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at   a; 








TERRA  MARIYE;
OR
THREADS OF MARYLAND COLONIAL HISTORY.
BY
EDWARD D.' NEILL,
ONE OF THIE SECRETARIES OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
]Tec fa,Zsi dicere, 7zec ver7a reti'cere.
PHILADELPHIA:
J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO.
i867.




Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by
ED~WARD D. NEILL,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for tile
District of Columbia.




TO
GEORGE PEABODY,
A native of the Massachusetts Colony;
Preferring the title of American Citizen, and
Friend of the London Poor,
To Heraldic Honors from a noble Queen;
Known as the princely patron of Literature in his native
land, especially in the
CITY OF BALTIMORE,
Where he passed many years of early manhood;
and as a patriot above sectional prejudice;
THIS LITTLE WORK
Is inscribed by a stranger,
Whose paternal ancestors dwelt in the
Colony of Maryland.
0-k:~








PREFACE.
LDMIXON, when he wrote the history of the
British Colonies in America, more than a
hundred and fifty years ago, complained that
he had failed to obtain the information sought, relative
to the Marvland Colony.
Chalmers, a Scotch lawyer in Baltimore City, returning to England after the revolutionary struggle
began, in his general colonial history, commenced at
the suggestion of Sir John Dalrymple, supplied to some
extent the deficiency.  Bozman, in the present century, has done valuable service in bringing to light old
records, but in condemnning the bigotry of an intolerant
age, himself, as is too often the case, becomes uncharitable.  McMahon, an able jurist, has presented, in
clear, concise language, a valuable historical view of
the Government of Maryland, and the only regret, after
reading it, is that the author did not publish another
volume, as was contemplated.  MeSherry, the last of
the historians of the State, adds much concerning the
revolutionary period and the present century, but views
subjects too much from a denominational stand-point.
1*              (v)




0vi                PREFACE.
When not employed in official duties at the Executive Mansion, it has been a recreation to visit the Capitol, and pushing by the jostling throng, constantly
shuffling over the marble tiles of the rotunda, to hasten
into the quiet alcoves of the noble library of Congress,
there to rummage the folios of Strafford, Winwood,
Kennett, IRushworth, Thurloe, and Journals of the
hIouse of Lords and Commons, the quarto volumes of
Fuller, Anthony Wood, and Hazard, also not the less
valuable because smaller, the Calendar of British State
Papers, the publications of the Camden Society, the
Somers and Force Historical Tracts, and numerous
other valuable works of reference.  As the result of
this turning over of pages, numberless as the leaves
of autumn, I have picked out a few threads of the
colonial history of Maryland which I had never seen
before, and as they were interesting to me, I have
thought they might please the public.  It affords me
pleasure to take this opportunity, to acknowledge the
courtesy I have received from the librarian and his
assistants in myn investigations.
E. 1. N.
A NACOSTAN RI)GE,
near Washington, D. C,
February 1, 1867.




CONTENTS,
CHAPTER FIRST.
George, First Lord Baltimore.
CHAPTER SECOND.
Cecilius, Second Lord Baltimore, and the Formative
Period of the Colony.
CHAPTER THIRD.
Difficulties with Virginians, and those arising from the
Civil War in England.
CHAPTER FOURTH.
The Advent of the Friends, and their Influence.
CHAPTER FIFTH.
Boundary Disputes.
( vii)




viii              (CN
CHAPTER SIXTH.
Revolution of I689, the Established Church, and Presbyterianism.
CHAPTER SEVENTH.
Society during the Eighteenth Century, and Causes which
led to Union with other Colonies in a Declaration of
Independence.
CHAPTER EIGHTH.
Brief Sketch of the Proprietaries.




TERRA MAARIE.
CHAPTER 1.
THE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE.
ORKI(SHIRE, three centurlies ago, was a
remote county, in the north of England,
and under favorable circumstances, a
six days' journey from London was necessary
to reach its wooded mountain slopes and barren moors. While the Cathedral of York was
then, as now, justly admired for its lofty tower,
and as the largest and finest in the whole kingdom, the hamlets were few; Leeds numbered
four or five thousand poor fullers and weavers,
and Sheffield was "a singularly miserable place,
containing about two thousand inhabitants, of
whom a third were half-starved and half-naked
beggars."1
1 lacaulay.
(9)




10                TERRA  lbiARiVP.
The  yeomanry, however, though  rude  and
coarse, were brave  and honest, and a few  ancient families scattered among them, were equal
in talents and culture with any in the country,
among whom  were the Fairfaxes,l 5Ventworths,2
and Calverts, all of whom  have remote descendants in the United States of America.
George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, was
1 William Fairfax, for a time Governor of the Bahamas, afterward held office under the Crown in New England, and here he
married his second wife at Salem, Massachusetts. Invited by
his relative, Lord Fairfax, to take charge of his estates, he
moved to the vicinity of Mount Vernon. He had two sons, of
whom the younger, the Rev. Bryan Fairfax, became the eighth
Lord Fairfax. The present representative, Charles, lives in
California, and his brother, Dr. John Fairfax, in Maryland, a
few miles from Washington. Washington, in a letter to the
Earl of Buchan, April 20th, 1793, says:
"'The family of Fairfax, of which you speak, is also related
to me. *  *  *  *  What remains of the old stock are near
neighbors to my estate of Mount Vernon. The late Lord Thomas
Fairfax, with whom I was perfectly acquainted, at a distance of
sixty miles from me, after he had removed from Belvoir, the seat
of his kinsman, which adjoins my estate just mentioned, and is
going to be inhabited by a younger member of the family as
soon as the house, which was some years ago burnt down, can
be rebuilt."
2 William Wentworth, a member of this old Yorkshire family,
emigrated to New Itampshire about the time that Leonard Calvert came to Maryland. His descendants were John, Benning,
Sir John, all Colonial Governors, John, a member of the Continental Congress: and John, member of the Thirty-ninth Congress from Chicago, Illinois, is also of the same family.




THE FIRST LORD BALT3IMORE.                11
the son of Leonard CalvertI and his wife, Alice
Croxall, and was born at Kipling.
When only eleven years of age, in 1593, he
entered  Trinity  College, Oxford, and  in  four
years became a Bachelor of Arts.  As a student
he displayed a fondness for literature, and before
he graduated, a poem  from  his pen, an elegy
upon the death of Henry Unton,2 English Anibassador at the Court of France, was published.
As was customary after leaving college, he
made a tour to  the  Continent, and upon his
return  married, and became the  clerk of Sir
Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury.  In this way he
was brought into the presence, and attracted the
attention  of, the  half-crazed, half-pedant monarch, King James.  In 1605, on the occasion of
the King visiting the University of Oxford, he
received the degree of Master of Arts.
He was frequently sent abroad on public business, and having returned from Paris, he wrote
on March the tenth, 1610, the following chatty
1 Leonard Calvert, of Yorkshire, the father of Lord Baltimore, although not one of the nobility of England, appears to
have been a very respectable person. Eleanor Calvert, of Mount
Airy, Maryland, the granddaughter of Benedict Calvert, was
married to John Parke Custis,'the son of Mrs. George Washington by a former husband. The Hon. Charles Calvert, of the
Thirty-seventh Congress, lately deceased at Riversdale, Maryland, near Washington, was also a descendant. All of the
American family have a baton in their coat of arms
~ Unton, a brave and much-esteemed Ambassador.




12            TERRA MARI,.
letter to Sir Thomas Edmondes, then resident
as Ambassador:
"But that I could not let pass any servant of
your own, without saluting you, I should perhaps have stayed a few days longer for more
matter; desiring, together with the advertisement of my safe arrival, to let your Lordship
understand the state of our Court here, our
country, and our friends.
"But I am yet but a stranger, and know little,
and besides, the extraordinary good usage I received from your Lordship and your worthy
Lady, which I preach to all my friends here;
with that acknowledgment which it deserveth,
hath so debauched me, as my spirits are still
with you, and I cannot yet well draw them from
the Faubourg of St. Germain, to intend anything here.
"I arrived in England, at HIythe, in Kent,
upon Saturday last, late at night, having been
six days and one night at sea, with foul weather,
and upon Sunday I came hither, where I was
not unwelcome nor unlooked for, as I perceived.
I presently went to the Court and delivered your
dispatch. I found my Lord in a disposition calm
and sweet, using me whtl that favorable respect
wherewith he is pleased to grace those poor servants he makes account of
"He read not your letter presently, being at
that time in hand, as it seemed, with some other




THE FIRST LOl'D BALTIMORE.   13
dispatch; neither had I any other speech with
him, of your Lordship, than that he asked me,
how you did?; when I remembered your service
to him.  Ile dismissed me for that night because
it was very late, and since I have seen him  but
once; for the next day he went to Hatfield, and
from  thence is gone to the King at Royston, and
to Audley End, where my Lord Chamberlain is
at this present, and returns again hither within
these three days, as I understand. * * * *
"I had forgotten to put with the news of the
Clergy, a famous conversion of a revolted minister of our Church, Mr. Theophilus Higgins,'
who, your Lordship may remember, fled from
England to Brussels some three or four years
since, and was undertaken by Sir Edward Hoby,
who  wrote  an'Anti-Higgins,' answered  afterwards, as I take it, in part or in whole by my
Lady Lovell.
1 Theophilus Higgins, at the age of fourteen, in 1592, went
to Oxford, and received an A.M. in 1600. Was a good Latin
poet. Preached at St. Dunstan's, London, and was very popular. Under Jesuit influence, joined the Church of Rome, and
spent two years at Douay. He published his reasons for the
change in 1609, in a pamphlet called his "First Motive to Adhere to the Roman Church."
The sermon alluded to in Calvert's letter was published with
this title:
"Sermon at St. Paul Cross, March 3d, 1610, on Eph. ii. 4,
5, 6, 7, In Testimony of his hearty Reunion with the Church of
England, and his hearty Submission thereto. London, 1611."
2




14              TERRA MARILE.
"This Mr. Iliggins, upon Sunday last, the
day of my arrival, preached, at Paul's Cross, his
penitential sermon, when were present my Lord
Treasurer, and divers other Lords of the Council, besides an infinite number of all sorts of
people. The self-same day was born to Sir Edward Hoby' a son and heir, inasmuch as he
saith he will bless that day for the birth of two
children, a spiritual and temporal; for a natural
I dare not say, though perhaps more proper for
this division, because this word sometimes receives a base interpretation.
"And yet himself said, as I hear, as soon as
the midwife brought him  his son to see him,
that' it was a goodly child, God bless him! and
wonderfully like his father, whosoever he were."'
Ill a few months Calvert was made the Clerk
of the Privy Council, and soon became a favorite
attendant of James the First, and accompanied
him  to Royston.  "In his journey," saith one,
"Calvert, Clerk of the Council, is settled about
him, and is wholly employed in reading and
writing."
During this journey of 1611 James commenced
the tractate anathematizing Vorstius, the succes1 Hoby was educated at Oxford, and knighted in 1582. He
was a well-read man. The title of the pamphlet alluded to as
"Anti-Higgins," was: "A Letter to Mr. Theophilus Hygons,
late Minister, now a Fugitive, in answer to his First Motive."
He died in 1616.




THlE  FIRST LORXD  BALT'.IAIOP E.          15
sor of Arminius in the University of Leyden,
which was written  out and completed by Calvert.  In  consequence of his acquaintance with
foreign languages, he was also at this time intrusted with the Italian and Spanish correspondence, a position under the Commonwealth occupied by John Milton.
Another correspondent writes to a friend
abroad under date of February the twentieth,
1618-19:
"The IKing went to Theobalds on Tuesday,
but before his going, Sir George  Calvert was
sworn Secretary.  I had an inkling of it two or
three days before, though the patent was drawn
with  a blank, and the voice ran generally with
Packer. The night before he was sworn, the
Lord of Buckingham 1 told him. the King's resolution, but he disabled himself divers ways, but
specially, that he thought himself unworthy to
sit in that place, so lately possessed by his noble
lord and master.  The King was well pleased
1 George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, and his mother, exercised great influence over James the First. IIe was distinguished for his personal symmetry, as his master was for his
clumsiness. An old writer said: "As Ammianus describes a
well-shaped man, ab ipso capite usque ad unguium summitates
recta erat lineamentorum compage; from the nails of his fingers,
nay, from the sole of his foot to the crown of his head, there
was no blemish in him. And yet his carriage and every stoop
of his deportment, more than his excellent form, were the beauty
of his beauty."  He was assassinated by Felton in 1628.




I6J            TERRA MAR RIE.
with his answer and modesty; and sending for
him, asked many questions, most about his wife.
His answer was, that she was a good woman,
and had brought him ten children; and would
assure his Majesty that she was not a wife with
a witness. This, and some other passages of this
kind, seem to show that the King is in a great
vein for taking down high-handed women."
With increasing influence, in 1617 he was
knighted, and now appears in the public records
as Sir George Calvert.
Under the malign influence of Gondomar,
the Spanish Ambassador, the King ordered the
arrest of Sir Walter Raleigh, in July, 1618,
and disgraced England by beheading him three
months afterward in the old Palace-yard. It is
with pain that we read of Calvert's intimacy with
the Spaniard, of his visits to the gallant navigator in prison, and of his calling at his house and
taking therefiom his sea-charts, a manuscript on
the art of war, and another containing an account
of all the sea-ports inll the world.
WVhile King James tried to satisfy the English people by asselting to laws for the suppression of Popery, he manifested no antipathy to
anly of his friends with inclinations in that direction, and in February complimented Calvert by
making him Secretary of State for life. To the
plea of inability to perform the duties of the
office, Buckingham said it was the King's own




TUHE FIRST LORD BALTIMORIE.    17
choice, and in a day or two the oath of office
was administered, and a letter written on April
the nineteenth, says: " Secretary Calvert keeps
about the King, and has most of the employment."
In the year 161.3 he was appointed one of the
Commissioners to go to Ireland to examine the
condition of affairs, and to listen to grievances.
It was rumored about this time that he would
be appointed Ambassador to the States General,
and a friend of Sir Dudley Carleton, the incumbent, wrote: " I have both before and since made
all the inquiry I could, and can find no ground
of any fresh report. Only I have heard Mr. Calvert named, but when the question is asked him
he doth utterly renounce any such intention in
himself, and I do rather believe him, for that it
is not likely he should affect such a journey,
being reasonably well settled at home, and having a wife and many children, which are no easy
carriage, specially so far."
The whimsical monarch not only conferred
honors, but rewards.  The next year he received a grant of the increased custom on silk
for twenty-one years, and an annual pension or
one thousand pounds.
The reckless expenditure of James, and his
constant grant of monopolies, had created great
dissatisfaction among the masses, and it was desirable that he should have as many friends as
2*




1 8            JE/R iT   MA 1A IE.
possible in thLe Parliament of 1621, and for this
reason Calvert, with WVentworth, offered himself
as a member from Yorkshire.
Their opponent was Sir John Saville, a man of
considerable influence; and it is interesting to
read the electioneering correspondence of the
impetuous AVentworth previous to the day of
election.
With an energy and rapidity not excelled by
the most successful politician of the nineteenth
century, he wrote several letters daily during
the campaign, and was profuse in promises and
delicate flattery.  The following extracts from
letters of the same period, attest the enlergy of
the man.  To Sir Tholmas Fairfax he writes:
" I was at London much entreated, and, indeed,
at last enjoined, to stand witlh Mr. Secretary Calvert for to be knight of this shire the next Parliament, both by my Lord ClifoTrd and himself;
which, aftter I had assented unto and dispatched
mny letters, I perceived that sonme of your friends
had motiolnled the like to Mr. Secretary on your
behalf, and were therein engaged, which was the
cause I write no sooner unto you. Yet, hearing
by my cousin Middleton that he, moving you in
my behalf for your voices, you were not only
pleased to give over that intendment, but freely
to promise us your best assistance, I must confess that I cannot forbear any longer to write,unto you how much this courtesy deserves of me;




THE lVRI'1' LORD BILTIJ lJ[OiE.    19
and that I cannot chose but take it most kindly
from you as suitable with the ancient affection
which you have always borne me and my house.
"And presuming of the continuance of your
good respects toward me, I must entreat the
company of yourself and friends with me at dinnler on Christmas-day, being the day of the election, when I shall be most glad of you, and then
give you further thanks for your kind respects."
To one he writes: "In my next letters I will
let Mr. Secretary know your good respect and
kindness toward him, whereof I dare assure you
he will not be unmindful."
To another he says: "I have got an absolute
promise that if I be chosen knight that you shall
have a burgess-ship (reserved for me) at Appleby, wherewith I muist confess I am not a little
pleased, in regard we shall sit there, judge, and
laugh together."
To a relative he makes a sugg'estion: "The
course my Lord Darcy and I hold is, to entreat
the high-constables to desire the petty constables
to set down the names of all frieeholders within
their townsllips, and which of them have promised to be at York and bestow their voices with
us, so as we may keep the note as a testimony
of their good affections, and know whom we are
beholden unto; desiring them further to go along
with us to York, on Sunday, being Christmaseve, or else meet us about two o'clock of the




20            TERRAJ MARIE.
day at Tadcaster. I desire you would please to
deal effectually with your high-constables, and
hold the same course, that so we may be able to
judge what number we may expect out of your
wapentake. I hope you will take the pains to
go along with us, together with your friends, to
York, that so we may all come in together, and
take part of an ill dinner with me the next day,
when yourself and friends shall be right heartily
welcome."
Sir Arthur Ingram is informed: "As touching
the election we now grow to some heat; Sir
John Saville's instruments closely and cunningly
suggesting underhand, Mr. Secretary's non-residence, his being the King's servant, and out of
these reasons by law cannot, and, in good discretion, ought not, be chosen of the country.
" Whereas himself is their martyr, having suffered for them; the patron of the clothiers; the
fittest to be relied on, and that he intends to be
at York on the day of election."
To Calvert he gives a history of the condition
of things and the state of feeling in the County:
"M May it please you, sir, the Parliament writ is
delivered to the sheriff; and he, by his faithful
promise, deeply engaged for you. I find the
gentlemen of these parts generally ready to do
you service. Sir Thomas Fairfax stirs not; but
Sir John Saville, by his instruments, exceeding
busy, intimating to the common sort underhand,




THiE FI'iRST LORD BALTIMORE.    21
that yourself being not resident in the County,
cannot by law be chosen, and being his Majesty's
Secretary and a stranger, one not safe to be
trusted by the country; but all this, according
to his manner, so closely and cunningly as if he
had no part therein; neither doth lie, as yet,
further declare himself, than only, that he will
be at York the day of the election; and thus
finding he cannot work them  from me, labors
only to supplant you. My Lord President hath
writ to his freeholders on your behalf; and seeing he will be in town on the election-day, it
were, I think, very good if he would be pleased
to show himself for you in the Castle-yard, and
that you writ a few lines unto him, taking notice
that you hear of some opposition, and therefore
desire his presence. I.have heard that when Sir
Francis Darcy opposed Sir Thomas Lake in a
matter of like nature, the Lords of the Council
t'rit to Sir Francis to desist. I know my Lord
Chancellor is very sensible of you in this business, a uword to hin and such a letter would tmake an
end of all."
The Christmas of 1620, in old York, was a
day long remembered.  To the usual hilarities
of the season were added the crowd and confusion of an exciting election. Amniid the drinking
of tankards of ale and cups of gooseberry wine,
there was angry discussion of the merits of the
contestants, emphasized with round and coarse




22            TERRA MAR LB.
Saxon oaths, until toward night the cheers for
Wentworth and Calvert decided the contest.
Previous to the assembling of Parliament public opinion was decidedly against James. An
intelligent foreigner wrote: "Consider for pity's
sake what must be the state and condition of a
prince, whom the preachers publicly from the
pulpit assail; whom the comedians of the metropolis covertly bring upon the stage; whose
wife attends these representations in order to
enjoy the laugh against her husband; whom the
Parliament braves and despises, and who is universally hated by the whole people."
One could not walk the streets of London,
without hearing denunciatory language, nor enter the bookstores without beholding on the
counters ludicrous caricatures, and sarcastic pa3mphlets aimed at the King. In the library of the
antiquary, Sir Robert Cotton, were frequently
closeted Pym, Selden, Coke, and other brave
and talented men, to arrange plans of opposition
against the monarch who had announced that
"he would govern according to the good of the
Commonwealth, but not according to the common will."
At the opening of the Parliament, James, in
his address, said: "It is the King that makes
laws, and ye are to advise him to make such as
will be best for the Commonwealth."
Calvert stood firm for the royal prerogatives
as thus interpreted, and early in the session




THE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE.   23
urged Parliament to accede to the demands for
money, and to say less about their liberties and
freedom of speech; and his course was so decided, that he "was censured  for his forwardness."1
Wentworth, his  colleague, had  still sympathies with the people, and was perplexed by the
state of affairs. In a letter to his brother-in-law,
Lord Clifford, he wrote: " The path we are like
to walk in is now more narrow and slippery, yet
not so difficult but may be passed with circumspection, patience, and principally, silence."
The  discussions of Parliament, involving  as
they did the principles of the British Constitution, the alleged bribery of so great a man as
Lord Bacon, and the proposed marriage of Prince
Charles to the Infanta of Spain, are still perused
by the lover of civil and religious liberty with
deep interest.
1 "The first day of their sitting, Secretary Calvert made a
speech for supply of the King's wants, which was thought untimely, before anything else was treated of. * * * There
was some crossing and contestation'twixt Secretary Calvert
and Coke at a Committee about the Spanish Ambassador, who
is said to have almost as many come to his mass, as to the sermon at St. Andrew's over against him, and there is great complaint of the increase of Popery everywhere."-Chamberlain to
Carleton, Feb. 10th, 1620-21.
"The next day they met, which I think was on Monday, Secretary Calvert begins to speak, that his Majesty thought the
first motion for obtaining liberty of speaking was very unreasonable."-BMead to Stuteville, Feb. 10th, 1620-21.




24            TERRA MARI..
When in November they were preparing a
petition to the King, asking that the Prince
might form a Protestant alliance, Calvert mentioned these proceedings to King James, which
so enraged him that he instantly sent a letter to
the Speaker, complaining of the " fiery, popular,
and turbulent spirits" in the lower I-ouse, and
forbidding them to inquire into the mysteries of
State,,or to concern themselves about the marriage of his son. The letter was arrogant and
menacing, and roused Pym and others to protest, which terrified the Court: and Calvert,
trying to still the storm, admitted the closing
expressions of the King's to be incapable of defense, "calling them a slip of the pen at the
close of a long answer."  The apology was of no
avail, and the Commons firmly asserted that
there should be freedom of debate, and "from
all impeachment, imprisonment, and molestation," for anything said in the discussions of
Parliament: and the King, coming to London,
declared the protestation to be null, and tore it
out of the records, dissolved the Parliament, and
imprisoned Coke, Pym, Selden, and others.
After this he granted indulgence to the Roman
Catholics, and an order was sent to the judges,
"that in their several circuits they discharge all
prisoners for church recusancy, or for refusing
the oath of supremacy, or for dispersing Papist
books, or for hearing or saying mass."
Shortly after the close of Parliament, Went



THE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE.    25
worth moved to his country seat in Yorkshire,
where both himself and wife were sick from
fever contracted in London, and the latter, the
eldest daughter of the Earl of Cumberland, died.
During the same summer, Calvert was attached
to his friend, by another and more powerful tie,
a common affliction, which is thus announced in
a letter written on August the tenth, 1622, and by
a correspondent of Sir Dudley Carleton: "Two
days since Secretary Calvert's lady went away in
childbirth, leaving many little ones behind her."
Not long after this sorrow, Sir George Calvert's eldest son married Anna, daughter of
Thomas Earl Arundel, one of the most influential Roman Catholic noblem.en in the realm.
For months, he was now busily employed as
principal Secretary of State, in preparing the
articles for the intended marriage of Charles
with the Infanta of Spain, which were, when
completed, sworn to by the King in the presence of the two Spanish Ambassadors and
twenty-four privy councillors.
Calvert had most devoutly wished for the consummation of this imarriage, and it was with
great pleasure that he read a letter on February
the twenty-seventh, 1623, by an associate secretary, informing hinm that the Prince and the
Duke of Buckingham, ten days before, disguised,
and with the assumed names of Jack and Tom
Smith, had quietly sailed for -Madrid.
3




TERRA MARIiE.
To prevent excitement in England, all communications from the party in Spain were first
transmitted in cypher to him, and then written
out and read to the anxious Kinig. A letter from
the Secretary to Bnuckingham has been preserved,
which we give in full:
MAY IT PLEASE YOUR LORDSIIJPAll I have to say now is humbly to thank you
for your last favor, in remembering me with a
letter, though it is more than I look for. It
shall be enough at all times, if it please your
Lordship, that I may understand your commandments by Mr. Francis Cottington, and that I remain in your favor. Here is amongst all mlen
an universal joy for the good news brought us
by Mr. Grymes,1 and we have made the best
expressions of it we can for the present.
I hope it shall every day increase; first, for
the general good, and next, for the great part of
honor your Lordship hath in it, wherein God
make you as happy as ever man was! And so I
rest,'Your Lordship's humble
And most faithful servant,
GEO. CALVERT.
St. Martin's Lane, 3 April, 1628.
i Grymes, gentleman of the horse to Buckingham.




THIE FIRST LO01D BALTIMORE.    27
In the year 1624 both Wentworth and Calvert
were members of Parliament, the latter now representingr  Oxford.  Owing to sickness, Wentworth was detained for a brief period at his
country seat, and on recovery wrote, on April
the twenty-eighth, to his former colleague:
"Matter worthy your trouble these parts afford
none, where our objects and thoughts are limited
in looking upon a tulip, hearing a bird sing, a
rivulet murmuringl, or some such petty yet innocent pastime, which for my part I begin to feed
myself in, havingo, I praise God, recovered more
in a day, by an open country air, than in a fortnight's time in that smnothering  one of London.
By my troth, I wvish you divested of the importunity of businless, Hlere for a half d(ozen hours;
vou should taste hlow free and fresh we breathe,
and how, prociul metu fruimur modestis opibus,,  tvantin' sometimes, to persons of greater eminency in the administration of commii-onwealths."
Althouglh deeply interested in home affairs,
Calvert had, like the rest of the public menL of
his age, endeavored to obtain wealth by colonizing the New World.
I-e was not onlv a menbler of the Vircginia Company, but onl July the fifth, 1622, he and Daniel
Gookin Gent were voted by the _NTew England
Company to be admitted as members of the association, and about this time he received a
grant for the whole country of Newfoundland,




28               TERRA  MARA BE.
which was recalled, and on March the thirtieth,
1623, a new  grant issued, with alteration  and
addition of some particular points for better encouraging that plantation, which   was agoain modified on the seventh of April, and letters patent
issued to Sir George Calvert, his heirs and assigns, forever, of all that entire portion of land
situate  within  Newfoundlanld, and  all islands
within ten leagues of the eastern shore thereof,
to be incorporated into a province called Avalon.'
The affairs of the Virginia Company were at
this time in great confusion, factions prevailed
in the colony, and among the Directors at home.
The Earl of Southampton, Lord Cavendish, Sir
Ed. Sackville, and Sir Edwin Sandys, the leaders
of one side, and the EaTl of Warwick and others,
the leaders of the opposition.  A few days after
the Newfoundclland patent was issued, they appeared before the King with their grievances,
and Sackville bore himself so insolently that the:King "was fain to take him  down soundly and
roundly," and on the fourteenth of May Calvert
1 Lord Baltimore's colony was begun in 1620. Whitbourne,
in his description of Newfoundland, published in 1622, says:
"The Right Hon. Sir George Calvert, Secretary to the King's
most excellent Majesty, hath undertaken to plant a colony of
his,Majesty's subjects in the country, and hath already most
worthily sent thither in these last two years a great, number,
with all means for their livelihood, and they are building houses,
clearing off land, and making salt."




THE FIR'ST LORD BALTIMORE.    29
wrote, under instructions, that the election of
officers, which the King recommended to the especial care of the Virginia Company, was yesterday, by the King, in council, ordered to be put off.
The dissatisfaction with the company arose
out of the greed, that had been manifested to enrich themselves to the discomfort of the settlers
in the plantations, and also because of the " popularness of the government," the legislative assembly in Virginia being decidedly democratic
in its views.
The colony was really in a forlorn condition,
and after fifteen years of care numbered only
twelve hundred and seventy-five whites, seventysix of whom lived on the Eastern Shore, and
twenty-two negroes.
The General Assembly of Virginia, in a statenlent of their grievances under Sir Thomas
Smythe's government, draw  a picture which
seems too frightful to be literally received.
"The allowances of food in those times," said
they, "for a man was loathsome, and not fit for
beasts; many fled for relief to the savages, but
were taken again, and hung, shot, or broken on
the wheel; one man, for stealing mneal, had a
bodkin thrust through his tongue, and was
chained to a tree until he starved. Many dug
holes in the earth and hid themselves until they
famished. So great was the scarcity that they
were constrained to eat dogs, cats, rats, and
3*




30            TERRA JMI RILE.
snakes, and one man killed his wife to eat, for
which he was burned. Many fed on corpses;
and some wished Sir Thomas Smythe on the
back of a mare which the Indians had killed
and were boiling.'"
Disheartened, they sought relief in drunkenness. "Dupper's stinking beer" arrived in every
vessel, and one captain boasted that with four
bottles of wine he would clear the expenses of a
whole voyage.
This condition of affairs led to many personal
altercations, and George Harrison, in a duel with
Richard Stevens, was wounded in the knee, from
the effects of which he died in ten davs. Such
reports from Jamestown only tended to increase
the discord of the meetings of the Virginia
Company. Sir Francis Nethersole told a friend,
"that the factions in the company were as violent as between Guelphs and Ghibelines, and
they seldom met but they quarreled. If the society be not dissolved soon, or remodeled, worse
effects may follow."  The Earl of Warwick and
Lord Cavendish, at one meeting, called each other
liars.
On the sixteenth of June, 1624, the charter of
the company was declared void. Wentworth,
writing to his kinsman, the virtuous Cliristopher Wandesforde, humorously says: "yesterday
Virginia patent was overthrown at the King's
Bench, so an end of that plantation's savings.




THTE FIRST LORD BALTIMlORKE.    31
"Methinks I imagine the Quaternity before
this have had a meeting of comfort and consolation, stirring up each other to bear it courageously, and Sir Edwin Sandys in the midst of
them sadly sighing forth, Oh! the burden of
Virginia.''"
In the place of the old directors, a provisional
government was formed by the King, of which
Calvert was a member. From  the day that
Buckingham broke off the negotiations at Madrid, relative to the marriage of Charles, Calvert's
position became unpleasant. IHe had been fully
committed to the scheme, he did not dream of
its failure, and late in May, 1623, he wrote that
" orders are given for all things needful for the
reception of the Prince and the Infanta."
When the intelligence reached England that
the deep-laid plan had been unsuccessful, he not
only suffered from personal disappointment, but
with the populace he was an object of obloquy, because an acknowledged leader of what was called
the Spanish Party, and therefore it was not politic for the King to appear on terms of great intimacy.
The whole of the year 1624 was one of anxiety
for him, as extracts from various letters prove.
Early in April, one wrote that Secretary Calvert
was in ill health, and talked of resigning his
office to Sir Dudley Carleton. A day or tvwo
after, it is said "that he is on ill terms with the




32            T:ICR    AlTERRA JJ IRLE.
King and Prince Charles, and is called to account among other things for detaining letters a
year ago, at the request of the French Ambassador." The next month some one thinks, the
Secretary does not mean to resign, but by feigning it, to induce the King to give him a larger
share of business.
But the letters written to Sir Dudley Carleton,
then abroad in the public service, by his son,
probably tell the truth. He tells his father that
Secretary Calvert proposes to resign on the
ground of ill health, and that he is willing to sell
the Secretaryship to him for six thousand pounds;
that Lord lHollis had offered eight thousand, and
Sir John Suckling seven thousand.
Buckingham had not been on good terms with
Calvert for some time, and he approved of his
proposed resignation, and some whispered if he
did not resign he would be displaced.
The summer had now come, and faint in heart
and sick in body he retired to his country seat,
Thistleworth, where he was cheered by pleasant
letters from his constant friend, Wentworth, who
was rusticating in Yorkshire.
In a letter dated August the twenty-fourth,
1624, Wentxvorth alludes to the rumored retirement in these words:
" Since you are like those ancient Romans retired from  Court to the harmless delights of
Tusculanie,




THE FiRST LORD BAILTIMILORE.    33'Ereptus specioso ejus damno,'
like another LEneas friom burning Troy  *  *
Believe it, we may not yet admit you a countrymanl throughout; your neighbors of Thistleworth
may tell you one summer is too little to purge
away the leaven of a courtier, and it is time that
must approve
Fitqiie color primo turbati fluminis imbre
Purgaturque mora,
we must have more trial, more experience, first
initiatus, then adultus, lest you might come to
spy out our liberty rather than to keep our counsel, to enjoy thle contentment and freedom of our
life with peace and quietness."
The same month, Calvert receives another letter fiom him, passages of which are as redolent
of country life as a bucolic: "Our harvest is all
ill, a most fine season to make fish-ponds; our
plums all gone and past, peaches, quinces, and
grapes almost fully ripe, which will, I trow, hold
better relish with a Thistleworth palate, and approve me how to have the skill to serve every
man in his right end.  These only we countrymen muse of, hoping in such harmless retirements for a just defense from the higher powers,
and possessing ourselves in contentment, may,
with Dryope in the poet,'Et siqua est pietas, ab acutue vulnere falcis
Et pecoris morsu, frondes defendite nostras.'"




34            TERRIA MIA4RIzE.
Returning to London in the fall, Calvert was
once more engaged in his duties as Secretary of
State, and found the Court busy in arranging a
French match for the Prince. Parliament was
adjourned to the month of October by the King,
to which Wentworth alludes in these words:
"We conclude that the French treaty must first
be consummate before such unruly fellows meet
ill Parliament, lest they might appear as agile
against this, as that other Spanish match. * *
For is it a small matter, trow you, for poor
swains to unwind so dextrously your courtly
true love-knots? You think we see nothing, but
believe it, you shall find us legislators no fools;
albeit you of the Court (for by this time I am
sure you have, by a fair retreat from Thistleworth, quit your part of a country life for this
year) think to blear our eyes with your sweet
balls, and leave us in the suds when you have
done. Thus much for the common weal. For
your own self, I am right glad for your ague recovered, hoping it will cleanse away all bad-disposed humors."
The relations of Calvert and Buckingham
were now more pleasant, but still it was not expedient that the former should continue in the
Secretaryship.
Carleton's son informs his father on November
the twenty-third, 1624, that " Secretary Conway
declares that there was no one whom he should




T'IHE  IRs ST LORID B ALTIMOl..   35
prefer as colleague, but that Calvert was reconciled to Buckinghanl, who had assured him  that
he should have the option of refusing any offer
made for his place."
Six weeks before James died, the sale of the
Secretaryship was effected.  An old letter thus
announces the intelligence: " Sir Albert Morton
is at New  Market, and is sworn in, Secretary
Calvert giving him the seals for ~6000 and an
Irish barony either for him or any one who likes
it.  Young Hungerford is made a baronet by
payment, this being the true golden age."'
Two weeks after, he went on a journey to
Yorkshire, in company with  Sir Tobias Matthew, who became a Jesuit in 1617, and was
obliged to retire to the Continent, but on his return was received into favor, and knighted in
1623, and afterward devoted himself to poetry
and literature.
Archbishop Abbot, a coternporary, referring
to the affair of the resignation, says: " Secretary
1 Chamberlain, in a letter to Sir Dudley Carleton, gives a
little different version. Ite says: "Sir Albert MIorton is not
yet, returned from New Market, though I hear he be sworn,
and hath the seals delivered himn by Sir George Calvert, who
had ~3000 of him, and is to have as much more, somewhere,
besides an Irish barony for himself, or where he list to bestow
it, for his benefit. Young Hungerford is made a baron en
payant; for this is the true Golden Age, no penny, no pater
Los3Ier."




3             TER IRA MAR IE.
Calvert bath never looked merrily since the
Prince's coming out of Spain. It was thought
that he was much interested in the Spanish
affair. A course was taken to rid him of all employments and negotiations.
"This made him discontented; and, as the
saying is,'desperatio facit monachum,' so he apparently turned Papist, which he now professeth,
this being the third time he hath been to blame
that way. Iis Majesty, to dismiss him, suffered
him to resign his Secretary's place to Sir Albertus Morton, who paid him ~3000 for the same,
and the King hath made him Baron of Baltimore in Ireland. So he is withdrawn from us,
and having bought a ship of 400 tons, he is
going to Newfoundland, where he hath a colony." 
The effort to sail this year was not successful,
for another writes on April the ninth, 1625: "It is
said the Lord Baltimore is now a professed Papist,
was going to Newfoundland, and is stayed."
It is difficult to tell the precise time of Calvert's conversion to Romanism, but there is reason to suppose that it was a long period before
he made open profession. A writer of that era,
Bishop Goodman, who had become a Roman
Catholic, gives the following account:
"The third man who was thought to gain by
the Spanish match, was Secretary Calvert; and
as hie was the only secretary employed inll the




THE FilhqRST LORtD B4ALTJllIOIIF.    37
Spanish match, so undoubtedly he did what
good offices he could therein for religion's sake,
being infinitely addicted to the Roman Catholic
faith, having been converted thereunto by Count
Gondomar and Count Arundel, whose daughter
Secretary Calvert' soil had married; and as it
was said, the Secretary did actually catechise his
own children, so as to ground them in his own
religion; and in his best room having an altar
set up, with chalice, candlesticks, and all other
ornaments, he brought all strangers thither,
never concealing anything, as if his whole joy
and comfort had been to make open profession
of' his religion."
While state policy required his removal from
the Secretaryship, and was, owing to some
stay law, prevented from going to Newfoundland, he was still in favor with Charles the First,
and was the next year called from his retirement
in Ireland, to be employed at Brussels in a treaty
of peace. It was announced by a London correspondent, under date of March the second, 1626-7,
"that the talk of divers great commissioners to
go over, about a treaty of peace still holds, and
Sir George Calvert, sent for out of Ireland for
that service, is now come, and on Tuesday rode
with the Duke's grace toward the Court."
For some reason he did not go to Brussels,
and.again was busy in making preparations to
visit his colony of Avalon. From his lodgiligs
4




38            TERtlA ML4RIE.
in the Surry, he wrote to the Secretary of the
Duke of Buckingham, on April the seventh, asking him for the speedy dispatch of the warrant for
his ships, the Ark of Avalon, one hundred and
sixty tons burden, and the George of Plymouth,
one hundred and forty tons, to be exempted
from the general stay, as Sir Arthur Aston was
waiting to sail.
Charles, from the day of his accession, manifested a desire to be " every inch a king." He
was restive under the restrictions of Parliament,
and raised moneys under the privy seal. His
extortions were so large, that a great party,
known in distinction from  the Court as the
Country party, arose. To this Wentworth, as a
former member of Yorkshire, at first allied himself, and when the King, under a privy seal, demanded a loan of him, he refused it as unconstitutional.
Calvert, now Lord Baltimore, who was with
his whole heart on the side of the King, was
distressed at the position of his friend, and
urgently wrote: "I have been here now some
two or three months, a spectator upon this great
scene of State, where I have no part to play; but
you have, for which your friends are sorry. It is
your enemies, that bring you on the stage, when
they have a hope to see you act your own notable harm; and therefore keep yourself off; I beseech you, et redimas te quam qneas minimo.




THE FIRST LORD BALTIMJORE.    39
Furnish not your enemies with matter of triumph when, without detriment either to your
honor or conscience, you may give them the foil
if you will; and remember the old tale of the
rain that fell upon all the world except two that
kept themselves in a cellar, and how sorry they
were afterward for their providence.  *  *  *
So neither forfeit your own, nor by your example
prejudice the common right of the subject."
During the latter part of May, Lord Baltimore
obtained the long-desired leave, to visit his possessions in Newfoundland.
He went not as a religious exile, nor as a curiosity seeker, but to save his investments if possible. Frankly he tells a friend: " I must either
go and settle it in better order, or else give it
over, and lose all the charges I have been at hitherto for other men to build their fortunes upon.
"And I had rather be esteemed a fool by some
for the hazard of one month's journey, than to
prove myself one certainly for six years by past,
if the business be now lost for the want of a
little pains and care."
Three or four days before his departure, he
made another strong appeal to Wentworth to
yield to the King's demands: "I should say
much more to you were you here, which is not
fit for paper; but never put off the matter of
your appearance here, for God's sake; but send
your money into the collector's without more
ado.




40            TERRA MARLE.
"At Michaelmas I hope to be with you, God
willing. In the mean time, I shall be in great
fear that your too much fortitude will draw upon
you suddenly a misfortune which your heart
may perhaps endure, but the rest of your body
will ill suffer. * *  *  * The conquering way
sometimes is yielding, and so is it, I conceive, in
this particular of yours, when you shall both
conquer your own passions and vex your enemies, who desire nothing more than your resistance."
These earnest, loving words, touched the impulsive Wentworth, -and in a few weeks he deserted the Country and joined the Court party.
Pyrm, who had been intimate with him, was
astounded, and  made  a prophetic  speech:
"Though you leave us now, I will never leave
you, while your head is upon your shoulders."
Parliament was dissolved in June, the twentysixth, and on the fourteenth of next month
Wentworth was rewarded with a baronetcy, with
the expectation of further honors, which rapidly
followed.
Before Wentworth deserted the Country party,
Lord Baltimore had departed for Newfoundland in a ship of three hundred tons and twentyfour guns, and arrived at the settlement of
Ferryland about the twenty-third of July. The
companions of his journey were Longvyll and
Anthony Smith, two Senlinary priests. Robert




TILE FIR ST LORD BALTLMORE.   41
Havrnanl, who was Governor of Newfoundland
and a bigoted Protestant, composed a quodlibet
on the occasion of his arrival:
"Great Sheba's wise queen travel'd far to see
Whether the truth did with report agree;
You, by report persuaded, laid out much,
Then wisely came to see if it were such;
You came and saw, admired what you had seen
With like success as the wise Sheba queen.
If every sharer here would take like pain,
This land would soon be peopled to their gain."
After rernaining a few months, he returned to
England, taking the priest Longvyll with him.
During the spring of 1628, lie sailed a second
time with his family, a priest named Hacket, and
others, about forty in all.  During the summer,
he was obliged to contend with many difficulties,
and found no place that was a "Heart's Content."  In a letter from  Ferryland, written on
the twenty-fifth  of' August, he pours forth his
troubles to the Duke of Buckingham:
"The King once told him  that hlie wrote as fair
a hand to look upon afar off as any iman in England; but that when  any one came near they
1 Ilayman was educated at Exeter College, Oxford, and then
studied law. But the courts of the Muses were more attractive
than those of Lincoln's Inn, and his associates were Ben Jonson, and Owen, the Epigrammatist,. At the age of forty he was
appointed Governor of a Newfoundland plantation, and there
composed his Quodlibets, which were published in London in
1628.
4*




42              TERRA MIARLE.
were not able to read a word.  He then got a
dispensation to use another man's, for which he
is thankful, as writing is a great pain to him now.
Owes an account of his proceedings in this plantation to the Duke, since it was under his Grace's
patronage that he went out.  He came to build
and set and sow, but he has fallen to fighting
with Frenchmen."
The details of the sea-fight are then given.
De la Rade, with three ships and four hundred
mlen, "  any of them  gentlemen of quality, la
fleur de la jeunesse de Normandye," had appeared off the fishing banks and captured several
vessels.
Lord Baltimore sent two ships in pursuit, one
carrying twenty-four guns. Upon their approach,
the French in alarm dropped their captures, and
the English took six prizes and sixty-seven prisoners, which Baltimore had to support all the
summer.  The longer he continued at Ferrylanld
the less hopeful he became, and this summer
Hayman wrote another quodlibet in reference to
Baltimore's meditated return from the colony:
"Your honor, hath got your honor in your day;
It is my honor you my verses praise.
O! let your honor cheerfully go on,
End well your well-begun plantation.
This holy, hopeful work you have half-clone,
For, best of any, you have well begun.
If you give over what hath so well sped,
Your solid wisdom will be questioned."




THE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE.    43
During the autumn of 1628, he appears to have
sent over Leonard Calvert to look after the prizes
and interests of the colony, and he humbly petitions that he may have a share in the prizes, that
had been taken from the French by the ships
Benediction and Victory, and that a letter of
marque ante-dated might be issued, so that he
may receive his proportion. His brother-in-law,
Will. Peasley, also presents his petition to the
Lords of the Admiralty, asking for the use of
the ship St. Claude for preservation of the King's
rights and many subjects in Newfoundland.
The Rev. Erasmus Sturton, who was the Protestant minister at Ferryland, in consequence of
some dissatisfaction, left there on the twentysixth of August, and the following October, at
Plymouth, England, made complaint of the
proselyting efforts of the priests who had accompanied Baltimore. He stated, that every
Sunday mass and all the ceremonies of the
Church were performed, and that the child of
one William  Pool, a Protestant, was baptized
into the Church of Rome, contrary to the will
of' his father.
In the spring of the year 1629, the St. Claude,
under a letter of marque, with Leonard Calvert as
supercargo, sailed for Newfoundland, and on August the nineteenth, in a letter to the King, written at Ferryland, Baltimore "gives thanks upon
his knees for the loan of a fair ship;" complains




44                TERRA MIARLE.
of the calumny and malice of those who seek to
make him  appear foul in his Majesty's eyes, and
of the slanderous reports raised at Plymouth last
winter by an audacious man,1 who was banished
the colony for his misdeeds; has met with difficulties in this place no longer to be resisted, and
is forced to shift to some warmer climate of the
New World, where the winters are shorter and
less rigorous; speaks of the severity of the
weather from  October to May, both land  and
sea frozen the greatest part of the time.  "His
house has been a hospital all the winter; of one
hundred persons, fifty sick at one time, he being
one; also nine or ten have died.  His strength
is much decayed; but his inclination carries him
niaturally to proceedings in plantations." He
I Sturton became the Chaplain of Lord Anglesea. Hayman
seems to have liked him, as he dedicated the following "To
my Reverend, kind friend Erasmus Sturton, Preacher of the
Word of God and Parson of Ferryland, in the Province of Avalon, in Newfoundland:
"No man should be more welcome to this place
Than such as you, Angel of peace and grace;
As you were sent here by the Lord's command,
Be you the blest Apostle of this land;
To Infidels do you evangelize,
Making those that are rude sober and wise.
I pray the Lord, that did you hither send,
Our cursings, swearing, jouring' mend."' Jouring, a provincialism for murmuring.




THE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE.   45
then requests a grant of a precinct of land in
Virginia, where he wishes to remove with some
forty persons, with such privileges as King James
granted to him in Newfoundland. Soon after
this, without waiting a reply from the King, he
sent his children to England, and with his lady
visited Virginia. Upon his arrival at Jamestown, the Governor (West) and Council, composed of William Clayborne and others, called
him before them and inquired what his purpose
was, being Governor of another plantation, to
abandon that and come thus to Virginia. He
replied that he came to plant and dwell. "Very
willingly, my Lord," they answered, "if your
Lordslip will do what we have done and what
your duty is to do."
They then administered the oath of allegiance,
which he cheerfully took, but refused that of
supremacy. Whereupon they told him that they
dared not admit any man into their settlement
who would not acknowledge all the prerogatives
of his Majesty, and asked him to depart in the
next ship. Leaving his lady in Virginia, he
hastened to England, to find that on November
the twenty-second the King, in a letter dated
"White-IHall," had written to him that, "Seeing
his plantation in Newfoundland has not answered
expectations, that he is in pursuit of new countries, and weighing that men of his condition
and breeding are fitter for other employments




46                TERRA  iAR h'It.
than the framing of new plantations, which com-,monly have rugged  and  laborious beginnings,
the King has thought fit to advise him  to desist
from  further prosecuting his designs, and to return to his native country, where he shall enjoy
such respect as his former services and later endeavors justly deserve."
A letter written by Mead, of Christ College,
to  Sir Martin Stuteville, thus alludes to these
events: " My Lord Baltimore, alias Sir George
Calvert, being weary of his intolerable plantation
at Newfoundland, where he hath found between
eight and nine months winter, and upon the
land nothing but rocks, lakes or morasses like
bogs, which one might thrust a spike down to the
butt-head, for so Mr. James, Sir Robert Cotton's
library-keeper,' who was sent minister thither
some nine years ago, describes the place; his
I Richard James was born in 1608, and was a very young
man when in Newfoundland, and soon returned to England.
Educated at Oxford, he proved a very good scholar, and although
a clergyman by profession, he was looked upon as a trifler and
jester. He published several works and poems. Some have
asserted that he was an illegitimate son of Sir Robert Cotton.
He was that gentleman's librarian, and without permission,
lent a manuscript written by Dudley, an English nobleman living in Italy, the contents of which being made public, led to
Cotton's arrest, and broke his heart. James died in 1638, at
the house of Sir Thomas Cotton, a son of Sir Robert.  (See
Athenue Oxonienses, and Gentleman's Magazine, 1767 and
1768.)




TIE F'iRST LORD BALTIMORE.    47
Lordship this last summer sent home all his
children into England, and went with his lady
into Virginia."
Governor John Pott, Samuel Matthews, Roger
Smyth, and William  Clayborne remonstrated
with the Privy Council, in behalf of the Colony
of Virginia, relative to Baltimore's visit. In a
communication of November the thirteenth, they
state: "That about the beginning of October
last Lord Baltimore arrived in Virginia, from
his plantation in Newfoundland, with intention,
as they are informed, to plant to the southward,
but has since seemed willing to reside with his
family at this place. He, and some of his followers, being of the Romish religion, utterly refused to take the oaths of supremacy and allegiance, tendered to theni according to instructions
received from King James. As they have been
made happy in the fieedom  of their religion,
they implore that, as heretofore, no Papists may
be suffered to settle among them."
Notwithstanding the rude treatment he had
met in Virginia, the King was friiendly, for in
December Baltimore not only asks for a letter
from the Privy Council to the Governor of Virginia in behalf of his lady still there, to aid her
in returning to England, but also prays for a
grant of a portion of land in Virginia, the King
having given him leave to choose a 1part.
The first winter after Baltimore's return, a




48            TERRA MlA RJIE.
fresh interest was created in the New World, by
the arrival of a chief, and his wife and son, from
Nova Scotia. They were treated with much attention, particularly by Lord Poulet, in Somersetshire, and Lady Poulet took the chief's wife
up to London and presented her with a necklace
and diamond.
Pory, the celebrated scholar and traveler, and
at one time Secretary of the Colony of Virginia,
in a letter to Joseph Mead, chaplain of Archbishop Laud, written on February the twelfth,
1629-30, makes rather a satirical allusion to
Lord Baltimore's attempt to induce settlement
in his plantations. His words are:
"Now for the King, Queen, and Prince of
Newfoundland; they have no relation to Virginia, nor to my Lord Baltimore's being there,
who, though his Lordship is extolling that country to the skies, yet he is preparing a bark to
send to fetch his lady and servants from thence,
because the King will not permit him to go back
again. And for that King and Prince so much
talked of, I hold them  of no great importance
against the French, by reason of the paucity of
their subjects, who if they be one hundred men,
women, and children, it is a great matter in that
horrid region. But if the principal patentee of
that flourishing new kingdom can, by making
show and ostentation of them, effect his project
of creating an order of baronets of New Scot



TItE FIRST LORD) BALTIMOR E.  49
land,' who, for ~500, shall have precedence of all
Scotch and Irish baronets, of all English also of
a future creation; shall have the privilege of
being free from arrests; shall have one thousand
acres of land in that tract, and a ribbon, with an
order hanging  thereto, for distinction's sake,
then I will extol him for his wit and industry."
John Harvey, the Governor of Virginia, appointed by King Charles, after the death of
Yeardley, arrived in Jamestown early in 1630,
and he seems to have brought to justice those
that had been rude to Lord Baltimore at the
time of his visit. A record of March the twentyfifth, 1630, reads: " Thomas Tindall to be pilloried
two hours for giving my Lord Baltimore the lie,
and threatening to knock him down."2
No one welcomled back Baltimore more cordially than Charles, and a letter written from the
Castle Yard on August the twelfth, 1630, to his
old friend, Lord Wentworth, shows that his relations with the Court were very pleasant: "All
here at home are as your Lordship left us, saving
only, that the Prince's nurse is very sick of a
fever, and for that cause another is in her room.
The Prince himself, thanks be to God, is very
1 Sir W. Alexander, Secretary of State for Scotland, and
called by James "his philosophic poet," was the patentee of New
Scotland, or Nova Scotia, and he sold baronetcies, with heraldic
medals, but it proved a poor speculation.
2 Hening's Statutes, vol. i.
r,




50            TERRA AIARI3.
well, and so are the King and Queen; and, as I
heard this very day, the Queen discovered to be
with  child again; but that, being yet but
women's news, is not to be talked till everybody
may see it. I pray God it be true."'
During the spring of this year Francis West,
who had been Governor, William  Clayborne,
Secretary, and William  Tucker, one of the
Council of Virginia, were in London resisting
the planting of a new colony within the limits
of the settled parts of Virginia.
Baltimore received from Charles the First, several tokens of good will. On March the thirtyfirst a warrant was issued " to pay to George Lord
Baltimore ~2000, to be deducted out of the increase of subsidy on raw silk importation;" and
on the third of October, on condition of resigning pension previously granted, a pension of
~1000 annually was substituted.
A few days after this, his intimate friend
Wentworth lost his second wife Arabella, the
beautiful daughter of Earl Clare, which elicited
from Baltimore a letter of condolence, imbued
with the sublime teachings of Christianity:
MY LORD:
Were not my occasions such as necessarily
keep me here at this time, I would not send let1 The "women's news" proved correct. The Princess Mary
was born Alay 4, 16031.




THE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE.    51
ters, but fly to you myself, with all the speed I
could, to express my own grief, and to take part
of yours, which I know is exceedingly great, for
the loss of so noble a lady, so virtuous and loving a wife.
There are few perhaps can judge of it better
than I, who have been mlyself a long time a man
of sorrows. But all things, my Lord, in this
world pass away; statutum est, wife, children,
honor, wealth, friends, and what else is dear to
flesh and blood; they are but lent us till God
please to call for them back again, that we may
not esteem anything our own, or set our hearts
upon anything but Htim alone, who only remains
forever.
I beseech his Almighty Goodness to grant
that your Lordship may, fobr his sake, bear this
great cross with meekness and patience, whose
only Son, our dear Lord and Saviour, bore a
greater for you; and to consider that these
humiliations, though they be very bitter, yet are
they sovereign medicines, ministered unto us by
our Heavenly Physician, to cure the sickness of
our Souls, if the fault be not ours.
Good my Lord! bear with this excess of zeal
in a friend, whose great affection to you transports him to dwell longer upon this melancholy
theme, than is needful to your Lordship, whose
own wisdom, assisted with God's grace, I hope
suggests unto you these and better resolutions,




,2         7~TEILt, ILA MARLE.
than I can offer to your remembrance.  All I
have to say more, is but this, that I humbly and
heartily pray you so to dispose of yourself and
your affairs (the rite being done to that noble
creature) so as to be able to remove, as soon as
convecniently you may, from those parts where
so many things represent themselves unto you,
as to make your wound bleed afresh; and let us
have you here, where the gracious welcome of
your Master, the conversation of your friends,
and  variety of businesses, may  divert your
thoughts the sooner from sad objects, the continuance whereof will but endanger your health,
on which depends the welfare of your children,
the comfort of your friends, and many other
good things, for which I hope God will reserve
you, to whose divine favor I humbly recommend
you, and reinaini,
Y"our Lordclship's
MIost afiectionate and faithful servant,
G(EO. BALTIMORE.
From my Lodgings in
LINCOLN'S INN FIFE)S, October 11, 1631.
Baltimore had not the slightest sympathy with
popular government, and lie viewed with displeasure the firm and ma.nly opposition of the
Parliament to the  arrogant demands of the
in          bt little comfort w      te po ar
Finding but little comfort where the popular




THIE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE.    53
will was beginning to control, and being a favorite of King Charles, his leisure hours were occupied in writing a charter for a new plantation,
in which he would be made sole proprietor, with
little less than regal power, far above the will of
the people, and at the sanie time contain provisions that would be attractive to settlers, as well
as pecuniarily profitable to himself.
After it was prepared, it was submitted to and
approved by Charles the First.  Having left a
blank for the name of the proposed colony,
Charles inserted Terra Marie, in honor of his
French wife, Queen Mary, as Henrietta was frequently called.  Ogilby says, that had not the
King used his privilege of giving a name, it was
Baltimore's intention to have called the proposed new settlement, Crescentia.
An analysis of the charter proves it to be destitute of a single democratic element.  By it he
and his heirs were created true and absolute
Lords and Proprietaries of the region; with
free, full, and absolute power to ordain, make,
and enact laws, with the advice, assent, and approbation of the freemen of the province, and
with authority to appoint all judg es, justices, and
constables.
The freemen could only meet in Assembly
with his permissionl, and the eighlth section expressly provides that lie may make wholesome
ordinances from  time to time, to be kept and
5 --




54                TERRA JIZAR 1LE.
observed, on the ground that it might be necessary, before  the  fireeholders  of said  province
could be convened for the purpose. As he could
not, by the laws of England, make the Church
of Rome the  established  Church, a check was
held on all religious denominations, by securing
the patronage of all churches that should happen
to be built.l
Desiring to be just, and to promote what he
thought were the best interests of the colonists,
it was far from. his intention  that they should
molest him, as the Parliament were troubling
Charles, and as the democratic Virgini,a Assembly had annoyed him  and others.
Believing an aristocracy to be a desirable elernent in society, the first part of the fourteenth
section of the charter reads thus:
"Maoreover, lest in  so remote and far distant
a region,  every access to  honors and  dignities
imay seem  to be precllclded, and ultterly barred to
1 Chalners says: "The rights of the Parliament were carefully alluded to, but the prerogatives of the Crown and the
rights of the nation were in a great measure overlooked and
forgot ten."
The copy of the Annals which I have used in my investigations is the presentation copy to Lord Ilailes, on a leaf of which,
in the author's handwriting, is the following:
" Sir John Dalrymple, Bart., the aut or, presents these Annals,
which had never been written but for his advice, the only merit
of which is owing to his kindness, as an evidence of the considerlation and graltitllde of the a tthor.ll




THE FIRST LORD BAlTIMVOORE.   55
men well born, who are preparing to engage in
the present expedition, and desirous of deserving well both in peace and war, of us and our
kingdoms; for this cause, we do give free and
plenary power to  the aforesaid now  Baron  of
Baltimore, and to his heirs and assigns, to confer
favors, rewards, and honors upon such subjects,
inhabiting within the province aforesaid, as shall
be well deserving, and to adorn them with whatever titles and dignities they shall appoint."
Before the grant was formally made out, Baltimore became  sick, and  after sending a farewell message  to  his long  tried  friend  Wentworth, he died on April the thirteenth, 1632, and
was buried in the chancel of St. Dunstan's West,
London.'
1 George Calvert married Anne, daughter of George Mynne,
who died in August, 1622, who had given birth to ten children
before he became Secretary.  Burke, in his "Extinct Peerage,"
mentions but, four:
Cecil, his successor.
Leonard, Governor of Maryland.
Anna, wife of William Peasley, Esq.
Grace, wife of Sir Robert Talbot, of County Kildare, Ireland.
George, who accompanied Leonard to America, it is thought
died in Virginia.
The lady who accompanied him to Newfoundland and Virginia, does not appear to have been his wife, and Stuyvesant
says that Governor Philip Calvert was an illegitimate son.




CHAPTER SECOND.
CECILIUS BALTIMORE, AND FORMATIVE PERIOD
OF THE COLONY..HIEE months after the remains of the
first Lord Baltimoroe were deposited in
the cliancel of St. Dunstan's, London,
the patent that had been promised to him was
fbrmally issued in the nalme of Cecilius, his son
and successor.
By its provisions he was empowered to transport, by his own industry and experience, a numnerous colony of the English nation, to "a country hitherto utealtWated, extending from  WVatkin's
Point, near the River Wigho [Pocomoke], unto
that part of the Bay of Delaware on the north
which lieth under the fortieth degree of north
latitude, where New England is terminated."
The charter granted by Charles, in the sixth section adds: "That the aforesaid region may be
eminently distinguished, above all other regions
of that territory, and decorated wvith more anmple
titles, know ye, that AVE, of our more special
grace, have thoughllt fit that the said region and
(56)




CE('ILIUS BALTIMORE.,57
islands be united into a PROVINCE, and nominate
the  same  MARYLAND, by which  name  we will
that it shall from  henceforth be called."
Hayman, in his book of Quodlibets, published
in London in 1628, alludes to the Newfoundland
plantation of Lord Baltimore in these lines:
" Your's is a holy, just plantation,
And not a jostling supplantation."
The same could scarcely be said of the Maryland
Plantation, for as soon as the charter was issued
it was felt by many to be partial and arbitrary.1
Members of the  old Virginia  Company  immediately offered objections, on the grounds of
law, equity, and inconvenience, which were subsequently followed by a remonstrance of the
1 Kent and Palmer's Isle had already been occupied by English settlers. Palmer's Isle, at the mouth of the Susquehanna,
was probably named after Edward Palmer, of Leamington,
Gloucester County, England. Camden says he was "a curious
and diligent antiquary." He was an uncle of Sir Thomas Overbury.
Fuller, in his "Worthies," says: "'-Iis plenteous estate afforded him opportunity to put forward the ingenuity, implanted
by nature, for the public good, resolving to erect an academy
in Virginia. In order whereunto he purchased an island, called
Pallner's Island unto this day, but in pursuance thereof was at
many thousand pounds expense, some instruments employed
therein not discharging the trust reposetl in them with corresponding fidelity. He was transplanted to another world, leaving to posterity the monument of his worthy but unfinished intention. This Edward Palmer died in London about 1625."




.58           TTERRA  JIM R I-E.
planters of Virginia. But the Baltimore influence could not be overthrown in a Privy Council
where he was esteemed, and a powerful member
of which was Wentworth, an old fa.mfily fiiend,
and on July the third, 1633, it was decided by
them  that Baltimore should not be disturbed,
and a few days after a letter was written to the
Governor and Council of Virginia, stating that
Lord Baltimore intended to transport a number
of persons " to that part called Maryland, which
we have given him," and they are directed to
give him friendly help and assistance in furtherance of his undertaking.
Cecil Baltimore now earnestly labored to collect a colony for embarkation, but he found his
pathway filled with the thorns planted by opponents.
After the "Ark," a ship of four hundred tons,
and the "Dove," a pinnace of fifty tons, were
purchased, it was whispered that lie designed to
carry nuns and soldiers to Spalin; then, after they
had sailed, it was reported that they had not
complied with the custom-house regulations, and
Secretary Coke wrote to Admiral Pennington,
that the Ark of London, Richard Lowe, mraster,
carrying men for Lord Baltimore to his new
plantation "in or about New  England,"' had
sailed from  Gravesend contrary to orders, the
company inl charge of Captain Winter not havilng taken the oath of allegiaance.




F~llIICRATN TS' BOARD BILLS UNTPI1ID. 59
The vessels were immediately pursued and
brought back, and on the thirtieth of October
license was granted for the Ark and Dove to go
to Maryland, the oath having been administered
to the passengers.
Some bills having been unsettled, complaint
was made against Lord Baltimore and his deputy, Gabriel Hawley.
It set forth, that Hawley billeted men and
women for Maryland, at twelve pence a day, in
the houses of the complainants, and took them
away without paying for their entertainment,
amounting to about sixty pounds; and that Lord
Baltimore refers them to Hawley, now a prisoner
in the Fleet, and they ask that Lord Baltimore,
whose ship is ready to sail, may be ordered to
give satisfaction.
Sir John Wostenholme and others also declared, that they had been at great charge in
settling an island, by them named the Isle of
Kent, and prayed that they might enjoy free
trade, and that Lord Baltimore might settle in
some other place.
But toward the last of November all difficulties
were surmounted, and they reached Cowes, in the
Isle of Wight, where probably the Jesuits came on
board. On the twenty-second of November they
weighed anchor, and steered for the New World.
The gentlemen, not twenty in number, were on
board of the Dove, Captain Winter in command;




60                 TE R R    A IAR LE.
and the laboring men were stowed away in the
Ark, under  the  charge  of  Captain  Richard
Lowe.1
The colony was not religious, but commercial,
in its aims.  The members thereof were Protestants and Roman Catholics.
Anmong the few gentlemen of the colony were
Leonard  Calvert, aged  twenty-six  years,  and
George, a younger brother, who  seems to have
lived in Virginia, and died there about the year
1667.2   The two councillors were Thomas Cornwallis and Jerome Hawley.  The former became
a useful and valuable  citizen  of the  province,
and was probably the son of Sir Thomas Cornwallis.  Jerome  Hawley  had  been  one of the
1 Cecilius Baltimore, in a letter to Wentworth, written from
Odiham, January 10th, 1633-4, says:
"I have, by the help of some of your Lordship's good friends
and mine, overcome these difficulties, and sent a hopeful colony
into Maryland. with a fair and favorable expectation of good
success; however, without any danger of any great prejudice
unto myself in respect that many others are joined with me in
the adventure. There are two of my brothers gone, with very
near twenty other gentlemen of very good fashion, and three
hundred laboring men, well provided in all things."-Strafford's
Dispatches and Letters, vol. i.
2 Governor Maverick, of Massachusetts, wrote in October,
1667:
" That there had been a hurricane in Virginia, and it was
said that Lord Baltimore's son had died."-N. Y. Col. Documenits.




LAB ORI lJv! JiEN  ILV THE  ARK.          61
gentlemen  sewers of Queen Henrietta  Maria,
and was soon the Treasurer of the Colony of Virginia, where he died.  Four, at least, of the few
remaining gentlemen were sons of titled Englishlbmen, and members of old Roman Catholic
families.'  The laboring men  on board  of the
Ark were -largely Protestant, for Father White,
in his journal, says that, of twelve that died on
the passage to America, only two were Roman
Catholics.
Deeply interested in the propagation of religion, under the forms Baltimore approved, he dispatched with the colonists Fathers Andrew White
and John Altham, alics Gravener, of the Society
of Jesus, with John Klnowles and Thomas Gervase as assistants, two of whom appear on the
1 In "A Relation of Maryland," published in 1685, republished in 1865, is a list of "very near twenty gentlemen," who
were with the first colony:
Leonard Calvert, George Calvert, his Lordship's brothers.
Jerome Hawley, Esq., Thomas Cornwallis, Esq., Comnmissioners.
Richard Gerard, son of Sir Thomas Gerard, K. B.
Edward Wintour, Frederick Wintour, sons of Lady Anne
Wintour.
Henry Wiseman, son of Sir Thomas Wiseman, Bart.
John Saunders, Thomas Dorrel, Edward Cranfield, Captain
John Hill, Henry Green, John Medcalf, Nicholas Fairfax, William Saire, John Baxter.
Fairfax died at sea.
6




62               TERRA MARI3E.
catalogue of Jesuits of Clerkenwell College, that
was in 1627 broken up.'
After tarryincg twenty days at the Barbadoes,
and fourteen at St. Christopher's, Leonard  Calvert and party arrived on the twenty-fourth of
February at Point Comfort, Va.  Visiting Governor IIarvey, at Jamestown, they did not leave
that point until the third of iMarch. On the fifth
they were at the mouth of the Potomac, and
then ascending fourteen leagues, they came to
St. George  Isle, and  anchored  at "an  island
near unto  it which they called  S. Clements,"
where they set up a cross, and took possession
of this country "for our Saviour and for our
Sovereign  Lord  the  King  of England," with
ceremonies very similar to those which a poet2
has described in connection with the planting of
Christianity in Great Britain:
"In the bright
Fringe of the living sea, that came and went,
Tapping its planks, a great ship sideways lay;
And o'er the sands a grave procession passed,
Melodious with many a chanting voice.
Nor spear, nor buckler had these foreign men;
Each wore a snowy robe, that downward flowed;
1 These names are taken from the Catalogue of Clerkenwell
College, in the Camden Soc. Publications:
" Jo es Gravenerius.
"Thomas Gervasii.
"Philippus Fisherus, alias Musket.."
Fisher was at St. Malry's in 1639.
2 Alex. Smith, in "Edwin of Deis.`




ARRIVAL AT SAINT MIA4RY.    63
Fair in the front a silver cross they bore,
A painted Saviour floated in the wind;
The chanting voices, as they rose and fell,
Hallowed the rude sea air."
Leaving the Ark at the island, Calvert in his
pinnace ascended the river as far as " Paschatoway," when he met Captain Henry Fleet,l an
Englishman who had lived many years among
the Indians.  Descending the river again with
Fleet as a guide, he was conducted up a small
tributary to the Indian village of Yoacomaco,
which, being well situated, was purchased from
the Indians, and on the twenty-seventh of March,
1634, the Governor took possession, and named
the place Saint Mary's.  Three days after the
Ark, with the two pinnaces, came up from  the
island, and the next day they began to build a
block  and store-house, the colonists living on
board of the ships until they were completed.
A few  days subsequent Governor Harvey, of
Virginia, visited the infant settlement.
They found the country well stored with corn,
1 The Admiralty, on July 10, 1634, received the following
petition of George Griffith & Co.. proprietors of the ship Warwick, of London:
"; Three years past they set forth a ship to New England and
Virginia, for t ade and discovery, and appointed Henry Fleet
their factor, with commission to return within one year; but,
by authority of Sir John HIarvey, Governor of Virginia, Fleet
has restrained the vessel, and profits to the petitioners' great
loss."-Col. State Papers, Col. Ser., p. 184.




64            TERRA  J IRIE.
and the Indian women taught them  how to
make it into bread. The ground being prepared for cultivation, they made gardens, and
planted English seeds of all sorts, and the summer proved very favorable for vegetation.
As soon as the plentiful harvest of the first
season was over, finding that, with what they
had purchased from the Indians, they had more
corn than was needed for the coming winter, the
little l)ove, a pinnace as dear to tile descendants of Roman Catholics as the Mayflower is
to the children of Puritans in America, sailed
from Saint Mary for Boston, laden with grain,
and for the purpose of cultivating friendly relations with the Colony of Massachusetts, over
which the gentle and dignified Wtinthrop pl-esided, and whose descendants to this day have
maintained a character for personal bravery and
scholarly culture.
From the time that the Dove first appeared in
the harbor of Boston, vessels constantly coasted
from colony to colony, exchanging products.
The crew at the time of their visit did not behave very well. It was a rule of the port that
all vessels should anchor below the fort; also
that no one should land without a permit, and
that all should return to their ships by sunset.
The sailors of the Maryland pinnace did not
like thus to be "cabined, cribbed, and confined,"
and leaning over the side of the ship, they gave




MARY LAND SAILORS AT BOSTONV.  65
vent to their animal spirits by shouting nicknames to the P'uritans on shore, calling them
the " brethren," and the " members," and, saith
the grave Winthrop in his journal, "did curse
and swear most horribly, and use threatening speeches."  These acts caused virtuous indignation among the "solid men of Boston."
The Governor, his assistants, and the divines
were all consulted, and it was decided that an
example ought to be made of the evil-doers; but,
as the sailors were not on land, the knotty question arose, how shall we obtain them from the
vessel?  The Gordian knot was at last cut, by
arresting the innocent supercargo, who happened to be on shore, and causing him to give
bail for the appearance of the oflenders on the
day fixed for trial.
When the men of the sea were brought to
court, a greater difficulty arose, for no one could
positively swear as to the identity of the man or
nmen who had jeered and blasphemed, and the
case was therefore dismissed, and a letter written to the captain, requesting him  to bring
among themn  "no more such disorderly persons."'
These prejudices against Puritans were not
entirely confined to the mariners of the Maryland province.  In the beautiful narrative of
Father White's labors among the Piscatoways,
not many miles below the site of the Citv of
6*




66(           TERRA iALA [lhE.
Washington, he gives a reason for the affection
of a chief of that tribe for him and his colleagues.
The savage told him that he had a dream, in
which he saw his deceased father worshiping a
dark and hideous God; at a little distance was a
most ludicrous demon, accompanied by a settler
named Snow, "an obstinate heretic from England;" at length Governor Calvert and Father
White appeared, in the company of a beautiful
God of exceeding whiteness, who with gentleness beckoned to him; and since that vision he
had been drawn by cords of love toward the
black robes.
According to their prejudices, those who
peruse this story will call it a wonderful Providence, an Indian superstition, a Jesuit fiction, or
will say, " credat Judeus Appella;" but whatever the conclusion, it proves that some one had
impressed the untutored savage with the belief
that those who were not Roman Catholics were
heretics.
But while religious differences existed, Leonard Calvert, as governor of the province, seemed
to protect all in their conscientious scruples, for
had he oppressed them, they would have crossed
the river to Virginia, where settlers were so
much needed, and the enemies of the colony
would have triumphed.
The first Protestant colonists were principally




TRIAL 01' WTHILL.tIM LE WIIS.   67
indented white servants and poor young men
who came to seek their fortunes. They had no
guide of their faith furnished by the Proprietor
for the cure of their souls, but in their chests a
few books had been placed by anxious friends
and parents, that had proved sources of comfort
in hours of doubt, temptation, and loneliness.
Thomas Cornwallis, a councillor of the province, had a number of white servants under the
care of an overseer, named William Lewis. One
day, in the year 1638, these servants were listening to the reading of sermons written by the
eloquent Puritan divine, known in England as
the " silver-tongued Smith,"' when the overseer
in a rage said that "the book came from the
devil, as all lies did, and that lie that wrote it
was an instrument of the devil, and that they
should not keep nor read such books." Christopher Carroll and others of the aggrieved, complained of this abuse to the civil authorities, and
to the credit of the Governor and Council, Lewis
was found guilty of an offensive and indiscreet
speech, and fined five hundred pounds of tobacco.
Late in the month of November, of the year
1637, John Lewger, the most remarkable man of
any that had hitherto arrived, appeared at Saint
Mary. There came with him Ann, his wife, his
son John, nine years of age, three male and three
1 Wood's Athenve Oxonienses.




68            TERRA MiARIE.
female servants, and a boy, Robert, twelve years
old.
On the previous fifteenth of April, he had
been commissioned in London as secretary of
the province, and collector and receiver of all his
Lordship's rents and revenues. Subsequently
lhe was privy councillor, attorney-general, and
judge of all causes testamentary and matrimonial.
He had been a college friend of Cecil Baltimore at Oxford,1 a commoner of Trinity College
in 1616, and received the degree of Master of
Arts in 1622, and was made Bachelor of Divinity
at the same time as Phil. Nye, afterward prominent in the Westminster Assembly of theologians.
In 1632 he was a minister of the Church of
England, in Essex, but under the influence of
the acute disputant Will. Chillingworth, he became a Roman Catholic, and by a singular coincidence the proselyter, who was a god-son of
Bishop Laud, very soon returned to the Church
of England, and became the author of the oftquoted sentence: "The Bible, and that only is
the religion of Protestants, and every one, by
making use of the helps and assistances that
God had placed in his hands, must learn and
understand it for himself as well as he can."
1 Wood'( Athenre Oxonienses.




SECRETARY JOHN LETWGER.           69
Lewger was chagrined when he learned that
Chillingworth had reverted, but the latter answered his wrath in a kind letter, entitled
"Reasons against Popery, in a letter from Mr.
Winm. Chillingworth to his friend Mr. Lewger,
persuading him to return to his mother, the
Church of England, from the corrupt Church of
iRomne."
The letter somewhat appeased Lewger, and
he had a conference with his old friend, in the
presence of Bishops Skinner and Sheldon.
Deprived of his benefice, a married man, with
no means of support, Cecil Baltimore made him
Secretary of Maryland, and sent him to assist
his brother Leonard. In the provincial assemblies he was influential, and in that of 1639 he
voted twelve proxies.
In this connection it is appropriate to allude
to the name of Thomas Copley, Esq., which appears in the earliest records of the province.
He entered lands for Fathers White and Altham, and thirty others, in 1635, one of whom
was "Francisco, a mulatto," brought in by Father
White, and the first slave in the colony of which
there is any notice. Copley appears to have
been the land agent for the Jesuit fathers, as another record says: "Thomas Copley, Esq., demandeth four thousand acres of land, due by
conditions of plantation, for transporting into
this province himself and twenty able men, at




70            TERRA MIARIE.
his own charge, to plant and inhabit in the year
1637."
On the thirteenth of May, 1638, there was also
entered "for Mr. Thomas Copley, one hundred
weight of beaver, traded for with the Indians."'
As late as 1650, members of the Roman Catholic Church bequeathed slight testimonials to the
Rev. Thomas Copley, and in some missionary letters he is called Father Copley. This gentleman
may have been the Father Cop]ey2 who, when
domestic chaplain of Lord Montague, fell in love
with the nursery-maid, and forgetting his vows,
was married, and of course, as long as his wife
lived, could only serve in secular affairs.
On the fifth of July, 1640, Father White, in the
presence of his colleague, Altham, alias Gravener,
Governor Calvert, Secretary Lewger, and others,
baptized a Piscataway chief, with his wife and
daughter. The chief was christened Charles,
the wife Mary, and the child Anna, as complimentary to the royal family of Engand.
On the afternoon of the same day the chief
was married according to the rites of the Church
of Rome, and a cross was planted conmmemorative of the event, the priests chanting the litany;
while Calvert, Lewger, and others followed in
solemn procession.
1 Bozman.
2 Letter of John Chamberlain to Sir Dudley Carleton, in
"Court and Times of James the First."




JOURNAL OF JESUIT MISSION.    71
Tanner, in his "Gesta Prceclara,'' published
nigh two centuries ago, across the seas, in the
far distant City of Prague, gives a rude engraving of the baptismal scene;l but this and the
marriage ceremony remain yet to be colored on
canvas or embalmed in poetry by some American Weir or Longfellow.
Thejourntal of the early Jesuit mission in Maryland abounds in religious sentiment. Shortly
after the marriage of the chief, Father Altham
died on Kent Island, and White, writing to Europe, said: " Those who are sent need not fear
lest the means of support be wanting, for He who
clothes the lilies and feeds the birds of the air, will
not suffer those who are laboring to extend his
kingdom, to be destitute of necessary sustenance."
Brock, whose real name was Morgan, and who
died July the fifth, 1641, wrote: "For my part, I
would rather, laboring in the conversion of the
Indians, expire on the bare ground, deprived of
all human succor, and perishing from hunger,
than ever think of abandoning the holy work of
God for fear of want."
They were trained to be soldiers of the cross;
they enjoyed the canoe voyage, camping in the
open air, and their scanty fare, more than the
pampered children of luxury the choicest delicacies. "With this present comfort," one said,
1 Shea's Cath. Missions.




72            TERRA  IAR I2E.
" God now imparts to us a foretaste of what he
is about to give to those that live faithfully in
this life, and mitigating all hardship with a degree of pleasantness, so that his Divine Majesty
appears to be present with us in an external
manner."
In 1639, the Fathers were settled in places
widely distant: Fisher was at St. Mary; Brock at
Mattapany on the Patuxent, two miles from its
mouth; Altham at Kent Island, sixty miles from
St. Mary; and White one hundred and twenty
miles distant, perhaps at Clayborne's old trading
post near the mouth of the Susquehanna.
On the twelfth of December, 1635, Governor
IIarvey, of Virginia, appeared before the Privy
Council of England to answer certain questions.
He admitted that one Rabnct, of Maryland, had
been arrested in Virginia for saying that it was
lawful and meritorious to kill a heretic king, and
that a Rev. Mr. Williams was ready to give testimony; but he refused the testimony because he
had married two persons without a license.
It was charged that Governor Harvey countenanced the religion in Maryland, and that Mr.
Hawley, in the midst of the mass, said that he
was come to plant the Romish religion in Maryland. This was denied; but both admitted that
there was public mass in that colony.'
I Cal. State Papers, Domestic Series.




T7RIAL OF SURGEON GERARD.    73
On the twenty-second of March, 1642, a petition was presented to the Assemby of Maryland
in behalf of the Protestant Catholics by David
Wickliff; complaining of Surgeon Thomas Gerard, who came into the colony in 1638, and
owner of St. Clement's maanor, for taking away
the key and books of their chapel. In settleinents without ministers, it was customary in
those days to fasten to a desk in a chapel the
Bible, and a few valuable religious books, which
the devout could open and read.
Doctor Gerard was brought to trial, and, after
patient hearing, it was acljudgecd that he should
bring back the key and books, and pay a fine of
live hundred pounds of tobacco toward the maintenance of' the first Protestant nminister that
should arrive.  The term  Protestant Catholic
was not unusual in that age.  The Jesuit fhther,
Fitz-HIerbert, wvhen arraigned in the colony for
an alleged offense, argued that in the province
every church "professilg to believe in God tlie
F)ather, Sonl, and Holy Ghost, Nwas accounted
Holy Churchl,"  and therefore the inhabitants
distinguished themselves as Protestant Catholics
and  Roman Catholics.  William  Penn once
wrote, "I am a Catholic, but not a Roman Catholic."
On the first of September in this vear, Captain
1 Davis in " Day- star of Freedom."
7i




74'ERRA MARIE.
James Neale,' an experienced mariner, who had
lived in Spain, now settled on a large estate near
the mouth of the Wicomico River, not far fiom
St. Mary, and a prominent citizen, arrived at
Boston with two pinnaces, commissioned by Governor Calvert to buy mares and sheep; but having bills of exchange on Lord Baltimore, in EDnglanid, which could not be neg-otiated, owing to
the civil war then raging, he was unsuccessful.
While there, olle of his p)innaces was discovered
to be so worm-eaten that it was necessary to
abandon it near the coast, where the May Flower
had first landed her passengers, and perhaps the
little ship was the "Dove " that had been to Bostoll once, and eight years before brought the first
settlers to St. Mary.
A few weeks later, another coasting vessel fiom
Virginia arrived at Boston with a Mr. Bennett,
bearing a letter written at Nansemond or Upper
Norfolk, on May the twenty-fourth, and signed
by Richard Bennett, Daniel Gooking, John Hill,
and  seventy-one  others, earnestly  asking  for
faithful ministers.  American  Congregational1 One of the Councillors of Mlaryland, and the ancestor of
Arlchbishop Neale, tile successor of Cairoll
In 1666, he petitions the Assembly for the naturalization of
his four children, " Henrietta, Maria, James, Dorothy, and Anthony Neale, born in Spain, of Ann his wife, during his residence there as a merchant, and when em!ployed there by the
King and Duke of York in several emergent affairs." —Bacon's
Laws of JMaryland.




VIRGINIA  C ONG,-REGA TIO NTAL IS TS.   75
ism  found  its earliest though  brief home  in
Virginia.
In the very first ships that came to the mouth
of the James River, were Puritan families, and
they wrote back inviting their friends to follow;
but Bishop Bancroft "being informed that great
numbers were preparing to embark, obtained a
proclamation prohibiting them to transport themselves to Virginia without a special license from
the King."
Governor Wyatt stated, in  1623, that there
were ministers in the c(olony, but not in orders; 1
and the next year there came to Virginia the
learned and devout Puritan divine Henry Jacob,
the  first Congregational minister in England.
HIe was born in Kent, educated at St. Mary's
Hall, where he took the degree of A. M., entered
into holy orders, and became precentor of Christ
Church  College,  and  afterward  preached  at
C heriton.2
1 Cal. State Papers, Col. Series.
2 Wood says he entered college at fifteen, and was " excellently well read." He published several works, the titles of
which were:
Treatise on the Sufferings and Victory of Christ in the work
of our Redemption, written against certain errors in these parts,
publicly preached in London. London, 1598, 4to.
Treatise to show that the Church of England was a true
Church. 1599.
Defence of the Treatise on Redemption, etc. 1600.
Reasons for reforming our Churches. 1604.




76                 TERR'tA  lAh'RLE.
In  1599!  he wrote a treatise to show  that the
Church of England was a true church, but visiting Leyden, he became acquainted with  Robinson, and  adopted  the  views of tile  Congregationalists, and  returning, established  the  first
Independent Church in  England, and continued
its pastor till, desirous of being more useful, he
left his flock and  departed  for the wilderness of
Virginia, where he soon died.
Daniel Gookins,' one of the best and bravest
A Position against vain-glorious and that which is falsely
called learned preaching. 1604.
Plain and clear Exposition of Second Commandment. 1610.
His son Henry became a critical scholar, and assisted the
learned Selden in hIis Hebrew studies.
I Daniel Gookins was one of the best men of his day, prominently identified with Virginia, Maryland, and Massachusetts.
Ile was a native of Kent, England, but came with his father,
whose name was also Daniel, from Ireland to Virginia.  The
father arrived on the 22d of November, 1621, "with fifty men
of his own, and thirty passengers, exceedingly well furnished
with all sorts of provisions and cattle," and settled at Newport
News.
When the Indians attacked the colonists, the old records say
that he did not comply with the order, to retreat to a central
blockhouse.  "Mlater Gookins, having thirty-five of all sorts
with him, made good his point against the savages."
Gov. Wyatt, on April 7th, 1623, writes to John Ferrar: "A
ship has lately arrived, with forty men and thirty passengers,
for Mr. Gookins."
There is an indenture on record, dated Feb. 1st, 1630, between Daniel Gookins, Gent., and Thos. Addison, his servant.
In 1637 lie obtained a grant of 2500 acres upon the northwest
of Nansemond River. In 1642 he was President of the Court




MAJ.-GEN. DAVNIEL GOOKINS1.    77
men the New  World had received, was then the
owner of a plantation at Newport News, and at
of Upper Norfolk, and was then thirty years of age, and about
that time made the acquaintance of Tompson.  He owned a
plantation near South River, Maryland, although after 1644 he
became a resident of Massachusetts, yet keeping up business
relations with the settlers on the Chesapeake. In 1655 two Indians murdered two of his negro servants, near South River.
Says Davis: "Mary, the servant who had escaped, notwithstanding the severity of her wound, was the chief witness.
But Warcosse, the Emperor, had sent down to St. Mary's some
articles found in possession of the suspected Indians, and
which it was known had belonged to Captain Gookins. And
the Indians, who spoke through interpreters, confessed at the
trial they were present at the murder-at one moment admitting, at the next denying, their guilt,'fearful and desiring,'
says the record,'to conceal it.' They were convicted, sentenced, and executed on the same day." Gookins was a warm
friend of John Eliot, the apostle to the New England Indians,
and wrote a history of these Indians, and also of New England. Chief Justice Sewall called to see him when dying, and
in his journal of that day records the fact of visiting, and expressively adds, "a right good man."  His tombstone is still
seen at Cambridge, Mass., with this inscription:
HERE LYETII INTERRED
YE BODY OF
MAJOR-GENERAL DANIEL GOOKINS,
AGED 75 YEARES,
WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE
YE 19TH MARCH, 1686-7.
Gov. Gookins, of Pennsylvania, was a cousin, described by
Wim. Penn in these words: "He is sober, understands to command and obey, moderate in his temper, and of what they call
a good family: his grandfather, Sir Vincent Gookins, having
7*




78              TERRA  MlARLE.
Nansemond, on the opposite bank of the James.
The petition of the Virginia Congregationalists
was read at a public lecture, and the ministers
of Boston and vicinity set apart a day for its consideration, after which  they selected three of
their best men to respond to the call of Gookins
and others for ministers. After sonie changes
and delays, John Knowles, a ripe scholar from
Imnmanuel College, and who had been pastor at
Watertown; Thomas Jamnes, for ten years a faithful preacher at Charlestown; and William Tompson,1 educated at Oxford University, started forth
on the errand of love. After being wrecked at
IHell Gate, in Long Island Sound, and exposed
to the storms of winter, they reached Virginia
in eleven weeks from  the timle of their departure.  Men of the greatest personal dignity, and
bearing letters fiom  the Governor of Massachusetts, they were coldly received by Berkeley, the
Governor of Virginia, and his chaplain, the Rev.
Thomas Harrison.  Unacknowledged by the authorities, they were greeted by well-disposed persons.  Winthrop says: "Though the State did
been an early great planter in Ireland, in King James the First
and Charles's days."
The entire letter of Penn may be found in Proud's Hist. of
Pa, vol. ii. pp. 4 and 5.
1 William Tompson, as the name was usually written, was
born in Lancashire, Eng., in 1598, and graduated at Oxford in
1619. Before emigrating to America, he pieached at Winwick. He died Dec. 10th, 1666.




MAASSIf CHUSETTS JMISSIONARIES.   79
silence the ministers, because they would not
conform to the order of England, yet the people
resorted to them in private houses to hear them
as before."
After five or six months, Knowles and James
seem to have returned to Massachusetts Colony,
while Tompson, accompanied by Gookins and
others, emigrated to Maryland, in the neighborhood of South and Severn Rivers, near the site of
Annapolis. They were not looked upon as intruders, but welcomed as most desirable, and
more of the same sort invited. Governor Winthrop, in his journal, under date of eighth month,
thirteenth day, 1643, 0. S., wrote: "The Lord
Baltimore being the owner of much land near
Virginia, being himnself a Plapist, and his brother,
Mr. Calvert, the Governor there, a Papist also,
but the colony consisting of both Papists and
Protestants, he wrote a letter to Captain Gibbons, of Boston, and sent him  a commission,l
wherein he made a tender of land in Maryland
to any of ours that would transport themselves
thither, with free liberty of religion, and all other
privileges which the place affords."
The Indians of Virginia, like the Sioux of
Minnesota during our late troubles, learning that
the whites in England were engaged in war with
each other, on April the eighteenth, 1644, a black
Good Friday in the colonial calendar, suddenly
swarmed around the feeble settlements in the




80              TE'RRA  MARLE.
valley of the James River, and as quickly disappeared, with their hands full of reeking scalps.
Strong men fainted with horror; women moaned
and refused to be comforted, for their children
were not; the rich and the poor, the high and
the low, overwhelmed by the common calamity,
felt that it was a judgment of God for their sinfulllness.1
Among those who were changed men was
Thomas Harrison, the Governor's chaplain.  He
had been a bigot before, and though he kept a
fair exterior to the godly men from  Massachusetts, he now confessed that he had privately
used his influence to have them  silenced.  But
after the massacre, stung with remorse, he
preached faithfully, which Berkeley thought was
Puritanical, and he dismissed him, because he
did not need so grave a chaplain.
Not cast down, he  sought out the scattered
flock of Nansemond, that remained after Tompson and others had  left, and ministered unto
their wants.
The following law forcibly exhibits the feeling of the colony
at this time:
"Enacted by the Governor, Council, and Burgesses of this
Grand Assembly, for the public benefit of the colony, to the
end that God mayeth avert his heavy judgments that are upon
us, that the last Wednesday in every month be set, apart for
fasting and humiliation, and that it be wholly dedicated to
prayers and preaching.'




REV. WILLIAM  TOMPSON.                81
On the ninth of June, 1647, Leonard Calvert,
the first Governor of the Maryland Colony, died,
and Mistress Margaret Brent, an unmarried person, was left his administratrix.  With  truly
Elizabethan vigor, she discharged her trust, and
demanded a vote in the Provincial Assembly,
which being denied, she protested againist their
acts.  John Lewger, the first Secretary of the
province, having buried his wife, soon returned
to England, became a Roman Catholic priest,
and lived in Lord Baltimore's house.
The Rev. William Tompson, described as one
of "tall and comely presence," lost his wife a
few months after he left Massachusetts, but he
labored on in the colony until the latter part of
1648, winning golden opinions by his quiet, conservative, and Christian course.  Mather, in a
commemorative poem, says:
" Hearers, like doves, flocked with contentious wing
Who should be first, feed most, most homeward bring
Laden with honey, like Hyblcean bees,
They knead it into combs, upon their knees.
A constellation of great converts there
Shone round him, and his heavenly glory wear,
Gookins was one of them, by Tompson's pains,
Christ and New England, a dear Gookins gains."
Some one visiting England about the close of
the year 1647, perhaps John Lewger, tried to
poison the mind of Lord Baltimore against Tomp



82            TERRA   A RIE.
son. The Provincial Assembly of the next year
thus earnestly resents the whisperings of the
slanderer: "Whereas your Lordship doth seem
to be greatly distasted and disgusted at William
Tompson, your Lordship's old servant, through
some information which has been given your
Lordship of his comportment here, in aiding
and siding with the rebels against your Lordship's governor and government, which information we do assure your Lordship to be a most
false proceeding, rather, as we may suppose, out
of hatred and spleen toward him, than any good
affection or love toward your Lordship, for before anything was proceeded on in the Assembly
William  Tompson was called and strictly examined before the Governor, and Council, and
whole Assembly, and nothing at all could be
proved against him, wherewith he was accused
to your Lordship, that was in that point most
innocent; and further report of him, that your
honor tath not a more faithftd and cordial friend in
the whole province, and shown to the utmost of
his ability even before, in time of, and ever since
the troubles here, than William Tonlpson is.
Therefore we humbly crave of your honor, according to your honor's wonted clemency, not to
harbor such thoughts, and give ear to such false
suggestions against him; and further, my Lord
seeing it hath been so notorious an inijury and
infamy to him, we humbly crave that your Lord



STONE, PROTESTANT GO VERNOR.  83
ship will intimate hither the next year who were
his principal accusers on this point, which we
the more earnestly beg, for that it will give the
whole country and himself great satisfaction."
Tompson was a delicate and sensitive man,
and though he could not but have been flattered, by the testimony of the colonial assembly, he soon left, and returned to preach and
to die amid his old parishioners in Braintree,
near Boston.
About this time, while the General Court was
in session, the Rev. Mr. Harrison, of Virginia,
visited Boston, in company with Durand, one of
his elders, and stated that his church numbered
one hundred and eighteen communicants, and
that several of the council and nearly a thousand
persons sympathized with their mode of worship,
but owing to the Governor's hostility th ey would
be obliged to seek a new home; Lord Baltimore
had appointed at this time William  Stone, a
P'rotestant, formerly sheriff of Northanmpton
County, Virginia, governor of' his colony, and
the members of Harrison's church were invited
to settle near Annapolis. IIarrison did not rermain with them long, but returned to England,
and reported the arbitrary conduct of Govenor
Berkeley. On October the eleventh, 1649, the
Council of State wrote to the Governor that they
had been informed, by petition of the congregation of Nansemond, in Virginia, that their min



(841       TERRIA  ALI 12LE.
ister, Mr. Harrison, an able man, of unblamable
conversation, had been banished the colony because he would not conform  to the use of the
Common Prayer Book. "As the Governor caniiot be ignorant that the use of' it is prohibited
by Parliamellt, he is directed to permit Mr. HIarrison to return to his ministry, unless there is
sufficient cause approved by Parliament."
Although at first Cecil Baltimore adhered to
King Charles, yet as the Parliament forces, under
an old Yorkshire friend, Sir Thomas Fairfax,
begtan to conquer, he veered to the side of the
people, and to obviate any objections that might
be offered not only appointed William Stone, a
Protestant, governor of the colony, but also sent
out to the Assembly a carefully prepared law to
be passed, styled "An Act concerning Religion,"
embodying the distinctive features of recent
Puritan legislation concerning the Sabbath, a
wide contrast to the permission for dancing,
vaulting, and archery, and other sports which
had been allowed on Sunday, by King Charles.
It provided "That every person or persons
within this province that shall at any time hereafter proftllle the Sabbath, or Lord's day, called
Sunday, by frequent swearing, drunkenness, or
by any uncivil or disorderly recreation, or by
working on that day when absolute necessity
doth not require," shall be fitned. But in case
the offtinders shonld nlot have the ability to pay




ACT CONCERNIVNG RELIGION.    85
the fine imposed, it was provided that the persons should be imprisoned till they were ready
to make open confession, and for the third
offense they were to be publicly whipped.
It further declared, that any one that should
deny the Holy Trinity should be punished with
death and confiscation of goods.
It also prohibited the use of any reproachful
words concerning  " the blessed Virgin Mary, the
mother of our Saviour, or the holy Apostles or
Evangelists, and the calling of any one in a reproachfbul way heretic, schismatic, idolater, Puritan, Presbyterian, Independent, Popish Priest,
Jesuit, Jesuited Papist, Lutheran, Anabaptist,
Brownist, Antinomian, Barrowist, Roundhead,
and Separatist, or any other name."
The Assemiiblv of 1649, to which Lord Baltimore's law was submitted, consisted of the Governor, a Protestant, six councillors, and nine burgesses; and those who have carefully examined
the early records feel confident that five of the
burgesses were Roman Catholics, and three of
the councillors.1
The law remitted to them was much more
minute than any that had been before presented,
and the oath of fidelity to the Proprietor was a
recent requirement, and while they could not
well do otherwise than pass the act that was subi Davis.




86            TERRA MARLIE.
mitted, they took occasion to write to the Proprietary these words:
"We do further humbly request your Lordship that hereafter such things as your Lordship
may desire of us, may be done with as little
swearing as conveniently may be, experience
teaching us that a, great occasion is given to much
perjury when swearing becometh common. Forfeitures, perhaps, will be more efficacious to keep
men honest, than swearing. Oaths little prevail
upon men of little conscience. And, lastly, we
do humbly request your Lordship hereafter to
send us no more such bodies of laws, which serve
to little other end than to fill our heads with suspicions, jealousies, and dislikes of that which
verily we understand not; rather we shall desire
your Lordship to send some short heads of what
is desired, and then we do assure your Lordship
of a most forward willingness in us to give your
Governor all just satisfaction that can be thought
reasonable."
Edward Gibbons, once a gay young man, then
a person of weight around Boston, and their chief
military officer, had for years traded with the
Maryland Colony, and while in England became
acquainted with Lord Baltimore. It was therefore wise policy, now that Charles was beheaded,
and the battles of Naseby and Marston Moor had
proved that there was truth, as well as sarcasm,
in the song of the Cavalier,




GIBBONS APPOINTED ADMIRAL.  87
" Although they snuffled psalms, to give
These rebel dogs their due,
When the roaring shot poured thick and hot,
They were stalwart men and true,"
to conciliate Parliament and its friends in his
colony, and he tendered to Gibbons, in 1650, a
commission  as Admiral of the province  and
councillor.  While the records show  that Gibbons owned a windmill at Saint Mary, he does
not appear to have become a permanent resident
of the colonly.
The Assembly of 1650, it is admitted by all,
had a Protestant majority,' and they created all
upper and lower house, to meet apart, the Governor and council constituting the upper, a form
of government which remained unchanged until
the American revolution. They also struck out
from the oath of fidelity, prescribed by Lord
Baltimore, the expressions of "absolute Lord"
1 Members of Assembly, 1650:
Saint Mary's County.
St. George Hundred-John Hatch, P.; Walter Beane, P.
Newtown Hundred-Johlln Medley; Wm. Brough, P.; Robert
Robins, P.
St. Clements Hundred-Francis Posey, P.
St. Mary's Hundred-Philip Land; Francis Brooks.
St. Inigos Ilundred-Cuthbert Fenwick.
St. Michael's RIundred —Thos. Sterman, P.; George Manners.
Providence or Ann Arundel County.
James Cox, P.; George Puddington, P.
Those marked P were Protestants.




88              TERRA MIARLE.
and "royal jurisdiction," and inserted that they
would defend all his lordship's rights "not any
wise understood to infringe or prejudice liberty
of conscience and religion." The settlements of
Providence were also this year organized into a
county, namned after the recently deceased wife
of the Proprietary, Ann Arundel.t
Charles the Second, an exile at Breda, hearing
of Baltimore's tlurning to the Parliament, commissioned Sir WVilliam )Davenant, the god-son of
Shakspeare, as Governor of Maryland, "alleging
therein the reason to be because Lord Baltimore
did visibly adhere to the rebels in England, and
admitted all kinds of sectaries and schismatics
and ill-affected persons into that plantation."
With the aid of' Queen Henrietta Maria, Davenant collected a company of French mechanics
and weavers, and sailed from a port in Normandy
for America; but on the sea he was captured by
a Parliament ship, brought to England, and
lodged in the Tower, where he finished his poem
of Gondibert, and was at length released from
1 Ann Arundel, the wife of Cecil, Lord Baltimore, and daughter of Thomas Arundel, Baron of Wardour, died on the 23d of
July, 1649, in the 34th year of her age. The following is one
of the inscriptions on her tomb at Tisbury:
"Anna Aru-ndelia, pulcherrima et optima conjux Cecilii Calverti Baronis de Baltemnore, et absolu: domini Terrme AMarix, et
Avaloniae, Filiaq: Charissima Thomae Arundelive, Pirimi Baronis
de Warder et sac Romp. Imp. Comitis."




JOHN LEW GER.                   89
"durance vile " by the intercession of the great
Puritan poet, John Milton.
In concluding this article on the formative
period of the colony, it will not be inappropriate
to glance at the subsequent career of those who
had been the pioneer religious teachers among
the early settlers of Maryland. Father Andrew
White returned to England and died on December the twenty-seventh, 1656.
John Lewger having become a Roman Catholic priest,' and inmate of Lord Baltimore's house,
plunged into the theological controversies of the
hour, and in 1659 published a work entitled
"'Erastus Junior, a solid demonstration by principles, forms of ordination, common laws, acts
of Parliament, that no Bishop nor Presbyter
hath any authority to preach from  Christ, but
from Parliament." This, three years later, was
followed by "Erastus Senior, scholastically demonstrating the conclusion that admitted Lambeth
Records to be true, those called Bishops here in
1 Benjamin Denham, Chaplain of Earl of Winchester, on Jan.
27, 1667, writes from Pera, near Constantinople:
"Surprised at the appointment of Marquis of Dorchester.
All that is treated of in the Privy Council about Roman Catholics is discovered to Lord Brudenell and Lord Baltimore, Governor of Maryland, whose Chaplain, an English recusant, now a
Romish priest, was one of the vicegerents there, in Charles the
First's time."-Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series.
8*




90             TERRA MARIIE.
England, are no Bishops either in order or jurisdiction, or so much as legal."
When the plague raged in London, he exposed
himself in visiting poor sick Roman Catholics,
and died of that disease in 1665 at St. Giles-inthe-Fields.
The scholarly Knowles, on visiting his native
land, found niany of his schoolmates in prominent places, and his ability as a preacher, for a
period, gave him Bristol Cathedral as a field of
labor, but onl the restoration of Charles the
Second, he refused to conform, and was silenced.
After leaving Bristol, he preached for sixteen
years at Pershore, in Worcester, and on April
the ninth, 1665, his house was searched, goods
seized, and hinlself imprisoned for sedition, because lie had collected money for suffering Polanders, which in his petition for release, he
quaintly says " he did not know was unlawful,
but thought them  all object of pity."  On his
release, he devoted himself to those suffering
from the plague in London, and at the ripe age
of fourscore and five years, on April the tenth,
1685, was gathered to his fathers.
Lord Baltimore, in 1651, in a letter to the
Assembly of Maryland, alludes with respect to
Dr. Thomas Harrison, who appears then to have
been in London, and was for some time the minister of St. Dunstan's East.




DR. THOMAS HARRISOM.           91
When the upright Harry Cromwell, respected
by foes, and loved by friends, became Viceroy of
Ireland, he accompanied him  as Chaplain, and
was very useful as a preacher in Dublin.  Several of his letters are printed in the Thurloe
State Papers, and he published a work called
"Topica Sacra," and in 1659 a sermon called
"Threni Hibernici, or Ireland sympathizing with
England and Scotland in a sad lamentation for
the loss of her Josiah."
As he advanced in years, like Richard Baxter,
he suffered from persecution, and in the Calendar of State Papers for 1665, there is a report
dated Chester, July the third, of which the following is the substance: "A conventicle of one
hundred persons was appointed at the house of
Dr. Thomnas Harrison, late Chaplain of Harry
Cromwell; broke open the house, found some
under the beds, others in the closets, and thirty
were taken before the Mayor."
Refined, a fluent speaker, an earnest Christian, he was greatly admired, and the Earl of
Thomond used to say " he had rather hear Dr.
Harrison say grace over an egg, than hear the
Bishops pray or preach."
In one of the Camden Society Publications'




92            TERRA MAR tIE.
is the last notice we have of Sir William Berkeley's chaplain:
"1665, Oct. 13. Dr. Thomas Harrison, preacher
at St. Christopher's, and before at St. Bartholomew's, died ex peste. Was buried on the fourteenth."




CHAPTER THIRD.
DIFFICULTIES WITH VIRGINIANS, AND FROM
CIVIL WAR IN ENGLAND.
AMUEL  MATTHEWS  and  William
Clayborne were two of the Virginia
Councillors who, in October, 1629, refisle  to allow Lord George Baltimhore to settle
i: l  le, colony, unless he complied with the law
of England, and took the oath of allegiance and
supremacy. Partly on this account their subsequent relations with his son and successor,
Cecil Baltimore, were not very pleasant.
Matthews owned the best estate in the colony,
on the River James, just above Newport News,
and was thrifty and intelligent.l His wife was
the daughter of Sir Thomas Hinton. His plantation was a miniature village; the flax and
hemp were there made into fabrics; the cattle
not only furnished beef for the ships bound for
England, but the hides were tanned, and the
leather made into shoes. The dairy was large,
1 The early manuscript records of the Virginia Company,
show that he received a patent as early as 1622.
(93)




94            TERRA MARIE.
and live stock of all kinds abundant. At his
own cost, moreover, he began the erection of a
fort at Poiiit Comfort.
Loyal to the King, he esteemed it a part of his
religion, before the days of the Commonwealth,
to denounce Papists and Puritans.' He was a
type of the early planter; "lived bravely, kept
a good house, and was a true lover of Virginia."
Clayborne was also a representative man. He
came to the colony in 1621, as Surveyor; soon
became a Councillor; was for many years Secretary of State, and explored the Chesapeake;
established a trading post at Palmer's Isle, at the
mouth of the Susquehanna, and made a settlement at Kent Island, at least three years before
the patent for Maryland was issued. He visited
England shortly after George Baltimore's return, aind on the sixteenth of May, 1631, was,
with his associates, licensed to trade in those
parts for which a patent had not already been
granted. As soon as it was known that Lord
]Baltimore had comprehended the land already
occupied within his patent, William Cloberry,
John de la Barre, and David Moorhead, of London, partners of Clayborne, remonstrated, on the
ground that they had already purchased the Isle
of Kent, and began a settlement.
The planters of Virginia, when they heard of
Hammond, in " Leah and Rachel."




ACTION OF THE PRI VY COUNCIL.  95
the grant by the King to Baltimore, appealed to
the Privy Council, and urged that he might be
asked to settle in some other place. On the
twenty-eighth of June, 1633, both sides were
heard; and on the third of July, an order was
issued from the Star Chamber, which was an
evasion rather than a final decision, as it "left
Lord Baltimore to his patent, and the other parties to the course of law according to their desires." The announcement of the action of the
Privy Council of England ill Virginia, created
not only surprise, but a feeling of insecurity;
and before Leonard Calvert and the Maryland
colonists arrived, the Governor and Council of
Virginia informed the home government " that,
in consequence of a grant to Lord Baltimore,
the inhabitants are importunate for a confirmation of their lands and privileges by the King."
After Leonard Calvert landed at Jamestown,
and before the town of Saint Mary was purchased from the Indians, WVilliam Clayborne appeared at a meeting of the Virginia Council, and
stated that Governor Calvert had told him that
he was no longer a member of the Virginia Colony, but belonged to his plantation, and desired
their advice -as to the proper course for him to
pursue.
"It was answered by the Board, that they
wondered why such question was made; that
they knewv no reason why they should render up




9J6           TERRA MARIiE.
the right of the Isle of Kent, niore than any
other formerly given to this colony by his
Majesty's patent; and that the right of my
Lord's grant being yet undetermined in England, we are bound in duty and by our oaths to
maintain the rights and privileges of the colony."
The Privy Council of England, on the twentysecond of July, 1634, also said that "it is not
intended that interests which nlen have settled
when you were a corporation should be impeached."
While the  Councillors of Virginia sympathized with Clayborne, Sir John Harvey, appointed Governor by King Charles, was ready
by every means in his power to sustain Cecil
Baltimore and Governor Calvert; VWindebank,
Secretary of the Privy Council in England, was
also a strong friend to Baltimore, being a Roman
Catholic in his sympathies.
The complete understanding between these
parties is proved by their correspondence.  Cecil
Baltimore, while at Warder Castle,1 on September the fifteenth, sent his brother-in-law, William
Peasley, to beg Windebank to procure a letter
from the King to Sir John Harvey, thanking
him for the assistance he had given to the Maryland plantation, against " Clayborne's malicious
behavior."  If such letter was not sent by the
War(ler Castle, the sent of Earl Arundel, his wife's father.




CECIL BA LTIMORE AND GO V. H-AR VEY. 97
ship now ready to sail, lie feared his plantation
might be overthrown.
Windebank, not waiting for the Kinlg's letter,
three days after this request, wrote a flattering
letter to Harvey; and on the twenty-ninth it was
followed by a note from  the lKing. He stated
that he had given the grant to Lord Baltimore,
" there being land enough for the entertainment
of many thousands, and the work more easily
overcome by multitudes of hands and assistance," and he thanks Governor Harvey for his
ready assistance to the plantation begun in
Maryland, and requires him  to continue the
same.
But the sturdy freemen of Virginia could not
be made to believe that the usurpation was lawfiil, although sanctioned by an arbitrary King.
The people of Kent Isle had been represented by
delegates in their Assembly,' and they did not
wish these relations sundered. While Governor
Harvey was elated by the notice of the King,
through Baltimore's instigation, he was also humliliated by the little influence he had with the
people of Virginia.  The pliant  and despotic
tool of the Court, on December the sixteenth,
despondingly wrote to Windebank:
"Is desirous to do Lord Baltimore all the service he is able, but his power is not great, being
1 Ilening's Statutes, vol. i.
(1




98              TERRA MAR1E.
limited by his commission to the greater number
of voices at the Council table, where almost all
are against him, especially when  it concerns
Maryland.  Many are so averse to that plantation, that they proclaim  and make it their faimiliar talk, that they would rather knock their cattle on the heads, than sell them to Maryland.
iIe suspects the faction is nourished in England,
and also by Capt. Sam. Matthews, who, scratching his head and in a fury stamping, cried out:'a pox lipon Maryland.'"
It was unfortunate for Leonard Calvert, upon
his arrival at Saint Mary, to be associated with
one so indiscreet as Harvey.  If prudent measures had been at first taken, Clayborne might
have become a valuable assistant; but harsh
measures were at an early period initiated.
In the face of the order of the King,l dated
October the eighth, 1634, requiring the planters
of Kentish Island to be assisted, that they may
enjoy the fruit of their labors, and forbidding
Baltimore or his agents to do them  violence,
Governor Calvert acted as if the question as to
1The King wrote from hampton Court, Oct. 8, 1631, to the
Governor and Council of Virginia, and to all Lieutenants of
Provinces in America:
" Requires them to be assisting the planters in Kentish Island,
that they may peaceably enjoy the fruits of their labors, and
forbids Lord Baltimore or his agents to do them any violence."
-State Paper Cal., Col. Series, 1574-1 660.




F1GHT AT WIIGGGOM00CO.              99
the right of the Kent Islanders had been fully
determined.  As had been their custom, some
of these Islanders went, in the spring of 1635, to
trade with the Indians on the Pocomoke River,
in a pinnace called the Longtail, and on the
twenty-third of April the boat and goods were
seized by the Marylanders.
Clayborne, indignant at the hostile act, sent a
boat from  Virginia, in command of Ratcliffe
Warren, to recover the goods and captured vessel.  In the harbor of great Wiggomoco, WVarren met Captain Cornwallis of St. Mary, in the
pinnace St. Margaret, and on the tenth of May a
fight occurred between the rival parties.  Warren, with John Bellson and William Dawson, of
the Virginia party, were killed, and Thomas
Smith, Gent., taken prisoner, lwhile the Marylanders lost but one man, William  Ashmore.'
The collision caused great excitement in both
colonies. About the time of this occurrence, the
arbitrary conduct of Itarvey led to a revolution
in Virginia.  Capt. Sam. Matthews, on  the
twenty-eighth of April, with forty musketeers,
surrounded his house, and John Utie, placing his
1 At a meeting of the Privy Council of England, it was stated
that "Lord Baltimore's servants had slain three men at the entrance of Hudson's River, which goes to Maryland."-State 1Paper Cal, Col. Series.
Iludson River is a broad arm of the bay between the Choptauk and Taylor's Island.




100'TEh'RRA MAR h'E.
hand upon his shoulder, said, "I arrest you for
treason."  I-e was then told to prepare for England, where he must go and answer their complaints. Perfectly powerless in the face of a
strong public sentiment, he submitted, and the
colonists, with  their strong republican tendencies, chose in his stead John West, brother of
Lord Delawarr.
On the twenty-third of May, Clayborne was
at Elizabeth City, and wrote to England that all
hiis riglhts hlad been tramnpled upon, and the
King's express commands, under the protection
of which he deemed himlself so safe, had been
contemned, and lie had perislhed by security.
Mattllews, writing to Sir John Wostenholme,
said that Clayborne hlad applied two days since
for redress against the oppression of the Mary]anders, -who had slain three and hurt other inhabitants (if the Isle of Kent, and he did not believe they would have committed such outrages
without Harvey's instigation.  Ile  concludes
"with an assured holpe that Sir John Harvey's
return [to England] will be acceptable to God,
not displeasing to his Majesty, and an assured
happiness unto this Colony."  At White Hall,
on December the eleventh, the Privy Council
met to inquire into the causes of Harvey's being
in England, and the King said that it was an
1assumption of the regal power upon the part of
the colonists, and that llarvey should go )back to




BALTIMORE SEEKS O7FFIlCE.    101
Virginia, "though to stay but a day."  Cecil
Baltimore, finding the King in this temper, requested the arrest of John West, Samuel Matthrtews, and others, and that they might be brought
to England to answer for their misdemeanors;
also that the Attorney-General might draw out
a new commission for Harvey, with enlarged
powers, and that Secretary Windebank prepare
his instructions.
Jerome Hawley, the associate councillor of
Cornwallis, in Maryland, was now in England
and preparing to go back with Harvey, having
obtained, through Cecil Baltimore's court influence, the position of Treasurer as well as Councillor of the Colony of Virginia. The persistent
Baltimore, on February the twenty-fifth, 1637,
through his brother-in-law, Peasley, tells Windebank that he considered the proposition concerning the advancement of the King's service in
Virginia, and is well assured of his own ability to
perform with ample satisfaction what he undertakes, and proposes a way of moving the King in
this business, which is most likely to take effect.
If the memorial was not on file, it would be
difficult to believe that Baltimore proposed to
increase the annual revenue from Virginia ~8000,
on condition that he was made Governor of that
colony with a salary of ~2000 per annum.l
1 State Paper Cal., Col. Series, 1574-1660, p. 250.
9*




102               TERRh'A MARIO.
Although Jerome Htawley had been appointed
Treasurer and Councillor of Virginia before he
left England,'  he appeared  at Saint Mary and
sat as a member of the second assembly in that
province, which commenced its sessions on the
twenty-first day of January, 1637-8, and at the
close of which Thlomnas Smith, Gent., of the Isle
of Kent, an associate of Warren in the Pocomoke affair, was tried for piracy and felony, and
condemned to be hung, and a bill of attainder
passed against William  Clayborne, by which his
property was forfeited to the Lord Proprietor.
Before the Act was passed by the Maryland
Assembly, Clayborne was in England refuting
the charges against him, and complaining that
B3altitmore's agents, with forty men, had gone to
take possession of his trading post on Palmer's
Isle, at the mouth of the Susquehanna.  He, at
the same time, offered to pay yearly one hundred
1 Jerome Hawley was in Lonlon on June 27, 1636, and wrott,
to Windebank that he would visit him on the next Sunday. In
August, he sailed in the "Black George " with Sir John Harvey
for Virginia, but owing to leakage the ship returned. In April,
1637, he sailed in the Friendship. Geo. Reade, of Jamestown,
writing to his brother, a secretary of Windebank's, says: "' Mr.
Hawley has not proved the man he took him for, having neither
given any satisfaction for money received of him nor brought
him any servants."
He died in the summer of 1638, leaving a childless widow,
and his associate councillor of the Maryland Colony, Thomas
Cornwallis, was his administrator.




LETTER  FROl  KING  CHIARLES.  103
pounds sterling to the Crown for possession of
the Isle of Kent and the Susquehanna plantation,
with tiwelve leagues of land in that country.
The King approved the proposals, and ordered
a day for a full hearing of' the complaint.  Cecil
Baltimore was now  alarmed, and writes to the
King "that he is informed that upon a representation lately exhibited  for renewing a Virginia Company their request was granted, although his Majesty said lie would not have the
petitioner's interest in  Maryland anyways impeached, yet it is intended to infringe upon his
government."
The unstable Charles, in every matter of importance, always oscillating when men wished
him  to stand firm, now  writes to the Commlissioners for foreign Plantations not to allow any
patent or warrant for plantation or discovery
near Avalon'  and Maryland to pass the seals,
which in any way may infringe upon0 the rights
of Lord Baltimore, and engages his royal word
never to permit any quo warr into or other pro1 About the time of these promises Avalon was granted to
other parties. Sir David Kirk writes from Ferryland, Oct. 2,
1639, to Archbishop Laud: "Out of one hundred persons they
took over, only one died of sickness. The air of Newfoundland agrees perfectly well with all God's creatures, except Jesuits and schismatics. A great mortality amongst the former tribe
so affrighted my Lord of Baltimore, that he utterly deserted the
co tlllr."




104             TERRA  MA R13.
ceedings for infringing or overthrowing either
of his patents.
At length, on the fourth of April, 1638, the
Commissioners of Plantations reported the right
and title to the Isle of Kent to be absolutely with
him, and that the violences complained of by
Clayborne to be left to the ordinary course of
justice.'
But, on July the fourteenth, 1638, the King
from Greenwich writes to Cecil Baltimore:
"The King understands that contrary to his
pleasure, Lord Baltimore's agents have slain
three persons, possessed themselves of the island
by force, and seized the persons and estates of
the planters. These disorders have been referred
to the Commissioners for Plantations.  He is
therefore commanded to allow the planters and
their agents to have free enjoyment of their possessions without further trouble, until the cause
is decided." 2
Clayborne, on the eighth of August, 1640, appointed George Serrell, of Nansemond, Virginia,
to collect any debts due him in Maryland, but
the Governor and Council, to the petition of Ser1 Winm. Penn searched the records for an authenticated copy of
this report, but it could never be found. Lord Charles Baltimore also failed in his search.
2 State Paper Ct i., Col. Series, p. 280.




RE F. AANTTI-ONY PANTO.r.        105
rell, pI)esentedl a tart and laconic reply, statinig
that all the property of Clayborne had been forfeited for piracy and rnurder.
Sir Johln Harvey on his return to Virginia,
with his secretary, Richard Kenmp, who, in 1638,
built the first brick mansioll, "thle fairest ever
known in this country for substance andl uniformity," were  more despotic than before in
tlheir sway. IHe who dared ditler from tlhem in
opinion quickly felt the wreight of their displeasulre. Kiemp having some d(ifficulty with the
Rev. Anthony Panton, rector of York and Cheskiack, ballished hlirm from  the colony in 1639,
for alleged " nmutinous, rebellious, and riotous
acts."  Thle minister was not a man tamely to
submit to injustice, and his report of Kemp's
conduct excited high displeasure in England.
As Kemp had always befriended Cecil IBaltimrore, he writes to him on August the twentieth,
1640, and begs his interest with the Arclhbishop
of Canterbury that lhe may be satisfied with his
conduct, and preserved against injury and malice;
but the influence asked seems to have availed
nothing, for on October the thirtieth, 1641, upon
petition of Anthony Panton, Clerk ald Minister in Virginia, and Agent for the Church and
Clergy tlhere, it xwas ordered by the I-House of
Lords, "that Sir W. Berkeley, Kt., Richard
KIelllnl, and  Chrisc-q)her Wornislev, shall )be




106            TERRA MARIE.
stayed their voyage, and forthwith answer the
complaint in the said petition."'
In the year 1642 hostilities commenced between the Royalist and Parliament forces in
England, and at first both Lord Baltimore and
Clayborne were on the side of the King.  In
March Baltimore's wife's brother, William Arundel, preferred charges against him, partly of a
civil and partly of a criminal nature, and the
House of Lords ordered him  to give bonds not
to leave the kingdom  without permission, and
the next month his old opponent,  Clayborne, received a commission from Charles, as Treasurer
of Virginia for life.
It became necessary now to be careful that he
did not offend Parliament by transcending the
letter of the Maryland charter, which, while it
gave him. the patronage of all churches, and the
power to license the erection of chapels, also expressly provided that the same should "be dedicated and consecrated according to the ecclesiastical laws of England."
As early as 1635 it had been charged before
the Privy Council that mass was celebrated in
laryland, and the Jesuits had boasted that they
had made proselytes of nearly all the emigrants
1 Neither Anderson in his "Colonial Churches," nor Bishop
Meade in his "Old Parishes of Virginia," makes any mention
of this Agent for the Church and Clergy of Virginia.




CHAPEL OF SAINT MARY.    107
that arrived  in the year sixteen hundred  and
thirty-eight.
Baltimore being anxious to preserve his Mary]and possession, it is very easy to see why the
chapel of Saint Mary  should  have been purchased in his name for ~200,' and why he should
have at that period disapproved of sending a reinforcement of Jesuits.
Politic, and looking for his own aggrandizement, he wrote on October the seventh, 1642:
"Considering  the dependence  of the  state  of
Maryland on the state of England, unto which
it must, as near as may be, be conformable, no
ecclesiastic in the province ought to expect, nor is
Lord Baltimore, nor any of his officers, although
they are Roman Catholics, obliged in conscience
to allow to such ecclesiastics any more or other
privileges, exemptions, or immunities for the
persons, lands, or goods, than is allowed by his
Majesty or officers to like persons in England."
In view of the increasing troubles of the king1 Speaking of this purchase, Baltimore, in a dispatch dated
Bristol, July the fourteenth, 1643, tells Dep. Gov. Brent: "Owing
to some mistakes in that business, I have thought fit not to accept" the bills drawn on him. On November the fourteenth, he
speaks of sending Mr. Gilmnett as an agent, and desires all his
carpenters and other apprentice servants to be sold forthwith,
and that the best endeavors be used to discharge the bargain for
Mr. Copley's house at Saint Mary's. He does not call Father
Copley's house the chapel at Saint Mary's, but it was probably
the same.




108            TERRA MARL E.
dom, Govertior Calvert left AMaryland ill April,
1643, to visit and consult his brother, Lord Baltimore. King Charles, a refugee at Oxford, that
3year granted commissions to Lord Baltimore, to
surprise the Parliament and London ships, and
also appointed Leonard Calvert to treat with the
Assembly of Virginia relative to tlhe exportation
of tobacco and the transportation of goods; and
appointed Lord Baltimore collector and receiver
of' all customs, with power to appoint deputies.
About the first of November, 1643, a ship left
London for Maryland, commanded by Richard
Irngle. IUpon its arrival at Saint Mary, by virtue
of the commission granted to Leonard Calvert
by Charles the First to seize London shii)s commissioned by Parliament, acting Governor Brent
captured the vessel, Ingle however escaping, and
tendered the crew an oath against Parliament,
and tampered with them  to carry the ship to
Bristol, that city being on the side of the King.
He also issued, on the twentieth of January,
1643-4, the following
" PROCLAMATION AGAINST RICIIARD INGLE.
" I do hereby require, in his Majesty's name,
Richard Ingle, mariner, to yield his body to
Robert Ellyson, sherift of this county, before the
first day of February next, to answer such crimes
of treason as on his Majesty's behalf shall be objected against him, upon his utmost peril of the




RETURN OF GO V. CAL VERT.   109
law in that behalf; and I do further require all
persons that can say or disclose any matter of
treason against the said Richard Ingle, to infornm
his Lordship's attorney of it at some time before
the said court, to the end it may be then and
there prosecuted."''
After an absence of eighteen months, Leonard
Calvert returned in September, 1644, to resume
his duties as Governor, and found not only the
colony divided into factions by the civil war in
the mother country, but also that Clayborne was
once more asserting his claim to Kent Island.
Ingle, after his escape, returned to England in
one of the vessels constantly sailing from Jamestown.  He there  obtained a letter of marque,
and as captain of the ship Reformation, he departed again for Maryland-to use the words of
his petition  to the hIouse of Lords-" where,
finding  the Governor of that province to have
received  a commission from  Oxford  to  seize
upon all ships belonging to London, and to execute a tyrannical power against the Protestants,
1 De Vries, the celebrated Dutch mariner, passed most of the
winter of 1643-4 at Sir W. Berkeley's, in Jamestown, Virginia.
On April the thirteenth, 1644, on his way to Europe, he witnessed, at the mouth of Warwick Creek, near Newport News, a
fight between a twelve-gun ship of Bristolers, as the Royalists
were called, and two vessels of Londoners. Five days after
this, on Good Friday, the Indians rose and massacred the inhabitants, to which allusion has been made in the last chapter.
10




110              TE11RRA  iMlARLE.,
and such as adhered to Parliament, and to press
wicked oaths upon them, and endeavor their extirpation, he (lid venture his life and fortune in
sending his men, and assisting the well affected
Protestants against the tyrannical. government,
and it pleased God to enable him  to take divers
places from  them."   His success was so complete, and the people so fully in sympathy, that
Leonard  Calvert, Secretary Lewger, and their
few adherents, fled to Virginia, and Captain Edward Hill was made Governor.t
On the twenty-fifth of December, 1645, there
was read in the HIouse of Lords the following
paper, from the Committee of Plantations:
" DIE VENERIS, 28th Nov., 1645.
"The petition of divers in Maryland was this
day read, setting forth the tyrannical government of that province ever since its first settling
by  recusants, who  have  reduced  and  forced
mlany of his Majesty's subjects from  their religion, and humbly praying the assistance and the
1 The Virginia Assembly of 1645-6 passed the following:
"Whereas, Lieutenant Nicholas Stillwell, and others of the
colony, have secretly conveyed themselves to Maryland, or
Kent, and divers others engaged persons likely to follow, if
timely prevention be not had therein;
"Be it therefore enacted, that Capt. Thos. Willoughby and
Capt. EdwaLrd Hill be hereby authorized to go to Maryland, or
Kent, to demand the return of such persons who are already
dleparted from the colony. "-flening's Statutes.




P'APERI READ IN HOUSE OF LORDS. 111
protection of the Parliament, by appointing such
a government as they shall think fit.
"Upon consideration whereof, as also the letters patent whereby his Majesty, in the eighth
year of his reign, granted the said province to
Cecil Calvert, Baron of Baltimore, and of a
certificate from  the Judge of the Admiralty,
grounded upon the deposition of witnesses taken
in that Court: That Leonard Calvert, late Governor there, had a commission from Oxford to
seize such persons, ships, and goods as belonged
to any of London; which he registered, proclaimed, and endeavored to put in execution at
Virginia; and that one Brent, his deputy Governor, had seized upon a ship, empowered under
a commission derived from the Parliament, because she was of London, and afterward not
only tampered with the crew thereof to carry her
to Bristol, then in hostility against the Parliament, but also tendered them an oath against
the Parliament.
" This Committee doth therefore conceive that
not only the said Governor and deputy Governor are unfit to be longer continued in the said
charge, but also that the Lord Baltimore hath
broken the trust reposed in them by said letters
patent; and that it will be a very good service
to have the said plantation and government settled in Protestants' hands by order of Parliallent," etc.




112             TERRA  JIARILE.
During the year 1646, Cecil Baltimore was
urging before the IIouse of' Lords a petition in
behalf of his patent, but not with much success,
and apparently fearing that it would be revoked,
he wrote from Stook on the fifteenth of November, 1646, and gave a power of attorney to his
brother, Leonard  Calvert, and his trusty  and
well-beloved John Lewger, to collect all rents
and dues belonoging to him, either in Virginia or
Maryland, and to dispose thereof as lie should
direct.
Clayborne now  was in possession  of IKent
Island, and Ingle appears to have taken to England Father White and one or two other Jesuits,
and the records he had captured.l   Taking advantage of his absence, Leonard Calvert came
barck, with a small force, and regained possession
of the government, and in April, 1647, he went
in person and reduced Kient Island to his authority, and made Robert Vaughan, a Protestant,
commander thereof.  After a few  months his
health failed, and on the ninth of June he died,
having on his sick bed appointed Mistress Margaret Brent, a single woman, his administra1 Lord Baltimore ordered a special warrant to James Linsey
and Richard Willam, for grant of the manor of Snow IIill, for
services against. Ingle, to be inserted in the patent, "a notice
of their singular and approved worth, courage, and fidelity, to
the end in memory of their merit."-Kiilty's Landholder's Assistant.




MARGARET BRE1NT.                    113
trix,' and Thomas Green his successor, the same
man who, on November the fifteenth, 1649, proclaimed the Prince of Wales " as the undoubted
1 On November 22d, 1638, Giles, and Fulk, and Margaret,
and Mary Brent arrived in the colony.
The Assembly recognized Miss Brent as the Attorney of the
Lord Proprietary, and she then asked for a vote in that botdy
for herself, and also as Attorney of Leonard Calvert. Governor Green refused, and she then protested against all the acts
of the Assembly. Baltimore seems to have disapproved of Mistress Brent's course, but the Assembly of 1649 right gallantly
defended her. They wrote:
"As for Mistress Brent's undertaking and meddling with your
estate, we do verily believe, and in conscience report, that it
was better for the colony's safety at that time in her hands,
than in any man's else in the whole province after your
brother's death; for the soldiers would never have treated any
other with that civility and respect, and though they were even
ready at several times to run into mutiny, yet she still pacified
them, till at last things were brought to that strait, that she
must be admitted and declared your Lordship's attorney by
order of court, or else all must go to ruin again, and the second
mischief had been doubtless far greater than the former; so
that, if there hath not been any sinister use made of your Lordship's estate by her, from what it was intended and engaged
for by Mr. Calvert before his death, as we verily believe she
hath not; then we conceive from that time she rather deserved
favor and thanks from your Honor, for her so much concurring
to the public safety, than to be justly liable to all those bitter
invectives you have been pleased to express against her."
Dep. Gov. Giles Brent moved across the river into Virginia at
an early day. He had a son named Giles, and a grandson
William, who were Virginians.
The latter died in England in 1 09, at the age of twenty-five.
10*




111:          TERRA MIARLE.
rightful heir to all his father's dominions," and
as King Charles the Second.
The course of Ingle was approved in London,
for, soon after this, he was recommended to be a
commander of one of the Parliament ships.
After the visit of Leonard Calvert to his
brother, reverse after reverse was the lot of the
Royalists. On the fields of Marston Moor and
Naseby, Sir Thomas Fairfax, with his Lieutenant Cromwell, had taught Rupert and the Cavaliers that the forces of Parliament could fight
as well as pray, and those that used to laugh
now began to tremble before the Roundheads.
Royal pride and popular impatience wrestled
together, until at last the latter forced the head
of the King to the block, and the Parliament
became the keeper of the liberties of England,
and succeeded to all his rights.
To this revolution, self-interest prompted
many of the courtiers to accede, and among
them was Cecil Baltimore, who encouraged the
Assembly of Maryland to imitate Parlianment in
passing laws against blasphemy, and assented to
the expunging of the words "absolute Lord"
and " royal jurisdiction " from the oath of fidelity to the Lord Proprietary.
Although Richard Ingle had been excepted in
the Act of Oblivion by the Maryland Assembly,
he was not inconvenienced thereby, for on
March the first, 1650, before the Committee of




CHAR GES AGAINST BALTIMORE.  115
Admiralty, he preferred charges against Lord
Baltimore concerning imisdemeanors in his government of Maryland, and two weeks later, after
several debates in the Committee " of the business depending between Captain Ingle and Lord
Baltimore, touchinog a commission granted to
Leonard Calvert, brother to tlhe said Lord Baltimore, by the late Kilg at Oxford, in 1643, the
Attorney General and Dr. Walker were desired
to take into consideration the validity and invalidity of the original grant of June twentieth,
1632, to Cecil Lord Baltimore of a tract of land
called Maryland, and all parties interested were
summoned to appear before themn  on the thirteenth of the nionth."
Baltimore from weelk to week delayed noticinlg the sulmmons, and on the fifth of April
they issued another order, requiring him to appear on the eiglhteenth, and that, if he did not,
they would proceed to make a report.
No record has been found as to the final determination of the matter between Ingle and
Baltimore, but on October the third the Council
of State considered the petition and papers presented by Henry WVallis, in behalf of divers wellaffected persons of the "Isle of Providence, in
Maryland," and they declared that as Parliament had already expressed themselves sensible
of the condition of the plantation depending
upon the Commlonwealtll, and lately ordered the




116          TERItl Afl At.E.
bringing in of the patents of the pretended proprietor, that the Council may proceed to take
care of those plantations, but that for the present
the matters of remonstrance by Mr. Wallis should
be referred to a sub-committee.
In the hope of increasing the confidence of
Parliament, and conciliating the republicans of
Maryland, Lord Baltimore issued a commission,
to which allusion has been made, for Edward
Gibbons, Esq., Major-General of New England,
to be councillor, justice of the peace, and admiral
of the Province of Maryland. When the colonists heard of the discussions that had taken
place in the Council of State and before the Adimiralty Committee, it was not strange that they
should have thought that the proprietary government would soon be dissolved. Edward Lloyd,
Commander of Anne Arundel County, appears
to have taken some step looking to a change of
government, which, in a dispatch of Baltimore
to the Assembly, dated August the twentieth,
1651, is thus noticed:
"We cannot but much wonder at a message,
which we understood was lately sent by one Mr.
Lloyd, from some lately seated at Anne Arundel, to our General Assembly, held at Saint
Mary's, in March last, but are unwilling to impute, either to the sender or deliverer thereof, so
nmalign a sense of ingratitude and other ill affections as it may seem to bear; conceiving rather




APPOILVNTIENT OF COMJIISSIONIERS. 117
that it proceeded from  some apprehensions in
them, at that time grounded upon some reports
in those parts, of a dissolution or resignation
here of our patent and right to that province."
He then added, that they would learn, from Mr.
Harrisonl and other of their friends in England,
that these reports were false.
A  month after this was penned, Parliament
appointed Captain Robert Dennis, Richard Bennett, Thomas Stagg, of Westover, and Captain
William Clayborne, Commissioners to reduce the
people in "all the plantations within the Bay of
Chesapeake."  Owing to the loss at sea of Captain Dennis and the frigate John, Captain Edward Curtis, in command of the Guinea frigate
of twenty-eight guns, acted in connection with
Clsyborne and Bennett.
The Council of State, in addition to the instructions to the Commissioners, on October the
second also prepared a letter for "Richard Bennet, Esq., in Virginia," with some instructions,
which he was not to open until the country was
obedient to the Commonwealth.
On the twelfth of MIarch, 1652-3, the Governor
and Council of Virginia surrendered to the Conmmissioners upon the nmost liberal terms. Neither
1 Rev. Dr. Thomas Hlarrison, who had formed the Congrega.tional Church of N(mnsecmond, Virginia, a portion of whose members haLd roved to Severn Rliver and vicinity in 1648-9.




118              TEtRRA  MARlIE.
the Governor nor Council were obliged to take
any oath to the Commnonwealth for one year,
and were allowed passes to leave Virginia within
a year, and to be free from  arrest or trouble for
six months after their arrival in England. The
best men of the colony were opposed to Berkeley  and  the  despotic  officers of the  Crown.
Among others Colonel Richard Lee,' the ancestor of the iichard Lee, who in the Continental
Congress offered the  resolution  declaring  the
colonies free and independent states.
Visitingo  Saint  Mary, Governor  Stone  and
Council were  told  that they  did  not intend
to  infringe  Lord  Baltimore's just rights, and
they  only  desired  conformity  to  the  laws of
the Commonlwealth of England.  They refused
to  conform, on the ground that it was inconsistent with the charter of the colony, and the
oaths they had taken to Lord Baltimore.  The
Commissioners  therefore  proceeded,  on  the
twenty-ninth of March, 1652, to establish a pro1 In 1654 Colonel Richard Lee visited England, and brought
some old silver to be melted over. In September, 16.55, under
the act forbidding the exportation of plate and bullion, his
trunk, containing two hundred ounces of silver, in the new
style, with his coat of arms engraved thereon, was seized at
Gravesend, on board the ship Anthony. Upon petition of his
London agent it was restored, "Colonel Lee being faithful and
useful to the interest of the Commonwealthl."-Cal. State Papers,
Col. Scries, 1574-1660, p. 430.




ORDER OF GOV. STONE.          119
vincial council, of which Robert Brooke was the
head.
Subsequently Governor Stone confessed that
he had misapprehended the Commissioners, and
they then reappointed him and his secretary, and
named a council to co-operate with them, until
further orders from England.
Matters now remained quiet until February
the seventh, 1653-4, when Governor Stone, pursuant to instructions from Lord Baltimore, issued
an order in his name, declaring that unless all
persons claiming lands took the oath of fidelity
to the Proprietor, and obtained patents according to the terms prescribed, they would be forever debarred from any claims to the lands on
which they had settled.
This created great excitement among those
settlers who had come firom Nansemond, inl Virginia, and their friends; men who had done
more than any other to build up and give character to the colony, and Edward Lloyd and
seventy-seven other persons of the housekeepers
and freemen of Severn River, and Richard Preston and sixty others of Patuxent River, petitioned
the Commissioners for the Commonwealth of
England for relief.
It should be here noticed that about the month
of August, 1652, Cecil Baltimore presented a
paper to the authorities in England, showing the
inportance of not unitinll Maryland with Vir



120           TERRA MARILE.
ginia, to the prejudice of his patent and right to
Maryland, where he maintains a deputy governor
at his own charge. Strange to say, the old friend
of James and Charles also urged the cavalier
tendencies of Virginia, and claimed that Maryland and New Eigland were the only two provinces
that did not declare against the Parliament.'
"As late as December the twenty-ninth, 1653,
the Council of State, upon the petition of Col.
Samuel Matthews, Agent for Virginia, referred
the questions between Lord Baltimore and the
people of Virginia concerning their bounds, with
the papers, in the hands of the Committee of
the Navy, to the Lord Protector; and two days
after, proclamations were ordered to be sent to
Governor Richard Bennett, declaring the Government of the Commonwealth entrusted to Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector, and successive
triennial Parliaments.  Lord President Henry
Lawrence at the same time stated that' his
Highness has put into an effectual way the speedy
resolutions of the questions between Lord Baltimore and the people of Virginia.'"'
On the sixth of May, 1654, Governor Stone,
by proclamation, acktnowledged Cromwell as
Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland,
and the government of the Proprietary as sub1 Cal. State Papers, Col. Series, 1574-1660, p. 388.




PAR ELIA LMENT COMlllSlSIONEIERS.   121
ordinate thereto, but ignored Bennett and Clayborne as Commissioners.
The latter therefore, at Patuxent, on July the
fifteenth, issued a manifesto which contained the
following statement:
"Whereas we have lately received commands
from his Highness, the Lord Protector, to publish the said platform of government; and that
all writs and proceedings should be issued in the
name of his Highness; to which though we desire this government to be conformable, yet the
said Captain Stone and Mr. Hatton have lately
associated unto them divers counsellors, all of the
Romish religion, and excluding others appointed
by the Parliament Commissioners, have and do
refuse to be obedient to the constitutions thereof
and to the Lord Protector therein; and have, in
the name and by the special direction of the said
Lord Baltimore, made proclamation and exacted
an oath of fidelity from all the inhabitants of the
province contrary and inconsistent to the said
platform of government, which said oath nevertheless, and the law here commanding the same
and many other laws, are likewise, by the report
of the said Committee of the Council of State,
declared to be contrary to the laws and statutes
of the English nation, which is an express breach
of his patent," etc. etc.
Five days after this declaration, Governor
Stone resigned his power as Governor under
11I




122           77ERRh' MAM  Rh',E.
Baltinmore, and promised to submit to such government as the Commissioners in the name of
the Protector should establish, and on the twentysecond of July, Commissioners were appointed to
conduct the government, and William Durand
made Secretary.
The government remained in the hands of the
Comnmissioners without disturbance until January, 1654-5, when a person, named Eltonhead,
arrived in the Golden Fortune, Captain Tilghlman, Commander, from England. IHe seems to
have brought instructions from Lord Baltimore,
who was dissatisfied with Stone for surrendering
the government.
Stone now began to organize an armed force
against the existing authorities, and, sending a
jP'mrty to the house of Richard Preston, on the
Patuxent, the public records were seized and
taken to St. Mary's, and subsequently arms and
ammunition were captured fromr the same place.
He then, with two hundred men in twelve boats,
started on the twelfth of March to reduce the
settlements on the Severn River. Before they
reached Herring Bay, they were met by messengers in a boat from Providence with a letter of
remonstrance from the authorities to Stone, and
asking under what instructions he acted, and telling him " they were resolved to commit themselves into the hands of God, and rather die like
nien thaln live like slaves."  The messelnglers




S E VERN ME\ A TT'lICKED.     123
were seized, but they mnade their escape, and told
the Severn men that Stone was approaching with
hostile intent. Stone also chased Captain Gookins' vessel and fired several shots. As he neared
the Severn, Dr. Luke Barber, who had been in
the Parliament army and attached to Cromwell's
household, and had only been in M-aryland four
weeks, was sent with a Mr. Coursey to demand
their surrender.  About dusk, on the twentyfourth of Mtarch, 1654-5, the fleet of insurgents
arrived at the mouth of the Severn.
Illn the harbor were two vessels, the Golden
Lion, a large ship, commanded by Captain Roger
HIeamans, and a small New England trading vessel, in charge of Captain Johnl Cutts. When
Stone's flotilla came in range, a shot was fired
from the Golden Lion to halt him, but he moved
on toward Horn Point, and began to land his
men on this neck of land, now a suburb of Annapolis.
As the night soon came, it rendered fighting
impracticable; but on the next morning, Sunday, Stone found that the creek where his boats
lay was blockaded by the Golden Lion, and this
vessel opening fire upon them, forced them to
move up the peninsula, where they drew up in
line of battle, displaying the colors of Lord Baltimore. The Severn men, to the number of one
hundred and twenty, under Captain Fuller,
marclhed around the peninsula, with the colors




1:2-1t'TERRA M IARLIE.
of the Commonwealth, and offered battle. A
few scattering shots at first, killed William Ayres,
the bearer of the colors of England, and this
led to a general engagement.  The word of the
Severnl men was, "In. the name of God, fall on!"
and that of Baltimore's men, "HIey for Saint
Mary's!"
The contest was short and sharp, and Stone's
party, completely routed, threw down their arms
and begged for mercy.
After the battle, a court-martial was held, and
as the inlsurgents pretended to act under no
written authority from any one, Eltonhead, and
Lieut. William Lewis, and two others, who had
in some way rendered themselves more obnoxious than the others, were executed for treason.
Mrs. Stone, in a letter to Lord Baltimore, says:
" They tried all your councillors by a council of
war, and sentence was passed upon my husband
to be shot to death, but was after saved by the
enemy's own soldiers, and so the rest of the
councillors were saved by the petitions of the
women, with some other friends they found
there."
Soon after the battle, Governor Bennett went
to England, and the Council of Virginia wrote,
on June the twenty-eighth, 1655, that " they did
never intermeddle between those men of Severn
and my Lord Baltimore his officers, but what
hath been, was by the Commissioners Richard




OLIVEt, C(ROMiW llELL'S LETT]IL.  125
Bennett and Col. Will. Clayborne, authorized
by the Parliament, without the consent of the
Council or Assembly of Virginia. And further,
that since one of the said Commissioners, Richard Bennett, is now in England employed as
Agent for Virginia, and is there present to answer to this Parliament business, acted by him
as Commissioner aforesaid; and that the countenancing of either party may be the occasion of
further bloodshed. "l
Colonel Bennett seems to have acquainted the
Protector with the doubts of some of the Virginians, as to the propriety of the acts of the
Commissioners of Maryland, and the following;
letter was written on September twenty-sixth,
1655, by Cromwell to settle doubts:
" It seems to us, by yours of the twentyninth of June, and by the relation we received
by Colonel Bennett, that some mistake or scruple hath arisen concerning the sense of our letter of the twelfth of January last; as if by our
letters we had intimated that we could have a
stop put to the proceedings of those Commissioners who were authorized to settle the civil
government of Maryland, which was not at all
intended by us, nor so much as proposed to us
by those who made addresses to us to obtain our
said letter; but our intentioni was, as our said
1 Thurloe State Papers.
ll*




126           TERRA MARiLE.
letter doth plainly import, only to prevent and
forbid any force or violence to be offered by
either of the plantations of Virginia or Maryland from one to the other, upoll the differences
concerning their bounds, the said differences
being then under the consideration of ourself
and council here, which for your more full satisfaction we have thought fit to signify to you."
Cecil Baltimore and the Adventurers of Maryland, in January, 1655-56, made complaint to
the Lord Protector against Bennett and Clayborne, for shooting four men to death in cold
blood, and ask a restitution of their rights, and
at the same time the Commissioners presented a
counter-petition.
A pamphlet also appeared, written by a Baltimore partisan, styled: " Hammond versus Heamans; or, an answer to an audacious pamphlet,
published by an impudent and ridiculous fellow
named Roger Heamans, calling himself Conmmander of the ship Golden Lion, wherein he endeavors, by lies and holy expressions, to color
over his murders and treacheries committed inl
the Province of Maryland, to the utter ruin of
that flourishing plantation; having for a great
sum sold himself to proceed in those cruelties;
it being altogether answered out of the abstract
of credible oaths taken here in England. In
which is published his Highnesses absolute
though neglected command to Richard Bennett,




DlFFICULTIES SE TTTLE D.              127
late Governor of Virginia, and all others, not to
disturb the Lord Baltimore's plantation in Maryland.  By John Hammond,1 a sufferer in these
calamities. Printed at London for the use of
the author, and are to be sold at the Royall Exchange in Cornhill."
On the thirty-first of July, 1656, the Council
of State considered the petition of Colonels
Matthews and Bennett, and also the report from
Lords Whitelocke and Widrington, relating to
Virginia and Maryland, and recommended that
the whole matter be referred to the Committee
of Trade for their opinion.
This Committee having  made a report, the
whole matter, on December the seventeenth, was
referred  to the Committee on  Plantations, to
confer with Baltimore and the other parties, and
report what they conceived fit to be done.
After many interviews, on the thirtieth of November, 1657, articles of agreement were signed
by Cecil Baltimore and the Commissioners Ben1 John Hammond for seventeen years resided in Virginia;
but, in November, 1652; by an act of the Assembly, being at
the time a burgess from the Isle of Wight, was expelled from
the colony as a " scandalous person, and a frequent disturber of
the peace of the country." (Hening.) He then went to Maryland, and, after Stone's insurrection, he escaped to England,
and beside the pamphlet quoted, he wrote " Leah and Rachel,"
in praise of the sister colonies, which is republished in the
Force Historical Tracts.




128             TERRA  ALIRLE.
nett and Matthews, in the last of which the Lord
Baltimore did promise "that he would never
give his assent to the repeal of a law established
heretofore in Maryland by his Lordship's consent, and mentioned in the report of the Committee for trade, whereby all persons professing
to believe in Jesus Christ have freedom of conscience there."
With the understanding that the oath of fidelity was not to be pressed upon the people then
resident in the province of Maryland, the Commissioners in the colony surrendered their power
on March the twenty-fourth, 1657-8, and Josias
Fendall was proclaimed Governor, and Philip
Calvert,l an illegitimate son of the first Lord
Baltimore, was made Secretary, and writs issued
for an assembly to meet on April the twentyseventh, 1658, at St. Leonard's.
The affaiirs of the colony rapidly settled, the
pursuits of industry were resumed, and population increased under the more liberal interpretation of the charter, and the only mention of
Lord Baltimore previous to the restoration of
monarchy and the accession of Charles the
Second, is an order of the Council of State to
I Stuyvesant calls him an illegitimate; Heerman says he was
a half-brother of Cecil Baltimore. Burke, in his Extinct Peerage, says nothing of George Baltimore having married a second
time.




BENNETT AND CLAI YB ORNE.   129
apprehend Cecil Lord Baltimore, and such others
as are suspected  to be engaged with him  in
making and exporting great sums of money, and
to seize all money, stamps, tools, and instruments for coining.'
The Commissioners Bennett and Clayborne
quietly retired to their plantations in Virginia,
and were respected citizens, and in 1659 Samuel
Matthews, their associate, died.
In 1673 Bennett lived not far from his lifelong political opponent, and both were old men.
William  Edmundson, the companion of the celebrated George Fox, after visiting Berkeley, went
to  William  Wright's to  hold  a meeting, and
Major-General Bennett and some other prominent neighbors were present. Says the preacher,
in the quaint language of the Society of Friends:
" They said he spoke the truth, and were
courteous.  The Major-General replied he was
glad to hear that there was such order among
us, and would it had been so with others. Hie
further said he was a man of great estate, and
many of our friends were poor, and therefore he
1 Mr. George Peabody has presented to the AMaryland Historical Society one or two Baltimore coins. Davis thus describes
the currency: "'There was a provincial coin, consisting of
silver, and issued by the Proprietary, having upon one side his
Lordship's arms, with the motto, Crescite et Multiplicamini;
upon the other his image, with the circumscription, Coecilius
Dominus Terre-Marive."




130           TERRA MARLE.
desired to contribute. He likewise asked me
how I was treated by the Governor [Berkeley],
having heard that I was with him. I told him
he was brittle and peevish, and I could get nothing further on him. He asked me if the Governor called me dog, rogue, etc. I said no, he
did not call me so. Then said he, you took him
in the best humor, those being his usual terms
when he is angry, for be is all enemy to every
appearance of good. They were tender and loving, and we parted so, the Major-General desirillg to see me at his house, which I was willing
to do, and accordingly went.
" He was a solid, wise main, received tile truth,
and died in the same, leaving two friends his
executors. "
IHis daughter, Anina, married Theodoric Bland,
a gentleman of character and high social position.
A Richard Bennett, the grandson of the Governor, in 1699 was the collector of Lord Baltimore's revenues. IHe became the largest slaveholder in Maryland, and was buried at Bennett's
Point, in Queen Anne's County.
Williamn  Clayborne settled in the valley of
the Pamunkey. After Berkeley was made Governor, at his request he was again made Secretary
of Virginia, and was in 1666 a member of the
Virginia Assembly. He was killed in a skirmish




CLAYIBORNVE KILLED.         131
with the Indians at Moneock Hills, and was
buried on the field.'
In 1699 Story, the celebrated Quaker preacher,
visited a William Clayborne, on Pamunkey Nieck,
who was probably the son of the former.
1 McSherry.
~zJ4~




CHAPTER FOURTH.
THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS.
ECIL BALTIMORE never contributed
a shilling, as far as the public records
show, toward the building of a church
or school-house in the Colony of Maryland. In
his dispatches he seldom makes allusion to the
importance of either, and therefore it is not surprising that at the Restoration, and accession of
Charles the Second to the throne, there should
have been less intelligence in the province than
in the other colonies. During the days of the
Commonwealth there appears to have been but
three clergymen in the province. The Rev. William \Vilkinson, of the Church of England, who,
on the first of October, 1650, obtained nine hundred acres of land on the Patuxent River, fifteen
miles north of Saint Mary's, which was subsequently increased to two thousand.
(132)




IFATHER1 FIT'Z HJIEkiB.ERTI.    133
In 1654 arrived Father Francis Fitz 1Herbert,'
all able Jesuit and fluent preacher, whose zeal
stirred up animosity, and led to his indictment
for treason and sedition before Governor Fendall, Secretary Philip Calvert, and Councillors
Utye, Stone, Chandler, and Baker Brooke. The
court convened at St. Leonard's on October the
fifth, 1658, and it was charged, that he had
threatened Thomas Gerard, of the Roman Catholic faith, that he would force him to bring his
family to church, and also that a few weeks before, at a muster on the Upper Patuxent, he did
try to proselyte.  One man testified that he
heard Fitz Herbert preach at Mrs. Burke's
house, and the samle night Richard Gaines turned
Roman Catholic, and brought home two books
given by the priest.  The Jesuit very properly
answered his accusers, that he had a right to be
protected while preaching and teaching, since
by the very first law of the country, IHoly Church
within the province, should have and enjoy all
her rights, liberties, and franchises, among which
were preaching and teaching. "Neither imports
it," said he, "what church is there meant, since,
by the true intent of' the Act concerning Religion, every church professing to believe in God
1 Father Starkie seems to have been in the colony as a coadjutor, but was not active.
12




134            TETRRA ILA RK.liE.
the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, is accounted
HIoly Church."
The third clergyman was the Rev. Francis
Doughty,' who first emigrated to New England,
and then came to Long Island, and while there
preached to the English-speaking members of
the Reformed Church in Manhattan, now New
York City.
His daughter Mary there married Adrian Vanderdonk,2 a graduate of Leyden, and distinguished lawyer, and after his death she became
the wife of Hugh O'Neal, of Patuxent, and her
father appears to have lived with her.
Heerman, one of the Boundary Commissioners
from New Netherlands, says that while he was
dining with Philip Calvert, on Sunday, October
the twelfth, 1659, "Mr. Doughty, the minister,
accidentally called."
The only active religious teacher was Fitz
Herbert, and generally the masses were without
any moral instruction.
Amid the ferments of the Cromwellian era a
society of enthusiasts originated calling themselves Friends, but stigmatized  as Quakers.
Disgusted with the formalism of the period, and
1 Governor Stone's brother-in-law was named Francis
Doughty.
2 Vanderdonk was a lineal descendant of Adrian Van Bergen,
who brought the turf-boat into Breda, and thus rescued the
place from the Spaniards in 1599.




IVELTO CK CHRISTOPHERSON.   135
eschewing every species of ritualism, they talked
much of the inner light, and Christ in the heart.
Meek ill bearing, neat although peculiar in
dress, plain spoken even to bluntness, fearless to
the verge of foolhardiness, they proclaimed their
doctrines in the face of all opposition.
In 1656 they appeared in America, and not
only Virginia but Massachusetts, treated them
as public enemies. Four years later Daniel
Gould was beaten with thirty stripes, in the latter
colony, for returning without permission, and
Wenlock Christopherson sentenced to death,
which drew forth from his lips these words of
wisdom:
"For the last man that was put to death
here, are five come in his room. If you have
power to take my life from me, God call raise
up the same principle in ten of his servants, and
send them among you in my room."
Itis speech made a deep impression, and he
was set at liberty, when he sought the Colony of
Maryland, to be kindly received by the Preston, Thomas, and Richardson families, and was
usually called Christerson. Dr. Peter Sharpe,
in his will, gave to Daniel Gould, and Wenlock
Christerson and wife, forty shillings each, also
" for perpetual standing, a horse for the Friends
in the ministry, to be placed at a convenient
place for their use."
The Assembly, however, forgetting the law of




136           TE RRA  AJLR L4E.
the colony, looked upon them as vagabonds and
"disturbers of the peace."
But the fair-minded historian cannot disguise
the fact, that under the influence of these despised people, the first great religious awakening
in Maryland occurred.
One day in 1672, unexpectedly to all, tl-ere
landed on the banks of the Patuxent, frolim  a
ship that had come from England, by way of
Jamaica, the apostle of that peculiar peopl,
whom Cromwell said''le could not win witt
gifts, honors, offices, or places," George Fox,
that spiritual iconoclast whose name is ideiitified with the religious history of the seventeenth
century.
Believing that time was precious, he immediately began to preach. For four days he expounded his doctrines with singular clearness,
and with a mellow voice prayed from the depths
of his soul, and as a result five or six justices of
the peace, and many world's people who came
from curiosity, went away fill of interest.
Partly by land and partly by water he hastened
to the Cliffs of Calvert, and addressed another
large assembly.
Crossing the bay, crowds gathered to listen,
and a judge's wife was frank to say, "she had
rather hear him once, than the priests a thousand
times."
Returnin.g to the Western Shore, he spoke at




(GEORGE,FOX'S LABORS.        1.37
the Severn, where the numbers were so great
that no building was large enough to hold the
audience. The next day he was at Abraham
Birkhead's, six or seven miles distant, and there
the Speaker of the Assembly was convinced;
then mounting his horse, he rode to Dr. Peter
Sharpe's, at the Cliffs of Calvert. Here was a
" heavenly meetiing," many of the upper sort of
people present, and a wife of one of the Governor's councillors was convinced.
Some Iloman Catholics came to deride, but
they had no heart to oppose. From thence he
rode eighteen miles to James Preston's, on the
Patuxent, where an Indian chief and some of his
tribe came to see the strange man who was lifting up his voice in the wilderness. After a tour
to Virginia and Carolina, he came back to Preston's on the twenty-seventh of the eleventh
month, 1672, and soon began to travel in the
face of snow storms to declare the truth in Christ
as he understood it. Taking a boat at the Cliffs
for the Eastern Shore, he was obliged to pass a
winter's night without fire. In Somerset County
he held a meeting at Anamessex, and then proceeded to IIunger's Creek, Little Choptank,
Tredhaven, Wyes, and to John Taylor's, on
Kent Island.
His labors had been incessant: neither snow
storms nor the burning sun had detained. I-Ie
12*




138             h   lTEKRW I  MA Rl zLE.
forded streams, slept in the woods and in barns
with as much complacency as in the comfortable
houses of his friends, and was truly a wonder
unto many.
Before he returned to England he rested a
few days at the Cliffs, went up to Annapolis, and
attended the meeting of the Provincial Assembly, and early in 1673 sailed for his native land.
Those attached to ritualism were horrified at the
excitement created(. On May the twenty-fifth,
1676, the Rev. John Yeo, of Patuxent, wrote to
the Archbishop of Canterbury: "The Province
of Maryland is in a desperate condition for the
want of anl established ministry.  Ten or twelve
counties; twenty thousand souls; three Protestant ministers of the Church.  The Papists are
provided for, and the Quakers take care of those
that are speakers, but no care is taken to build
up churches in the Protestant religion. The
Lord's day is profaned, religion is despised, and
all notorious vices are committed; so that it is
become a Sodom of uncleanness and a pest-house
of iniquity."
The Archbishop referred the letter to the
Bishop of London, who called Charles Baltimore's attention to the subject, who, with great
justice, replied: "The Act of 1647, confirmed
in 1676, tolerates and protects every sect. Four
ministers of the Church of England are in possession of plantations which affoirded them a de



RE MI. MA TTHEW 11 HILL,      1]89
cent subsistence.  That from  the various religious tenets of the membeYs of the Assembly, it
would be extremely difficult, if not impossible,
to induce it to consent to a law that shall oblige
any sect to maintain other ministers than its
OWn. "'
The four " Protestant ministers of the Church"
appear to have been Yeo and TWilkinson, conformists, and Doughty and Matthew Hill, noncomformists.  The latter settled  ill Charles
County in 1669, and was a Presbyterian ill his
preferences. I-e was a native of Yorkshire, educated at Magdalen College, and considered a
good Hebrew scholar.  Ordained as a minister
of the Church of England, he preached at Thirsk
until ejected in 1662 for non-conformity. He
was a quiet, judicious man, and retired to London, and there lost his all in the great fire. liHe
subscribed  one of his letters at this period,
" Your brother, sine re, sine spe, tantunm  non
sine se."  He embarked for the West Indies
"with a light cargo, a few clothes, a Bible, a
concordance, and a small parcel of 1m-anuscript,"
and appears to have come from thence with sonime
Scotch people to Maryland. His father-in-law,
Walter Bayne, entered a tract of five thousand
acres, called Barbadoes, on the east side of the
main fresh run of Port Tobacco creek. I-e was
useful and respected in his neighborhood, appearing on the records as Matthew Hill, gent..




140            TERRA MiARL E.
and seems to have been opposed to the agitations of John Coode, and left the country.'
The colony was now greatly disturbed by religious dissensions, the Church of England men
longing for an establishment supported by law,
and the Quakers and the Roman Catholics advocating the protection of all.
Lord Culpepper, Governor of Virginia, alluding to the condition of things in the adjoining
colony, wrote: "Maryland is now in a ferment,
and not only troubled with our disease-poverty-but in very great danger of falling in
pieces; whether it be that the old Lord Baltimore's politic maxims are not followed by the
son, or that they will not do in the present age,
in a word, it is so far from being in a condition
to assist us, that it is worthy your Lordship's
prudence, to take care of Maryland."
In 1674 a petition was presented to the Colonial Assembly, signed by Richard Beard, the
gentleman who made the first map of Annapolis,
Wenlock Christerson, and others, asking that
they might be permitted to affirm, instead of
taking the oath prescribed by law. About this
time, also, John Cornman was condemned to die
for witchcraft, used upon the body of Elizabeth
1 Calamy says after he was settled and had bright hopes,'-new troubles arose. He was a good scholar, a lively preacher,
and of a free and generous spirit."




EDMUNDgSOV. - 1'ILLIA H PEV.   141
Goodall. Governor Calvert, on petition of the
lower house of tile Assembly, ordered a reprieve, "on condition that the Sheriff of St.
Mary County convey him to the gallows, and
that the rope being about his neck, it be there
made known to him how mnuch he was indebted
to the lower house for their intercessions, and
that lie should then be employed by the Governor and Council in such service as they should
think fit."
Edrinundson, who had been the companion of
George Fox, three years after, made a second
visit to Maryland.
Going in an open boat to the great Bay of
Anamessex, to visit friends there, he was exposed to a cold storm, and stopped at an uninhabited island, where he stayed all night with no
covering but a canvas sail. From thence, hoping to find shelter, he stood across the bay, but
was out a day and night exposed to sleet and
snow. Reaching Benjamin Lawrence's, on the
Patuxent, he could not walk, but those that acknowledged him as their Moses, furnished an
Aaron and a Hur, who stayed him up, one on
the one side and the other on the other side, and
after holding two meetings, he was lovingly
borne back to the boat, and proceeded on a nmission to Virginia.
A son of Admiral Penn, while a student at
Oxford, listened to the preaching of a disciple




142          TERRA MARLIE.
of Fox, and convinced that if there was "no
cross" there could be "no crown,' embraced
the tenets of the " Society of Friends," and was
expelled, not only from college, but from his
father's house.
Obtaining a charter from the King, he founded
" a free colony for all mankind," which to this
day bears his name.
Shortly after his arrival at Philadelphia, the
cultivated Penn proceeded to Maryland, and
visited friends on West River. Charles Baltimore met him, with an escort of the Councillors
of the colony, and Colonel Taillor, Deputy Surveyor-General, extended the hospitalities of his
mansion at the Ridge of Anne Arundel County.
Penn from thence went back to William Richardson's on West River, and attended a religious
meeting at Thomas Hooker's, two miles distant.
Subsequently, about the year 1700, while John
Richardson was preaching at yearly meeting at
Tredhaven, on the Eastern Shore, William Penn
and Charles Lord Baltimore and wife arrived.
Richardson describes the wife as " a notable,
wise, natural and courteously-carriaged woman."
She was much disappointed that the meeting
was soon to close, and she told Penn that she
did not wish to hear him, and such as he, for he
was a scholar, but she wrould like to listen to the
expositions of some of the unlearned mechanics
all husbandmen.




,JOHNT WILSON. —THOMAS ST7'0ORY.  143
Ill 1691, the good John Wilson, on his way
from a mission to Virginia and Carolina, "after
traveling all day, sat down in the dark of the
evening to eat some bread and cheese." In his
journal he writes: "  We lodged that night in the
woods, and as soon as the day broke, set forward
on our journey northward, and met with two
men, one of whom, being an ancient, comely
man, kindly invited us to his house, where we
stayed two nights, and had a meeting, though he
was an elder among the Presbyterians.
" He also lent us his boat to go over the Potomac, and that night we lodged at a poor man's
house, and had no bed to lie oil. We got next
day over Pautuxent River."
In 1699, Thomas Story, who was the Paul
among the Friends of America, came from Philadelphia, teaching and preaching in the wilderness of Maryland.
Receiving in England the education of a cavalier, he was skilled in the arts of fencing and
music, and a proficient in Greek and marthematical studies. Ilis early associations were with
High Churchmen. The church he attended in
youth, conformed to the minutest prescriptions
of Laud. The minister in public prayer turned
his face toward the east, and the congregation
bowed the knee at the name of Jesus. His
brother, moreover, was Chaplain of the Countess of Carlisle.




144.TER K.. I lA R'IE.
For a time he was zealous in the observance
of rites, but before long questioned their propriety, and at length bounded over to the Society,
which abnegated  all ritualism.  He emigrated
to Pennsylvania, and being a lawyer by profession, was made Master of the Rolls and Keeper
of the Great Seal of the Colony, and subsequently Mayor of the City of Philadelphia.
After making a religious visit to Virginia, he
crossed the Potomac at Cedar Point, and on
arriving ill Maryland, was politely entertained
by William Herbert, a member of the Church of
England, and then went to Cool Spring,l where
many diseased people were, on account of the
medicinal  quality of the water, and he preached
to them in a large tobacco house.  Reaching the
Patuxent at Benedict, he crossed, and visited
Elizabeth IHutchins, at the  Cliffs of Calvert.
From  thence he proceeded  to  Sarnuel Galloway's,2 at the Ridge, whose wife was the only
preacher in those parts.
I Among the early laws of the province, is "An act to purchase lands adjoining the fountains of healing waters, called
the Cool Springs, and for building houses for the entertainment
of such poor and impotent persons as shall repair thither for
cure. "
2 The Galloways came to Maryland prior to 1640. Joseph
Shippen, Secretary of Province of Pennsylvania, married,
Sept. 29, 1P768, Jane, daughter of John Galloway, of Ann
Arundel Co., Malryland.




DISC USSIOAN  WITH HALL.        145
On the twenty-seventh day of the third month,
O.S., 1699, he attended yearly meeting at West
River, in company with Dr. Griffith Owen, of
Philadelphia.l On the thirtieth, his journal tells
us, "came one Henry Hall, a priest of the
Church of England, and with others of his notion, eaves-dropped the meeting, but came not
in." Richard Johns, seizing a proper occasion,
arose and pronounced the following Catholic
confession of faith, a slight modification of the
Apostles' Creed:
" We believe that the Lord Jesus Christ, who
was born of the Virgin Mary, being conceived
by the promise and influence of the Holy Ghost,
is the true Messiah or Saviour; that he died
upon the cross at Jerusalem, a propitiation and
sacrifice for the sins of all mankind; that he
rose from the dead on the third day, ascended,
and seated on the right hand of the Majesty on
high, making intercession for us; and in the full_
ness of time shall come to judge both the living
and the dead, and reward all according to their
work. "
The priest dissatisfied, went off; but came the
next day and eaves-dropped.
"My companion, in his testimony, apprehend1 Dr. Griffith Owen was much beloved by Penn. In his letters he calls him " tender Griffith Owen." He was skillful in
his profession, and died much lamented, in 1 717.
13




1-1c'KTERR' A MAIRIL'.
ing they were within hearing," continues Story,
" cried aloud to themn to come forth out of their
holes, and appear openly like men, and if they
had anything to say after meeting was over, they
should be heard."
Story then publicly challenged them to prove
their call to the ministry, "which they taking
upon therm to do, only told us that Christ called
apostles, and they ordained others, and they
again others in succession to that time."
" Then I called for their proof who they were
that the apostles ordained, and who from age to
age successors ordained, wherein if they justly
failed they were to be rejected as no ministers of
Christ, since they had rested the matter on such
a succession.
"Many of the people seeing their ignorance
said:'W We'll pay you the tobacco, being obliged
by law, that is forty pounds of tobacco for evely
negro slave, but we will never hear you more.'
" While we were yet in the gallery one climbed
up into a window, and cried out with a loud
voice to Henry Hall,'Sir, you have broken a
canon of the Church, you have baptized several
negroes, who, being infidels, baptism  ought not
to have been administered to them.'l
1 In 171.5 the Assembly enacted the following law:' Forasmuch as many people have neglected to baptize their negroes,
or to suffer thein to he baptized, on a vague apprehension that,




BAPTISM  OF SLA VES.               147
"At this the priest was enraged, but made no
answer to the charge, only fumed and fretted,
and threatened the man to trounce hinm    Then
I observed to the people, that if these negroes
were made Christians in this sense, members of
Christ, children of God, inheritors of the Kingdom  of HIeaven, received into the body of the
Church of Christ, as the language is at the time
of sprinkling, how could they now detain them
longer as slaves?
"Several justices of the peace being ashamned of
their priest, slid out of the meeting as unobservable as might be, and the people in general contemn-ed them  as such, who behind the back of'
the Quakers had greatly reproached and belied
them, but face to face were utterly subdued by
them. That night several of the justices, lodging
with our friend Samuel Chew, expressed their
sentiments altogether in our fatvor, and that the
priests were really ignorant men in matters of
religion."
At a later period Story made a tour on the
Eastern Shore with Edward Shippen' and wife,
negroes by receiving sacrament of baptism are manumitted or
set free;
"Be it, hereby further declared and enacted, that no negro,
or negroes, by receiving the holy sacrament, of baptism is thereby manumitted or set free, nor hath any right or title to manunmission more than he or they had before, any law, usage, or
custom to the contrary notwithstanding."
1 Edward Shippen caine to Boston in 1675, and was whipped




148               TERRA MAR LE.
Samuel Carpenter,L Isaac Norris,2 and Griffith
Owen.  At Little Choptank he had a public discussion with a minister of the Church of England, and from  thence to  Edward  Fisher's, at
Nanticoke, where the King's attorney disputed
with him.. Crossing at a ferry on the Pocomoke,
the party arrived at widow  Mary Johnson's, on
for his opinions on the Common, and then moved to Philadelphia. His last wife was Anna Francina, daughter of Matthias
Vanderheyden, near Bohemia River, Mld. In 1706 his daughter, Anna, was mrarried to Thomas Story.
Gabriel Thomas, in an account of the I'rovince of Pennsylvania, published at London, in 1698, says:
"Edward Shippey has an orchard and gardens adjoining his
great house that equalize any I have ever seen, having a very
pleasant and famous summer-house erected in the middle of his
garden, abounding with tulips, pinks, carnations, roses, lilies,
not to mention those that grew wild in the fields." Tradition
says he was distinguished for three things,'being the biggest
man, and having the biggest house, and the biggest carriage in
the place."  His grandson was Chief Justice of Pennsylvania,
whose daughter wrecked herself, by marrying the traitor Benedict Arnold.
An Edward Shippen, one of his descendants, appears in the
last Naval Register as a surgeon U. S. N.
1 Samuel Carpenter was considered the wealthiest man in the
city. lIe built the house that William Penn occupied when he
visited the province, and is still standing, on Second above
Walnut Street. He was Treasurer of the province, and died in
1713.
2 Isaac Norris was Chief Justice of the Province of Pennsylvania, and his house and garden occupied the ground on Chestnut and Fifth Streets, now occupied by the IU. S. Custom-house,
Post-office, and Philadelphia Library.




STORY  VISITS EASTERN  SIHORE.   149
Muddy Creek, and on the next first day of the
week there was preaching to a large congregation in the meeting-house. That night they all
rode to the house of Thomas Fooks,' at Onancock, in Accomac County, Virginia, and the
next morning  started  for Naswadox  Creek,2
twenty-five miles below, in Northampton, and
had a large meeting at the meeting-house.
Returning to Muddy Creek, they rode from
there to George Truitt's,3 in Maryland, where
they stayed and held a meeting; then went to
Walter Lane's, fifteen miles off; where the meeting was small, a court being held at the samle
time.
Next they  were at Thomas Evernden's, at
"Anomessicks," where they remained two days,
and on the fourth day of the sixth month they
came to Richard Waters's, where the meeting
"was hard and dry."  Then proceeding to the
bay, one of their number took a sloop for the
1 Francis Makemie, the Presbyterian clergyman in the early
days of the colony, used to preach at the house of Thomas
Fooks.
2 Naswadox was the residence of the Browns and Upshurs,
Quakers, the ancestors of Abel P. Upshur, once Secretary of the
Navy.
George Keith, in 1701, published "An Occasional Conference
with Thomas Upshare."
3 George Truitt's was probably near Snow Hill. There still
exists an old Quaker grave-yard about five miles above that
place, on the road that leads to Berlin.
13*




150            TERRA MARIE.
Western Shore, and the rest rode thirty miles to
George Truitt's. The next day a journey of
thirty-five miles was made to Cedar Creek, and
the following morning crossed the inlet at Atkinson's, saving seven miles, and reached Lewes
in the evening, and visited William Clarke,' who
gave out notice for a meeting on the next day.
In 1702 Samuel Bownas, of England, the
father-in-law of Joshua Nicholson, arrived at the
Patuxent, on the twenty-ninth day of the fifth
month, O.S., and attended yearly meeting at
West River.
This meeting had become one of the established institutions of the colony, and its annual
occurrence was eagerly looked for by all classes
and conditions of society.  Young men from all
parts of the colony flocked thither with fine
horses to compare thenm, and give a trial of their
speed; others came to look at the beautiful and
pure-minded maidens, who in their plain drab
silks and scooped bonnets, were only the more
lovely in the eyes of their admirers.
Families from  different counties, rolled there
in their carriages, for the purpose of social reunions; and merchants of the province came to
make their bargains and contracts for the year.
1 William Clarke was a lawyer, and afterward moved to Philadelphia, and built an expensive house, called Clarke's Hall,
which stood on the site of the Girard Bank, nearly opposite the
Philadelphia Exchange.




YEARLY MEETING I1V MARYLAND. 151
It  I)eing  near Whitsuntide, the  black  slaves
flocked there to enjoy rest from  the hardships of
a tobacco plantation, for a few  days.  Edmundson well observed: "Yearly  meeting in  Maryland, many people resort to it, and transact a
deal of trade with  one  another, so that it is a
kind of market or'change, where the captains
of ships, and the planters meet and settle their
affairs, and this draws abundance of people."
The crowds became so great in time, that it
was necessary to check  the evil, and protect the
quiet Friends by legislation.1
1 In 1725 a protective law was enacted, with the following
preamble:
" Whereas, it is humbly represented to this General Assembly, by the people called Quakers, that sundry persons set up
booths, and sell drinks and other things near their yearly meetings, whereby their places which were by them intended and
used as places of solemn worship are converted into places of
traffic, debauchery, and immorality, to their very great disturbance in the exercise of their religion and worship of God,
and forasmuch as the several methods used for the suppression
of such irregularities have proved altogether insufficient, it is
humbly prayed that it may be enacted."
In 1747 they again petitioned that, notwithstanding the existing laws, "they. as well as those of other persuasions who
resort to their yearly meetings, labor under and suffer many
inconveniences from the great concourse of idle and profligate
white people, and great crowds of negroes, that assemble
together at the usual times of their yearly meetings, held at
their meeting-houses, drinking to excess, and behaving in a
rude and turbulent manner, at booths and other places where
strong and spirituous drinks can be had, and that they have for




152               TERR'h'A  MIA I'E.
As settlements were few, Edmundson necessarily traveled over the same route as his predecessors.
The historian is under obligation to him, for
preserving an account of the Society of the followers of Labadie,l  which once existed on the
banks of Chester River. Early in August, 1702,
with a companion, he visited the settlement,
and was courteously treated.
"When supper came in, it was placed upon a
long table in a large room, where, when all
things were ready, about twenty men or upwards
came in at a call, but no women.
"We  all sat (]own, they placing  me and my
companion near the head of the table, and having paused a short space, one pulled off his hat,
some years been put to very great inconvenience, and endangered in passing and repassing to and from their said meetinghouse in Talbot County, by multitudes of rude and disorderly
people, that gather together to run horse-races, on the road between Talbot meeting-house and Thirdhaven Creek, near a
place called New Market."
The petition was answered by an enactment forbidding any
one, during yearly meetings, to race horses within five miles of
the meeting-houses at West River and in Talbot County.
1 Jean de Labadie was born in 1610, and was a Jesuit. In
1650 he became a Protestant, and settled at Montauban. He
then went to Geneva, and in 1666 was invited to Middleburg,
Holland, and the princess palatine, Elizabeth, became one of
his followers. For his mysticism, he was deposed by the
Synod of Naarden, and he then founded the sect known as
Labadists.




THE LABADISTS.             153
but not the rest till a short space after; and then
one after another they all pulled their hats off,
and as that occurred sat silent, uttered no words
that we could hear for half or quarter of an hour;
and as they did not uncover at once, so did they
neither cover again at once, but as they put on
their hats fell to eating, not regarding those who
were still uncovered, so that it might be two
minutes' time or more between the first and last
putting off their hats.
" I afterward queried with my companion concerning the reason of their conduct, and he gave
for this answer that they held it unlawful to pray,
till they felt some inward motive for the purpose, and that secret prayer was more acceptable
than to utter words. I likewise queried if they
had no women among them. IHe told me they
had, but the women all by themselves; having
all things in common respecting their household
affairs, so that none could claim any more right
than another to any part of the stock; all men,
whether rich or poor, must put what they had in
the common stock, and likewise if they had a
mind to leave, they must go out empty-handed.
"They frequently expound the Scriptures
among themselves; and being a very large family, in all upward of one hundred men, women,
and children, they carried on the manufacturing
of linen, and had a very large plantation of corn,
tobacco, flax, and hemp, together with cattle of
several kinds."




154          TERRA MARILE.
In many respects, resembling the Moravians,
yet like the majority of communist organizations, they were short-lived, and when Bownas,
twenty-five years after, visited America, there
was not a vestige left. During the second tour
he visited the lower counties of the Eastern
Shore, going from Choptank to Nanticoke, crossing the Vienna Ferry to Mulberry Grove, and
from thence to the Widow Gale's at Monay.
Then he journeyed to Allnamessex and Virginia.
"One Captain Drummond desired a meeting at
his house. He was a Judge of the Court and
sensible man."  He went from thence to " Edward Mifflin's, who was a firm  and zealous
elder," who took him in his boat across the Bay
to Nansemond.
The Church of England men, wincing from
the logical arguments of Story's legal mind,
through Sir Thomas Lawrence, the spendthrift
Secretary of the colony, under Governor Nicholson, complained of what they called his tart expressions to the Lords of Trade and Plantations.
William Penn being in England, his attention
was called to the charges, and thus alludes to the
miatter in a letter to a friend:
"A silly knight! Though I hope it comes of
officious weakness, the talent of the gentleman,
with some malice, matters there are never attacked by Thomas Story, nor in irreverent
tones. I never heeded it; only said that if the




QUAKERS VALUABLE  CITIZENS.   155
gentleman  had sense enough for his office, he
might have known this tale was no part of it:
that Thomas Story was discreet and temperate,
and did not exceed in his retort or returns.
"But'tis children's play to provoke a combat,
and then cry out that such a one beats them.
" That I hoped they were not a committee of
conscience and religion, and that it showed the
shallowness of the gentleman, that played the
busy-body in it."
Never had the colony flourished so much as
during the period whlen the Quakers were influential. They were cleanly in their habits, industrious, intelligent, and domestic; not given to
wine or brawling, and honest in their mercantile
transactions.  The Lloyds and others of the Society had credit at London, and they exercised a
powerful influence in bringing to the colony
some of the best families in the land. Here
Pemberton' and Richard Hill, who were among
Penn's right-hand men, and others afterward
prominently identified  with the Pennsylvania
Colony, first landed.
The population, which in 1676 was estimated
at twenty thousand, in 1704 was thirty-five thou1 Pemberton became Surveyor-General of Pennsylvania, and
one of his descendants was the Major-General who so long withstood General Grant at Vicksburg.
Salisbury was laid out on the lands, that once belonged to a
Widow Pemberton, who may have been of the same race.




156          TERRA JI4RIAE.
sand; four thousand four hundred and seventyfive of which were slaves.
The annual income of Lord Baltimore from
the ground rents now exceeded ten thousand
dollars, and was rapidly increasing.




CHAPTER FIFTH,
BOUNDARY DISPUTES.
HE appointment of Fendall as Governor
of the colony, after the compromise
with the Parliament Commissioners,
was soon regretted by Cecil Baltimore.
The Assembly convened at Thomas Gerard's,
on February twenty-eighth, 1659, and the lower
house, on March the first, adjourned to Robert
Slye's, and on the twelfth of the month addressed the following note:
"To the Honorable the Governor and Council:
" That this Assembly of Burgesses, judging
themselves to be a lawful assembly, without dependence on any other power in the province
now in being, is the highest court of judicature.
And if any objection can be nade to their continuing, we desire to hear it."
The next day Governor Fendall replied, that
he thought it had been the intention of the
King, when he gave the patent to Lord Baltimore, that the freemen of the province should
make their own laws, provided they conformed
14         ( 15:,7)




158           TERRA MARILE.
to reason, and the statutes of England.  Gerard
and -Utye, with the Governor, assented to the
position of the lower house, and it was then declared that the upper house should no longer sit
as a distinct body.
Fendall was immediately elected President,
and he and his councillors accepted new commissions from the Assembly, as the source of power.
During this period, active efforts were made
to absorb the Dutch settlements on. the Delaware. De Vries and others had planted colonies
on the banks of that river, long before Baltimore sought for a patent. The Dutch were
first at Hoarkill, now Lewistown. In 1623 Fort
Nassau, near Gloucester, N. J., wras built; and
ten years later, Corsen went from  thence, in
company with Augustine IHeerman and others,
and purchased of the Indians the site of Philadelphia, and erected near the mouth of the
Schuylkill, Fort Beversrede.
In 1635, fourteen or fifteen persons, under
Capt. George Holmes, from Maryland or Virginia, seized Fort Nassau, but subsequently were
captured by the Dutch, taken to Manhattan, and
sent to Virginia.' Seven years afterward, the
English from Maryland took possession near the
mouth of the Schuylkill, and the sloops Real
and St. Martin were sent from  Manhattan to
assist in dislodging them.2
1 De Vries.          2 Acrelimis.




DELA TWARE SETTLEMENTS.    159
In 1656, the burgomasters of Amsterdam determined to garrison New Amstel, or New Castle, and a company of soldiers were dispatched,
under Captain Creager and Lieutenant Alexander D'Hyniossa, who had long served in Brazil.
They arrived at the Delaware in the following
May, and Captain Creager shortly after visited
Kent Island, and there learned that the authorities of Maryland were becoming jealous of their
increasing numbers.  In the year 1659, the
trading ports of the Dutch were at Hoarkill
(Lewes), New Amstel (New Castle), and Passayung (Philadelphia), and Governor Fendall sent
Colonel Nathaniel Utye to command them to
depart forthwith from his Lordship's province.
The New Netherlanders were surprised at the
tone of this dispatch, and sent two of their best
men, Augustine Heermran and Resolved Waldron, to confer with the Maryland authorities.
Reaching Kent Island on October third, they
passed the night at Capt. Wickes', and on the
seventh were at Billingsly's Plantation, on the
Cliffs, and then went to Coursey's, on the Patuxent, and leaving their boat, walked nine miles to
Philip Calvert's, the Secretary of the colony, and
after a brief visit, went to the house of Overzee,
the next neighbor, and a fellow-countryman of
the Commissioners, to lodge.
On the next Sunday, the Commissioners, with
Mr. Overzee, dined with Philip Calvert, and on




160          TERRA MARI-E.
the sixteenth went to Mr. Bateman's, on the
Patuxent, twenty miles distant, to meet the
Council of the colony. A dinner party was
here given to the strangers. At the table, Heerman sat on the left of Gov. Fendall, and Philip
Calvert on the right, and Mr. Waldron next.
After dinner, the Commissioners presented a
paper to the Council, recounting the various
steps they had taken in settling the Delaware,
and stated that they had maintained friendly
correspondence with Virginia and Maryland until the eighth of September, 1659, when Col.
Nat. Utye came to South River into the town
and Fort New Amstel, and in a commanding
manner and strange way, demanded that the
place and country should be delivered up; and
then concluded with "wishing God Almighty to
conduct them to all prudent results, so that we
may live neighborly together."
In the course of the discussion, Utye lost his
temper, and the Governor was obliged to interpose. In the evening, harmony appears to have
been restored, as it passed in taking a glass of
wine and general conversation.
The visit of the Commissioners did not tend
to the solution of the questions in dispute, and
the next year Capt. James Neale, of Maryland,
as the attorney of Lord Baltimore, appeared before the directors of the West India Company,
in Amsterdam, to urge the claims of the prop rieto r.




VIRGINIA  BO UNDARY.             161
In the year 1661, Edmund Scarburgh,1 John
Elzey, and Randall Rouell were authorized to
induce settlers from the peninsula of Virginia to
dwell in the valley of the Pocomoke and adjoining territory. In a few months, settlements were
begun at Manokin and Annamessex. Scarburgh
at length claimed that the country was a part of
Virginia, arrested Elzey, and constrained the
settlers to acknowledge Virginia jurisdiction.
These acts were disclaimed by Berkeley, and
Philip Calvert on the part of Maryland, and
Scarburgh as Surveyor General of Virginia, on
the twenty-fifth of July, 1668, agreed upon a
boundary, an east line from the extreme part of
the most western angle of Watkins Point over
Pocomoke River, and thence over Swansecute's
Creek into the marsh of the seaside. The southern boundary of the Eastern Shore being settled
by agreement, encouragement was given to settlements near Lewes, on Delaware Bay, and Col.
Winm. Stevens was authorized to induce emigrants to take up land in that vicinity.
In the year 1663 a report was brought to
Beeckman, one of the Dutch officers on the
1 Scarburgh, from the year 1630, had been prominent as a
representative of Accomac County, Va. His daughter married
Custis, formerly an innkeeper at Rotterdam, and the ancestor
of the first husband of Mrs. George Washington.
Judge George P. Scarburgh, formerly of U. S. Court of
Claims, now of Norfolk, Va., is a descendant.
14*




162          TERRA MARILE.
Delaware, that Charles Calvert, Governor of
Maryland, was about to visit Altona, and finding "that here on the river not a single draught
of French wine is obtainable," requests Stuyvesant to send him some from  Manhattan to
treat the nobleman.
On the ninth of August Calvert visited New
Amstel and Altona, with an escort of twenty-six
or seven persons, and, with Van Sweringen as
Commissioner on the part of the Dutch, renewed
the treaty with the Indians.
He was very favorably impressed by the kind
conduct of the Dutchmen, and with the best feeling returned to Maryland, expressing his intention to visit Boston next spring, by the way of
Manhattan.
Early in 1664, while England and Holland
were at peace, a squadron, under Colonel Nichols,
was fitted out by the Duke of York to reduce
New Netherlands. D'Hyniossa sent word to Stuyvesant, at Manhattan, that he would send him
five thousand pounds of powder if needed, to aid
in the defense of the settlements, but all efforts
were useless, and the whole province was soon
subdued, Sir Robert Carr visiting the settlements
on the Delaware River and compelling them to
surrender.
Heerman, Van Sweringen, and others then retired, and became good citizens of the Maryland
Coloi y.




ALEXANDER D'HYTIOSA.           163
There is still preserved the following letter
from D'Iyniossa, late Director at New Castle,
written from  the house of Captain Thomas
Howell, at Saint Marys, to Colonel Nichols, who
became Governor of New  Netherland, now
known as ANew York:
"Your honor's very agreeable answer to my
letters came safely here, and I learn from it that
your honor is sorry for my loss. If your honor
would please to console me therein it can be
done by [giving me] the rest of my lost estate,
and could I get it back I am resolved to live
under your honor's government, yea, on the
same conditions that I had fromn the City of Amsterdam; meanwhile, should your honor incline
thereunto the answer should be sent to me at
Captain Thomas Howell's, in Maryland, where
I shall still remain two or three months. Should
these not be accepted by your honor, I would
hereby respectfully request you to send me a
letter under your honor's hand to his Highness
the Duke of York, in order that I may take occasion to apply in London to his IHighness aforesaid on the subject."
Nichols paid no attention to this respectful petition, but on April the tenth, 1666, in a communication to the Home Government, reconimended that D'Hyniossa's Island, in the Delaware
River, be given to Sir Robert Carr, in appreciation of the services rendered in the reductions,




164               TERRA MARILE.
and shortly after D'Hyniossa was settled on Foster's Island, in the Chesapeake, attached to Talbot County, while Augustine Heerman, since
1660, had been the owner of Bohemia Manor.'
In the Grenville Library is the only map ever
made by Faithorne, an artist distinguished for
crayon  portraits  and  delicate  copper-plate  engraving. On it is this statement: " Virginia
and  Maryland;  as it is planted  and inhabited
this present year 1670: surveyed and drawn by
Augustus Hermann Bohemiensis;" also a beautiful portrait of the original settler of Bohemia
Manor.
In 1671 a person by the name of Jones, with
others from  Somerset County, surprised Lewis-'In 1666 Augustine "Harman, of Prague, in the Kingdom
of Bohemia," petitioned the Maryland Assembly for the naturalization of himself, his sons Ephraim, Georgius, Casparus,
and his daughters Anna, Margaritta, Judith, and Francina.
In 1671 Alexander D'Hyniossa, of Foster's Island, of the
County of Talbot, asked that he, and Margaritta, his wife, and
Alexander, John, Peter, Maria, Johanna, Christina, and Barbara might be naturalized. This old soldier afterward returned to Holland, and engaged in the war with Louis the
Fourteenth.
An examination of the laws of Maryland shows that among
others at this period, from 1.666 to 1684, the following were
naturalized: John Jarbo, of Dijon, France, Peter Bayard, Arnoldus De la Grange, Desjardins, Nicholas Fountaine, of Somerset,
William Blakenstein, of St. Mary, De Costa, Han Hanson, Cornelius Comegys, Axel Stille, Jacobson, Erickson, Peterson, Le
Count, Garret Van Swearingen.




DEATH OF CECIL BALTIMORE.  165
town, on the Delaware, and Governor Lovelace,
of New York, who claimed jurisdiction, remonstrated.
On the nineteenth of November, 1675, Lord
Cicil Baltimore died, and Governor Charles Calvert being heir, went to England. Returning in
1681, he discovered that Fendall was again restless. In a letter to the Earl of Anglesea, dated
July the nineteenth, he writes: "Some ill-disposed persons here, have been tampering to
stir up the people of Maryland, and the northern
part of Virginia to mutiny, but having notice of
the chief contrivers of the design, I gave orders
to apprehend Josias Fendall and John Coode,
two. rank Baconists."
The controversy concerning the right to a portion of the west shore of the Delaware, was now
transferred from the New Netherlands, to one of
Baltimore's own countrymen, a man who was
his peer in birth, education, pecuniary resources,
and court influence.
As soon as Penn arrived in America he proposed a conference with Lord Baltimore relative
to boundaries. The meeting took place in December, 1682, at the Ridge of Ann Arundel.
Penn perceiving an amanuensis taking notes of
all that was said, without any previous agreement, called the attention of Baltimore to the
matter, who assured him that what was uttered,
would not be divulged. The promise, however,




166          TERRA MARIE.
was forgotten, and as a copy of the proceedings
were never submitted to him for revision, Penn
called it an " unfair practice."
The following spring the two Proprietaries
had a second conference at New Castle, which
was more satisfactory. Baltimore wanted to talk
privately, but Penn desired everything done in
council and in writing.  The former at last
evaded the whole subject, by saying "he was not
well, and the weather sultry," and asking a postponement.
Before the second meeting Baltimore had
issued a proclamation granting lands to settlers
around Lewistown. Penn did not know it, until
after the conference at New Castle, and procuring a copy of the proclamation, sent messengers
to Maryland to ask an explanation.
At first Baltimore denied any knowledge of
the proclamation, then turning to two gentlemen
of his council who stood by, he asked them if
they remembered any such thing? They also
denied it. "Upon which," says Penn, "the persons I sent produced the attested copy, which
refreshing their memories, they confessed. But
the Lord Baltimore told them that it was his
ancient form, and he only did it to renew his
claimr, not that he would encourage any to plant
there. Then they prayed him to call it in, lest
any trouble should ensue, but he refused it."
On the seventeenth of September, 1683, Charles




TALBOT'S ILVCURSION.         167
Baltimore commissioned his "dear cousin," Colonel George Talbot, to repair "to the Skulkill,
at Delaware," and demand all the land lying on
the west side of Delaware River south of the
fortieth degree of latitude.
About five miles from  New  Castle Talbot
erected a small fort, and refused to depart, saying that he would kill all that should attempt to
destroy the block-house. In reply to Talbot's
demands, Penn prepared an able paper, in which
he said that Charles Lord Baltimore "hath sent
me letters of a very coarse style, such as indeed
could not be answered without those terms, which
unbecome those in public stations."
William Penn, on the eighth of June, 1684,
writes from Philadelphia to the Duke of York,
in allusion to Talbot's incursion, and Baltimore's
departure for England:
" How far these practices will please the King
or Duke it is not fit for me to say, but if not mistaken I shall be able to make evident by law he
hath almost cancelled his allegiance to the King
herein, and exposed himself to his mercy for all
he hath in this world.
"I hear he is gone for England, and was so
just as to invite me, by a letter in March, delivered in the end of April, informing me that
toward the end of March he intended for England. This was contrived that he might get the
start of me, that making an interest before I




168           TERRA ljhMAI  1,.
arrived, he might block up my way and carry
the point. But such arts will never do where
there is no matter to work upon, which I am
abundantly satisfied they will not, they cannot,
find in the Duke, with whom I know he hath
great reason to ingratiate his cause. I am following him as fast as I can."
Charles Baltimore hastened to England under
many apprehensions, for it was the first time
since the family was ennobled that the Proprietor of the colony had not powerful friends at
Court. Charles the Second was disposed to restrict rather than concede privileges, not only
requiring that the officers of the colony should
be Protestants, but complaining of opposition to
the collectors of the customs in the execution of
their duty, "after the many favors which had
been heaped upon him and his father."
His affairs were rendered still more complicated by an occurrence in 1684: Christopher Rousby was the King's Collector-General in Maryland, and Colonel Talbot, Baltimnore's cousin,
coming on board of his Majesty's ketch, the
Quaker, at the capes of Virginia, approached
Rousby in a friendly manner, and taking a favorable opportunity, stabbed and killed him. The
captain of the vessel immediately seized and
ironed Talbot. When the intelligence reached
the Council of Maryland they deputed two of
their body to demand his delivery. The captain




BO  UNDAR' F:Y D LP JUTIW,'.   169
asked in whose name the requisition was made,
and thev replied in that of Lord Baltimore. But
he refused to deliver his prisoner to any but the
King's justices, and as they persisted in saying
that the Proprietor was their king, he sailed
away, and Talbot was taken to Virginia, tried in
April, 1686, and found guilty of murder, but the
next year was pardoned by the King.
Upon Baltimore'so arrival in England, James
the Second was on the throne, and although
the Proprietary w-as a Roman Catholic, Edward
Petre, a Jesuit, the friend and confessor of the
King, proved an oppolent.  The Proprietor of
Pennsylvanial after a few molnths, also appeared
in England, and both were for some time busy
in collecting evidence by which  they might
strengthen their claims.
Frequently they camie before the Committee
of Plantations, and in the journal of its proceedings is the following entry, dated October the
seventeenth, 1685:
"My Lord Baltimore and Mr. Penn were
called in, and my Lord Baltimore having undertaken to procure an authenticated copy of a report made by the Committee for Foreign Plantations on the fourth day of April, 1638, touching
the differences between my Lord Baltimore's
predecessors and William  Clayborne about the
Isle of Kent, my Lord Baltimore declared he
cannot find the original, whereby an attested
1ai




170           TE1TRRA MIA RIA.
copy may be produced; their Lordships agree
to report their opinion that the tract of land now
in dispute does not belong to my Lord Baltimore."  At a subsequent meeting in November
they declared, "that for avoiding further difficulty the tract of land lying between the River
and Bay of Delaware, and the Eastern Sea on
the one side, and Chesapeake Bay on the other,
be divided into two equal parts by a line from
the latitude of Cape Henlopen to the fortieth
degree of northern latitude; and that one-half
thereof lying between the Bay of Delaware and
the Eastern Sea be adjudged to belong to his
Majesty, and that the other half remain to the
Lord Baltimore as comprised within his charter."
Matters here rested until 1732, when negotiations were renewed, and the controversy was not
finally settled until July the fourth, 1760, when
Frederick Lord Baltimore, and Richard and John
Penn perfected terms of agreement.




CHAPTER SIXTH.
REVOLUTION OF I689-ESTABLISHED CHURCH
OF THE COLONY, AND PRESBYTERIANISM.
ITUS OATES, once a worthless clergyman of the Church of England, and
subsequently an inmate of a Jesuit
College on the Continent, constructed an alarming fictionl, that the Pope had intrusted the Government of England to the Jesuits, who had appointed priests and Roman Catholic noblemen
and gentlemen to all the highest offices in
Church and State, and among his black list of
conspirators was included the name of Charles
Lord Baltimore.'
In. addition to the opposition of Father Petre,
the Proprietary was obliged to bear the odium
of this calumny among the populace. As he
rode to and from the meetings of the Committee
of Trade and Plantations, to discuss the boundary question with William Penn, he could see
the excited crowd talking about Oates, now on
I Hepworth Dixon's Penn.
( 171)




172           TERRA MARLIE.
trial at Westminster Hall, whose short neck,
purple cheeks, low forehead, and crooked legs,
stamped him as a villain of the lowest order.
Two years later, James determined to destroy
the charter of Maryland, and the Attorney-G-eneral was ordered to prepare a quo-warranto,
which was hindered by a change of dynasty.
In the midst of the political dissensions which
arose, and led to the Revolution of 1689, Baltimore from conviction sided with the Jacobites,
against the Prince of Orange.  But it is said
that he immnediately gave in his adherence to
William  and Mary, after the flight of James,
and dispatched orders to have their accession to
the throne proclaimed by his deputies.  These
instructions never seemed to have arrived-not,
at least, until the new sovereigns had been joyfully recognized in the sister colonies. Moreover, when the authorities heard of the invasion
of England by the Prince of Orange, they had
deemed it expedient to gather the public arms,
scattered in the different counties, and imprisoned several persons, who were accused of attempts to excite disturbance.  The motives for
these acts by aspirants for power, were greatly
distorted.
The watchword of the dominant party in England was "No Popery,' and a few artful demagogues in the Province of Maryland echoed the
cry, aud industriously worked upon the passionls




JOHN COODE.                173
and fears of the scattered and ignorant planters.
It is possible,
"Some truth there was, but dash'd and brew'd with lies."l
By a singular coincidence, the head of the
revolution in Maryland was John Coode, who,
like Titus Oates, had been ordained as a minister of the Church of England, but was wholly
destitute of character and respectability. Said
a cotemporary: "It will be an extraordinary
thing when these governments are without such
sort of persons as Coode, who I think is a democratic Ferguson in principles of government; an
Hobbist or worse in principles of religion. It
was his maxim,' If much dirt is thrown, some
of it will stick.' "2
About the middle of March, 1689, a false report was circulated, that the Indians were at the
head of the Patuxent with hostile intentions,
and on this pretext Coode and his associates, demanded arms and ammunition of the authorities, which were readily granted.
Although it was soon ascertained that there
was not the slightest truth in the rumor, the less
intelligent had become suspicious, and every
night those that were devout, prayed to be delivered from the tomahawk of the savage and their
Papal coadjutols.
1 Dryden.     2 Gov. Nicholson, in Chalmers.
15*




174              TERRA  MITARIjE.
In April was formed "An association in arms
for the defence of the Protestant religion, and
for asserting the rights of King William   and
Queen Mary to the Province of Maryland and
all the English dominions," of which Coode was
the leading spirit; and a pamphlet was issued
from the press  of Richard Cuthead, at Saint
Mary's, filled with  the  most reckless charges
against the Proprietary ald his deputies.
On the sixteenth of July, a messenger came
to  Henry Darnall,2 at Mattapany, one of the
councillors of the colony, and stated that Coode
was raising all armed  force on the Potomac.
Colonel Digges, of Saint Mary's, gathered together one hundred men to resist those that
were marching toward the place; but he was
compelled by the superior numbers of Coode to
surrender the town and records.
The factionists, taking some cannon out of a
ship from  London, that was in the rivers, pro1 The first, printing press and earliest pamphlet published in
the province.
2 Davis, in "Day-star of Freedom," says: "The Darnalls, of
London, arrived about twenty years before the Protestant Revolution. Colonel Henry Darnall, the emigrant, was the son of
Philip Darnall, and a kinsman of Lord Baltimore. He resided
at the'Wood Yard,' in Prince George County, and at a later
period at. Portland Manor, in Anne Arundel. His tombstone is
at the Wood Yard. The vane upon the housetop, the wainscotted wall, the other relics and memorials relating to the era
of the Darnalls, are all preserved with tile most. studious care."




JIATTAPANY GIVEN' UP.         175
ceeded to Mattapany, the Government House,
which was near to the brick mansion that had
been built by Lord Charles Baltimore for a residence, and demanded its delivery. To keep
awake the fears of their adherents, the leaders
of the insurgents employed a man to ride up
post-haste, with a letter stating that the neighboring Indians had cut their corn and disappeared from their villages, and that an Englishman had been found disemboweled. After Mattapany was given up, the Council of Maryland
endeavored to send a letter by a ship captain to
London, but he declined to be the bearer. A
summons was now sent by the successful party
to the freemen of the province to elect burgesses for an Assembly. The umen of note, and
men of estate, disregarded the demand. " The
County of Ann Arundel, which is accounted
the most populous, and richest of the whole
province, and wxherein is but one Papist family,
unanimously stood out, and would not elect any
burgesses."' On the third of August the Assembly met, at the house of Philip Lynes, at the
head of Britton Bay, and Michael Taney,2 the
Sheriff of Calvert County, was brought before
thenl on the third of September, and imprisoned
1 Narrative of Mrs. Smith.
2 Michael Taney was the ancestor of the late Chief Justice
of the United States.




176           TERRA JIARI/E.
at Charlestown, because he would not acknowledge their authority.
Jacob Leisler, alarming the fanatical Protestants of New York Colony, about the same time,
overturned that Government, and frequent correspondence was had with Coode.
Leisler, on the twenty-fifth of August, informed Governor Treat, of Connecticut, that
one man had arrived in New York who affirmed
that, "at the head of Patapsque," there were
murdered, tenll days before, whole families-one
woman only escaping, and that it was found out
by their habits that they were Canada Indians.
On the eighteenth of September, the Assembly of Maryland proposed mutual correspondence with that of New York. Capt. William
Harris, one of the delegates,' bore the letter, and
the proposition was heartily embraced.
Coode, on the twenty-fifth of November, wrote
to Leisler: "I believe our great men of this
province, some of yours and New England, were
a cabal, and held a correspondence against the
Protestant interest, as it was, and is the endeavors of the Papist world; beside which observation we made before our motion here, front
several and frequent messages from your parts
hither, especially to the priests, who have always
been the chief sharers of the management of intrigues, against the Protestants.
"Three of our Popish governors are fled



MURDER OF JOHN PAI NE.    177
Darnall, Josephs,' and  Sewall;2 we have  two
only in custody-one Pye,3 and Hill;4 which
three had a design toward your parts. They
have with them  a small yacht and brigantine; if
they be not retaken —we have sent after themwe desire you will please to be as kind as circumstances will permit."
The excitement was increased at this time by
Sewall's servants killing John  Paine, who had
succeeded  Rousby, the  King's  collector, who
had been murdered by Talbot.  They were immediately seized, tried, and executed.
Kenelm  Cheseldyn, Speaker of the Assembly,
on April third, 1690, expresses "their sorrow  at
the massacre of Schenectady," and also informs
Leisler, that they have voted speedy aid and assistance; and a few weeks later, Winm. Blanlken1 William Josephs was President of the Council. Hlis associates were Ilenry Darnall, Nicholas Sewall, William Burgess,
father-in-law of Sewall; Colonel Talbot, cousin of Baltimore;
William Digges, John Darnall, Thomas Taillor, of the Ridge of
Anne Arundel; Vincent Lowe, Surveyor-General; William Stevens, and Clement Hill, Deputy Commissioner.
2 Near the mouth of the Pat uxent, originally dwelt the Mattapanients, and here the Jesuits erected a storehouse, which
was subsequently given to Henry Sewall by the Proprietary.
His widow Jane, Charles Lord Baltimore married, and at this
point, says Oldmixon, he built a house, "for convenience
rather than magnificence." Nicholas Sewall, a step-son of
Lord Baltimore, is the one alluded to by Coode.
a Probably Pyle, a prominent Roman Catholic of that day.
Clement IHill.




178           TERRA JIARI.
stein and Amos Nicholls were appointed Agents
for Maryland, to reside at New York.
King William  expressed his approbation of
the acts of the Protestant associators, and authorized the leaders to continue as officers ad interim. Lord Baltimore was also outlawed, but
in 1691 the King reversed the decree, while he
deprived him of the political administration of
the province.
Lyonel Copley, on April ninth, 1692, appeared
before the Assembly of Maryland, with a royal
commission, and was immediately recognized as
Governor.
One of the first steps taken, was to abolish the
law protecting all classes of Christians, enacted
in the days of the English civil war; and in an
act entitled, " For the service of Almighty God,
and the establishment of the Protestant religion," passed in 1692, and in another law of the
year 1694? the Church of England was made the
established church of the colony, and the privilege of public worship was not allowed to Roman
Catholics. The Assembly of the year 1695 annulled the acts of the two previous years, and in
1696, it was enacted, that the Church of England
in the colony, should enjoy all the rights established by law in the Kingdom of England, in all
rlatters, not provided for by the laws of the
province. The Quakers sent an agent to England, to prevent the approval of such partial




OS'TI'ACISM! OF CA TIOL ['.    179
legislation, and in 1699 the law was annulled by
the order of the Council of Great Britain, and
it was a bitter pill to swallow, for bigoted Church
of England men in the colony, that a Quaker
should have been appointed the bearer of the
dispatch, conveying the intelligence.
Not only Quakers, but Roman Catholics, were
beginning to be ostracised, as the following address of the Assembly of 1697 to the Governor
will clearly show:
"Upon reading a certain letter from a reverend minister of the Church of England, complaining to your Excellency, how that the Popish
priests in Charles County do of their own accord, in this violent and raging mortality in that
County, make it their business to go up and
down the country to persons' houses when
dying, and phrantieke, and endeavor to seduce
and make proselytes of them,, and in such condition boldly presume to administer the sacraments to them; we have put it to the vote in this
house, if a law shall be made to restrain such,
their presumption, and have concluded not to
make such law at present, but humbly to entreat
your Excellency, that you would be pleased to
issue your proclamation, to restrain and prohibit
such, their extravagant and presumptuous behavior."
In 1700, however, a law was passed "prohibiting the extravagant behavior " of all, but one




180             TERRA  MJLAIRLE.
sect, which Inet the approval of the King, requiring the Church of England to be the established
church, and to be supported by general taxation. The law was totally opposed to the spirit
that had prevailed in the colony relative to religion, and every fair-minded man in this tolerant
age is sure to adopt the opinion of a minister
of the Church of England, and a chaplain of
Queen Victoria, who in analyzing it has said, " it
contravened not only the statutes of WVilliam,
but the toleration act of 1689; it violated the
unalterable principles of justice."'
It was robbed of some of its harshest features,
however, by its first operations having been
superintended by a truly good manl, the Rev. Dr.
Thomas Bray, who, fiom  a desire to see Christianity planted in the distant settlements of the
New World, had at home established a Society
for the Propagation of the Gospel in the Plantations.  Visiting Annapolis, he passed the year
1700 in becoming acquainted with their spiritual
destitutions, and returned to England to plead,
with a facile pen and burning heart, for parochial libraries, and an earnest ministry for those
of his emigrant countrymen who knew not God.
By his influence mainly, Evan Evans,2 Jacob
1 Anderson, in Hist. of Colonial Churches.
2 Evans was a Welshman, first settled in Philadelphia, at
Christ Church, afterwards Rector of St. George's Parish, in
Harford County. He died in 1721.




CHUR CU   OF 0EATNLA nD JIINISTERS. 181
Henderson,' and others, became rectors and an
honor to religion; while many emigrated, who
were drones in the hive, and seenled more anxious to secure the pound of tobacco mentioned
in the bond, than to win souls for a better world.
During  the  eighteenth  century, there  were
several quiet, unobtrusive  colleagues who  did
what they could to elevate mankind; Brogden,2
Cradock,3 Eversfield,4 whose names are still pre-'Jacob HIenderson was born in Ireland; was settled in
Dover, Del. In 1712 came to the Patuxent, and married the
widow of Mareen Duval. He built what was called Henderson's Chapel. In 1716 was appointed, by the Bishop of London, Commissary on the Western Shore of Maryland. The next
year he was Rector of Queen Anne's Parish, in Prince George's
County. In 1729 the Bishop of London made him Commissary
for-the whole province. At times irascible, he was honest., godly,
and useful, and died in 1751. Colonel Henderson, of the Marine
Corps, and the wife of Gen. Lingan, were descendants.
2 William Brogden was the son of a tobacco factor, who lived
on the Patuxent, in Calvert County. He became a Deacon in
1735, and was ordained in England. Was Rector of All Hallows Parish, Ann Arundel County. In 1751 he succeeded Rev.
Jacob Henderson, in Queen Anne's Parish, Prince George
County. He died in 1770.
3 Thomas Cradock came from England in 1742, and was Rector of St. Thomas's Parish, in Baltimore County. Dr. Allen,
to whose sketches in Sprague I am indebted for a part of the
material of these notes, says he was a fine scholar, and in 1753
published a version of the Psalms. He died in 1770.
4John Eversfield came from England in 1727. Rector of St.
Paul's Parish, Prince George County. Near fourscore years
of age; died in 1780.
A descendant, Charles Eversfield, is Surgeon in U. S. Navy.
1R




182             TERRA  MARINE.
served, and two, Bacon and Boucher, who were
marked for superior mental ability, whose publications every Marylander, or son of a Marylander, will always peruse with interest.
Thomas Bacon was a native of the Isle of
Man, and was educated by the celebrated Bishop
Wilson, in whose diocese, his birthplace was situated. In the autumn of 1745 he came to Oxford, in Talbot County, and became the assistant
of the Rev. Samuel Maynadier, who dying in a
few months, Bacon was appointed his successor.
After two years, he went to Dover, twelve miles
distant, and there finding many poor negro
slaves, as heathenish  as when they  or their
parents were brought from the coast of Guinea,
felt constrained to instruct them on the wayside,
or in the houses of friends; and to exhort them
at their funerals and marriages. Some of the
sermons preached by him to the negroes, and
also on the duty of Christian masters and mis_
tresses, were printed in London,' and a few of
them were republished in this country by the
late Bishop Meade, of Virginia.  He also, with
the aid of contributions from Lord and Lady
1,, Four Sermons, upon the great and indispensable duty of
all Christian masters and mistresses to bring up their negro
slaves in the knowledge and fear of God.
"Preached at, the Parish Church of St. Peter, in Talbot
County, in the Province of Maryland."
London: 1750. 142 pp., 18mo.




REV. JONATHAN BOUCHER.              183
Baltimore, and their nephew his Private Secretary, erected in 1755 an industrial school about
a mile from Oxford, the building for which yet
exists.  Bishop Wilson, a short time after, sent
fifty pounds to aid in the instruction of negroes.
He next commenced a work greatly needed, a
collection of all the laws of Maryland,.as far as
possible, from the time of the first Assembly.
Before i.t was completed, he removed to Frederick, and from the day of its publication, in large
folio form, it has been valuable to every lawyer,
as well as to all those interested in the usages of
old colony times. In this work he styles himself
the Rector of All Saints' Parish, in Frederick
County, and Domestic Chaplain in Maryland to
the Right Honorable Frederick Lord Baltimore.
Jonathan Boucher' was not as practical nor as
patient as Bacon, but for eloquent writing and
extensive erudition he was the equal of any in
the colonies. A sensitive gentleman, of strong
convictions, a warm royalist, Rector of St. Anne's,
Annapolis, and subsequently of Queen Anne's,
in Prince George County, at the very time that
the colonies were preparing to break loose from
a government beyond the Atlantic, which was
1 He was at one time the tutor of John Parke Custis, the son
of Martha, the wife of George Washington, and his adopted
child. In Sparks's Letters of Washington is a letter to Boucher,
disapproving of the proposition relative to Custis making a
foreign tour.




184              TERRA MARIE.
not adapted to, and could not be made to understand, their position and wants, it is not surprising that he should have sided with his friend
Governor Eden, and looked with horror upon
the rising spirit of republicanism.
Yet his very frankness and Christian fearlessness wins admiration, while the reader entirely
dissents from the political theories broached in
his sermons.  His discourses on Absalom  and
Ahitophel were supposed to be aimed at Washington and Franklin.  While he admired the
former, he disliked the latter, and in a note to
the discourse on Ahitophel he states: "It was
in Philadelphia, if not solely, and by his friends,
he was charged with having stolen from  an Irish
gentleman of the name of Kinnersley, many of
his useful discoveries respecting electricity."'
Destitute of that fear of pewholders which
locked the lips of some of the clergy, he plainly
discussed all questions of the day, in their moral
aspects.
In a sermon of the year 1763, he remarks:
1 Kinnersley was Professor of Natural Philosophy in the College of Philadelphia, and brother-in-law of Edward Duffield,
the life-long friend and executor of Franklin. The three were
members of the American Philosophical Society, and frequently
retired to Duffield's ancestral seat, near Philadelphia, to try
experiments and make philosophical instruments. Kinnersley
looked upon him as a co-laborer rather than a depredator of
his scientific discoveries.




BOUCITER AGAINST SLA VER Y.   185
"Were an impartial and comprehensive observer
of the state of society in these middle colonies
asked, Whence it happens that Virginia and
Maryland, which were the first planted, and which
are superior to many colonies, and inferior to
none in point of every natural advantage, are
still so exceedingly behind most of the other
British American provinces in all those improvements which bring credit and consequence to a
country? He would anfswer: They are so because they are cultivated by slaves. I believe
it is capable of demonstration, that except the
money interest which every man has in the property of his slaves, it would be for every man's interest that there were no slaves, and for this
plain reason, because the free labor of a free man
who is regularly hired and paid for the work
which he does, and what he does, is in the end
cheaper than the extorted eye-service of a slave.
Some loss and inconvenience would no doubt
arise from the general abolition of slavery in the
colonies, but were it done gradually, with judgment and good temper, I have never yet seen it
satisfactorily proved that such injury would be
either great or lasting."
A man who thus talked out his convictions,
when "the times that tried man's soul" arrived,
boldly took his position, which was in favor of
the Crown, and ardent republicans soon made it
16*




186              TE RRA MAR lE.
too uncomfortable for him, to remain on this
side of the Atlantic.
To a great throng he preached, in 1775, his
farewell sermon, at lower Queen Anne's Parish,
Prince George County.  His text1 was exceedingly significant, and concluding sentences full
of pathos.  "I confess to you there is something
particularly ungrateful to my feelings in being
thus outlawed and driven away from  a country,
where I have so long lived, with credit and comfort.2 When I but little deserved it, I experienced
patronage and protection.  It was only when I
came to render the best offices in my power to
your country that I met with the worst returns.
For these efforts to do good I have been attacked
openly, and undermined secretly, ruined by the
enemies of government without being either protected or pitied by its friends.  In short, to borrow  the words of a great man,3'my life hath
been threatened and my name libelled, which I
COUllt anl honor.'"
1 Neh., vi. 10, 11: "Afterward I came unto the house of Shemaiah, who was shut up; and he said, Let us meet together in
the house of God, within the temple, and let us shut the doors
of the temple; for they will come to slay thee; yea, in the
night will they come to slay thee.
"And I said, Should such a man as I flee? and who is there
that being as I am, would go into the temple to save his life?"
2 He married Miss Addison, of Addison's Manor, which extended from the confines of Washington City to Oxon Creek.
Oxon Hall is still standing, the old family mansion.
3 Lord Bacon.




EARLY SCHOOL LAWI.           187
After he returned to England he became Vicar
of Epsom, and devoted the latter years of his
life in preparing a Glossary of Provincial and
Archeological Words, which was published as
a supplement to Johnson's Dictionary.
As one turns over the pages of Bacon's Laws
of Maryland, he is astonished to find not a single
provision for the education of the youth of the
province during the first half century. Indeed,
it is not until 1696, that any enactment is discovered. Then a law was passed for the establishment at Annapolis of a free school, to be called
King' William's School, "for the propagation of
the Gospel, and the education of youth in good
letters and manners."  The corporation was
made a body politic, by the name of the Rectors,
Governors, Trustees, and Visitors of the Free
Schools of Maryland, and were authorized to
make rules not contrary to the laws of England
and Maryland, nor opposed to the Canons and
Constitution of the Church of England.
For the support of a master, usher, and scribe
one hundred and twenty pounds were to be provided. After the school at Severn was established, it was enacted that there should be a
second at Oxford, on the Eastern Shore.
But the law for years was of no benefit, as
there were no funds. The Governor stipulated
with Anthony Workman, that William Freeman,
a bricklayer of Philadelphia, might build a house,




188           TERRA MARIAE.
to be employed by Workman as an inn, on condition that at his death, it should be for the use
of the free school at Annapolis. Workman had
a lease on life for several years, and ignorance
increased, while the prospective temple of learning was a shrine of Bacchus, but at length the
landlord rested from his labors, and the school
reaped the benefit of the edifice.
In 1723 the school law was remodeled, and became the nucleus of those county academies in
which so many of our ancestors were prepared
for professional, mercantile, or agricultural life.
The preamble of the Act to encourage education is in these words: "Whereas, the preceding
Assemblies, for some years past, have had much
at heart the absolute necessity they have lain
under in regard both to duty and intention to
make the best provision in their power for the
liberal and pious education of the youth of the
province, and improving their natural abilities
and acuteness, which seenis not to be inferior to
any, so as to be fitted for the discharge of their
duties and employments they may be called to,
either in regard to Church or State."
The law then provides that the teachers shall
be members of the Church of England, pious
and exemplary in their lives, capable of teachring
well the grammar, good writing, and the mathematics, "if such can conveniently be got."
Seven trustees were appointed in each county,




EARLY SCHOOL TRUSTEES.   189
with power to fill vacancies, "from  the principal
and better sort of inhabitants."   The first were
named by the Assembly, and the roll of names,
embodied in the law, is valuable, as showing
who were considered the better and more intelligent sort of people at that early period.
SAINT MARY COUNTY.         BALTIMORE COUNTY.
Rev. Leigh Massey.          Rev. William Tibbs.
James Bowles, Esq.          Col. John Dorsey.
Nicholas Lowe, Esq.'        Mr. John Israel.
Mr. Samuel Williamson.      Mr. William Hamilton.
Col. T. Trueman Greenfield.  Mr. Thomas Tolley.
Mr. Thomas Wanghop.         Mr. John Stokes.
Capt. Justinian Jordan.     Mr. Thomas Sheredine.
KENT COUNTY.             CHARLES COUNTY.
Rev. Richard Sewall.        Rev. William Maconchie.
Rev. A. Williamson.         Mr. G(ustavus Brown.
James Harris, Esq.2         Mr George Dent.
Col. Edward Scott.          Capt. Joseph Harrison.
Mr. Simon Wilmer.3          Mr. Robert Harrison.
Mr. Gideon Pearce.          Mr. Samuel Hanson.
Mr. Lambert Wilmer.         Mr. Randall Morris.
ANN ARUNDEL COUNTY.           TALBOT COUNTY.
Rev. Joseph Colbatch.4      Rev. Henry Nicholls.
Col. Samuel Young.5         Col. Mat. Tilghman Ward.6
The Lowe family came into the province about 1675.
2 Judge of Provincial Court.
3Ancestor of Rev. Williamn II. Wilmer, D.D., and Bishop
Wilmer.
4 Ordained by Bishop of London. In 1694 became Rector of
All Hallow's Parish. Died 1734.
5 Judge of Provincial Court.
6 Penn. Boundary Commissioner.




190              TERRA  MARINE.
ANN ARUNDEL COUNTY.           TALBOT COUNTY.
Mr. William Lock.           Robert Ungle, Esq.
Capt. Daniel Mariartee.     Mr. Robert Goldsborough.1
Mr. Christopher Hammond.  Mr. William Clayton.
Mr. Richard Warfield.       Mr. John Oldham.
John Beale, Esq.            Mr. Thomas Bozman.2
CALVERT COUNTY.           SO.MERSET COUNTY.
Rev. Jonathan Cay.          Rev. Alexander Adams.3
John Ronsby, Esq.          Rev. James Robertson.
Col. John Mackall.          Mr. Joseph Gray.
Col. John Smith.           Mr. Robert Martin.4
Mr. James Heigh.            Mr. Robert King.5
Mr. Walter Smith, of Leon- Mr. Levin Gale.6
ard's Creek.
Mr. Benjamin Mackall.
DORCHESTER COUNTY.       PRINCE GEORGE COUNTY.
Rev. Thomas Howell.         Hon. Charles Calvert, Esq.,
Col. Roger Woolford.          Governor.
Major Henry Ennels.         Rev. Jacob Henderson.7
Capt. John Rider.          Mr. Robert Tyler.8
Capt. Henry Hooper.        Col. Joseph Belt.
Capt. John Hudson.         Mr. Thomas Grant.
Mr. Gustavus Lockerman.    Mr. George Notley.
Col. John Bradford.
1 Ancestor of the delegate to Continental Congress, and Governor and Robert Goldsborough, formerly U. S. S.
2 Relation of the historian.
3 In 1704 assumed the charge of Stepney Parish, and died in
1769, at the age of ninety-one years.
4 Came from Scotland in 1706.
5 Born at Lancaster, Pa., 1744.
6 Major-General of militia.   7 See page 181.
8 Robert Tyler, the first emigrant, came to the province
about 1660.




EARLY'   C If HO0 L  TR UTEES'.          191
CECILf COUNTY.          QUEEN ANNE COUNTY.
Col. John Wood.             Rev. Christopher Wilkinson.3
Major John Dowdall.         Philemon Lloyd, Esq.4
Col. Benjamin Pearce.'      Richard Tilghman, Esq.!
Mr. Steptoe Knight.         Mr. James Earle, Sr.
Mr. Edward Jackson.         Mr. William Turbutt.
Mr. Richard Thompson.       Mr. Augustine Thompson.7
Mr. Thomas Johnson, Jr.'   Mr. Edward Wright.
WORCESTER COUNTY (CREATED IN 1742).
Rev. Patrick Glasgow.8
Col. John Scarborough.9
Capt. John Purnell.
iMr. Thomas Robins.1o
Mr. William Lane.
1 Ancestor of late U. S. Senator James A. Pearce.
I The first State Governor a descendant.:Rector of Queen Anne's Parish, 1713. Died in 1729.
4Deputy Surveyor-General, and member of Pennsylvania
Boundary Commission.
5 Richard Tilghman, the emigrant, came in 1675. Had been
one of the petitioners to have justice done to Charles the First.
His son Richard married a Miss Lloyd. Represented by a late
Chief Justice of Pennsylvania.
c Father-in-law of Tench Francis, Attorney-General of Pennsylvania.
7 His father arrived about 1665, and married a daughter of
Augustine Heerman, of Bohemia Manor.
s Had been a Presbyterian minister in Somerset County, but
entered the Church of England, and became the first Rector of
All Hallow's Parish, Snow Hill.' Descendant of Edmund Scarburgh, Surveyor-General of
Virginia.
10 The ancestor of late Judge Robins, Rev. John Robins, and
Tlhomas Robins, President of Philadelphia Bank.




192              TERRA  AMARLE.
WORCESTER COUNTY.
Major John Selby.          Col. James Martin.l
These county schools were slowly organized,
but after the war of the Revolution several became useful as academies, and that of Somerset
at one period had a high reputation.
About the middle of the last century several
brick churches were erected by law, a few of
which are now kept in tolerable repair, while
others are only frequented by bats and owls.
There are two acts relative to the erection of a
parish church in Snow Hill, one passed in 1746,
authorizing a tax of eighty thousand pounds of
tobacco to be levied, to be applied to church erection, and the other in 1756, granting the power
to levy an additional tax of forty-five thousand
pounds of the same article.  In 1763 two hundred and seventy pounds of tobacco were equivalent to an English guinea, and at this valuation
the whole tax was about four hundred and sixty
guineas, which, like the tax for the support of
ministers of Church of England, of forty pounds
of tobacco for every taxable, was collected from
all classes, without respect to their religious
preferences.
1 His son James, member of the Convention of 1788, for the
ratification of the Constitution of the U. S. James Martin, a
lawyer in Baltimore, and his sister, wife of Dr. John Neill, of
Snow Hill, were grandchildren of Col. James Martin. Mrs.
Judge Spence, of Cambridge, is a descendant..




MARYLAND PRESBYTERIA NAS.    193
In concluding a sketch  of the established
church of the colony, it will not be inappropriate to glance at the Presbyterian immigration. At an early period, some say as early as
1670, Colonel Ninian Beale came from Barbadoes I with a number of persons who were originally from  Scotland, and occupied the region
between Washington City and the Patuxent, a
portion of which was called New Scotland.  lHe
is supposed to have been that "ancient and
comely man, an elder among the Presbyterians,"
mentioned, in 1691, by the Quaker preacher,
Wilson. He was intrepid and enterprising, and
among the laws of 1699 is an "Act of gratitude "
to Colonel Ninian Beale for his services upon all
incursions and disturbances of the neighboring
Indians, seventy-five pounds sterling, to be laid
out for three serviceable negroes for him and his
wife, and afterward for their children; the said
negroes and their increase not to be subject to
execution or judgment during his or wife's life.
Under the auspices of Colonel William Stevens,
one of the councillors of the province, Somerset,
then embracing Worcester, had received a large
Scotch and Protestant Irish emigration, and he
wrote, about the year 1680 to a Presbytery of
1 Walter Bayne, of Charles County, whose place was called
Barbadoes, one of whose daughters married Rev. Matthew Hill,
and another John Beale, was probably of the same party.
17




194           TERRA MAR [LE.
Ireland, requesting ministers for that section of
country. The first Presbyterian minister that
arrived was Francis Makerlie, who not only
preached in the valley of the Pocomoke, but
visited settlements in Virginia. IHis residence in
1690 appears to have been near the Pocomoke,
in Accomac County, Virginia. The next year he
was in England, where he probably published a
catechism, which, in 1692, was read by George
Keith,l the controversial and acrimonious Quaker,
then visiting the Eastern Shore, who denounced
the production as tending "to the Pope and
Church of Rome."  Makemie afterward published, at Boston, "An Answer to George Keith's
Libel on a Catechism published by F. Makemie,"
which was recommended by Cotton Mather and
other divines. At Edinburgh, in 1699, he published a book called "Everlasting Truths in a
New Light."  Another visit was made to England in 1704, and there a work from his pen was
issued in handsome style, and dedicated to Edward Nott, Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia. It
was called "A Plain and Loving Persuasion to
the Inhabitants of Virginia and Maryland for
promoting Towns and Cohabitation." Returningc
to the Eastern Shore, he assisted, in 1706, in organizing the first Presbytery in the United States,
at Philadelphia, and was chosen its moderator.'Keith was subsequently ordained by the Bishop of London.




REV. FRANCIS MAKEMIE.    195
Through  his influence Hampton,' Henry,2 and
McNish  came  to  Maryland.   Lord  Cornbury,
Governor of New York, imprisoned him in 1707,3
1 John Hampton was settled in Snow Hill in 1707.
2 John Henry preached in Somerset, and married the daughter of Sir Robert King, and the widow of Colonel Francis Jenkins, who was President of the Council in 1710. He had two
sons, Robert Jenkins Henry and John Henry, who became
prominent citizens. John Henry, U. S. Senator from 1789 to
1797, was, I think, a grandson.
3 The following letter, which seems to have escaped the attention of the historians of the Presbyterian Church of the
United States, alludes to the formation of the first presbytery
and his imprisonment:
Philadelphia, March 28, 1707.
MnA. BENJ. COLMAN.
R'd Brother,-Since our imprisonment we have commenced
a correspondence with our r'd brethren of the ministry at Boston, which we hope, according to our intention, has been communicated to you all, whose sympathizing concurrence I cannot
doubt in our expensive struggle for asserting our liberty against
the powerful invasion of L'd Cornbury, which is not yet over.
I need not tell you of a pick'd jury; and the penal laws are invading our American sanctuary without the least regard to toleration, which should justly alarm us all.
I hope Mr. Catnpbell, to whom I direct this for the more safe
conveyance, has shown or informed you what I wrote last.
We are, so far, upon our return home; tho' I must return for a
final trial, which will be very troublesome and expensive. And
we only had liberty to attend a meeting of ministers we had
formerly appointed here, and were only seven in number at
first, but expect a growing number.
Our design is to meet yearly, and oftener if necessary, to
consult the most proper measures for advancing religion, and
propagating Christianity in our various stations, and to main



196               TERRA MARIA.
because, while visiting that province, he preached
without permission, and the proceedings at the
trial are republished  in  the  Force  Historical
Tracts.  The sermon, for preaching which, he
was arrested, was published at Boston, with this
motto  on the title-page: "Preces et lachrynae
sunt arma ecclesise."  He died in 1708 in Accomac County, Virginia.
On the banks of the Patuxent and Potomac,
at an early day, preached Nathaniel Taylor,
Orme, Magill, and Conn. The latter was a
graduate of Glasgow  University, and came to
Maryland in 1715, on the invitation of the rrerchants of Patapsco, and in 1719 moved to Garrison's Landing, as the neighborhood now known
as Bladensburg was called. HIe died in 1752
while preaching at a funeral.
tain such a correspondence as may conduce to the improvement
of our ministerial abilities, by prescribing texts to be preached
on, by two of our number at every meeting, which performance
is subjected to the censure of our brethren; our subject is Paul's
epistle to the Hebrews. I and another began and performed
our parts on vs. 1 and 2. The 3d is prescribed to Mr. Andrews
and another. If my friends write, direct to Mr. John Yard, at.
Philadelphia, to be directed to me in Virginia. Pardon, sir,
this diversion from
Your humble serv't, and brother in the
Work of the Gospel,
FRANCIS MAKEMIE.
Benjamin Colman, to whom the letter is addressed, was Pastor of Brattle Street Church, Boston.




PRESBYTERIAN MINISTERS.              197
On Bohemia Manor the Huguenots, and Reformed Dutch organized a Presbyterian church,
and by the influence of Hutcheson, Professor of
Moral Philosophy in the University of Glasgow,
Alexander Hutcheson, of Scotland, in 1723, became pastor, and his elders were John Brevard
and Dr. Peter Bouchelle, while the Bayards and
Bassotts were parishioners.
In 1747 the eloquent and youthful Rogers,' the
son-in-law of Colonel Peter Bayard, and the associate of Samuel Davies, preached with great success in Somerset, and William Winder,2 a gentleman of culture, who had been a strong Church
of England man, under his mild influence became a zealous Presbyterian, and did much to
sustain the denomination in that county.
Among the first lay delegates to the presbyteries and synods of that church are found the
names of Adam  Spence,' Archibald Edmistone,
and James Beale.
It was, however, a branch of the church not
very well adapted to the condition of the province.  To the luxurious and profligate it seemed
I Afterward pastor in New York City.
2 Winder's daughter married a Mr. Morris, of Worcester
County, and her sons were the late Dr. Morris, of Dover, Delaware, and John B. Morris, Esq., of Baltimore.
3 Adam Spence was the ancestor of Dr. John S. Spence, U. S.
Senator from 1837 to 1841, Judges Ara Spence and Thomas A.
Spence.
1,*




198           TERRA MARIXl.
austere, and to the emotional and illiterate its
forms of worship were too cold. It has never
yet been able to flourish, in a land destitute of
school-houses, and where labor is not honored,
having always felt that there was great significance in the old proverb, "Laborare, est orare."




CHAPTER SEVENTH.
SOCIETY IN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, AND CAUSES
WHICH LED TO INDEPENDENCE.
T the commencemenelt of the eighteenth
century, the province contained many
large land proprietors, and a few sparse
settlements. Planters counted their acres by
thousands, and a wilderness often intervened between them and their nearest neighbors. The
country was so ribbed with rivers, that there was
navigation to nearly every man's door, and it
was with pride the planter beheld the vessel
from Europe, sail up one of the numerous tributaries of the Potomac or Chesapeake, and unload
on his own soil, the assorted cargo. The captains and crew of the colonial marine were well
pleased with this condition of things, as their
arrival, having been long looked for, and much
talked of, they were always cordially welcomed;
and during their stay, were not only the guests,
but had the entire freedom of the neighborhood.
A vignette on a map of Maryland and Virginia,
( 199)




200              TERRA MARILE.
published more than a century ago, represents a
common plantation scene. A planter sits with
easy dignity in front of his storehouse, smoking
a pipe, and watching the slaves packing  and
coopering hogsheads of tobacco, intended for
the return cargo of the ship, moored at the landing, while a half-nude negro is bearing to the
captain of the vessel a waiter with glasses of
win e.
With such facilities for shipping their products direct to Europe, they did not feel dependent upon commercial centres, and as there was
no back country, there could be no large towns.
Saint Mary contained  about fifty houses, and
Annapolis was not as large.  A  rhymerl of that
era describes the latter as"A city situate on a plain,
Where scarce a house will keep out rain,
The buildings framed with cypress rare,
Resemble much our Southwark fair."
Slaves were rapidly increasing, and those
directly  from   Guinea  were  but  little  above
beasts of burden.  It was necessary to commnuIThis extract, quoted by Ridgley, is from a satire entitled,
" The Sot Weed Factor, or a Voyage to Maryland. A Satyr.
In whlich is described the laws, government, courts, and constitution of the country; and also the buildings, feasts, frolics,
entertainments, and drunken humours of that part of America.
In burlesque verse. By Eben Cooke, Gent.  Loud.: by B.
Bragg. 1708."  4to. pp. 21.




C UL TIVA TION  OF TOBACCO.            201
nicate with them  by signs; and to teach them
the use of the plow, and other agricultural implements, was more tedious than the breaking of
a horse to harness.
Others as dark  as the native African, but
born in America, were the principal field hands,
and with an allowance of a peck of meal per
week, and sonme salt, with such fish and game as
they could catch, they were pushed by overseers
to cultivate large fields of tobacco. Six thousand plants to the acre were usually planted, and
each slave it was hoped, would make a thousand
pounds.  B1ennett, the  descendant of one of
Cromwell's commissioners, owned thirteen hundred slaves, four hundred more than Col. Carter,
of Virginia.'
Beside the negro slaves, there were indented
white servants, or redemptioners, who served a
stipulated period, in payment for their outfit and
the expenses of the voyage from  the "old country."2   They  were  sometimes  enticed  aboard
1 Douglass' Historical and Political Summary of the British
Settlements in North America. London, 1749.
2 In looking over some old family papers, in possession of a
near relative, I find a letter from a Glasgow merchant, dated
January 19, 1714, and addressed to "Mr. Thomas Mackey,
merch't on Potomoak River."
After speaking of goods shipped, he writes: "The servants
are all well cloathed, and provided with bedding, as ye will
see."
He then states that some of the servants prefer "Mariland,




202                   TERRA MA1RIE.
ships, by  a  class of  men  called  "spirits,"  and
brought to the colonies and sold.l
the reason whereof is that Virginia is a little odious to the people here." There were shipped on board the American Merchant, thirty-five women, thirty boys, and twenty-eight men.
Subjoined are the names and occupations of some of the men
and boys:!vames of MiIen.                           Occupation.
William Colvin..........................Cooper.
Arch'd Williamson..............................Smith.
Peter Campbell................................. Coppersmith.
John Kennedy................................... Wright.
James Adamson...........S................... Sailor.
Daniel Millar........S.......................... Shoemaker.
Henry  Iunter................................... Tailor.
James Chrystic.........F..................Farmer.
Names of Boys.                             Occupation.
Alex'r Campbell................................. Tailor.
Charles Swinton............................... Weaver.
Win. Watson..................................... Barber.
Peter Graham.......................        Glover.
Henry McMillan.............................  Butcher.
John Toward.................................Painter.
James Porteous................................. Baker.
Win. Brown...................................... Shoemaker.
Thos. Falconer................................. Farmer.
1 Nearly two centuries ago, James Pancoast, a watchmaker's
apprentice in London, was kidnapped and sold to a gentleman
in Maryland.  By his industry he obtained a tract of land at
Gisborough, the point on the Potomac, in sight of Washington, used as a cavalry depot during the late war.
Having been drowned and unmarried, his estate was unclaimed for a long period, and reverted to the Proprietary.
Two of his brothers, William and Joseph, were early settlers in




WIhTITE AND BLAC(K MIARRIAW1 G  S. 20.3
Later in the century, hundreds of paupers and
convicts were also shipped from  the cities of
Great Britain, and  such was the demand for
labor, they were eagerly sought.  A newspaper
of the year 1737, under the caption of "An
arrant cheat detected at Annapolis," states that
a vessel arrived there, bringing sixty- six indentures  signed by the  Mayor of Dublin, and
twenty-two wigs, of such a make that it was
evident, that they were intended for no other use
than to give a respectable appearance to the convicts, when they should go ashore.
Some of this class, removed from the corrupting influences of crowded cities, seemed to be
able to overcome temptation, and made good
and useful citizens.
At one period, the marriages between freeborn English white women and negro slaves
were so fiequent, that the Assembly enacted
that the wives of such should be slaves, during
the lifetime of their husbands, and also that
their children should be held in bondage.
In 1681, Eleanor Butler, or Irish Nell, as she
is termed in the law reports, one of Lord Baltimore's domestics, was married to a nefgro slave,
and her emplover's influence was used to obtain
Mansfield, Burlington County, New Jersey, andl years after the
drowning of James, in 1770, the descendants of these brothers
brought, suit for the property, in the provincial court.




204              TERRA  IMlRl  g.
a modification of the law of 1663, but it did not
prevent the enslaving of her offspring.
Planters often encouraged these alliances,
from  mercenary motives, so that it became necessary to make it a penal offence for any " master, mistress, or dame," to persuade or encourage a white woman to marry a negro slave.'
In 1719 the population of the province consisted of fifty-five thousand whites and twentyfive thousand slaves.  Indolence on the part of
the planters, and dependence upon irresponsible
servants, produced the usual consequences, and
the laws enacted during the first twenty-five
years of this century, prove the prevalence of
bankruptcy.  To avoid their English creditors,
planters, too proud to dig, fled from the plantations, while indented servants, by thrift and industry, soon became owners of the deserted estates.  The "'Gentleman's Magazine," of 1732,
speaks of seventy planters of Maryland, in despair at the low price of tobacco, conspiring and
destroying the plants of those who were still disposed to cultivate.
1 The maternal grandmother of Benjamin Banneker, the mulatto mathematician and astronomer, who assisted Ellicott in
laying out the City of Washington, was a white woman who
married her negro slave.
Jefferson sent a copy of his almanac to Condorcet, Secretary
of the Frenclh Academy of Science, who in reply wrote a complimentary letter to the Anglo-African. The Maryland Historical Society has published two sketches of his life. He was
horn in 1731, and died in 1804.




AANTAPOLIS AT AN EARLY DAY. 205
When the second Charles Lord Baltimore visited Maryland, the country had not yet recovered
from  the excessive cultivation  of one staple, as
the following lines, addressed to him, indicate:
" Too long, alas! Tobacco has engross'd
Our cares, and we mourn our markets lost;
The planters' crops, that overspread our plains,
Reward with poverty the toiling swains;
Their sinking staple chills the planters' hearts
Nor dare they venture on unpractic'd arts;
Despondent they impending ruin view,
Yet starving, must their old employ pursue.
If you benevolent, afford your aid,
Your faithful tenants shall enlarge their trade;
By you encourag'd, artists shall appear,
And gath'ring crowded towns, inhabit here;
Well pleas'd would they employ their gainful hands
To purchase and improve your vacant lands."
Toward the middle of the century, Annapolis
began to be a centre of trade and fashion.  Here
the deputies of the Crown and Proprietary dwelt,
and astonished the country people, by a poor imitation of the follies and vices of the English nobility, and introducing the French hair-dresser
and dancing-master.
The style of the public buildings and private
residences  did  not improve  tmuch  before  the
Revolution.t The courthouse at the capital was
1 Barnaby, an Archdeacon of the Church of England, who
visited the place in 1760, says:
"Annapolis consists of about one hundred and fifty houses.
18




206              TTERRA  lEA RAitE.
tecayed, and "both without and within an emi)lem of public poverty," and a certain one of
their own poets said:
" Iere, in Annapolis alone,
God has the meanest house in town."
The other county seats were not superior.  A
writer in the London MIagazine of 1746, describes
Snow IIill as containing one brick house, the:residence of the Church of England  minister,
and the frame houses as primitive in their appearance.
Living, as the large majority of the popiilation did, on isolated plantations, hospitality was
scarcely a virtue.  The advent of a stranger was
rare, and he was " sought after with greediness;"
servants meeting him  in the highways, by importunity compelled him  to come to their master's house.  Destitute  of markets, provisions
were abundatnt, and the tables were loaded with
coarse but palatable  food.  At breakfast the
guest was furnished with  coffee or chocolate,
hashed  meat, venison  pasty, punch, beer, or
cider, and the dinner consisted of beef, veal, turkey, fish, and oysters.  Having an abundance to
The town is not laid out regularly, but is tolerably well built,
and has several good brick houses. None of the streets are
paved, and the few public huildings here are not worth mentioning. The church is a very poor one, the stadt-house but, indifferent, and the Governor's palace is not finished."




LETTER OF THOMAS EDEiN.   207
eat and drink, the population "became a careless, unthinking sort of folk."
As there were no  commercial centres, ships
came to plantations after passengers wishing to
go to Europe.'
1 By the kindness of a lady and former neighbor, a near relative of Lord Fairfax, I am permitted to publish a letter illustrative of the above remark, written by a brother of Governor
Eden to Geo. Wm. Fairfax, who lived near Mount Vernon.
Annapolis, May 30th, 1773.
SIR:
I had the honor of receiving your letter of the 10th of May,
sent us by Colonel Washington in his way to the northward.
I had the pleasure of seeing him at Chester, on the Eastern
Shore, but did not receive the letter, which had been (by my
brother's desire, on account of the uncertainty of meeting me)
left here for me, and I take the earliest opportunity since my
return of answering it.
It will be agreeable to me to take agreeable passengers. The
terms I have established are 20 guineas for cabbin and 10 guineas
for steerage passengers from this country to London, and 25
and 12 from London to Maryland, on account of the estimated
difference on the length of the voyage. As to passengers, I do
not know of any except yourself and family whom I am likely
to carry home this voyage, as taking passengers, unless to oblige
particular friends, is not the plan I go upon.
Do not, however, imagine that I shall not be very happy in
accommodating you and your family. With regard to provisions,
you probably, sir, can be as good a judge as I am. You may,
I think, venture to calculate the voyage for six weeks. Six
hogs, and as many sheep, which latter ought to be accustomed
to dry meat before they are put on board, with such geese,
ducks, and fowls as you can (much more conveniently than I)
put on board, will, with our own usual provisions and what I




208                TERRA MARIZE.
In a country so new, the inns were mere stopping places to water the horses of travelers, and
they were seldom called upon to lodge or entertain strangers.  Gentlemen riding from  Annapolis to Baltimore, in  1744, usually halted about
midday at James Moore's, an ordinary house in
a double sense, at the head of the Severn, and
from   thence drove to  the Widow  HIughes, at
Patapsco  Ferry,  and  crossing  to  Whetstone
Point, proceeded to William Rogers's Inn, in
Baltimore, which was three miles from the
ferry.
When  the Maryland  Colmmissioners went to
meet those of Pennsylvania and Virginia at Lancaster, for the purpose of holding a treaty with
the Six Nations, the Hon. Philip Thomas, one
generally carry out of the country, suffice, unless you choose
any one kind of provisions, and in that case you will lay in accordingly. As near as I can possibly guess, we shall sail by
the last day of June, from Colonel Fitzhugh's, in the mouth of
Patuxent River, where I should wish to receive you on board,
and your sea stock, and should the ship be detained there a few
days by any unfortunate delay, Mrs. Fairfax may be well entertained on shore by the worthy colonel and his lady, whom I
reckon amongst my best friends. I should be glad to hear from
you by the next post, as I shall not engage my cabbin, should
it be applyed for, till I know your determination.
Please to direct to me under cover to the Governor here, who
will know where to forward my letters to me.
I am, sir,
Your m't obed't humnb. serv't,
THOS. ED I)EN.




COMMISSIONERS.REACH NOTTINGHAM. 209
of the Commissioners, Witham Marshe, the Secretary, and Rev. Mr. Cradock, the Chaplain,
stopped  at Moore's, and, says the Secretary,
"such a dinner was prepared for us, as never
was either seen or cooked in the Highlands of
Scotland, or the Isles of Orkney. It consisted
of six eggs, fried with six pieces of bacon, with
some clammy pone, or Indian bread.
"But, as hunger knows little of cleanliness,
and withal very impatient, we fell to and soon
devoured the victuals.  Our liquor was sorry.rum, mixed with water and sugar, which bears
the heathenish  name of bumbo.  Of this we
drank about a pint, to keep down the nauseous
eggs and bacon."
The night they were in Baltimore, the Rev.
Mr. Bourdillon,l  whose wife was a cousin of
Lady Baltimlore, paid them a visit.
On Wednesday, June twentieth, 1744, the
party reached Nottingham, and here were joined
by the other Commissioners, Edmund Jennings,
Thomas Colvill, and Robert King, with the second Charles Lord Baltimore's natural son, Mr.
Benedict Calvert.
vIMarshe states that he came from England with Bourdillon,
and landed in Maryland January 1, 1737. His wife was the
niece of Sir Theodore Jansen. He became the Rector of St.
Paul's Parish, Baltimore, in 1739. Previous to his visit to
England, he preached in Somerset, and his first arrival in
America was about 1735.
l*




210          TERRA MARLE.
The next day the Commissioners and their
friends arrived at Lancaster, Pa., then a town on
the Indian frontier, and stopped at Peter Worrall's tavern. Marshe, in his journal, says:
"Our Commissioners and company supped at
Worrall's, and passed away an hour or two very
agreeably; after which I retired to bed, but had
not long reposed myself, when I was most
fiercely attacked by the neighboring Dutch fleas
and bugs which were ready to devour both me
and the minister. However, after killing great
quantities of my nimble enemies, I got about
two hours' sleep. Mr. Calvert was more inhumanly used by them than myself, as was likewise
Mr. Cradock. On the next night Mr. Calvert
left our lodgings, and laid in the court-house
chamber, among the young gentlemen from Virginia, who there had beds made on the floor for
that purpose."
In honor of the Commissioners, James Hamilton, Esq., the proprietor of Lancaster, gave a
ball, and opened it by dancing two minuets with
two of the ladies here, "who danced wilder time
than any of the Indians."  Marshe adds: "The
females-I dare not call them ladies, for that
would be a profanation of the name-were in
general very disagreeable. The dancers consisted of Germans and Scotch-Irish; but there
were some Jewesses, who had not long since
come from New York, that made a tolerable ap



CENSUS RETURNS.                       211
pearance, being well dressed and of an agreeable
behavior."
After  the  treaty  of  1763  with  France, the
grades of society became more numerous, and
more distinct. The traveler found a few rich
slaveholders, some enterprising farmers and
merchants, and more listless, ignorant, indolent
whites.   "It is in  this country," says the Marquis Chastellux, "that I saw for the first time,
after I passed the sea, poor persons; for, in the
midst of those rich plantations, where the negro
alone is wretched, miserable huts are often to be
met with, inhabited by whites, whose wan looks
and ragged garments bespeak poverty."
There were in 1752' about three negro slaves
for every white person, and a writer of that day
says that the best-formed males were valued as
"stallions" on an English estate.
Education was almost entirely neglected. The
I Census of 1752.
Free.     Ind. Serv'ts.   Convicts.  Total.
Men..................24,508   3576        1507       29,141
Women.............23,521      1824         386        25,731
Boys.................26,637   1049          67       27,752
Girls..................24,141  422         21        24,584
Total...........98,357   6870        1981       107,208
Whites............................................................... 107,208
Negroes.............................................................   42,764
Mulattoes.............................3........................  3,592
153,564




212           TERRA MARIJE.
wealthy were enabled to send their children
abroad, but on their return, the young men;
finding themselves surrounded only by inferiors,
too often lost all interest in books, and became
tyrannical or intemperate.
Boucher, in an address on "American Education," prepared for delivery at Port Tobacco, remarks: "At least two-thirds of the little education we receive is derived from instructors, that
are either indented servants, or transported felons. Not a ship arrives, either with redemptioners or convicts, in which schoolmasters are
not as regularly advertised for sale as weavers,
tailors, or any other trade; with little other dif
ference, that I can hear of, excepting perhaps
that the former do not usually fetch so good a
price as the latter. I blushed even for a heathen
State, when I read long ago, in one of the most
interesting moral writers of Greece, that they
also were chargeable with an equally shameful
and cruel instance of negligence. I do not mean
to offend you, when I mention the sarcastic remark of Diogenes to the people of Megara.
Seeing that they took great care of their property, and paid very little attention to the rising
generation, he said it was better to be one of
their swine, than one of their children."
A  Presbyterian minister, settled at Upper
Marlboro, advertised in 1722 for a runaway servant, who, from the description, must have been




RELIGION AND LITERATURE.   213
of the class of pedagogues to which Boucher
alludes.  The notice in the  newspaper thus
reads: "Ran away from the Rev. D. Magill, a
servant, clothed with damask breeches and vest,
black broadcloth coat, broadcloth cloak of copper color, lined and trimmed with black, and
wearing black stockings."
Religion received as little attention as education. The majority of the freemen felt it was an
imposition that they should be taxed to support
a minister of the Church of England in whose
services they felt no interest.  While there were
bright exceptions, many who officiated at the sacred desk, disgraced their calling, and the wags
of the tavern supplemented the Catechism, by a
significant question and answer:
Ques. Who is a monster of the first renown?
Ans. A lettered sot-a drunkard in a gown.
They were lineal successors of the fox-hunting
parsons of Old England, and in a certain way
accomplished, being competent, not only to unite
parsons in the holy bonds of matrimony, but
afterward to play the fiddle, while the company
danced.' With a class of teachers and priests,
"parasites and bottle companions of the rich," 2
1 See Rev. Ethan Allen's Sketches in Sprague's Episcopal
Clergy; also Bishop Meade's Old Parish Churches.
2 Coke's Sermon in Baltimore, 1784, published in London,
1785.




214           TERRA JMJARIE.
it is not at all surprising that cock-fighting, horseracing, gambling and intemperance, should have
been common among parishioners.
Literature had few votaries. Some of the most
active minds, were among the indented servants.
The IEsop of the Province, George Alsop, at
the age of twenty-eight, wrote a description of
Maryland, which was published with a portrait
and some verses at London in 1666, and he declared that he was happier as an indented servant in Maryland, than as all apprentice in that
city.
Occasionally there may be found in the English
scientific and literary journals, a contribution
from some of the educated citizens of the colony. Mr. Richard Lewis published a poem in
the Gentleman's Magazine, called "A Journey
from Patapsco to Annapolis, April 4, 1730,"
filled with beautiful pictures of the opening
spring.  His descriptions of the mocking-bird,
humming-bird, and an April thunder-shower,
are equal to any in the American pastorals of the
present century.'
While there was a lack of the education of the
schools, there was, however, that strong feeling
of independence always engendered in communities, which, by their own exertions, have subdued the wilderness and surrounded themselves
with the necessaries of life.
I The poem in full is published in the Appendix.




OPPREFlSION O' ROMIAN, CATHOLICS. 215
In the eighteenth century, a large proportion
of the freemen were natives of the province,
and, as they had never witnessed the pomp of
royalty, were not as much in awe of a King as
their ancestors. Frequently the lower house of
the Assembly intimated that the will of the people should be respected, and in 1722 they unanimously resolved "that whoever shall advance
that his MaLjesty's subjects, by their endeavors
and success, have forfeited any part of their
English liberties, are ill-wishers to th6 country,
and mistake its happy constitution."
From the time that every male, white and
black, also black women above the age of sixteen and under sixty, were each obliged to give
yearly forty pounds of tobacco to support ministers of the Church of England, there had been a
growing coldness upon the part of many toward
the British Government. The Roman Catholics
particularly were dissatisfied.  Not only were
they forced to pay a church tax and twice as
much land tax as Protestants, but were debarred
the privilege of voting and of holding offices of
trust and profit. The injustice toward them was
so great, that at one time the father of Charles
Carroll, of Carrollton, commenced negotiations
with the King of France for a tract of land on
the Arkansas River, where he might retire with
his fellow-religionists. Immediately after the




216             TERRA MARI.E.
defeat of General Braddock, it was announced
that several Roman Catholics had rejoiced that a
priest had been seen on the frontier, in the dress
of a French officer, and that they were in league
with the negroes.  The Rev. Mr. Chase,l Rector
of St. Paul's Parish, in Baltimore County, declared that the situation of the Protestants of the
province, was little different from  those in Ireland on the eve of the massacre.
When, then, after the peace of 1763, the Stamp
Act was passed, all of those in the colony opposed to arbitrary impositions of any description
coalesced, and heartily united in support of the
doctrine that there should be no taxation without
representation.
The conservative Daniel Dulany, the leading
lawyer, while not prepared to resort to arms,
wrote one of the ablest pamphlets of the period
on the iinpolicy of taxation, which was republished in England, and earned for him the reputation of being the Pitt of Maryland.2  Those
that were not held by official relations to the
Proprietary,3 the Crown, or the Church of Eng1 Formerly of Somerset County, and father of the distinguished member of the Continental Congress, and colleague of
Carroll.
2 McMahon.
3 The patronage of the Proprietary was very great. He had
the appointment of



AMAR YLAND DELEGA TES DECIDED. 217
land, generally adopted the view  that it was the
right of the colonists to be exempted from  parliamentary taxation, and to regulate their internal government and polity.  The delegates sent
to  the  Conltinental Congress  inl every  respect
were representative men.  The judicious Stone,
the descendant of the early  colonial Governor,
the clear and logical Paca, the polished Carroll,
the fiery Chase, were such as could not but exert
a powerful influence in  the deliberations of the
body of which they were members.  They were
firm  from  the beginning, and  repudiated  halfway measures, convinced that there never would
be a settlement of the point in dispute, except
through the shedding of blood.
"IWe have completely written down our opponents,"  said one to  Carroll, during the discussions previous to the assembling of the first Congress.  "Do  you think  that writinDg  will settle
Governor......................................... Salary ~1550
Commissary-Genertal..................             900
Secretary...............................................  800
Six Naval Officers.............................Eaclh  150
Sheriffalty....................................  "   200
In 1744 there was also in the Proprietor's gift —Thirty-seven parishes................................... Each  120
If the clergy were once inducted no one could turn them out,
no matter how scandalous their conduct, for there was no
spiritual court, nor could any Bishop control, as the Proprietor
was head of the Church.




218            TE1RA Mi  AR-IE.
the question?" asked Carroll.  "To be sure,
what else can we resort to?" was the response.
"The bayonet," was the quick and decided
answer. Chase having heard that the Rev. Dr.
Zubly, of Georgia, a delegate, was wavering, rose
one morning in Congress and in a speech of startling eloquence denounced him as a traitor, and
the result was, that the suspected man never
again took his seat.
The troops raised, caught the spirit of the eloquent advocates of liberty, and Smallwood's Brigade, in the early days of the conflict, earned
a reputation for Maryland soldiery, which has
always been sustained.
With the reconstruction of the State new religious and political forces were developed.  On
one of the little creeks that form the head-waters
of the MAonocacy, not far from the place where
Bacon, the Rector of All Saints' Parish, Frederick, had laboriously completed a folio of more
than one thousand pages of the Laws of Maryland, there lived a rough and honest backwoodsman, a recent emigrant from  Ireland, named
Robert Strawbridge. Filled with love for Christ,
he began to preach in his primitive log-hut to
the frontiersmen  of the neighborhood, who
knowing the purity of his life, and sincerity of
purpose, heard him gladly. His circle of influence increasing, he at last entirely devoted himself to the work of the ministry, manifesting the




R IS    E OF  METHO-DISM.I.          219
noblest self-denial, and was the instrument of
the  conversion  of the  first native  Methodist
preacher in America, and also the founder of
Methodism  in Baltimore.
This form of' religion seemed to be particularly
adapted for the scattered settlements and wornout parishes of Maryland.'  The movement of
the itinerants created as great an excitement as
the preachers of the Society of Friends in the
previous century, and the results of their efforts
were more abidinllg.  The work commenced by
the pioneer of Samr's Creek was carried on by
Asbury, who  said': " The Lord is my witness,
that if my whole body, yea, every hair of my
head, will labor and suffer, they should be freely
given up for God anllt souls."
A  new  impulse was given to  Methodism  in
1784 by a distinlguislled  arrival firom  England.
In  the  words  of the London Quarterly Review,
Asbury, "weary acld worn by travel and preachI After the dissolution of church and state in MaIryland, the
Protestant Episcopal and Methodist Episcopal Churches, both
outgrowths of the Church of England, commenced their career.
The former succeeded to the forty or fifty parishes of the Colonial Church, and the prestige of a century; the latter was without influence, and with many uneducated ministers. The census
of 1860 states that there was then in Maryland:'Protestant Episcopal Churches..............................   158
MIetllodist Episcopal Churches................................... 41




220           TERRA JAA RLE.
ing, arrived on Sunday, during public worship,
at his friend Barratt's chapel. What is it that
so strangely affects this self-contained and melancholy man, filling his eye with a strange light,
causing the blood to crimson his pale and sombre
face? There stands in the pulpit'a man of
small stature, ruddy complexion, brilliant eyes,
long hair, feminine but musical voice, and gowned
as an English clergyman.' VWith a beating heart,
Asbury runs up the pulpit stairs, embraces him
and kisses him before the whole congregation;
for he is no other than Thomas Coke, LL.D.,
the man perhaps of smallest stature and largest
heart that Methodism  ever knew. IHe came
direct from Wesley to cheer the heart of the
lonely laborer, and to effect the most momentous revolution in American Methodism. He
had been ordained'Bishop' by Wesley just before his departure, and was in fact, despite all
that high churchmen may object, the first Protestant bishop of the western hemisphere."
Many laymen, tired of the husks of religion,
upheld those who seemed to diffuse its essence,
and Richard Bassett, a descendant of the Huguenots, whose country seat was on Bohemia Manor,
a member of the convention that firamed the
Constitution of the United States, Senator in
Congress, and father-in-law of Bayard, one of
the peace commissioners at Ghent, became a




COKE VISITS WlASH INGTON.    221
preacher of the Society, and like the Roman centurion, built a synagogue at his own expense.
Asbury and Coke, wherever they went, commanded respect, for they were not "mean men"
in any sense. Though they exposed themselves
to many hardships, and in the saddle rode over
mountains and through forests, and preached in
barns and the open air, to the bond as well as
the free, yet they were not ignorant of the amenities of life.
Coke has left an interesting descriptioll of a
visit to Washington, at Mount Vernon. "He
received us very politely, and was very open to
access. lie is quite the plain country gentleman. After dinller we desired a private interview, and opened to him the grand business oji
which we came, presenting to him our petition
for the emancipation of the negroes, and entreatiiig his signature, ifr the eminence of his station
did not render it inexpedient for him to sign any
petition. He informed us that he was of our'
sentiments, and had signified his thoughts on
the subject to most of the great men of the State;
that he did not see it proper to sign the petition,
but if the Assembly took it into consideration,
would signify his sentiments to the Assembly by
a letter. He asked us to spend the evening and
lodge at his house, but our engagement at Annapolis, the following day, wouldl not admit."




222           TERRA MA RLE.
Not unmindful of the cause of learning, Coke
and Asbury planned a college, and the latter laid
its corner-stone in June, 1785, at Abingdon,
twenty-five miles from Baltimore. It was called
Cokesbury, a compound formed from the names
of its projectors. The college edifice when completel was large and sightly, its curriculum extensive, including mathematics, Greek, Latin,
and Hebrew, and at one period seventy students
were enrolled. After an expenditure of more
than forty thousand dollars, the library and building were entirely destroyed by fire, having had
a brief existence of ten years.
The revolution in politics was as strange and
sudden as that in religion. Successors were
found to carry on the bold measures inaugurated
during the war for Independence.  Chase, attending the deliberations of a youth's debating
society in Baltimore, was much impressed by
the remarks of a "poor and firiendless "' lad,
who was a clerk in an apothecary store, and a
student of medicine. IIe made his acquaintance, commended and encouraged him to study
law in his office.
At the age of twenty-four, the now young lawyer, who had settled in Harford County, becamle
a member of the Legislature, and. in 1789, during
i Pinkney's description of himself, in a letter to Chase.




ELOQUENT WILLIAM PINKNEY.  223
a debate on a bill regulating the manumission of
slaves, delivered a speech which electrified his
colleagues, and rendered the hitherto obscure
name of William Pinkney familiar among the
statesmen and philanthropists of America and
Great Britain. His sentednces were polished, and
keen as the damascus blade. His voice was flexible and musical, but his eloquent denunciation
of the system that had checked the prosperity of
the land he loved, caused him to appear to the
apologists of slavery like a destroying or avenging angel.
His words were as tongues of flame. A few
only can be given in this brief sketch. " Iniquitous and most dishonorable is that dreary system of partial bondage, which her laws have
hitherto supported with a solicitude worthy of a
better cause. *  *  *  * Eternal infamy awaits
the abandoned miscreants, whose selfish souls
could ever prompt them to rob unhappy Afric of
her sons, and freight them hither by thousands,
to poison the fair Eden of liberty with the rank
weed of individual bondage!
"Nor is it more to the credit of our ancestors,
that they did not command these savage spoilers
to bear their hateful cargo to some other shore.
*  *  *  Never will your country be productive; never will its agriculture, its commerce, or
its manufactures flourish, so long as they are de



224           TERRA MARLE.
pendent upon reluctant bondsmen for their progress.'Even the very earth itself,' says Montesquieu,'which teems profusion under the
cultivating hand of the freeborn laborer, shrinks
into barrenness from the contaminating sweat of
a slave.'
"But it has been said, that nature has blackballed these wretches out of society. Gracious
God! can it be supposed that thy Almighty
Providence intended to proscribe these victims
of fraud and power from the pale of society, because thou hast denied them the delicacy of an
European complexion! *    * * B* ut another
objection occurs, which may deserve a more particular reply, because against that, there can be
no adequate provision. Testators may impoverish their families, by inconsiderate manumission
in their last sickness. They may be frightened
by preachers, refined moralists, and others, when
the mind is easily alarmed, and incapable of its
moral resistance.
"I answer, that if emancipation can be effected
with the owner's consent, while his understanding is legally competent to the act, I care not
through what medium, fraud excepted. Should
he reduce his family to beggary by it, I should
not be the one to repine at the deed. I should
glory in the cause of their distress, while I
wished them a more honest patrimony."




DECLIVE OF SAINT MARY.    225
These opinions, when read in the planters
homes, startled the old rdgime into indignation;
they appeared atrocious and revolutionary to
those who had been trained to believe that the
greatest slaveholder was the greatest gentleman
of the land, and the name of William Pinkney
was by such execrated; but the new element of
society saw in him the brilliant orator, the sound
statesman, the high-toned philanthropist, and
they delighted in manifesting their esteem.
Although there had been an advance in society, after the close of the war of the Revolution,
there was yet a deluded class continually sighing
for the good old colony times, when commerce
was restricted, political privileges few, ignorance
rife, and religion in charge of' hirelings.
The Golden Age many believed was in the
era of the Baltimores, and that the reign of
Maryland gentlemen had been succeeded by the
rude sway of German, Scotch, and Irish traders
on the shores of the Patapsco.
The revolution of 1689 developed new ideas
and energies, which crystallized around Annapolis, and obscured Saint Mary, which from that
time continually dwindled, and was only attractive to those who lived on the reputation of their
ancestors, and clung to forms and theories simply because they were ancient.
The adoption of the Constitution of the United




226           TERRA MARIzE.
States, in 1789, imparted firesh life to Maryland.
Annapolis now  became the seat of the old
regime, while the City of Baltimore arose, the
centre of new thoughts, and the depot of the
produce of the western counties, rapidly developing under free labor. Hither the young, the
energetic, the educated resorted, and whitewinged commerce, in fleet clippers, bore its
name to every clime.




CHAPTER EIGHTH.
THE LORDS BALTIMORE AND PROPRIETARIES.
HE materials are so meagre, that it is
almost impossible to prepare a sketch
of the Lords Baltimore and Proprietaries of Maryland.
GEORGE, FIRST LORD BALTIMORE,
was in talent, and in every respect, the head of
the family. As early as 1603, was M. P. for
Bossiney, in Cornwall; in 1621, for York; and
in 1624, for Oxford University. In addition to
the notices of his career in the first chapter, it
may be mentioned that Samuel Calvert, a correspondent of one of the statesmen of that era,
in a letter of April sixth, 1605, writes that
" George Calvert hath good favor with his Lordship (Robert Cecil), and is diligent enough."
In 1606 he was Prothonotary and Keeper of the
Rolls in Connaught, Ireland. Winwood, as Ambassador to the States, had sent over to England
a copy of Vorstius on the "Attributes of the
Deity," with the remark that there was "matter
(227 )




228           TERRA MAR1 jE.
enough in it for a wit that hath either spirit or
courage."  King James, believing himself such
a wit, with the aid of Calvert, as has already
been narrated, wrote a reply to the book.
A friend by the name of John More, writes
to Winwood, on January first, 1611-12:
"According to your Lordship's command, it
hath been my business to inform myself what
construction is made of your late proceedings in
the affair of Vorstius, which by general report I
understand to have been exceedingly well liked
by his Majesty, and Mr. George Calvert, falling
of himself upon the subject at his house, whither
I went with my wife, on a visit unto him and
his, told me that the King had publicly declared
that, in all the course of this business, Winwrood
hath done secundum cor meum."
On the eighteenth of February, 1622-3, King
James granted to Sir George Calvert, in the
County of Longford, Ireland, 2304 acres of arable
and pasture land, and 1605 of bog and wood
land, to be holden by knight's service. Two
years later he was made Baron of Baltimore;
and on March the eleventh, 1624-5, these lands
were granted to him in fee simple, in free and
common socage, as of the Castle of Dublin.
On May the twenty-ninth, 1625, King Charles
writes to Lord Deputy Falkland:
"Right trusty and well-beloved cousin and
counsellor, we greet you well: Whereas, our




CHILDREN OF GEOR&GE BALTIMORE. 229
right trusty and well-beloved, the Lord Baltimore, hath acquainted us with his purpose to
repair into that kingdom to reside there for some
time; being an eminent person and a nobleman
of that kingdom, we have thought good by these
our gracious letters to recommend him to your
special favor, requiring you not only to give him
all lawful assistance and good expedition in such
occasions as he shall have there, but also to respect him according to his quality and degree,
and as one who is parted from  us with our
princely approbation and in our good grace."
On the eighth of August, 1622, his wife died.
He survived until April fifteenth, 1632.
Children of George Lord Baltimore and Anne his
Wife.
Cecilius, successor to the title.
Leonard, Keeper of the Rolls at Connaught from
1621 to 1626. Captain of a privateer off the
coast of Newfoundland in 1629. Governor
of Maryland in 1634, and died at Saint Mary
on June ninth, 1647, without issue.
George, came to Maryland with Leonard, but is
said to have settled in Virginia, where he
probably died in 1667.
Francis, died in youth.
Henry.
Anna, married William Peasley, and lived in
London.
20




230           TERRA MARiA.
Dorothy.
Elizabeth.
Grace, married Sir Robert Talbot, of Kildare,
Ireland.
Helen.
John, died in youth.
Illegitimate Issue.
Philip Calvert, Governor of Maryland.
CECILIUS, SECOND LORD BALTIMORE,
before his father's death, was married to Anna,
a daughter of Earl Arundel, who died at the
age of thirty-four years, in 1649. Cecil was a
member of Parliament in the year 1634. He
did not possess the talent of his father, but was
exceedingly politic. The following letter, written by him on May sixteenth, 1634, to Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, when Lord Deputy of
Ireland, is preserved in the Strafford Dispatches:
"MY MOST HONORED LORD:
"Since my return hither to London, out of
the country, which was about a week since, I
had the honor to receive your Lordship's letter
of the twentieth of April, wherein I perceive
neither distance of place, nor greatness of employment, can any whit diminish that noble and
true affection, which you have long professed,
anld many times very really testified to my
father's famil.




LETTER OF CECILIUS BALTIMORE. 231
"Such an heroick virtue as that is, in your
Lordship, can seek no recompense, but for itself,
for it is much above all other means of requital;
yet, my Lord, I will not omit the daily sacrifice
of my endeavours to do your Lordship all faithful service, wherever I am, in perpetual hope of
meeting some good occasion to testify my gratitude unto you, and that I may thereby in this
particular confirm unto the world the greatness
of your Lordship's judgment, as well as that
other virtue of your goodness, in planting so
much of your affection on me. I do most humbly thank your Lordship for your noble favours
to my brother Talbot, and my sister his wife.
They have let me understand that your Lordship hath amply performed, what you were
pleased to promise me at St. Albans in their behalf. My Lord, I have many occasions froln
your Lordship to remember my dear Father,
and now I do not want one, for I must confess I
never knew any man have that way of doing
favour unto others, with that advantage to themselves that your Lordship hath and he had."
Cecilius died on November thirtieth, 1675, and
was succeeded by his son,
CHARLES, THIRD LORD BALTIMORE.
Charles became Governor of Maryland in
1661; married Jane, the widow of Hon. Henry
Sewall, of Miattapany, on the Patuxent, and




232           TERRA MARIIE.
built "a fair house of brick," eight miles by
land from Saint Mary.
After the death of his father, he visited England, but returned to Maryland, and while in the
province had several interviews with William
Penn. In 1684, he went back to England, and
died on February twentieth, 1714, at the advanced age of eighty-four years. He was buried
in St. Pancras' Church, Middlesex. He is said
to have married three times.
The title and province became the possession
of his son,
BENEDICT LEONARD, FOURTH LORD BALTIMORE.
Benedict Leonard was married on January
second, 1698, to Lady Charlotte Fitzroy, daughter of the Earl of Litchfield, and grandchild of
her whom Macaulay calls "the superb and voluptuous" Barbara Palmer, Duchess of Cleveland, and favorite mistress of Charles the Second. Until September, 1705, he lived with his
wife, and had four sons and two daughters, but,
following in the footsteps of her grandmother,
a separation took place, and in 1710 he petitioned the House of Lords "to bastardize" her
illegitimate issue. "Seduced by ambition and
the efforts of the Queen of England," says McSherry, " and sustained against his father's opposition by a royal pension, he abandoned his
faith to advance his fortunes." On January




CHtARLES, THE FIFTH BALTIMORE. 233
thirteenth, 1713, he publicly embraced the Protestant religion. Held the title of Lord Baltimore but little more than a year, and died on
April sixteenth, 1715.
Children of Benedict Leonard Baltimore and his
Wife Charlotte.
Charles, successor to the title.
Benedict Leonard, M. P. for Harwich, in Essex;
Governor of Maryland, 1727. Died at sea,
on his way to England, in 1732, and without issue.
Edward Henry; in 1728, Commissary-General
and President of the Council of Maryland.
Died without issue.
Cecil, died without issue, in 1765.
Charlotte, married Thomas Brerewood, Esq.
Jane.
CIHARLES, FIFTH LORD BALTIMORE,
was born September twenty-ninth, 1699. He
married on July twentieth, 1730, Mary, daughter
of Sir Theodore Jansen. On January twentyseventh, 1731, was appointed gentleman of the
bed-chamber to Frederick, Prince of Wales; and
on December the tenth a fellow of the Royal
Society-; was a man of culture, pleasing address,
and elegant person, as the following poem in the
Gentleman's Magazine of 1731, indicates:
20*




234              TERRA MARIA.' By heaven exalted, by your Prince caressed;
By nature favored, and by fortune blessed;
Complete in person, in address polite,
Fashion'd to please, to polish and delight,
Courteous to all, beneficent and good,
The best and purest marks of noblest blood,
True friend to science, and in taste refined;
To every study, every art inclined;
By all advantages of mind improved;
Admired, honored, courted, and beloved."
In 1732 he visited the Province of Maryland,
and, returning in 1734, was elected a member of
Parliament from St. Germain in Cornwall. From
1741 to 1747, he represented the County of Surrey, and died April twenty-third, 1751, aged fiftytwo years. His wife survived until 1769.
Chilciren of Charles Baltimore and Mary his Wife.
Frederick, successor to the title.
Louisa, married John Browning, Esq., and died
at Horton Lodge, in 1821, at the great age
of eighty-eight years.
Caroline, married Robert Eden, who was Governor of Maryland from  1769 until 1776, when
he was obliged by the populace, to return
to England.  IHe returned  after the war,
soon died, and was buried under the pulpit
of an Episcopal Church, on the north side
of the Severn, two or three miles from  Annapolis.
Illegitimacte Issue.
Benjamin, called Benedict Calvert.




THE LAST LORD BALTI1MORE].E   235
FREDERICK, THE LAST LORD BALTIMORE,
was born in 1731, and married Lady Diana
Egerton, youngest daughter of Scroope, Duke of
Bridgewater, who died in 1758, from injuries
received by the upsetting of her carriage. Iie
was sorely afflicted with "cacoethes scribendi,"
and in the Congressional Library is one of his
books styled "A Tour to the East, in the years
1763 and 1764, with remarks on the City of Constantinople and the Turks. By F. Lord Baltimore. London, 1767."
The work is destitute of all pith. Walpole
says "his bills on the road for post-horses would
deserve as much to be printed. His book proves
a well-known truth, that a man may travel without observation, and be an author without ideas."
The Monthly Review of 1767 is still more severe in its criticism.
In 1768 he excited the indignation of the upright, and the ridicule of the rough portion of
the London populace, by conspiring and forcibly
abducting a beautiful and virtuous milliner girl.
He was indicted for the offence, but acquitted;
yet public opinion made it pleasant for him to
leave the country.
No one can read the reports of the trial without having a hearty contempt for the man, and
the following titles of a few of the poems, pasquinades, and exposures, issued within a period




236           TER RA MARISE.
of a few months, evince the great excitement
that prevailed:
"Memoirs of the Seraglio of the Bashaw of
Maryland, by a discarded Sultana."
"Letter to Lord B, with an Address to
the town."
"The History of a late infamous adventure
between a great man and fair citizen."
" The Rape, a poem, humbly inscribed to the
ladies."
"Remarks on a pamphlet entitled an Apologist for Lord B.".
"Observations on a debate, made at a late
evening's debate, at one of the Disputing Societies of this Metropolis, in their decision of the
ravishing question, with suitable remarks."
"The Plain Question, Was she ravished or
not?"
"No Rape, an Epistle from a Lord's favorite
Mistress to Miss -."
"A Letter on the behavior of the populace on
a late occasion in the procedure against a noble
Lord."
" The Trial of Frederick Calvert, Esq., Baron
of Baltimore, in the Kingdom of Ireland, for a
rape on the body of Sarah Woodson. Published
by permission of the Judge."
"The Theory and Practice of Rapes, investigated and illustrated in an address to Lord Baltimore, and Miss Woodson."




THE LAST LORD BALT'IMORE.   237
Seeking retirement from his infamy, he published at Augsburg, in 1769, " Gaudia Poetica," a
thin quarto of prose and poetry, dedicated to Linneus, the botanist, which is celebrated not only
for its insipidity but great rarity, always bringing a good price when exposed for sale. In 1771
he published another work, "' Ccelestes et Inferi,"
at Venice. In the State Library of New York
there is a copy of each.
At the age of forty, he died in Italy, in 1771,
without lawful issue, and the title became extinct. He left his property to an illegitimate
son, Henry Harford, Esq., a name perpetuated
by a County of Maryland, with a reversion to
Mrs. Windham, Mr. Harford's sister, who was
first clandestinely married to Mr. Morris and
divorced.
As George was the first, wisest, and best, so
Frederick was the last, weakest, and worst of the
BARONS OF BALTIMORE.








APPENDIX.
A  Tourney from Patapsco in Maryland to
Annapolis, April 4th, I730.1
(The grateful Earth from frosty Chains unbound,
Pours out its vernal Treasures all around,
Her Face bedeckt with grass, with buds the Trees are
crown'd,)
In this soft season,'ere the Dawn of Day,
I mount my Horse, and lonely take my Way,
From woody Hills that shade Patapsko's Head,
(In whose deep Vales he makes his stony Bed,
From whence he rushes with resistless Force,
Tho' huge rough Rocks retard his rapid course,)
1 The spelling, capital, and italicized letters are copied from
the poem as it appears in volume second of the Gentlemarn's
Magazitne.
(239)




240           A JOUlRNEY FROMI
Down to Annapolis, on the smooth Stream
Which took from the fair Anne-Arundel its Name.
And now the Star* that ushers in the Day,
"Begins to pale her ineffectual Ray.
The Moon, with blunted Horns, now shines less bright,
Her fading Face eclips'd with growing light;
The fleecy Clouds with streaky Lustre glow,
And Day quits Heav'n to view the Earth below.
O'er yon tall Pines the Sun shews half his Face,
And fires their floating Foliage with his Rays;
Now sheds aslant on Earth his lightsome Beams,
That trembling shine in many colour'd Streams;
Slow-rising from the Marsh, the Mist recedes,
The Trees, emerging, rear their dewy Heads;
Their dewy Heads the Sun with Pleasure views,
And brightens into Pearls the pendent Dews.
The Beasts uprising, quit their leafy Beds,
And to the cheerful Sun erect their Heads;
All joyful rise, except the filthy Swine,
On obscene Litter stretch'd they snore supine:
In vain the Day awakes, Sleep seals their Eyes,
Till Hunger breaks the Band and bids them rise.
Mean while the Sun with more exalted Ray,
From cloudless Skies distributes riper Day;
Thro' sylvan Scenes my Journey I pursue,
Ten thousand Beauties rising to my View;
Which kindle in my Breast poetic Flame,
And bid me my Creator's Praise proclaim;
Tho' my low Verse ill-suits the noble Theme.
* Velus.




PA TAPSCO TO A\NNA4POLS',.            241
Here various Flow'rets grace the teeming Plains,
Adorn'd by Nature's Hand with beauteous strains,
First-born of Spring, here the Paeone appears,
Whose golden' Root a silver Blossom rears.
In spreading Tufts, see the Crowfoot blue,
On whose green Leaves still shines a globous Dew;
Behold the Cinque-foil, with its dazling Dye
Of flaming yellow, wounds the tender Eye:
But there, enclos'd the grassy Wheat is seen,
To heal the aching sight with cheerful Green.
Safe in yon Cottage dwells the Monarch Swain,
His Subject Flocks, close-grazing, hide the Plain;
For him they live; and die t' uphold his Reign.
Viands unbought his well-till'd Lands afford,
And smiling Plenty waits upon his Board;
Health shines with sprightly Beams around his Head,
And Sleep, with downy Wings o'er-shades his Bed,
His Sons robust his daily Labours share,
Patient of Toil, Companions of his care:
And all their Toils with sweet Success are crown'd.
In graceful Ranks there Trees adorn the Ground
The Peach, the Plum, the Apple, here are found;
Delicious Fruits! Which fromi their Kernels rise,
So fruitful is the Soil -so mild the Skies.
The lowly Quince yon sloping Hill o'er shades,
HIere lofty Cherry- Trees erect their Heads;
High in the Air each spiry Summit waves,
Whose Blooms thick-springing  yield  no Space f;or
Leaves;
Evolving Odours fill the ambient air,
The Birds delighted to the Grove repair:
21




242           A JO URINEY IfR?1OM
On ev'ry Tree behold a tuneful Throng,
The vocal Vallies echo to their song.
But what is He* who perch'd above the rest,
Pours out such various Musick from his Breast!
His Breast, whose Plumes a cheerful White display,
His quiv'ring Wings are dress'd in sober Grey.
Sure, all the Muses, this their Bird inspire!
And He, alone, is equal to the Choir
Of warbling Songsters who around him play,
While, Echo like, He answers ev'ry Lay.
The chirping Lark now sings with sprightly Note,
Responsive to her Strain He shapes his Throat,
Now the poor widow'd Turtle wails her mate,
While in soft Sounds He cooes to mourn his Fate.
Oh sweet Musician, thou dost far excel
The soothing Song of pleasing Philonlel!
Sweet is her Song, but in few Notes confin'd;
But thine, thou Mimic of the feath'ry Kind,
Runs thro' all Notes I Thou only know'st them All,
At once the Copy and th' Original.
My Ear thus charm'd, my Eye with Pleasure sees
IIov'ring about the Flow'rs th' industrious Bees.
Like them in size, the hIumming-Bird I view,
Like them, He sucks his Food, the Honey Dew,
With nimble Tongue, and Beak of Jetty Hue.
He takes with rapid Whirl his noisy Flight,
His gemmy Plumage strikes the Gazer's Sight,
And as he moves his ever-flutt'ring Wings,
Ten thousand Colours he around him flings.
* The -Mock-Bird.




PA TA PS C O TO ANNAPOLIS.          2 43
Now I behold the Em'rald's vivid Green,
Now scarlet, now a purple Die is seen;
In brightest Blue, his Breast He now arrays,
Then strait his Plumes emit a golden Blaze.
Thus whirring round he flies, and varying still,
He mocks the Poet's and the Painter's skill;
Who may for ever strive with fruitless Pains,
To catch and fix those beauteous changeful Stains;
While Scarlet now, and now the Purple shines,
And Gold to Blue its transient Gloss resigns.
Each quits, and quickly each resumes its Place,
And ever-varying Dies each other chase
Smallest of Birds, what Beauties shine in thee!
A living Rainbow on thy Breast I see.
Oh had that Bard,* in whose heart-pleasing Lines,
The Phoenix in a Blaze of Glory shines,
Beheld those Wonders which are shewn in Thee,
That Bird had lost his Immortality I
Thou in His verse hadst stretch'd thy fluttering Wing
Above all other Birds, their beauteous King.
But now th' enclos'd Plantation I forsake,
And onwards thro' the Woods my Journey take;
The level Road, the longsome Way beguiles,
A blooming Wilderness around me smiles;
Here hard Oak, there fragrant Hick'ry grows,
Their bursting Buds the tender Leaves disclose;
The tender Leaves in downy Robes appear,
Trembling, they seem to move with cautious Fear,
Yet new to Life, and Strangers to the Air.
* Claudian.




244           A JO URY E Y FROM1   1
Here stately Pines unite their whisp'ring Heads,
And with a solemn Gloom embrown the Glades.
See there a green Salvana opens wide,
Thro' which smooth Streams in wanton Mazes glide;
Thick-branching Shrubs o'erhang the silver Streams,
Which scarcely deign t' admit the solar Beams.
While with Delight on this soft Scene I gaze,
The Cattle upward look, and cease to graze,
But into covert run thro' various Ways.
And now the Clouds in black Assemblage rise,
And dreary Darkness overspreads the Skies,
Thro' which the Sun strives to transmit his Beams,
"But sheds his sickly Light in straggling Streams.
Hush'd is the Music of the wood-land Choir,
Fore-knowing of the Storm, the Birds retire
For Shelter, and forsake the shrubby Plains,
And a dumb Horror thro' the Forest reigns;
In that lone House which opens wide its Door,
Safe may I tarry till the Storm is o'er.
Hark how the Thunder rolls with solemn Sound!
And see the forceful Lightning dart a Wound
On yon tall Oak I Behold its Top laid bare!
Its Body rent, and scatter'd thro' the Air
The Splinters fly! Now-now the Winds arise,
From different Quarters of the low'ring Skies;
Forth-issuing fierce, the West and South engage,
The waving Forest bends beneath their Rage:
But where the winding Valley checks their course,
They roar and ravage with redoubled Force;
With circling Sweep in dreadful Whirlwinds move
And from its Roots tear up the gloomy Grove,




PATAPSCO  TO ANNAPOLIS.             245
Down-rushing fall the Trees, and beat the Ground,
In Fragments flie the shatter'd Limbs around;
Tremble the Under-Woods, the Vales resound.
Follows, with patt'ring Noise, the icy Hail,
And Rain, fast falling floods the lowly Vale.
Again the Thunders roll, the Lightnings fly,
And as they first disturb'd, now clear the Sky;
For lo, the Gust decreases by Degrees,
The dying Winds but sob amidst the Trees;
With pleasing Softness falls the silver Rain,
Thro' which at first faint-gleaming o'er the Plain,
The Orb of Light scarce darts a watry Ray
To gild the Drops that fall from ev'ry Spray;
But soon the dusky Vapours are dispell'd,
And thro' the Mist that late his Face conceal'd,
Burst the broad Sun triumphant in a Blaze
Too keen for Sight —Yon Cloud refracts his Rays,
The mingling Beams compose th' ethereal Bow,
How sweet, how soft, its melting Colours glow!
Gaily they shine, by heav'nly Pencils laid,
Yet vanish swift, How soon does Beauty fade!
The Storm is past, my Journey I renew,
And a new Scene of Pleasure greets my view:
Wash'd by the copious Rain the gummy Pine,
Does cheerful, with unsully'd Verdure shine!
The Dogwood Flow'rs assume a snowy white,
The Maple blushing gratifies the Light:
No verdant Leaves the lovely Red-Bud grace,
Carnation Blossoms now supply their Place.
The Sassafras unfolds its fragrant Bloom,
The Vine affords an exquisite Perfume;
21*




246           A JOURNEY FP    l ROMl
These grateful Scents wide wafting thro' the Air
The smelling Sense with balmy Odours cheer.
And now the Birds, sweet singing stretch their Throats,
And in one Choir unite their various Notes,
Nor yet unpleasing is the Turtle's Voice,
Tho' he complains while other Birds rejoice.
These vernal Joys, all restless Thoughts controul,
And gently-soothing calm the troubled Soul
While such Delights my senses entertain,
I scarce perceive that I left the Plain;'Till now the Summit of a Mount I gain:
Low at whose sandy Base the River glides,
Slow-rolling near their Height his languid Tides;
Shade above Shade, the Trees in Rising Ranks,
Cloath with eternal Green his steepy Banks:
The Flood, well pleas'd, reflects their verdant Gleant
From the smooth Mirror of his limpid Stream.
But see the Hawk, who with acute Survey,
Tow'ring in Air predestinates his Prey
Amid the Floods! Down dropping fiom on high,
He strikes the Fish, and bears him thro' the Sky.
The Stream disturb'd, no longer shews the Scene
That lately Stain'd its silver Waves with green;
In spreading Circles roll the troubled Floods,
And to the Shores bear off the pictur'd Woods.
Now looking round I view the out-stretch'd Land,
O'er which the Sight exerts a wide Command;
The fertile Vallies, and the naked Hills,
The Cattle feeding near the chrystal Rills;
The Lawns wide-op'ning to the sunny Ray,
And mazy thickets that exclude the Day.




PATAPSCO  TO ANiVA POLBg.           247
A-while the Eye is pleas'd these Scenes to trace,
Then hurrying o'er the intermediate Space,
Far-distant Mountains drest in Blue appear,
And all their Woods are left in empty Air.
The Sun near setting now arrays his Head
In milder Beams, and lengthens ev'ry Shade.
The rising Clouds usurping on the Day
A bright Variety of Dies display;
About the wide Horizon swift they fly,
And chase a Change of Colours round the Sky:
And now I view but half the flaming Sphere,
Now one faint Glimmer shoots along the Air,
Now all his golden Glories disappear.
Onwards the Ev'ning moves in Habit grey,
And for his Sister Night prepares the Way.
The plumy people seek their secret Nests,
To Rest repair the ruminating Beasts.
Now deep'ning Shades confess th' approach of Night,
Imperfect Images elude the Sight:
Fromnt earthly Objects I remove mine Eye,
And view with Look erect the vaulted Sky;
Where dimly shining now the Stars appear,
At first thin-scatt'ring thro' the misty Air;
Till Night confirm'd, her jetty Throne ascends,
On her the Moon in clouded State attends,
But soon unveil'd her lovely Face is seen;
And Stars unnumber'd wait around their Queen;
Rang'd by their Maker's Hand in just Array,
They march majestic thro' th' ethereal Way.
Are these bright Luminaries hung on high
Only to please with twinkling Rays our Eye?




248           A JO URNEY FROM
Or may we rather count each Star a Sun,
Round which full peopled Worlds their courses run?
Orb above Orb harmoniously they steer
Their various Voyages thro' Seas of Air.
Snatch me some Angel to those high Abodes,
The Seats perhaps of Saints and Demigods!
Where such as bravely scorn'd the galling Yoke
Of vulgar Error, and her Fetters broke;
Where Patriots, who to fix the publick Good,
In Fields of Battle sacrific'd their Blood;
Where pious Priests, who Charity proclaim'd,
And Poets whom a virtuous Muse enfiam'd,
Philosophers who strove to mend our Hearts,
And such as polished Life with useful Arts,
Obtain a Place; when by the Hand of Death
Touch'd, they retire from this poor Speck of Earth;
Their Spirits freed from bodily alloy
Perceive a Fore-taste of that endless Joy,
Which from Eternity hath been prepar'd,
To crown their Labours with a vast Reward.
While to these Orbs my wand'ring Though'ts aspire,
A falling Meteor shoots his lambent Fire;
Thrown from the heav'nly Space he seeks the Earth,
From whence he first deriv'd his humble Birth.
The Mind advis'd by this instructive Sight,
Descending sudden from th' aerial Height,
Obliges me to view a different Scene,
Of more Inmportance to myself, tho' mean.
These distant Objects I no more pursue,
But turning invard l  ly reflective View.
My working Fancy helps me to survey
In the just Picture of this April Day.




PA TAPSCO  TO A.1\IAPOLIq'.    249
My life o'erpast, a Course of thirty Years
Blest with few joys, perplex'd with num'rous Cares.
In the dim Twilight of our infancy,
Scarce can the Eye surrounding Objects see.
Then thoughtless Childhood leads us pleas'd and gay,
In Life's fair Morning thro' a flow'ry Way:
The Youth in Schools inquisitive of Good,
Science pursues thro' Learning's mazy Wood;
Whose lofty Trees, he, to his Grief perceives,
Are often bare of Fruit, and only fill'd with Leaves;
Thro' lonely Wilds his tedious Journey lies,
At last a brighter Prospect cheers his Eyes;
Now the gay Fields of Poetry he views,
And joyous listens to the tuneful Muse;
Now History affords him vast Delight,
And opens lovely Landscapes to his Sight;
But ah! too soon this Scene of Pleasure flies!
And o'er his Head tempestuous Troubles rise.
He hears the Thunders roll, he feels the Rains,
Before a friendly shelter he obtains;
And thence beholds with Grief the furious Storm
The noon-tide Beauties of his Life deform;
He views the painted Bow in distant Skies;
Hence, in his Heart some Gleams of Comfort rise;
He hopes the Gust has almost spent its Force,
And that he safely may pursue his Course.
Thus far nmy Life does with the Day agree,
Oh! may its coming Stage from Storms be free,
While passing thro' the World's most private Wray,
With Pleasure I my Maker's Works survey;
With in my Heart let Peace a Dwelling find,
Let my Goodwill extend to all Mankind:




250           A JO URhVEY FROM
Freed from NAecessity, and blest with Health;
Give me Content, let others toil for Wealth.
In busy Scenes of Life let me exert
A careful Hand, and wear an honest Heart;
And suffer me my leisure Hours to spend,
With chosen Books, or a well-natur'd Friend.
Thus journeying on, as I advance in Age
May I look back with Pleasure on my Stage;
And as the setting Sun withdrew his Light
To rise on other Worlds serene and bright,
Cheerful may I resign my vital Breath,
Nor anxious tremble at th' approach of Death 
Which shall (I hope) but strip me of my Clay,
And to a better World my Soul convey.
Thus musing, I my silent Moments spend,
Till to the River's Margin I descend,
From whence I may discern my Journey's End:
Annapolis adorns its further Shore,
To which the Boat attends to bear me o'er.
And now the moving Boat the Flood divides,
While the Stars "tremble on the floating Tides,"
Pleas'd with the Sight, again I raise mine Eye
To the bright Glories of the azure Sky;
And while these Works of God's creative Hand,
The Moon and Stars, that move at his Command,
Obedient thro' their circling Course on high,
Employ my Sight, Struck with amaze I cry,
Almighty Lord! Whom Heav'n and Earth proclaim,
The Author of their universal Frame,
Wilt thou vouchsafe to view the Son of Man,
The Creature, who but Yesterday began,
Thro' animated Clay to draw his Breath,
To-morrow doom'd a Prey to ruthless Death?




PA TAPSCO T1'0 SA.VAPOLIS.          251
Tremendous God! May I not justly fear,
That I, unworthy Object of thy Care,
Into this World from thy bright Presence tost,
Am in th' Immensity of Nature lost!
And that my Notions of the TWorld above,
Are but Creations of my own Self-Love!
To feed my coward Heart, afraid to Die,
With fancied Feasts of Immortality!
These thoughts, which thy amazing Works suggest,
Oh glorious Father, rack my troubled Breast.
Yet, Gracious God, reflecting that my Frame
From Thee deriv'd in animating Flame,
And that what e'er I am, however mean,
By thy Command I enter'd on this Scene
Of Life, thy wretched Creature of a Day,
Condemn'd to travel thro' a tiresome Way;
Upon whose Banks (perhaps to cheer my Toil)
I see thin Verdures rise, and Daisies smile:
Poor Comforts these, my Pains t' alleviate!
While on my Head tempestuous Troubles beat.
And must I, when I quit this earthly Scene,
Sink total into Death, and never rise again?
No sure,-These Thoughts which in my Bosom roll
Must issue from a never dying Soul;
These active Thoughts that penetrate the Sky,
Excursive into dark Futurity;
Which hope eternal Happiness to gain,
Could never be bestow'd on Milan in vain.
To Thee, 0 Father, fill'd with fervent Zeal,
And sunk in humble Silence I appeal;
Take me, my great Creator, to Thy Care,
A14d gracious listen to my ardent Prayer!




H2a,52        A J-o U.IC EY, E1'c'.
Supre)me of Beings, omnipresent Power!
My great Preserver from my natal Hour,
Fountain of Wisdom, boundless Deity,
Omniscient God, my Wants are known to Thee,
With Mercy look on mine Infirmity!
Whatever State thou shalt for me ordain,
Whether my Lot in Life be Joy or Pain;
Patient let me sustain thy wise Decree,
And learn to know myself and honouir thee.




IND EX.
Abbot, Archbishop, opinion of Lord  Baltimore, first Lord, George Calvert,
Baltimore, 35.                        presents from King James, 17.
Act concerning Religion, 84.                defends the King, 22, 23, 24.
Adams, Rev Alexander, 190.                  disputes with Coke, 23.
Addisons of Oxon Hall, 186.                 member of Parliament, 22, 27, 227.
Alexander, Sir William, 49.                 death of wife, 25, 55, 229.
Altham, Father John, 61, 69, 70, 71, 72.    children of, 16, 55, 229.
Alsop, George, his description of Mary-     letter to Buckingham, 26.
land, 214.                            letter from Wentworth, 27.
Annapolis, 79, 83, 84, 200, 205, 225.       member of Virginia Company, 27.
Anderson, chaplain of Victoria, 180.        commences Newfoundland colony,
Apostolic succession, 146.                    28.
Ark, ship, prepares for Maryland, 58.       unhappy after failure of Spanish
is pursued, 59.                           match, 31.
arrives.at St. Mary, 63.                resigns Secretaryship, 32, 33, 34, 36.
Arundel, Anne, marries Cecil Calvert,       made Baron of Baltimore, 35, 228.
25.                                 visits London, 37.
her epitaph, 88.                      prepares for Newfoundland, 38.
Earl, 25, 37.                           object of Newfoundland colony, 39.
William, prefers charges against        arrival there, 40.
Cecil Baltimore, 106.                 returns to England, 41.
Asbury, Bishop Francis, 219.                revisits Newfoundland, 41.
Ashmlore, William, killed, 99.              firhts the French, 42.
Assenlbly of Maryland on oaths, 86.         thanks King for a ship, 43.
commend Rev. Winm. Thompson, 82.        trouble in Newfoundland, 45.
of 1650, 87.                            first visit to Virginia, 45.
defend Margaret Brent, 113.             letter from  King wishing him to
Association for defense of Protestant         give up colonizing, 45.
religion, 174.                        deserts Avalon, 103.
Avalon, colony of, 28, 37, 103.             asks tor a grant in Virginia, 47.
wishes his lady to return fromt Virginia, 47.
Bacoln, Lord, 23,186.                       is called a liar, 49.
Rev. Thomas, 182, 218.                  letter to Wentworth, 49.
Baltimore, first Lord, George Calvert,      grants front King, 50, 228.
227.                                  letter on death of wife of Wentearly life, 10, 11.                       worth, 50.
clerk of Privy Council, 14.             prepares charter of Maryland, 53.
assists King James, 15.                 its monarchical feature, 53.
comnmissioner for Ireland, 17.          his lands in Ireland, 228.
in charge of Italian and Spanish        King Charles's letter introdulcinig
correspondence, 15.                     him to Falkland, 228.
Secretary of State, 15, 16(.            his death, 55, 229.
knighted, 16.                       Baltimnore. second Lord, Cecil Calvert,
takes Rlaleigh's Ilmanuscripts. 16.       56, 58, 2:10.
22                   (253)




'054                             INDEX.
Baltimore, second Lord, Cecil Ctlvert,  Baltimore, fourth Lord, Benedict Leoappoints John Lewger secretary,            nard Calvert, 232.
69.                                   marriage, 232.
invites Massachusetts men to settle     separation from wife, 232.
in Maryland, 79.                      becomes a Protestant, 232.
prejudiced against Rev. Win. Tomp-       his death, 233.
son, 82.                              his children, 233.
vacillates between King and Par-  Baltimore, fifth Lord, Charles Calvert,
liament, 84.                            233.
commissions Edward Gibbons, of          marriage, 233.
Boston, as admiral, 87, 117.          offices held, 233.
appeals to Privy Council relative       visits Maryland, 205, 234.
to Maryland grant, 95.                his death, 234.
King Charles states why he gave         children, 234.
him Maryland, 97.                 Baltimore, last Lord, Frederick Calwishes to be governor of Virginia,        vert, 235.
101.                                  marriage, 235.
alarmed about his charter, 103.         disgraceful conduct, 235.
letter from Secretary Kemp, of Vir-     his writings, 235, 236.
ginia, 105.                           death, 236.
charges against, 106.               Bancroft, Bishop, 75.
letter to Mary land Jesuits, 107.   Banneker, Benjamin, 204.
appointed Collector of Virginia, Baptism of Indian chief, 70.
108.                                  slaves, 146.
before House of Lords, 112.         Barber, Dr. Luke, 123.
yields to Parliament, 114.          Barratt's chapel, 220.
charges against Ingle, 115.         Barre, John de la, 94.
instructs Governor Stone to resist  Bassett, Richard, 220.
Parliament officers, 119.         Bassetts, the, 197.
claims that Maryland is not cava-  Bayard, Peter, naturalized, 164.
lier, 120.                            Col., 197.
complains of the shooting of Stone's  Bayne, Walter, 139, 193.
soldiers, 126.                    Baxter, John, 61.
agreement with  Maryland Corm-  Beale, James, 197.
missioners, 127.                      John, 190, 193.
arrested for coining money, 129.        Col. Ninian, 193.
regrets appointment of Governor  Beard, Richard, 140.
Fendall, 157.                     Beeckman, Dutch Gov., on Delaware,
his marriage, 230.                        sends to Manhattan for wine to
wife's death, 88.                         entertain Gov. Charles Calvert,
member of Parliament, 230.                169.
letters to Wentworth, 60, 230.      Bellson, John, killed, 99.
his death, 165, 230.                Bennett, Gov. Richard, 74, 117, 124,
Baltimore, third Lord, Charles Calvert, 1      129, 130.
231.                                  grandson  of Gov., largest slavereply to Rev. J. Yeo, 138.                holder in Maryland, 130, 201.
with wife at Quaker meeting, 142. i Belt, Col. Joseph, 190.
visits I)utch on Delaware, 162.     Berkeley, Gov. of Virginia, 78, 80, 92,
Governor of Maryland, 165, 231.           105, 109, 130.
visit from Wm. Penn, 165.           Birkhead, Abraham, 137.
meets Penn at New Castle, 166.      Blankenstein, William, 164,178.
sends Col. Talbot to  Delaware,  Bouchelle, Dr. Peter, 197.
167.                              Boucher, Rev. Jonathan, royalist, 184.
returned to England, 168.               anti-slavery sentiments, 185.
before Plantation Committee, 163.       leaves the province, 186.
not in favor with King, 169.        Boundary disputes, 157-170.
Father Petre opposes, 169.          Bourdillon, Rev. Mr., 209.
accused of conspiracy, 171.         Bowles, James, 189.
deprived of political power, 178.    Bownas, Samuel, 150, 154.
his marriage, 231.                  Bozman, Thos., 190.
first wife described, 142.          Bradf)rd, Col. John, 190.
death, 2:12.                        Bray, I1ev. Dr. Thos., tlo.




INDEX.                                 255.
Brent, Giles, 107, 108.                Charter of Maryland anti-republican,
Margaret, 81, 112, 113.                 53.
Brevard, John, 197.                    Chase, Rev. Mr, 216.
Brock, Father, 71, 72.                     Hon. Samuel, delegate to Congress,
Brogden, Rev. Wm, 181.                      217.
Brooke, Baker, 133.                    Cheseldyn, Kenelm, 177.
Mrs., 133.                         Chew, Samuel, 147.
Robert, 119.                      Chillingworth, Dr. Will., makes Rev.
Brown, Gustavus, 189.                        Jno. Lewger a Roman Catholic,
Buckingham, Duke of, 15, 25.                 68, 69.
letter from Lord Baltimore, 41.    Christerson, Wenlock, 135, 140.
Burnaby, Archdeacon, description of Christmas in York, 20.
Annapolis, 205.                  Church  of England  established  in
colony, 178.
Calamy's opinion of Rev. Mr. Hill, 140.    oppressive, 180.
Calvert, Anna, wife of Wm. Peasley, 55.    ministers, 181.
Benedict Leonard, 233.             Clayborne, William, 50, 72, 94, 95, 96,
Benjamin or Benedict, 209, 210, 234.     98, 100, 102, 104, 105, 106, 109,
Caroline, wife of Gov. Eden, 234.        117, 130, 131.
Dorothy, 230.                     Clarke, William, 150.
Edward Henry, 233.                 Clayton, William, 190.
Elizabeth, 230.                    Clifford, Lord, 18.
Francis, 230.                      Cloberry, Will., 94.
George, brother of Leonard, 55, 60, Coke, Sir Edward, 22, 24.
61, 229.                             Thos., LL.D., arrives in Maryl'tnd,
Grace, wife of Sir R. Talbot, 55, 230.   220.
Leonard, Governor of Maryland,         dines with Washington, 221.
43, 63, 66, 70, 79, 81, 95, 98, 108, Colbatch, Rev. Joseph, 189.
110, 111, 112, 114, 229.         College, Clerkenwell, 62.
Louisa, wife of John Browning, 234.    Cokesbury, 222.
Philip, Governor of Maryland, 55, Colman, Rev. Benjamin, 196.
128, 161, 230.                   Colonists, early, 66, 67.
Samuel, 227.                       Colony, Maryland, commercial, not reGeorge, see Baltimore, first.           ligious, 60.
Cecilius,            second.       Colvill, Thomas, 209, 210.
Charles,       "     third.        Comegys, Cornelius, naturalized, 164.
Benedict Leonard, see Baltimore,  Commissioners of Parliament arrive,
fourth.                                121.
Charles, see Baltimore. fifth.         surrender the colony to the ProFrederick, " sixth.                      prietary, 128.
Canterbury, Archbishop, letter from        Indian, at Lancaster, Pa., 208.
Rev. J. Yeo, 138.                Congregationalistsin Virginia,74,75,78.
Carpenter, Samuel, 148.                    Maryland, 79, 81, 82.
Carr, Sir Robert, 152.                 Conn, Rev. Mr., 196.
Carroll, Chas., meditates retiring to  Continental Congress, 217.
the Arkansas River, 215.         Convicts shipped to Maryland, 203.
of Carrolton, 217.                     school teachers, 212.
Christopher, 67.                   Coode, John, his character, 173.
Cavendish, Lord, 28, 30.                   attacks St. Mary, 174.
Cay, Rev. Jonathan, 190.                   Mattapany, 175.
Cecil, Sir Robert, 11.                     head of new government, 176.
Chalmers, George, opinion of Maryland      letter to Leisler, of New York, 178.
charter, 54.                     Cool Springs, 144.
Charles, Prince, and Spanish match, 23. Copley, Gov. Lyonel, 178.
the First, letter to Geo. Baltimore,   Father Thomas, 69, 70.
45.                              his house, 107.
names the province Terra Ma- Cornbury, Lord, imprisons Makemie,
riho, 53.                         195.
appoints Will. Davenant, the  Cornman, John, convicted of witchpoet, Gov. of Maryland, 88.        craft, 140.
Chandler, a councillor, 133.           Cornwallis, Thomas, 60, 61, 66, 99.
Chapel of St. Mary, 106.              j Cotton. Sir Robert, library of, 22.




256                              INDEX.
Coursey, Mr., 123.                       Edmondes, Sir Thos., 12.
Cradock, Rev. Thos., 181, 209.          Edmonds,,n describes yearly meetings,
Cranfield, Edward, 61.                         151.
Creager, Capt., at New Amstel, 159.          account of Labadists, 152.
visits Kent Island, 159.                visits Major-General Bennett, 130.
Crescentia, name intended for Mary-  Education neglected, 212.
land, 53.                           Eliot, Rev. John, 77.
Cromwell, Oliver, approves of the course  Eltonhead, agent for Cecil Baltimore,
of Maryland Commissioners, 125.         122.
Sir Harry, 91.                          shot, 124.
Culpepper, Lord, 140.                   Elzey, boundary commissioner, 161.
Curtis, Captain Edward, 117.            Ennels, Major Ilenry, 190.
Custis, John Parke, 11, 183.            Erickson naturalized, 164.
Cuthead, Richard, 174.                  Evans, Rev. Evan, 180.
Cutts, Capt. John, 123.                 Everlnden, Thomas. 149.
Eversfield, Rev. John, 181.
Darcy, Sir Francis, 21.
Lord. 19.                           Fairfax, Charles Snowden, 10.
Dalrymple, Sir John, 51.                    (Teo. William, 207.
Darnall, Henry, 174, 177.                   Dr. John, 210.
Davenant, Sir Will., the poet, 88.           Lord and General, 18, 20, 84, 114.
Dawson, William, killed, 99.                 Rev. Brian, 10.
De Costa naturalized, 164.                   Thomas, of Virginia, 10.
Denham, Rev. Benjamin, chaplain in  Faithorne, artist and engraver, 164.
Turkey, 89.                       Fendall. Governor of Maryland, 128,157.
De la Grange, Arnold, naturalized, 164. Ferry, Patapsco, 208.
De la Warr, Lord, 100.                  Fisher, Edward. 148.
Dennis, Captain, 117.                        Father Philip, 62. 72.
Dent, George, 189.                      Fitzherbert, Father Francis, 133.
Desjardins naturalized, 164.            Fitzhugh, Col., 20)8.
De Vries describes naval fight in Vir-  Fleet, Capt. Henry, 63.
ginia, 109.                       Fooks, Thomas, 149.
arrival in Delaware River, 158.     Fountaine, Nicholas, naturalized, 164.
D'Hyniossa, Alexander, 159, 162, 163, Fox, George, his arrival, 136.
164.                                  at Cliffs of Calvert, 136.
Digges, Col., 174.                             Dr. Peter Sharpe's, 137.
Dorrell, Thomas, 61.                           James Preston's, 137.
Dorsey, Col. John, 189.                        Eastern Shore, 137.
Doughty, Rev. Francis, in New Eng-           visits the Assembly, 138.
land, 134.                        Francisco, early slave, 69.
at Manhattan, 134.                  Franklin, Benjamin, 184.
Mary marries Vanderdonck, 134.   Freeman, William, 187.
second husband, Hugh O'Neal,    Friends, Society of, see Quakers.
134.                            Fuller, Captain, 123.
Dove, the ship, 58.
pursued, 59.                        Gale, Levin, 190.
sails for Boston, 64.               Galloway, Jane, 144.
crew disorderly, 65.                    John, 144.
Dowdall, Major John, 191.                    Samuel, 145.
Dream of Indian chief, 66.              Gerard, Richard, 61.
Dunmmond, Capt., of Virginia, 154.           Thomas, 73,157.
Duel of HIarrison and Stevens, 30.      Gervase, Father Thomas, 61.
Duffield, Edward, 184.                  Gibbons, Edward, Major-General, 79,
Dulanly, Daniel, 216.                          86, 87.
Dupper's stinking beer, 30.             Glasgow, Rev. Patrick, 191.
Dutch settlements on Delaware, 158.    Golden Lion, ship, 123.
Durand, Elder William, 83, 122.         Goldsborough, Robert, 190.
Gondomar, Count, 16, 37.
Earle, James, 191.                      Goodman, Bishop, opinion of Lord BalEden, Capt. Thos., letter from, 207.           timore, 36.
Governor, his death, 234.           Gookins, Daniel, 27, 74, 76, 77, 81, 123.
Edmiston, Archibald, 197.                   Governor, of Pennsylvania, 77.




INDEX.                                257
Gould, Daniel, 135.                    Indian village purchased by Governor
Gravener, Father, 61, 70.                    Calvert, 63.
Gray, Joseph, 190.                     Indians, massacre in Virginia, 79. 80,
Green, Henry, 61.                          murder Gookius's servants, 77.
Gov. Thos, 113.                        Nova Scotia, 48.
Greenfield, T. Truman, 189.                Sioux, 79.
Griffith & Co., complaint, 63.         Ingle, Capt. Richard, 108, 109, 115.
Ingram, Sir Arthur, 20.
Hacket, Father, 41.                    Irish Nell, 203.
Hall, Rev. IHenry, 145.                Israel, John, 189.
Hamilton, James, gives a ball, 210,
William, 189.                      Jacob, Rev. Henry, 75.
Hammond versus Heamans, 126.           Jacobson nattrali~ed, 164.
Christopher, 189.                  Jackson, Edward, 191,
Hanson, Hans, naturalized, 164.        James, the First, 14, 16,17, 22.
Samuel, 189.                           Second, opposed to Cecil Baltimore,
Harford, Henry, heir of Frederick Bal-       172.
timore, 237.                         Richard, librarian of Sir Robert
Harris, James, 189.                          Cotton, 46.
Capt. Wm., 176.                        Rev. Thomas, 78, 79.
Harrison, George, duel of, 30.         Jarbo, John, naturalized, 164.
Capt. Joseph, 189.                 Jenkins, Col. Francis, 195.
Robert, 189.                      Jennings, Edmund, 209.
Rev. Thomas, 78, 80, 83, 84, 90, 92, Jesuits, 59, 61, 62, 69, 71.
117.                                letter from Lord Baltimore, 107.
Hayman, Robert, 41, 42, 44, 57.        Johns, Richard, his creed, 145.
Hawley, Gabriel, 59.                   Johnson, Mary, 148.
Jerome, 60, 61, 72, 101, 102.          Thomas, 191.
Heamans, Capt. Roger, 123.             Jones, of Somerset, 184.
Heerman, Augustine, 157, 158,159, 160, Jordan, Capt. Justinian, 189.
162, 164.
Heigh, James, 190.                     Keith, George, 149.
Henderson, Rev. Jacob, 181, 190,       Kent Island, 57, 71, 72, 94, 96, 97, 98,
Henry, John, 195.                            104.
Rev. John, 195.                    Kemp, Richard, Secretary of Virginia,
Robert Jenkins, 195.                     105.
Herbert, William, 144.                 King, Robert, 190, 195, 209.
Higgins, Rev. Theophilus, 13, 14.      Kinnersley, Professor, 154.
Hill, Gov. Edward, 110.                Kirk, Sir David, letter to ArChbishop
Capt. John, 61, 74.                      Laud, 103.
Rev. Matthew, 139,193.             Knight, Steptoe, 191,
Richard, 155.                      Knowles, Rev. John, 78, 79, 90,
Hoby, Sir Edward, 13, 14.                  Father John, 61.
Holmes, Capt. George, seizes Fort Nassau. 158.                        Labadie, sketch of, 152.
Hooker, Thomas, 142.                   Labadists on Chester River, 152.
Hooper. Capt. Henry, 190.              Laboring men, the first settlers, 60.
Horn Point, battle of, 123.            Lake, Sir Thomas, 21.
Hospitality of colonists, 206.         Laud, Archbishop, letter from Sir David
House of Lords, report on Maryland,          Kirk, 103.
110.                             Lane, Walter. 149.
Howell, Rev. Thomas. 190.                  William, 191.
Hudson, Capt. John, 191.               Lawrence, Sir Thomas, 154.
Hudson's River, Maryland, 99.          Le Count naturalized, 164.
Hungerford, Baronet, 30.               Lee, Col. Richard, 118.
Ilutcheson, Rev. Alex., 197.               Richard Henry, 118.
Hutchins, Elizabeth, 144.              Leeds, 9.
Hughes's, Widow, tavern, 208.          Leisler, Jacob, Governor of New York,
176.
Income of Proprietary, 156.            Lewes, Delaware, 158, 159, 161,164.
Independence, feeling of, 214.         Lewis, William, trial of, 67.
Indian chief's dream, 66.                   shot, 124.




258                            LVD EX.
Lewis, Richard, his poem, 214) 239% 252.  Nicholls, Amos. 178.
Lewger, Rev. John, 67, 68, 81, 89, 110.    Rev. Henry, 189.
becomes Roman Catholic, 68,        Nicholson, Joshua, 150.
first secretary of Maryland, 68.   Norfolk, Upper, 74.
member of Assembly, 69.            Norris, Isaac, 148.
Ann, his wife, 67, 81.             Notley, George, 190.
Literatlre, few Votaries, 214,         NoVa Scotia baronets, 49.
Lloyd, Edward, 116, 118.               Nye, Rev. Phil., 68.
Philemon, 191.
Lock, William, 190.                    Oates, Titus, 171, 172.
Lockerman, Gustavus, 190.              Oaths, Assembly complain of. 82.
Longvyll, Father, 40, 41.              Oldham, John, 190.
Lovell, Lady, 13.                      Onancock, Va., 149.
Lovelace, Governor, of New York, 164. O'Neal, HIugh, 134.
Lowe, Capt. Richard, 58, 60.           Orme, Rev. Mr., 196.
Nicholas, 189.                     Owen, Dr. Griffith, 145, 148.
Maconchie, Rev. Wm., 189.              Paca, William, 217.
Mackall, Benjamin, 190.                Paine, John, killed, 177.
Col. John, 190.                    Palmer, Ed., 57.
Magill, Rev. D., 196.                  Palmer's Isle, 57, 96, 102.
Makemie, Rev. Francis, 194,            Pancoast, James, kidnapped, 202.
publications of, 194,              Panton, Rev. Anthony, 105,106.
imprisoned, 195.                   Parliament Commissioners, 117.
letter to Colman, 195,             Patapsco Ferry, 208.
Manokin settlement, 161.               Patronage of Proprietary, 217.
Mariartee, Capt. Daniel, 190.          Paupers shipped to Maryland, 203.
Marriage of white women with blacks,  Peabody, George, 129.
203.                             Pearce, Benjamin, 191.
Indian chief, 70.                      Gideon, 189.
Marshe, Witham, his journal, 209.      Peasley, William, 43, 55, 96, 101.
Martin, Col. James, 192.               Penn, William, 73, 142, 155, 165, 167,
James, Esq., 192.                        169.
Robert, 190.                       Pennington, Admiral, 58.
Maryland soldiers, 218.                Pinkney, William, 222, 223.
Mass celebrated, 106.                  Piscataway, Indian village, 63.
Massacre of Schenectady, 177.          Piscataways, 65.
Massey, Rev. Leigh, 189.               Pocomoke River, fight in, 99.
Mattapany, 72.                         Poem, by Richard Lewis, 239-252.
Matthews, Col. Sam., 47, 93, 98, 99,100, Pool, William, 43.
120, 129.                        Poor whites, 211.
Matthew, Sir Tobias, 35.               Population in 1676, 155.
Maverick, Governor, 60.                    1704, 155.
Maynadier, Rev. Samuel, 182.               1719, 204.
Medcalf, John, 61.                         1752, 211.
Methodism, its rise in Maryland, 218.   Pory,'letter about Lord Baltimore, 48.
Methodist churches, number of, 219.    Poulet, Lady, presents necklace to InMiffiin, Edward, 154.                        dian woman, 48.
Milton, John, 15, 89.                  Presbyterian immigration, 193.
Montague, Lord, 70.                        ministers, 194-197.
Moorhead, David, 94.                   Preston, James, 137.
Morris, Doctor, 197.                       Richard, 119, 122.
John B., 197.                      Printing press first in colony, 174.
Randall, 189.                      Proprietaries, sketch of, 227-237.
Protestant Catholics, 73.
Nansemond, 74, 78, 80, 83.             Purnell, Capt. John, 191.
Naval engagement in James River,  Pyln, 22, 21.
109.
Neale, Archbishop, 74.                 Quakers appear in Maryland, 135.
Capt. James, 74, 160.                  yearly meetings, 150, 151.
Neill, Doctor John, 192.                   good citizens, 155.
Nichols, Colonel, 162.                     oppressed, 179.




IN DEX.                               259
Rabuct, Mr., 72.                       Smith, Col. John, 190,
Raleigh, Sir Wtalter, 16.                  Walter, 190.
Reade, Geo., opinion of Jerome Haw- Snow Ilill church, 192.
ley, 102.                           in 1746, 206.
Redemptioners, 201.                    Spanish Infanta, 23.
Religion, act concerning, 84, 85.          match, 25, 31.
neglected, 213.                    Spence, Adam, 197.
Revolution of 1689, 171.                   Judge Ara, 197.
Richardson, John, 142.                     Hon. John S., 197.
William, 142.                          Judge T. A., 197.
Robertson, Rev. James, 190.            Stevens, Richard, duel of, 30.
Robins, Rev. John, 191.                    Col. Wm., 161, 193.
Thomas, 191.                       Still6, Axel, naturalized, 161.
Rogers, Rev. Dr., 197.                 Stillwell, Lt. Nicholas, 110.
William, tavern, 208.              Stokes, John, 189.
Roman Catholics oppressed, 179, 215.   Stone, Governor, of Maryland, 83, 84,
Rouell, Randall, 161.                        118, 120, 122,,124.
Rollsby, John, 190.                        delegate to Congress, 217.
Christopher, killed, 168.          Story, Thomas, 143, 144, 146, 154.
Runaway servant, 212.                  Sturton, Rev. Erasmus, 43, 44.
Strawbridge, Robert, 218.
Saint Mary founded, 63.
declines, 225.                     Talbot, Col. George, 167, 168, 169.
chapel of sold, 106.                   Sir Robert, 55.
Saire, William, 61.                    Taney, Michael, 175.
Sandys, Sir Edwin, 28.                 Taylor, John, 137.
Sam's Creek, 219.                          Rev. Nathaniel, 196.
Saunders, John, 61.                    Terra Marice, 53.
Saville, Sir John, 18, 20.             Thomas, Hon. Philip, 208.
Scarburgh, Edmund, 161.                Thompson, Augustine, 191.
Col. John, 191.                        Richard, 191.
George, P., 161.                   Tibbs, Rev. William, 189.
Scott, Col. Edward, 189.               Tilghman, Captain, 122.
School laws, early, 187, 188.              Richard, 191.
King William's, 187.               Tindall, Thomas, punished for insultteachers, convicts, 212.                ing Lord Baltimore, 49.
trustees, 189.                     Tompson, Rev. William, 78, 79, 81, 83.
Schuylkill, Dutch at, 158.             Truitt, George, 149, 150.
English at, 158.                  Tucker, William, 50.
Selby, Major John, 192.                Turbutt, William, 191.
Serrell, George, 104, 105.             Tyler, Robert, 190.
Servants, white, 201.
reading sermons, 67.               Unitarians liable to death, 85.
Severn men defeat Stone, 122, 123.     Upshur, Abel P., 149.
Sewall, IIenry, 177.                   Utie, John, 99.
widow of,t; marries Baltimore, 177.  Utye, Col. Nat., 133, 158, 159, 160.
Rev. Richard, 189.
Nicholas, 177.                    Vanderdonk, Adrian, 134.
Sharpe, Dr. Peter, 135.                    Mary, 134.
Sheffield, 9.                          Van Sweringen, Garret, 162, 164.
Sheredine, Thomas, 189.                Vaughan, Robert, 112.
Shippen, Edward, 148.                  Villiers, George, 15.
Joseph, 144.                       Virginia Company, 28, 30, 57.
Slaves, baptism of, 147.                   refuses Lord Baltimore, 45, 47.
firom Guinea, 200.                    records, 93.
marry white women, 203.           Vorstius, Leyden professor, 15, 225.
weekly allowance, 201.
Slaveholder, largest in c:)luny, 201.  Waldron, Resolved, 159.
Smallwool's brigade, 218.            Wallis, IHenry, 114.
Smith, Father Anthony, 40.            Ward, Mat. Tilghman, 189.
Puritan divine, 67.               Warfield,'Richard, 190.
Thomas, 99, 102.                   W:Larren, Capt. Raicliffe, 99.




,260                          1INDEX.
Warwick, Earl of, 28, 30.             Wilmer, Bishop, 189.
Washington, General, 184, 207, 221.       Lambert, 189.
Waters, Richard, 149.                     Rev. W. Hi., 189.
Waughop, Thomas, 189.                     Simon, 189.
Wentworth, Benning, 10.               Wilson, John, 143.
Sir John, 10.                     Windebank, Secretary, 96, 97, 101.
Gov. John, 10.                    Winder, William, 197.
John, of Continental Congress, 10.  Winter, Captain, 58, 59.
John, Mi. C., 10.                 Winthrop, Governor, 64, 78, 79.
Sir Thomas, 18, 19, 23, 25, 27, 30, Wintour, Edward, 61.
31, 38, 39, 44.                     Frederick, 61.
West, Gov. John, 100.                 Winwood, Ambassador, 227.
Francis, 50.                      Wiseman, Henry, 61.
West River yearly meeting, 145, 150.   Witchcraft, 140.
Westminster Assembly, 68.             Workman, Anthony, 187.
Whitebourne's  description  of New- Wormley, Christopher, 105.
foundland, 28.                  Worral's, Peter, tavern, 210.
White, Father Andrew, 61, 65, 66, 69, Wostenholme, Sir John, 100.
70, 71, 89, 112.                Wright, Edward, 191.
Wiggomoco harbor, 99.
Wilkinson, Rev. Christopher, 191.     Yeo, Rev. J., letter to Archbishop of
William, 132.                           Canterbury, 138.
Williams, Re.v. Mr., 72.              Yoacomoco village, 63.
Williamson, Rev. A., 189.             Yorkshire described, 9.
Sanmuel, 189.
Willoughby, Capt. Thomas, 110.        Zubly, Rev. Dr., 218.
ERRATA.
On page 133, Mrs. Burke should read Brooke.
166, more satisfactory should read not more.
"    190, Note 5, Born should read Commissioner.
"    191, foot-note number six refers to Win. Turbutl
"    205, Barnaby should read Burnaby.
213, unite parsons should read unite persons.