ington, the 10th day of May, 1851, and of the Independence of the United States the seventy-fifth.
MILLARD FILLMORE.
By the President: DANIEL WEBSTER, Sec'y of State.




ORIGIN OF THE JAPAN EXPEDITION.        11
On the 30th of the same month is dated the commission
to Commodore Aulick, (a copy of which will be filed with
this Paper in the Archives of our Society,) clothing him
with the full power to negotiate and sign a treaty of friendship, commerce and navigation between the two countries.
The next document (which also I will beg leave to file)
is a copy of the instructions to our newly appointed envoy,
dated about ten days later than the commission. It alludes
in eloquent terms to the approach of the moment when the
" last link" in the great "chain of oceanic steam navigation" shall be formed; describes the manner in which the
poor shipwrecked mariners shall be delivered at Jeddo, the
capital of the Japanese Empire; specifies a number of
objects as desirable and proper articles for the proposed
treaty; and recommends the propriety of securing a period
of three years "for the exchange of ratifications."
Notwithstanding the gigantic proportions and vast pretensions of the Narrative written by Dr. Hawks, it will be
observed that not one of the above named documents is
mentioned or even quoted in that work. Commodore
Aulick is entirely ignored as the originator of the Expedition; and the only reference to him in this connection, is
the one which states that he was the commanding officer of
the East India squadron, and that he had been ordered " to
proceed to Japan." To make the injustice of this grave
omission on the part of the Reverend narrator the more
apparent, and to show what little connexion Commodore
Perry really had with the origin of this Expedition, it is
only necessary to add, that Commodore Aulick had sailed
to the East, with the full expectation of carrying out the




12       ORIGIN OF THE JAPAN EXPEDITION.
design, and executing the noble purposes of the mission,
when he was suddenly arrested by a hand behind him-by
the powerful hand of Secretary Graham-and soon afterwards succeeded in the command of the squadron by Commodore Perry, the officer who subsequently became so
conspicuously connected with the history of the Expedition.
It is not good for us to make a charge without the exhibition of proof; and as it is no part of my purpose, in this
Paper, to go beyond the origin of the Expedition, I will not
accuse Mr. Graham of any injustice in the recall of Commodore Aulick, at the moment when this veteran in the
sea-service of his country was upon the eve of reaping so
rich a reward, and of enjoying so high an honor. But to
rebut any presumption which may arise against the originator of this Expedition, from the extraordinary order of
Mr. Graham, Secretary of the Navy, it is but due to Commodore Aulick for me to say, that Mr. Dobbin (successor to
Mr. Kennedy in the office vacated by Mr. Graham's resignation) did most distinctly state he was fully satisfied with
the explanation submitted by this officer, of everything
relating to the aspersions which had been cast upon him;
and, notwithstanding the request of Commodore Aulick,
he refused to order a court of inquiry.
There are many claimants besides Commodore Perry for
the honor of originating an Expedition which, all must
now admit, is destined to exert a powerful influence upon
the social, commercial and political fortunes of the whole
world. I do not pretend to say what did or what did not
pass through the mind of the President or his constitu



ORIGIN OF THE JAPAN EXPEDITION.        13
tional advisers, either before or even after the interview of
Commodore Aulick with Mr. Webster, on the 9th of May,
1851; nor will I stop to inquire into the date either of this
or of that particular proposal, or into the exact character
of the facts and suggestions submitted to the Government,
upon various occasions, by different distinguished individuals. In tracing a point of external history, we must
look to the record; and the difference between the case of
Commodore Aulick and that of all the other claimants, is
most striking and conclusive. Whatever may have been
thought of other suggestions, it is certain that the proposal
submitted by this officer was the one accepted by the Government. It instantly became a living embodiment, a tangible and potential reality. It was the express-the openly
avowed-the direct-the immediate basis of the Expedition. And this fact is proved by the documents I have cited
and read.
No blame should be cast upon Dr. Hawks for becoming
the mere amanuensis of Commodore Perry, or assisting his
friends in making out a report for the Government. But
when he goes beyond the journals and legitimate notes of
Navy officers, and assumes the functions of a historian, he
comes under a stricter responsibility; and I hold it to be a
duty as well as a right to expose his grave delinquencies.
Commodore Aulick is indeed a native of Virginia, and a
well tried officer of the Federal Government. But our field
of labor is not confined to the limits of Maryland. And I
may mention as an interesting fact, that the Commodore
did spend a portion of his boyhood within the bosom of
our own dear State, and entered the Navy of the United




14        ORIGIN OF THE JAPAN EXPEDITION.
States under the auspices of General Roger Nelson, a very
eminent Marylander of that period, and the father of our
present distinguished townsman, the Honorable John
Nelson.
I now beg leave (with this explanatory Paper) to file the
documents I have cited, as a sacred deposit among the
Archives of this Society, and a means of counteracting,
in some degree, the tendency of erroneous statements, put
forward before the whole country with an air of such
imposing authority. If I understand the high objects of
this Society, it is a part of her mission to collect and hand
down to the future the all-important facts of the present;
and to preserve the purity of the fountain, whatever may
be mingled with the muddy streams which flow in every
direction around us.
GEO. LYNN-LACHLAN DAVIS.




THE
EARLY FRIENDS
(OR QUAKERS)
IN MARYLAND,
READ AT THE MEETING
OF THE
6th March, 1862,
BY J. SAURIN NORRIS.
PRINTED FOR THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY,
BY JOHN D. TOY.








THE EARLY FRIENDS, (OR QUAKERS)
IN MARYLAND.
THE rise and progress of the Society of Friends, or
Quakers, in the province of Maryland, constitutes an
episode rather than a prominent integral part of its history; a thread in the woof distinct and separate from the
whole fabric. By the inculcation of their peculiar tenets,
differing so widely from those around them, they immediately isolated themselves in a great degree from the
world. Even their speech and apparel, so peculiar to
themselves, seemed as a barrier between them and the
rest of mankind. Abstaining, almost totally, from participation in political matters, they were content to be
governed, not to govern; to yield obedience to the recognised laws, where their doctrines did not come in opposition to them; yet when so clashing, presenting a front of
quiet, but downright and sturdy resistance; not by force
of arms, but by the exhibition of an endurance that constitutes one of the most remarkable characteristics of the
sect, and which, however open to animadversion, yet commands respect from its consistency with their principles,
and the unyielding persistence with which it has been
maintained.
Suddenly springing into existence in England, under
the lead of their founder George Fox, enunciating their
1




4
"testimonies" with boldness and distinctness, which testimonies or doctrines, in many respects attacked the very
foundations of men's prejudices and principles, striking
at the root of the established church polity and government, and in not a few points coming into direct collision
with the laws of the kingdom, it is not wonderful that
the opposition to them there, should have been bitter and
powerful, and when their earliest travellers or emigrants
came into the British Colonies of America, they brought
the same tenets into lands where the fundamental laws,
habits and feelings, were at least measurably in consonance with those of the mother country.
The rise of the Society in England dates between the
years 1644 and 1648, during which period their earliest
meetings for worship were held, and immediately thereafter the accession to their numbers was rapid and remarkable. In 1653 their first meetings for "discipline,"
or ordering the affairs of the Church, were held in the
north of England, and from this date may fairly be reckoned their establishment as a distinct religious body.*
"In 1655 many ministers went beyond sea, and in 1656
some proselytes were made in the American provinces and
other places,"t writes George Fox; and in July 1656
Mary Fisher and Ann Austin, arrived at Boston, being
the first Quakers known to have visited America. Sewell
gives a graphic account of their reception and ill usage,
and states that after being five weeks prisoners, they were
sent back.  This Mary Fisher subsequently accomplished
an extraordinary journey to Turkey, and actually visited
the Sultan in his camp near Adrianople; where she was
kindly treated by him, and offered a guard to escort her
to Constantinople, which she declined, and went thither
in safety and unattended.
*Janney's Fox, 482.  t Fox's Journal, 1, 222.  Sewell's Hist. 1, 203.




The Colony of Virginia was visited about the same
time as Massachusetts, and in this case a woman was also
the first missionary of the then new sect. One Elizabeth
Harris certainly returned from Virginia in the fifth month
(July) 1657, 0. S; and it is believed she went to that
province in 1656. A letter to her from Robert Clarkson,
quoted by Bowden, is dated thus, "From Severn the 14th
of the eleventh month 1657," and underneath is written
"This is in Virginia."*  It appears to have been generally
conceded that the "Severn" named was at a small river of
that name, an affluent, or arm of Mobjack Bay, lying on
the Virginia shore, between the Rappahannock and York
Rivers; and Janney states that a meeting was settled
there. Whatever may have been the locality of this
Severn, it is certain there are places named in the letter,
which give some ground for the supposition that it might
be the Maryland Severn.  The writer states that "we
have disposed of the most part of the books which were
sent," —" at Herring Creek, Roade River, South River,
all about Severn, the Brand Neck and thereabout, the
Seven Mountains and Kent." Most of these places are
familiar as Maryland localities. He also mentions a certain Henry Woolchurch, whose name appears in 1677,
among the manuscript records of Friends in Maryland.
The question as to where this Severn was, is interesting
only in its bearing on the fact of the earliest date at which
any Quaker was in Maryland.
Towards the close of 1657, Josiah Cole and Thomas
Thurston reached Virginia; from whence they started on
foot to Maryland, where being joined by Thomas Chapman, they remained until the 2d of the sixth month,
1658, 0. S. (which corresponds to the present eighth
month, or August,) when they proceeded on their pedes* Bowden's Hist. 1, 340.




6
trian travels to Rhode Island and New England.* This
remarkable journey was made through vast wildernesses
on foot,-and among strange tribes of savages, and is an
exemplification of the stout hearts of the men who encountered its perils for the sake of disseminating their
religious tenets. These three men, Cole, Thurston and
Chapman, were undoubtedly among the earliest Quakers
who visited Maryland. Thurston had previously been in
Boston and was banished therefrom, and as in the mean
time laws had been made to prevent all vessels from bringing Quakers into Massachusetts, he adopted this plan of
again entering that Colony by a "back door," as it is
quaintly termed in some- proceedings of the General Court
of Boston relating to his second visit. t
In the early part of 1659, three other Friends visited
Maryland-these were William    Robinson, Christopher
Holder and Robert Hodgson, and through their labors
some proselytes were made, or in the words of the Quaker
historians, "considerable convincement took place. "
On the 23d July of this year, the Governor and Council of Maryland issued orders directing Justices of the
Peace to seize any Quakers that might come into their
districts, and to whip them from Constable to Constable
until they should reach the bounds of the province.ll
Thomas Thurston, who has been formerly mentioned,
having returned from New England, it is related of him,
in a manuscript letter of W. Robinson, dated 1659, and
quoted by Bowden, that "he was arrested and sentenced
to an imprisonment of a year and day;" and Besse asserts that four individuals were fined, ~3 15s. for evincing their hospitality to him, while another was cruelly
whipped "for not assisting the sheriff to apprehend him."
* Bowden 1, 122, and Janney's Hist. 1, 432. f Bowden, 1, 367.
t Sewell's Hist. 1, 334 to 336.  1 Council Rec. Lib. H. H. p. 29.




7
From    the accounts of the charges against Thurston, as
contained in the Records of the Council of Maryland, and
from   his subsequent history, the inference is warranted
that his conduct might have been of such aggressive
character as to invite the interference of the civil authorities,-and it is not improbable that he was both the
cause and     the  victim   of the harsh    order of the Governor and Council before referred to.* Seven years after
* The following extracts from the Records of the Governor and Council of
Maryland, among the MSS. collections of the Maryland Historical Society,
(Liber H. H. from 1656 to 1668) give an interesting view of the suspicion
with which the Quakers were received, and of the proceedings relative to
Thomas Thurston and Josiah Cole. These proceedings contain no reference
to Thomas Chapman, who was the companion of Thurston and Cole; and
hence it is inferred that he was more circumspect in his deportment towards
the authorities.
July 8, 1658.-" Upon information that Thomas Thurston and Josiah
Cole had refused to subscribe the engagement by the Articles of 24 March
last," a warrant was issued to the'Sheriffs to bring them before the Council.
The "engagement" referred to is contained in the articles surrendering the
government of the Province to Cecilius, Lord Baltimore, on 24 March, 1657;
O. S. and was a promise to submit to his authority, instead of the oath of
fidelity, and applied to the people then resident in the Province.
July 16, 1658.-"Upon information that Thomas Thurston was prisoner,
and Josiah Cole at Anne Arundel seducing the people, and dissuading the
people from taking the engagement of 24th March last,-Ordered to the
Sheriff of Anne Arundel to take the body of Josiah Cole, and him in safe
custody keep without bail or mainprize."
July 22d, 1658.-Among other proceedings the oath of Commissioners and
Justices of the Peace was tendered and taken upon the Holy Evangelists by
all but Wm. Burges and Thomas Meares, "who pretended it was in no case
lawful to swear, whose plea was by the Board disallowed,"-and the said
Burges and Meares were supplanted by Capt. Thos. Howell and Thos. Taylor.
July 23d, 1658.-The Council "take into consideration the insolent behaviour of some people called Quakers, who at the Court in contempt of an
order then made and proclaimed, would presumptuously stand covered, and
not only so, but also refused to subscribe the engagement, notwithstanding
the Act of Assembly in that case provided, alledging that they were to be
governed by God's law and not by man's law; and upon full debate finding
that this refusal of the engagement was a breach of the Articles of the 24th




8
this period he gave great trouble to the Quakers themselves by his extravagances, and the celebrated John
Burnyeat writes of him        that "he was lost as to truth,
March last, and that their principles tended to the destruction of Government;-Ordered, that all persons whatsoever that were residing within this
Province, on the 24th March, 1657, should take and subscribe the said engagement by the 20th August next, or else depart the Province by the 25th of
March following, upon paine due to rebels and traitors, if found within this
Province after the said 25th March, and that a proclamation be forthwith
drawn to this effect."
July 25, 1658.-"According to the warrant bearing date 22d instant,
Thomas Thurston was brought before the Governor, and the said Thurston
being desirous to depart the Province, the Governor ordered the following
warrant to be drawn:-Whereas, Thomas Thurston by himself and friends
hath desired of me that he may passe on to Annarundel, from whence he
hath engaged himself to depart this Province by Monday next, being the second day of August, until whose departing out of the Province, Josias Cole is
to remaine as by order of Court provided. These are therefore in the Lord
Proprietary's name to will and require you not to molest the said Thomas
Thurston during the time limited for his stay, and so soone as he shall signify
to you his intention presently to depart, that you sett at liberty the said Josias Cole; Provided, that if they or either of them, shall be found within
this Province after the aforesaid second day of August, unless made unable to
depart by sickness, they or either of them be apprehended and proceeded
against according to lawe in theyr case provided."
For twelve months from this period the Council does not appear to have
been troubled with the Quakers,-but Thurston having returned from New
England, again attracted attention, and accordingly on the 23d July, 1659,
the following proceedings were had:
" Whereas it is to (too) well knowne in this province that there have bin
(been) several vagabonds and idle persons known by the name of Quakers
that have presumed to come into this Province as well dissuading the people
from complying with the military discipline in this time of danger, as also
from giving testimony, or being Jurors in causes depending between party
and party, or bearing any office in the province," the Justices of the Peace
are directed to apprehend and cause them to be whipped from constable to
constable until they should reach the bounds of the province.
August 3, 1659. —Thomas Thurston was brought before the Governor and
Council by Warrant from Col. Nathaniel Utie,-and pleaded that the order of
23d July, related to the "time then to come," and was not applicable to him,
he being at that time in the Province. This plea was allowed, but "the Board




9
and became a vagabond and fugitive as to his spiritual
condition, and little otherwise as to the outward."'
In 1660 or 1661, Josiah Cole was banished from Maryland, but on what charge is not related.t
About this time Geo. Rofe, another minister visited
the American Colonies, including Maryland, and on the
15th of 9th month, 1661, he writes to Geo. Fox, from
Barbadoes, that "many settled         meetings there are in
Maryland and Virginia and New England."T In 1663,
he paid a second visit to this Province, and was drowned
during a storm in the Chesapeake Bay. l
Thus far the history of the early Quakers in Maryland
is confined to the aspect they presented as travelling
members of a new and strange religious sect.         It is not
improbable that many of the settlers became converts,in fact it is so asserted by their journalists,-while the
emigration of their members from England, added to the
number here, as it did in other provinces. As citizens of
the colony, and of their position in it, we know but
little —owing, in some degree, doubtless, to their voluntary abstinence from participation in political affairs, as
well as to the doubtful position they were placed in by
their doctrines in regard to oaths, tithes or church rates,
bearing arms, &c.
doth judge, that the said Thos. Thurston be forever banished this Province,"
on pain of being whipped with thirty-eight lashes, and sent out of the Province,-and any person presuming to receive, harbor or conceal him after the
tenth day of the present month, should be fined 500 lbs. of tobacco.
November 28, 1661.-"Then was called John Everitt to answer his contempt in running from his colors when prest to goe to the Susquehanna Fortpleaded that he could not beare arms for conscience sake:-Ordered that the
said Everitt be tryed at the next Provincial Court, and in the interim be committed into the Sheriff's hands, and that the Sheriff impanel a Jury against
that tyme, and in the meane tyme the said Everitt to be kept in chaynes and
bake his own bread."
* Bowden, 1, 372. tBowden, 1, 370. + Bowden, 1, 347. 1[ Bowden, 1, 362.




10
As pioneers in the work of establishing in the wilderness a new religious sect, they gave to that object their
earnest and persistent labors; and amid the trials incident to the settlement of a new country,-common to all
who encountered its difficulties,-they laid broad and
deep the foundations of their Society,-the effects of
which remain indelibly impressed on the history of our
State, many of whose most respectable and prominent
families find their American origin among the plain
Friends, who on both shores of the Chesapeake, set up
their meetings, and in their lives consistently practiced
the doctrines which their ministers so fervently preached.
Kilty, in his "Landholder's Assistant," instances an
obligation from Francis Armstrong relative to the taking
up of some land for the use of Peter Sharpe, which is
dated the "nineteenth day of the third month called May,"
with said Sharpe's acknowledgment at the foot thereof, and
which bears date the "twentieth of the fifth month 1665."
In a note he says, "the singularity observed in this contract of naming the months by their numbers, cannot
well be accounted for, as no other instances of it have
been perceived, and the people who now have that practice were scarcely tolerated in Maryland. Strangers (at
least) of that description being treated, when found in
the province, with indignities which I do not chuse to
mention."*
It is evident that Kilty was ignorant of the earlier
existence of the Quakers in Maryland. The use of numbers for naming the months being a peculiar custom of
Friends, might be taken as conclusive proof that Armstrong and Sharpe were of that sect,-but there are other
evidences of the fact,-one of peculiar interest is given
by Mr. Davis in his "Day Star," where he quotes the
* Kilty's Landholder's Assistant, 88.




11
will of Peter Sharpe (who was a physician) dated in 1672,
giving "to Friends in the ministry, viz: Alice Gary,
William Cole and Sarah Mash, if then in being,-Wenlock Christerson and his wife; John Burnett and Daniel
Gould, in money or goods,-forty shillings worth a piece;
also for a perpetual standing, a horse, for the use of
Friends in the ministry."*
The instance given by Kilty refers to the earliest period
which I have met with, in which the Quakers appear as
land owners.
Wenlock Christerson, mentioned as one of the devisees
in Dr. Sharpe's will, was one of those who figured prominently in Boston during the trials of the Quakers there.
While the trial of William Leddra was progressing in
that city, in March, 1661, this Christerson, who had
himself been previously banished thence on pain of
death, suddenly appeared in Court, as the friend and
sympathizer of the prisoner,-braving all consequences
to himself, that he might possibly aid his friend, and
serve the cause he had so fearlessly and earnestly embraced. He was again arrested, tried and sentenced to
be hung, but after a few days he was, with twenty-seven
others, released.t In 1664 he was whipped with ten
lashes, in each of three towns in Massachusetts, and
driven into the wilderness.T In 1674 he was a petitioner
to the Assembly of Maryland, in regard to oaths and
affirmations, —I and his name frequently occurs among
those of the Friends in Maryland. The Half Year's
Men's Meeting, held at John Pitts' on the Eastern Shore,
in the 8th month, 1679, took some order relative to securing Elizabeth Christerson for what legacies were given to
* Davis' Day Star, 78.  t Bowden's Hist. 274.
tSewell's Hist. 1, 338.  1 Ridgley's Annapolis, 60.
2




12
John Stacy by Wenlock Christerson, "he now being set
free," (i. e. dead.)*
In April, 1672, George Fox arrived in Maryland, landing at the Patuxent, and just in time to reach a "General
Meeting for all the Friends in the Province of Maryland," which had been appointed by John Burnyeat to
be held at West River. He describes it as "a very large
meeting," "and held four days, to which, besides Friends
came many other people, divers of whom were of considerable quality in the world's account."t
After the meeting for public worship, they held a meeting for Church discipline,-the first that appears to have
been held for that purpose in Maryland.t
This meeting at West River is celebrated in the history
of the Quakers in Maryland, as being the first general
meeting of their members, and which has been succeeded
by others known as "Half Year's Meetings," "Yearly
Meetings," "Quarterly Meetings," &c.
Immediately after this meeting Fox appears to have
continued his labors by preaching his doctrines, and establishing meetings for discipline, at various places in
the province. He has left a very complete, interesting
and curious record of his travels in Maryland, and other
American colonies,-written with great plainness of diction, and bearing evidences of his earnest devotedness to
the cause he had espoused.
In October, 1672, he attended the "General Meeting
for all Maryland Friends," at "Treadhaven Creek,"ll at
or near where now stands the town of Easton, Talbot
County. This meeting held five days,-the first three
for public worship; and the other two for discipline, at
which the men and women held separate meetings, as is
* MSS. Records of Md. Friends.  $ Janney's Life of Fox, 328.
t Fox's Journal, 123.   [1 Fox's Journal, 131.




13
now their custom. Being held just six months after the
first General Meeting at West River,-and being thence
for many years afterwards, semi-annually, held alternately at these two places, those meetings were sometimes called "Half Year's Meetings."
Fox remained in America until after the "General
Meeting for the Province of Maryland," at West River,
which commenced on the 17th of 3d month 1673, and
lasted four days.
The next day being the 21st, he set sail for England,
so that the first and last meetings attended by this celebrated man, in America, were held at the same place, at
West River in Maryland. In describing this meeting he
says, "divers of considerable account in the government,
and many others were present, who were generally satisfied, and many of them reached, for it was a wonderful
glorious meeting."*
A curious description of one of these General or Yearly
Meetings is given by Samuel Bownas, an English Quaker,
who travelled for the second time in Maryland, in 1727.'The Yearly Meeting now came on, which held four days,
viz: three for worship, and one for business. Many people
resort to it, and transact a deal of trade one with another,
so that it is a kind of market or change where the captains of ships and the planters meet and settle their affairs; and this draws abundance of people of the best
rank to it."t
This promiscuous gathering of pebple no doubt led to
some abuses, and probably to the annoyance of the Friends,
for in 1711 they advised an address to the Government
"for ye prevention and suppressing the practice of bringing drink near our Meeting House in the time of our
Yearly Meetings," and in 1725, an Act was passed to pre* Fox's Journal, 142. t Life and Travels of Samuel Bownas, London, 1756.




14
vent the sale of liquors in booths within one mile of the
Quaker Yearly Meeting house in Talbot County, or two
miles of the Yearly Meeting house near West River in
Anne Arundel County.*
George Fox having established the meetings for discipline in Maryland, they appear to have been regularly
kept subsequently.t The earliest manuscript records of
the General or Yearly Meetings, which are now extant,
commence in 1677, and are regularly continued from that
period.  These Records are now in the possession of the
Meeting which is held in Lombard Street, between Howard and Eutaw Streets, and are kept in the meeting
house there. They are in a remarkably good state of
preservation,-are comprised in several volumes of irregular size and binding; and are written mostly in fair and
legible characters, —but as the minutes are evidently the
production of many different persons, the style is correspondingly diverse; and in many of them but little attention is paid to orthography, while punctuation is utterly
ignored.
The first Record is thus dated, "Att our General Man's
Meeting at West River in the year 1677," —the month is
obliterated; —and the first Minute refers to a debt due to
the estate of William Lewis, deceased, by one of the
members "according to a judgment of a former Man's
Meeting" —which debt not being satisfied, a Committee,
consisting of Win. Southbee and Thos. Taylor, was deputed to see to the matter, and give an answer at the
next Man's Meeting.
This early instance of the care of the Quakers to keep
their membership clear of injustice, may be taken as a
* Bacon's Laws, 1725, chap. 6.
t Bowden gives a copy of an Epistle "from the Men's General Meeting at
West River, in Maryland, the 6'day of the fourth month, 1674;' to the Men's
Meeting of Friends in Bristol, England."




15
specimen of their subsequent action in such cases, and
numerous Minutes are found of similar proceedings by
their meetings.
The second Record is dated "Att our half-yeares Man's
Meeting (some words obliterated) Treadhaven Creek the 3d
day of ye 8th Month 1677."
The first Minute is thus, "It was agreed upon by the
Meeting that John Edmondson, Bryon O'Mealy and
Ralph Fishbourn doe goe to Vincent Lowe and shew him
Robert Ridgley's letter and treat with him about the
report he spread abroad offfriends that were chosen Assembly Men,"-shewing that thus early in the history of our
State, the Quakers held some offices of consequence under
the proprietary government.
That the Society had an appreciation of the importance
of keeping records of their Meetings, is shown by another
minute at this Meeting, ordering "that John Hilling
should be paid 4001bs. of tobacco for writing the concerns
of ffriends on this side," —probably meaning on this side
of the Bay.
At the same Meeting it was "thought fitt and meete
that a Stock should be gathered for the service of the
truth," "and the supply of the poore amongst us,"
"every ffriend being left to his freedom what to give,"
and the subscription list is given in full. The amount
subscribed was 86501bs. of tobacco. Among the subscribers was Thomas Taylor, whose name appears among
others, in a manuscript of the Monthly Meeting of Bristol, England, quoted by Bowden, and is styled "one of
the Council and Speaker of the Assembly."
The Records for the "General Man's Meeting at West
River the 18th of 3d Month 1678" contain a Minute that
a Committee of nine persons,-one from each local or
"particular" Meeting,-should be appointed to "make




16
enquiry into the estate, condition and usage of orphans
and their estates, and to give an accompt to every respective half-year's Man's Meeting," "so that they be in no
wise abused nor their estates wasted, and that poor
orphans may be provided for."
These early Records show their solicitude for the poor
and helpless; and so marked has been this characteristic
of the Quakers, that it has passed into an adage, that "no
Quaker is found begging, or in the Alms House."
Subsequently there was a standing committee appointed,
which was termed a "Meeting for widows and orphans,"
and held its sessions at least as often as the General Meetings, to which it reported. Some of these Minutes are
curious in the circumstances and cases reported as claiming attention.
As a specimen, a minute of 1679 may be quoted, which
is as follows: "The widow Ford hath referred herself to
our Man's Meeting for advice and assistance in the matter
relating to her outward estate,"-and a special Committee was appointed " to examine how matters are with
her. "
The custom of these primitive people was very marked
in regard to their care of the temporal affairs of their
members.   Many instances occur where matters of a
purely private and personal nature, relating to the estate,
condition and character of individuals, are made the subject of their meetings' consideration and action. In the
records of their subordinate meetings, particularly, do
these occur; which circumstances would render a general
or unrestricted exhibition of their manuscripts, manifestly
improper,-and hence the specimens of their Minutes
which are here selected, are such as can by no possibility
injure or wound any, who may, by descent or otherwise,
be connected with those persons named therein.




17
The subject of marriages, involving the delicate and
important questions of the legitimacy of children and
descent of estates, at a very early period engaged the
most serious attention of the Quakers; as according to
the law of England, marriages " might be adjudged void
when solemnized without license or publication of banns
in the church of the parish."
The opposition of the sect to all alliance or affinity with
the established church, induced it in this matter to take
a stand that was bold and difficult to be maintained; and
in no particular have they manifested a more distinct
and determined position.
In 1652, George Fox issued a paper advising Friends
about to be married " that they might lay it before the
faithful in time, before any thing was concluded, and
afterwards publish it in the end of a meeting, or in a
market, as they were moved thereto. And when all
things were found clear, being free from all others, and
their relations satisfied, they might appoint a meeting on
purpose for the taking of each other in the presence of at
least twelve faithful witnesses." *
In 1661, a Quaker marriage was brought to the test of
a legal tribunal in England, and the Judge, (Archer, of
Nottingham Assize,) instructed the jury favorably to its
validity, saying, that "there was a marriage in Paradise
when Adam took Eve and Eve took Adam, and that it
was the consent of the parties that made a marriage."
The verdict of the jury established the validity of the
marriage in question.t
In no particular does the society appear to have exercised greater caution and care, than in that of their marriages; requiring two or three applications to as many
meetings, so as to ensure publicity of intentions, and to
* Janney's Hist. 2, 49.    tIbid. 2, 51.




18
guard against all things that might, in their quaint style,
"be contrary to the order of truth," or bring discredit
on their membership.
In the old manuscript records of the Maryland Friends,
numerous instances are found of their proposals of marriage,-one of which, in 1678, may be given as a curious
specimen, viz:
"Obadiah Judkins and Obedience Jenner, acquainted
this meeting, and also the women's meeting, with their
intentions of coming together as husband and wife, according to the order of truth; now inasmuch as the
young woman is but lately come forth of England, and
Friends noe certaine knowledge of her, the advice of
the men and women's meeting is that they forbeare,
and proceed noe further till certificate be procured out of
England from the meeting where she last belonged unto,
of her being cleere from others, and as to the manner of
her life and conversation, that so the truth may be kept
cleere in all things; both the partys being willing to submit to the same, and also to live apart in the mean time."
Among the earliest "testimonies" of the Quakers,
their objection to oaths is prominent; and as a consequence they encountered great difficulties in many particulars. Their efforts were continuous to be relieved
from the disabilities they encountered as witnesses, administrators of estates, guardians of orphans, &c.
In 1673, Wm. Penn addressed a letter to Friends in
Maryland in which he says, "it fell to my lot to manage
your concerns with the Attorney General of the Colony
and the Lord Baltimore, about oaths,"-and gave some
advice in relation to the matter.*
In May, 1674, a petition was presented from certain
Quakers to the upper house of Assembly of Maryland,
*Janney's Life of Penn, 106.




19
asking to be-relieved from the necessity of taking oaths,
and that they be allowed to make their "yea, yea, and
nay, nay;" if they break which that they suffer the same
punishment as they do who break their oaths or swear
falsely. *
The petition was not acted on at this time.
In 1688, Lord Baltimore was pleased to issue a proclamation to dispense with oaths in testamentary cases;
which was gratefully acknowledged in an address from
the Friends' Quarterly Meeting at Herring Creek, on the
7th of the 9th month, 1688.t
In 1702, (chap. 1, sec. 21,) an act was passed which
fully relieved the Quakers of this difficulty.
Subsequent to this period, the favor of both the Home
and Provincial Governments was manifested towards
Friends, which they repaid with a grateful loyalty.
Tradition relates that for many years it was customary to reserve seats for the Provincial Governor and
his suite on the raised benches or forms, called the
"Preacher's Gallery," which they occupied at times during the sessions of the Yearly Meetings.
The General or Yearly Meetings had from their commencement been in the habit of enquiring into the state
of the society at large, and requiring reports from the
subordinate meetings, touching various matters, both
spiritual and temporal. These reports, as may be supposed, were of an irregular character; each meeting reporting on such subjects as happened to attract its attention. A remedy for this was found by instituting a set
of questions, which the lower meetings were required to
answer, thus ensuring uniformity of subject, if not similarity of reply. These questions have been altered from
i Ridgley's Annapolis, 62.  t Besse quoted in Janney's Hist. 2, 364.
3




20
time to time, but the Friends of the present day may
recognize in the following set of queries, the original and
rude foundation on which has been reared the more
polished structure of modern phrase.  This list was
adopted by the Yearly Meeting in 1725, and is copied
from the Manuscript Records.
" 1. Are all careful to keep meetings, both weekly, first
days and monthly, comeing in due time, and bringing
forth their families?
"2. Are all careful to keep out of sleep and drowsiness
in time of meeting?
"3. Doe those that have children train them up in the
nurture and fear of the Lord, restraining them from vice,
wantoness, and keeping company with such as would
teach them vainfations and corrupt ways of this world to
the misspending of their precious time and substance?
"4. Are all carefil to keep their word and pay their
just debts and contracts in due time?
"5. Whether any differences among friends, are they
speedily ended, otherwise refer themselves to two or more
honest friends, and if they cannot end the same, then
refer them to the Men's Meeting?
"' 6. Doe none commence or defend any suit of law except
such have the advice of the Men's Meeting; but those
that defend may give their appearance or sue for a Bond
on a just debt?
" 7. Are all careful to keep up their antient and christian
testimony against tithes, Priest's wages, repairing of
their houses, called churches, or any other ceremony of
that nature?
" 8. Have all Friends been advised to make their wills
and testaments, and have them well attested?
"9. Is there no tattlers, tale-bearers, busy bodys medling themselves with other men's matters which they are




21
not concerned with, which tends to strife and discord
among brethren?
"10. Doe all keep to plainess of speech?
"11. Doe all keep out of superfluity of meet, drink, and
apparel, at all times?' 12. Doe all keep out of ye abuse of smoaking and chewing tobacco att all times; and doe none use it but such as
can render a reason the good they receive by it and loss
they sustain for want of it, and that such observe convenient time and place for it?
"13. Doe non practice any clandestine way of trade
which is to the dishonour of truth, which the testimony
of truth is already given forth against?
"14. Is care taken and Friends advised that none too
nearly (related) proceed in collateral marriages, and that
none marry within the third degree of affinity and the
fourth degree of consanguinity according to former advice?
"15. Whether there is any masters of trade that want
apprentices or children of Friends to be put forth, that
they apply themselves to the Monthly Meetings before
they take those that are not Friends, or put forth their
children to such?
"16. Whether have the children of the poor due education so as to fitt them for necessary employment?
"17. Whether there is any fatherless or widows that
want necessarys, yea or nay, and if any want are they
supplied?
"18. Doe Friends every where behave themselves
orderly both in their converse and commerce, so as to
answer the witness of God with them with whom they are
concerned?"
The subject of using tobacco had been acted on in 1705,
when an advice was issued against its immoderate use,
and Friends were admonished in relation thereto.




22
Negro slavery existed in Maryland and other British
colonies, at the time when the Quakers first settled in
them; —and it does not appear that slave-holding was
then considered by them, as inconsistent with their
principles. Numerous instances may be adduced of the
fact that they were slave-holders.
Janney in his History of the Quakers quotes the will
of one Alice Kennersly, of Maryland, who bequeathed
"her negro woman Betty and her child to Dan. Cox in
consideration that he should pay twenty shillings annually for thirty years to the Meeting, for the paying of
travelling Friends' ferriage in Dorchester County, or
whatsoever other occasions Friends may see meet," and
the Meeting iecognized the bequest by advising Dan. Cox
to be present at the next Monthly Meeting to answer such
questions as may be asked him concerning the premises.
In 1671, George Fox issued an advice to Friends in
Barbadoes "respecting their negroes" "to endeavour to
train them up in the fear of God," "and after certain
years of servitude they should make them free."*
Whilst in Barbadoes he was assailed with a calumny
that he "taught the negroes to rebel," which he declared
was "an abominable untruth," and "it is a thing we
utterly abhor." 
The earliest movement on the part of the Quakers in
America, in a Meeting capacity, relating to slaves, was
by some German Friends at Kreisheim, near Germantown,
Penn., in 1688, when they addressed a paper to their
Yearly Meeting "concerning the lawfulness and unlawfulness of buying or keeping negroes."  No action was
then taken on it by the Yearly Meeting. t
In 1700, Wm. Penn having made provision for the
liberation of the few slaves he held, brought the subject
* Fox's Journal, 2, 134.    tJanney's Fox, 468.




23
before a Monthly Meeting in Philadelphia, but the extent of its action was merely to direct that the negroes
and Indians should be encouraged to attend Friends
Meetings.*
From this time forward it is said that the subject of
slavery continued to attract the notice of the Quakers in
various parts of America;-but no Minute upon the question appears in the Manuscript Records of Friends in
Maryland until the 6th month, 1759, when upon a revision of their queries, a new one was adopted as follows:
"Are Friends careful of importing or buying of negroes,
and doe they use them well they are possessed of by inheritance or otherwise, endeavoring to trane them up in the
principles of Christian religion?"
In the 5th month 1T60, the Records of the Yearly
Meeting at West River, relates to "some oneasiness" with
some Friends respecting the words, "buying of negroes,"
"agreed to last year," and the Meeting thinks, "Friends
at present are not fully ripe in their judgments to carry
the minute farther than against being concerned in the
importing of negroes."
At the Meeting in the 10th month of the same year, at
Treadhaven, the minute relative to this subject is that
"this Meeting concludes that Friends should not in any
wise encourage the importation of negroes, by buying or
selling them, or other slaves."
In the 5th month 1762, the Meeting at West River
declares: "It is their solid judgment that no member of
our society shall be concerned in importing or buying of
negroes, nor selling any without the consent and approbation of the Monthly Meeting they belong to."
The Manuscript Records teem with the subject of slavery;-nearly every year was it brought before the Meet*Janney's Fox, 468.




24
ings, and it gradually grew from a concern relating only
to the importation of negroes, to the retention of them as
slaves. Great caution is apparent in their Minutes upon
the subject, and as it encountered serious opposition by
many of their members, it was not until 1777 that slaveholding was made a disownable offence.* In 1770 the
Yearly Meeting of New England had arrived at the same
point, and in 1776 the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting had
also come to the same conclusion. In 1777 the North
Carolina Yearly Meeting, (which embraced the Friends
of South Carolina and Georgia) contemporaneously acted
in concert with their brethren in Maryland,t but it was
not until 1784 that the Virginia Friends adopted the extreme measure of disownment for holding slaves. 
It thus appears that nearly a century elapsed between
the first introduction of the subject in the Society in 1688,
to its final settlement in 1784:-while the Maryland
Friends consumed eighteen years in the discussion of the
question, before arriving at the position they have since
maintained in relation thereto.
We have no means of ascertaining the pecuniary sacrifices made by the Maryland Quakers, to their conscientious
convictions on this momentous subject, but tradition relates that one family alone liberated 200 slaves.
From the fact that a large number of Friends lived in
the slave-holding counties of Anne Arundel, Prince
George's and Montgomery, and others on the Eastern
Shore, where the great mass of labor was performed by
slaves, it is easy to believe that in the aggregate the sacrifice was very great; and perhaps has no parallel instance
where such pecuniary loss was voluntarily incurred for
conscience' sake.
* MSS. Records of Md. Friends.
t Pamphlet Report of N. Carolina Yearly Meeting on the subject of Slavery.
Janney's Fox, 469.




25
The General Meetings of the Society in Maryland continued to be held at West River and Treadhaven, until
the 4th of the 6th month, 1785, when, in accordance
with a Minute of adjournment of the previous Yearly
Meeting at Thirdhaven, as it was now called, it was for
the first time held at Baltimore Town. It had now
become strictly an Annual or Yearly Meeting, and was
held the next year, 1786, at Thirdhaven; in 1787 again
at Baltimore Town;-in 1788 at Thirdhaven; and in
the 6th month, 1789, for the third time at Baltimore Town;
and from that period has continued to be held in this city;
the autumn being chosen for the time, instead of early
summer as heretofore. The present Meeting House at
the corner of Aisquith and Fayette Streets, was built in
1780, and the particular Meeting moved thereto in January 1781, from an older house which stood on the site of
the Quaker burying ground on the Harford turnpike, a
short distance beyond the present city limits. The older
Meeting was called "Patapsco," and the lot of ground it
occupied was given by Joseph Taylor. This Meeting is
first mentioned in the old manuscripts in 1703; but it was
then probably held at a private house. Mr. John Giles,
the first of the family of that name who have since occupied a prominent position in this state, settled near the
present site of Baltimore, about 1700, and at his house the
Quakers held their Meetings.*  His son Jacob Giles
erected a large brick dwelling about three miles from
Havre de Grace, which is still standing, and in its octagon
hall the Friends of Harford County held their Meetings
for many years. No vestige of the building known as
Patapsco Meeting now remains, but the ground is still
used as a cemetery by both of the sections into which
the Society is now divided. Aged persons recollect the
-* Griffith's Annals of Baltimore.




26
earliest Yearly Meetings, in this city, when the throngs
attending were so great that a large tent was erected for
their accommodation, on the then green lots south of the
present site of the Second Presbyterian Church at the
corner of East Baltimore and Lloyd Streets.
The location of many of the oldest meeting houses is
still known, the house at West River has long since disappeared, but the ground is still used as a public cemetery, and is now called the "Quaker Meeting lot."           It is
on the road leading from Galesville to Owensville, one
mile from the river; and the venerable trees that stand
within its precincts keep faithful watch over the resting
places of many of the first Friends of Maryland, whose
rigid simplicity permitted     no monumental stone to tell
who sleeps beneath their shadows.
The original meeting house at Easton, or Treadhaven as
it was formerly called, has been replaced by a more modern
structure, which however occupies the same spot, once
called Edmondson's Point. From the frequent reference
in the Records relative to repairs to the old house, it is
probable that it was a very poorly built structure, though
doubtless it taxed the finances of the Society at that early
period to erect it.*
*The Rev. Ethan Allen has kindly furnished the following abstract of the
proceedings of the Governor and Council of Maryland on the 24th May, 1698.
(See "Council Proceedings," Liber H. D. No. 2.)
"In obedience to an order of his Excellency, the Governor and Council,
dated the 10th of August, 1697, commanding the several Sheriffs of this Province to return a list of what Romish Priests and Lay Brothers are resident in
their respective Counties, and what Churches, Chapels or places of worship
they have,-what manner of buildings they are, and in what places situate,and return also a like account about the Quakers and other dissenters from
the Church of England, and of their places of worship, &c."
The Sheriff of Anne Arundel County returns, "the Quakers have one timberwork meeting house built at West River upon land formerly owned by Mr.
Francis Hooker, by them purchased to the quantity of two acres, where they




27
Thomas Chalkly an eminent minister of the Society, in
his curious and interesting journal, under date of 1706,
says "Aquila Paca, High Sheriff of the County (meankeep their Yearly Meetings,-which is at Whitsuntide:-Also a Quarterly
Meeting at the house of Samuel Chew:-Also a Monthly Meeting in Herring
Creek meeting house, standing on land purchased of Samuel Chew:-Also a
Weekly Meeting at the same house:-Also Monthly and Weekly Meetings at
the house of Wm. Richardson, Senior, West River:-Also a Weekly Meeting
at the house of Ann Lumbolt, near the head of South River:-Also a Monthly
Meeting at the house of John Belt. So far as I have the account from Mr.
Richardson, I can understand of no preachers they have in this County but
Mr. Wm. Richardson and Samuel Galloway's wife."
The Sheriff of Baltimore County returns, "that there is neither teacher or
place of worship of Roman Catholics or Quakers."
The Sheriff of Calvert County returns that'"the Quakers have one very old
meeting house near Leonard's Creek, and one place of meeting in the dwelling
house of George Royston, at the Cliffs."
The Sheriff of Prince George County returns that there is "no Quaker
meeting house."
The Sheriff of Charles County returns that there "are two Quakers, but
none of their meeting houses."
The Sheriff of St. Mary's County returns, "as to Quakers and Dissenters
none in the County."
The Sheriff of Somerset County returns "no Quakers."
The Sheriff of Dorchester County makes a similar return.
The Sheriff of Talbot County returns, "as to the Quaker's places of worship,
they have a small meeting house at Ralph Fishbourne's and another at Howell
Powell; another at between King's Creek and Tuckahoe. These are clapboard houses about twenty feet long. Another framed house at the head of
Treadhaven Creek, about fifty feet long."
The Sheriff of Kent County returns that " the Quaker place of worship is
upon a branch of a Creek running out of Chester River, called Island Creek.
The house is about thirty feet long and twenty feet wide, with a partition after
the manner of a tobacco house, near which is a piece of ground paled in,
where they bury their dead, about fifty feet square."
From Cecil County no return appears to have been made.
At the Yearly Meeting at Treadhaven Creek, the 5th day of the 8th month,
1697, (see MSS. Records of Maryland Friends,) enquiry was made "into the
estate and welfare of every Weekly Meeting belonging to this Yearly Meeting,
viz: South River, West River, Herring Creek, Clifts, Patuxent, Ceecill, Chester,
4




28
ing Baltimore County,) living at the head of Bush River,
near the main road, built a meeting house at his own
charge, and had it licensed, at which we had many good
Meetings."
There is now standing a venerable stone building, until
recently known as the "old Quaker meeting house,"
about two miles from the head of Bush River, and on the
line of an old road that passes just above the heads of the
many estuaries that make up from the bay. Whether
this is the house built by Sheriff Paca is not known,
but its location nearly agrees with that mentioned by
Chalkly. Another meeting house, built of brick, until
recently stood on the line of the present road from Abingdon to Bush, in Harford County, but was of more recent
date than the stone house, and had not been used by the
Friends for several years previous to its destruction by fire.
The earliest history of Friends shows them to have
been at first a society of Propagandists;-each convert
seems to have become a misionary to extend the principles
of the new sect;-and every accessible part of the world
appears to have been visited by them within a few years
after they appeared in England. The continent of Europe
was visited as early as 1655; and in Germany and Holland considerable success was met with. Some went to
the Holy Land, some to the Grand Turk, some to Poland,
others to Algiers; and as we have seen, many sought
the wilds of America where to plant the standard of their
faith; and here appears to have flourished most the new
Bayside, Tuccahoe, Tredhaven, Choptank, Transquaking, Monnye, Annamessex,
Muddy Creek, Pocatynorton and Nosswaddox.
The apparent discrepancies between the returns of the Sheriffs and this list
of Weekly Meetings, may possibly be explained by the fact that some of these
Meetings were held at private houses, which some of the Sheriffs may not have
considered as embraced within the order of Council, while others included
them in their returns.




29
doctrines they promulgated. It is estimated by some of
their best authors that four-fifths of all the Quakers now
in the world are in America.
Not only by travelling and preaching did the zealous
founders of their faith seek to establish it. Books of
various kinds, tracts, and pamphlets, appeared in'great
numbers.  So early as 1708, a catalogue of Friends'
writings was published by John Whiting, himself an
author, which contained the names of five hundred and
twenty-eight writers, and the titles and dates of about
twenty-eight hundred books and tracts. Since that date,
a vast mass of their writings has accumulated, and no one
who has not had occasion to look into the Quaker libraries,
can have an idea of the number of books, by their authors,
that now are to be found in them.
They have, from the time of their establishment, been
in the habit of keeping with care the minutes of their
meetings for discipline,-memorials of their most eminent
members, and general records of their proceedings; these
added to other means, render the materials for the history
of the society both abundant and reliable; and as such
have been well used by some of their modern authors,among whom Bowden and Janney, (the former of England
and the latter now living in Virginia,) have contributed
largely to their general history, and from whose pages
many of the circumstances here related have been gleaned;
while still more has been derived from those old manuscripts herein before mentioned, which in their quaint
simplicity, and unaffected directness of style and diction,
give the best delineation of those, who in the earliest
days of our State, found here a home, where, at that
period, they enjoyed greater ease and liberty than either
in the Mother Country, or in the more advanced provinces
of New England.




30
The Maryland Yearly Meeting at one period embraced
the State of Ohio within its church jurisdiction,-but in
1812, their members had so increased that a new Yearly
Meeting was established, to include all west of the Alleganies. At a later period, the Yearly Meeting of Indiana
was set up; and still more recently, still pushing westward, other meetings have extended across the Mississippi River; and as civilization marches towards the
great West, the Quakers accompanying its footsteps,
appear to be belting the continent with their meetings;
each new one in succession springing out from the next
older; and finding their common mother in " the General
Meeting for all the Friends in the Province of Maryland,"
established by George Fox in 1672, as an original and
independent organization.




WHO WERE
THE
Qw    lt tf    tf     of Ca^V^     ^ 
A PAPER READ BEFORE THE
"MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY."
AT
Its Meeting held Thursday Evening,
October 5, 1865.
BY THE
REV. ETHAN ALLEN, D.D.
BALTIMORE.
PRINTED AT THE OFFICE OF THE AM. QUAR. CHURCH REVIEW,
New Haven, Conn.
1866.








WHO WERE
THE
FIRST SETTLERS OF MARYLAND.
IF this question be answered in reference to individuals, we
are shown that Kent Island, in the Chesapeake Bay, the first
settlement in what is now the State of Maryland, was settled
under the proprietorship of William Claiborne, a member of the
Council and Secretary of State, of the Virginia Colony. But
the names of the individual settlers under him during the first
five years, have not come down to us.
The next settlement, four or five years later, was under the
proprietorship of Cecelius Calvert, Baron of Baltimore. In
his third "relation of Maryland," that of A. D., 1635, he has
given us the names of his first Colonists, styled gentlemen, and
the number of their servants. The gentlemen adventurers
that embarked, were seventeen, namely: two of his Lordship's
brothers; two Commissioners; a son of Sir Thomas Gerard;
two sons of Lady Anne Wintour; a son of Sir Thomas Wiseman, and nine others, whose names, simply, are mentioned.
These, with their servants, numbered about two hundred. Of
these, George, one of the sons of lord Baltimore, remained in
Virginia, and never came to Maryland; and two died on their
passage, leaving only fourteen to have settled here. Of this
fourteen, at the end of four years, nine had died, or removed.
In a few years, four of these five died, and the last one returned
to England. No one of all these left any descendants in the
Province. The names of the servants, for the most part, are
still found on the land records,-as are those of the subsequent
emigrants,-and at the end of four years, some of these had
become land-holders, and have the titles of "freemen" and




4
"gentlemen," affixed to their names. Of this class, some of
their descendants are among the most prominent families in
the State.
-In the further answer to our question, we may look at it in
two aspects. First, what was their Nationality, and secondly,
what was their Religion.
In reference to the first, it is generally stated in our newspapers, and in our school books, that it was settled by the
Irish. This is a palpable error, and truth requires its correction. In this paper, it is not designed to go at large into an
examination of this point. But it may be stated, in passing
that the larger number, for thirty years, were from the Province of Virginia; so that it was early said, and frequently said
by those of that Province, that one half of it was depopulated
to settle Maryland. It is not indeed probable, that all of these
settlers were natives of that Province; but from what foreign
country those who were not, came, cannot here be shown, save
generally, that they were of English birth.
The next larger number were natives of England, including
Wales. Then came, in no inconsiderable numbers, natives of
Scotland. Then, those of France, who were Huguenots. Then,
from Germany, Holland, Bohemia, Spain, Italy, and last, if not
least of all, from Ireland,-saving Irish servants. It was a mingled mass of Celtic, Gothic, Slavonic and even Hamitic origin.
To examine this point at large, and in detail, however, is not
our present purpose. Though interesting, in many points of
view to do so, we have neither time nor space. It is a subject
sufficient for a paper by itself. What has been stated, is
enough to show the untruth to which we have referred, and
should lead to the correction, at least of the school books of
our country. They have too long already taught positive error
on this point.
In reference to the second aspect mentioned,-it is generally,
nay, almost universally held, that Maryland was settled, in
early times, by and with Roman Catholics; using the name in
its popular acceptation. In answer to this, the following statements will tell their own story, and that faithfully and truly.




We will look, first, at the early settlements of each of the ten
Countiesestablished under Lord Baltimore's administration of
the Government, previous to 1688,-when, as a Romanist, his
government ceased.
(1st.) The first, in chronological order of settlement, was
Kent County, embracing, at its beginning, Kent Island only.
This was in 1628 or 9. It is the Island, as so well known, in
the Chesapeake Bay, opposite to the City of Annapolis. The
settlers here were then a part of the Virginia Colony, and all of
them were Church of England men, —as were all in thatColony, —
no others being then allowed to reside there, by the regulations
of the English Government. The Rev. Richard James, and
other Church of England Ministers from Jamestown, ministered in this settlement; all this we are shown from Virginia
records and English documents. This settlement was a Protestant settlement.
(2d.) The next, in order of time, was St. Mary's County,
under Lord Baltimore, who, by the way, as so well known,
was an Englishman, as his long line of ancestry also had been.
His title, indeed, was that of an Irish Baron, though he himself never resided in Ireland. In 1634, he sent over his first
Colonists, all Englishmen; consisting, as before mentioned, of
seventeen gentlemen and their servants, who seated themselves
on St. George's, the River emptying into the Potomac, and not
very distant therefrom, in a town which they named St. Mary's.
Who this Colony was made up of, may be seen from the letters of Father White, who came over with the first emigrants.
His statement is this; "if you except sea-sickness, no one [on
board the vessels coming over] was attacked with any disease,
till the Festival of the Nativity of our Lord [Christmas].
That the day might be more joyfully celebrated, the wine
flowed freely, and some who drank immoderately, about thirty
in number, were seized the next day with the fever, and twelve
of them not long after died, and among them, two Catholics,
Nicholas Fairfax and James Barefoot, which caused great regret
with us all."  These were two of the seventeen gentlemen before




6
mentioned. This may show us, that a very large proportion of
the Colonists certainly were not Romanists. Among them,
however, were two Jesuit Priests, who at once secured a chapel
for their services in St. Mary's Town.
How soon the Protestants had a Church, is not stated. But
in our very earliest documents, we find mention of Trinity
Church, on Trinity Creek, six miles south of St. Mary's. Soon
after, we have mention of St. George's Church, four or five
miles West of St. Mary's; and in 1642, we have an account
of a Protestant Church in St. Clement's hundred, on St. Paul's
Creek, some twenty or thirty miles up the Potomac. There
were now, thus, three Protestant Churches, but no second Romanist Chapel had been yet established; and Protestant
Churches still stand on, or near the ground, where these three
were.
Three years after this, that is, in 1645, occurred here what
is known as Ingle's Rebellion, (not Claiborn's, as it is so often
called,) he acting, as it is stated, under the authority of Parliament, which was then in the ascendant in England. In a letter
written by the Maryland Assembly to Lord Baltimore, touching the matter, they state that almost all the Romanists were
driven out of St. Mary's at that time. The government, consequently, fell into the hands of the Protestants, and St. Mary's itself was then Protestant. But in about two years, Governor Calvert, by the aid of Virginia soldiers, recovered his
government. What portion of the banished Romanists returned, has not been ascertained.
(3d.) In 1648, Lord Baltimore appointed Colonel William
Stone, of Virginia, a Protestant, his Lieut. Governor in Maryland, on condition of his bringing into the Province five hundred Colonists; and with this condition it was accepted. Now
then we have a third settlement, known as Ann Arundel
County. It was on the Western shore of the Chesapeake Bay,
North of St. Mary's, and opposite to Kent Island. It included
all the territory on the Bay, North of the Patuxent River. In
the next year, 1649, and soon after, the five hundred Colonists
engaged to be brought in by Col. Stone, arrived. Some were from




7
England, but the rest came in from Virginia, and settled on
the Bay Shore, and its tributaries, from the Patuxent to the
North of the Severn River. These were all Protestants, for,
as we have seen, no others had been permitted to reside in Virginia. Of this number, about one hundred were of the Puritan
stamp, and settled immediately on the Severn. The rest were
adherents of the Church of England.
In 1650, there arrived from England another small Colony.
This was under the command of Robert Brooke, Esq. For
this Colony, Lord Baltimore created a County on the South
and South West side of the Patuxent, reaching from the Chesapeake Bay upwards, along its borders some fifty miles or more,
which he named Charles. This County lay between St. Mary's
on the South and Ann Arundel on the North.     To Mr.
Brooke, Lord Baltimore, as the document has it, gave the
license and advowson of all the Churches in his County, which
might be built. With him, came in the Rev. William Wilkinson, a Church of England Minister. This, too, was a Protestant Colony,-Mr. Bozman thinks it was Puritan; but it
was of the " High Church" stamp. In one of the hundreds
which this County included, there had been previously settled
a few Romanist families.
In 1654 there occurred, near where Annapolis now stands, the
celebrated battle, between the St. Mary's County men, under
Gov. Stone, and the Providence men, as the residents of Ann
Arundel County were then called. Of this battle, Capt. Heamans published a statement. In the year following, Mr. John
Hammond, a friend of Lord Baltimore, published an answer,
now before us. In that answer, we have these words,-" but
those few papists that were in Maryland, —for indeed they were
but few."  Mr. Hammond had resided in Maryland, and spoke
of what he knew. Nor was he at all partial to the men of
Ann Arundel. This was only twenty years after the landing
at St. Mary's.
(4th.) After this battle, and during the year 1654, the lower
part of Ann Arundel, and Mr. Brooke's Charles County, were




8
combined into one County, which was called Calvert. This
constituted the fourth County. This arrangement, however,
did not change the character of the population embraced in it;
it was well nigh all Protestant.
(5th.) The fifth County established, was Charles County,
now so known. This was in 1658. It is on the Potomac
River, and North West of St. Mary's, from which it is separated
by the Wicomico River. It was created thus, out of the north
western part of St. Mary's County, and its population, consequently, was a mingled one of Roman Catholics and Protestants, just as it was before being made a separate County.
(6th.) The sixth County was created in 1659. This was
named Baltimore, and embraced the northern part of Ann
Arundel County, extending from below the Patapsco River, to
the northern limits of the province. What part of this County
had been settled, was, as was all Arundel, Protestant. The
additions to its population were from England, and of the
Church of England.
Thus much for the five Counties on the Western shore of
the Bay, to 1659, and no new one was added, for near forty
years. Three were entirely Protestant, and the other two, only
in part Roman Catholic.
About this time, there came in some Quaker preachers from
England, and numbers of the Puritan part of the settlers in
Ann Arundel, and in Calvert, East of the Patuxent, Went over
to that denomination.
Turning now again to the Eastern shore of the Chesapeake,
we have already seen that the first settlement on Maryland
territory, was made on that shore, and became Kent County,
and that it was Protestant.
(7th.) In 1660, or in 1661, a new County was constituted,
out of the southern part of Kent County, extending South to
the Choptank River. And, as was the population of Kent, so
consequently was this, Protestant. Its early population had
been much added to by emigrants from Ann Arundel County,




9
and also from England, who likewise were either Puritans or
Church of England men,-Protestants of course.
(Sth.) Five years after this, in 1666, a third County was
created, and named Somerset, extending from Accomac County
in Virginia, northward, and from the Atlantic shore on the
East, to the Chesapeake Bay and Nanticoke River on the
West. The early settlers of this County were all from Accomac County, and, as the Virginians were, excepting three or
four Quakers, were of the Church of England. We have a
full account of them from Virginia Records. Shortly after
the County was constituted, it had a large accession of emigrants from Scotland. These were Presbyterians, who erected
a number of their churches; and here, says Webster's History
of Presbyterianism, was the first organized Presbytery, and
here was the cradle of that denomination in the United States.
It was thus an entirely Protestant County.
(9th.) In 1669, Dorchester County, on the Bay, north west
of Somerset, and South of Talbot, having Choptank River on
the North, was created. The population, like that of Somerset, was Protestant. Some of it, indeed, was Puritan.
(10.) Five years after that, in 1664, Cecil County was created, it having before been the northern parts of Kent, and
Ann Arundel Counties. It extended from Delaware, on the
East, to the Bay and Susquehannah River on the West, and
North to the limits of the Province. Above the Bohemia
River, the population was Lutheran. Before the settlement at
St. Mary's, the Swedes had made a settlement on the Delaware.
Soon after the Dutch came on, and in the progress of thirty
years, the population had extended across to the Bay. Subsequently, there came in from New York, the Hermans, and
settled a little below Bohemia River. They, too, were Lutherans. Cecil thus was a County of Protestants. Thus, on the
Eastern shore of the Bay, every one of the five Counties were
settled by Protestants, and no one, even in part, by the Romanists.




10
Such, in this aspect of the matter, were the early settlers of
Maryland, during the first thirty years. In the ten Counties,
five being on each side of the Bay, only two, St. Mary's and
Charles, on the Potomac, had any Roman Catholic population,
and these were only in part such. And yet it is claimed now,
and said constantly, that Maryland was settled with Roman
Catholics!!-betraying an ignorance utterly without excuse.
To the statements now made, taken from more than thirty
documents, we will refer to subsequent documents on record,
either sustaining them, or showing the permanent continuance
pf the truth, of what might justly be inferred from them.
And first, we have Lord Baltimore's own statement, made
twelve years after the last date mentioned. In 1676, complaint
was laid before the Privy council, by the Bishop of London,
about the want of support given to the Church of England
Ministers in Maryland. Its population was now stated at
20,000. Lord Baltimore's answer was very soon laid before
the Council, and is still in their archieves. (2. Anderson's Colonial Church, 398.) In that answer he said, that Presbyterians, Independents and Quakers, constituted three-fourths of the
population, that is, 15,000; and that the four Church of
England Ministers, already in the Province, had a decent subsistence. Assuming the statement of the three-fourths to be
correct, there was but 5,000 left of Church of England men
and Romanists. If the Church of England Ministers, ministered to scattered congregations, of which there were many,
counting in all eight hundred or a thousand to each Minister,
we see at once how very few Roman Catholics there were then
in the two counties in which they were found; and yet, such
as we have seen, was Lord Baltimore's own statement. And
we cannot deny that he was a competent witness.
Twelve years after this, that is, 1688, occurred in Maryland,
what is known as the Protestant Revolution. At that time,
the Roman Catholic Lord Baltimore's government ceased in
the Province; and as Roman Catholic, ceased forever. For
the third time, the government now fell into the hands of the




11
Protestants, and so ever after continued. But though the
government was thus wrested from Lord Baltimore, his chartered estate was continued to him.
In a letter of Mrs. Barbara Smith, who had resided in Maryland, dated Dec. 1689, just subsequent to the Revolution,
touching Calvert County, she tells us, that, "C the men of estate,
or men of note, were themselves, as were most of the County,
Protestants;" and that " the County of Ann Arundel, accounted the most populous and richest of the whole Province,
had but one Papist Jamily;" thus coinciding with what is stated of these Counties forty years before. They had not lost
anything, during that period, of their early Protestant character.
In 1692, the Church of England became the established
Church of Maryland, by the Act of its General Assembly. In
this Assembly, the Roman Catholics were excluded, and the
only other opponents to the Act, as we shall see proof of presently, were the Quakers. The population of the Province was
now, 25,000. By the passage of this Act, we are shown that
the Church of England men were decidedly a majority over
Lord Baltimore's Presbyterians, Independents and Quakers.
Had it not been so. how could the Act possibly have been
passed?
Within two years after the passage of this Act, the several
County authorities, as was therein provided, divided their
Counties into thirty Parishes. We will give a condensed statement here of the reports on record of these parishes, constituted by these authorities, as returned to the Governor and Council, adding, only in a few cases, some items from ancient parochial records, which we have examined.
St. Mary's County, according to the returns made, was divided into two parishes, which had the three Churches mentioned
in 1642, but only one Minister.
Kent County was divided into two parishes, and had two
Churches, but had no Minister.




12
Ann Arundel County was divided into four parishes, but
had only two Churches, and one Minister.
Calvert County was divided into four parishes, and had three
Churches, and two Ministers.
Charles County was divided into three parishes, having but
two Churches and one Minister.
Baltimore County was divided into three parishes, but had
only two Churches, and no Minister.
Talbot County was divided into three parishes, having four
or more Churches, and two Ministers.
Somerset County was divided into four parishes, but had
only one Church, and one Minister.
Dorchester was divided into two parishes, and had one Church,
but no Minister.
Cecil County was divided into two parishes, and had two
Churches, yet but one Minister.
There were thus, in these thirty parishes at this time, twenty-two Churches, and nine Church of England Ministers.
Two years after, three more Churches had been built, and
nine Ministers had come in, making the whole number of Ministers in the parishes, eighteen, and the number of their places
of worship, twenty-five.
At this date, 1696 or 7, we have the Report of the Governor
of Maryland, from items furnished him, on his requisition, by
the Sheriffs of the Counties, made to the Bishop of London.
It is found in the archives of Maryland, and in those of that
Bishop. From this Report, we have condensed the following
statement, using, far as possible, its own words.
Kent County had no Popish Priest, lay brother, nor Romish
place of worship, and but three Papists. There were twentyfour Quakers, who had one meeting-house.
In St. Mary's County, there were two Priests, one lay brother, and four Chapels. But there were no Quakers, or Dissenters.
In Ann Arundel County, there was neither Priest nor lay
brother. But the Quakers had two meeting-houses, two meetings in private houses, and two preachers.




13
In Calvert County, there was neither Priest nor lay brother,
nor any of their Churches, or Chapels. But the Quakers had
one meeting-house, and one meeting at a private house.
Charles County had three Romish Priests, one lay brother,
and four Chapels, but had no Quaker meeting-house, and only
two Quakeis.
Baltimore County had neither teacher, nor place of worship,
either of Roman Catholics or Quakers.
Talbot County had no Ronish Priest, or lay brother, and
but one Romish Chapel. It had, however, four Quaker meeting-houses. The number of preachers is not given, if there
were any, at this time.
Somerset County had no Popish Priest, lay brothers, or any
of their Chapels, and no Quakers. But it had three Dissenting [Presbyterian] places of worship.
Dorchester County had no Romish Priest, or dissenting Minister.
Cecil County made no returns. There was indeed none to
make.
Prince George County, which had been constituted the previous year, made of the northern parts of Calvert and Charles
Counties, lying between the Potomac and Patuxent Rivers,
reported that there was in it, neither Papist, Priest, nor lay
brother, nor Chapel, nor Quaker meeting house.
Thus we have, in the two Counties where they were found,
in their beginning, five Romish Priests, two lay brothers, and
eight Churches and Chapels, and none in any other County,
except a Chapel in Talbot.
In four Counties, the Quakers had eight meeting-houses,
and three meetings in private houses, and none in the other
Counties. Only two preachers are returned by the Sheriffs.
In one County, the Presbyterians had three houses of worship, and we may add, from other documents, two Ministers.
Two others, one in Talbot and one in Ann Arundel, were
there in 1694, but, as it appears, they were now gone.
Thus we have, in all, Roman Catholic, Quakers, and Presbyterians, according to the returns made, nine religious teachers and ministers, and twenty places of worship, not of the




14
Church of England; while that Church had eighteen Ministers, and twenty-five places of worship,-thus outnumbering
all the other denominations.
And now we will quote from a document which carries us
back to the beginning again. In July, 1700, a Committee of
his majesty's Council to the Governor, was appointed to address
the Privy Council in England, vindicating the Governor and
Council from some aspersions cast upon the Government of
Maryland, by some persons calling themselves ancient planters,
in connection with the Act establishing the Church. And they
say:
"( We humbly assure your Lordships, that whatever titles persons
may give themselves, of dissenting Protestants, there has no sect of
Religion here, opposed the law, but the Papists and Quakers, and, as
for their [the Papists] being ancient settlers, we acknowledge that
some, though butJew Papists, were at thefirst seating. But, so far
were the Quakers from being the most ancient seaters, that when they
first came in, [in 1659,] they were ordered to be whipped out, for disturbing the government, and they are now, so far from being any considerable part, that we are confident they will not make the twentieth
part of the province."
It is but fair, however, to state, that it is said the Quakers
disowned these disturbers of the Government..
This is signed by John Addison, Thomas Brooke, Thomas
Tasker, and John Hammond,-names well known in their
descendants, and who came into the province before thirty years
after the first landing at St. Mary's. They knew whereof they
affirmed.
Of the same date, 1700, we have a statement from the Rev.
Dr. Bray, touching the then present state of things. He was
the Bishop of London's Commissary in Maryland, and a man
of high character. In a Memorial addressed to the House of
Bishops in England, this year, after having been in Maryland,
he writes thus:-" The Papists in this province appear to me
to be not above a twelfth part of the inhabitants, but their
Priests are very numerous, whereof more have been sent in this
last year, than was ever known. And though the Quakers




brag so much of their numbers and riches, yet they are not
above a tenth part [of the population] in number." This was
not indeed guess work; it was shown by the return of the
County Sheriffs.
These testimonies, we doubt not, will be sufficient to show
who, in respect to their Religion, were the early settlers in
Maryland. They would be held so in any Court of Law, and
more especially so, where, as in this case, there is no counter
testimony.
But it may not be without interest to give some later testimony, to show how this matter continued, subsequent to 1700.
In 1715, The Lords Baltimore, having become Protestant,
the Government of Maryland was restored to them by King
George I., and continued to be Protestant, just as it had
been since 1688. Henceforward, the Governors of the Province were appointed by them, just as they had been by the
King, for the last twenty-five years.
During the administration of one of the Governors, that
of Gov. Sharpe, there was quite a panic in the Province, in
which the Roman Catholics were implicated. It was spread
abroad that a general massacre of the Protestants had been
plotted. To counteract this, the Governor ordered the County
Sheriffs, in 1758, to make returns to him of all the Roman Catholics in their respective Counties, and these returns are on
record still, in the archives at Annapolis. And we have the
summing up of them, in a letter from Gov. Sharpe to Lord
Baltimore, of Dec. 19, 1758, in these words:-" The people
of that Religion, [the Roman Catholic,] do not, at present,
make a thirteenth part of the inhabitants, [the population now
was upwards of 200,000,] as I find by the returns of the Sheriffs and Constables, who have, in obedience to my order, made
the most strict inquiry in their respective districts. And the
rolls returned by the collectors of the land tax, show that they
are not possessed of a twelfth part of the land, which is held
under your Lordship, as proprietor of Maryland."  We are
shown, thus, that during the one hundred and twenty-four
years of the existence of the Province, there had been no in



46
crease of the proportion of Roman Catholics to the Protestants in Maryland. It was still Protestant, not-Roman Catholic
Maryland.
We have yet another series of papers in the Maryland archives, of no little interest, not as showing so much the comparative numbers of the Established Church with the other
Denominations, which it nevertheless does to some extent show,
but its comparative ability and liberality. Since 1695, three
new Counties had been added to the eleven then mentioned;
namely, Frederick, on the Western, and Queen Anne and Worcester Counties, on the Eastern shore.
In 1760, there was a great fire in Boston, Mass., which destroyed one hundred and seventy-four dwelling houses, and as
many warehouses and shops and other buildings, which, with
the furniture and goods burnt, made the estimated loss to be
~100,000 sterling; $433,000.   The Governor of Massachusetts applied to the Governor of Maryland for aid, and Governor Sharpe issued his brief, now before us, to every worshipping congregation in the Province, with directions, that collections be taken up, and the amounts severally remitted to
him. This was done, and the returns made give us the following facts:St. Mary's County, from its 4 parishes, with 4 Clergy-  6  s. d.
men, sent    -  (sterling,) 146 13  0... As'  4 Romanist Clergymen, sent   31 13  0
Charles County, from its 4 parishes, having 4 Clergymen, sent,    -   -      128 05 11
Charles County, from its 2 Romanist Clergymen,    45 19  3
Prince George Co., from its 3 parishes, having 3 Clergymen, sent   -    -     196 16  9
Frederick Co., from its 2 parishes, having 2 Clergymen,
sent     -    -    -      56  1  6
" " the Presbyterians, sent      -        9  3  7
i"   " the Dunkers,      -    -   -        6  0  0
"    " the Lutherans,    -    -   -        4 16   0
Calvert Co.,  " its 2 parishes, having 2 Clergymen,
sent   -    -   -    -    54  3  5
Ann Arundel Co., from its 5 parishes, having 4 Clergymen, sent   -    -   -   127  9  5
"           " " the Quakers, sent -  -  -    92  5  0




17
s. d.
Baltimore Co., from its 4 parishes, having 4 Clergymen, sent    -      -  -  142 14   9...      the Quakers         -    -    -   23 19    0.-  the Baptists       -    -    -     7   0  0. t.' the Romanists           -   -    -     2 17    6
Cecil Co., from its 2 parishes, having 2 Clergymen, sent  53  9  4.(     "  the Presbyterians sent  -    -    -    25 11   0
Kent Co., "   its 2 parishes, having 2 Clergymen, sent  72 18  1
"(    "   3 Quaker meetings, sent  -        -    18  0   0.(    I   the Presbyterians,       -   -    -     2  2   6
Queen Anne Co., from its 4 parishes, having 4 Clergymen, sent    -    -    -  120 18   8...". the Presbyterians, sent -   -   10   2  6
Talbot Co., from its 2 parishes, having 2 Clergymen,
sent    -    -    -    -  232 19    7
Dorchester Co., from its 3 parishes, having 3 Clergymen, sent    -      -     123 16    2
Somerset Co., from its 3 parisles, having 3 Clergymen,
sent    -    -    -    -  109   0  6.(    "  the Presbyterians, sent     - -    43   3   1
Worcester Co., ( its 2 parishes, having 2 Clergymen,
sent    -    -    -    -   61 17   0
"    "  the Presbyterians, sent  -    -    19 12   0
Thus from the 14 Counties,
The Church, from its 42 parishes, having 41 Ministers, sent  -    -     1,503  7 11
The Quakers sent    -    -    -    -    -       134  4   0
The Presbyterians,  -                           107 12   2
Six Romanist Priests-5 contributions, sent       76  0   9
The Baptists sent   -    --             -         7  0   0
The Dunkers sent    -    -    -    -    -         6  0   0
The Lutherans sent  -    -       -    -           4 16   0
Making nearly $9,000 in all, or 61,839  0 10
The other denominations than the Church, sent e315 12 11
of this amount.
It will be seen that while, since 1700, the increase of Counties had been only three, that of the parishes had been twelve.
The next statement we give is from Mr. Eddis, dated April
2, 1772, then Surveyor of Customs, residing at Annapolis.
Writing to a friend in England, he says, " their number [the
Romanists] are at present very inconsiderable, and their influence of no weight in the concerns of the Province."




18
More testimony, indeed, might be presented, concurring with
what has now been brought forward. But this is deemed sufficient to sustain the fact, that Maryland never was " Catholic
Maryland," notwithstanding the slang of our School Histories,
and speeches of politicians. We have here, all these documents, running through a period of one hundred and thirtyfive years,-documents which have never been impeached,
never contradicted, all telling the same story.
As a fitting appendix to the foregoing, we conclude this
paper with the following extract from the speech of Governor
Hart, to the General Assembly of Maryland, in 1720, copied
from its proceedings.
"Gentlemen:-The pretence of the Romanists that Maryland was
granted as an asylum to them, from the rigor of the penal laws in
England, is a position of theirs which has long amused the world. It
was an imposition. For they cannot have a better right, than what
the Charter admits them to, and, in my opinion, there is so far from a
provision made therein that the government should be in their hands,
in any degree, that there is not an exception made for the exercise of
their Religion.' It hath been affirmed, that Cecelius, Lord Baltimore,
published a declaration, inviting all persons that believed on the name
of Jesus Christ, to settle and inhabit this Province, promising them
equal privileges. Yet I presume it will be admitted, that noble Lord
could not give greater powers than he had.'
" For, after all the privileges mentioned in the Charter, toward the
conclusion, there is this provision made, namely:-" provided always,
that no interpretation be admitted thereof, by which God's holy and
truly Christian Religion, or the allegiance due unto us, our heirs and
successors, may in any wise suffer any prejudice or diminution.' The
Charter was granted by King Charles the First, who was a Protestant, and certainly could not intend the proviso for any other Religion,
than that of which he was a zealous professor. But to make this the
more evident, it is expressly stipulated in the body of the Charter,
that all churches, chapels, and oratories, be dedicated and consecrated
according to the Ecclesiastical law of the kingdom of England.
This so well explains itself, that it wants no comment. 1 am only
surprised, from what latent cause the Papists derive any privileges
here, beyond what the connivance of Government may indulge
them in.
" In reply, the Lower House of Assembly said:- We know of no
legal right they [the Papists] have to any more than they enjoy,' " &c.
This, it may be remembered, was the publicly expressed
and received view of those in the highest places of authority
in Maryland, one hundred and twenty-five years ago.




arlaTHEo
iaryland Historical Society
AND THE
Peabody Institute Trustees.
A  REPORT
FROM A SPECIAL COMMITTEE OF THE
MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY,
Read and Adopted at the Society's Monthly Meeting,.March the 5th, 1866.
BALTIMORE:
PRINTED BY JOHN MURPHY & CO.
No. 182 BAL TIMORE STREET.
1 8 66.




At a meeting of the Maryland Historical Society, held
in its hall, in the A thenwlem Building, on Thursday nigqht,
5th of l7larck, 1866, the following Report and Resolutions
wuere presented and read to the society, on behalf of the
commiittee, b/y iMr. Brantz Mliayer.
On motion of Mr. J. Saurin Norris, the Report and
Resolutions were unanimoously adopted, and Jive hundred
copies ordered to be printed.




REPORT:
THE letter of the Trustees of the Peabody Institute,
dated 12th of February, 1866, to the Maryland Historical Society which was referred to this Committee
by our last monthly meeting, has been considered by
the undersigned who present the following as the result
of their deliberations:
Early in the year 1857, Mr. George Peabody, of London, then in Baltimore, prepared and published a letter
addressed to certain Trustees, dated 12th of February
of that year, by which he created the Peabody Institute,
supplied ample funds for the erection of a building as
well as for the clearly defined purposes of the Institute,
appointed twenty-five Trustees and their successors to
put it in operation, gave this Society free quarters in
the contemplated edifice, and constituted it administrator of the trust. 
This letter was presented to the attention of the Society on the 5th of March, 1857, at our regular monthly
meeting by Mr. John P. Kennedy, a Trustee, then and
now a vice-president of the Maryland Historical Society,
and, at present, also President of the Board of Trustees
of the Peabody Institute, but for some months past absent from Baltimore.
Our Society promptly accepted the administration
confided to it, after full explanation of Mr. Peabody's
designs by Mr. Kennedy, who, it was understood, had
drawn up Mr. Peabody's letter under his personal instructions, and was, therefore, best qualified to expound
it. In his explanatory speech, at our meeting, Mr.
Kennedy defined our relations with his usual clearness,
stating frankly that it had been Mr. Peabody's design




4
to give the whole charge to this Society; and that it was
simply from the possibility that our Society might, at
some time hereafter, cease to exist, that he interposed
the Board of Trustees, giving them custody of the
money and bestowing certain visitatorial powers, while
he entrusted the entire administration to us. That is
the recorded interpretation given by the present President of the Board of Trustees-our Vice-Presidentwhen he was fresh from the side of Mr. Peabody, and
had just completed the draft of his letter.
Almost simultaneously, on the 4th of March, 1857, Mr.
Peabody, then in Charleston, South Carolina, executed
a deed of trust confirming his letter; and "in addition
to, but not in derogation of' its directions, he declares
in this instrument-that " if from any cause, whatever,
of which my said Trustees, their associates and successors shall be the exclusive judges, there shall be afailtre
on the part of the Maryland Historical Society to undertake and prosecute the functions I have indicated in my
said letter, as hereafter to be confided to it, then, and in
that event, and unless they see fit to assume the functions themselves, I hereby declare it to be the duty of
my said Trustees, their associates and successors, and
they are hereby authorized, to select some other agency
competent in their judgment to carry out my views in
the premises."  This clause, which, it will be observed,
is "not in derogation" of the powers confered on us,
simply provides for an emergency, which, as far as your
Committee is advised, this Society has never had an intention to contrive or produce.
In furtherance of his bounty, Mr. Peabody empowered the Trustees to obtain an Act of Incorporation
from the Maryland Legislature; and, accordingly, an
act was procured, setting forth the Letter and Deed of
Trust. The Trustees at once purchased a large quantity
of ground and erected a building on a part of it after




5
consultation with this Society as to the apartments designed in the plan, for our use and occupation. In
January, 1860, three years after Mr. Peabody's Plah
was first announced to and accepted by us, the Trustees
proposed, at a special meeting of our Society, a printed
Plan of Organization drawn up and published by them,
which, after debate, was adopted by resolutions recorded
in our minutes.
It is well known that several efforts have since then
been made by us to communicate with the Trustees in
regard to the assumption of our duties. It is, also,
notorious that the buildings of the Peabody Institute
have been completed and ready for use for about four
years, but that no invitation has been given to this
Society, in conformity with Mr. Peabody's plain intentions, laid down in his Letter and re-asserted in the
Plan of Organization by the Trustees themselves, in the
following explicit language: —"when the building is
ready for the accommodation of the Maryland Historical Society, that body shall be invited to move into and
take possession of the apartments designed for its use,
and accept the duties assigned to it by the Letter of the
founder."
The Letter, the Deed of Trust, the Act of Incorporation, and our acceptance of the administrative trust, are,
therefore, to be considered as conclusively defining and
vesting our rights and powers in regard to the Institute,
while the failure of the Trustees to invite us to occupy
our apartments after the long, well known completion of
the building and after an equally long and patient submission on our part, has induced the Society to appoint
this Committee to confer with the Trustees. Hence the
letter addressed to them by this Committee on the 10th
of January, 1866, reported to the Society at its last
monthly meeting, in which we reviewed the subject, demanded the right to occupy the completed apartments




built for us, and respectfully asked whether the Trustees were prepared to give us the administration of the
Institute.
We are sorry to say that our courteous letter produced no direct reply to us from the Trustees, yet, received an unsatisfactory response, over our heads, addressed to the Society. In this answer the Trustees
announce what they style their "determination," in the
following sentence: "We have come to the conclusion,
for reasons which we think deeply founded in the welfare of the Institute, that the management of its several
departments by your body, which was instituted for an
entirely different end, will not be promotive of the
objects which the munificent founder of the Institute
had in view."
Let us consider this rebuff patiently, notwithstanding
its arrogance in differing wholly with the directions and
well known wishes of Mr. Peabody in regard to this
Society. What justification is offered by the Trustees
of themselves, in the eyes of Mr. Peabody, whose udgment is thus abruptly spurned? Let us quote the only
important passage in the letter which seems to deal
logically with the subject. Our "chief reason," they
continue, "for this well considered opinion, is, that the
administrative duty of conducting the Institute should
be confided to a more limited number than your body
or its committees, chosen as they must be from a number liable to great fluctuations, and whose easy terms of
membership may be availed of, at any time, to produce
hasty and inconsiderate changes, and thus bring about
a conflict of opinion between you and the managing
authority, which is so much deprecated in the letter
which is the guide of both of us."
This is "the chief reason" assigned, and we have
sought for other and better ones in this letter of the
Trustees without success. If it is "a reason" at all,




7
whether "chief" or minor, it is a timid and inaccurate
one, provided it is "frankly" given.     Can the alleged
possible "conflict of opinion," which is but the fancied
fear of an improbable occurrence, really affect the minds
of practical persons?    What "different end" has our
Society from   the Peabody Institute?      Both are literary, artistic, and scientific bodies; both possess and
contemplate the increase of valuable libraries; both
propose communication with the public; and, in truth,
the variance exists solely in the fact that the Institute is
an expansion of the best purposes of this Society, superadded to its historical character.  Can the Trustees, we
respectfully ask, be entirely candid when they virtually
tell us that they cannot trust a Society of which most of
them  are members-of which Mr. Peabody is a member, in which any three of them    may, by that number
of black-balls, reject a proposed member-of which
their President is and has been for nearly twenty years
our Vice-President-of which their Librarian is one of
our nlost respected and heeded associates-of which
their Treasurer and Secretary are, also, active members-and, in fine, a Society which is so tied up by the
mutually adopted Plan of Organization that it cannot
appoint an officer from its body, for the administration
of the Institute, without the scrutiny and confirmatory
acceptance of the Board of Trustees?*
Your Committee, therefore, does not take much heed
of this alleged "chief reason" for our rejection, especially
as we have not only the written, but the printed endorsement of our Society by these very Trustees, in 1860, as
superlatively proper for the duties assigned to us.
* See page 9 of the printed edition of the Plan of Organization, section 8. EXTRACT* " "The Historical Society shall nominate such person as it may deem qualified for
the office and submit such nomination to the Board of Trustees, who shall confirm
or reject the same. The same person shall not be nominated more than twice, unless
requested by the Board; and the process of nomination shall be repeated until an
appointment shall be agreed on," &e., &c. Thirteen of the present twenty-five Trustees of the Institute are members of the Maryland Historical Society.




8
Permit us to recite the certificate of character given
to us by them on page 11 of the Plan of Organization,
published in 1859-60.
"The Committee" (of the Trustees) "do not apprehend that the occasion will ever arise when these
powers" (the visitatorial)."will be called into service
for any other purpose than that of harmonious and
effective co-operation with the administrative body.
The high character of the Historical Society, its intelligent appreciation of the value of the benefaction of
Mr. Peabody, and the ability and zeal with which it is
enabled to contribute to the conduct of the functions
assigned to it, forbid a surmise of any possible miscarriage in the faithful administration of the Institute
during the present generation of its membership; whilst
the system of its organization, as well as the inducements
it must ever hold out to attract the good will and participation 6f the most worthy and cultivated individuals
of our community, furnish a no less reliable guaranty
of its devotion to the success and beneficent service of
the Institute."
Your Committee think it will be difficult to match
in literary history so direct a contradiction of opinion
as these two utterances of the Trustees of this Institution. We are, also, at a loss to recommend which
of them should be considered a "frank" avowal of
judgment as to the character and capacity of this Society-present or future; and, accordingly, we have no
hesitation in saying that the "chief reason" for our present rejection by the Trustees is unworthy of consideration. Neither will the Committee concern itself about
the "determination" of the Trustees, (independent of
its "reasons,") or with any opinions of Mr. Peabody,
produced by impressions made in communications of an
"indirect" character, as stated in the letter of the Trustees to Mr. Peabody, a copy of which was forwarded




with their reply and read at the last meeting of the
Society. Mr. Peabody's scheme and institution were
set forth and incorporated by our Legislature nine years
ago, and they are no longer the Trustees' or Mr. Peabody's property to deal with. The Institute is the creature of law. Hence, the reference, by the Trustees, of
the subject to Mr. Peabody, especially without the previous assent, knowledge, consultation or desire of this
Society, is not only indelicate and arrogant to our benefactor and ourselves, but manifestly illegal, and calculated, by indirect means, to attempt to disgust its into a
voluntary withdrawal from the scheme. This accomplished, the contingency provided for in the Deed of
Trust will have occurred, and the Trustees themselves
will at once, doubtless, "assume the functions" of administration as well as of organization, and thus become
the sole and undisputed masters of the Institute.
We do not feel it necessary to enter into a defence of
the capacity and worthiness of this Society to become
the administrator of Mr. Peabody's bounty to Baltimore. Our history is well known to this community
for the last twenty-three years. It needs no vindication. The Society of 1866 is the same Society that it
was in 1857, (the date of Mr. Peabody's Letter,) with
the same constitution, incorporation, laws, and system
of admission or exclusion of members. Of course, some
of our members in 1857 are dead, and some have voluntarily left us, while a recent infusion of, young, intelligent, educated and active men gives additional promise
of renewed and vigorous life. Who have been, and
who are, our members? Who were the founders and
builders of the edifice we own and occupy since 1848?
Who were the saviors of the Baltimore Library's splendid collection of books, now in our apartments and possession? Who are the present and who are to be the
future active men, of all professions and occupations in
2




10
Baltimore? Who are to become the future Trustees of
the Peabody Institute, itself, for, alas! the present ones
are not immortal?   Each of these questions is to be
answered by finding all these persons, or at least the
large majority of them, members of the Maryland Historical Society, and all, as their age or opportunities
permit, rmore or less active and interested in it and in
the material and intellectual progress of Baltimore.
We might pause here, but there is another suggestion
made, at the close of the Trustees' letter, why we should
not, at least now, be admitted to occupy any part of the
Peabody Institute's edifice, and, it is because the library purposes of the Institute demand the rooms originally designed for this Society.
In our letter of 10th January, 1866, we, of course,
assumed that the building erected was suitable for our
occupation in connection with the objects of the Institute. We were justified in this belief, because it had
been notorious for years that certain completed apartments were built for us expressly. It seems, however,
that the Trustees have recently discovered that they are
deficient in room. "'hen the plan of the building was
adopted," they say, "the accommodation it afforded was
supposed to be adequate to the requirements of the library, the lectures, and the uses of your Society. We
find now, however, in our enlarged experience, that if
the library be intended to realize the requirements of
the founder as' an extensive library, to be well furnished
in every department of knowledge, and of the most approved literature, which is to be maintained for the free
use of all persons who may desire to consult it, and supplied with every proper convenience for daily reference
and study'-that the space we have assigned to it is
wholly inadequate to the purpose; and, whilst in its
arrangement and situation in the building it is excellently well adapted to the keeping of books, it is, in no



11
wise, suited for their continuous use or study. We will,
therefore, be obliged to appropriate a large part of the
space intended for your accommodation to the use of
readers frequenting the library, and that which would
remain, if any shall remain after the liberal plan of the
library shall be fully developed, would be entirely inadequate to your comfortable use. We shall, therefore,
be obliged, if the original plan of management be adhered to, to provide you ample and convenient accommodation in the future extension of the buildings of the
Institute."
We consider this passage, from the remarkable letter
of the Trustees, so confessedly self-condemnatory, that
it is fatal. Mr. Peabody's Letter of Institution was
dated 12th of February, 1857; the letter of the Trustees to this Society is dated on the anniversary of that
day, precisely nine years after, to wit, on the 12th of
February, 1866. Do these gentlemen mean to be understood by Mr. Peabody, this Society, and the community
of Baltimore, to whom they are responsible, as saying
that it has taken just nine years-to a day-for them to
begin to comprehend the design and scope of Mr. Peabody's scherne,-to understand and realize an idea?
That, we know, is the period required by the Roman
classic for the gestation of a perfect poem, but we have
never heard that it was necessary for the incubation of
an architectural plan. If it requires nine years to devise, and then not successfully, the physical shell of the
Institute, how many will it exact to form and ripen the
intellectual kernel? Who, of this generation of Baltimoreans, can reasonably expect to enjoy the fruition?
What "eilarqed their experience?"  The facts are exactly the same in 1866 that they were in 1857. Do
they mean to tell Mr. Peabody that the idea he conceived was too large for the means he bestowed for its
accomplishment?   Are not these sing'ular arguments




12
to present to Mr. Peabody to maintain their capacity for
the duty of Trustees? Is not the answer obvious that
must occur to Mr. Peabody, (as soon as he shall have
read the passage just quoted,) that if it required nine
years for them to begin to understand the architectural
idea, (and they, then, found they had made a fatal mistake in the erected building,) how many years will it
require for the Trustees to comprehend, and finally to
realize, the intellectual part of the scheme which every
body else seemed to think so clearly set forth in his letter? It is likely this practical man of business would
be apt to consider his Trustees as very unpractical persons and unfitted for the plain and simple designs he
had so long ago entrusted to their execution, and hoped
to see in full, successful, operation before his death.
Denounced as we have been, directly and indirectly,
to Mr. Peabody, the temptation is quite irresistible, and
we hope it will not be considered improper to review
the action of the Trustees, themselves, in the performance of this noble public trust. In nine years, what
have they done but build an edifice which they confess
is insufficient for the Institute and this Society, although,
during all that time, they were possessed of'ample means
and sufficient ground for a building double the size of
the present? They have built a hollow, inadequate
house, and filled the floor of its vacant lecture room
with comfortable seats, which are vacant still and have
never been occupied by an audience since they came
from the carpenter's hands; they have erected a library
room so dark and gloomy that, they admit, no one can
"continuously use and study" in it, while they have
filled its walls with cases, not more than one-fourth of
which is occupied by books; in nine years they have
never even offered this scant collection to the reading
community of Baltimore; nor has a lecture been heard,
a picture exhibited, nor a note of music resounded




13
within the cheerless walls. The edifice has never, even,
been dedicated publicly, by suitable services, to the
generous purposes of the endower; and, in fact, during
the four years of its architectural completion, it has
stood in the heart of our city as a marble tomb of good
but broken promises!
We are of opinion that the hint of the Trustees about
"a suggestion to a munificence which needs no prompting," in our behalf, is not at all proper for your consideration. If the Trustees are candid in saying they feel
it "indelicate" to make such "a suggestion" to Mr.
Peaboby at all, your Committee is really at a loss to
understand how that gentleman is to avoid reading
this withheld suggestion, when the withholders tell us
they have already placed it in his hands for perusal!
It may, probably, in the transmitted copy of the letter
of the 12th of February, 1866, have been omitted or
written in "invisible- ink"; but, under any circumstances, it is not for this Society to approach, or sanction an approach to Mr. Peabody, for a retiring pension
from his Institute.
After this review, which we hope will be considered,
as we have intended it to be, fair and dispassionate, we
might, perhaps, with great propriety recommend the
Society to institute legal proceedings to compel the
Trustees to perform their duty, at least in part, by placing the Society in the rooms built for us and still unoccupied. This Society has no interest in the Institute
but that of the public good and a sense of duty assumed
to Mr. Peabody. The scheme confers no special benefits
on us as an Historical Society; and the assumption of
the administration is the assumption only of onerous,
extra duties which confer rather than receive an obligation. It seems just and necessary that so great a
trust should be fujfilled, for the benefit of our city,
within a reasonable time, and that if not completed,




14
voluntarily, the law should see to its execution. It
should not rest in the hands of persons who have shown
themselves incompetent, and have now the boldness to
attack our trustiness and administrative capacity. But,
there is a natural reluctance to do anything which might
wound the feelings of our respected friend, who, we do
not, for a moment, think will cast a stigma on a Society
he has so long cherished. It would grate harshly on
his sensibility to know that his bounty had been dragged
into the courts, before all measures were exhausted to prevent the catastrophe. We should, therefore, of course,
be extremely reluctant to go to law about this matter
with the Trustees, even if it may ultimately become necessary, and especially as it is understood that Mr. Peabody is to be here in the course of April or May of the
present year. Nevertheless, we feel it due to him, to.
ourselves, and to this community, eager to enjoy the
benefits of the Institute, to recommend the passage of
the following resolutions, which will show that we have
fulfilled and are willing to fulfil our undertakings in
regard to the Institute; that we relinquish none of our
rights or powers conferred by the Letter, the Deed of
Trust, and the Act of Incorporation; that we refrain
from sanctioning the recent appeal of the Trustees to
Mr. Peabody; and, finally, if necessary, that we will
stand on and assert our vested rights before the courts
of Maryland.
All of which is most respectfully submitted by the
undersigned:
P. G. SAUERWEIN, C(7airman,
BRANTZ MAYER,
HUGH L. BOND,
WILLIAM F. GILES,
THOMAS D. BAIRD,
Committee Md. Hist. Society.




RESOLUTIONS.
1. Resolved, That the Maryland Historical Society
accepted the duty of administering the Peabody Institute with no view to this Society's aggrandizement, but
from a sense of respectful compliance with Mr. Peabody's wishes, and with a sincere desire to become useful, as his trustees, to our fellow-citizens.
2. Resolved, That this Society, having promised to undertake the functions indicated in Mr. Peabody's letter
of 12th of February, 1857, and having never shrunk
from the performance of the duties thereby imposed,
relinquishes none of its vested rights and powers under
the Act of Incorporation of the Peabody Institute, and,
if necessary, but with regret, will appeal to the proper
tribunals for the enforcement of its rights.
3. Resolved, That the Recording Secretary be requested
to have all the proceedings of this Society in regard to
the Peabody Institute, as recorded in our Book of Minutes, neatly copied, and that the President be desired to
forward this transcript to Mr. Peabody with as little delay as possible, in order that he may be apprized of the
fidelity with which this Society has sought, by amicable
means, to fulfil its acceptance of his trust, and that he
may be possessed of the Society's resolution to insist
on its rights which are sought to be put aside by the
Trustees.








THE
ANNUAL ADDRESS,
DELIVERED BEFORE THE
laryland Historical Society,
On the Evening of December 17th, 1866,
BY HON. WILLIAM F. GILES.
BALTIMORE:
PRINTED BY JOHN MURPHY & Co.
182 BALTIMORE STREET.
1 867.








ANNUAL ADDRESS.
To live in the memory of those who shall survive us,
is not to die. To be remembered when we are gone,
has been an animating motive with the men of every
day and of every generation. This sentiment has manifested itself in a thousand ways. It is seen in the
countless efforts that man has made to blunt the iron
tooth of time, and save from oblivion his name and
the record of his life. It speaks to us from the magnificent cemeteries of earths mightiest cities, as from
the secluded country grave-yard where " the rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep." It appears in all that
our race has done throughout its long history, to link
and bind the perishing scenes of earth, to an immortality which belongs alone to the deathless spirit. From
the pyramids and catacombs of Egypt's earliest civilization; from the hieroglyphics which cover the long
resting places of her embalmed dead; from the sculptured monuments and statues of Grecian and Roman
art; from all that man has done in the olden time, to
perpetuate his name and the memory of his life with
those who should survive him, how clear and full to us
is the evidence of the presence of this all pervading
sentiment and yearning of the human heart. This
voice, which comes to us so clear and unbroken from
the dead past, is re-echoed by the living present. Else
why so many journals; so many auto-biographies; so
many efforts that we make to link our names to something of earth that seems more enduring and abiding
than ourselves? It seems therefore to be an ever present desire in the human breast, that "although our
3




4
bodies moulder, we would have our memories live"placed there, no doubt, by the wisdom and goodness of
our Creator, that it might ever be to man an incentive
to a life of active benevolence and noble action. That,
as he was seeking to place his life and his character
before the judgment of posterity, he should adorn them
with those unselfish and noble actions which alone
could assure to him the approval of that distant and
therefore impartial tribunal. We can thus perceive,
that this motive could not but act most beneficially in
forming the characters and shaping the lives of men.
And what has it not enabled him to accomplish and
endure in all the ages that are past? To escape the
common fate, "to die and be forgotton," genius and
learning are ever putting forth their mighty energies.
The ambitious heart in every age, yearning for immortality, has foregone all the enjoyments of the present.
It is therefore alike due to noble and unselfish action,
as to our own sense of gratitude, and the yearnings of
our own hearts, that the men of every day should
preserve and transmit to posterity, the materials for
true and impartial history.' That they should preserve
the fleeting records of the lives of great and good men
who have been an honor to our race; and the light and
joy of the nation which was blessed by their presence.
This duty has been but imperfectly discharged in the
ages that are past. And as a consequence of this
failure, how much of the material for history and biography has been swept away by the stream of time.
How much has been destroyed by the wars which have
desolated our earth, or has mouldered away and been
lost and forgotten.  During that long night which
shrouded Europe, from the passing away of the Roman
Empire to the dawn of modern civilization, how many
(we know not) of the manuscripts and records of that




5
remarkable people were trodden beneath the foot of
Rome's Barbarian conquerors?
The library of Ptolemy Philadelphus, at Alexandria,
contained, according to Gellius, 100,000 volumes, all in
rolls. This was burnt by Caesar's soldiers. Constantine and his successors established a magnificent library
at Constantinople, which in the eighth century was said
to contain 300,000 volumes. They were destroyed by
the order of Leo Isaurus. In the latter part of the
fourth century, the library at Alexandria was again
destroyed. And we have marvellous accounts of the
extent and value of the last Alexandrian Library,
destroyed by the Saracen conqueror Amrou, in the
seventh century. When we remember that this all
took place before the invention of printing, and that
of the many thousand volumes destroyed in these
libraries, there were but few if any duplicate copies in
the world, we can form a faint estimate of the loss that
history, science and art sustained by the destruction of
these valuable depositaries of the learning of the age.
Archbishop Spalding of our city, in a lecture on the
origin and history of libraries, says, "that it is a fact
no less undoubted than it is lamentable, that the great
body of ancient books has been lost. That we are not
perhaps at this day in possession of one-tenth part of
the standard works which were once classical in Greece
and Rome. That of one hundred and forty books
which it is known that Livy wrote, only thirty-five
now remain. Varro, the most learned of the ancient
Romans, is known to have written no less than five
hundred volumes, of which but two have come down
to our day. Dionysius Halicarnassus wrote twenty
books of Roman Antiquities, of which but eleven are
extant. Of the forty books of history composed by
Polybius, but five now remain; while of the same num



ber by Diodorus Siculus, but fifteen have reached our
time. And who that has read the charming lives by
Plutarch, has not regretted the entire loss of more
than half of that beautiful collection."
Such is the account which is given us of the destruction of Roman literature alone. And what a loss would
it have been to the Continental nations of Europe, and
the jurisprudence of every land, if the great code of
the Emperor Justinian and his Paudects had not been
discovered in the twelfth century. They had slept the
sleep of ages, having disappeared in the latter part of
the sixth century. For all that we now possess, we are
largely indebted to the piety and devotion to learning,
of that Church, which had superseded the worship and
idolatry of the last Great Empire; and had erected her
religious establishments in so many parts of the earth,
once governed by Rome.
They had, not only in the ritual of their Church, preserved the language of that mighty people in its purity,
but their monasteries were the only secure depositories
of the manuscripts and works of the learned, for some
five centuries; from the close of the sixth to the commencement of the eleventh century. For, during most
of this long period, there were no public libraries outside the Church; and few private collections.  But
almost every Cathedral and many monasteries had
their libraries; in which, during the middle ages, so
many works of classic literature that had survived the
wreck and pillage of Rome, were saved. And not
only did the Church save from destruction much of
the learning and literature of the old world; but to the
life of seclusion, retirement, and patient industry of the
monks of that period, we are indebted for the multiplied copies of the most valuable manuscripts. Some
of these libraries contained many thousand volumes.




The monastic library of Novalese in Piedmont, contained more than 6,000 volumes; that of St. Benedict,
sur-Loire in France, 5,000, and that of Spanheim, in
Germany, had upwards of 2,000 volumes. These comprised works of all ages and countries, and on all subjects. So that when the art of printing was invented by
John Guttenberg, in the fifteenth century, there were
manuscript copies of many of the most precious works
of antiquity in almost every country of Europe, ready to
be set up in type, and sent by the magic of the printing
press, over the world.
To show how valuable and extensive are some of
these collections, I will only mention the library of the
Vatican at Rome, founded by Pope Hilary, in the sixth
century. It contained in 1848, besides 400,000 printed
volumes, 80,000 manuscripts, entirely matchless anywhere else. Some of these manuscripts go back to the
third century, and are therefore the earliest books
known to exist. But the best and most reliable materials for history, are more liable to perish, and be lost
and forgotten, than these works even in manuscript, of
the learned of any age.
They are, the newspapers of the day: the letters of
prominent men who take an active part in the public
transactions, the pamphlets in which public affairs are
discussed; and the private journals of individuals.
Pitkin, in his preface to the political and civil history
of the United States, says: " The numerous publications relating to individuals who acted a conspicuous
part in the political scenes of this period, not only give
the characters of the individuals themselves, but also
furnish many important historical facts." He again
remarks: " Much of the Revolutionary history of the
United States, is only to be found in the private papers
of those who were principal actors during that period:




8
and whenever the letters of General Washington, and
the papers left by Samuel Adams, John Adams and
Thomas Jefferson, shall be given to the public, a great
addition will be made to the stock of materials for
American History."
Thus wrote this historian in 1828. Since which period,
these letters and papers have been published; and we
can now fully endorse the remark of Mr. Pitkin:
Every one, we think, will arise from the perusal of
the letters of Washington, with the conviction, that he
had never before, truly known the difficulties and trials
of that great struggle; and had no full conception of
the character and ability of its matchless leader. And
what a flood of light do the letters and papers of John
Adams, Samuel Adams and Jefferson, throw upon the
great questions which agitated the American people of
that day; and which led finally to the separation of the
colonies from the mother-country. If these letters and
papers had been lost or destroyed, how much of valuable data for the history of that noble contest would
have passed away, without the hope of ever having
their place supplied. Of the proceedings of the Convention, which at a later period of our history as a
nation, formed our present noble Constitution, how
little was known until the publication of the notes of
debate, taken by Mr. Madison, and purchased and
published by Congress, in 1839. And even at this day,
how much of our early colonial history can only be
found in the musty and decaying records of our public
offices.
From an interesting report made in January last, to
the Governor of this State, by Gen. Mayer, to whom
the State Papers of Maryland had been submitted for
examination and classification, I make the following
extract:




"The ante-revolutionary papers now submitted to
me are in a very fragmentary and decayed, as well as
imperfect and unconnected condition. It is manifest,
that large portions of them were either entirely lost, or
so injured by mildew as to have been long since thrown
away. Some of the bundles literally dropped to pieces
in attempting to open them." And this might have
been the condition of all our public papers, if the Legislature had not, by resolution, in 1846, deposited with
your Society for safe-keeping, several bound books and
many valuable papers belonging to the archives of the
State. A Trust which has been faithfully discharged
by the Society to the present time. If, therefore, public
documents and State papers, in the archives of your
Government are so liable to injury and loss, what must
be the inevitable fate of that most precious source of
true and impartial history, the letters and papers of
prominent men of any age, if left to the chances of
private and family preservation.  In our young, but
rapidly developing country, where our people seem to
be as migratory as the Phoenicians, of old, what chance
for the preservation of such relics, unless we can gather
them into some safe depositories like ours, where they
will be guarded and preserved. To meet this want
and supply this deficiency, Societies, such as this, have
been established.
Ours was incorporated on the 8th March, 1844; and
its objects, as expressed in its charter, was "to collect,
preserve, and diffuse information relating to the civil,
natural, and literary history of the State of Maryland,
and American history and biography, generally." How
well and faithfully it has fulfilled certain of these duties,
let your library of historical works, your very extensive
collection of Colonial manuscripts, records and journals,
and your gallaries attest. The catalogue of the manu2




1()
scripts, maps, medals, portraits, &c., of the Society,
forms a book of forty-five pages, and the whole presents
a collection most interesting to every Marylander; and
which will remain a safe depository upon which future
historians may rely in their search after truth. Of
the original twenty-two incorporators of this Society, I
am happy to know, that now, after the lapse of twentytwo years, ten still survive, many of whom are, as they
ever have been, among the most honored and useful
members of the Association. Their love for and devotion to the objects of our Society, seems to have experienced no abatement in the lapse of so many years.
And now, with all our valuable collections; with a
library of over 10,000 volumes, of choice works, and
quite full in the historical Department; with our commodious and beautiful rooms; with nearly three hundred members, composed largely of the young and the
active, (who may reasonably count upon many years of
usefulness,) with ample resources for all the current
expenses of the association; and with a permanent fund
for our publication and other expenses, the gift of one of
nature's nobleman; a bright future awaits this Society,
if the spirit which led to its formation, and has heretofore directed its operations, shall continue to preside
in its counsels.
And is thi4 not every thing in the circumstances
attending the settlement and subsequent progress of
our State, to cause us to love her history and her institutions. Do not her sires in every trying hour of their
country's history, challenge our admiration, and call
upon us, not to permit the laurels which encircle their
brows to fade, or their bright fame to be covered by
the dust of time. The seeds of liberty were to be found
in the Charter of our State. For it secured to those
who might emigrate, an independent share in the legis



11
lation of the province; of which the statutes were to be
established with the advice and approbation of the
majority of the freemen or their deputies.
Representative Government was thus indissolubly
connected with the fundamental charter. Of George
Calvert, who first projected the Colony, and to whom
the Charter was to have been granted, Bancroft, in
his history of the Colonies, says: " He deserves to be
ranked among the most wise and benevolent lawyers of
all ages. He was the first in the history of the Christian World, to seek for religious security and peace by
the practice of justice, and not by the exercise of power;
to plan the establishment of popular institutions with
the enjoyment of liberty of conscience; to advance the
career of civilization by recognizing the equality of all
christian sects." He died before he received his patent,
but it was granted and confirmed to his son, Cecilius
Calvert, who, succeeding to his father's fortune, carried
into execution that father's intentions in reference to
the colony he proposed to settle. The right of every
colonist to be present either in person or by deputy, in
the Legislature, and perfect religious freedom were the
two memorable features in the character of the Maryland institutions. Listen to the oath prescribed for
her Governor:   "I will not by myself or any other,
directly or indirectly, molest any person professing to
believe in Jesus Christ, for or in respect of religion."'Tis true! that in after years, the religious intolerance
which prevailed so long in the mother country, extended to Maryland, and led here to the establishment
of one sect, and provision for its support by law. The
General Assembly, in 1692, passed an act establishing
the Episcopal Church, and dividing every County into
parishes, and laying taxes for the support of its ministers. And the usual history of all State religions was not




12
varied in this instance. Other sects and denominations
were denied the liberty of free, public worship. But
these disabling statutes were soon removed, except in
the case of the Roman Catholics, who remained subject
to their unjust provisions until the era of our revolution. It is a sad comment upon our poor human
nature, that, in a colony which was established by the
members of this Church, and which grew up to power
and happiness under their mild government, they
alone, of all outside the pale of the Church of England,
should have remained the only victims of religious intolerance for so many years. The Convention of this
State which met in 1776, in the bill of rights, which
prefaced the Constitution they framed, restored that
religious liberty which had been the pride and honor
of Maryland in its early history. Article 33, says:
" That as it is the duty of every man to worship God in
such manner as he thinks most acceptable to him, all
persons professing the Christian religion are equally
entitled to protection in their religious liberty; wherefore, no person ought by any law to be molested in his
person or estate on account of his religious persuasion
or profession, or for his religious practice," &c. It was
a great act as far as it went, and worthy of the great
men who planted their Government upon such free
and ennobling principles. But they left their Hebrew
brethren still disfranchised. It was reserved for our
day, to cancel this injustice. By the act of Assembly
of 25th February, 1825, and its confirmation by the
succeeding Legislature, all disabilities upon that portion of our fellow-citizens were removed. But although
religious intolerance prevailed for a time in our State,
there was something in the character and genius of its
people, which deprived it of its worst features. No
fagot and stake, no dungeons, no gallows or whipping



13
post, for any act of religious worship ever disgraced
the soil of Maryland. Descended from a member of
that peaceful sect who found in this Colony, freedom to
worship God after their simple form of devotion, I feel
it to be no less a duty than it is a privilege, to refer on
this occasion to that noble spirit of Christian toleration
which, (with the exceptions I have mentioned,) has
been the honor and the wise policy of our good State.
And I commend it in all its full scope and meaning,
to the men of this generation. The form of man's
adoration of his Creator and the mode and manner of
the worship he renders Him, should be ever held sacred
and beyond the reach, not only of human legislation,
but of every species of attack, persecution or censure.
With an open Bible and a free press, which is our glorious inheritance, religious errors, like all others, may
well be left to the domain of reason and argument. No
form of religion has ever been destroyed by persecution.
It has been no less eloquently than truly said, that the
blood of the martyrs was the seed of the Church. If
our early Colonial history be full of interest and satisfaction to every Marylander, that satisfaction and interest is deepened and increased when we contemplate
the great par-]eqcted in our struggle for independence. At its commencement she was ranked by Burke,
an impartial observer, with Virginia, as one of the leading Colonies of the Continent. In his celebrated speech
"on Conciliation with America," arguing against the
policy and the injustice of the system of taxing the
Colonies then pursued by the British Parliament, he
said, "He must be grossly ignorant of America, who
thinks that without falling into this confusion of all
rules of equity and policy, you can restrain any single
Colony, especially Virginia and Maryland, the central
and most important of them all."  And her sixin that




14
eventful struggle, did justice to the high character of
their State; so that at its close, Maryland still held the
prominent position assigned her by the English orator
and statesman. But of the leading part taken by the
statesmen of Maryland, in that able discussion of the
rights of the Colonies, that war of words and pamphlets,
which preceded the clash of arms, how little is known
to the men of our day. How many of this generation
know anything of Daniel Dulaney, the younger, and
of his great argument against the Stamp-Act. In his
day, no orator or lawyer was more widely known than
he. And now, his name seems to have passed from
the memories of men; known and remembered only
by the members of his own profession who may have
read his great opinions published in the first volume
of our Maryland Reports; opinions considered in his
day of as high authority as judicial decisions; and
therefore properly appended to the reports of the
earlier decisions of our Courts. And of the men from
Maryland who, as her representatives, signed the Declaration of Independence, but little is known by the
great body of their countrymen; who to day, are reaping the benefits of their great and heroic act. Eightyfour pages in Sanderson's biography of the signers, and
a brief memorial of Mr. Carroll, read some years since
before this Society, by one of its members, is all that
has ever been written of them to my knowledge.
And what is now known of the able statesmen of this
Colony, who in 1775 and 76, discussed the great and
important questions of that day, with an ability not
surpassed in any of the Colonies; and who guided and
directed this Colony from its state of vasalage and dependence, through the troubled waters of revolution, to
its place as one of the independent States of the new
Confederacy. In the several conventions which met at




Annapolis, at that eventful period we ever find prominent, the names of Chase, Tilghman, the two Carrolls,
Paca, Plater and Goldsborough. They were the committee elected by ballot to whom was committed the important duty of preparing a bill of rights and form of
government for the infant State. And that they and
the convention did their duty well, is seen in the fact,
that the form of government they then prepared, remained as the constitution of the State for sixty-two
years. In the twenty-eight years that have elapsed
since its repeal, we have had three constitutions formed, and it has been the opinion of many, that we have
not improved on the work of our fathers. They did
their work well, and gave us liberty regulated by law;
the ample protection of individual rights by an impartial judiciary; and the LegislatCl  and paramount power of the government, committed to a body who should
meet annually to consult and act for the great interests
of the State. The memory of such men we should
treasure up; and we should ever feel that it is a duty
we owe them, for what they did, to make their names
and lives familiar as household words. In the study
of their thoughts and the contemplation of their deeds,
we shall find ourselves escaping from the selfishness and
partizanship of the day, in our efforts to attain that
noble and unselfish patriotism which animated them,
and glowed in all they said and did-we should return
from the contemplation of their lives, purer and better
men. They were with the advance in that great struggle for freedom and the rights of man.
Before the declaration of July 4th, 1776, made in
Philadelphia, was known in Maryland; and nearly a
month before it was engrXfLand signed, these men of
Maryland and their colleagues in the convention, had
put forth their Declaration of Independence. On the




16
6th of July, 1776, the convention caused to be entered
on their journal a declaration which, after a recital of
their wrongs, and an eloquent vindication of their rights,
closes in the following language, "For the truth of these
assertions we appeal to that Almighty Being, who is
emphatically styled the searcher of hearts, and from
whose omniscence nothing is concealed. Relying on
His Divine protection and affiance, and trusting to the
justice of our cause, we exhort and conjure every citizen
to join cordially in defence of our common rights, and
in maintenance of the freedom of this and her sister
Colonies."  And when the clash of arms came, the sons
of Maryland answered this appeal; and made good this
declaration upon many a battle field of the revolution.
And from no subject of contemplation can we derive
more gratification, than from a review of the heroic part
taken by the men of our State, in that war which resulted, after long years of suffering and trial, in the independence of the Colonies.
In June, 1776, the Maryland Convention resolved,
that that Province would furnish a flying camp of
thirty-four hundred men to act in the middle department; that is, from the Province of New York to
Maryland; to be divided into four battalions of nine
companies each. The convention elected the officers of
the battalions then about to be raised. And on July
6th, 1776, the day the convention made its declaration
of independence, Col..Smallwood, who had been elected
colonel, was ordered by the convention to proceed immediately with his battalion to Philadelphia, and put
himself under the orders of Congress, and the Continental officer commanding there. And also, that four
independent companies from Talbot, Kent, Queen
Anne's and St. Mary's counties, proceed immediately
to the same destination and put themselves under the




17
command of Col. Smallwood, subject to the further orders of Congress. And so prompt was their obedience
to this order, that on the 11th of the same month, six
companies of the battalion, stationed at Annapolis, and
three companies stationed at Baltimore Town, the whole
under the command of Col. Smallwood, started on their
march to Philadelphia. They reached the Continental
army about the 1st of August, in time to act an heroic
part on the bloody field of Long Island.
In Lord Sterling's report to General Washington,
of this disasterous battle, dated August 29th, 1776, he
says, (after describing the position taken by the forces
under his command,) " in this position we stood cannonading each other, till near eleven o'clock, when I
found that General Howe with the main body of the
army was between me and our lines, and I saw that the
only chance of escaping being all made prisoners, was
to pass the Creek near the Yellow Mills; and in order
to render this more practicable, I found it absolutely
necessary to attack a body of troops commanded by
Lord Cornwallis, posted at the house near the Upper
Mills. This I instantly did, with about half of Smallwood's regiment, first ordering all the other troops to
make the best of their way through the creek." Look
at that little band of five hundred young Marylanders
on that disasterous field, thus thrown forward as the
forlorn hope, to hold in check the whole British army,
numbering many thousands, to give time to their fellowsoldiers to escape. See them wheeling, and led on by
their heroic leader, attacking the advancing British
with unparalleled bravery. It was a contest which
could result to these young soldiers, only in death or a
long captivity in the prison ship; but they never faltered, and Lord orSterling says they made five or six
several attacks on the- British column. Washington's
3




eagle eye was on them, and as they rushed on he exclaimed, "My God, what brave men must I this day lose."
They seemed likely to drive back the foremost ranks of
the British; and when forced to give way by overwhelming numbers, they rallied and renewed the contest.
They were surrounded but they still fought on; and were
nearly all cut to pieces, or taken prisoners. Nine only
succeeded in regaining the American lines. I wish I had
their names. They should be inscribed on the musterroll of fame. These young martyrs of liberty should
not sleep unwept and unhonored in their early graves.
They should take their places in men's memories with
Warren and the heroes who fell at Lexington and Concord. And time, which buries in oblivion so much of
human achievement, should year after year, only freshen the laurels which cluster around their brows.
The biographer of General Greene says of him; that he
was confined to his bed in the City of New York, with
a fever, within hearing of the sound of the battle on
Long Island; and that he was much disturbed when
intelligence reached him of the reverses experienced by
the troops lately under his command; but when informed of the terrible slaughter sustained by Col.
Smallwood's regiment, his favorite Corps, composed for
the most part of young men of family, and in a high
state of discipline, he burst into tears; declaring that
superadded to the amount of private sorrow, which that
disaster must occasion, the cause of freedom had experienced in it, a loss which no time could repair.
And at the battle of White Plains the shattered remnant of Smallwood's heroic regiment was again in the
hottest of the fight, the bravest of the brave.
The organization of this flying camp was so defective
in many respects, that it was disbanded in Dec., 1776,
and a brigade of regular troops to be attached to the




19
Continental army, was raised by Maryland. This brigade was composed largely of the men and officers of
the flying camp, and was placed under the command
of Smallwood, appointed a Brigadier-General early in
1777. In the spring of this year, this brigade to be
ever afterwards known and celebrated in history, as the
"Maryland Line," joined the Continental army under
the Commander-in-Chief in the Jerseys. They fought
well at Brandywine and Germantown, though separated
from their gallant leaders, Smallwood and Gist. Those
two officers had been detailed by the Commander-inChief to proceed to Maryland; and take charge of the
militia, suddenly called out to join in the defence of
Philadelphia. The Maryland Line then formed into
two brigades, was placed under the command of General Sullivan, and in those two bloody actions, gained
for itself a character for discipline, valor and endurance, which was never tarnished in its subsequent
history. It remained with the army under Washington during the years 78 and 79, sharing in all its trials,
privations and patient endurance. In the spring of
1780, when it became necessary to send reinforcements
to the South, the Maryland Line with the Delaware
troops were selected. On the morning of the 17th of
April, 1780, with the Baron De Kalb at their head, they
left Morristown in New Jersey, and commenced their.
long march to join the army of the South. They were
soldiers worthy of such an heroic leader, and well did
their after history justify the selection made by Washington on this occasion. At Camden, Eutaw and Cowpens, they gained for themselves imperishable renown;
and nobly sustained their early reputation for coolness
in the hour of danger. On the disasterous field of Camden, after the flight of the militia, except one regiment
from North Carolina, commanded by Col. Dixon, the




Maryland Line with this brave regiment of Dixon's,
were left alone to oppose Cornwallis' army, surpassing
them in numbers and already flushed with a certainty
of triumph. Says the biographer of Greene, "this
heroic remnant of the army under the command of
De Kalb, Gist, Smallwood, Williams, Howard and
Dixon, fought with intrepidity and desperate resolution." They could not save the day; but wrote their
fealty and their devotion to liberty on that crimsoned
field, with the heart's blood of the invader's legions.
Their gallant leader fell, covered with wounds. Congress thought proper, after this reverse, to recall General Gates, and General Greene was appointed to the
command of the Southern army.    He assumed the
duties of that important position on the 3d of December, 1780; and such was the universal confidence
in him, and such his great abilities as a military
leader, that he was soon able to resume the offensive,
and early in January, 1781, he was able to dispatch
Morgan with part of the Maryland Line, under Col.
Howard, Col. Washington's dragoons and a few militia
to take position on the British left. This movement
led to the battle of the Cowpens, on the 17th January,
in which the Marylanders with Washington's dragoons,
bore an honorable part, and at a most critical period,
by their gallantry, saved the day; and gained for their
country a decisive victory. On the celebrated and
masterly retreat of General Greene through North
Carolina, the heroes of the Cowpens, now led by Otho
Holland Williams, one of Maryland's bravest sons,
protected the rear of the American army. Forgetful of
themselves and bent exclusively on the preservation of
those they were appointed to protect, these brave
troops confronted difficulty and danger, and submitted
to privation and hardship with a perseverance and a
self-devotedness rarely equalled in the records of war.




21
They never relaxed their vigilance until Greene had
placed the river Dan between his exhausted troops and
the advancing British. When Greene again entered
South Carolina, the Maryland Line was with him, and
participated, on the 8th September, in the bloody battle
at the Eutaw Springs, which closed in a glorious triumph
for the American arms. General Greene, in his despatch to Congress, describing the crisis of the engagement, says: " In this stage of the action, the Virginians
under Lieut. Col. Campbell, and the Marylanders under
Col. Williams, were led on to a brisk charge, with trailed
arms, through a heavy cannonade and a shower of musket-balls.  Nothing could exceed the gallantry and
firmness of both officers and men upon this occasion.
They preserved their order, and pressed on with such
unshaken resolution that they bore down all before
them. The enemy were routed on all quarters." Thus
did the sons of Maryland answer the appeal of the Convention of their State, and nobly sustain Maryland's
declaration of independence of the 6th July, 1776. Of
their gallant leaders how little is known by the men of
this generation! Two brief memoirs by members of
this society, one of the Baron De Kalb, and the other
of Gen. NWilliams, and two brief sketches of Williams
and Howard in the National Portrait Gallery, are all
that have been specially done, to my knowledge, to
transmit the memory of their heroic lives to posterity.
Who knows anything now of Gen. Gist, or Col. Gunby,
or Col. Josias Carvill Hall? And how little is comparatively known by the men who now crowd our streets of
the great part taken by the brave and gallant Howard
in the war for our independence. Massachusetts has
been more just to the memory of her illustrious dead;
she does not permit their names to be forgotten, or their
sacrifices for their country to. pass from the memories of




men. Our libraries contain many biographies of her
distinguished men, distinguished either in the camp, at
the bar, or in the senate chamber. Her sons of the
present day have been in this particular just to their
fathers and true to themselves. They have thus placed
before the coming generations the bright examples of
the lives of her illustrious men. Through these biographies they live again, and ever teach their countrymen
the lessons of devoted and self-denying patriotism. Let
the young men of Maryland, members of this society,
from the ample provisions laid up in our archives, be
as true and as just to the great dead of our own State.
There is no field of labor from which they will return
with a richer reward, or with more purified and elevated
feelings; there is no surer way of re-kindling the fires
of patriotism in our own bosoms, than by the study of
the lives and sacrifices of the great statesmen and heroes
of the past generation. Let memory recall the great
facts attending our struggle for liberty, and the sacrifices
which our fathers so cheerfully made in that day of
trial; and it will do more to strengthen our love for our
country than any contemplation of its present greatness;
for it is ever true that historic memories fire a people
with valor and patriotism. If our love for its wise and
and noble constitution is growing faint and feeble, let
us visit Marshfield, and recall the eloquent and unanswerable defence of the Constitution by its great
expounder. One of the sades signs of the times is the
fact, that for the last twenty years the old-fashioned
celebrations of the 4th of July, by orations upon the
acts and men of the revolution, seems to be no longer
the fashion. A late writer upon the " Decline of the
Roman Republic," says: " All political systems contain
within them the principles of their own death; and
political progress, as we call it, is only the slower road




23
to that end to which all human institutions, so far as we
have had experience, must come at last." I would not
take so gloomy view of human institutions. IA would
be more inclined to agree with Sir James Mackintosh,
"Experience may, and I hope does, justify us in expecting that the whole course of human affairs is towards a
better state."  But let us remember, that when a nation
forgets her illustrious dead, the shadows of decay are
already falling on her.
When the war of our revolution broke out in 1776, it
found a young man living in the immediate vicinity of
Baltimore Town, on his own patrimonial estate, with
everything around him that wealth and high social
position could give to render his home attractive. But
he put the joys of home and the sweet intercourse of
social life aside. He turned his back upon them all for
a season; for above them all he heard, and answered,
the cry of his suffering country. When Maryland first
called her sons to her standard, and formed her flying
camps, he left his home, to be a dweller there no more
until the independence of his country should be recognized, and a position gained for her amid the nations of
the earth. He was then in the twenty-fourth year of
his age, and the Convention discerning his merit at that
early day, appointed him a Captain in the regiment
placed under the command of Col. Josias Carvill Hall.
This regiment being disbanded, for the reason I have
heretofore stated, after a few months' service, and the
seven regiments having been raised and organized by
Maryland to be attached to the Continental army, the
young Captain was appointed Major in the fourth regiment, under his former commander Col. Hall.
Entering the room in which the business meetings of
this society are held, you will see his portrait, immediately over the full length likeness of Lord Baltimore.




24
His commission is dated the 10th of April, 1777. On
the 1st of June, 1779, he was appointed Lieut. Col. of
the Fifth, and after the battle of Hobkick's hill, he succeeded to the command of the Second regiment, upon
the death of Lieut. Col. Ford. Every Marylander who
studies the history of the revolution, will feel proud
and grateful that Col. John Eager Howard belonged to
our State. He will rejoice that in her day of trial,
she had such a son to defend her cause, and to lead
her regiments to battle, and so often to victory. The
division to which his regiment was attached at Germantown, behaved with great bravery on that bloody
field; and around and in front of the large mansion,
known as Chew's house, again and again repulsed
the enemy. The house was on that day garrisoned
by a British regiment; and was of course the subject of frequent attacks by the Americans, until the
thick fog and smoke hid everything from view. And
here I would mention one of those romances in real life
which history sometimes presents to our view. This
old mansion before which our young officer cheered on
his unflinching soldiers to the thickest of the fight, and
from whose windows the bullets flew so fast that periled
his life at every moment, was to become to him in after
years most dear. When the purple tide of war had
swept by, and peace and independence had blessed the
land, our young soldier was to seek and find in it his
future bride and the mother of his children.
In the battles of White Plains, Monmouth and Germantown, he displayed that unflinching courage which
ever afterwards so distinguished him. He went South
with the Maryland Line, and at Camden, Cowpens and
Eutaw Springs, he exhibited a gallantry and firmness
which no danger could shake, and a decision of character and clearness of judgment which no complications




of battle or sudden emergencies could embarrass. IHe
was one of those heroic spirits in whom General Greene
reposed his hopes, in his noble determination to recover the South or perish in the attempt: In Howard
he found a spirit worthy of his friendship and confidence, and he gave them to him in no stinted measure.
The battle of Eutaw Springs was fought on the 8th of
September, 1781. Greene, writing to a friend in Maryland, in November of the same year, says: " This will
be handed to you by Col. Howard, as good an officer as
the world affords. He has great ability, and the best
disposition to promote the service. My own obligations
to him are great, the public's still more so; he deserves
a statute of. gold, no less than Roman and Grecian
heroes. He has been wounded, but has happily recovered."  He gained his brightest laurel at the battle of
the Cowpens, where, assuming to himself the responsibility of the act, he wheeled his regiment and charged
upon the advancing British column, superior to his own
command, and at the point of the bayonet swept them
from the field. And this is the first time in the history
of the war, in which the bayonet was successfully used
by the American troops. And on the red field of Camden, when the militia of Virginia and North Carolina
had given wy, and Gtes had given up all for lost,
and had left the field, Col. Howard distinguished himself with those who stood their ground and prevented
the utter destruction of the American forces.
After the close of the war, to whose successful issue
his services in the field had so largely contributed, he
returned to his home near our city, to enjoy the repose
and quiet of domestic life. But like his beloved Commander-in-chief, those great qualities of ardent patriotism, clearness of judgment, and firmness of purpose
which had so distinguished him in the field, were no
4




less necessary to the civil government just starting upon
its untrod path, and Col. Howard was not permitted to
remain long in the seclusion of his own home. In
November, 1788, he was elected Governor of this State,
succeeding his old commander Gen. Smallwood. And
he was re-elected for the two following years; subsequently, in the autumn of 1796, he was elected to the
Senate of the United States, and remained a member of
that body until the 4th of March, 1803. In November,
1795, he was offered by Washington the office of Secretary of War, which he declined on account of delicate
health; and two years afterwards, when in view of a
threatened war with France, Washington was called
on again to lead the armies of his country, he named
Col. Howard for the office of Brigadier-General. He
lived to a good old age, and was permitted to see the
full fruition of all his hopes for his beloved country.
He lived to see the small town of Baltimore, of less
than ten thousand souls at the close of the war, expand
to a city of seventy-two thousand inhabitants, and beginning rapidly to encroach upon the stately park
which surrounded his paternal mansion. He died on
the 12th of October, 1827, in the 76th year of his age,
respected and reverenced by the men of his native
State, who had looked up to him as a connecting link
between the two centuries. I recollect, as a student of
law, marching with the long and imposing civil and
military procession which followed his remains from his
residence at Belvidere, to the Episcopal Cemetery, in
the Western part of the.city. When the news of his
death reached the far off South, the people of the State,
on whose soil many of his heroic actions during the war
had been performed, shared the general grief at his loss.
When the Legislature of South Carolina met in the
winter following, it passed unanimously, the following




beautiful tribute to his memory. "It becomes a grateful people to cherish and perpetuate the memory of the
brave and good; to remember with gratitude their
services, and to profit by their bright example.
"The heroic band of the revolution who fought that
we might enjoy peace, and conquered that we might inherit freedom, deserve the highest place in the grateful
affections of a free people.
"Among the master-spirits who battled for independence, we are to remember with veneration the late
patriotic and venerable Col. Jno. Eager Howard. His
illustrious name is to be found in the history of his
country's sufferings and the annals of his country's
triumphs; in the day of peril and of doubt, when the
result was hid in clouds, when the rocking of the battlements was heard from Bunker Hill to the plains of
Savannah, when danger was everywhere, and when
death mingled in the conflict of the warrior, Howard
still clave to the fortunes of the struggling Republic.
Of all the characters which the days of trial brought
forth, few are equal, none more extraordinary. He was
his country's common friend, and his country owes him
one common inextinguishable debt of gratitude. South
Carolina, with whose history his name is identified, is
proud to acknowledge the obligation."  And then, after
a brief recital of his achievements in the battles of the
South, it closed with the following resolutions:
"Resolved, therefore, That it was with feelings of profound sorrow and regret that South Carolina received
the melancholy intelligence of the death of Col. Jno.
Eager Howard of Maryland;
" Resolved, That the State of South Carolina can never
forget the distinguished services of the deceased;
"Resolved, That the Governor be requested to transmit a copy of these proceedings to the Governor of
Maryland, and to the family of Col. Howard."




2S8
These resolutions present the spectacle of one State
sharing in and sympathizing with the sorrows of a sister
State at the death of a distinguished son, whose loss both
so deeply regretted. And to show in what estimation
he was held by the country at large, the President of
the United States (Mr. John Quincy Adams) attended
his funeral.
I have given this brief sketch of Col. Howard to show
to the younger members of this Society that we have on
the roll of Maryland's distinguished sons, many whose
lives and characters well deserve their study, and the
efforts of their young and vigorous pens. In no way is
history taught or learned so well as by biography; and
he who prepares himself to write of the life and character of any of earth's great benefactors, will, when his
work is done, find himself with a thorough knowledge
of the general history of the country or period in which
his subject has lived and acted.
I have said nothing upon this occasion of the great
battles and contests of our late deeply to be regretted
civil war. I would not tread upon the ashes of the late
conflagration.  The time to write the history of the
Great Rebellion has not yet come. All we should do is,
to collect and preserve the data and material from
which some future Prescott, when passion shall subside,
and the causes which led to it shall be removed from
the field of politics, may give the world a clear and impartial history, in which he shall "nothing extenuate
nor set aught down in malice." All that I would say
is, that wherever in this contest which so often divided
the members of the same household, the sons of Maryland were found, they exhibited the same heroic courage
which the history of our country shows, their fathers
possessed in the days of the revolution. And all I
think will now rejoice, that Maryland at its close stands




29
where she stood at its commencement, one of the central
states of a great confederacy.
Maryland, land of my birth, my father's land; may
thy prosperity be as enduring as thy granite hills; and
thy justice and thy actions be ever as clear and unsullied as the streams which leap from thy mountain
sides. May thy civil and religious freedom know no
abatement in all the ages that shall come; but mav'st
thou ever remain, " the land of the free," as thou hast
ever been "the home of the brave."












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-M IE   (M  ) I 1
OF
JARED SPARKS, IL.D.
1) -  TI>  1  \   \Ik rA  I \ T   i,  A1 \
/'/,.,,/,',,,t f,,1'  M'I/,,{ I   I  I i.e, I.n/;,,,/   S't' I,  I;
PREPARED AT THE REQUEST OF THE SOCIETY,
N  T1ui rll\ a)  l,'I. ln IT'gS  A\NNU-b y,.1E TI7.
0n Thursday Evening, February 7, 1867.




1RINTED FOR THrE MIARYIAND HTISTORIC(AL SoIE
BY JOHN      MURPHY.
B AL  I M 0 It A, 18 67.




MEMOIR.
~'   T has been a sad but not entirely' unpleasant duty to prepare, at the
4     request of the Maryland Historical
Society, a brief memoir of one of
)  our earliest and most distinguished
H Ionorary Members, the late JARED
SPARKS, LL.D.   The duty, though
&    ssad, is not without a pleasant recomlpense, for the eulogium which a long-continned friendship and intercourse demand can be
bestowed with cordial truth.
ilMr. Sparks was what we call, in America, a selfmade man. Althoughl his life is a fair illustration of
what an industrious person of talent and colmmon
sense may compass by decision of character and a
highl aim, lmy object in these observations is not to
draw fromn his biogr1aphy what has been aptly called
"ostentatious precepts and impertinent lessons."
3y a self-made man I do not mean to class Mtr.
Sparks with that large and influential body of citizens whose portraits adorn the illustrated newspapers, and whose memoirs disclose the opinion
2               3




4
that the making of a great deal of money is the
making of a very exemplary man. WVhen I speak
of MIr. Sparks as a self-made man I use the phrase
in a sense of intellectual progress and. success,
founded on self-relying discipline,-of m-ental culture and mental fruit, brinlingi him up to honorable fame froin low obscurity,- making him   a
lasting power in our nation, nay, throughout the
world, in our best society, in our literature, in our
institutions of learning; and, finally, bestowing on
him the just pecuniary rewards always due, yet
seldom obtained in America, by intellectual pursuits alone.
Jared Sparks, the son of Joseph and Eleanor
Orcutt Sparks, was born in Willington, Connecticut, on the 10th of May, 1789.  The dawn of
his life was overshadowed by poverty. I do not
know the character or pursuits of his parents, but
certainly they were very poor; nor have I found
any record of their early care over the child, or,
that his youth was comforted by the love and society of a brother or sister. The most reliable account
I have received of his infancy shows that he went,
with the childless sister of his mother, and her wayward husband, to Washington county, NTew York,
and that the eager boy obtained the scant elements
of education at the public schools of those days
working, at the same time, on a farm for his livelihood, and sometimes serving a dilapidated saw-mill,




5
(his uncle's last resource,) whose slow movements
afforded him broken hours to pour over a copy of
Guthrie's Geography, which he always spoke of as
a "real treasure."
Thus, there were no external influences to bring
forth whaltever powers were inborn in his character.
Probably, it was in spite of those influences that he
became a man of mark.     His aunt, kind at all
times, is chiefly remembered for her gentleness and
beauty; his mother, for her devotion to reading,
and mainly to the constant study of Josephus;
while the grandmother of these ladies, Bethiah
Parker, is mentioned as a singular enthusiast, who
left to her posterity a manuscript volume of poems
and letters peculiar only from the fact that, while
they are vehicles of religious fervor, they are also
autobiog'raphical sketches, in which she discloses (in
1757) her prophetic visions of the "terrible times
that are to come among the nations."  There may
have been some inheritance by the youth from his
mother of a fondness for books, for he always
spoke of her with great respect as a superior
woman; but the probability is that the intellectual turn of his mind originated within itself, and
was cherished by the affection he felt, and everywhere inspired as a boyr, and the personal interest
with which such a disposition is always repaid.
His impressible mind was, doubtless, affected by
the grand or beautiful scenery amid which his




6
early life was passed. He was a bright pupil of
all his teachers. One of them hle so soon ex,:elled
in acquirements that the honest pedagogue frankly
advised himl to seek an abler instructor. But that
boon was not to be at once or easily obtained, for
Jared was too poor to follow the master's advice;
and, becoming apprenticed to a carpenter, lie
wrought at his trade for two years, still employing his spare time in study.  He borrowed and
mastered a commlon sailor's book on navigation.
Ile taughlt himself the names and positions of
the stars, and how to calculate the simpler problems of astronomy, the higher mysteries of which
he also strove to unravel.  For this purpose, le
bought a large wooden ball, on which he marked
the stars and traced the course of a celebrated
comet; and finally he succeeded in calculating an
eclipse. At sixteen, he seems to have lost entirely
the care of his aunt and uncle, so that he was
adrift in the world from that early period. But,
his gentle and intellectual character had made
him friends.  His conduct was observed in that
2Nlew England neighborhood, where such indications of worth are not only praised but protected.
His employer, seeing the tendency of his mind and
appreciating' his talent, voluntarily released him
from indenture, and his first impulse upon emancipation was to become, himself, a schoolmaster.
He applied, at once, to the local authorities. The




7
school-conmmittee examined and passed him; and
being thus pronounced able to instruct, he taught
in a small district on the outskirts of Tolland, until
the scholars ceased coming during the summer,
when Jared, for lack of means, was obliged to
return for support to his saw and chisel.
Fortunately, however, he was not detained long
at the work-bench. The story of a carpenter-boy
studying Euclid and solving algebraic problems,
made a stir in the village of Willington, where he
then lived. N or could the eager youth any longer
study alone.  Sparks became restless under the
double goad of his ambition and his disadvantages, and plucking up courage, one day marched
bravely into the presence of the Rev. Iubbell
Loomis, an intelligent and cultivated clergymlan,
requesting his counsel and instruction. Mr. Loomis examined him carefully, and, taking him a as n
inmate of his house, taught himi mathematics gratuitously, and induced him to commence the study of
Greek and Latin, encouraging the spirit of independence-which was very lively in Sparks-by
allowing hil to shingle his barn as partial compensation for board and tuition.
IHitherto, the life of a schoolmaster had been his
utmost ambition, and the trials he made satisfied
him that, with his love of knowledge and desire to
impart it, he would ultimately be able to succeed.
The prospect of a college course had not yet dawned
~L L~~C  ~r~ y~JJyyy  VLCN VV zn




8
on him. But, from his patron Loomis to others of
greater influence the carpenter's merit spread wider
and wider, until the Rev. Abiel Abbott, then a
clerg'yman at Coventry, Connecticut, procured for
him  a scholarship at Phillips Exeter Academy,
upon a benevolent foundation, to which meritorious
pupils of limited means were admitted without
charoge for board and instruction. On the 4th of
September, 1809, he left Tolland, Connecticut, and
wal/ced the one hundred and twenty miles to Exeter,
New HIampshire, becoming' a scholar of the Academy for two years. Here lie first met, as fellow
pupils, his life-long friends, Palfrey and Bancroft.
He studied diliogently, and made rapid progoress;
yet, anxious to preserve his independence, and to
obtain what was necessary for his personal comfort without further tax on friends or obligation
to strangers, he taught, during one winter of tlese
two years, a school at Rochester in New IHampshire. In one of his nmemorandums he sums up
his tuition thus: " the whole amount of my schooling' was about forty months, which was the length
of time I attended school before I was twenty years
old.."
But the great hope of his heart-a hope that had
been gradually kindled —was at last to be realized,
and, in 1811, at the age of twenty-two, through1 the
active interest of President Kirkland, Sparks
entered larvard University, on a Pennoyer schol



arship. Yet, the res anq/tsta domi pursued him still.
It is said, that, "in consequence partly of ill health
and partly of poverty," he was unable to pass more
than two entire years, of his four, at Cambridge. To
eke out a slender but necessary income, he obtained
leave of absence (lduring parts of his Freshman and
Sophomore years, and spent the time as a private
teacher in the family of Mr. Mark Pringle, at Havre
de Grace, Maryland.    He was there when the
British, under Admiral Cockburn, plundered and
partly destroyed the vTillage; and here, probably,
he enjoyed the only military experience of his life,
by servingo, as a private, in the Maryland militia,
called out to guard the neighborhood.   The inhabitants, it is related, generally fled to the woods,
and but few, among whom was Sparks, remained
to witness the barbarous behaviour of the enemy.
Fifteen months of this leave of absence were, thus,
spent in our State, in the bosom of an excellent and
refined family, by whose members he was warmly
esteemed; and, at length, lhe received his degree of
Bachelor of Arts, at Harvard, with the class of
1815.
His college course, notwithstanding its interruptions, was successful. President Kirkland used to
say, in his quaint way, " Sparks is not only a man,
but a man and a-half."   lie graduated with highl
honors. In his senior year he gained the Bowdoin
prize for an essay on the physical discoveries of




10(
Sir Isaac N:ewton, an essay which is remembered
in the traditions of the University as " a masterpiece of analytic exposition, philosophical method,
lucid and exact statement."
This successful essay was, perhaps, the key of his
life and character, for his mind was emphatically
clear, exact, analyti,  attic, ae tial; and throughout his career, the same qualities were distinct in
whatever he investig'ated or wrote. It has, indeed,
been said that his merits were already recognized
by the rival University of Yale, and that offers for
his removal thither had been made during one
of his years at Harvard; but the friendly influence of Dr. Kirkland prevailed over those allurements, and he remlained constant to his patron and
college.
The years 1816 and 1817 were passed by the
graduate in teaching a private school at Lancaster, Massachusetts. Ile finished his college course
at the advanced age of twenty-six, and had now
added two years more to the score. At Lancaster
he cultivated those habits of methodical industry
which always characterized himi afterwards. Soon
after undertaking the school, he wrote: "I board
at NMajor Carter's, a mile and a quarter from my
school, to and from which I walk twice a day.
I rose this morning an hour before sunrise, and
rode five or six miles before breakfast, an exercise
which I shall continue regularly.    My school




11
occupies six hours, and I have resolved to devote,
and thus far, have devoted, six hours of the
twenty-four to study."   Before this, he has a
imemorandum of walking from Caimbridge to B3lton, twenty-six miles; setting out at half-past
one, and arriving at Bolton at eight in the
evening.
In 1817, at the age of twenty-eight, and two
years after graduation, his alma mlater recognizino tlhe tendency of his mind towards the exact
sciences, as well as the extent of his acquiremlents,
chose him  tutor in Mathematics and Natural
Philosophy at Harvard.   There also, very soon
afterwards, chiefly under the instruction of the
Rev. Dr. Ware, who was then the Hollis Professor, he commenced the study of divinity, pursuing it zealously during two years, being, at the
same time, the " workiing editor" of the North
American Review. Its numbers from    Nlay, 1817,
to March, 1819, inclusive, were edited by him.
In May, of the latter year, at the age of thirty,
lie was called to Baltimore and ordained in this
city as the first pastor of the Unitarian church
which had just been erected. On this memorable
occasion, the Rev.  r. V.illiam Ellery Channinc
preached that discourse in exposition of the Unitarian faith, which has been so widely celebrated,
published, and read in America and Europe: a
discourse which'is said to have "caused more
3




remark on its theological views, while more controversy grew out of the statement of doctrines
therein declared, than any single religious discourse in this country ever occasioned."
As clergyman of this congregation, Mr. Sparks
remained a resident of our city for four years.
He is well remembered in the families of his own
church and of other religious societies, among
whose melmbers his firm    but genial manners
always made the studious and estimable gentleman a welcome     (guest.  IIe was a steadfast
laborer among his congregation; but the ultimate literary drift of his life was already beginning to develop itself, having probably received
an impetus from his editorial task on the North
American Review.    In addition to his clerical
duty in Baltimore, he did a great deal of work in
editing the Unitarian Miscellany, in publishing
his well-known Letters on the Comparative Moral
tendency of the  Tnitarian and Trinitarian Doctrines, which drew on him the controversial notice
of that renowned champion, Dr. Miller, of Princeton, and produced a discussion, which, instead of
estranging the combatants, strengthened their personal relations, and increased their mutual confidence and respect.  In after years, when Mr.
Sparks required a Life of Jonathan Edwards for
his American Biography, he selected Dr. Miller
to write it, and, in the truly liberal spirit that




13
always governed his editorial labors, and, indeed,
his whole literary life, published the memoir of
the great Calvanist "without the alteration of a
single word."  It was here, too, in Baltimore, in
consequence of a sermon against UInitarianism by
the late Rev. Dr. Amn. E. Wyatt, of St. Paul's,
that Mr. Sparks published his volume of Letters
on the Ministry, Ritual, and Doctrines of the Protestant Episcopal Church.  It was in Baltimore,
in 1822, that he arranged and began the republication of Essays and Tracts in Theology by
Wll. Penn, Bishop Hoadley, Newton, Whitby,
Evelyn, Locke, and others.    It was in Baltimore, also, during his religious ministry, that he
received the flattering tribute from  Congress of
being elected its Chaplain.  This was a great
honor, won in ten years, by the Harvard student
of 1811; and althouglh his election alarmed the
clergy and laity of other Christian denominations,
and ca member of Con(ress declared they had
"voted Christ out of the House," still, in time,
Congress learned to know him   better, to admit
the tolerance of his catholic spirit, and to honor
himl  with increased confidence.  But, in 1823,
after four years of labor in our city, Mr. Sparks's
health became so much impaired that he resolved
to retire from  the Church entirely, and devote
himself exclusively to literature. Yet, he always
loved Baltimore; he always met the people with




14
warmth, and recurred joyfully to the happy years
he spent in Maryland as teacher and minister.
At the beginning of the late rebellion he wrote to
me concerninog an address published by one of our
patriotic citizens: " I could not," said he, "but
approve most higlly its candor and independent
tone, and the enlightened and just views it presented of our public affairs. It furnished a. demonstration that there were brave spirits and true
in your city, notwithstanding the misgivings which
many, in this quarter, had, at that time, begun to
indulge. Most heartily do I wish prosperity, good
fortune, and success to Baltimore. With no place
have I more deeply cherished associations. Miay
peace, quiet, aind brotherly sympathies prevail
within her borders."  And again, at a later day,
he wrote in the same strain of affectionate memory of our city and its people: "I take a lively
interest in all that concerns Maryland both present
and past. I have not forgotten that my home was
once there. I have many and deeply cherished
recollections of Baltirnore, which will remain in
my heart and mind while the power of memlory
continues to act.  The order of Providence and
strange events have produced changes, bit it is
lBaltimore, still."  Such were the sentiments of this
excellent man towards our state, and city, and
people. They continued to be cherished by him




15
to the last hour of his life, and were warmly
repeated to me in one of the last letters he ever
wrote, received but a day or two before his death.
lie left Baltimore reluctantly; his congregation
parted with him painfully, and its farewell letter,
written and signled by the late Chancellor of our
state, Theodorick Bland, bears the most honorable testimony to the success of his pastoral
labors.
Yet, probably, it was not ill health alone that
determined Mr. Sparks's removal to Boston.    I
think lie had already set his heart on the (reat
themes of National History, and resolved, if possible, to pursue the work faithfully by the acquisition of the vast and scattered materials it needed.
Upon his arrival in 5Massachusetts in 1823, he purchased the North American Review, and became
its sole editor from January, 1824, to April, 1830.
In these seven years his industrious pen contributed no less than fifty articles, many of profound
study, and all adding to the solid critical literature
of America.   It was in 1828 that he made his
first elaborate biographical essay in the attractive
Life of John Ledyard, the Amlerican Traveller.
About this time, too, good fruits were borne to
him by his previous residence in Baltimore and
the acquaintance he had made with the illustrious
men who, in those days, were found every winter




16
in Washingtton. In that city his worth had been
recognized by the descendants of prominent revolutionary personages, by le  n  leading legislators and
public functionaries from the several States, and,
particularly, by such persons as Chief Justice
Marshall, the biographer of Washington, and his
nephew Bushrod Washington and tMr. Justice
Story, both, at that time, Associate Judges of the
Supreme Court. Thenceforward, the idea that had
taken possession of his mind on the temporary failure of his health at Baltimore —" the city of noble
souls, of large-hearted men," as he was wont to
call it-became the ruling purpose of his life. He
was to run the career of a man of letters, and in a
country hardly ripe for literary production. American history was to be his occupation; all things
else became subservient to this great purpose.  ie
had conceived the project of collecting the correspondence of Washington, alnd of gathering all the
accessible documents in this country and Europe
necessary for an authentic life of the great chief.
On his first application for the Washington manuscripts, which Mr. Justice Bushrod Washington had
intended to edit, Mr. Sparks was told, much as he
was respected, he could by no means have them.
Yet, his journal of that date has no complaining,
despondent mention of the rebuff, for, on that very
day he set forth from the city of Washington on
IIV NVVJ^VC'I.  sv~s  VIV  VLC' V.1  Z7NIrt




17
his journey to the South, in quest of other materials; and, with a light, confident, indefatigable
spirit, went on patiently collecting them from
public and private sources, everywhere finding
profitable work, and, with marvellous keenness
and sagacity, choosing and appropriating whatever he should want for the great task which it
was his destiny to accomplish. Our archives at
Annapolis, scant and neglected as they unfortunately are, still bear marks of his diligence; and,
years after his task was completed in our State
House, I have found, among our documents, the
frequent traces of his minute and accurate labors.
This, I am told, was a life-long trait of his preparation, for he always provided himself with every
species of preliminary information which could
lead to what he did not possess, in case, at some
future day, it might become useful or necessary.
His memorandums, therefore, were copious and
explicit. Indeed, he became so familiar with the
archives of the several States, that from his study
in Massachusetts, he could readily, without a
fresh journey, command the desired documents,
and always indicate the department, and, generally, the shelf, book, or bundle in which the
coveted manuscript was to be found by his correspondents. And, so he went on cheerily from
state to state and family to family, increasing his




18
national treasures, until, at last, the richest of the
American collections was yielded to him by the
Washington family and the government.       The
manuscripts at Mount Vernon-the entire correspondence of Washington    and his papersarranged by him in more than two hundred folio
volumes; the state papers of the "old thirteen,"
and the private papers of many of the civil and
military leaders of the Revolution, were opened
to his inspection, and some of them actually placed
in his possession for ten years, while engaged in
the composition of his great work.
This would have been anxious labor even for a
man of leisure, robust health, and a fortune that
secured him from all care for present support or
comfort.  But Sparks was still poor, and, while
engaged in this expensive preliminary task of
mere accumulation-a task that might produce
profitable results after many years-he was also
obliged to provide for the needs of the passing
day.   His ready talent and economical habits
enabled him to do it.1 Nor did he rest satisfied
with what he found in the United States or could
gain by correspondence from abroad. He went to
Europe to complete his researches; and the naI He good-humoredly described himself as "dependent on his wits and daily exertions for a living; and this, too, with small abilities for making, and still less for
keeping, money."




19
tional and private archives of France and England,
which had hitherto been closed to American students, were soon unlocked for him through the
personal solicitations in his favor of Sir James
Mackintosh, Mr. Lockhart, Mr. Hamilton, Lord
Landsdowne, and Lord Holland, in Great Britain,
and of General Lafayette, Monsieur Guizot, and
Monsieur de Marbois in France;-another proud
achievement by the charity student of 1811. I may
add here, at once, that Mr. Sparks paid a second
visit to Europe in 1840, in order to examine its
archives; on that occasion, discovering, in the
French cabinet, the original letter of Franklin and
the famous map with our North-eastern boundary
delineated by a "red line," which were so much
discussed in the subsequent negotiations with Great
Britain in regard to our limits in that quarter.
The first fruits of these domestic and foreign
studies was Mr. Sparks's valuable publication, in
1829-30, of the Diplomatic Correspondence of the
Revolution; followed, after two years, by the Life
of Gouverneur Morris, with selections from his correspondence and miscellaneous papers. In 1830,
he originated and edited that excellent annual, so
long a favorite in our country, known as the
American Almanac; and, about the same time, he
began his Library of American Biography, extending, in two series, to twenty-five volumes, for which
4




he composed the charming biographies of La Salle,
Ribault, Pulaski, Benedict Arnold, Father Marquette, Charles Lee, and Ethan Allen.
Meanwhile, his attention to the great work —
the Life and Writings of Washington-never
flagged. Of course, the labor of careful selection,
arrangement, and illustration was immense. His
apartment in Ashburton Place, Boston, was covered from floor to ceiling with volumes and packages; nor did he ever leave it until his completed
task of ten or twelve hours' work, freed him, after
night, for a healthful walk and a refreshing visit
to friends.  Ten of these busy years were thus
spent in the preparation, printing, and publication
of the Life and Writings of Washington, which
was finally given to the world, volume by volume,
between 1834 and 1837, in twelve stout octavos,
at a cost, I understand, of about one hundred
thousand dollars.  In 1840, appeared his other
great national book, the Life and Works of Franklin, in ten massive octavos, comprizing, among
other valuable papers discovered by him, no less
than two hundred and fifty-three letters of the
philosopher, never before printed, and one hundred and fifty-four not included in any previous
edition. To this superb collection he added the
"Life " as far as it had been written by Franklin
himself, and continued it, from his own materials,
to the patriot's death.




21
In seventeen years, and at the age of fifty-one,
he had won the highest honors of literature, and
the right to have his name linked forever, throughout the world, with the names of Franklin and
Washington. Nor were these honors less dear to
him when he reflected that he had reached the
mature age of thirty-four before he had a real purpose in life, and that, in spite of adverse fortune, he
had accomplished his designs by the force of character, by self-denial and indomitable industry.
In 1852-3, occurred the singular controversy
between Lord Mahon, Mr. W. B. Reed, and Mr.
Sparks, in regard to the manner in which the latter had edited Washington's Writings.  It was
conducted by our late colleague with good temper
and success.  He vindicated his facts and plan
from all assaults, foreign and domestic, and was,
doubtless, vastly aided by the exact method with
which his letters, documents, and references had
been arranged for his great work. For, preparation was, at once, his task and his strength. He
always wrote rapidly and alone, without the aid of
an amanuensis, as soon as he was prepared to compose. He then worked with great perfection and
ease to himself, because the materials were not
only at hand but thoroughly digested.   When
asked how long a time would be required by him
to make an abridgement of his Life of Washington, while he was still busy with his Franklin, his




22
reply was, "No time!" and the printer never
waited for him a moment, so keen and clear were
his decision and sense of proportion.
In 1854, he published the Correspondence of the
American Revolution, in letters from eminent
men to General Washington from the time of his
taking command of the army to the end of his
Presidency. This valuable addition to his historical series was prepared from the original MSS.,
and terminated Mr. Sparks's important contributions to our national stores. It has been said that
he contemplated a History of the Foreign Diplomacy of the Revolution, and it is quite certain that
he intended to write a HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION, itself, preceding it, probably, by several volumes on our Colonial history. As I heard Mr.
Irving once say that the biography of Washington
was not a task to his liking, for " he had no private
life" to give it the personal interest essential to
secure the reader's sympathy; so it may truly be
said, from the constant publicity of the Chief's
career, that his life, during most of it, was the life
of his country. Nevertheless, Mr. Sparks felt that
it was, in truth, biography and not history, and
he sought a more extended field, for which he considered his powers to be, as doubtless they were,
entirely equal. His collection of materials for this
purpose was rich, completed, and bound in vol



23
umes; but his noble intention was, unfortunately,
frustrated, and with it perished his most cherished
hope. He always regretted his inability to go on
with this work. All his other publications, valuable as they were, in his estimation had been but
preparatory.  In 1850 he broke his right arm,
which was already weakened by a neuralgic affection contracted by long years of labor at the desk.
This, ever afterwards, made the use of a pen
extremely irksome.  Under the weight of these
mixed evils of nervous malady and fractured
limb, his task was procrastinated; yet, his patient
hope was profound.   The conflict between the
desire to achieve and the disability was so painful, that the subject of his projected History became a sacred one among all who were familiar
with him, and, even in his family, it was passed
over in silence.. At times, he would look at these
accumulations of years in his library, with the
simple ejaculation, "sad, sad!"  When others
alluded to them, he had some light reply: "you
are a younger man; do you work?"   It was his
great grief that the mine of golden ore was at
hand, but that he could work no more. Yet, he
never ceased to be prepared, by adding constantly
to his materials; and, even in the last year of his
life, he exclaimed, at times, " I think I may soon go
on!" He never ceased to look forward to the time




24
when his infirmity would allow him to march once
more in pursuit of what had become the " Evangeline" of his life, the only work worthy of his
mature powers:
" Something there was in his life incomplete, imperfect, unfinished,
As if a morning in June, with all its music and sunshine,
Suddenly paused in the sky, and fading slowly, descended
Into the east again, from whence it late had arisen!"
The rich collection he had amassed for this History of the American Revolution, carefully arranged and bound in volumes, was bequeathed
to his son, ultimately to pass to the Library of
Harvard University. I understand his heir has
already discharged the trust by depositing these
treasures in the institution where their collector
designed they should be permanently preserved.
Although the life of Mr. Sparks as an author
may be said to have terminated with his last original publications, he, nevertheless, did not withhold
himself from an active interest in the cause of letters. He had been appointed McLean Professor
of Ancient and Modern History at Cambridge, in
1839; and for the ten following years, in the midst
of other work, performed the duties of that chair,
until, on the resignation of President Edward Everett, his alma Viater bestowed her highest honor
by electing him President of Harvard. This was
the finale of a career of successful labor extending
through thirty eight years.   His Presidency was




25
acceptable as well as popular; especially commanding the confidence and affectionate respect of
the pupils. He was no martinet, but fostered the
manhood of the generation entrusted to his government.          A    friend who was present in Cambridge, and well acquainted with Mr. Sparks's
administration of the Presidency, tells me that
its peculiarity was the parental character of his
intercourse with the under-graduates.                         After the
stateliness of some of his predecessors, this bland
demeanor of the new President alarmed by its
supposed relaxation of a discipline which the overnice are accustomed to enforce by a stern preservation of cold formality; yet, even the critics who
considered him a little slack, did not fail to see
that he won the love of all, while many a poor
fellow in disgrace felt quite inclined to bless a rod
which fell in such sweet mercy.1
1 The Rev. James Freeman Clark relates a characteristic anecdote of Dr. Sparks's
demeanor to the Harvard scholars, which is worthy of repetition: One of the pupils,
as he left the recitation-room, made a noise derisive of a tutor. The tutor stated the
fact to the faculty, with the names of several, who, if not guilty, might know the real
offender. They were summoned before the faculty, and President Sparks was desired
to ask them, one by one, "if they made the noise, or, knew who made it?" Dr. Sparks
had previously said to the faculty that they could not expect to get the information
thus, or suppose the boys would inform on their fellows; the invitation to falsehood
was too great. When they came before him, Dr. S. addressed them to the following
effect: "I have been requested by the faculty to ask you if you made, or, know who
made, the disturbance at the close of your recitation. I state to you their request;
but, if you know who made the noise, I do not intend to ask you to tell." The answers
were various; till, at length, one said: "I did it. I know I ought not to have done it,
and am sorry. I hardly know why I did it; yes, I should say it was because I did
not like the tutor, who, I thought, had not used me fairly in some of my recitations."




26
For three    years, the   successor of Kirkland,
Quincy, and Everett held the responsible Presidency; nor, in all that period of watchfulness, did
he ever forget or neglect the striving, indigent students, who required a helping hand in the days of
their adversity. His works had made him independent in fortune, so that, wherever assistance
was needed, his was an open but judicious hand.
"In the days of his prosperity," it is said by one
who knew him well, "he returned to his original
benefactors not only the money he had received
from them, but more than the interest." On resigning the Presidency of Harvard he retired to
the property he owned in Cambridge, where, in
the enjoyment of society, of favorite studies, and
of a large correspondence and intercourse with
friends and distinguished strangers, he passed the
remaining years of a tranquil life, which ended,
after a short and painless malady, on the 14th of
March, 1866, in the seventy-seventh year of his
age. The summons to eternity was sudden; but
the faith and the life of the veteran sustained him
to the close. As he was consciously approaching
it, "I think," said he, feebly, " I shall not recover,
Having told the truth, and acknowledged his fault, Dr. Sparks thought the youth
should be commended instead of punished; but the tutors outvoted the others, and
he was suspended. The President, however, wrote a note to his father, saying he
considered it no dishonor, as young men did not often have such opportunities to
show themselves frank and noble. (Memoir of Sparks, Hist. Mag., vol. x., p. 153.)




27
but I am happy."  And when asked whether he was
rightly understood as saying he was " happy," his
answer was, "certainly!"
Mr. Sparks was twice married; first, in 1832, to
Frances Anne Allen, of Hyde Park, New York,
who died in 1835; and again, in 1839, to Mary C.
Silsbee, daughter of Nathaniel Silsbee, a wealthy
and honored merchant of Salem, for many years a
Senator of the United States from Massachusetts, as
colleague of Daniel Webster. Four children, a son
and three daughters, all the offspring of the second
marriage, survive, with their mother, to rejoice in
the memory of their illustrious father.
The amount of Mr. Sparks's literary labor and
its popular estimation, may be judged from the fact
that more than six hundred thousand volumes of
his various publications have been published and
disposed of.
In personal appearance Mr. Sparks had a noble
presence, a firm, bold, massive head, which, as age
crept on, sometimes seemed careworn and impassive, but never lost its intellectual power. His portraits show that in his prime his face was remarkable for dignified, manly beauty.  His manners
were winning; and, though undemonstrative and
rather reticent among strangers, with friends, he
was always cheerful and hearty. He was.never
dogmatic, patronizing or repulsive, by that selfassertion into which superior men are too often
5




28
petted by the subservient deference of society. He
had large social resources, but, withal, was modest
without being shy. His character was, indeed, a
perfect balance of charming qualities.  Though
moderate in the announcement of opinions, and too
patriotic to degenerate into a partizan, he gave no
timid, lukewarm support to the nation in its hour
of trial. His knowledge of the world was ample;
but that excellent lore did not always save him from
the overreaching, so that, at one time, he lost much
of the hard-earned avails of his labors, and though
not impoverished, was uncomfortably straitened.
Yet, he loved to be trustful and serviceable; and,
what he knew, he gave cordially to friends, correspondents, and respectful strangers who approached
him properly. He desired to stimulate the young
by truthful approbation, and, from his recognized
eminence, to bestow the " nutritious praise of veteran talent."  He was never spoken of lightly.
Large and active as was his nmindl' his heart"
unlike Fontenelle's, was not "made of his brains."
He was as pure, affectionate, and charitable a man
in all his relations, as he was eminent in the literature he created and consecrated to his country.
Ar author's life is commonly a catalogue of his
works. The career of a scholar is generally uneventful, seldom  possessing those stirring traits
which give dramatic interest to public characters




29
of less quiet pursuits. Mr. Sparks was not an
exception to this rule. His life is in his works;
for, as long as he could work well he was a worker
for his country.
The few and simple facts I have told of this
gentle student's struggles and success, show that
his labors were mostly in the field of History.
But, the field of History is large and sub-divided.
It comprehends Annals, Chronicles, Memoirs, Biography; and these-the essence of the pastbecome the elements from which an artist endowed
with disciplined judgment and combining imagination, shapes the master-pieces which are properly
called by the generic name, History.
It has been usual to associate the name of Mr.
Sparks with those of Bancroft, Prescott, Motley,
and Irving; yet, the qualities of these writers, as
well as the tasks they set themselves, seem to me
quite different from those of our late associate.
If History may be properly defined, as I think
it should be-a narrative of national life, claiming
the utmost comprehension of fact, date, description,
biography, annals, and chronicle, woven together
with brilliant analysis and wholesome philosophy,
-I hope I may not be considered unjust in the
opinion that, as yet, our country has but one writer
who will be classed with Hume and Gibbon. This
is certainly no disparagement of others, for it is,




30
probably, the result of extent of aim rather than of
quality or power. No American, of acknowledged
superiority, has yet equalled George Bancroft in
the breadth of his theme, the extent of time and
place covered, the variety of character, circumstance, and nationality concerned, the corresponding research, the sparkling story, and the philosophic analysis of his National History.
Prescott, the prince of scholars and gentlemen,
matchless in the department he chose, was rather
a biographer than a historian. He selected stirring
epochs and their prominent men, the pivots of certain times, upon whom the affairs of two worlds
turned at critical periods,-the great warders who
stood at the portals of America and Europe in the
sixteenth century. Thus, Ferdinand and Isabella,
Cortez, Pizarro, Charles V., and Philip II., wonderfully as they revive in the books of Prescott,
exquisite in accuracy, harmonious style, and enamelled finish, are but beautiful cabinet-pictures of
the princes and heroes of the age. The Life of a
Nation requires a taller and wider canvas, a bolder
and broader brush. And, so it is with the historical labors of Irving and Motley, though the latter
has closely approached the true grandeur of History in his narrative of the Rise of the Dutch
Republic. Yet, it must ever remain as the highest praise of our late colleague, that, in the field of




31
national biographies, national in all their elements,
he stands beside the masters on the platform of acknowledged success. He was the real pioneer in
the unexplored wilderness of our historical literature.  "Indeed," says one familiar with his works,
"it requires considerable knowledge on the part of
a reader, a knowledge of the state of things, of the obstacles and perplexities, in the way of effort, and of the
hard conditions of success, at the time when Mr. Sparcs
gave himself to his large and costly enterprise, in order
that his eminent devotion and success may be, even
in degree, appreciated."  But he brought together
the dispersed fragments of colonial and revolutionary days, and made the writing of history untroublesome for authors who, in "slippered ease"
and comfortable libraries, availed themselves of his
labor, and patronizingly patted him on the head.
These are the silk-worms of literature, whose glory
is spun from the digested leaves of other men's
culture. It was his habit, when allusions were
made to such appropriations, to find sufficient
reward in his own diligence, and to comfort himself for this "way of the world" by a patient shrug
and a pinch of snuff.l Irving, in his advanced life,
1 No candid student in lauding Mr. Sparks, should fail to acknowledge our debt of
gratitude to PETER FORCE, for his vast and successful labors in recovering and rendering accessible the large stores of materials for American history and biography contained in the "American Archives."




32
could never have written his Washington, had not
Sparks organized his twelve volumes of materials,
and analysed them in the biography. That work
must be studied, in order to be appreciated in relation to Mr. Sparks's literary merit: it is a mine of
editorial tact and industry, displaying the mathematical spirit of the author in its method and
organization, in its lucid statements, and in his
sagacious perception of the value of what was
retained and the worthlessness of what was rejected, so that Washington is self-shown to the
hereafter by what he thought, and wrote, and did.
The commendation bestowed on Mr. Sparks, in
the masterly eulogium of Mr. Haven before the
American Antiquarian Society, may be taken as
a wise and exact definition of his labors in the
field of History: "Not that Mr. Sparks," said he,
"limited himself to the preparation and preservation of history in bulk; for he was equally able
in narrative, in criticism, and in controversy,he was an essayist as well as a compiler; but
the last was his forte, his peculiar field of usefulness and eminence, where, it may be said, he
reigns supreme."
This estimate of Mr. Sparks by his friend does
not classify him with the annalist and chronicler
who build up a fleshless skeleton of facts and dates.
Nothing could be less just to the subject or the




33
commentator.   Imagination was not a predominant quality of Mr. Sparks's mind. Its cool precision so curbed the exercise of the ideal faculty
that it was unjustly subdued if not absolutely
stifled; and thus we do not always discern in him
that creative power, so rarely found combined with
sagacity in gathering and marshalling details,
which, while it apprehends the true relation of
men and circumstances, masses the historic groups
with picturesque effect, delineates character with
intuitive insight, gives soul to the moving drama
of national life, and vividly realizes the scenes
and personages of the past.  But, if he was not
so brilliant in description as others, or in the
majestic and harmonious march of his story, or
in keen scrutiny of character, he unquestionably
excelled in ample, direct, and truthful statement,
so that his narrative was not only transparent in
the fulness of detail, but the detail itself disclosed
its philosophic lesson.  No man can charge him
with hasty or capricious censure. He was always
the careful protector of human reputation, dealing
with the unresisting and undefending dead as their
advocate as well as righteous judge; reluctant to
condemn by argument or inference, and never
unless the proved facts were irresistible. He studiously discarded all that might either attract or
detract by fancy or elaborate discussion; in a




34
word, he shunned ambitious rhetoric, so perilous
to solid judgments, and so often giving false color
to historical portraits, for he knew the risk of
losing the reliable in the brilliant. In his style,
he was an artless artist, if there is truth in Thackeray's observation, that the "true artist makes you
think of a great deal more than the objects before
you."  His extreme calmness may have, sometimes, made him cold; yet, by conforming himself to plain forms of language, he always aimed
to convey the absolute truth, which he regarded
as the coveted prize of history. For history, to
his mind, was a serious thing, not a melodramatic
tale, and he wrote it as he would have delivered
testimony in the presence of God. His desire was
that the fact and not the form should fascinate and
teach; because the fact was permanent and independent, the form flexible and voluntary. No one
knew better or more dreaded the risk of biasing
opinion by over or under-statements concerning
the conspicuous persons of whom he wrote. If his
theme was not so large as Mr. Bancroft's, he still
felt that both addressed the American nation in
words that were to last, concerning the founders of
our political system and the Chief who presided at
the foundation. What he recorded was to form
the opinions of posterity, and thus, not merely to
influence but virtually to become a principle of




35
action for his countrymen in relation to the great
things that concern patriots.  Enthusiastic, yet,
never excited; patient, and devoid of partizanship;
he had the rare faculty of writing so fairly of men
of a near period that his books were satisfactory to
every one, save Lord Mahon. He never wrote a
sentence that was not in the interest of his whole
country.  He was so calmly judicial in temper,
that he found it easy to convert himself into what
Madame de Stael so happily called " contemporaneous posterity."
His life demonstrates that cultivated talents,
independent self-respect, and industry in intellectual pursuits, not only secure reputation but
fortune. It is a plea for wholesome literature in
our land. Literature, though never a speculation
in his hands, was, as he conducted it, a successful
enterprise.  His career was charmingly rounded
by honor, prosperity, and the love of mankind.
In all respects it was a requited life. Be it said,
with reverence, that, considering the difference of
their fields, there is a singular concord between
the virtues and common sense of Washington and
Sparks, and hence the sympathetic veneration of
the Author for the Hero. If I attempted to characterize him briefly, I might say that he attained
all the ends of an ambitious life without being, at
any time, ambitious. He was certainly not devoid
6




36
of a love of approbation, but it was not the selfish
end for which he wrought; for, with him, approbation bestowed was only a recognition of the fact
that his endeavor to be a good and useful man
had been successful.
"DIGNUM LAUDE VIRUM MUSA VETAT MORI."
I1E




CONSTITUTION, BY-LAWS,
AND
MEMBERS.








CONSTITUTION
AND
BY"-LAWS
OF THE
n~avatarb ~ib+4oiric           ~~if(t$
WITH THE
LIST OF OFFIOCE]RS,
HONORARY, CORRESPONDING AND ACTIVE MEMBERS.
1867.
PKINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
BY WILLIAM       K. BOYLE,
CORNER OF BALTIMORE AND ST. PAUL STS.
BAI.TIINJOI{JC.








OFFIC ER S.
PRESIDENT.
COL. BRANTZ MAYER.
VICE-PRESIDENTS.
REV. JOHN G. MORRIS, D. D., HENRY STOCKBRIDGE,
JOHN H. B. LATROBE.
CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.
REV. E. A. DALRYMPLE, D. D.
RECORDING SECRETARY.
THOMAS    D     BAIRD.
TREASURER.
CLEMENS LAMPING.
LIBRARIAN.
JOHN J. JACOBSEN.
COMMITTEE ON HONORARY MEMBERSHIP.
HON. JOHN C. KING. BRANTZ MAYER. JOHN H. ALEXANDER.
COMMITTEE ON FINANCE.
J. SAURIN NORRIS.     HENRY JANES.     CLEMENS LAMPING.
TRUSTEES OF THE ATHENAEUM.
JOHNS HOPKINS.       GEORGE A. POPE.       ENOCH PRATT.
TRUSTEES OF THE PEABODY FUND.
J. SAURIN NORRIS. ENOCH PRATT. HON. WILLIAM F. GILES.
COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENT.
PHILIP T. TYSON.         J. SAURIN NORRIS.
ED. G. LIND.             HON. HUGH L. BOND.
LIBRARY COMMITTEE.
HON. WILLIAM F. GILES.  JOSEPH M. CUSHING.  P. R. LOVEJOY.
REV. E. A. DALRYMPLE, D. D.  JOSHUA I. COHEN, M. D. THOMAS J. MORRIS.
REV. JOHN G. MORRIS, D. D.  JOHN I. THOMSEN.  WILLIAM ELLIOTT.
REV. FIELDER ISRAEL.    THOMAS D. BAIRD.   JOHN J. JACOBSEN.
COMMITTEE ON THE GALLERY.
JOHN H. B. LATROBB.  JOSEPH H. MEREDITH.   GEORGE B. COALE.
EDWARD G. MCDOWELL.  J. STRICKER JENKINS.








CONSTITUTION
OF THE
MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
ARTICLE I.
THIS Society shall be styled the "MARYLAND HISTORICAL
SOCIETY." Its object shall be to collect, preserve, and diffuse
information relating to the Civil, Natural, and Literary History
of the State of Maryland, and American History and Biography
generally.
ARTICLE II.
This Society shall consist of Active, Corresponding, and Honorary Members.
ACTIVE MEMBERS shall consist of citizens of the State, residing
in Baltimore, or within fifteen miles thereof.
CORRESPONDING MEMBERS shall consist of citizens of the State
residing elsewhere therein; and also of persons residing in other
States.
HONORARY MEMBERS shall consist of persons distinguished for
their literary or scientific attainments,-particularly in the department of History-throughout the world.




8
ARTICLE III.
The officers of this Society shall consist of a President, three
Vice-Presidents, Corresponding Secretary, Recording Secretary,
Treasurer and Librarian, who shall be elected by ballot at the
annual meeting of the Society, from the class defined in Art. II.
as Active members. Should a vacancy occur in any of these
offices, by death, resignation, removal or otherwise, it may be
filled up by ballot of the members present at the monthly meetings provided, for in the next article.
ARTICLE IV.
The annual meeting of the Society shall be held on the first
Thursday of February, and meetings shall be held for the ordinary
transactions and purposes of the Society on the first Thursday of
every month.
At the annual meetings, the officers of the Society shall be
elected by ballot; and, at the monthly meetings new members
shall be proposed and voted for.
In order to become an Active or Corresponding member of this
Society, the name of the party applying or proposed therefor, must
be given in writing, to the Recording Secretary at the meeting
previous to the one on which he is to be ballotted for, and three
negative votes shall exclude the candidate from membership.
In order to become an Honorary member of the Society, the
name of the party must be proposed to the Society, at a regular
meeting, by a committee of three on honorary membership, to be
elected annually, at the period of the election of the Society's
officers.
All Active members shall pay on admission, the sum of five
dollars, and a subsequent annual contribution of five dollars.
And no one shall be deemed an Active member, or receive a
diploma, until he has signed the register of members, or accepted
his appointment as member in writing.
The President, or in his absence, the Vice-President, or Secretary, shall have the power to call special meetings, on the requisition of five Active members; and the object of the meeting shall
be stated by the Secretary in his advertisement.




9
The quorum for a special meeting shall consist of at least twenty
members.
ARTICLE V.
The citizens of each. County in the State of Maryland, who are
Corresponding members of this Society, are authorized and empowered to form within each of their respective Counties, a Chapter of this Society, the President of which Chapter, elected by the
county members, shall be ex-officio a Vice-President of the Maryland Historical Society.
It shall be the duty of these Chapters to meet at least once a
month, at such times and places within their respective counties
as they may see proper to appoint.
At these meetings, essays, local historical accounts, memoirs on
the natural history of the county, or documents of interest to
the State generally, may be presented, or prepared; all of which
shall be forwarded to the Corresponding Secretary of the Historical Society, by the President of the Chapter, together with all
other collections relative to the civil, natural, or literary history
of the State, in order that they nmay be preserved in the archives
and cabinets of the Institution.
ARTICLE VI.
For the establishment and support of the Gallery of Fine Arts,
which the Society is empowered to form, by virtue of the Act of
the General Assembly of Maryland, passed 6th of March, 1845,
chapter 198,-the proceeds of all exhibitions, whether annual or
other, in the Gallery of Fine Arts, shall be pledged and set apart
specifically, for the collection, increase and preservation of paintings, drawings, sculpture, and works of Fine Art generally, to be
expended under the direction of a committee, to be called "THE
COMMITTEE ON THE GALLERY," and who shall report their proceedings to the Society at its stated meetings.
ARTICLE VII.
The proceeds of the annual subscriptions to the Maryland Historical Society, after the payment of the necessary expenses of the




10
Institution, shall be set apart for the increase of the Library, Historical Collections, and Publications; and shall, on no occasion, be
applied to the use of the Gallery of Fine Arts.
ARTICLE VIII.
This Constitution may be amended from time to time, as the
Society shall deem proper; but a motion for an amendment shall
not be received, unless a notice thereof shall have been given and
entered on the journals of the Society, at the last preceding meeting.




OF THE
MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
I.
THE President, or in his absence, the highest officer present,
shall preside at all meetings of this Society. Seven members of
the Society shall constitute a quorum, at the monthly meeting;
and, at the annual meeting, those of the members who are present,
shall constitute a quorum.
The duty of the President, or presiding officer, shall be to preserve order, regulate the order of proceedings, and give the casting vote when required.
II.
The Corresponding Secretary shall conduct all the correspondence of the Society;-he shall preserve the originals of all communications addressed to the Society, and keep a fair copy of all
his letters in books.
It shall moreover be his duty to read to the Society the correspondence which he has sustained since the previous meeting.
He shall likewise present all the documents, essays, collections
or contributions, of whatever nature, that he has received since
the last meeting from the President of the several Chapters of
this Society, or from other sources.




12
III.
The Recording Secretary shall keep the minutes of all meetings
of this Society, and, at the opening of each of them, shall read
those of the preceding; he shall have the custody of the constitution, by-laws and records; shall give due notice of the time and
place of all the Society's meetings; and he shall keep, in books, a
neat and accurate record of all the orders and proceedings of the
Society.
IV.
The Treasurer shall receive, and keep deposited in bank, to the
credit of the Society, all donations and bequests of money, and
all other sums belonging to the Society. He shall pay all such
sums as may be due by the Society, by checks, countersigned by
the President, or some member authorized in writing by the President to act in his absence. He shall keep a faithful account of
all moneys received and paid by him, and, once in every year,
render a particular statement of the same to the Society, which
shall appoint a committee of three members to audit and report
on his accounts to the annual meeting.
V.
The Librarian shall preserve, arrange, and keep in good order,
all books, MSS., documents, pamphlets, papers and contributions
of every kind to the library or cabinet of the Society. He shall
keep a catalogue of the same, and take especial care that no books,
MSS., documents, papers, or any property of the Society, pertaining to the library and cabinet, confided to his keeping, be, under
any pretext, or by the permission or authority of any officer,
removed or taken from the Society's rooms. He shall be furnished
with a book in which to record all donations and bequests of whatever nature, relating to his department, with the name of the
donor and the time when bestowed. He shall carefully number
the books, MSS., and collections, and mark them with the title of
this Society, and the name of the donor or depositor.




13
VI.
A COMMITTEE OF TWELVE ON THE LIBRARY, shall be appointed
by ballot, at the annual meeting, to serve until the election of their
successors, and shall have the supervisory care of all publications
by the Society, under the provisions of the 1st Art. of the Constitution. They shall, with the Librarian, provide suitable shelves,
cases and fixtures, by which to arrange and display the books,
manuscripts, and collections of the Society.  They shall have
power to elect an Assistant Librarian, whose term of office shall:
begin and end at the same time as the term of the other officers
of the Society, to fix his compensation, subject to the approbation
of the Society, to dismiss him and elect another in his place, in
their discretion; to establish a Reading Room when the Society
shall deem it practicable and expedient so to do, to regulate the
hours during which the Library and Reading Room shall be kept
open, to establish rules and regulations for the government and
management of the Library and Reading Room, to appropriate for
the purchase of books and other necessary expenses of the Library
and Reading Room, such funds as may be placed at their disposal
for such purposes; to prepare and print a complete catalogue of
the Library and Collections of the Society, when the Society may
deem it expedient so to do, and generally to take charge of, and
control the Library and Reading Room and Collections of the
Society, except such as consist of works of art, and are placed
under the charge of the COMMITTEE ON THE GALLERY; said Library
Committee shall make a report of its proceedings to the Society, at
the regular meetings in February and October, and at such other
times as may be deemed expedient.
The Librarian shall keep a "Pamphlet Catalogue" on which to
enter each pamphlet when received, under its appropriate class;
and to affix on the title-page a number in the regular sequence of
its reception.
Pamphlets shall be classified according to subjects-not alphabetically.
MSS. shall be kept by the Librarian in port-folios, and catalogued with proper references to their subjects.
3




14
All purchases of Books and Manuscripts shall be made only by
the Library committee, with the sanction of the President and
Treasurer.
No maps, manuscripts, drawings, engravings, or works of art,
shall be loaned to any person to be taken from the rooms of the
Society.
The President, Vice-President, and Library Committee may
exercise a sound discretion in refusing to authorize the loan of any
books, which, by reason of their value, rarity, or any other cause,
they may deem unsuitable to be loaned to be taken from the rooms
of the Society. And if the loan of any book shall be refused by
the President, Vice-President, or any member of the Library Committee, such refusal shall be final, unless such loan shall be subsequently sanctioned by a majority of the persons filling the offices
of President, Vice-President, and Library Committee for the time
being. Neither shall any books deposited with the Historical
Society, but not the property thereof, be loaned to any person.
VII.
The Society shall select by ballot, at the sixth monthly meeting
antecedent to the annual meeting, one of its Active or Corresponding members, who shall be requested by the President to
deliver a Historical Discourse at said annual meeting. And at
the same time, the Society shall appoint such other exercises to
accompany the delivery of the annual discourse, as shall be appropriate to the occasion.
VIII.
No books, MSS., or property of the Society shall be, at any
time, lent to any person, to be removed from the Society's rooms.
IX.
Any failure on the part of a member, after due notice for six
months by the Treasurer, to pay his annual dues, shall be considered a forfeiture of membership; and no person who has thus
lost his membership shall be re-admitted without the strict payment of all arrears.




15
x.
All vacancies in Committees by death, resignation, or otherwise,
shall be filled by the other members of the Committee.
XI.
In the event of the dissolution of the Maryland Historical
Society, at any period, the books, collections, documents, and all
objects of interest presented to, or deposited with, the Society, shall
be returned to the original owners or depositors, or to their representatives. And if neither owners, depositors, nor representatives
are to be found, then the said books, documents, or objects, shall
be presented to some Scientific or Literary Institution. And further, the Librarian shall cause a label to be engraved, which
shall be placed in every book, document or other object belonging
to the Society, upon which it shall be his duty to write the name
of the owner or depositor.
XII.
There shall be annually chosen, by ballot, at the period of the
election of officers, three TRUSTEES OF THE ATHENAEUM, conformably to the provisions of its charter, granted by the Legislature of
Maryland.
XIII.
There shall annually be chosen by ballot, at the period of the
election of officers, a COMMITTEE ON THE GALLERY, consisting of
five members, whose duty it shall be to take charge of the Gallery
of Art belonging to the Society, to conduct its management,
exhibitions, &c., &c., and to report from time to time, at the regular monthly meetings of the Society.
XIV.
There shall annually be chosen by ballot, at the period of the
election of officers, a COMMITTEE OF FINANCE, consisting of three
members, of which the Treasurer shall be one, whose duty it shall




16
be to make permanent investments of all surplusses in the Treasury, bequests and donations to the Society.
XV.
There shall be elected, at each annual meeting, three "TRUSTEES
OF THE PEABODY FUND," who shall hold their offices for one year,
and until their successors are chosen. They shall have the care
and custody of that fund donated to the Society by George Peabody,
Esq.; shall keep thA same safely and profitably invested,-shall
annually report to the Society the condition of the investment,
and shall payover, as received, one-half of the nett product of
said fund to the Treasurer, to the credit of the Committee of Publication, to be drawn or ordered by that Committee for the purpose,
and used in defraying the expenses of publishing such papers
as the Society may, from time to time, order to be published; the
other half of the income of the said fund, until otherwise ordered
by the Society, to be paid to the Treasurer to the credit of the
Committee on the Library, to be drawn or paid when required by
said Committee, and to be used for the benefit of the Library of
the Society.
XVI.
There shall be appointed, at each annual meeting, by the President, or Vice-President who may be in the chair, a "COMMITTEE
OF. PUBLICATION;" to consist of three members, who shall hold
their office for one year, and until their successors are appointed.
It shall be their duty to make suggestions to the Society from time
to time, with reference to the publication of such papers as in their
judgment should be published by the Society, and to have the care,
direction, and supervision of the publication of all papers which
the Society may direct to be published. All bills incurred and
audited by them in such publications of papers, shall be paid by
the Treasurer out of the Publication Fund in their hands.
XVII.
There shall annually be appointed by the President, at the
meeting next after the annual election, a Committee, to be styled




17
the COMMITTEE ON NATURAL HISTORY, whose duty it shall be to
superintend the collection and arrangement of specimens illustrating the Natural History of the State of Maryland, in particular,
and of our country generally, and who shall have the power of
appointing sub-committees composed of one or more members —
either Active, Corresponding, or Honorary-to act as collaborators
in the performance of their duties. At least once in every quarter, a report shall be handed to the Society exhibiting the condition and wants of the department.
XV III.
All papers, either original or translated, read before the Society
by members thereof, shall be the property of the Society, and no
papers or manuscripts belonging to it shall be published, or in any
way given to the public, without the consent of the Society.
XIX.
All motions to print an address, or other paper read before the
Society, shall lie over to the meeting next after that, at which it
is made, before it shall be in order to take a vote on it.
XX.
All Corresponding Members removing to, and residing in, the
city of Baltimore for a longer period than six months, shall, on
paying the usual annual fees, be entitled to all the privileges of
Active Members, and thenceforth be considered as such, so long as
they continue to reside in Baltimore.




HONORARY MEMBERS.
JAMES M. WAYNE.................Savannah, Georgia.
GEORGE FOLSOM.................. New York.
CHARLES WILKES, U. S. N........... Washington, D. 0.
GEORGE BANCROFT............New York.
J. R. BARTLETT................ Rhode Island.
JAMES RENWICK..................New York.
PROF. RAFN....C.............. Copenhagen, Denmark.
GEORGE S. HILLIARD............Boston, Massachusetts.
DAVID RIDGELY...............   Washington, D. C.
J. S. STEPHENS.................New York.
BARON FREDERICK VON RAUMER.. Berlin. Prussia.
W. GILMOR S[MMS.............Charleston, South Carolina.
M. CHAMPOLLION FIGE& C..........Paris.
COUNT LEON DE LA BORDE....      "
GULIAN C. VERPLANCK............New York.
ALEXANDER VATTEMARE...........Paris.
PETER FORCE................C.  Washington, D. C;
PROF. JOSEPH HENRY.............    4 
PEDRO DE ANGELIS...............Montevideo, Soutli America.
ROBERT C. WINTHROP...........Boston, Massachusetts.
SIR HENRY LYTTON BULWER........England.
A. CALDERON DE LA BARCA........Spain.
JAMES M. GILLIS, U. S. N.......... Washington, D. 0.
ALEXANDER H. H. STUART.,.... Virginia.
GEORGE TICKNOR..ac...h........  assachusetts.
GEORGE PEABODY............. London, England.
SIR EDWARD BULWER LYTTON......England.
MARTIN FARQUHAR TUPPER....... 
CONWAY ROBINSON................Richmond, Virginia.
MILLARD FILLMORE..............Buffalo, New York.
THOMAS SULLY............Philadelphia.
JUAN N. ALMONTE...............Mexico.
WILLIAM RODEWALD.............Bremen.
PROF. GEORGE TUCKER...........Philadelphia.
COUNT JULES DE MENOA...........Paris, iFance.




CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.
Col. Jose Arenales...........     Buenos Ayres.
J. Mora Moss..................... 
John R. Baltzell..............    Frederick, Maryland.
James McSherry...........                      "
Thomas G. Pratt.................. Baltimore,    "
Wills Dellass.....................Wheeling, Virginia.
Anthony Kimmel................ Frederick County Maryland.
Lieut. Col. Dixon, U. S. A.......... Maryland.
William McCarty................Sunbury, Pennsylvania.
John B. Kerr..................aston, Maryland.
Joseph C. G. Kennedy.............. Washington, D. C.
N. B. Shurtleff, M.D......Boston, Massachusetts.
Nicholas H. Wise.................San Francisco, California.
J. Romeyn Brodhead.............New York.
Edward Armstrong.............. Philadelphia.
John H. Rauch................      owa.
George W. Curtis..........New York.
Frederick Kidder..........Boston, Massachusetts.
Samuel G. Drake.............   "
George W. Brown................. Ellsworth, Maine.
Lieut. William Gibson, U. S. N......
Josiah Curtis..............B... oston, Massachusetts.
Peregrine Wroth..................Kent County, Maryland.
Gen. Tench Tilghman....a..........  lbot County,
Alexander Evans...........   Cecil County, 
James Lowry Donaldson, U. S. A.....Baltimore, 
James Lenox.................        ew York.
Rev. Robert Davidson, D.D.........Brunswick, New Jersey.
Ephraim M. Wright...............   Boston, Massachusetts.
Isaac E. Heister..........  Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
James G. M. Ramsey, M.D..........Knox County, Tennessee.
Samuel W. Thayer, M.D..B.........urlington, Vermont.
Thomas Bragg.............. Jackson, North C(arolina.
John G. Shea.............ew York.
Samuel Tyler..................... Frederick, Maryland.




20
Charles S. Parran................. Calvert County, Md.
William J. Ross............. Frederick,
James Spear Loring.................Brooklyn, New York.
Horatio R. Riddle..........    New York.
John Sharplen................. Philadelphia.
Henry Dutton................... New Haven, Connecticut.
Charles J. Bushnell..............  New York.
E. B. O'Callaghan.............   "   "
Prof. E. Foreman................... Washington, D. C.
R. C. Mackall..................Calvert County, Maryland.
Edward W. Belt............... Prince George's Co., "
E. Norman Leslie.........Skeneateles, New York.
William S. Hart.......... Hartville, "
Chandler E. Potter.................Manchester, New Hampshire.
George Wood.............. Washington, D. C.
William Rich...............    "
Edward Kidder................... Wilmington, North Carolina.
George C. Swallow................ Colombia, Missouri.
Florence O'Donnoghue.............Prince George's Oounty, Md.
James Banks............... ayetteville, North Carolina.
Edmund Flagg..................... Washington, D. C.
J. Dixon Roman................Hagerstown, Maryland.
Rt. Rev. John B. Kerfoot, D.D...... Pittsburg, Pa.
John J. Maxwell.............. ew York.
John A. Warder, M.D............ Cincinnati, Ohio.
George S. Bryan................harleston, South Carolina.
Josiah F. Polk.................. ashington, D. C.
Rev. Caleb Davis Bradlee, D.D...... Cambridge, Mass.
Rev. Baron Stow, D.D............Boston, "
Hon. Christopher C Cox, M.D....... Annapolis, Maryland.
Prof. Samuel S. aldeman........... Columbia, Pa.
Frederick DeWitt.................Massachusetts.
Charles Campbell.................Virginia.
Plowden C. J. Weston..........South Carolina.
John Ward Dean.................Boston, Mass.
Henry Bond................ Philadelphia, Pa.
Franklin B. Hough...............Albany, New York.
David M. Barringer...............    rth Carolina.
Frank M. Etting..............     P. Philadelphia, Pa.
George F. Tilden...............  Castine, Maine.
William E. Coale, M.D.......... Boston, Mass.
John R. Thompson..............Richmond, Va.
Henry B. Dawson............... Morrisania, N. Y.




21
Isaac J. Hays, M.D.............. Philadelphia, Pa.
P. G. Van Winkle................Parkersburg, TW. Va.
Rev. Isaac W. K. Handy...........Portsmouth, Va.
Benjamin Moran............Philadelphia, Pa.
James Hale............. Albany, N. Y.
Rev. Cleland K. Nelson, D.D........Anne Arundel County, Md.
W. Noel Sainsbury.................London, England.
Joseph Palmer, M. D.............. Boston, Mass.
Rev. N. C. Burt.............  Cincinnati, Ohio.
Fitch Poole................ South Danvers, Mass.
Alexander Randall............    Annapolis, Md.
J. W. Bryant..........W..elake, East Florida.




ACTIVE MEMBERS.
George W. Andrews,      Rev. Ethan Allen, D.D.  Abraham B. Arnold, M.D.
James W. Allnut,        John A. Armstrong,      William J. Albert,
George J. Appold,       Samuel Appold,          Horace Abbott.
John H. Alexander,      Christian Ax,
George Wm. Brown,       Henry M. Bash,          William T. Brigham,
Robert P. Brown,        Thomas D. Baird,         Isaac Brooks, Jr.
N. C. Brooks, LL.D.     Lewis E. Bailey,        F. H. Boggs,
Augustus W. Bradford,   David L. Bartlett,      Hon. Hugh L. Bond,
George S. Brown,        Thomas C. Butler,       J. C. Balderston,
William Buckler,        Charles C. Bombaugh, M.D.N. J. B. Boggs,
Riggin Buckler, M.D.    Jerome N. Bonaparte,    Sebastian Brown,
Charles J. Baker,       Thomas M. Brown,        David T. Busby.
Geo. Buchanan Coale,    James C. Coale,         William R. Cole,
Charles R. Carroll,     Joseph Cushing, Jr.     P. S. Chappell,
Allen A. Chapman,       John Cushing,           Ashur Clarke,
Mendes I. Cohen,        George B. Cole,         Hon. Christ. C. Cox, M.D.
Joshua I. Cohen, M.D.   Joseph M. Cushing,      John R. Cox,
Israel Cohen,           Ferd. E. Chatard, M.D.  Eugene Carrington,
Jacob I. Cohen, Jr.     Thomas E. Coale,        William H. Corner,
J. Mason Campbell,      Wiley E. Gushing,       William P. Coale,
William C. Conine,      William Canby,          Frederick M. Colston,
James Carroll,           Thomas I. Case,        Richard Cornelius.
Isaac Coale, Jr.
Samuel J. Donaldson, Jr.  Thomas DeFord,        William T. Dixon,
Thomas Donaldson,       John Duer, Jr.          Edward C. Dubois,
Austin Dale,            Werner Dressel,         William Daniel,
Charles H. Dupuy,       Charles M. Dougherty,   William J. Davison,
Isaac DeFord,           John Dukehart,          Garland H. Davison, M.D.
Rev. Edwin A. Dalrymple, B. DeFord,             Robert Daniel,
George W. Dobbin, [D.D. John H. Duval,          Rev. Cyrus Dickson, D.D.
Charles J. M. Eaton,    J. B. Eastman,          William Elliott, Jr.




23
John Fonerden, M.D.     Lt. Col. E. F. M. Faehtz, John T. Ford,
John V. L. Findlay,     Richard D. Fisher, [U.S.A. George W. Fay, M.D.
George M. Gill,         John Gregg,             John T. Graham,
William H. Graham,      Herman H. Graue,        Charles A. Gambrill,
Hon. William F. Giles,  William Graham,         John S. Gilman,
John W. Garrett,        George Gildersleve,     David W. Gray,
Henry S. Garrett,       Geo. W. Gail,           C. R. Greenleaf, M.D.
Geo. S. Gibson, Jr. M.D. Rev. Theo. C. Gambrall,
W. Taylor Hall,         Edward 0. Hinkley,      Theodore Hooper,
Ira S. Holden,          Christopher Hinrichs,   Hayward M. Hutchinson,
Samuel Hurlburt,        R. K. Hawley,           Henry W. Hoffman,
Johns Hopkins,          Chas. S. Harrison,      William Hopkins,
Robert S. Hollins,      Gerard T. Hopkins,      William H. Hamilton.
Rev. Fielder Israel.
Austin Jenkins,         John I. Jacobson,        Rev. Ed. Johnson,
J. Stricker Jenkins,    William I. Jones,       Thos. F. Johnson, M.D.
Henry Janes,
John P. Kennedy,        Edward M. Keith,        Francis T. King,
Robert R. Kirkland,     Ernest Knabe,           James C. Kinear,
Camillus Kidder,        Hon. John C. King,      John R. Kelso, Jr.
Wm. M. Kemp, M.D.
John H. B. Latrobe,     Ferd. C. Latrobe,       John Leary,
Benj. H. Latrobe,       Perley R. Lovejoy,      Alonzo Lilly, Jr.
Robert Leslie,          Edmund G. Lind,         C. W. Lentz,
Alonzo Lilly,           Clemens Lamping,         R. Steuart Latrobe.
Brantz Mayer,           John Thomas Morris,     Charles Markell,
Ramsay McHenry,         Edgar G. Miller,        George C. Maund,
Leonard Mackall, M.D.   Horace Mayne,           R. Stockett Mathews,
G. W. Miltenberger, M.D. P. H. Magill,          Rev. Irving Magee,
John Murphy,            William F. Murdoch,     Geo. A. Mills,
Rev. John G. Morris, D.D. Thomas J. Morris,     John Moorehead,
Joseph H. Meredith,     Edward G. McDowell,     William J. McClellan,
William L. Montague,    Thomas Murdoch, M.D.    Russell Murdoch, M.D.
J. C. Neilson,          John A. Nichols,        Olney J. Norris,
J. Saurin Norris,       Isaac T. Norris,        John A. Needles.
J. Macon Nicholson,




24
C. Oliver O'Donnell,    Chas. M. O'Donovan, M.D. Charles L. Oudesluys.
James R. Partridge,     Henry Pendexter,        George L. Perry,
Enoch Pratt,            Charles E. Phelps,      0. A. Parker,
Edwin L. Parker,        George A. Pope,         A. A. Perry,
David M. Perine,        Faris C. Pitt,          William T. Pitt.
William Geo. Read,      Alex. M. Rogers,        Capt. H. Rolando, U.S.N.
Joseph Rogers, Jr.      John L. Reed,           E A. Robinson,
Andrew Reese,           Edward Roberts,         C. Herbert Richardson.
Samuel W. Smith,        George Small,           George W. Sanders,
Thomas M. Smith,        Peter G. Sauerwein,     William H. Sargeant,
J. H. Stickney,         William Prescott Smith,  Rev. Noah H. Schenck,
Henry Stockbridge,      William G. Smull, M.D.  Joseph J. Stewart, [D.D.
Thomas Sappington, M I). W. W. Spence,          Samuel M. Shoemaker,
Thomas Sewell, Jr.      Archibald Stirling, Jr.  William B. Sands,
Archibald Stirling,     John M. Smith,          Hervey Shriver,
Hugh Sisson,            Edward C. Small,        Sylvester S. Stockbridge.
J. Hanson Thomas, M.D. Philip T. Tyson,         Henry Tyson,
John D.Toy,             Allen C. Thomas,        Robert Tyson,
Richard W. Tyson,       Philip E. Thomas, Jr.   Edward Tiffany,
John Jacob Thomsen,     Jacob Trust,            James Carey Thomas, M.D.
James Wood Tyson,       Frederick Tyson,        H. C. Tudor,
Charles J. R. Thorpe,   Alexander Turnbull,     John C. Thomas,
Jesse Tyson,            Wm. George Tiffany,     John A. Tompkins.
Herman Von Kapff,       W. C. Van Bibber, M.D.  Rev. L. VanBokkelen,D.D.
David S. Wilson,        S. Teackle Wallis,      Augustus Webster,
Henry Webster,          John Whitridge, M.D.    H. L. Whitridge,
Thomas Wilson,          John Williams,          Rev. John F. W. Ware,
Otho H. Williams,       Charles Webb,           James Henry Ward,
William Woodward,       Wm. J. Waterman,        Charles E. Wethered,
Thomas Winans,          Henry J. Werdebaugh,    Ed. G. Waters, M.D.
Hiram Woods,            Thomas Whitridge,




MEMOIR
OF
JOHN H. ALEXANDER, LL.D;
BY WILLIAM     PINKNEY, D.D.
Corresponding Member of the Maryland Historical Society.
MIN
READ BEFORE THE
~larnlalnb   Mistoricaf'      ocieft
On Thursday Evening, May 2, 1867.




PRINTED FOR THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY,
BY JOHN MURPHY, BALTIMORE, 1867.




MEMOIR.
No ONE could feel more painfully than I do the
embarrassment of the position, which I am called, by
your too indulgent kindness, to occupy to-night; or
more sincerely regret, that the duty had not devolved
upon another, better qualified, by habits of thought
and literary tastes and pursuits, to discharge it in a
manner worthy of your deceased comrade and yourselves.
He was my friend, and for full forty years no
shadow ever rested on the stream of our friendship.
Not so much as a transient cloud crossed the horizon
that bounded it. Fresh as the first dewy breath of
the morning, that broke on its birth, was its peaceful
close.
You know how difficult it is for friendship to rise
above the weaknesses of our nature, and wield a pen
with the strict and stern impartiality that historic
truth demands. To delineate any character, that is
at all worthy of delineation, is difficult —so difficult,
that but few, who have added to the treasures of Literature in other respects, have succeeded in this, one
of its most attractive and important departments.
Hundreds can paint battles, draw the picturesque in
nature, and color them exquisitely, while but few can
give you discriminating and faithful portraitures of
the men, who were the controlling genius of the
scenes described.  Plutarch holds the first place
among the painters of men, and his magnificent
cartoons will live, as long as the world appreciates
the grandeur and glory of the chief actors in its history; and it is really marvellous, how he contrived




4
to rise above the force of individual and national
prejudice, and preserve a strict impartiality in the
parallel characters he described.  Who then of us
can fail to shrink from the attempt to tread a field
of literary adventure, so difficult to cultivate and
till?
If this be true of the delineation of character generally, how much truer is it of the delineation of such
a character as Professor ALEXANDER'S? The truth in
his life is more wonderful than fable; and the mere
recital of the facts that made it so memorable has so
much the air of romance, that to those who knew not
the deceased, it may appear to be either the blind adulation of weak friendship, or the coloring of an overwrought and dreamy imagination.
Criticism has been levelled against biographers or
sketchers of character with all the venom of its
nature; and while it is true, that much of what is
called biography is a fair subject of scathing rebuke,
on the ground of excessive eulogy, it is not true that
panegyric is reprehensible, or inadmissible, in the
etching of the lights and shades of character.  It is
as often the case, that criticism itself is wanting in
just discrimination, and as prone to accept the vagaries of its own fancy for fact, as it is, that eulogy is
occasionally found to overstep the boundaries of truth.
To be justly worthy of censure, the panegyric must be
excessive.  I do not profess to be above the weaknesses of our common nature. But I do desire to be
truthful. I shall not complain, if I am only judged
by my facts, in the estimate I have formed of the
deceased. If what I shall say in praise of him be
true, and you find, upon reflection, that it is only
praise merited, you will not, I am sure, condemn, but
rather applaud me for my truth.




5
To overdraw the picture would be a wrong to biography, a wanton sacrifice of that which constitutes its
greatest charm, viz.: stern impartiality. But to conceal the really attractive features of the picture for
fear of giving edge to criticism, and exposing oneself
to the flippant charge of excess of admiration, is a not
less grievous wrong to the character we are required
to draw, and not less subversive of the great end that
biography has to serve, the rescuing from oblivion
the past, which illuminates and foreshadows the present. To attribute qualities to men, which they do not
possess, is an insult to the intelligence of the living,
and a weakness to the memory of the dead; while to
overlook them, or, for the sake of escaping from the
scalpel of a ruthless critic, to permit them to pass
unnoticed is to insult the dead, and is by far too
costly an offering to be laid on the altar of prejudice. The Scylla and Charybdis are before us; and
all the skill of the navigator is needed to steer us
safely between them. It will be my duty then to see
to it, that I give you no occasion to use the scalpel;
and yours, that you do not arraign me for my truth,
or censure me for the manly assertion of all that is
due to my facts.
Forty odd years ago, on the banks of the Severn,
the waters of which have become well nigh classic to
Maryland, where still echo the tones of a lofty eloquence and unsurpassed legal logic-I met, in close
companionship, a youth then in the very bud of his
being. He was not the child of fortune. The cradle
in which he was rocked, was made of sterner stuff;
and the winds that blew over it, were not summer
zephyrs. Like most of the great men of the world,
his wealth in the start consisted of a brave heart and
strong will. At that early age, he was tall and slen



6
der, extremely diffident, rather awkward, and retiring;
and yet he possessed all the constituents, which, when
developed, make a graceful, imposing, and finelyformed man. His childhood was carefully trained by
a mother of the most remarkable beauty and strength
of character - the impersonation of all that was lovely
and winning in mind and heart -a lady of rare vigor
of intellect, and the most refined sensibilities.  She
watched the budding of this, the youngest flower in
the garden of her home, with more than ordinary
vigilance; and early impressed him with the dignity
of the true faith, and the value of a careful husbanding of his resources. I dwell upon this, because it is
only another evidence of the great truth, that a mother
has after all more to do with the moulding of the man
in the boy, than all beside.
We were advanced to the senior class at college,
and there began our most intimate friendship -he at
thirteen, I at fifteen. From the start, the contest for
the first honor was keen and well sustained. And
while that class, between the members of which there
never was so much as a jar of ill feeling, divided the
first honor on the united judgment of the board and
the faculty; we all of us felt, that for thoroughness of
scholarship, he was beyond comparison the Achilles of
the struggle.  At the early age of fourteen, he took
his degree; and for steady industry, systematic habits,
and striking genius, he was as remarkable as in after
years.
We passed out of the college halls together, and
entered a law office.  For four years, we read, and
walked, and talked together; and then began his careful examination of history, and the great principles of
the Law, as expounded by its masters.    Nothing
escaped him, that a youth of his years could compre



7
hend. It is my firm conviction, that had he continued
at the bar, he would have soon reached the first ranks
of his profession. For although he possessed not the
gift of oratory, and would probably not have made a
brilliant pleader; he had those peculiar powers, clearness of statement, skill of analysis, concentration and
amplification, earnest gravity and wonderful fluency,
which would have commanded the respect of courts,
and the confidence of juries. He was rich in resources,
adroit in argument, ready in retort, and sparkling with
wit. No man, who ever encountered him in one of
those off hand debates that spring up in private conversation, could fail to discover, that it was necessary
to call up his reserves, and keep the column of his
ideas in line. He possessed singular self-control, and
never allowed passion to obscure his reason, or excitement to throw him off his guard. His mind was eminently legal.  He blended depth with pleasantry,
philosophy with practicalness. If he had pursued the
practice, he would have been of that class of lawyers,
who delighted, not in the dry letter, but the hidden
spirit, and his illustrations would have been drawn
from all sources. He felt the grandeur of the profession. Weighing each step in argument and appeal,
and possessing the most astonishing fluency, and that
too a fluency of the most classic elegance and correctness, he could not have failed to reach the highest
place among advocates. I have never met a man, who
reasoned with more power and originality on any subject, which he thought fit to discuss. But he did not
prosecute the law; and we are therefore estopped from
assigning him a place in the list of advocates -all that
we can do, is to argue from the clearness and rapidity
of his conceptions, the strength of his memory, his
collectedness, masculine common sense, and unflagging




8
industry, qualities we know he possessed. We regret,
that he abandoned the profession, and we regret it,
because his mode of argumentation would have been so
original, and his quiet and beautiful command of language would have given to the bar a style of forensic
pleading altogether as unique- as imposing as it
would have been novel.
Professor Alexander chose the path of science and
literature, and he chose it with the deliberation, that
characterized all he did; and on that arena, he won his
deathless fame. His first essay was the construction of
a map of his native State; and his explorations were
marked with the patience and accuracy, that were
necessary to complete success.  The end was not
secured, for though the map was finished, it was not
printed, for want of funds, the result of the State's
want of enterprise; and it is certainly very curious,
that in the two great departments of science and literature, the State faltered, when she should have ventured
something, and thus lost the map and the history of
her past glory, while her most gifted son of science,
Dr. Alexander, and her most eloquent orator and one
of her ablest writers, McMahon, were permitted to
turn aside to other more remunerative sources of study
and active employment. From that day to the close of
life, our lamented brother devoted himself to scientific
and literary pursuits; at times making a thousand
dollar fee, for some opinion on science.
He was a profound mathematician, a poet, a ripe
and varied scholar, a laborious and successful writer,
and a punctual man of business. He was all this, or
I have not read his character aright.
Perhaps his genius for Mathematics was his most
masterful power. It would take a mathematician to
sketch his character in this particular. If Professor




9
Bache, whose death he so deplored, who was himself at
the head of this branch of learning, a man of the most
enlarged views and the most liberal feelings, as much
above the narrowness, that so often bounds the vision
of the votaries of science -I repeat, if Professor Bache
were now alive, he could tell you, how profound Dr.
Alexander was in that particular department.  His
skill and extraordinary accuracy were often tested in
the Coast Survey; and much of the fruit of his explorations was stored up in that treasure house of science.
What was abstruse he mastered, and what was complex he simplified; so that he could readily solve the
most difficult problem, and by the beauty of his
method, and the richness of his genius, he could and
did devise systems of calculation, that saved hours of
labor, and never at the sacrifice of accuracy. I doubt
whether any man in this country possessed greater
profundity, united to equal accuracy of detail.
As a scholar, it is with more capability of appreciation I can speak of him.   A Hebraist, deeply
versed in Greek and Latin, as deeply skilled in modern tongues, he was without question the first linguist
of this hemisphere. He wrote Latin as readily as he
wrote English, with the same beautiful command of
words, and skill in construction. When going abroad,
he prepared his passports in seven different languages,
and for penmanship and attic purity, they were splendid specimens, worthy of the most accomplished masters in either.  It was really wonderful to see with
what facility he could dash off, at a sitting, Latin
verse, as fluently, as though it were his native tongue,
and he a poet of the fair Italian clime. He was as
exact as he was varied in his gift of tongues. He
understood the rules of grammar, the principles of
construction, the philology of words; and consequently




10
he was never betrayed into an error of either interpretation or construction. He had studied Latin and
Greek in the school of the ancients, and had mastered the great principles that underlie them. From
that stand-point, he had pursued the study of the
modern languages. There have been and now are
in this country, men skilled in all tongues; but I
doubt, whether any one of them had attained his completeness of scholarship. He was trained by a teacher
from the Emerald Isle, in the system of grammatical
accuracy; and the superstructure he reared was based
on the same deep and broad foundation.
His Dictionary of English surnames, in twelve
volumes, is now ready for the publishers. It is a stupendous monument of learning, is thoroughly exhaustive of the subject of which it treats, and bears the
impress of a strong and original genius. A volume of
it was left with a publisher in London, and passed
under the inspection of the scholars of Oxford and
Cambridge, and was deemed to be by them so complete
and satisfactory, that they expressed a desire to incorporate it into a work of their own. Nothing less than
a patient and careful examination of it can give any,
the least idea, of its magnitude and importance, and
that I have neither the time nor the learning to make.
When published, as I trust it will be, it will speak for
itself more eloquently, than the tongue or the pen of
the ablest and most discriminating of his friends could
possibly do. His Concordance of the Prayer Book is
also finished. The larger work, the Dictionary of that
wonderful compilation, was unhappily left unfinished.
The Suspiria Sanctorum, sonnets for the Holy Days, is
ready for publication. It is illustrated by drawings,
copied from the masters, the work of his own pencil,
which are executed with/remarkable taste and spirit.




11
As it stands, it is a specimen of penmanship, as beautiful as eye ever rested on, and breathes the same richness of poetic imagery, and gracefulness of expression,
that characterizes his lyrics.
He turned his attention to the tongue of the Delaware tribe, which was extensively in use among the
other tribes of this country. He began by taking up
a word here and there, and then a sentence, and with
something of the same sort of patient enthusiasm, that
characterizes the anatomist, who seeks to put together
the disarranged bones of a system not yet understood, he would articulate one sentence into another,
until, with the aid of other helps, he reduced to
order what was a misshapen mass, and recovered
much, that was lost in the dialect of that extraordinary people.
If the gift of language had been his only pursuit, it
is scarcely possible to conceive of greater proficiency
than he had attained. I have known him to be tested
in the most difficult passages, and always found him as
ready and accurate, as promptness and accuracy could
be. It was his amusement to turn English verse into
Latin, and vice versa; and some really exquisite gems
have passed under my eye, which were struck off in a
moment, extemporized in the most appropriate words
and musical rhythm. On a disputed passage either of
construction or grammar, his opinion would have been
the safest guide. For he was always backed by the
rules of grammar, and the idiom of the language, and
could not therefore well go amiss.
In that versatility of genius, which marked the
character of Professor Alexander, we find that the
embryo lawyer, the profound mathematician, was in
like manner the ripest of scholars, and most thorough
of linguists.
2




12
He was also a poet. I do not say a popular poet,
for there was too much depth and originality of
thought and expression to secure at once the popular
applause —too much purity and beauty of language,
and calm quiet depth of sentiment, to win its way to
the popular heart, save by slow steps. He was however a true poet. His Introits and Catena are both
works of a high order. I select the latter, because it
has just appeared in a new edition. It is curious to
see, how he constantly sought after perfection, and elaborated what he undertook to the last degree of polish.
The revised edition of this little work exhibits this
habit of his mind, in its most winning aspect. Words
are substituted, and lines altered, with a richness of
resources, that seems to know no exhaustion. It is a
string of pearls, not inappropriately called a Catena,
which will link his name to an immortality, in that
serene region, where the sacred muse most delights to
dwell, and where she weaves her freshest and most
beautiful garlands. The opening piece, the Prelude,
and the closing piece, the Valete, are conceived in his
richest vein, and marked throughout with that pathos
and depth of feeling, which go direct to the heart.
They are exuberant in thought, musical in rhythm,
profound in sentiment, and full of heart-revealing.
They are gems of their kind, " apples of silver in pictures of gold."  The ideas in the second and third
stanzas are exquisite.
"The pictures blurred and canvass torn
Of deeds mine own and others,"
with
"the funeral march of figures tremulent"
are splendid specimens of word painting. "The luminous chain, which o'erhung, in its span, the azure




13
canopy" is grandly descriptive of the church's seasons,
conceived and expressed in the happiest vein of the
sacred muse. The lyric for Easter day, (to take the
one nearest to us in point of time,) is a gem.   The
winter time of Christmas, and its snow white robe so
bridal, and so sweetly typical of the coming of the
Bridegroom, contrast beautifully with the vernal day
of Easter, and is admirably sustained throughout.
There is the true poetic ring in the stanza,
"Therefore each rolling year,
The withered leaves and sere,
That icy Christmas scatters crisped and torn,
Wanderers till Easter comes,
When in their ancient homes,
And on old forest boughs, they find themselves new-born."
I will not cull out of the Catena the links, that
please me most. But I confidently believe, that the
day is not distant, when it will be conceded, that the
whole chain is of wrought gold, gold of thought, and
gold of feeling.
It is a book of poetry, which, to be appreciated, must
be studied. That which prevents the immediate popularity of a poem, may tend to secure for it a deathless
immortality. Wordsworth " was formerly an object of
neglect or derision;" but now to use the language of
Coleridge, "he wears the crown, and will continue to
wear it, while English is English." Dr. Alexander's
poetry is not obscure. It is deep. But depth is clear.
It is not however always seen through; for there may
be a film on the eye of the reader. It is suggestive.
This is perhaps its principle charm. As much is
implied, as is expressed; and this, in poetry as in
painting, is the perfection of art.
It is somewhat curious to see, how variously poetry
has been defined by different writers of acknowledged
ability and unquestioned literary taste.  I am of the




14
opinion of Coleridge, that Milton has come nearer to
the true conception, than any other writer. "Simple,
sensuous, impassioned." Coleridge's own definition is
not without merit: "The most proper words in the
most proper place."   Ruskin has written with his
usual brilliancy; and so has Christopher North in
the Noctes Ambrosianse.   They substantially concur
with Milton. Judged by this test, and no other is
a fair criterion of excellence; the Catena is a gem,
richly set in a frame-work of gold.   It is simple,
sensuous, impassioned. Perhaps of these three elements, Professor Alexander was more deficient in the
last. At least it was less strikingly developed in his
mental organization.  He lacks fire, the enthusiasm
of inspiration, the fiery frenzy, of which Shakespeare
speaks.
Dr. Alexander's poetry is peculiar, of a genus altogether unique, as distinctly marked, as was his genius.
It is original in the modes of expression and illustrations. Its chief excellence consists in rich imagery,
felicitous language, pure taste, and moral elevation.
It has more light than heat, though it is not wanting
in warmth. The Church Journal, which is one of our
most intellectual and discriminating periodicals, writing of this volume, years ago, says, that each piece is
possessed of rare jewels, but complains that there is
evidence of haste and carelessness.  I am satisfied,
that what is imputed to haste or carelessness is attributable to Dr. Alexander's peculiarity of thought, and
modes of expression. Careless he never was. Faulty
at times he may have been, but not careless.  I am
of the opinion that if he had, like the troubadours of
old, recited his poems, they would have been more
popular; for his style suited exactly his vocal powe rs.  He neither talked nor wrote like other men.




15
As a proof of the correctness of this opinion, the new
edition just issued has comparatively few alterations;
and where it is altered, it is not always improvedas, for instance, Hesper, for twilight, in the opening
piece.
The editor of the Journal affirms, that Dr. Alexander is a bold man, because he wrote on the Church's
seasons, and followed Keble. Now, I am not so well
satisfied that there is much of boldness in this, heretical as it may sound. Heber had walked the same
path before Keble, and Heber was a true poet. Keble
followed, and in his own line it would have been not
only presumptuous but foolish to have sought to follow
him. This Dr. Alexander did not do. Both of them
drew from the Scripture woven into the service for
the day; and yet they drew from different portions of
the Word, while neither of them have brought out the
teachings of the seasons, as fully as they are brought
out in prose.  Keble is unapproachable in his own
peculiar vein. He is a peculiar star, by himself, with
no other star near him in that part of the heavens,
which was the highest, where he now sheds the soft
beams of his glory —a fixed star of the first magnitude, in the poetic constellation. But Dr. Alexander's
was a totally different vein; and no microscope within
my reach is strong enough to detect the least resemblance. They cannot be compared, for they are not
alike.  He must be dead to poetry, who does not
trace with delight the footprints of either, and rejoice
that the Church's system is so rich and suggestive, as
to afford a secure foothold for both. Take the Easter
or Trinity lyrics, and compare them; and they will
be found to be as much unlike as two leaves, each
resplendent in beauty, and a flowering of its own.
To my mind, it would be about as wise to reject the




16
Japonica because it was not a rose, or deny the privilege of growth to two leaves, because, though totally
unlike in form, they were both leaves, as to reject the
lyrics of Alexander because they were the products
of the seasons, which Keble immortalized.   Keble
walked in the footprints of Heber, and yet he sustained throughout his own peculiarity of genius; and
surely another may step into his, if he has only the
power to breathe over it his own rich genius, and
preserve his own individuality. This Dr. Alexander
did. He was no copyist of Keble, as Keble was no
copyist of Heber. No man loves Keble or his genius
more than I do. But still the path is open; and of
one who has strowed it with the flowers of true poetry,
as Dr. Alexander has done, I cannot breathe one word
of censure, or think him either bold or presumptuous.
There is nothing, on which criticism is more disposed
to issue its flippant decrees, than poetry, music, and
painting -and yet there is nothing, which so calls for
the exercise of its noblest powers, and keenest discrimination. I respect criticism, and pay all deference to
its learned decisions; but I have no patience with that
pretentious usurper, who is constantly seating himself
in the seat of judgment, and in stupid ignorance of
what in reality constitutes the subtle essence of true
poetry,' and destitution of the imagination, which is
needful to its just appreciation, decries what he does
not chance to relish.
My learned friend, writing to me a short time before
his death, accepts the popular standard of merit, the
pay it returns; and modestly waved the claim to the
award that will undoubtedly yet crown his noble essay
in this most difficult branch of the poetic art. But I
do not.  Fidelity to the churchly teaching, and the
Scripture, woven into the service of the day, hampers




17
genius, and makes a work, like the Catena, doubly
difficult. I have no fears of the ultimate judgment
which will be passed upon the work. All that I
dread is the indisposition to dig deep into the mines
of thought —the too fatal propensity to regard poetry
solely as the vehicle of pleasure, a pleasure obtained
without effort, and not as it is the vehicle of instruction united to pleasure, the pleasure that flows from
rich thoughts richly expressed, to the mind and heart,
that spring to their work, and are patient in spirit.
Now, is it not wonderful that a mind so wedded to
the exact sciences, and so deeply versed in their hidden mysteries, should at the same time have found a
wing so strong to soar in the regions of poesy, and
have been so well sustained in his flight? A mathematician, bold, original, profound, and a poet who had
at command the most proper word for the most proper
place, blended in one, and so blended, that the depth
in either was as clear as the stream that wells up from
some huge rock, on the bosom of which there is not
so much as a single ripple. May it not be, as Wilson
expresses it, "that poetry and science are identical."
To cap the climax, Professor Alexander was almost,
if not quite, as deeply read in theology and Church
history as he was in mathematics and general literature.  It is not common for a layman to push his
inquiries into this region of thought; nor is it common for him to succeed, if he does. But there was
nothing common in the mental calibre of our deceased
friend. He prepared and published a tabular statement of the points of doctrine, in which the several
systems of religious belief meet and diverge; and I
hazard nothing in saying, that this remarkable exhibition of the powers of condensation and accurate discrimination would have been worthy of any Prelate




18
in Christendom. On one occasion, meeting a distinguished and most learned divine of the Lutheran
faith, who did not know him, he asked for information touching some point of belief, when the gentleman replied, I know not where you will find an
answer, unless it be in a sheet published by some
Dr. Alexander, of Baltimore, which is the most wonderful paper that has ever met my eye. On one
occasion, he submitted to me a sermon, which he had
composed merely to see how he could manage it; and
for beauty of order, purity of language, copiousness of
thought, and elevation of sentiment, it was a noble
production - strikingly original, and yet thoroughly
churchly in its tone. He was, perhaps, the best canonist of his day. The history of the Prayer Book
was understood by him as perfectly as by any other
man of his age.  The Concordance is proof of this
assertion.
There is a popular impression, which many men of
science have endorsed, that such limitless range of
study engenders superficiality, which is ranging every
where, but never sounding the depths of anythingand perhaps this impression is in the main well
founded. For rare genius is the rarest of all God's
creations.  But each case must stand on its own
merits. There is no Procrustes bed, on which you
can stretch genius, so as to make it suit your preconceived theories. Superficiality must be submitted to
the actual test of experiment. It is not, and never can
be, the result of theory. The diffusion of mental forces
may weaken the vigor of some; but it would be a
very illogical inference to conclude, that it would be
productive of a like result in all.  Dr. Alexander
attempted many things-but the peculiarity of his
genius consisted in this, that he never attempted,




19
what he did not execute thoroughly.   He united
amplification and condensation to such a degree, that
he could call in his forces, and concentrate them at
will; and the base of his operations was always so
wisely chosen, that he could bring them to bear in a
given point, whenever the emergency required. Those,
who thought he unwisely extended the range of his
inquiries, and because they were men of one idea, fancied that all men were like them, did not understand
the man. He had a department in his brain for each
topic he pursued, and had so systematized his plans,
that he could either put you in possession of all that
was profound in either, or else give you the authority,
that was essential to its completeness. I dwell upon
this, because it is possible, that some of the learned
mnen of our day may have supposed, that want of
thoroughness must have been the characteristic of a
mind so boundless in its excursions. Superficiality
was a thing he detested; and I am here to-night to
vindicate his character in this respect. If superficial,
show in what he was; or else, for decency's sake, forbear to immolate him on a theory, which, however it
may hold true in ordinary cases, is utterly false as the
measurement of extraordinary genius.
The admirable Crichton, the great Scotchman, graduated at twelve, was master of arts at fourteen, spoke
and wrote ten different languages, was familiar with
science in all its departments, and died at twentythree. Perhaps he was the nearest approach to our
lamented friend, of whom there is any record made.
Professor Alexander was skilled in the art of letterwriting. His penmanship was beautiful. If the letter
was on business, it was so clear and lucid in order,
and so rich in detail, that nothing was left to be
desired; and then there was always some delicate
3




20
sentiment introduced to relieve it of the dulness, that
would otherwise attach to a mere business transaction.
If it was a letter of friendship, why then you might
look for the rarest treat; words chosen with the most
beautiful appropriateness, and ideas at once the most
original and striking, playful or grave, humorous or
sarcastic, descriptive or argumentative, as the occasion
required. I think some of the finest criticisms I have
read have come to me, in the freedom of friendship, in
the form of letters, written on the spur of the moment.
If those letters could be gathered up, they would constitute a book of the most bewitching character. There
was nothing artistic about them; and yet they were
characterized by all the best rules of art, well nigh
perfect in their kind.  They were the etchings of a
master-speaking pictures-each picture in its place,
and yet there was no evidence of constraint in the
gallery. Here again we see that wonderful combination.  Many can write, and write beautifully, letters
of sentiment, who cannot write letters of business. It
was said of Addison, that his greatest difficulty was
just here. How to express himself on business, simply
and to the point, was the problem. Professor Alexander could do the one as well and as easily as the
other; and the business part over, he would insert
some gem of sentiment that would set off the whole
previous dry detail to the greatest advantage.
A distinguished friend of his, with whom he was
spending a few days, told me, that one morning he
took up a little book of Latin hymns, and in a few
hours wrote a translation, in verse, of the Stabat
Mater, that was not translated, and inserted the
leaves so beautifully, that they looked as though they
had been bound up in the volume. Passing out with
him for a walk, they came to a brick-yard, when this




21
friend drew attention to the fact, that they could not
make bricks in Connecticut.  Professor Alexander
immediately explained the cause, and when he was
asked, how he came to know so much about it, he said,
that he had entered a brick-yard in Baltimore, and
worked a month at the trade, until he had thoroughly
acquired the art. Here we have the embryo lawyer,
the profound mathematician, the erudite scholar, the
accomplished theologian, the writer of works exhaustive of the subjects on which he wrote, and the poeta maker of bricks in the brick-yards of Baltimore,
that he might be practically acquainted with the subject.
Perhaps you may say, that all this looks wondrously
like the fables of some dreamer; and despite of my
protestations of seeking to describe truthfully the
character you gave me as my theme, you may be
tempted to charge me with extravagant panegyric.
But I ask, that the man, among you, who is incredulous, disprove my facts, or else grant with me, that
the truth is frequently far more wonderful than fable.
I do not hesitate, here in the presence of the most
learned of this fraternity, to express my firm belief,
that at the time of his death, a superior intellect was
not embodied in this country.
He possessed every quality of mind that constitutes
true mental greatness-judgment, memory, imagination, quickness of comprehension, an industry that
never flagged, and a system that nothing disturbed.
His memory retained all it touched. To consult him
on any question was to be satisfied without the necessity to look for authority.  It was already at hand.
He was the most rapid reader. The operations of his
mind were almost intuitive.  I was often in earlier
years, and occasionally in later, accustomed to study




22
with him; and I know by experience, how he resembled the lightning flash in conception and discrimination, and with all this rapidity, there was not the
slightest sacrifice of accuracy. Nor am I alone in this
opinion. A learned Prelate of our church once said
to me, that Dr. Alexander was the most accurately
learned man he had ever met-and he was competent to judge.
What is as strange, his humility was the most
prominent characteristic of his life.  He was the
most modest learned man I ever saw. While he
freely communicated knowledge, it was necessary to
draw it out.  He volunteered nothing.  Respectful
of, and attentive to the views of others, he maintained his own with a quiet dignity and unpretending firmness, that are above all praise. It was beautiful to see such humility; for we seem to have well
nigh lost that cardinal grace altogether. Other ages
may have been golden-ours is brazen, and by a
strange sort of legerdemain we have contrived to
make the mint issue a currency of brass, that is
rapidly taking the place of gold; and are acting, as
though we believed, that to assume to be, is to be.
What shall I say of Dr. Alexander as a man?
Faultless I will not proclaim him; for faultless
nothing human is. But if I were asked to tell you
his faults, I confess to you, in all candor, that I
should find it as difficult, as I have done to delineate his intellectual character without seeming extravagance, unbecoming me and the spot, on which I
stand. A little too fond he was of disputation; the
proneness, in the circle of his intimate friends, to
argue for argument's sake, on any side of any question, to draw out the powers of an advocate.  A
little too undemonstrative he was. A little too much




23
absorbed in business. A little too speculative on
those nice questions, which a wise man shuns as the
secret things that belong to God. A little too distant
and reserved. A little given to superstition, and not
altogether free from prejudice. Where he felt, he felt
deeply; and on one subject, on which we differed toto
coelo, the only question on which we differed, he may
have indulged a little too much of a hardness, which
was foreign to his nature, although I never saw it in
the closest intercourse we ever held, and the most
unreserved discussions, in which we freely indulged.
But this said, all is said, that can be truthfully said
of his failings.
I knew him in his boyhood and manhood; from the
day when we dreamed dreams together, and builded
those castles in the air that were all so gorgeous in
their bubble existence, to the day of his death.  In
all that period of time, we were placed in the closest
possible contact with each other, with no concealment
on any subject, and scarcely a divided sentiment. In
boyhood and manhood, he was high toned, just, exact,
sincere, honest and accommodating. A more moral
boy never breathed —a truer boy, or one freer from
the taint of meanness, I never knew. This testimony,
borne here on the spot where his manhood was developed, is but sheerjustice to his memory.
What he was in maturer years, you knew as well
as I did. Refined in his manners, a gentleman in the
true sense of the word, he seemed to me to be governed in his intercourse with others by that considerate thoughtfulness and steady adherence to principle,
which commands the respect it pays. Systematic in
his business engagements, and scrupulously exact, his
word was his bond. At the council board, in the committee room, he was punctual to the hour; and when




24
there, he addressed himself to the business on hand
with a judgment, that passion never clouded, and a
zeal that knew no abatement. No one would go farther to serve a friend; while no one more quietly discharged the duty of charity, or disbursed alms, with
less ostentation, or more religiously regarded the
golden precept of not letting the left hand know,
what the right hand did.
To crown all, he was a devout, meek, christian
churchman.   His piety was unusually serene.   A
firm believer in the guardianship of an especial Providence, he was as meek in adversity, as he was modest
in prosperity. The saddest sorrow, that ever cast its
shadow over his heart, only served to bring out more
distinctly the beauty of his christian faith, and illustrate the moral bravery, that sustained him, when in
the fiery furnace. It is not for me to lift the veil,
that curtained a domestic life, as beautiful as eye
ever rested on, save only to say to you, that it was
there his moral loveliness shone out most gloriously.
As a husband, father, brother, friend, he was a model
of excellence.  It was the uniformity of his tenderness, that never faltered, or for a moment passed
under eclipse, which gave it its crowning charm. The
habits of his life were exceedingly simple and uniform. Society had its attraction, but it was the society
of the learned, moral, and refined. Cheerful, he shed
a genial sunshine all around him. Never exuberant
in spirit, he was never depressed. He took the most
philosophical view of life.  His great theory was,
that no man was essential to society.  He believed
that the man for the place would never be wanting;
and consequently in his extraordinary humility, he
never valued himself on account either of his attainments or native powers.  I have not a doubt, that




25
much of his sublime composure was attributable to
this wise theory.  In one of his last letters to me,
which breathes all a woman's tenderness, writing of
what he thought must be a source of pleasure to me
in the retrospect, he expressed the hope, that notwithstanding the little he had accomplished, he had not
lived altogether in vain, so far as duty to home and
family was concerned-though even in this, he took
but little credit to himself. And yet, if ever any one
lived for a purpose high and noble, and lived up to
the purpose, he did.  He realized that God sitteth
above-the water floods, King forever; and this filled
him with contentment in the lot assigned him.
His death was fully as sublime as his life. When
I said to him, that I hoped he would be spared to
the church, and permitted to finish the great work he
was engaged in, he said so calmly, and with so much
meek submission, there is a grander and vaster field
beyond us. Though he sometimes indulged in curious speculations, he never permitted a doubt of the
truth of the catholic creeds to cross his mind, but laid
his vast stores of learning at the foot of the cross,
and saw only in that cross the perfection of truth, and
recognized in science only the handmaid of faith.
And now, that I stand before you to-night, his earliest friend, in the light of forty years' experience of
the heart-wealth and mental power of his well-spent
life; will you chide me for laying this humble garland on his honored bier?
I appreciate the beautiful in others. I revere the
learning and eloquence which have marked their pilgrimage. I admire the flowers of faith, hope and love
that have left the scent and freshness of their bloom
and rich flowering behind them. I would not detract
one iota from their claim on our gratitude and praise.




26
But I must be allowed to say, that so rare a combination of wealth of mind and wealth of heart, it has
not been my privilege.to behold in another. His
works will live after him, a monument of his industry, vast capabilities, and devotion to the progress of
science and literature-more solid and enduring than
chiselled marble, or wrought gold, they will enshrine
and embalm his memory. Who will take up his
unfinished work, and complete it, as he began it? I
know not the man. Maryland is rich in historic
names.   Frederick and Baltimore are both justly
distinguished-your own society has stars in it,
which will mingle their glory with the stars that
have faded.  I am   to-night in presence of those
whom I would praise, if they were not now living
to subdue me into silence. Eloquence is hers, such
as I think neither Greece nor Rome have excelled.
Legal learning, combined with legal logic, is hers,
such as never before adorned the courts of judicature. In history, and literature, and science, she has
achieved much, through her gifted sons, in the years
that are past. Her name still lives, and the lustre
of her surviving stars 1eeps undimmed the noble
galaxy, that has faded in the dawning of a brighter
day. But she has given birth to another, who, without eloquence, or the skill of the rhetorician, or rather
without the theatre for their display, will transmit her
name to the ages following, one in a century, whose
varied and diversified genius was equal to any duty
that could have been assigned to it.
Some of her most honored names live now but in
the echoes of the past; and those echoes are so marvellous, that many have deemed them but the creations of a distempered imagination. It may be that
much of the brilliancy of the orb that has just set, is




27
destined to live only in a faint reflection; since much
that he did not live to finish, must perish. But still
we will swell the echo of his fame, and claim, as ours,
a star of the first magnitude in the firmament of
science, literature and theology, and assign to it the
position it merits in the constellation. Enough survives to rescue this eulogy from the charge of extravagance, and to demonstrate that exaggerated panegyric
is not possible where the mental and moral fruits are
so abundant. I little thought that mine would be the
duty of strowing a few flowers over his grave, and
gathering up the lights and shades of a character that
lent so much of sunshine to my own. But for your
too indulgent kindness, the presumption of attempting
a task so much above my ability, would never have
been laid to my charge. I have labored to perform
the duty truthfully and impartially, as I honestly
believe. I am not conscious that I have, in any one
point, drawn upon my imagination, or sacrificed historic accuracy to the weakness of private friendship.
It would be expecting and asking too much, to
dream for a moment, that you, whose study in history, and habits of wise and discriminating criticism,
compel you to regard with caution the estimate, which
private friendship is prompted to place upon the moral
and intellectual qualities of another, will endorse all
that I have felt it my duty to say in honor of the
deceased.  But of this I feel confident.  You will
judge me by my facts, and not condemn the truth of
the eulogy bestowed, as far as those facts sustain it;
while you will acknowledge, that a most wonderful
genius has passed from   among us.   " Memor et
amans" is the motto, you will inscribe on his grave;
and while history and biography remain to bless the
world with their reflected lights, you will never forget
4




28
a brother, who shared your counsels and deliberations,
and has bequeathed to you a good name, unsullied by
a vice - a name which is still fragrant with the memories of a kindliness of heart, and truthfulness, that
can never fade away. If he had lived to accomplish
nothing greater, his learning sanctified by piety, his
weaving of science around the cross, with a simplicity
so childlike, would entitle him to your lasting gratitude, and secure him a place in your most honored
list of names. For the combination is not more beautiful, than it is rare.
It only remains that, I say a word on his personal
appearance, and habits of life. Tall, finely formed,
erect, and easy in motion, he was a man to be
observed.  Exceedingly neat and   precise in his
dress, he never appeared but with the air and bearing of a gentleman. His precision may have occasionally reached the point of stiffness, and to a degree
impaired the effect of his personal presence.  He
was scrupulously observant of the etiquette, that regulates the intercourse of gentlemen. Free in his converse with his friends, he was never familiar.
His library, which was remarkable both for the
number and value of its volumes, was the embodiment of taste in arrangement, and neatness of detail;
while the desk, at which he wrote, was always in the
most perfect order. Even the currency he circulated
gave evidence of his refinement. He always kept a
new issue by him, and never having occasion to
demand change, he never had occasion to use the
soiled exchange of the market.  Regular in all his
habits, he lived by rule, and never departed from
the rule laid down. He mingled but little in general society, spent his evenings for the most part at
home, and gave certain fixed hours to the loved ones




29
there. He sat up late. It was in those quiet hours
of the night, that he accumulated his vast stores of
learning. He ate moderately, but always seemed to
relish what he ate. Never idle, he was always at
leisure. I was never denied his presence, and never
felt, that my visit was an intrusion. His pen, or book
was laid aside instantly, while he greeted me with
the most winning gracefulness; and then we bounded
o'er the sea of friendship, as gaily, as though no work
had been laid aside. Never in a hurry, he lost not a
moment. He occasionally relaxed his overtaxed energies by a game of chess, which he played well; and
in earlier years he sought relief in music, in which he
was well skilled. He drew finely, although I believe,
he never indulged in colors. He was but fifty-four,
when he died.   His bodily frame was full of vigor
to the last, never enfeebled by disease, and never
abused by excesses of any sort.
His life, though one of intense activity, was for the
most part spent in retirement; and to that is attributable the fact, that but comparatively few knew, who
he was, or what he was. But to the world of science
he was well known, and to the more prominent statesmen of the country. The coast surveys were submitted to his inspection, and all disputed questions
of geography were referred to him for settlement.
On the questions of coinage, which have of late exercised many of the European governments, he was
probably the best informed man in the country. I
regret that I have not accurate information as to the
actual service he rendered in this particular department of science. All that I know, is, that he went
abroad, and was brought into close contact with the
masters of the mint in England. The triumphs of
his genius were signally displayed before the com



30
mittee on foreign relations, on the fractional currency.
They sent for him to explain it to them, avowing their
ignorance of it, and their impression, that it was of
little practical importance. Without preparation, he
gave them an extended and lucid exposition; and soon
convinced them, that it was of vital concernment to
the commercial interests of the country.  He was
consulted by the Secretary of the Treasury, on the
finances, and was about to be placed at the head of
the mint, in Philadelphia, when death closed his
career. When the Hon. Wm. B. Reed was about to
go out, as Commissioner, to China, Dr. Alexander sent
him the most elaborate and exact explanation of the
weights, and measures, and coinage of China, which
that gentleman found to be of the greatest possible
benefit, in the discharge of his duties, as commissioner.
Had not Dr. Alexander's modesty and love of
retirement operated to keep him for the most part
in private life, he would have been called to fill offices of high public trust, where his admirable talents
and systematic industry would have produced the
happiest results, and won for him the respect and
confidence, which his presence at the coast survey
and the national treasury never failed to inspire. I
have often regretted that the public service so
seldom enjoyed the wisdom of his counsels and the
benefits of his systematized labors.  And yet, on
his own account, I never regretted the privacy of
his life; because it kept him fresh and pure,
equally free from the tricks of the politician, and
the fawning that so often follows upon the patronage of office. His purity was a jewel too precious to
be imperilled by the pomp of power, or the pride of
station.




31
In the opening of this brief and imperfect sketch,
I said to you, in all frankness and sincerity, that no
one could more deeply regret that this duty had not
devolved on one of your own number; for this society
are not wanting in all the requisites that make up
the skilful delineator of character, in discrimination,
patience of investigation, and the power of expression.
You have already placed the state and the country
under obligation, by your contributions to literature.
I do well, therefore, to regret that one of your own
fraternity had not been detailed for the duty. You,
however, willed otherwise, and I have laid on the
altar of friendship this unpretending tribute to the
memory of the deceased.  It bears the impress of
haste, which nothing could atone for but the honest
plea' that I had no more time, as I had not the
ability, to make it more worthy of the occasion. In
the words of Pliny, writing of one whose death he
deplored, I can say, "what a friend have I lost!"
I lament his death on my own account, even more
than yours; for I have "lost a witness of my life,
a guide, a master."








CATALO GUE
OF
PAINTINGS,
AT THE
OF THE
Maryland Historical Society.',~eoenth @chibilio'n 1808.
BALTIMORE:
PRINTED BY JOHN MURPHY & CO.
182 BALTIMORE STREET.
1868.




iommiter on the f aIterg
J. H. B. LATROBE.
J. STRICKER JENKINS.
JOS. H. MEREDITH.
GEO. B. COALE.
E. G. McDOWELL.




SEVENTH EXHIBITION
OF THE
The Pictr       t rSb i                 n torc saC or PToie
The Pictures marked thus (*) are for sale: For Prices
apply to the Door Keeper.
NO.             SUBJECT.                 OWNER.                 ARTIST.
1 Still Life,                        C. J. M. Eaton.                 Fyt
2 Portrait,                          L. Rabillon.                 Lebrun
3 Interior of a Kitchen,             Sam'l W. Smith.              C. Delff
4 Convivial Party,                   C. J. M. Eaton.             Hogarth
6 Communion of St. Jerome,           Md. Hist. Society. After Domenichino
by Bartolomei
6 Pigs,                              Robt. Gilmor.            G. Morland
7 Mary Magdelene,                    Sam'l W. Smith.          Poelemburg
8 Head from an old Picture,          C. J. M. Eaton.            Unknown
9 Portrait of Vivienne,              J. H. Naff.               H. Rigaud
10 After Titian,                      P. W. Hairston.
11 Judith with the head of Holofernes,  Robt. Gilmor.       D. Teniers, Jr.
12 Mary Magdelene Washing the
Saviour's Feet,                  W. Harrison.                    Etty
13 Beatrice Cenci,                    P. W. Hairston.          After Guido
14 St. Sebastian,                     Robert Gilmor.      Annibale Caracci
15 The Evening Prayer,                Sam'l W. Smith.                Hanff
16 Portrait of Mrs. Robert Gilmor,    Mrs.T. T. Hutchins. Sir Thos. Lawrence
17 Ladies in a Garden,                Jas. L. Glaghorn.           Watteau
18 Sheep,                             Sam'l W. Smith.          Ommeganck
19 Sleeping Cupid,*                   Dr. C. Heerman.               Albano
20 Madonna of St. Sixtus,             Md. Hist. Society.     After Raphael
21 Cupid and Sleeping Boys,           Wm. H. Brune.                 Albano
22 The Smokers,                       Robert Gilmor.         A. Van Ostade
23 A Man's Head,                      W. Harrison.                    Etty




4                    CATALOGUE OF PAINTINGS.
No.            SUBJECT.                 OWNER.                ARnT1T.
24 Landscape,                         C. J. M. Eaton.      Victor Duprez
25 Portrait of the late Robert Gilmor,  R. Gilmor.     Sir Thos. Lawrence
26 Head,                             Brantz Mayer.                Rubens
27 Fruit and Still Life,             Geo. B. Coale.              P. Faes
28 Sheep,                                "    "              Ommeganck
29 Olden Barneveldt,                     "    "          Michael Mirevelt
30 A Turkish Nobleman,*              Dr. C. Heerman.             Dietrich
31 A Woman Drinking,                 Sam'l W. Smith.
32 Marine,                               "     "           Koekkoek, Sr.
83 At Toilette,                      Jas. L. Claghorn.         H. Rigaud
34 A Mameluke,                       C. J. M. Eaton.        H. Lecompte
85 A Street in Brussels,                 "     "                Garrerey
86 Peter Martyr,                     Md. Hist. Society.  After Titian by
Bartolomei
87 View in Amsterdam,                Robert Gilmor.      Van der Heyden
38 Madonna,                          Wm. H. Brune.            Sassoferato
39 Sheep,                            J. H. Meredith.          G. Morland
40 Landscape with Cattle,            Brantz Mayer.               Herring
41 Wild Boar and Lioness,            J. H. Meredith.             Snyders
42 Landscape and Cattle,             Sam'l W. Smith.       Vander Lieuw
43 Pope Innocent X,                  Robert Gilmor.            Velasquez
44 Portrait,                         L. Rabillon.             Largilliere
45 Scene in Venice,                  Sam'l W. Smith.          Cannaletto
46 Dutch Interior,                       ",,
47 "Thy seed shall crush the serpent's  Dr. C. Heerman.  -tSchool of Rubens,
head,"                                         probably Van Thulden
48 After the Hunt,*                      "      "              Rombouts
49 Church at Delft,                  Robert Gilmor.       Wm. Van Vleit
50 Susannah and the Elders,          Dr. C. Heerman.          tVelasquez
51 A Rainy Night in Milan,           J. H. Meredith.            M. Ferre
52 Landscape,*                       R. W. Hubbard.       R. W. Hubbard
63 The Little Image Boy,             J. P. Kennedy.              Bencziir
54 Portrait,                         H. Von Kapff.    Sir Thos. Lawrence
55 Adoration of the Shepherds called
" The Night,"                   Md. Hist. Society.   After Correggio
56 Moonlight in Venice,              J. P. Kennedy.       J. T. Hennings
57 Leutze's Daughter,                J. H. Meredith.  W. D. Washington
58 Portrait,                         Geo. B. Coale.              T. Sully
t NOTE.-These two fine works were for 75 years the property of the family of
Count Oberndorff, of Mannheim, Baden.




CATALOGUE OF PAINTINGS.                               5
No.              SUBJECT.                   OWNER.                  ARTIST.
59 Calvin's First Communion,*           E. H. May,                  E. H. May
"Near the city of Poitiers is a cavern which is still called the grotto of Calvin.
There, according to tradition, he gathered his friends. In this cavern was celebrated
the first (Evangelical) Lord's Supper. A fragment of rock served for a table. Thus
in a shadow was laid the basis of the immense influence which Calvin was soon to
exercise."
The figure in the cap, behind Calvin, is Theodore BMze, the translator of the Bible
into French. The young man by his side is Vernon of Poitiers, one of the early
companions of Calvin. The man bending down in a brown cloak in the left hand
corner, is Du Tillet, another of the early Reformers. Calvin presents the cup
instead of the bread; one of the distinctions between the Romanists and Protestants being, that the Protestants administer the sacrament in both kinds. Calvin is
dressed in the costume of a lawyer of that day; that being still the official garb
of Protestant clergymen of the French and Geneva Churches, and commonly
used by the early Reformers. It is the same gown still used by the lawyers in
the French Courts of Justice. His head is represented with the tonsure which he
had received as a Roman Catholic Priest.
60 The Coming Storm,*                   Jas. M. Hart,             Jas. M. Hart
" In rueful gaze,
The cattle stand, and on the scowling heavens
Cast a deploring eye."
61 Landscape.                            D. L. Bartlett.         L. R. Mignot
62 Shawangunk Mountains,                G. R. Vickers.            S. R. Gifford
63 Devotion,*                            M. Knoedler.                   Castan
64 The Hay Wagon,                        G. R. Vickers.              Verschuer
65 The Convalescent,                     Jas. L. Claghorn.           R. Hiibner
66 South American Landscape,            Dr.Wm. H. Keener.         L. R. Mignot
67 Portrait,                             Hovenden.                   Hovenden
68 Sunday Afternoon in Berkshire,       L. Thomsen.               Jas. M. Hart
69 Rocks of Capri,                      Dr. F. W. Lewis.            A. Flamm
70 Winter,                              J. H. Meredith.                 Koster
71 The Spy,                             J. H. Meredith.              E. Leutze
72 The Vintage,                         Geo. B. Coale.            A. R. Veron
73 Landscape,*                           L. Rabillon.                    Corot
74 Waiting for the Locomotive,          Dr.Wm. H. Keener. L'Enfant de Metz
75 Near Bougival, France,               Edw. G. McDowell.            Lambinet
76 Italian Boy,                         R. M. Olyphant,     D. Huntington, PNA
77 Moonlight,                           W. T. Blodgett.          A. Achenbach
78 Twilight,                            J. Stricker Jenkins.     F. E Church
79 Visit to the Fortress,*              M. Knoedler.                    Vibert
80 Landscape,                           G. R. Vickers. H. Bolton Jones, Balto.
81 Summer in the North,*                James M. Hart.          James NI. Hart
82 The Horse Market,                    J. H. Meredith.            Otto Weber
83 Maternal Affection,                  Dr. L. T. Warner.                Merle
84 After Sunset on the Nile,            WVm. H. Keith.     W. H. Keith, Balto.
85 Late Afternoon,*                     Saml. Colman.            Saml. Colman




6                    CATALOGUE OF PAINTINGS.
No.            SUBJECT.                  OWNXR.                ARTIST.
86 Coast of France,                 M. F. H. de Haas,   M. F. H, de Haas
87 View on the Hudson,              J. Stricker Jenkins.    J. F. Kensett
88 Papa's Portrait,                 Eastman Johnson.    Eastman Johnson
89 Portrait,                        J. Stricker Jenkins.    G. A. Baker
90 Herring Run,*                     H. Bolton Jones. H. Bolt. Jones,Balt.
91 Autumn in the Catskills,*        Jervis McEntee.       Jervis McEntee
92 Prayer,*                          M. Knoedler.               Chaplain
93 Capri,                           C. Blake.                Chas T. Dix
94 The Attic Philosopher,            C. L. Mayer.    F. B. Mayer, of Bait.
95 Raining Cats and Dogs,            W. H. Beard.           W. H. Beard
96 Landscape,                        Dr.W. H. Keener.       A. B. Durand
97 Barn Yard, *                      J. S. Rice.               C. Jacques
98 New England Interior,             J. F. Kensett.     Eastman Johnson
99 Winter,                           J. Bohlen.                 E. Frere
100 Cattle,*                          E. W. Bailey.        Verboeckhoven
101 Autumn,                           J. Bohlen.                 E. Frere
102 Margaret,*                        Louis Lang.              Louis Lang
103 Fruit,*                           M. Knoedler.                Desgoffe
104 Lonely Days,                      L. Thomsen.               E. Benson
105 Landscape,*                       John R. Key.      J. R. Key, of Balt.
106 The Wood Gatherers,               B. F. Newcomer.            Dargelas
107 Inspiration,                      Geo. Whitney.             S. J. Guy
108 Grapes,*                          A. J. H. Way. A. J. H.Way, of Bait.
109 Lake of Garda,                    J. Stricker Jenkins.    S. R. Gifford
110 Norwegian Fijord,                 Wm. Gilmor, Jr.            Jacobsen
111 Near Windsor, England,            R. M. Olyphant.        J. F. Kensett
112 Lady arranging Flowers,*          M. Knoedler.                Plassan
113 Kaaterskill Cove,                 Geo. B. Coale.          S. R. Gifford
114 Swiss Lake,                       L. Thomsen.           J. W. Casilear
115 The Twilight,*                    M. Knoedler.                Hamon
116 Expectation,*                     J. P. Beaumont.         W. Amberg
117 Little Red Riding-Hood,           J. M. Flanagan.             Lassalle
118 Lady Sewing,*                     M. Knoedler.               H. Merle
119 Landscape,*                       H. Bolton Jones. H. B. Jones, of Balt.
120 Coast at Newport,*                S. Colman.                S. Colman
121 Spring,                           Geo. Whitney,        W. T. Richards
122 Romeo and Juliet,                 J. Stricker Jenkins.        Jalabert
123 French Pensioners,                J. L. Claghorn.              Madou
124 The Harvest Lunch,                J. M. Flanagan.           Veyrassat
125 Pulpit Rock Nahant,               S. M. Shoemaker.    W. S. Hazeltine
126 Gennessee Valley,*               S. P. Avery.            J. F. Kensett




CATALOGUE OF PAINTINGS.                           7
No.            SUBJECT.                 OWNER.                ARTIST.
127 Winter,                          Geo. Whitney.        W. T. Richards
128 Connecticut River, near Bellows                    A. W. Thompson,
Falls,                         J. Wheelwright.         of Baltimore
129 Trooper in a Snow Storm,         J. Stricker Jenkins.       Schreyer
130 The Hunter's Story,*             J. S. Earle.                  Seitz
131 Beach near Salem,                D. L. Bartlett.        J. F. Kensett
132 Light and Shade,*                J. G. Brown.            J. G. Brown
133 Disappointment,*                 J. P. Beaumont.         W. Amberg
134 Lady arranging Flowers,*         M. Knoedler.                Plassan
135 Summer Evening,                  L. Thomson.             J. McEntee
136 Landscape,*                      Geo. Inness.            Geo. Inness
137 Conjugal Pic-Nic,                J. H. Meredith.           Schloener
138 The Artist,                      J. H. B. Latrobe. F. B. Mayer, of Balt
139 Landscape,                       L. Thomsen.               S. Colman
140 Marine,                          Dr.W. H. Keener.   M. F. H. de Haas
141 Grapes,*                         A. J. H. Way. A. J. H.Way, of Balt.
142 The Relief,*                     M. Knoedler.               Dansaert
143 Eloisa and Abelard,*             Edw.Van Reuth, E.Van Reuth, of Bait
144 Landscape, Western Virginia,     Jos. Reynolds.        W. L. Sontag
SMALL ROOM.
145 The Little Prisoner,             Geo. Whitney.              Beranger
146 The Doubtful Move,               Wm. Gilmor, Jr.             Carolus
147 Autumn in Vermont,               L. Thomsen.          A. D. Shattuck
148 Reverie,                         J. Stricker Jenkins.  Geo. A. Baker
149 Night after the Battle,          B. F. Newcomer.            Saeschin
150 " Maiden Meditation, Fancy Free," D. L. Bartlett.     H. Peters Gray
151 Prayer,                          B. F. Newcomer.           Lobdejoy
152 " You can't Pass Here,"          J. L. Claghorn.           Beaumont
153 Happy Family,                    B. F. Newcomer.              Robbe
154 Landscape, late Afternoon,       James Cortlan, Jr.    A. B. Durand
155 On the Cheat River,*             John R. Key.   John R. Key, of Bait.
156 The Card Party,                  Jos. Reynolds.      Williams, R. A.
157 The young ones wide awake,*      Louis Lang.             Louis Lang
158 Lake of Lucerne,                 D. L. Bartlett.       J. W. Casilear
159 The Chaplet,                     1). L. Bartlett.      D. Huntington
160 Landscape,*                        eo. Inness.            Geo. Inness
161 Lake Thun,                       J. W. Casilear.       J. W. Casilear
162 Brittany Peasant Girl,           J. Stricker Jenkins.  G. H. Boughton




8                    CATALOGUE OF PAINTINGS.
No.            SUBJECT.                  OWNER.                ARTIST.
163 Ducks,                            J. H. Meredith.              G. Sus
164 Landscape,                        B. F. Newcomer.         Jules Rozier
165 Autumn, Ulster County, N. Y.*     Wm. Hart.                Wm. Hart
166 Afternoon by the Stream,*        Jas. M. Hart.           Jas. M. Hart
167 Titian's Daughter,                P. W. Hairston.
168 View in Antwerp,                 S. W. Smith.
169 Black Mountain,                  J. W. Casilear.        J. W. Casilear
170 Luther entering  the Town    of
Worms,                          J. Cortlan, Jr.           L. Clasen
171 Lake of Uri,                      J. W. Casilear.       J. W. Casilear
172 A Cromwellian,                   J. L. Claghorn.            E. Leutze
173 Easter Morning,                   Mary T. Hart.          Jas. M. Hart
174 The Siesta,                      J. L. Claghorn.            Devedeux
175 Autumn.                           D. L. Bartlett.         J. McEntee
176 Arrest of Henry IV, Emperor of
Germany, 1066.                  J. Cortlan, Jr.            L. Clasen
177 Behind the Village,               L. Thomsen.           A. F. Bellows
178 Shore at Nahant,*                 Wm. Hart.                Wm. Hart
179 Portrait of S. R. Gifford,       E. P. Bowers.     E. P. Bowers, Balt.
180 Portrait, Lady and Horse,         C. C. Fulton.    G. D'Almaine, 4
181 Beverly Beach,*                   S. P. Avery.           J. F. Kensett
182 Summer,                           H. Von Kapff.             Koekkoek
183 Winter,                           H. Von Kapff.             Koekkoek
184 Frosty Morning,*                 J. McEntee.              J. McEntee
185 Approaching Storm,*              J. P. Beaumont.            L. DeBeal
186 Landscape,                       J. Wheelwright.          A. Howland
187 Portrait of Dr. Leide,            E. P. Bowers.    E. P. Bowers, Bait.