d~~ll ~ ~ '~~~~~~~~~~~~c w i. 9 .2 a SCENES IN AMIERICA, FOR THE AMUSEMENT AND INSTRUCTION OF LITTLE TARRY-AT-HOME TRAVELLERS. _ BY THE REV ISAAC TAYLOR. IIARTFORD: PUBLISHED BY S. ANDRUS & SON. 1851. INTRODUCTION. ONCE again your friend a hearing Claims from you, my little miss; With a volume neat appearing, Full of pictures, see,'tis this. Long ago he gave a promise O'er America to roam; Travelling far and wide, tho' from his House ne'er moving, still at home. Yet o'er many a volume poring, Such as you could hardly read; Distant realms and climes exploring, Your inquiring minds to feed. He has travelled thro' and thro' them, Often wearied with his toil; That at ease you here might view them, Gath'ring knowledge all the while. Tr(le some scenes wvill raise your laughter, They're so different and so strange: Yet perhaps, your feelings after, Mlay to approbation change.. -.9 INTRODUCTION. Possibly the very climate Forces men to clumsy modes; Frozen blasts appropriate time it, Thickening dress, or dark abodes. View the Ourtes of North West Coaster Buried deep beneath the ground: They, not we, may be the boasters If thus warmth and life are found. While the sun's o'er-head direction Makes West Indian natives pant, Need they under-ground protection?'Tis the cooling breeze they want. Wonder not if but a feather Seems a dress for Hayti beaux; While the fierce and stormy weather Wraps in fur the Esquimaux. From the icy northern ocean Southward, to Darien turn; Sluggish some are, some all motion; There they freeze, and here they burn Go still southward, climes are colder, Ice locks up Magellan's Straits:Hardships make the natives bolder, Warmth dissolving strength abates. iv INTRODUCTION. View the roving Indian fighting, Hunting wild his scanty food: But his senses sharpen, brighten, Agile, tho' of manners rude. Mexico with gold resplendent, Rich Peru in brilliance shines: — Riches make them weak, dependent, Mind seems buried in their mines. Thus abundance, and privation, Changing, mingling, balance well - Where exists a perfect nation; Each in something can excel. Let us strive to learn by reading, That ourselves may wiser grow ~ Better manners, better breeding, Let our daily conduct show. They are sad barbarians truly Who untaught and savage roam:Worse are they, examined duly, Who refuse to learn at home. Those who never saw a letter, Ignorant, and dull may be:But we hope for something better Where we education see. v INTRODUCTION. Are you then all hoity toity, Or a gentle, worthy child; Fit to grace genteel society, Or to run in desarts wild. Ask your parents, playmates, sisters, If your conduct they aIpprove; Little misses, little misters, Do they fear, or do they love. Rank is marked by knowledge, goodnes, Not by riches, or by name; Worst of Indians they, whose rudeness, Makes their friends to cry out" Shame." 'AP SCENES IN' AMERICA 1. Fortr-ait of Christopher Columbus. Port.raits of leroes hlio the wori l (lestrye(, And raisedl thermselves rig,it fihnous b)y their crimes; Mlaking of regions f'iiir an emipty voi-t', Are prized -of iet, ort o fiod(lernr tilnes. Shall we not rather prize, the man wiho gave A world he found himself, in western sklies? Who p)ierced(l thiro' unknown seais, sli)limely brave Nor turned, nor doubted, till he saw it rise. Methinks old Ocean from his oozy bed, Must startle, when th' adventurous prow was seen, Foaming the waters o'er his ancient head; Disturbini his domain of liquid green. COLUMBUS. Long had he slept, untroubled his repose; The light canoe was nothing he could feel; The refluent tides might wake his slumbering doze; Or fierce tornadoes make his palace reel. Unnumbered keels the liquid surface cleave, Since thou Columbus, showed the daring way, With loaded fleets his struggling waters heave; And Britain's thunders claim the trident sway. We have several times glanced at Columbus. We have seen him struggling through all the learning of the times, determined to understand all that was then known, respecting navigation, and the shape and situation of the various parts of our earth. Yet like a true genius he was not satisfied, where no satisfaction is given. He found he was obliged to think for himself. All his reasoning led him to surmise, that looking westward, he must reach the Indies if he went straight forward, supposing all were open sea, and nothing were to intervene: and if there were lands and nations between them, in keeping his course due west he must come upon them, and find them out; what they were, and how placed. Many 8 COLUMBUS. a day dream had he indulged; till, his mind becoming all on fire with the subject, he resolved to explain his scheme, to such persons as might help him to give it a fair trial. He was a Genoese by birth, and with true patriotism, he made the first offer of his grand discovery to his native country. But the nobles of Genoa, though sufficiently rich, and proud, did not abound in science, and learning: and as it is easier with some to call names, than to reason, they pronounced him an absurd speculator, and sent him off. This did not convince him that his scheme was wrong. He applied to other powers, he met with many rebuffs, much contempt, and delay; and at last was furnished by Isabella, queen of Castile in Spain, with three small vessels, utterly unfit for so important, so hazardous an undertaking, in 1492. Contemplate him however having actually set sail, and pressing onward due west, penetrating into unknown seas.-Are all his difficulties now ended? Alas he had to contend with the ignorance of his seamen, with their absurd fears, and superstitious notions. Columbus as a great man, bore it all with magnanimity; calmly 0 COLUMBUS. reasoning when they would listen to him, and making the best of every circumstance as it arose. He sailed five weeks, continuing his course, till he was above 5000 miles distant from home. At last behold the object of all his hopes, labours, and sufferings. On the morning of October 12 he distinctly saw stretched before him, the new world, after which his imagination had so long panted. Bright rose the cheerful morning, The Sun in brilliance gay The new found world adorning, Bade every beauty play. 'Twas after many a season Of midnight dark and dull; That science, courage, reason, Obtained this victory full. So brighter was the beaming Ofjoy and rapturous glee: 'Twas sober truth, not dreaming; What every eye could see. The shores' long length delighted, Green hills, and mountains blue; 10 COLUMBUS. The Indian half affrighted, Aghast at things so new. COLUMBUS,'twas a feeling Could pay for toil and blame. i Thy wisdom clear revealing, And giving deathless fame. 2. Colu.bus first Landing. With great alacrity the boats were ordered out. Columbus got into the principal boat, being accompanie.d by a band of armed men, with flags flying, and martial music sounding. A.s they drew near the shore, they found it covered with vast numbers of the simple natives; whose curosity was greatly excited by such strange visitors, in every respect so different from themselves. Columbus on this occasion dressed himself in his best apparel. With a drawn sword in his hand, he stepped out of the boat, and had the pleasure of feeling himself on the firm ground, in his new world. It is impossible for us to enter into his feelings. As a pious man, his first emotions were grati-ude to God, who II COLUMBUS. had made his voyage prosperous. All his corn )pailions joined him in this feeling, and the whole company knelt down, and with enthusi asm kissed the shore, on which they had so happily landed. During all this, the simple natives stood gazing around. Looking with amazement, sometimes at the strange beings before them, sometimes at the floating houses in which they came. The natives were of a dark copper colour. They were mostly naked, except as they were gaily ornamented with feathers, shells, and bits of gold. Soon the Spaniards began to make them presents of' glass beads, ribands, and showy toys, of a similar value. For these the ignorant creatures were willing to part with any thing they possessed. The grand object of the ava ricious Spaniards was the gold, which in sr plenteous a manner the natives wore, as rings. bracelets, and broad plates. And the constant inquiry was after the country from which it was procured. They affirmed that there was none in their islands, but pointed continually to 12 COLUMBUS. countries southward, where they said gold was plentiful enough., They kept, therefore, steering southward, till they game to a very large island; not flat like those they had seen already, but consisting of high lands, slopes, and mountains. It was called Cuba. Still the gold country was not discovered. On the 6th of December he arrived at Hayti, and was told the gold country was in the eastern part of that island. He, therefore, again set sail, impatient to come at the source of incalculable riches. 3. Colunibus visited by a Cazique. Columbus having passed to another part of the island, near the dwelling of the principal Cazique, he found his Indian Majesty had a great curiosity to come and see these white p)eople: and sent to say he would visit the admiral on board his own vessel. With a very splendid train of attendants he came, brought in a sort of palanquin. His behaviour to his subjects was dignified, and commanding, but he had no distinguishing 13 COLUMBUS. dress; indeed he was as little encumbiered with dress as any of them. He went on board without showing any signs of fear. Finding the admiral was just going to dinner, he called two of his attendants, went into the great cabin, and seated himself with dignity and familiarity, by the side of Columbus. He partook of whatever was presented to him, and then sent the remainder to his retinue upon deck. After dinner he presented Columbus with some pieces of sheet gold, and a girdle of very curious workmanship. In return, Columbus gave him a string of beads, and a pair of red slippers. In the evening he requested to be set on shore again. 4. Firing the Cannon. Sailing on, Columbus was much alarmed in the middle of the night, by the shock of the vessel striking on a rock. What was his dismay on looking around him, to perceive the sea full of rocks on every side. The ship soon bulged, and all hopes of saving her were gone. 14 COLUMBUS. The next morning he sent notice of his dis. aster to his friendly Cazique, Guakanahari. He came with many of his people, expressing the deepest sorrow, and yielding them every relief in their power. In a short time the principal stores of the stranded vessels were got on shore. The Cazique took many of them under his immediate care; and by many kind messages endeavoured to comfort the shipwrecked admiral. Though kindly treated, Columbus was harassed by anxieties. He had lost his best ship. Pinzon had deserted him with the second best: and the only one remaining, was too small to accommodate half the people, and too crazy to be fit for a long and hazardous voyage home. He determined at last, that himself, and part of his people, would hazard the voyage home. While the others should remain on shore as a colony, till Columbus returned. Many of the crew were glad to stop, where they were treated as heavenly visitants. The Cazique was delighted with the plan. It appeared, that from islands towards the south east, came often a people whom he called WE~r COLUMBUS. Caraibs, who were strong, and fierce: the Cazique and his people could only fly into the woods at their approach. Columbus promised the Cazique, that Le and his people should be protected from them, and from every enemy. And in order to give him courage, determined to exhibit to him some of the European modes of warfare. The Indians were amazed at the force and rapidity of their movements, but when the cannon saved from the vessel were fired, they all fell down flat with astonishment. Columbus sailed as he intended on his return to Spain, in his crazy vessel; he also overtook Pinzon, whom he was glad to join again. But he encountered several tremendous storms, which put their lives in great danger. The God of tempests, who had watched over them through so many dangers, brought them all safe to Spain again. There he attracted attention from all parties. The common people flocked to discover among the men, a brother, a son, a father, at last returned. His enemies could no longer jeer at his scheme, for there he stood, having actually discovered a new world. He was invited to 16 ~ ____ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~6 ."-' ___ __ I -' -i At COLUMBUS. court in the most honourable manner. Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen of Spain, paid him all possible honours, and provided a seat at the king's right hand, where Columbus sat, recounting to the astonished court, the story of his discoveries; exhibiting at the same time the gold, the strange birds, and the strange people, he had brought over with him. Columbus was too great a man to be overset with all these honours. He had one thing in view, dearer to him than all he had already attained; which was the new world, which he knew he had only begun to discover. That which gratified him most, was the king's giving orders to equip a large fleet, in which he might return to encounter anew all his distresses and dangers. In a short time seventeen vessels were ready for sea. And from among the numbers who crowded to the land of gold, he chose out fifteen hundred. With a fair wind they reached the spot, where they had left their companions, but could find no Spaniards, no fort, only a few dead bodies scattered around. [n a short time the brother of their friendly B 17 COLUMBUS. Cazique Guakanahari, came down, and gave them the particulars of the dismal story. It appeared that soon after the departure of Columbus, the Spaniards left behind forgot his advice to keep on friendly terms with the Indians; and began to rove all over the country, in parties of two and three, plundering and ill-treating the people, beyond all bearing. This was done chiefly in the part called Civao, because gold was there so much more abundant. The Cazique of that district at last flew to arms, cut off all the stragglers, and then set fire to the fort and burnt it. Columbus's first care was to erect a new fort, which, when built, he called Isabella. When all was safe, Columbus set sail in order to disco)ver yet more of his new world. He returned after a long cruise, and found that his countrymen had brought all to ruin, muclh as before. All the Caziques were assembling their people to drive these tyrants away. And he found an army of an hundred thousand men, gathered to sweep away the Spaniards at one stroke. I 8 COLUMIBUS. 5../tt(tcl of the &l'clia,n Jrny. 'I'The awful moment appeared at hand, in wlhichl the faite, tl-he freedom, or the slavery, of the native Indians, was to be won or lost for cver. But what an inequality was seen. On the one side a lhundred thousand irritated nmen, armed with darts, wooden swords, spears, and arrows Iovs. On the other side were about two Itin-udred European infantry, twenty cavalry, atnd a small body of Indians under Guakana!ar;: bhut the grand balance lay in their courage, their regular tactics, their arms, horses, and dogs. Columbus determined to make his attack oii the Inditii al'rmy by night. As soon, therefoie, as it was quite dark, hle began his march, t)d came on the unsuspecting Indians like a lIt-rricane. Tlle:ioise tley mIade was confoundin and terrifying,. thle thunlidering and lightiliig of their fire arnms, the snorting and trampling of the horses, anld the barking of the dogs. The Indians were too much confused to make much resistaice. They soon fled in all directions, when the destruction and havoc made in their flying tribes was dreadful. 19 COLUMBUS. The Indians never made any further resist ance, but submitted to their conquerors; and the Spaniards treated them as an enslaved people, taking possession of all as their own. Columbus had many enemies, who endeavoured to set the king and queen of Spain against him, which obliged him to return to Spain, that he might defend his own cause and character. But in one instance his enemies prevailed shamefully. They procured a commission to be sent over professedly to examine into the admirals conduct, but it was given to an insolent man of the name of Bovadilla, who without any examination, put the admiral in chains, and sent him to Spain as a culprit. The Court were much hurt at his ill-treat ment, ordered him immediately to be set at liberty, and received him with all due honours. Another fleet was sent over to redress grievances, and set aside Bovadilla and his party. But the command of this fleet was not given to Columbus, he had to remain idle at home. Like a great man, however, he kept his main object in view. He wished much to 20 4 . I lTli. 'Di COLUMBUS. ascertain, whether there was any sea beyond the Continent he had discovered; and especially whether there might not be some opening or narrow strait, into it; through which he might sail to the Indies. He, therefore, laid before the Court, a plan for ascertaining these points; the king, and queen were glad of an opportunity to rid themselves of the continual presence of a man whom they had treated so ill. Orders were given to fit out four ships for his use. The fitting them out was in the hands of his enemies; and he found four miserable little sloops, provided for so important an enterprize. Columbus, who was never daunted by difficulties, set sail; and after many struggles reached the Western Continent, near Honduras. From thence he kept coasting, in hopes of discovering the Strait which he so much wished to find. 6. Indian alarmed at the Pen and Ink. His brother, Bartholomew, landed in one place, where the natives in a very friendly man 21 COLUMNllUS. ner, invited him to sit down with them on the grass. Ile did so, asking them many questions, to which they gave himn answers. He requested his secretary to write them down. But scarcely did the natives perceive the pen, and its operations, than they suddenly rose, and ran away in the greatest alarm; and as they suspected some magic was in action; it was with difficulty their fears wcre overcome. 7. Indians catching Anchovies. This fish, when pursued by others, being accustomed in desperation to jump upon land the Indians covered their canoes withl palm leaves, and sailing about in the rivers, disturbed the water as much as possible with their oars. The terrified fish mistaking the palm leaves for land, would jump upon them, and be easily caug,ht. 8. Coltnmbus delivcred 6y an Eclipse. In one place the Indians grew weary of supplying their voracious guests, and lest they 22 COLUMBUS. slioul(I think to settle there, determined to bring them no more provisions. Here the knowvledge and sagacity of Columbus served him well. He knew that an eclipse of the moon was nigh. He therefore gathered their chiefs together, and by the aid of an interpreter, he informed them, that the Spaniards worshipped the most high God, who made the sun and moon, who rewarded the good, and punished the wickled. That God was angry with them, for refusing to his servants, the Spaniards, necessary food; and would certainly putish them. That as a token of his displeasure t.ey would see the moon rise with an angry and bloody appearance. The Indians laughed at the threat, but when the moon rose, when tlhe eclipse appeared, when the darkness gra dlually increased, their consternation became great. They entreated the admiral to pray to God to forbear his punishments, and solemnly promised to bring him regular supplies in future. We shall have little more to do with Coluinm bus. Yet anxious as we have been for him in his various difficulties, we shall be interested to hear the little remainder concerning him. After l lcin %;ii )wrceclkd, dcserted, and abused, 23 COLUMBUS. he made his way to Spain. On his arrival he found to his great dismay, that his last friend and patron, queen Isabella, was dead. IHe experienced nothing but slights from king Ferdinand; exhausted, neglected, this discoverer of the new world died in the 65th year of his age. 9. Planting the first Sugar Cane in th West Indies. Ovando, who had been appointed Governor of Hispaniola, had conducted affairs so, as to bring the colony into some regular order. One thing too he did, well worthy our notice; he procured from the Canaries, plants of the Sugar Cane, which have taken well to the soil, have spread all over the West India Islands, and now have become the staple mass of wealth to them; affording us, what by custom is become one of the necessaries of life. One can not get one's breakfast without sugar. From a little trifling thing Which we glance at carelessly, Great effects will sometimes spring, Swelling to the wondering eye,, 4 COLUMBUS. Those few plants of Sugar Cane Were a curiosity: But what treasures now remain, Bringing wealth and luxury. Let me then where'er I can Drop a seed for future use. Give a hint, or lay a plan: WVho can say'twill nought produce? Let me o'er the infant mind Exercise this constant care. Principles for good design'd Root, and grow, with fruitage fair. During the long course of Columbus's life, many of the islands he had discovered had been colonized: and different governors appointed to them, especially Cuba, where Velasquez commanded. He was impatient to make discoveries too, but he had not sufficient courage to undertake such a hazardous employment himself. He equipped several little fleets, and the testimony uniformly was, that there was much land in the west; that the people were cultiva CORTEZ. ted, anItl more warlike than the natives of tile islands, over whom they domineered. Atlast he fitted out a fleet of ten large ships, and gave the command to Cortez, who sailed Dec. 15th, 1518. He took the same course which had been taken by Grijalva, a former commander; and arrived at the island Cozumel. Here hlie found a poor Spaniard, who had been shipwrecked, and had lived among the natives eight years. ie became of great use to them as an interpreter. 10. Cortez landing. He steered towards Tabasco, hoping to find as friendly a reception, as Grijalva had done before him. On the contrary, the natives assembled in great numbers to oppose him. He was obliged to attack them; one volley of artillery drove them all away, and he landed his men. But the opposition of the natives was not yet abated, he had to fight them again next day, and then to attack them in their fortified town Tobasco. He had still another battle to fight. Forty thousand natives were .6 CO)ITEZ. gathered, and Cortez could only by dreadful havoc defeat them. He tookl several prisoners, whom he kindly treated, and sent home. The effect this hald was wonderfull, in softening the minds of the Indians. They sent in all manner of provisions, and the Cazique sent presents, and sued for peace. 11. - iarina is presented to Cortez. Among other things, the Cazique presented Cortez with twenty young women, who knew how to make bread of Indian corn. One of these afterwards called Marina, was the daughter of a Cazique, who had been taken captive. She was a woman of great talent, she soon learned the Spanish language, and became of great service and importance, as an interpreter. Cortez had said to the messenger sent to request his departure, that his master had sent him with proposals to Montezuma; and he therefore declared his determination to have an iiterview. All the Caziques, and great men, were astonished to find any man who wotl(i dare dispute the repeated order of their 27 CORTEZ. mighty emperor. After in vain endeavouring to move him, they all retired in great anger. While they were preparing for battle, they were surprized with a message firom the Cazique of Zempoalla, offering them a friendly alliance. 12. Burning.4Iexican Idolb The zeal of Cortez was blind and furious; hearing that a human sacrifice was about to take place, at a neighbouring temple, he was determined to prevent it. So far he was right. But not content with this, he commanded the priests to destroy their idol gods; and as they were struck with horror at the proposal, he commianded his soldiers to do it by force. The huge, ugly, idols, were tumbled headlong, and broken to pieces. The temple was cleared out, and the human blood washed from the walls and pavement. 13. Spaniards destroying their own shps. Cortez had much to fear from the cowardice, and discontent of many of his own people. He 28 ;~~-i / ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i CORTEZ. discovered that a plan was laid by some of them, to seize one of the ships and return home. He determined on a desperate measure, and resolved to destroy his whole fleet; that every soldier might feel he had only to conquer or die. He ordered them, therefore, to be completely unrigged. He prevailed with the carpenters to declare their bottoms unsound; and in an inflammatory speech, worked upon the passions of his soldiers so, that they flew under the intoxication of the moment, and pulled them all to pieces. The determination of Cortez to have an interview with Montezuma, was now to be put in force. He proceeded with his little army of 500 infantry, fifteen cavalry, and six field pieces. From the friendly Caziques of Zempoalla, he accepted four hundred men, with two hundred Tamenes, or carriers, to convey stores and provisions. As long as his route lay through the lands of the friendly Caziques, all was quiet. But in a few days time they entered the territories of the Ilascalans, a very warlike people. Cortez endeavoired to pacify them, and gain them over to his side; but his endeavours were all 29 CORTEZ. in vain. One of the chiefs, a high spirited young man, named Xicotencatl, declared for war, and roused the whole nation to resistance. In a few days march, Cortez found himself opposed by an innumerable army of Ilascalans, who foiught desperately. Again the llascalans assembled in immense numbers; their attack was furious, the issue for a long while appeared doubtful, but at last European tacti(cs prevailed. The enemy fled on all sides, and left the Spaniard master of the field. After this, the Ilascalans sulperstitiously imagining tli~at the Spaniards, were children of the Srun, aiid defended by him, resolved to attack them in his absence, and came upon the Spaniards by night. But the vigilance of Cortez could iiot be surprised, they were furiously resisted, and driven off with great loss. At length their opposition appearing to be all in vain, they sent an embassy to suc for peace; at the head of which came the valiant Xicotencatl himself. Cortez and his whole arminy were conducted to Ilascala, where they were received rather as heavenly visitants, than as men. Cortez steadily pursued his march towards 30 CORTEZ. Mexico; overcoming all opposition, whether secret or open. At length he crossed the mountains of Chalco, when with astonishment and rapture, the Spaniards beheld a beautiful country, spreading farther than the eye could reach; in the centre was a large lake, glittering with villages, and Mexico, with temples, and turrets, towering as queen of all. The whole appeared like some fairy land, so dazzling, so superb, was all they saw. 14. Meeting of Cortez and Mlontezurna. Cortez made his way along the borders of this lake, and was surprised one day, to perceive a grand procession issuing towards him from the city. Above a thousand, whose adornings with plumes and mantles showed them to be persons of high rank; then came two hundred of the body guard, all in uniform; these withdrew on one side, in order to give a view of Montezuma himself, carried in a chair, or palanquin, of gold, and borne by nobles. As soon as the emperor approached sufficiently near, Cortez dismounted, and advanced in a respectful attitude. At the same time Mon le ~... .e.::. it 31 CORTEZ. tezuma alighted from his palanquin, and rest ing on the shoulders of two princes, advanced at a slow and stately pace; his attendants covering the way with pieces of cotten cloth, that his feet might not touch the ground. Co' tez accosted him with a profound reverence, such as was customary in Europe. Montezuma showed his courtesy, by touching the earth with his hand, and then kissing it. As Montezuma was accustomed to salute even his his gods with a nod, his people became coiivinced, that the strangers before whom he humbled himself thus, must be something more than human. Cortez wore a necklace of false diamonds, which he intended as a present for Montezuma. As soon, therefore, as the first compliments were paid, he took off this ornament, and hung it about Montezuma's neck; who seemed well pleased with it; and sent for one of his most valuable treasures, a necklace of shells, on both sides of each hung a golden crab: he placed this ornament on Cortez, with his own hands, a sort of condescension which greatly increased the astonishment of his subjects. The procession now returned, attended by .... . 32 CORTEZ. all these visitors. A very large palace was given as ali habitation for Cortez, which he for tified, and surrounded with sentinels, and cannon. Ah Montezuma!'twas a great mistake To show thy treasures vast at such an hour. Thy grandeur, and thy gold, could only make These visitants, wish all within their power. Wouldst thou drive off a fox, by rich display Of poultry fat, and flourishing, and fair: Or think to send the hungry wolf away By flocks of bleating sheep, or lambkins rare Gold is the Spaniard's object; thou hast gold. Thoucouldst nothide it, hadst thou known the case Thy presents to appease, made rapine bold; Thy rich display, roused every feeling base. Ah vain the struggle'twixt the weak and strong; Resistance but spreads devastation wide, Thy rights are feeble, for his spear is long. Thy gold or his?-his sword will soon decide Think not to make him grateful, or to bind Thy safety to his oaths, or promises: C 33 CORTEZ. He will cajole thee, if to keep thee blind May soonest reach thy treasures' deep recess. Look at his sword; his sinewy arm observe; The rampant horse,thatbeats the tremblingground; Hisbulletsmurderous range: nor thinkhe'll swerve, Till all thou hast, within his grasp is found. 15. JMexican Worship. Montezuma wished to show his guests the grandeur of his temples. He conducted them to one of the largest. He explained every part to Cortez; recounted the names of his gods, the principal of them was Vizlipuzli. The whole horde of Mexican idols were ugly and contemptible; but there is something horrible in their modes of worship, which consisted principally in human sacrifices. They frequently made war on neighbouring states only to procure prisoners, to fatten and slay them on their altars in honour of their gods; and then themselves devoured their flesh. The manner of it was as follows. Six priests were principal actors. The victim was laid on his back onil a large stone; two priests held 34 CORTEZ. down his legs, two of them his arms, and another his head and neck. When the principal priest, with a sharp flint, cut open his body, and tore out the yet beating heart of the palpitating wretch, and holding it up towards the sun, offered the fume of it as an acceptable sacrifice. 16. MIontezuma seized. Cortez it is true had accomplished his object, and obtained an interview with Montezuma. But it is equally true, that by entering the city, and being shut up in a palace, he had put himself, and his whole army, completely in the power of a man who would be glad to cut him off. In this situation, his only choice was to become a prisoner himself, or to seize Montezutma, and keep him in custody. By threats and flatteries he prevailed on the emperor, as a voluntary compliment, to come and spend a few days in the Spanish quarters. After he had been there a little while, he came in an angry manner. and reproached him with the conduct of some of his Mexican chiefs; who had at 3b CORTEZ. tacked the Spaniards left behind, had killed a Spaniard, and sent his head to Mexico. in a great rage he ordered the emperor to be put in irons; thus he aimed to humble Montezuma, and break his spirit; that he might not undertake any thing against him. But though Montezuma himself was humbled, his people were not. They made incessant attacks on the Spanish quarters, set some of their buildings on fire, and seemed determineI to drive away the Spaniards at all hazards. Poor Montezuma! thou'rt a tim'rous dove, Beneaththe eagle's talons making moan. What now can save thee; gentle pity, love, His stern breast knows not;'tis a heart of stone Once thou wert grand, endued with high command, And distant nations trembled at thy frown; Once thou wert rich, with gold on every hand: TI'hy riches ruined thee, and cast thee down. Gold, 0 what mischiefs haunt th' alluring name: Tho' meant for mercy, thou'rt abused to guilt; 'nose bow to thee, who do not bow to fame. How much for thee has human blood been spilt. 36 CORTEZ. High station, brings a desperate cruel fall; Great riches, tempt the murderer's steel to kill; I'm thankful for the mercies given me, all; But covet not great wealth, so oft great ill. 17. JIontezuma harangues his Subjects. At one time, when a furious attack was commencing, Montezuma, who still resided in the Spanish quarters, determined to dress himself in his grandest attire, and show himself to his subjects. Accordingly one of his attendants ascended the wall, and announced the approach of their sovereign. At the name of Montezuma the combatants desisted. The monarch ascended the wall, at sight of him the greatest veneration was expressed. He thanked them for the submission they showed, assured them that he wasnot kept a prisoner, that it was his wish to continue among the Spaniards; and begged them to lay down their arms, and return home peaceably. The moment he ceased to speak, a violent murmur arose among the crowd. They began to abuse their monarch. They let fly a shower of arrows, and a large stone struck 37 CORTEZ. him, and he fell senseless to the ground. The wounds, but still more his rage at being assaulted by his own subjects, overcame him, and he died. This made a great change in the circumstances of the Spaniards. The Mexicans immediately chose a new emperor, Guatimozin, and their zeal and fury increased without restraint. Only one way remained to Cortez, which was to effect his retreat. He accordingly got his whole army in motion, and in the dead of night began his march. But he found the bridges broken down, and the whole lake covered with canoes of armed, and enraged enemies. Though exerting all their usual courage, yet so desperate was his situation, that he lost half his army before he gained the open country. 18. Seizing the great Mexican Standard. After marching about six days, through many difficulties, and almost without food; on ascending a hill, they saw a vast plain before them, filled with an innumerable army. Cortez arranged his little company, and told .4 38 CORT'EZ. them they must either conquer, or die: he spoke in a manner so cheerful, as raised the spirits and hopes of his companions. They rushed forwards to the carnage, till through weariness of killing, they were scarcely able to fight. Cortez observed the Mexican general, with the grand standard of the empire. He assembled a few of his bravest men, whose horses were not disabled; and placing himself at their head, pressed on towards the standard with an impetuosity which was irresistible. With one blow, he slew the general, and took possession of the standard. The Mexicans considered all as lost now. At the same instant every standard was lowered; a sudden panic seized their whole army, they made no more resistance, but threw down their arms and fled. This victory was good in another view. For as all the Mexicans were richly drest, the Spaniards found an immense booty in stripping the slain. Yet Mexico was not subdued, nor the people brought into subjection. Cortez gathered all his forces, determined to take the city. While Guatimoziin with a courage rendered desperate, 39 BALBOA. opposed him inch by inch. The combats were furious, and often repeated; but in the end the Spaniards conquered. The nobles of Mex. ico were slaughtered; the emperor Guatimo zin was taken; and the whole country sub mitted to a handful of strangers. Yes Cortez,'twas judgment that taught thee to dart Like an eagle to pounce on thy prey. Thy blow at that rag, cut each Mexican's heart, His courage soon melted away. When courage on principle fixes,'tis sure, No dangers can daunt, or appal. But when superstition with charmns would allure, 'Tis false, and must lead to a fall. Though we have kept unbroken the histories of Columbus and Cortez, we must not suppose the Spaniards were idle every where else. On the contrary many sets of adventurers were pushing, some this way, and some that. Among these a man of the name of Balboa, 4 came with a parcel of his countrymen, to the Isthmus of Darien; where he soon distinguished himself. and was chosen commander. 40 4~ I, 1 'f - ~~~~~~.~ BALBOA. He formed an alliance with one friendly Cazique, who presented them with a considerable quantity of gold, which the Spaniards seized with great eagerness. The son of the Cazique perceiving it, said he could show them a country, where they might obtain as much as they pleased. This hint was not lost upon the Spaniards. They became impatient to come at this land of gold. But Balboa's whole force consisted only of an hundred and sixty men. According to the account of Comagre's son. there was beyond those we-tern mountains, a vast ocean. Balboa immediately surmised, that this was the ocean after which Columbus had searched in vain, and across which a western course would lead to the East Indies. 19. Balboa'sfirst Sight of the Sea. The journey across these mountains was extremely difficult; but the courage of Balboa was not to be daunted. He determined to undertake the journey. After five-and-twenty days incessant fatigue, they came to the last mountain; up this he went alone, being determined 41 BALBOA. that none should rob him of the first sight. He attained the summit, whence he saw the vast Pacific Ocean rolling before him. He fell upon his knees, and lifted up his hands in a state of ecstacy. This in order of time took place, five years before Cortez set out against Mexico. Long doubted, long sought for with labour in vain; To gain it at last, what a prize. The labour seems nothing when once we obtain; We gaze, and absorbed, feast our eyes! May always our object be worthy and good, ' No trifles deserve our regard: then let it with zeal and address be pursued, Success then will richly reward. Balboa was infamously treated, and by Pedrarias, a new governor, executed. This man removed across the mountains, and built Panama, where all thoughts of attacking Peru were laid aside. Pedrarias was not qualified to undertake any thing dangerous. Among the persons drawn together at Panama, were three, determined to distinguish themselves. These were 42 PIZARRO. Pizarro, Almagro, and Luque, a priest. These agreed to advance their whole property, in an expedition against Peru. As Pizarro could not advance so much as his companions, he undertook the part of danger; and was to command the expedition. Almagro was to gather reinforcements, and follow him, while Luque was to remain at Panama, and keep Pedrarias the governor in good humour. The whole force these parties could raise, to conquer the vast kingdom of Peru, was one single ship, with a hundred and twelve men. With this did Pizarro set sail, Nov. 14, 159. He suffered much in his hazardous voj,ae; as did Almagro, who joined him with fresh recruits. At last they landed at Tacames. in the province of Quito. Here they found themselves so weakened, as not to be able to undertake any thing. It was determined that Pizarro should remain, and that Almagro should return, to gather new recruits. 20. Pizarro separating his men by a line. Almagro on his return to Panama, found a new governor; a man of no enterprize, and 43 PIZARRO. who thought the undertaking of the three as sociates so absurd, and so hazardous, that he forbad Almagro to raise new recruits: and sent out a vessel to recall Pizarro and his com panions. Upon sight of this order, Pizarro refused to comply, but he perceived that many of his soldiers were weary of their sufferings, and longed to return. He therefore drew a line upon the sands with his sword; and bade every soldier who was desirous of leaving him to pass over that line. To his great mortification, the greatest part went over it, and there remained with him only fourteen, one of whom was a mulatto. These waited under every privation five months, before any vessel arrived for their relief. Instead of returning to Panama, they steered south for Peru, near Tumbes. Pizarro had scarcely anchored when he was visited by several Peruvians, whose astonishment was great, both at the floating house and its white inhabitants, with long beards. They soon sent in a large supply of provisions, with liquor, in gold and silver vessels. All that Pizarro saw convinced him, that it was in vain to attempt conquering such a 44 PIZARRO. country, with the force he had with him. He was once more obliged to return to Panama. By application to Spain, he obtained supplies, and once more sailed for Peru, with three small ships, and a hundred and eighty men, thirty six of whom were cavalry. The Peruvian empire had flourished three or four hundred years, before the Spaniards arrived. Their own story is, that two persons suddenly made their appearance among them, called Manca Capac, and his wife, Mama Ozello. These persons called themselves children of the sun. They taught the savage tribes to cultivate the earth, to make cl~athes, and to build houses; and instructed the women in spinning, and housewifery. They abolished the barbarous worship of the natives, which consisted much in sacrificing human victims; and bade them imitate, and worship, the source of all their blessings, which they said was the sun. The descendants of these two persons were called Incas, they kept themselves distinct, confined to themselves all the offices of royalty, and officiated as priests of the sun, to whom they caused temples to be built. 45 PIZARRO. 21. Peruvians' anxiety at an Eclipse. They considered the moon too as a deity, but of an inferior order. And were always fearful during an eclipse, that the moon was sick; they apprehended it would die, and falling from heaven destroy the earth. At such times, therefore, they made all manner of noises the most violent. Tied up their dogs, and beat them, to increase the noise by their howling. All the while incessantly repeating " Mama Cuilla," or dear mother moon. When the eclipse began to wear off, they began to revive; and when it was all over, a universal shout of joy arose. There are two productions of Peru which have proved of immense benefit. One is the potato, whose native soil is the fertile province of Quito; although as we received it from Virginia, we have been apt to regard it as a native of North America. How many thousands have been supported by this root, how important is it now become to the existence of nations? 46 PIZARRO. 22. Discovery of the Bark. The other, is as important in medicine, as the potatoe is for food; it is the Cinchona, commonly called the bark. The mode of discovering its virtues is said to have been as follows: Somne Cinchona trees had been blown down into a pool of water, by which means it became so bitter that nobody could drink it. However, a poor Indian, reduced extremely by a fever, drank it; being unable to procure any other. He soon recovered: and relating the circumstance to others, they were induced to try it, and all became well presently. When they came to examine, they found the water owed its virtues to the trees, and that in the bark of the tree, resided its medicinal quality. How many lives are saved every day by this Peruvian bark. Sickly sufferer come and drink; Tho' the nauseous draught repel. Little did the sufferer think, This alone would make him well. 47 PIZARRO. Had he been less feeble, he To some purer stream had gone. Forced by strong necessity, This he drinks, and this alone So in providence'tis found, What we hate, refuse, despise: Shall make health or wealth abound Source of peace, and purest joys. No I wo'nt"-I dare not say; Since I know not what is best. Let me keep the prudent way, And to God leave all the rest. When Pizarro landed in Peru. he soon dis covered that there were dissentions in the em. pire, between two brothers to whom the two grand provinces of the kingdom were left. Huascar was to have the old kingdom of Cusco; and Atahualpa, the lately conquered kingdom of Quito. The latter had a vast army, and determined to rule both. He soon subdued his brother, and took him prisoner. When Pizarro began his march up the country, he was not opposed, therefore, because all parties were too 48 I I I', } ~ 19 __ l20 21 li __ ~~~~2 ~ ~ ~~ __~42 _ ffiThjj ~\~;\~';~' ~ ~ ~~:$:~~~;; j~ ~ ~ ~ __ ____ ~- _____ _ _ (6 ~~ ~~~ 4 UNITED STATES. Must it not stop e'er long, such volumns thrown Incessantly, and passing swiftly on; Their parent i-ver leaving, now not known, In the far distant ocean lost and gone. Ah stop I its whelming tides are hurried past By backlward waters, rushing to the brink: Five ocean lakes still urging, as in haste To try their prowess, leap, and boil, and sink. See the vast breadth, stupendously how wide; Observe the solid mass that rushes o'er; How swift it shoots its never ceasing tide; Then calculate its bulk;-guess-do no more. See too the cloudy spray, it rises high; The waters torn are dissipate in air; The boiling cauldron foams tormentedly; Dashing, and whirling, as in vexed despair. Yet see the sun-beams paint the rainbow bright, Adorning well the unsubstantial spray: Rich in its radiance of prismatic light, Which flits, and dances in the noontide ray. UNITED STATES. By many emigrations from England at different times, were settlements made on the 105. UNITED STATES. eastern coast of North America. These mostly had patents from the king, stating their bounds, and forming them into governments; but all of them dependent on the crown of Great Britain. These colonies increased very fast in population, in the produce of the land, and in commerce. The Parliament of Great Britain proceeding to tax these colonies, they resisted; on the prin ciple that they had always taxed themselves; and as they had no representatives in our House of Commons, it was illegal and tyrannical in that house to tax them. This dispute produced a cruel war; which cost England a hundred thousand lives, and a hundred millions of money, all in vain. The various states had united, and formed a congress from them all; who, in 1776 declared themselves to be free, and independent states. This at last Britain was forced to acknowledge, in the treaty of peace at Paris, in 1783. 70. Emigrants for Conscience sake first landing in.merica. The Reformation in England was, though a good, a partial affair. There always was a 106 UNITED STATES. number of persons, who wished to carry it further, and restore every thing to scripture purity. This obtained for them the nick name of Puritans. During the reigns of Henry VIII., Mary, Elizabeth, and James I., these Puritans were the objects of maniy bloody persecutions. It was to avoid these vexations and distresses, that various parties of religious people sought refuge in the wilds of America. The first company which came over, belonged to a religious society, under the care of the Rev. Mr. Robinson; who may be called the father of New England. They were but a small part of his church; about a hundred persons. These after encountering difficulties of every name, landed at a place, which from recollection of their native country, they called Plymouth. Sure it was conscience sake: what else could lead These outcasts in this wilderness to dwell. In drearyness what prospects can exceed; Their sufferings, toils, and wants, what tongue can tell 107 UNITED STATES. What gives the charm then to this dreary wild? 'Tis liberty to serve their God aright; Their holy Sabbath hours, not now are spoiled By base informers, insolence, and spite. He whom the pious soul would worship pure, Guiding his feelings by the word divine; Can well repay what we for him endure: His smiles give happiness, where'er they shine. 71. JMarylandproclaiming Liberty of Con science. Although all who came over to people these wilds, fled from persecution; yet the true principle of every manis right to serve God according to his conscience, was not understood. '1 lisu Xrious sects soon began to persecute one another. Lord Baltimore, a Roman Catholic, hlad settled Maryland with a great number of his oppressed brethren. Among them were some meii of an enlarged mind; they passed a law, and proclaimed it, that no person should be molested on account of his religion in that state. Thus emanated the true principle of toleration, from a sect famous for its persecuting spirit. 108 UNITED STATES. 'Twas wise,'twas noble, Maryland, in thee To snap these chains, to break this iron rod T' ordain " with us conscience in all is free;" Religion solely should account with God 72. Carolina Rice. The rice plant has this peculiarity, that it grows best, where the ground is flooded with water. One large part of South Carolina is low marshy land, liable to be periodically overflown. The rice will always keep its head above water, even though this should rise to twelve or fifteen feet. Vast quantities are thus grown, and Carolina rice, being far superior to that which comes from the East Indies, bears its proportionate price in our markets. 73. Rock Bridge, Virginia. This is a curious, and wonderful work of nature. The hill on which it is, seems as if it had been cloven through by some earthquake. This bridge hangs in the air, at a height of 270 feet above the water. The bridge is about ninety feet wide at top, it is sixty feet broad at 109 UNITED STATES. the top in the middle, and more at the ends. The sides of the bridge are solid rock in many places, yet few persons have courage to walk tip to them, and look over into the deep abyss. They involuntarily fall on their hands and knees. and creep towards it. If the view from the top is so painful, the view at the bottom is most delightful. The bridge itself appears sublime, hoisted up that height in the air; and the view through it shows the blue mountains in the distaioce, with the cedar creek passing at your foot, through the arch-way. 'rhe bridge affords a commodious mode of crossing a valley, which could not be crossed any where else. 74. Travelling to a distant Settle?nment. The eastern states of America have long been settled, and are now overflowing with people. The western states on the contrary, are only now settling. As the lands are very line; and as the travelling five hundred, or a thousand miles, is thought nothing of; and what is more, as the leaving home to go far away is lightly felt; there is a continual passage of emigrants removing thither. Sometimes — iO0 UNITED STATES. persons of property remove thus, with a long train of waggons and cattle. More often, a young man with a few dollars in a bag, and a horse to carry his wife and child, with a cow or two, if he is so rich; sets out on his long journey; till he comes to the plot of ground where hlie intends to settle. Jiggity jog, the weary beast Step after step, goes many a mile. Day after day, without any rest; On it proceeds with patient toil. 'Tis but five hundred they've wearily trode, Since they left fathers' and mothers' snug home. One other thousand of similar road, Then to their own piece of land ihey will come. Yet they seem cheerful, the woman can smile; Husban(l and child her heart's treasure are found: They make her solace in every toil, They make her home, wherever the ground. All hail affection, invisible spell, Solace of life in its every day; They may be blest who in wildnesses dwell. Comfort shall round their brisk fire side play. 111 TNITED STATES. 75. Kentucky Cavern. This may well pass among the wonders of America. This cavern is indeed a cluster of caverns, with long passages in which you may go many miles, all under ground. These passages have upright sides, from sixty to a hundred feet high, arched at top. There are several large caverns, called cities; the chief city as they term it, is a broad place the size of eight acres of land; without a single pillar to support the roof, which is about a hundred feet high. Dr. Nahum Ward, who with two guides explored it a few years ago, says, " nothing can be more sublime, and grand, than this sight. Only a faint idea of it can be conveyed by words-" There are several other cities, some extending to four, and one to six acres; these are several miles from each other, in different directions. They may go underground who like it best, Groping and Roring their ignorant way; Glaring their flambeaux with terrified zest, Creeping, and slipping, without any rest: I like the fields, and the sweet light of day. lie UNITED STATES. tHow all the spars and the stalactites shine, Glittering a thousa,nd fold ever around; I rue, one quite wond, % to see them so fine; They shall ne'er glitter vw h flambeau of mine, i like to jump on the plain open ground. flere a dark passage creeps zigza,- along, Puzzlinrg one sadly to know whei it leads; WVere it all rubies, and diamonds, among, Ready for me too; I'd not change my song, I'd rather frisk in the butter cup meads. So that vast cavern, how monstrously dark, Stretching eight acres, one cannot see where; A flambeau at one end is but a dim spark; No pillars, no pathway, nor yet any mark: I love the broad landscape; you don't catch me there. 76. Penn's Treaty with the Indians. In 1681, Mr. William Penn, son of Admiral Penn, obtained of king Charles II. a grant of the country now called Pennsylvania. Thereby obtaining all the right which was thought necessary by the preceding settlers. Mr. Penn, however, when he came over, conceived that the Indians, the original inhabi tants of the country, had a claim. He there tt 113 UNITED STATES. rore, with various goods such as they preferred, purchased of their sachems, or chiefs, all the rights they claimed; and so became in eve"7 mode the lawful proprietor of the soil. M. Penn was a quaker, and the bulk of the inhabitants of Pennsylvania are of that per suasion. The world will always praise an honest man, Altho' the sharping world won't imitate, They know the wisdom of an upright plan, To bless a neighbourhood, or rule a state. E'en savage Indians feel the difference, They know what's just, whoever would oppose. To buy, to barter, meets their common sense: Who drives them off, they must esteem as foes. Thy conduct, Penn, made Sachems call thee friend, . They took the price agreed, and far retired. No lurking Indian will thy walks attend, To seek thy death; thy life were more desired. Nay, such the honour of thy well known dress Thro' distant tribes, who never saw thy face; A Quaker may explore the wilderness, And welcome meet, from all the red-man race. So character well tried, and goodness known, An honourable name will always gain. Fraud, force, and mischief, soon are overthrown: Buit truth and fairness. ever w'1l remain. 114 UNITED STATES. 77. Dr. Franklin drawing Electricityfrom the Clouds. Philadelphia is the principal city of Pennsylvania. Under the mild government established by Penn, the province filled very fast, and thie city became the chief mart for commerce in the central States. MaTly Americans have rendered themselves famous. But there is one name which is well worthy to be pointed out, Dr. Benjamin Frank. lin. He was originally only a poor printer's boy; buit by industry and prudence, he rose in life; and by an attentive and thinking mind, he made several important discoveries in natural philosophy. In his time electricity was quite a new science. All the philosophers of Europe were busy with it. Franklin studied it much. In his reasoning, he took up the idea, That the thunder and lightning of the heavens, were electric; and similar to the snap and the spark of the machines. He was determined to try. One day when he saw a thunder-storm was coming on, he flew a kite he had prepared, to a considerable height. He inclosed a very small wire in the 115 UNITED STATES. string of the kite, to conduct the electricity. He fastened the lower end of the string to a post; and when the cloud was just over the kite, he clapped his knuckle to the wire, and, much delighted, drew a spark just such as an electrical machine produces. 78. Washington's entrance into Philadel phia. After the American war was over, General Washington, who had commanded their armies with so much prudence and success, resigned his commission, and retired to his private seat in Virginia. When the American Congress, in forming their government, came to choose a president, the choice fell unanimously upon General Washington. He accordingly came to Philadelphia; to assume the functions of his office. To do the greater honour to the General, and to his new dignity, two hundred of the principal citizens met him some way out of town, on horseback; with laurels, and colours, and every demonstration of joy; and conducted him in grand procession to the Town House. 116 UNITED S'I'A'1I'S. Blow the trumpets, beat the drums, Not for warlike deeds of blood; See the civic hero comes, Washington, the just, the good. Time has been, he led the van Thro' the thick of battle roar; Laid the wise, th' effective plan, Marched, and conquered, o'er and o'er. Ceased the din of armed host, Laid asleep each hostile feud: Now he comes, his country's boast, Still their patriot, hope for good. ,.reat in council, and they need Wisdom their affairs to guide He, sedate, and firm, will heed What is right on every side. Choice deliberate of the free, Searching wide the country thro' All the States unite in thee; High thy station-'tis thy due. Blow the trumpets, beat the drums, Citizens in best array Greet him'; at your call he comes. I{ r,E(ior).'j i.h~ rtItl:' [h (a,' li7 BOOKS PUBLI.SHED AND FOR SALE BY STANDARD AND MISCELLANEOUS. ROLLIN'S ANCIENT HISTORY, complete in 8 volg 12mo:-an excellent and cheap edition. SHIdKSPE.RE'S WORKS, complete in one volume. Diamond edition, S64 pages. .IDVENTURES OF GIL BLDS OF SJNTILLIINE, by T'. Smollett, M.D.; with a Memoir of the Author 12mo. 928 pages. SCOTTISH CHIEFS, a Romance, by Miss Jane Porter: 3 vols. S18mo. 724 pages. 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