_ *,.... + + _ +^. - - F_ 1t t a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~...'l-. C — -- _l- -— 4-c~~ —-'' THE I I''',,~ I ) I I EMPIRE OFJAPAN'; I BRIEF SKETCH OF THE GEOGRAPHY, j \ I HISTORY AND CONSTITUTION.' T 1, ji I iI I I (''i \ {I' \ PUvB LI SHED BY THEE E (;.i } Imperial Commission for the Philadelphia International Exhibition...,., I I I I' ( \ I \ _PHILADELPHIA: \;'i I l\, ILA.KLAE RNE,74 ^ 3 ASMSRST' \ - i'' ^^ 86./^' ^hJ\^ ^c1-I / 5 \/^ ^ I ~ -. - "L - ~ ^ -. - - - - - - - -, - - -.. -. ^,. -, ^ -..... -....... ^... ^ J { ^^^ ^' THE T H E EMPIRE OFJAPAN BRIEF SKETCH OF THE GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY AND CONSTITUTION. PUBLISHED BY THE Imperial Commission for the Philadelphia International Exhibition. PHILA D ELP HIA: WILLIAM P. KILDARE, PRINTER, 734 AND 736 SANSOM STREET. 1876. CONTENTS. PAGE Reigning Sovereign and Family,.... 5 Organization of the Government, 9 Geography,...24 Outline of Japanese History,... 33 Statistics,.... 38 PREFACE. The important changes which have taken, and still take place in Japan, being a frequent subject of discussion in foreign publications, the Japanese Centennial Commission has decided upon publishing the following pages, in order to furnish such authentical information as may be welcome to all those who study the history of nations. Besides the outlines of Japanese history and geography, they contain the plan of organization of the central government, and a complete list of the various government officers, with the duties assigned to them. Finally, some financial and commercial statements have been added, chiefly with regard to the foreign trade of Japan. Phlladelphia, July 12th, 1876. (3) NIPPON, JAPAN. REIGNING SOVEREIGN AND FAMILY. TENNO MUTSU HITO, Emperor of Japan, born at Kiyoto, on the 22d day of the 9th month, in the 5th year of Kayei (Nov. 3d, 1852), second son of the late Emperor Komei Tenno and of the Empress Fujiwara Asako; nominated Prince Imperial and heir-apparent on the 28th day of the 9th month of the 1st year of Man-yen (Nov. 10th, 1860); succeeded to the throne on the death of his father, on the 9th day of the 1st month, 2d year of Kei-o (Feb. 13th, 1867); crowned at Kiyoto on the 27th day of the 8th month, 4th year of Kei-6 (Oct. 12th, 1868). On the 8th day of the 9th month, 4th year of Kei-o (Oct. 23d, 1868, the Emperor chose the name of Mei-ji to designate the era of his reign; married on the 28th day of the 12th month, 1st year of Mei-ji (Feb. 9th, 1869). HARUKO, Empress of Japan, daughter of Ichijo Tadaka, noble of 1st rank, born the 17th day of the 4th month, 3d year of Kaye (May 29th, 1850). SHIGHEKO, Ume no Miya, daughter of the Emperor, born the 25th day of the 1st iponth, 8th year of Mei-ji (Jan. 25th, 1875). PARENTS OF THE EMPEROR. KOMEI TENNO, father of the Emperor, 4th son of Ninko Tenno and of the Empress Fujiwara Yasuko. ASAKO, Empress dowager, daughter of Kujo Naotada; born the 14th day of the 12th month, 4th year of Tempo (Jan. 23d, 1834). OTHER MEMBERS OF THE IMPERIAL FAMILY. Princess Katsura Sumiko, 3d daughter of Ninko Tenno. " Chikako, Sei Kuwan-in no Miya, 8th daughter of Ninko Tenno. Prince Taka Hito, Arisu Gawa no Miya. " Taru Hito, Arisu Gawa " " Yoshi Aki, Higashi Fushimi" " Akira, Yamashina " " Morinaga, Nashimoto " " Sadanaru, Fushimi " Hirotsune, Kuwacho " " Asa Hiko, Kuni " Yoshi Hisa, Kita Shirakawa " Princess Sojun, Fushimi no Miya. B4 Bunshu, " " Prince Yasu, Kan In no Miya. (5) 6 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE EMPERORS, WITH THE DATES OF THEIR ACCESSION TO THE THRONE. Number I of years Names of Emperors. after B. (. Jimmu Tenno. 1. Jimmu Tenno,... 1 660 2. Suisei... 80 581 3. Annei "... 112 547 4. Itoku... 151 510 5. Kosho... 186 475 6. Koan ".. 269 392 7. Korei "... 371 290 8. Kogen "... 447 214 9. Kaika ".. 503 156 10. Shujin... 564 97 11. Suinin "... 632 29 A. C. 12. Keiko ".. 731 71 13. Seimu ".. 791 131 14..Chiuai...852 192 15. Ojin.. 930 270 16. lintoku "... 973 313 17. Richiu "... 1060 400 18. Hansho ".. 1066 406 19. Inkio "... 1072 412 20. Arnko... 1113 453 21. Yuriaku ".. 1116 456 22. Seinei ". 1140 480 23. Kenso ".. 1145 485 24. Ninken "... 1148 488 25. Burets "... 1158 498 26. Keitai "... 1167 507 27. Ankan... 1191 531 28. Senka.. 1195 535 29. Kinmei ".. 1199 539 30. Bidats... 1232 572 31. Yomei "... 1245 585 32. Sujun ".. 1247 587 33. Suiko " Empress,.. 1252 592 34. Jornei ".. 1289 629 35. Kokioku: Empress,.. 1302 642 36. Kotoku ".. 1305 645 37. Saimei " Empress,.. 1315 655 38. Tendzi ".. 1322 662 39. Kobun... 1331 671 40. Tenmu... 1333 673 41. Jito " Empress,.. 1346 686 42. Mommu... 1357 697 43. Gemmei " Empress,.. 1367 707 44. Gensho " ". 1375 715 45. Shomu "... 1384 724 46. Koken " Empress,. 1409 749 47. Junnin "... 1418 758 48. Shotoku " Empress,.. 1424 764 49. Konin ".. 1430 770 50. Kuwanlmu.. 1441 i 781 11 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 7 Number of years Names of Emperors. after A. C. Jimmu Tenno. 51. Heijio Tenno,... 1466 806 52. Saga "... 1469 809 3. Junna ".. 1483 823 54. Ninmio... 1493 833 55. Montoku ".. 510 850 56. Seiwa... 1518 858 57. Yozei "... 1536 876 58. Koko "... 1544 884 59. Uda... 1547 887 60. Daigo "'... 1557 897 61. Shujaku "... 1590 930 62. Murakami Tenno,... 1606 946 63. Reizei ".,. 1627 967 64. Yenyu "... 1629 969 65. Kuwazan "... 1644 984 66. Ichijio "... 1646 986 67. Sanjio ".. 1671 1011 68. Goichijio... 1676 1016 69. C(oshujaku ".... 1696 1036 70. Goreizei ". 1705 1045 71. Gosanjio "..1728 1068 72. Shirakawa "..1732 1072 73. Horikawa ". 1746 1086 74. Toba.... 1767 1107 75. Shutoku... 1783 1123 76. Konoye ". 1801 1141 77. Goshirakawa ".. 1815 1155 78. Nijio.. 1818 1158 79 Rokujio.. 1825 1165 80. Takakura...1828 1168 81 Antoku "... 1840 1180 82. Gotoba ".. 1843 1183 83. Tsuchimikado Tenno,... 1858 1198 84. Juntoku.. 1870 1210 85. Chiukio "... 1881 1221 86. Gohorikawa ". 1882 1222 87. Shijio... 1892 1232 88. Gosaga.. 1902 1242 89. Gofukakusa.. 1906 1246 90. Kameyama.. 1919 1259 91. Gouda.. 1934 1274 92. Fushimi... 1947 1287 93. Gofushimi... 1958 1298 94. Gonijio... 1961 1301 95. Hanazono.. 1968 1308 96. Godaigo... 1978 1318 97. Gomurakami... 199 1339 98. Gokameyama ".. 2028 1368 Kogon... 1991 1331 Komio... 1996 1336 Shuko ".. 2008 1348 Gokogon ".. 2012 1352 Goyenyu.. 2031 1371 99 Gokomats. 2042 1392 Number of years Names of Emperors. after A. C. Jimmllu Tenno. 100. Shoko Tenno,... 2072 1412 101. Gohanazono Tenno,... 2088 1428 102. Gotsuchimikado Tenno,... 2124 1464 103. Gokashiwabara "... 2160 1500 104. Gonara "... 2186 1526 105. Ogimachi ".. 2217 1557 106. Goyozei ". 2246 1586 107. Gomidsuno o "... 2271 1611 108. Mioshiyo ".. 2289 1629 109. Gokomiyo.. 2303 1648 110. Gosaiin ".. 2314 1654 111. Reigen ". 2323 1663 112. Higashiyama ".. 2347 1687 113. Nakanomikado "... 2369 1709 114. Sakuramachi... 395 1735 115. Momozono ". 2407 1747 116. Gosakuramachi... 2422 1762 117. Gomomosono "... 2430 1770 118. Kokaku 2... 2439 1779 119. Ninko.. 2477 1817 120. Komei "... 2506 1846 121. Emperor actual.... 2527 1867 ORGANIZAT ION OF THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT. 1.-DAI-JO KUWAN. The supreme legislative and executive power of the Japanese Empire is vested in the Dai-Jo Kuwan. The Dai-Jo Kuwan superintends the action of the Genro-In (Deliberative Assembly) and of the several branches of the general administration. The Dai-Jo Kuwan comprises: A. The Sei-In, which means the "' Supreme Chamber " or the " Great Council of State." H. M. the Emperor in person, presides over this " Chamber "; he decides and orders the affairs concerning the general administration of the Empire. Besides the Emperor, the Sei-In consists of the following members: 1. Dai-Jo Dai-Jin (Prime Minister of State). The functions of this officer are to assist and to advise the Emperor, according to the best of his ability, in ordering and deciding all affairs of a deliberative and of an executive character. 2. Sa-Dai-Jin (Great Councillor of the Left) and U-Dai-Jin (Great Councillor of the Right). The functions of these two officers are to adjust and to discuss all affairs of importance. Either of these two officers is entitled to occupy the place of Prime Minister, when this post becomes vacant. 3. Sanghi (Councillors of State), no fixed number. Their functions are to debate all State affairs. In connection with the Sei-In, are the following: 1. Shikuwan (Secretaries) whose titles are: 1st Secretaries, Dai-shi. 2d " Gon-dai-shi. 3d " Sho-shi. 4th " Gon-sho-shi. The duties of these officers are to draft edicts, commissions and official documents, to manage sundry matters in the Dai-Jo Kuwan, keep the archives of the Empire, to receive documents from and to issue notifications to the different administrative branches of the Government. 10 2. Shuki (clerks), no specified number. These officers perform their duties under the direction of the above named secretaries. 3. Toneri (Attendants). twenty in number. Affairs concerning the general administration of the Empire are usually executed by decision of the Emperor through the advice and the assistance of the Prime Minister and after discussion and adjustment by the two Great Councillors of the Left and of the Right and the other Councillors of State. Affairs concerning the Legislation are forwarded from the Sei-In to the Genro-In (Deliberative Assembly) to be debated. Imperial letters and special instructions must, when issued, bear the countersignature of the Prime Minister. The laws and edicts are promulgated by the Prime Minister. B. Hosei Kiyoku (Law-framing Commission). This is composed of: 1. Chokuwan (President). 2. Hosei Kuwan of the 1st degree' 3.'C'C' 2d' I 4. " A 32d k Chief Clerks: ten altogether 5. " " " 4th " J The duties of this commission are to frame or to draft laws according to the instructions they receive from the Sei-In. 6. Shoki (assistant clerks) ten in number. When laws are to be newly formed or revised at the Sei-In, communication is made to this office, with instructions to examine and draft the same. Public or private bills prepared at and presented by the Genro-In or by the various Departments to the Sei-In, are sent from the latter to this office, to be examined and commented upon, and when amendments are required, they are drafted in the Hosei Kiyoku. When bills. either newly formed or revised at the Sei-In, are sent to the Genro-In, the President of the Hosei Kiyoku or the officer next in authority, is ordered to be present at the debates to answer inquiries or to furnish explanations that may be wanted by members of that assembly. C. Shushi Kiyoku (Imperial History Office). Historical Branch. 1. Sosai, Chief Historiographer. 2. Fuku-Sosai, 2d " 11 3. Soyetsu, 3d Historiographer. 4. Shusen, 4th " 5. Kiyo Shu, 5th " 6. Shoki, (Clerks). 7. Zen-Sha-Sei (Copyists). Chishikuwa-(Geographical Branch). Chief Geographer. 2d "' Geographers. D, Shikibu Riyo (Office of Ceremonies). 1. Kami, Marshal of Ceremonies. 2. Gon-no-Kami, Master 3. Suke, 1st Assistant " 4. Gon-no-Suke, 2d " " 5. Sakuwan, Clerks. The duties of these officers are to administer all rules of etiquette and of religious ceremonies. 6. Shoten. The duty of this officer is to superintended religious services and offerings. 7. Kambe. This officer has the management of sundry affairs concerning religious ceremonies. 8. Rei-ji, Musicians. II. —GENRO-IN. (Deliberative Assembly.) The Genro-In is an assembly appointed to deliberate upon legislation; it has authority to propose the adoption of new laws, and the amendment of those actually in force. 1. Ghi-Cho (President). 2. Fuku-Ghi-Cho (Vice-President). 3. Ghi-Kuwan (Members). Attached to it are the following: Sho Ki-Kuwan (Secretaries) with the titles of: a. Dai Shoki-Kuwan, 1st Secretary. b. Gon-dai-Shoki " 2d " c. Sho-Shoki " 3d " d. Gon-Sho-Shoki" 4th " e. Shoki-Sei (Clerks). Drafts of bills either newly proposed or revised, are sent to this assembly by the Emperor; but all bills, including those proposed by 12 this body, can neither be examined, discussed or voted, without the consent of the Emperor. The Genro-In has the privilege of investigating the action of the executive branches of the Government, and when such action is found contrary to the laws and rules established, the members are required to report the same to the Emperor, but have no power to deliberate for promoting or dismissing officers. The President, Vice-President and members of this Assembly are selected from among the members of the Imperial family, the Kuwazokus (late Daimiyos and Kuges) and Tchokunin, officers ranking above the 4th grade. In addition, persons who have distinguished themselves by serving the country meritoriously, or those who possess a thorough knowledge of politics or laws can be selected. III.-GUWAI-MU-SHO. (Department for Foreign Affairs.) 1. Kiyo (Minister), always a Sanghi (Councillor of State). This minister exercises a supreme control in all matters relating to his department, without any exception, and has also the same control over other sub-departments or officers, if any, connected with his department. The powers and functions of Kiyos in every other departments are identical. 2. Tayu and Shoyu (first and second Vice-Ministers). The functions of Vice-Ministers are similar to those of Minister; they can be his representatives while he is absent, or replace him when his post becomes vacant. The powers and functions of Vice-Ministers in every other department are identical. 3. Dai-jo, Secretary of 1st degree. Gon-dai-jo " 2d " Sho-jo " 3d " Gon-sho-jo " 4th The duties of these officers are to transact special details of business under direction of the Minister. The Dai-jo and Sho-jo have the immediate direction of subdepartments or officers, in case any such exist. The functions of Dai-jo and Sho-jo in every other departments are identical. 4. Roku (Clerks). Hissei (Copyists). Sei-sho (Attendants). 13 These officers have to discharge their respective duties under the direction of the chiefs of the different sub-department or officers to which they belong. Their duties are similar in all other departments. DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICE. 1. Toku Mei Zen Ken Ko Shi, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. 2. Benri Ko Shi, Minister Resident. 3. Dai Ri Ko Shi, Charge d'Affaires. 4. Sho Ki Kuwan, Secretaries of Legation. 5. Sho Ki Sei, Clerks. 1. So Rio Ji, Consul General. 2. Rio Ji, Consul 3. Fuku Rio Ji, Vice-Consul. 4. Sho Ki Kuwan, Consular Secretaries. 5. Sho Ki Sei, Clerks. The above-named officers represent Japan in ihe different countries with which friendly treaties have been concluded. NAI-MU-SHO. (Home Department.) This department has to provide for the general tranquility of the Empire, and the protection of the people. Seven sub-departments are under it: 1. Kuwan Giyo Riyo (the Board of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce. 2. Kei-Ho-Riyo (Central and Provincial Administrative Police Office). 3. Yeki-Tei-Riyo (General Post Office). 4. Doboku Riyo (Office of Roads and Bridges). 5. Chiri Riyo (Public Land Office). 6. Ko Seki Riyo (General Registrar's Office). 7. Dzu Sho Riyo (Record Office). OFFICERS. 1. Kiyo (Minister), always a Sanghi (Councillor of State). 2. One Tayu and one Shoyu (first and second Vice-Ministers.) 3. Dai-jo and Sh6-jo (Secretaries). 4. Roku (Clerks). Each of the seven above-mentioned sub-departments is composed of the following officers: 14 a. Kami (Superintendent or Director). b. Gon-no-Kami (Vice-Director). c. Suke (1st Assistant). d. Gon-no-Suke (2nd Assistant). e. Sakuwan (Clerks). OKURA SHO. (Finance department.) This department has the management of all affairs concerning the Public Treasury, collection of taxes, the census, etc. Eight subdepartments are under it: 1. Sojei Riyo (Office of Revenue.) 2. Zohei Riyo. (The Mint.) 3. Shi-hei Riyo. (Currency office.) 4. Sui-no Riyo. (Treasurer's office.) 5. To-Kei Riyo. (Statistical office.) 6. Ken-sa Riyo. (Comptroller's office) 7. Koku-sai Riyo. (Public debt office.) 8. Ki-roku Riyo. (Registrar's office.) OFFICERS. 1. Kiyo (Minister), always a Sanghi (Councillor of State). 2. One Tayu and one Sh6yu (First and Second ViceMinisters). 3. Dai-jo and Sho-jO (Secretaries). 4. Roku (Clerks. Each of the above-named eight sub-departments contain the same officials, as stated in respect to those of the Home Department. RIKU GUN SHO. (War Department.) This department has the general control of affairs concerning the army, and the direction of the six military stations. Five officers, or bureaus, and three sub-departments are under it: OFFICERS. 1. Kiyo (Minister). 2. One Tayu and one Shoyu (First and Second Vice-Minister). 3. Dai-jo and Sho-jo (Secretary). MINISTER'S PRIVATE CABINET. Bou Cho, Tai Sa, Chief of the Staff, 1 Colonel. San Bou, Chiu Sa, Staff Officer, 1 Lieutenant Colonel. Den Rei Shi, Shou Sa, Orderly Officers, I Major. 15 Hou Hei-Shou Sa 1 Do. of Artillery. Den Rei I kwan, Tai 1 Captain of Infantry. Ki Hei Tai 1 Do. of Cavalry. Kou Hei, Do. I Do. of Engineer. THE IST BUREAU has charge of the general military correspondence. THE 2D " has charge, of affairs concerning Infantry and Cavalry. THE 3D C" " " affairs concerning Artillery. THE 4TH " " " affairs concerning the Corps of Engineers. THE 5TH " " " affairs concerning the Commissariat. GENERAL OFFICERS. 1. Tai-sho, General. 2. Chu-jo, Lieutenant-General. 3. Sho-sho, Brigadier-General. FIELD OFFICERS. 1. Tai-sa, Colonel. 2. Chu-sa, Lieutenant-Colonel. 3. Sho-sa, Major. BREVET OFFICERS. 1. Tai-i, Captain. 2. Chu-i, Lieutenant. 3. Sho-i, Sub-Lieutenant. SUB-DEPARTMENTS. A. Kwai-kei Bu, Accounts and Millitary Stores. 1. Kantoku-chio (Intendant-General). 2. Kantoku (Intendant-General). 3. Fuku Kantoku (Assistant-Intendant). 4. Kanto Ku-ho (Intendant of 2d Class). 1. Shu Kei (Accountant). 2. Shu Kei-fuku (Assistant-Accountant). 3. Gun-Ri (Store Keeper). 4. Gun-ri-fuku (Assistant-Keeper. B. Gun-I Bu, Medical Service. 1. Gun-I So-Kan (Chief Inspector-General). 2. Gun-I Kan (Inspector). 16 3. Gun-I no Kami (Principal Doctor). 4. Gun-I (Doctor of 1st Class). 5. Gun-I Fuku (Doctor of 2d Class). 6. Gun-I H6 (Doctor of 3d Class). 7. Yaku Zai Kan (Inspector-Chemist). 8. Yaku Zai-no-Kami (Principal Chemist). 9. Zai Kuwan (Chemist of 1st Class). 10. Zai Kuwan Fuku (Chemist of 2d Class). 11. Zai Kuwan H6 (Chemist of 3d Class). 0. Ba I Bu. Veterinary Department. 1. Ba-I Kan (Chief Veterinary Surgeon. 2. Ba-I (Veterinary Surgeon of 1st Class). 3. Ba-I fuku (Veterinary 2d Class). 4. Ba-I Ho (Veterinary 3d Class). RIKU-GUN SAIBANSHO. (Court Martial.) 1. Cho (Judge Advocate General). 2. Hioji (Judge Advocate). 3. Gon-Hioji (Assistant Judge Advocate). 4. Shuri (Referees). 5. Roku-ji (Clerks of Court). KAI GUN SHO. (Naval Department.) This department has the general control of affairs concerning the navy, do.ck-yards, arsenals, etc. It includes four sub-departments and four offices, besides the Marine Corps, Naval Court, and the Admiralty. OFFICERS. 1. Kiyo (Minister). 2. One Tayu and one ShOyu (First and Second Vice-Ministers. 3. Dai-jo and Sho-jo (Secretaries). SUB-DEPARTMENTS, OFFICES, ETC. 1. Hisho Kiyoku (Private Secretary's Office). a. Hisho-Kuwan (Chief Private Secretary). b. Gon-hisho-Kuwan (Assistant Private Secretary). c. Hisho (Private Secretary). d. Hisho Fuku (Assistant Private Secretary). 17 2. Gun-Mu-Kiyoku (Office for making regulations and registering). a. Hishokuwan (Chief Private Secretary). b. Gon-Hissho Kuwan (Assistant Private Secretary) c. Hisho (Private Secretary). d. Hisho Fuku (Assistant Private Secretary). Kuwai Kei Kiyoku (Office of Accountant). a. Shu Kei Dai Kan (Accountant General). b. Shukei Shokan (Deputy Accountant General). c. Shukei (Accountant). d. Shukei Fuku (Assistant Accountant). Heiki Kiyoku (Arsenal office; having charge of the manufacture and storage of all kinds of arms). a. Chio (Superintendent). b. Zoku-riyo (Under Superintendent). SHOKUWAN. (Flag officers.) Tai-sh6 (Admiral in chief). Chiu-jo (Vice-Admiral). Sho-sho (Rear-Admiral). Tai-sa (Captain). Sho-sa, } (First and Second Commanders). Tai-i (Staff Commander). Chiu-i (Lieutenant Commander). Sho-i (Lieutenant). SHU-SEN-RIYO. (Dock-yard.) a. Karmi (Director). b. Gon-no-kami (Vice-Director). c. Suke (First Assistant Director). d. Gon-no-Suke (Second Assistant). e. Sakuwan (Clerks). Kikuwan Dai-kan (Inspector of Machinery). Kikuwan Sho-kan (Chief Machinist). Kikuwan Shi (Machinists). Sho-shi (Director of Architecture). Shi (Instructors). Ko-6ch (Chief Carpenter). HEI GAKU RIYO. (Naval School.) Kami (Director). Gon-no-Kami (Vice-Director). 18 Suke (First Assistant Director). Gon-no-Suke (Second Assistant Director). Sakuwan (Clerks). Kiyo-ju (Teachers). Jo-Kiyo (Assistant Teachers). SUI-RO RIYO. (Hydrographic office.) Kami (Director). Gon-no-Kami (Vice-Director). Suke (First Assistant Director). Gon-no-Suke (Second Assistant Director). Sakuwan (Clerks). GUN-I-RIYO. (Medical Department.) Kami (Director). Gon-no-Kami (Vice-Director). Suke (First Assistant Director). Gon-no-Suke (Second Assistant Director). Sakuwan (Clerks). (Medical Staff.) Dai-I-Kan (Inspector General). Chiu-I-Kan (Chief Surgeon). Sho-I-Kan (Second Chief Surgeon). Gun-I (Surgeon). Gun-I-Fuku (Assistant Surgeon). SUI-H EI-HON-BU. (Marine Office.) (Omitted.) KAI GUN SAIBAN-SHO. (Naval Court.) Chio (President). Hioji (Councillor). Gon-hioji (Assistant Councillors). Shuri (Referees). Shoki (Clerks of Court). TEI TOKU FU. (Naval Stations' Office.) Tei-Toku (Admiral). Fuku-tei-toku (Vice-Admiral). Chi-koji (Harbor Master). Sakuwan (Clerks). 19 MIOM-BU-SHO (Department of Public Education). This department has the general control of all matters concerning public instruction. OFFICERS. 1. Kiyo (Minister). 2. One Tayu, and one Shoyu (1st and 2d Vice-Ministers). 3. Dai-jo and Sho-jo (Secretaries). 4. Roku (Clerks). (Board of Directors.) a. Dai Toku-Gaku (Director of 1st grade). b. Chu Toku-Gaku ( " of 2d ") c. Sho Toku-Gaku ( " of 3d ) These Directors superintend the studies of all universities, colleges and schools, establish and reform the rules and regulations thereof, and supervise the examinations of the students. d. Shi-Gaku (Inspectors). e. Shoki (Clerks). KIYO-BU-SHO (Department of Religion). This department has the general control of affairs concerning the different sects of religion. OFFICERs. 1. Kiyo (Minister). 2. One Tayu and one Shoyu (1st and 2d Vice-Ministers). 3. Daijo and Sho-jo (Secretaries). 4. Roku (Clerks). KO-BU-SHO (Department of Public Works). This department has the general control of the public works. It has seven sub-departments under it. 1. Ko-Zan Riyo (Mining Department). 2. Tetsu-Do Riyo (Railway Department). 3. To-Dai Riyo (Lighthouse Department). 4. Den-Shin Riyo (Telegraphic Department). 5. Sei-Saku Riyo (Building & Manufacturing Department). 6. Yei-Zen-Riyo (Repairing Department). 7. Kogaku-Riyo (Engineering School). OFFICERS. 1. Kiyo (Minister). 2. One Tayu and one Shoyu (1st and 2d Vice-Ministers). 3. Dai-jo and Sho-jo (Secretaries). 4. Roku (Clerks). 2 20 The officers of each of the seven above mentioned sub-departments are as follows: a. Kami (Director). b. Gon-no-Kami (Vice-Director). c. Suke (First Vice-Director). d. Gon-no-Suke (Second Vice-Director). e. Sakuwan (Clerks). SHI-HO-SHO (Judicial Department). The functions of this department are, to superintend the general administration of justice, to perfect the organization for public prosecution, etc. It has one sub-department under it. OFFICERS. 1. Kiyo (Minister), always a Sanghi (Councillor of State). 2. Tayu and So-yu (1st and 2d Vice-Ministers). 3. Dai-jo and Shojo (Secretaries). 4. Roku (Clerks). (Office of the Public Prosecutor.) a. Dai-Kenji (Public Prosecutor of the 1st degree). b. Gon-Dai-Kenji ( " " " 2d " ). c. Chiu-Kenji ( " " 3d " ). d. Gon-Chiu-Kenji( " " " 4th " ). e. Sho-Kenji ( " " " 5th ) f. Gon-Sh6-Kenji ( " " 6th" ). g. Kenji-Ho (These officers (Kenji-Ho) discharge their duties under the direction of the Kenji). KU-NAI-SHO (Department of the Imperial Household). This department has the general control of all affairs concerning the Imperial palaces, summer houses, gardens, and of the household of the Imperial princes. OFFICERS. 1. Kiyo (Minister). 2. One Tayu and one Shoyu (1st and 2d Vice-Ministers). 3. Dai-jo and Sho-jo (Secretaries). 4. Roku (Clerks). Officers attached to the person of the Sovereign. a. Ji-ju-cho (First Great Chamberlain). b. Ji-ju-ban-cho (Second Great Chamberlain). c. Ji-ju (Chamberlain). 21 d. Ji-ko (Preceptor to the Emperor). e. Ji-I (Physicians to the Emperor). f. Yaku-zai-kuwan (Officers in charge of the Imperial dispensary). g. Yaku-zai-Sei (Chemists to the Emperor). h. Ghiyo-Sha (Equerries of Emperor). i. Zas-sho (Out-runners). TAI-SHIN-IN. The Tai-Shin-In joins simultaneously the power of the French Court of Cassation together with that of the American Supreme Court. This Court is composed of1. One Cho (President). 2. Hanji (Judges). 3. Sakuwan (Clerks of Court). The Tai-Shin-In receives petitions of appeal, both in civil and criminal cases; it has the power to reverse any judgment given by any other court of justice; it has also authority to render null and void the effects of sentences pronounced by courts martial or naval courts, whenever the judges of these courts exceed their powers, and to order new sentences to be given by other judges. The Tai-Shin-In secures the uniform administration of laws in the different courts of justice. JO-TO-SAI-BAN-SHO (Court of Appeal). This court sits in the capital cities, and in some principal towns. It is composed as follows: 1. One Ch6 (President). 2. Hanji (Judges). 3. Hanji-h6 (Examining Magistrates). 4. Sakuwan (Clerks of Court). Sentences of capital punishment, though rendered by the Jo-ToSai-Bansho, must be further sanctioned by the Tai-Shin-In. This court receives petitions of appeal from the Fu and Ken Saibansho. FU-KEN SAIBANSHO (Fu or Ken Courts, or Provincial Courts) The Fu or Ken Saibansho have cognizance over all civil and criminal cases brought before them. In criminal cases sentences to imprisonment and hard labor for life must be sanctioned by the Court of Appeal before taking effect. 22 These courts are composed as follows: 1. Hanji-Cho (President). 2. Hangi (Judges). 3. Hanji-h6 (Examining Magistrates). 4. Sakuwan (Clerks of Court). KAI TAKU SHI. Department for the Colonization of the Hokkai-Do (Yesso). OFFICERS. 1. Chio Kuwan (President). 2. Ji-Kuwan (Vice-President). 3. Han-Kuwan (Secretaries). 4. Kan-ji (Head Clerk). 5. Shuten (Clerks). By the Imperial edict of March, 1875, bodies of farm soldiers were organized and stationed in " Hokkai-do (Yesso). By a decree issued about this time, the President of this Department was appointed " Riku Gun Chiu-jo " (lieutenant-general in the army), and certain officers were created chiefs of the different bodies of farm soldiers. A director of police and a certain number of policemen are nominated by this department for the maintenance of order in " Yesso." KEI-SHI-CHO (Metropolitan Police Office). This bureau is devoted to the preservation of peace and order, especially in the Fu of Tokio. It is composed of the following officers: 1. Dai-Kei-Shi, Chief Commissioner of Police. 2. Kon-dai-Kei-Shi, Second " " 3. Chiu-Kei-Shi, 1st Ass't " " 4. Gon-Chiu Itei-Shi, 2d " " " 5. Sho-Kei-Shi, 3d d' " 6 6. Gon-Sho Kei-Shi, 4th " s" " 7. Kei-bu, Commissary of Police. 8. Kei-bu-Ho, Assistant Commissary. ORGANIZATION OF THE FU AND KEN (Local Governments). Each Fu (city and its environs) is administered by the following officers: 1. Chiji, Governor. 2. Gon-Chiji, Vice-Governor. 23 3. Sanji, 1st Secretary. 4. Gon-Sanji, 2d " 5. Sakuwan, Clerks. Each Ken (chief towns) and the region pertaining thereto, by the following: 1. Rei, Prefect. 2. Gon-Rei, Sub-Prefect. 3. Sanji, 1st Secretary. 4. Gonsangi, 2d " 5. Sakuwan, Clerks. The Chiji are invested with the general administration of a Fu and the Rei with that of a Ken. They all act under the direction of the central government, and must preserve peace and tranquility in the different parts of the country which they control. They collect taxes and promote arts, sciences and education. In open ports these officers superintend trade. ORGANIZATION OF THE HAN (Dependent Principalities of the Riu-Kiu islands). The islands of Riu-Kiu are administered by the following officers: 1. Han-o, Ruler. The Han-6, who since the fifth year of Mei-ji (1872) was appointed by Imperial decree Itto Kuwan (officer of first rank), holds the general administrative power over the Riu-Kiu. 2. Dai-Sanji, 1st Secretary. 3. Gon-dai-Sanji, 2d " 4. Sho Sanji, 1st Assistant Secretary. 5. Gon Sho Sanji, 2d " " The duties of these officers are to advise arid to assist the Han-o of Riu-Kiu in administering the local affairs of the Han. GHI-IN (Deliberative Assembly of Local Officers). 1. Ghi Chio (President). 2. Ghi-Yen (Members). 3. Kanji Chio (Chief Managers). 4. Kanji (Managers). 5. Sho Ki Kuwan (Secretaries). 6. Sho Ki Sei (Clerks). 7. Shikei Chio (Chief Accountant). 8. Shi Kei (Accountant). 24 This assembly meets, as a rule, once a year; it is composed of the chief officers of all Fu and Ken. Kanji Cho represents the Ghi'Cho when this officer is absent. GEOGRAPHY. The Empire of Japan is situated in the N. W. part of the Pacific Ocean, and is composed of four large islands and of a great number of smaller ones. It lies between the longitude 16~ 48' East (corresponding to 1560 361 East of Greenwich), Island of Chijima, in the. Kuriles, and 16~ 55' West of Tokio, Island of Yona Kuni, in the Riu Kiu group, and the latitude 240 20t, Island of Hateruma, in the Riu Kiu group, and 510 North, Island of Chijima, in the Kuriles. It faces to the N. W. the Kingdom of Corea, and is separated from it by the Japan sea. To the N. E. the archipelago of Chijima (Kurile Islands) extends towards Kamtchatska At the S. W. the Riu Kiu Islands are situated opposite the Island of Formosa and China proper. Its whole length, extending from one end to the other of the empire, measures more than 500 Ris (about 1225 English miles), and its breadth varies from 30 to 60 Ris (about 73~ to 146 English miles). Its total area is 23,740 Square Ris. Chains of mountains extend from the Northeast to the Southwest: these are divided into several lines. The highest mountain, called Fuji, is 14,170 feet in altitude; its summit is covered with snow the greatest part of the year; it is situated in the province of Suruga. The principal other high mountains are as follows: Iwaki-Yama, in the province of Mutsu. Cho-kai-San, " " Ugo. Tsukuba-San, " " Hitachi. Asama-Yama, " " Shinano. Mitake. " " " Tate-Yama, " " Yechiu. Haku-San, " " Kaga. O-Mine, " " Yamato. Ishi dzuchi Yama, " Iyo. Un Sen Gatake, " " Hizen. Aso-Yama, " " Higo. Though well supplied with streams, the breadth of the country is too narrow to allow large rivers to be formed. 25 The three principal rivers are: The Tone-gawa, taking its source in the province of Kodzuke. The Shinano-gawa, taking its source in the province of Shinano. And the Kiso-gawa, taking also its source in the province of Shinano. The other large ones are: Mogami-gawa. Abukuma-gawa, Kita Kami-gawa, Tenriu-gawa, Fuji-Kawa, Oi-gawa, Yodo-gawa, Go-gawa, Yoshino-gawa, and Chicugo-gawa. The largest lake of Japan is that of " Biwa," in the province of Omi. It has a circumference of 73 Ris 31 Chos (about 180 English miles). Many steamers ply upon it. The climate of Japan is temperate, with the exception of the extreme northern provinces, where intense cold prevails and where snow is abundant; and the extreme southern provinces, whose climate is very warm. STATISTICS. According to the last census, made in 1874, the total population of the Empire amounts to 33,300,675 souls, of whom 16,891,729 are men and 16,408,946 women. Of men 4,754,931 are under 14 years of age, 2,029,520 above 15, 5,001,301 above 21, 3,631,290 above 40, 1,401,550 above 60, 71,184 above 80; of 768 the age could not be proved, and of the inhabitants of Kurile Islands the age of 1,155 is unknown. Of the women 4,630,041 are under 14 years 6,623,900 are above 15, 5,041,972 above 40, 110,870 above 80, and of 2,163 the age could not be ascertained. The people are living in 7,101,330 houses. TERRITORIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION. The whole country is divided into nine large districts, called Do (roads), which are subdivided into eighty-five provinces, in which three Fus (cities of which two are capitals) and fifty-nine Kens (chief towns) have been designated. Each Fu (city and its environs) is administered by a Chiji (governor). Each of the fifty-nine Kens (chief towns and the region pertaining thereto) is administered by a Rei (prefect). The Hokkaido district (Yesso and the Kurile group) are administered by a special department called the Kai-taku-shi, elsewhere described. The islands of Riu Kiu constitute a Han, or department principality, which is administered by a Han-o, as elsewhere described. 26 The country is also divided into six military stations. The nine DJ, or large districts, include the following provinces: 1ST DISTRICT (Kinai). 1. Yamashiro. 4. Idzumi. 2. Yamato. 5. Settsu. 3. Kawachi. 2D DISTRICT (Tokaid)). 1. Iga. 8. Kai. 2. Ise. 9. Idzu. 3. Shima. 10. Sagami. 4. Owari. 11. Musashi. 5. Mikawa. 12. Awa. 6. Totomi. 13. Shimosa, 7. Suruga. 14. Hitachi. 3D DISTRICT (Tosan-D3). 1. Omi. 8. Iwashiro. 2. Mino. 1 9. Rikuzen. 3. Hida. 10. Rikuchiu. 4. Shinano. 11. Mutsu. 5. Kodsuke. i 12. Uzen. 6. Shimodzuke. 13. Ugo. 7. Iwaki. 4TH DISTRICT ( okuroku-D)). 1. Wakasa. 5. Yecliu. 2. Yechizen. 6. Yechigo. 3. Kaga. 7. Sado. 4. Noto. 5TH DISTRICT (Sci-in D)). 1. Tamba. 5. Hoki. 2. Tango. 6. Idzumo. 3. Tajima. 7. Iwami. 4. Inaba. 8. Oki. 6TH DISTRICT (San-yo D).) 1. Harima. 5. Bingo. 2. Mimasaka. 6. Aki. 3. Bizen. 7. Suwo. 4. Bichiu. 8. Nagato. 27 7TH DISTRICT (3an-Kcai-Do). 1. Kii. 4. Sanuki. 2. Awaji. 5. Iyo. 3. Awa. 6. Tosa. 8TH DISTRICT (Sai-Kai-D)). 1. Chikuzen. 7. Hiuga. 2. Chikugo. 8. Osumi. 3. Buzen. 9. Satsuna. 4. Bungo. 10. Iki. 5. Hizen. 11. Tsushima. 6. Higo. 12. Riu-Kiu. 9TH DISTRICT (Hok-Kai-D.), Yesso and Kurile Islands). 1. Oshima. I 7. Hidaka. 2. Shiribeshi. 8. Tokashi. 3. Ishigari. 9 Kushiro. 4. Teshio. 10. Nemoro. 5. Kitami. 11. Chijima, KurileGi 6. lburi. The Two CAPITALS are 1. Tokio. I 2. Kiyoto. The THREE Fus (Cities). 1. Tokio.! 3. Osaka. 2. Kiyoto. The FIFTY-NINE KENS (Chief Towns) are:\ 1. Kanagawa. 12. Sakai. 2. Hiogo. 13. Miye. 3. Nagasaki. 14. Watarai. 4. Niigata. 15. Aichi. 5. Saitama. 16. Hamamatsu. 6. Kurnagai. 17. Shidsuoka. 7. Ashigara. 18. Yamanashi. 8. Chiba. 19. Shiga. 9. Ibaraki. 20. Ghifu. 10. Tochighi. 21. Chikuma. 11. Nara. 22. Nagano. 28 23 Miyaghi. 42. Shikama. 24. Fukushima. 43. Hokujio. 25. Iwamaye 44. Okayama. 26. Wakamatsu. 45. Hiroshima. 27. Iwai. 46. Yama-guchi. 28. Iwade. 47. Wakayama. 29. Awomori. 48. iMiot5. 30. Yamagata. 49. Kagawa. 31. Oitama. 50. Yehime. 32. Tsusugaoka. 51. Kochi. 33. Akita. 52. Fukuoka. 34. Tsuruga. 53. Mitsuma. 35. Ishikawa. 54. Kokura.'3 (. Niikawa. 55. Oita. 37. Aikawa. 56. Saga. 38. Toyo-oka. 57. Shirakawa. 39. Tottori. 58. Miyasaki. 40. Shimane. 59. Kagoshima. 41. Hamada. The head-quarters of the six military stations have been established in the following places: 1st station in Tokio. 2d " Osaka. 3d'" Sendai, in the province of Rikuzen. 4th " Nagoya, in the province of Owari. 5th " Hiroshima, in the province of Aki. 8th " Kumamoto, in the province of Higo. TOKIO. Tokio (Yeddo), the capital of Japan, and the seat of the government of the Empire, is situated in the province of Musashi, at the head of the great bay, known to foreigners as " Yeddo Bay," and at the mouth of the river Sumida, in lat. 350 40' North and long. 1390 47' East of Greenwich. This city, formerly the residence of the Shogun, when the Tokugawa family held the ruling power, has a very large area, and is situated in the middle of the Empire. The population is 595,905 inhabitants. Its commerce is greatly facilitated by the navigation of the river Sumida, which, flowing from the N. E. to the S.W., intersects Tokio 29 nearly in the middle, and also by its connections with many canals and by a line of railway, going to the port of Yokohama. These great advantages have made of Tokio the largest emporium for the commerce of Japan In the year 1868, when this city was made the capital of the Empire and the place of residence of the Emperor, its former name of Yeddo was changed in that of Tokio, which means the " Eastern Capital," in opposition to Kiyoto, the "Western Capital." The public buildings are numerous; the principals are: The Dai-jo Kuwan (Central Government Office), the Genro~in (house of the Deliberative Assembly), the Tai-shin-in (the Supreme Court of Justice). It possesses also many barracks, colleges and schools, besides all the public offices, the Metropolitan Police office, Telegraph offices, Hospitals, etc., etc. Streets, bridges and the river-banks are kept in fine order. The railroad communicates with Yokohama. The Telegraph extends to nearly all parts of the Empire and thence to Europe and America. Being open to foreign trade, a settlement has been allotted in the south-east part of the city for the residence of foreign merchants. There are also foreign legations and consulates, many Shinto and Buddhist temples, parks, and public gardens. KIYOTO. Kiyoto, (Capital of the West), in the province of Yama-shiro, situated in lat. 350 1' North and long. 40 2' West of Tokio (135~ 45' East of Greenwich) at 131 ris 35 chos from Tokio (about 321 Eng. miles). Population 238,663 inhabitants. This city, built by the Emperor Kuwammu Tenno, in the 13th year of Yen-Riyaku (A. C. 794), was, until the year 1868, the residence of the Emperor of Japan. Kiyoto is located in a beautiful valley, surrounded by hills; although not of a very extensive area, the houses are well built and of neat appearance; the streets intersect each other at right angles, and are kept remarkably clean. The river " Kamo," which flows through the eastern part of the town, is crossed by numerous large bridges. This city is divided into two parts, the upper and the lower; the former being called " Kami-Kiyo " and the latter " Shimo-Kiyo." Kiyoto is celebrated for its old ruins, ancient monuments and temples, and for its picturesque landscapes. The principal products are silks and brocades. 30 OSAKA. Osaka is a large city, situated in the province of Settsu, lat. 34~ 41' North, long. 40 16' West of Tokio (135~ 30' East of Greenwich), and only 13 Ris about 32 Eng. miles distant from Kiyoto. Osaka is divided into four quarters. Population 271,992. Lying on the banks of the river " Yodo," and connected with it by many canals, which are crossed by numerous bridges, Osaka is bounded by the sea on the south-west side. The foreign settlement has been selected in the western part of the town, called Matsushima. Osaka is the great centre of commerce of the southern and western parts of Japan, and the importance of its situation has made it the residence of many of the most wealthy merchants of the country. Besides a line of steamers, running between this city and Kiyoto, Osaka is also connected with the'i Western Capital," and Kobe by a line of railway. The principal buildings are: the Mint, the Railway depot, the Provincial court, etc. OPEN PORTS. The ports open to foreign commerce are as follows: 1. Yokohama, in the province of Musashi, openedin the year 1858. 2. Osaka, in the province of Settsu, opened in the year 1868. 3. Kobe, in the province of Settsu, opened in the year 1868. 4. Nagasaki, in the province of Hizen, opened in the year 1858. 5. Niigata, in the province of Yechigo, opened in the year 1868. 6. Hakodate, in the island of Yesso (Hokkai D5), opened in the year 1858. UOKKAI DO. The Hokkai D3, formerly called Yesso, is an island situated immediately north of Nippon, and separated from it by the strait of Tsugaru. Its greatest length from north to south is 120 Ris (about 294 English miles), and its greatest breadth 160 Ris (about 392 English miles). The soil is fertile only in some parts, while others are incapable of cultivation. It contains many volcanoes, some of which are still in full activity. The highest mountain is known as Shiri-beshi, and the largest river is called Ishikari-Kawa. 31 The whole island is divided into 11 provinces, and is administered by the Kaitakushi Department, whose principal office is at Sapporo, in the province of Ishikari. Three branch offices are stationed respectively at Hakodate, at Nemuro in the province of Nemuro, and at Ruru-Motsupe, in the province of Teshio. Telegraphic communication extends as far as Otaru, in the province of Shiribeshi. On the southwestern coast the population, consisting chiefly of colonists from the central and the southern islands, is actively employed in clearing and developing waste lands. The aboriginal natives of Yesso generallylive in the mountain regions and upon the northern sea coasts. Their language and customs are different from those of the interior, and although uncultivated they are all orderly and gentle in habits, and diligently occupy themselves in hunting and fishing. Chishima is the name of a chain of islands known to foreigners as the Kuriles, lying to the northeast of Hokkai D3, extending from the latitude 440 to 51~ north, and facing Kamtchatska. The largest of these islands are called Kunashiri, Yetorof and Urup. In the 8th year of Mei-ji (1875) these islands became a part of the Japanese Empire, in exchange for a portion of the Karafuto (Saghalien), which was ceded to Russia. RIU-KIU ISLANDS. The Riu-Kiu Islands are situated to the south-west of Satsuma, at a distance of 130 Ris (about 320 English miles). The principal island is Okinawa, which is in length about 24 Ris (about 58 English miles), and in breadth from 4 to 10 Ris (between 10 and 24 English miles). Thirty-six smaller islands complete the group. The whole region of the Riu-Kiu is divided into three districts namely, Kuni-kami, Naka-gami and Shima-jiri. Shihori is the capital of the islands. The climate is very warm, consequently there is no snow or ice in the severest winter. Anciently the country was governed under the feudal system. The power was exercised by "Anses," whose sway resembled that of feudal princes. The country was weak, and the people feeble and unfit for active service. The people are generally well disposed, and are devoted to 32 such literary pursuits as come within their understanding. The language they use is the same as that of Japan proper. There is nothing specially distinctive in their dress, excepting that they wear their robes looser than the people of the interior, and that their hair is peculiarly arranged, and is decorated with metallic pins. In the third year of Bunji, (1187) the chief of a powerful clan, named Ura-soye An-se Shuntenno, son of Tametomo (whose nephew, Yoritomo, was the first of the Shoguns, in about the year 1185), was called upon to quell a dangerous insurrection, and having tranquilized the country; was nominated the supreme ruler. In the year 1609 the Satsuma clan conquered Riu-kiu, by order of the Tokugawa Sh5gun of that time, and since then the government has acknowledged itself tributary to Japan. By an imperial decree of the fifth year of Mei-ji (1872) the title of i"Han" was given to the Riu-kiu, and the present ruler, Shotai,'was created Itto Kuwan (Officer of the first rank) of the Empire and has a residence prepared and given to him by the government in the city of Tokio; a certain number of officers have also been sent to reside in Riu-kiu as local administrative officers. OUTLINES OF JAPANESE HISTORY. Our knowledge of the very earliest periods of Japanese history is very uncertain, up to the time of Ninigino Mikoto, who fixed his residence at the imperial city of Hiuga. His greatgrandson, Jimmu Tenno, left Hiuga and organized an expedition into the eastern regions. He also tranquilized the central districts. On entering the district of Yamato, he determined to make Kashi-wara the capital of his dominions and live there. From that date, the first year of the Japanese era (660 B. C.), the imperial line has continued unbroken up to the present time. Many Emperors having changed their residences, there are about 30 places in the province of Yamato and some places in Omi, Settsu or Kawachi. In the year 573 (88 B. C.) Sujin Tenno despatched four generals to various turbulent districts and thoroughly subdued them. Toyokiirihiko, his son, was appointed to the government of the eastern provinces. In 741 (82 A. C.), Keiko Tenno, the twelfth Emperor, conquered the rebels of the western provinces in person. Afterwards he sent his son, amato-takeno-mikoto, to put down insurrection, both in the west and in the east; and the Empire became perfectly tranquil. In the year 795 (135 A. C.), the thirteenth Emperor, SeimuTenno, divided the empire into provinces, districts, cities, towns, and so forth, bounded by mountain chains and river streams. The fifteenth Emperor, Ojin Tenno, the son of Chiuai Tenno, who died before his son's birth, was aided in the government of the empire by the Empress dowager, Jingo-kogo. The last named conquered Corea in the year 860 (200 after J. C.), made of it a Japanese colony and forced it to pay tribute to Japan. In 898 (238 after J. C.), or in the third year of Kiu-tsu, according to the Chinese calendar, a mission was sent from Japan to China, when Min-ti, of the Oi dynasty, was King of the latter country; and in the following year Minti sent a mission to Japan in turn. In the year 946 (285 after J. C.), a Corean subject named Wani, came to Japan and brought with him a book called Rongo, a part of Chinese classics. (33) 34 The sixteenth Emperor, Nintoku Tenno, was a good and benevolent man, and paid special attention to the administration of the governmental affairs of the Empire. He was very charitable to the poorer classes of people and was himself economical in his tastes and habits' For three years he excused his subjects from all taxation, so that they became greatly enriched. Also, during his reign, there was no such thing as a criminal trial. For all these things, he was called "the Sage Emperor." Richiu Tenno, the seventeenth Emperor, sent skilled annalists into all the different provinces to collect the legends of the people and compile records. In the year 1212 (552 after J. C.) during the reign of Kim-mei Tenno, a Buddhist idol and several religious books of Buddha were brought to Japan. In the reign of the thirtieth Emperor, Bitatsu Tenno, a great struggle took place between Sogano Umako, who was devoted to the doctrine of Buddha, and Mono-nobe-no-Moriya, who was bitterly opposed to it. The latter was overthrown and killed, after which Buddhism was gradually introduced into the country. Suiko-Tenno, thirty-third emperor, instituted the twelve degrees of rank. In the year 1266 (606 after J. C.), he sent Ono-no-Imoko on a mission to China, while an Emperor of the Zui dynasty sat on the throne of that country. In the year 1305 (645 after J. C.), when Kotoku Tenno ascended the throne, he established the custom of attaching a special name to a certain period of years, and gave the name of Dai-Kwa to the first years of his reign. We have up to the present time 228 periods including the present period of Meiji. He also established fixed boundaries to the different provinces, placed them under the imperial jurisdiction, and appointed governors to rule over them. Besides this he built postal stations, erected barracks for the soldiers, enrolled an army for the defense of the Empire, organized various departments of governments, regulated the payment of pensions, the grades of rank and the boundaries of the dominions of the hereditary nobles, framed funeral rites, and founded a code of morality. Tendji Tenno, the thirty-eighth Emperor, increased the grades of' rank to the number of twenty-six. He made the registration of the people compulsory and instituted a regular court etiquette. A clepsydra was placed in the court which he had invented himself before ascending the throne. During his reign, water wheels were invented, 35 iron-ware manufactured for the first time, schools founded, and governmental statutes devised. This is the emperor who is distinguished as being the one who had the most prosperous reign of the middle ages. In the reigns of the fortieth Emperor, Tenmu Tenno, and the fortysecond Emperor Bumbu-Tenno, the laws, both political and social, underwent great improvements. A regular way of dressing the hair of both sexes also came into use in the reign of Tenmu Tenno. The forty-first Empress, Jito Tenno, introduced the Chinese calendar into Japan. She also issued a proclamation throughout all the provinces that one fourth of the male population should be enrolled in the army and properly drilled. In 1454 (794 after J. C.) in the reign of Kwan-mu Tenno, the capital was moved from Yamato; and the city called Hei-an-Jio was fixed upon for the imperial residence. This is the city now known as Kiyoto. The fifty-sixth Emperor, Seiwa Tenno, created the office of Setsushio (Prime minister) and the fifty-ninth Emperor, Uda Tenno, that of Kwanbaku (same as Setsushio). This latter office became hereditary in the Fujiwara family, who grew so powerful that the influence of the Imperial family gradually declined. Daigo Tenno, the sixtieth, and Murakami Tenno, the sixty-second Emperor, both actually administered public affairs themselves, so that the empire became exceedingly peaceful and prosperous. They are greatly extolled, therefore, by the historians of the present day. Go-Sanjio Tenno, the seventy-first Emperor, opened a recording office, fixed the price of all articles of merchandise, and regulated the capacity of measures. He suppressed the influence of the Fujiwara family, and the imperial power again flourished. In 1820 (1160 after J. C.), during the reign of Nijio Tenno, the seventy-eighth Emperor, Taira-no-Kiyomori and Minamoto-noYoshitomo, the representatives of the two famous military families, Taira and Minamoto, engaged at battle at Kiyoto. The former, being victorious, made himself Daijio-Daijin, (Prime minister) and took the administration of the government into his own hands. In 1840 (1180 after J. C.), during the reign of the eighty-first Emperor, Antoku Tenno, Yoritomo, the son of Yoshitomo, raised an army in the province of Idzu to attack the Heishi (Taira family), Many others of the Genji (Minamoto family) in the different provinces also raised armies in connection with Yoritomo. About this time Kiyomori died; and his son, Munemori, with his family, seized upon the Emperor and escaped to Tsukushi. Gotoba Tenno then ascended the throne at Kiyoto. After overthrowing the Heishi, Yoritomo was promoted to the office of Shokoku S6tsui-hoshi (General-in-chief). He made his followers governors or rulers over the different provinces. Moreover, he established a military metropolis at Kamakura and held the political power of the empire in his hands. Finally, he was appointed Sei-i-Dai-Shogun, and all affairs of' war were governed by the military classes. Thus originated the feudal system and the decline of the influence of the Imperial court. On the death of Yoritomo and his sons, Yori-iye and Sanetomo, who had succeeded him, the family of Genji became extinct; and the Hojio family, dependents of the Genji, invited the princes and sons of the nobility from Kiyoto to Kamakura and made them Shogun. This family held the reins of government until the ninth generation. In the reign of Go-uda Tenno, the ninety-first emperor, 1941 (1281 after J. C.), when Hojio Tokimune was at the head of affairs, an immense army came from Gen (China and Mongolia) to invade the empire. But the Japanese fought bravely, and at the same time a violent hurricane took place and capsized all of the enemy's vessels, so that only three persons out of one hundred thousand escaped to their homes. In the year 1991 (1331 after J. C.) Go-daigo Tenno, the ninetysixth emperor, proposed to slay all the Hojio family, as he was exasperated at the widely extended influence they had acquired. On this scheme leaking out, Hojio Takttoki attacked Kiyoto, and forced the emperor to retreat to Kasagi, where he called upon KusunokiMasashige to fight against the enemy. Masashige accordingly raised an army at Akasaka, and fortified himself at Kongosan. Takatoki placed Kogen Tenno upon the throne, and removed Go-daigo Tenno to Oki. In the following year, however, Nitta-Yoshisata and AshikagaTaka-uji raised large bodies of troops, and in conjunction with Masashige, attacked Takatoki and slew him. With his death the family of Hojio became extinct. On the return of Go-daigo Tenno to Kiyoto, Kogen Tenno was dethroned. This event is celebrated in Japan as the restoration of imperial influence. Soon after this the treasonable Taka-uji made himself Sei-i-DaiShogun (general-in-chief), and took possession of Kiyoto by force. He then placed Komei Tenno, the younger brother of Kogen Tenno, upon the throne, Go-daigo Tenno being obliged to leave Kioto for Yoshino, which is generally called Nancho (Southern dominions), in the same way that Kioto is called Hokucho (Northern dominions). 37 From this time the family of Ashikaga resided at Kiyoto, and inherited the office of Shogun. all the affairs of government being administered by them. Go-daigo Tenno and his grandson, Go-ka-meyama Tenno, reigned in Yoshino for fifty-seven years. In the eleventh year of the reign of Gokomatsu Tenno, of the Northern dominions, the two branches of the imperial family declared peace, and Go-kameyama returned to Kiyoto, where the ceremony of yielding (by him) and succeeding to the throne (by Gokomatsu Tenno) took place. The imperial line now became united; but still the controlling power of the empire remained in the hands of the Ashikaga family. In the year 2202 (1542 after J. C.), when Go-na-ra, the one hundred and fourth emperor, sat on the throne, and Ashikaga Yoshiharu was Shogun, a Portuguese named Pinto arrived in Japan; and in the following year lhe sent merchant vessels to Nagasaki and other ports of the coast of Kiushiu for purposes of trade. In the year 2233 (157.3 after J. C.), in the reign of Ogimachi Tenno, the Ashikaga family became extinct by the death of the thirteenth Shogun of that time. Oda-Nobunaga took the place of the Ashikaga, and controlled the affairs of the empire, taking up his residence in the imperial province. He was then promoted to the office of Udaijin. About this tine several heroes appeared, and conflicts without end took place between them. Nobunaga had a great desire to conquer and subdue them, and was just on the point of obtaining the victory when lhe was killed by one of his commanders, Akechi Mitsuhide. Another of his commanders, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, a famous hero, at once slew Mitsuhide, and finally succeeded in restoring peace to the empire. He was then promoted to the office of Kwan-baku, and afterwards received the title of Taiko. In the year 2252 (1592 after J. C.) he invaded Corea, destroyed its capital, and took its prince prisoner. The Ming dynasty of China sent reinforcements to Corea, but they were badly defeated. The Chinese emperor then sued for peace, but it was refused; and again his forces were beaten in Corea.. At length Hideyoshi died from sickness, and consequently the army disbanded, and its commanders recalled from Corea. Tokugawa Iyeyasu and some others obeyed Hideyoshi's last request, and also aided his son, Hideyori, to administer the political affairs of the empire. In the year 2263 (1603 after J. C.), when the one hundred and sixth emperor, Go-Yosei Tenno, was reigning, Iyeyasu was appointed 38 Dai-Shogun, and he erected a castle in Yeddo, and established the government there. The office of Shogun remained in the Tokugawa family up to the fifteenth generation. In the year 2269 (1609 after J. C.), when Tokugawa Hidetada was Shogan, a Dutch vessel came to Japan for the purpose of trading. An English vessel also arrived about the same time. At this time the Catholic religion, introduced by the Portuguese, had spread rapidly among the people, and under instigation they revolted against the government. In the year 2299 (1639 after J. C.), during the reign of Miosho Tenno, the one hundred and eighth emperor, the Shogun, Tokugawa Iyemitsu issued a proclamation strictly forbidding all foreign vessels, excepting those of Holland and China, to come to Japan. In the year 2518 (1858 after J. C.) a treaty was concluded with the United States of America. and afterwards other treaties were made with various European nations. In the reign of the one hundred and twenty-first emperor, who is now reigning, Tokugawa Yoshihisa, the Shogun, gave up the controlling power of the government, and the emperor took the administration of affairs into his own hands. Old customs which had lasted for seven hundred years, that is to say, from the time of Minamotono Yoritomo, were cast aside in one day; the name of Yeddo was changed to Tokio, and his majesty took up his residence in that city; the feudal system was abolished; the monarchial form of government was instituted, and the Japanese almanac was altered from the lunar to the solar system. Many European and American arts and sciences have been introduced, and the sovereign and his people are united as one family in the promotion of progress and reform. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE FOR THE YEALR 1873. REVENUE. Land Taxes, - - - $63,352,8]6 Duties of import and export, - 1,666,359 Excises, 2,645,486 Miscellaneous receipts, - -- 13,887,573 Total, $81,552,294 39 EXPENDITURE. Governmental Departments, - - - $11,906,554 Ministry of War, - - - - 8,135,522 " of Marine, - - - 1,880,754 Local Governments, - - - - 16,685,745 Public Works,.- 547,062 Indemnity and Pension for the Kazoku and Shizoku (members of the Feudal System abolished), - 12,400,750 Public Debt, - - - - - - 4,087,463 Miscellaneous Expenses, - 24,237,970 T'otal, $79,881,829 RECAPITULATION. Revenue, $81,552,294 Expenditure, 7 - - - 9,881,820 Surplus, $1,670,474 FOREIGN COMMIIERCE AND TRADE. A. —TOTAL VALUE OF EXPORTS AND IMPORTS IN JAPANESE YENS, 1 YEN=$1.06. 1873. 1874. 1875. Total Exports, 21,217,481-79 18,367,259'49 18,611,103-11 Total Imports, 29,105,057-96 22,841,166-93 29,380,297-25 Excess of Imports, 7,887,576 17 4,473,907-44 10,769,194-14 13.-VALUE OF COMMERCE WITH THE VARIOUS FOREIGN COUNTRIES IN THE SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30th, 1875. Value of Exports for Value of Imports from Great Britain and Possessions, 1,426,05267 8,736,949-05 Spanish Possessions, 1,323-92 3,556-92 Germany, 11,079-91 511,472-38 France, 1,236,288-06 2,249,297'72 China, 1,311,723 09 2,744,568'57 Holland, 5,245-00 14,298-01 Italy, 108,172-86 11,138-61 Russia, 28,753-20 822-86 United States of America, 2,354,039-92 695,786-95 Austria, 7,742'70 Switzerland, 30-30 36,050-53 All other Countries, 24,017-76 43,056-54 C.-TABLE, OF THE PRINCIPAL EXPORTS, INCLUDING ALL THOSE EXCEEDING A VALUE OF 50,000 YENS PER ANNUM. l86S. It69. VS70. 1.71. _ ^ 4 7-. 1 73. 1S74. VALUE VALUE VALUE VAIrUE VALUE VALUE VALUE DESCRIPTION OF D d A Declared. Declare. Declared. QA Declared Declared. QUA eclared. Goons.AN QUN- QUA__ __ ___QUA___ - __ QUAN- -____ TITY. TITY. d TITY cold TiITY ol r TI TY.TIYTTY TITY. G-ld^ ^Gold TIT. GGoldold 1 T! TY.old ] o Gold T Gold Yen, ~Yen. Yen. Yenj e.e.Yn en,_ _ __________ _______ ^Zl ^ _______ Yen. ^ _____ ^ ^. ^1 ___ _l~en__ ____ __ Y..en~i~j __ en.7^ ___ Yen. Silk. raw. Catties. 1279243 6788800 25 726045 442538995 683362 443289029 1323434' 7309194 75 895499 5920523722 1202132 7202421 099 679193. 530203856 Silk, Noshi. Cat. 76681 5608755 93666 7660039 74937 7418769.1511101 119691'02 217838 205926551 1354351 117737 33' 96602. 8524406 Silk, Taina. Cat. 86936 15259669 625 1250.. 3016 8627331 5992 1513121 15706 3213806. 55 14140 Silk and Cocoons, waste. Catties. 169483 6462764 163651 41155 09 115482 3037906 248031 6177642 351230; 88011'46 27510 93813 821 383003 11282148 Cocoons,-pierced & I Il I I unpierced. Cat. 162817 6466231 188636 9614238 128480 69402 89 386859! 18364201 4448481 256139 59' 343421 245732,251 373292 24875179 Floss silk. Cat. 32718 -3941476 79159 10892278 102668 16243101 1482961 20525892! 112694) 16829280! 69402 169787855 77782 12123246 Silkworm eggs. Cartoons. 2082340 155118455 1418900 194737799 1406033 163818052; 1400027! 127245892 1287046' 224736548 1410809' 3063037!74 1335465 73157810 Tea. Catties. 10204149 176932628 9217031 165889028 12314002. 3619707 23 14066817 4186789 39114246708 4216587 26 13334016 46599971601 18829030 7253405'19 Copper, old, ores, bars, alloys, etc. Catties. 102666 1728064 599373 9581974 1235964 176521 25 5651984 75474951 8931422' 158543324 3349848! 890500 16' 39609771 67447830 Lead. Catties.........................'...... 5616291 28666 47 16221005 92319'07 222805! 10718 78 Zi c. C a ti s......C.....t.......1......5...'. 1.....!.1......i......1..50 01 44 6 7........... 1............... Coal. Catties. 26381479 78312 17244478401 641577642217633 11628884 42794255 10067220 55217503: 192217 80222107849 641549 142275679601 55575601 Sea weed, cut and I II uncut. Catties. 3932511 10447433142664811 45270178 13148939 43669049 17187297 66311533 16938286; 41435638 27840332 53714833 21164076! 297815 29 Tobacco, cut and l' 7054 uncut. Catties. 203818 1092685 430860 2167652 641790 34260 1263640 88323 45 3498885 24660814 26457391 27938705 2946435 27406547 Curios. Catties........... 36438 45........1 59421 26... 68299 20................... Pottery and Por-I'lI celain. Catties............................j..................1..........1........ 20422 26.45531 02.116480 96......... 108675 02 Lacquered ware.' i. i. 9. Catties............ 5390995.. 8802872.. 1594400... 22320064 Cuttle fish, dried....' HI attles. 608039 12058799 797450 12935605 1113272; 14963444 1039803 18936704 1772212' 2781917801 16:35860 28202971 26507161 38373718 Beche de mier.Cat. 118939 3998579 2742451 3904623 2694661 10260375 248226 84492471 336884 144079 64 483947; 232265179' 521683 18850656 Awabi (Seaeau! 1' I r' l Catties. 132776 4213915 322244 8314509 345070 9605753 445579! 11597850 390909 9324217 5645781 14460221; 741203 190050 60 Shell fishes. Cat. 38617 651496 40801 204!.. 69725 - 722017 1112931 24075'70 380755' 5438378 44075' 66631101 294289 2218354 Vegetable wax. l I (attics. 1367816 30556111 502035 6042420 448661' 8984804 9325031 18307325 1790962 27351996 2540187 429840351 1881784 22654898 Mushrooms. Cat. 387907 11781106 358326 115844116 4465771 13469806 373654! 97025'84 519154' 10600492 519319 15393193 5254771 214105154 Ginseng. Catties. 69399 8739937 65752 31574'70 101773 57702 84 89247 65629 46 65292 9957251 74891 137864117; 141824 22108674 Camphor. Catties. 468154 7713849 689811~ 11123808 1560361 20381956 910938 107885332 650968 8854247 420471 68437471 1123584 15555023 Vegetable isin III1052 339 716 0903 634 glass. Catties. 247257 61995 78 2217611 5260861 272227 7668294 483636' 120554!28 333399 7816637 364286 1 38! 566384 134243112 Paper (infSr). Cat. 278117 4099091 200011 1064881 290373 1940668 178689 19931'08 278400' 5001882 235388 55791j67 257270; 39589,10 F a n s.___ _ P ie c e s.___.......___ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ - _ _ i.....__ I. __ _ _ _ _. i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Fans Pieces.1:r':L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7:. LI ___ ___ _______ 1381673! 9597703~~~~~~~~~~~,', "" I1031673 997 Fa s. P ec s............ _.......................... j........j........... I.. 1381673 j 90977 Total,........1159721863........'967817459-. 11737240 95. 16052386,80'. 1163501000 70.19957228 59.........117866492,28 (I Catty == 1' lbs. English.) 41 D.-NUMBER AND TONNAGE OF VESSELS, ENTERED AND _____ CLEARED, 1874. CLEARED. Yokolhanma Kobe. 0.-ala. Nagasaki. Hlakodate. Niigata. NA No. Tons. No Tois.INo. Tons. i No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. American 94 233508 95 1747541 4 23161 97 166114 11 18865 1 1914 British 91323 33 27861........ 74 34675 8 3133 4 1766[ French p 25 25178................................................. German G 9 6924 3 2408.......... 4 3700 3 2121......... Russian 2 6 8406 5 2368... 5 3514 2 946......... Danish J 2 6741............... 6 2022 1 337......... i I'i I I American 17 6822................... 091 7 967......... British 60 32100 40 29884! 5 4321 75 22679 6 1591......... 1 1 French I 1 1164 2 567K1.... 6 6327...................!,.......... German I 21 6371 17 4896,... 28 7513 9 4719......... Russian 1l 2o5.......................................... Ie n~... —....... Swedish 1 163..................... Swiss............ 1 280,.............. Danish J 1 3141.I ~ 11301 2'25[I Danish, l~~~ 314..........!.......... 4 1130 2 70...... 1 Total. 310 412972 195 242738 9 66371 282 251045 49 33049 5 3680; ENTERED. Yokohama Kobe. Osaka. Nagasaki. Hakodate. Niigata. NATIONALITY. No. Ton a. Ne. Toes. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tone. I No. Tons. American ~ 106 255714, 96 1753'69 4 2316 100 1748231 10 18614 1 1914 British 1, 85 93102 33 30679.......... 52 377241 9 3354 4 1766 French ~ 30 31494! -................................. French~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I / 0.......... i..... G-erman r 8 5532 3 2408......... 6 51141 2 1414..... ~: 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-..........'- i... Russian 6 8406 4 1960.......... 8 49671 2 946.......... Danish j'2 674.................... 5 1685' 1 337. Danish 337.......... American -) 29 10608!.................... 11 3867 7 942.......... British 77 44320 33 20579 4 3134 75 23438 7 2091.......... French ^ 4 3076 2 699..... 5 1663..' ~i ~~~....~........ Gernmaln' 30 87281 19 5276.........'27 6967 8 2502......... R ussian 2 347 1.......................................... Swedish 1 1 287..............[........................ il....:,......,....... Swedish t 8 Swiss 1 1631.................... 280.......... /.......... Danish 1 314.................... 6 1659 3 392.......... ______1_ ________ _____ ___ _ Total. 1382 462765 1190 2369701 8 54501 296 261587 49 30625 5 3680 42 E.-NUMBER AND TONNAGE OF SAILING VESSELS AND STEAM SHIPS, ENGAGED IN HOME TRADE IN 1873. Classification of Vessels. Vessels. Tons. Vessels on Japanese style, of front 8 tons to 383 tons, 22,670 Sailing Vessels on foreign style, 32 7, 346 Steamers (7,079 H.P.), 102 30,718 Total, 22,804 POST, TELEGRAPH, AND RAILROADS. POST. 1873. 1874. Letters, ordinary, 9 721.296 16,128,025 " registered, 114,742 268,577 Newspapers, 514,610 2,629,648 Books and Samples, 34,908 33,824 Letters, postage free, 96,242 178,109 " containing species, 66,505 95,235 Dead letters, 2,599 4,005 Total, 10,550,902 19,937,423 TELEGRAPHS. 1873. 1874. Length of lines opened or in construction (English miles), 1,755 3,516 Number of messages forwarded, 216,196 396,289 Total receipts in Japanese gold Yen, 50,777'7 114,560 RAILROADS. English miles. Length of Lines opened, 37-99:" " in construction, 27-00 ARMY AND NAVY. ARMY. Imperial Body Guard, 3994 men. Garrisons: First headquarters, Tokio; second headquarters, Sendai; third headquarters, Nagoya; fourth headquarters, Osaka; fifth headquarters. Hiroshima; sixth headquarters, Kumamato; total, 37,812. NAVY. The navy consists of 20 vessels, manned by 3151 men.