SANDEtRS UNION SPELLEB: BEING A CLEAR AND COMPLETE EXHIBITION or ENGLISH ORTHOGRAPHY AND ORTHOEPY, ON THE BASIS OF THE NEW ILLUSTRATED EDITION OF WEBSTER'S GREAT AMERICAN DICTIONARY, TOGETHEE WITH KIMEIOUS EXERCISES IN SYNONYMS, IN OPPOSITES, IN ANALYSIS, AND IN FORMAL DEFINITION; THE WHOLE ADAPTED TO THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES. BY CHARLES W SANDERS, A.M., AUTHOR OF "BERIES OF SCHOOL READERS;" "ANALYI8S OF ENGLISH WORDS " "XELRFEBXTTA AND ELOGUTIONARY CHART," ETC., ETC. NEW YORK: IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, & COMPAN 138 & 140 GRAND STBEET. CHICAGO: 133 & 135 STATE STREET. 1872. PREFACE. THE aim in this book has been to bring into shape, suitable for daily use in the schools, the clear and complete exhibition of English Orthography and Orthoipy, found in the last edition of Webster's great American Dictionary. The plan adopted for this purpose is, in several respects, quite out of the beaten track for works of this kind. This will especially appear in the series of exercises on the powers and uses of the vowels, which, though prepared for this special purpose, have, nevertheless, all the simplicity of ordinary spelling lessons. It will appear, also, in the method employed for the illustration of the several Rules for Spelling, which are here supported, not, as is usual, by a few instances, however appropriate, but by such an array of examples, all digested into lessons of convenient size, as can not fail to fix in the mind of the learner the means of determining at once the true spelling of thousands of words. In the Collection of TEST WORDS, too, will be found a feature singularly useful for the higher classes in schools, and for Teachers Institutes; embracing, as it does, over two thousand words, so arranged as to reveal many similarities and differences that ordinarily escape the attention of youth entirely. The whole is eminently practical. It shows the laws and usages of the language in respect to spelling and pronunciation, it explains by comparison, by contrast, by analysis, and by formal definition, the true meaning and application of words; yet all this is done without cumbering the path of the pupil with any perplexing details of theoretic teaching. The treatise on the Powers and Uses of the Letters, the list of Proper Names, Foreign Words and Phrases, with their definitions, as well as the description of Pauses and Marks used in writing, can not fail to be regarded as essential elements in every well-arranged Spelling Book. NEW YORK, July, 1865. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1865, by CHARLES W. SANDERS, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United Bates for the Southern District of New York. Electrotyped by Sxrra & MODOUGAL, 8i and 84 Beeknum St., N.Y. SANDERS' UNIO N SPELLER. SECTION I. ORTHOGRAPHY. ORTHOGRAPHY treats of letters, syllables and words. LETTERS are marks, or characters used to represent the sounds of the human voice, heard in speaking. The number of letters in English is twenty-six. In respect to form, they are distinguished as capitals and small letters. In respect to the sounds they are employed to represent, they are either vowels or consonants. A VOWEL represents a free, uninterrupted sound of the voice. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, y. TF also, when preceded by a vowel in the same syllable, has sometimes the force of a vowel, as in the wordsfew, cow, power. I, followed by a vowel in the same syllable, as in alien (al yen), is a consonant; so, also, is y, as in yet. Z, after q, and sometimes after g and s, is a consonant equal to w, as in quit (kwit), languid, assuage. A DIPHTHONG is the union of two vowels in the same syllable; as oi in oil. If, however, one only of the vowels is sounded, the diphthong is called improper. 6 SASANDERS' UNION SPELLER. A TRIPHTHONG is the union of three vowels in the same syllable; as ieu in lieu. A CONSONANT is a letter that represents a sound of the voice, modified by some interruption from the organs of speech. The consonants are separately considered in Section II. A SYLLABLE is a letter, or a combination of letters, uttered by one emission of the voice; as, boy, boy'ish. A WORD is a syllable, or a combination of syllables, significant of some thought, or idea; as, house, manly. A word of one syllable is called a MONOSYLLABLE, a word of two syllables, a DISSYLLABLE, a word of three syllables, a TRISYLLABLE, a word of four or more syllables, a POLYSYLLABLE. A PRIMITIVE WORD is one derived from no other word; as, fear. A DERIVATIVE VORD is one formed from a primitive, by means of prefixes and suffixes; as, fear less, re turn. A SIMPLE WORD is one not compounded; as, milk, man. A COMPOUND WORD is one composed of two or more simple ones; as, milkman, nevertheless. ACCENT is a special stress of the voice, which distinguishes one syllable above others in the same word; as, hap' py, be dew'. Accent is either primary, as that on the last syllable of in tend', or secondary, as that on the first syllable of su' per in tend'. ORTHOEPY treats of the proper pronunciation of words, as Orthography treats of their proper spelling. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 7 SECTION II. POWERS AND USES OF THE LETTERS. VOW E:L S Each of the vowels has its regular long, short, and its occasional sounds which are distinctly marked in the Key, pages 14 and 15. All these various vowel sounds, as also some that are exceptional, will be found fully illustrated in the opening exercises of this book. C o Nr S 0 N A. NT S. B. B has but one sound, as in bid, rib. Before t and after mn in the same syllable, it is generally silent, as in debt, bomb. It is, also, silent in bdellium. C. C has the sound of s before e, t, or y, as in cent, cite, cyst, doc' ile. This is its soft sound. Before a, o, u, 1, or r, as in cat, cot, cut, clot, crop-before k, s, or t final, as in hack, optics, act, and, also, when it ends a word, or a syllable not followed by e, i, or y, as in lac, tac tic, it has the sound of k. This is its hard sound. In a few words, it has the sound of z, as in sice (size), suffice, sacrifice; in some cases, it is silent, as in Czar, indict, victuals, muscle. D. The regular sound of this letter is heard in sad, date, madden; after a whispered, or sharp consonant in the same syllable, it has the sound of t, as in missed (mist), vexed. In Wednesday, handsome, handkerchief, and wind' row, it is silent. 8 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. F. This letter has but one sound, as in flame, 80soj staff, except in the word of, which is pronounced ov. It is never silent. G. 0, before a, o, and u, as in gale, gore, gun, has, except in the word gaol (jile), a hard sound; also, before I and r, as in glad, grope, and occasionally before e, i and y, as in get, give, logy. It has this hard sound always at the end of a word, or a syllable not followed by e, i, or y, as in beg, big, bog; so, too, when doubled, as in begging, biggest, boggy. Before e, i, and y, however, with very few exceptions, g has its soft sound, as in gem, ginger, gypsum, rigid. In a few words, g has the sound of zh, as in rouge (roozh). Before mn and n it is silent, as in phlegm, sign, gnat. H. EI represents a mere breathing, or aspirate, as in home, hat. It is silent after g, as in ghost, after r, as in rhyme, as also when preceded by a vowel in the same syllable, as in oh, Jehovah. J. J has very nearly the sound of dzh, being the precise equivalent of g soft, as in jibe. In hallelujah, (when spelled with j,) it has the sound of y. It is never silent. E. K has but one sound, as in ken, kin. It is silent before n in the same syllable, as in knight; also after c, as in back. L. L has but one sound, as in lame, land, miller. It is sometimes silent, especially before a final consonant, as in calm, walk, would, half SANDERS' TUNON SPELLER. 9 M. M has but one sound, as in make, clam, hammer. It is silent before n in the same syllable, as in mnemonics. N. N'has two sounds, —that heard in note, ten, nail, and that in linger, link, uncle, which latter is essentially the same sound as that represented by ng. This sound it has, as a general rule, before g, k, c, q, and x, as in anger (ang'yer), link, cinrue (sink), zinc, minx. P. P has but one sound,-that heard in pen, lip, hop, except in the words cupboard (kl b' urd) and clapboard (klab'boird), where it has the sound of b.- It is silent, when initial, before n, s and t, as in pneu, matic, psalm, ptarmigan; so, also, in a few other cases, as in receipt, corps (core), raspberry. Q. This letter always occurs before u, and the two (qu) together have the sound generally of kw, as in quiet (cwiet). In some words, however, qu has the sound of k only, as in coquette (coker'), antique. R. Before a vowel in the same syllable, as in ream, dream, as also when between two vowels, the first of which is short, as in baron, merit, florid, the letter r has a rough, or trilled sound. In other situations, it has a smooth or palatal sound, as in far, form, terse; while in others still, it has this smooth, or palatal sound combined with an obscure vowel sound, somewhat like that of u in, urge, as in the words fare, ore, our. R is never silent. 10 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. S. This letter has two sounds; one sharp and hissing, as in 8in, mist, the other flat and buzzing, as in has (haz), amuse. S, with its sharp sound, following a liquid or another s, and coming before a letter with the sound of y consonant, (as i in version, mansion, passion,) also, in some cases, where it comes before u, (as in sure, sugar), has the sound of sh. In some words s alone has this sound, as in nausea (naushea), Asiatic. AS preceded by a vowel in an accented syllable, and f)llowed by a vowel with the sound of y consonant, in connection with the latter vowel, generally has the sound of zh; thus, vision (vizhun),fusion (fuzhun), &c.; so, also, in scission, abscission, rescission. S is silent in a few words, as in aisle, isle, island, demesne, puisne, viscount, and mostly at the end of French words, adopted in English, as, chamois (sham' my), T. The proper sound of t is heard in the words, take, note, latter. When t precedes ia, ie, and io, and, at the same time, follows an accented syllable not ending in s or x, it has the sound of sh, as in patient (pa shent), station, partial, &c. Preceded by x or s, the t and i preserve each its own separate sound, or together assume the sound of c/, as in mixtion (mikst' yun, or miik' chun), question, &c. V. The true sound of this letter is heard in vale, civil, live. It is never silent, except in sevennight (sennit). W. W, before a vowel in the same syllable, is a consonant, with a sound closely resembling oo in moon, as in SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 11 the words wet (oo et), wine, twine, reward; after a vowel, however, in the same syllable, it is either altogether silent, as in the words, grow, grown, or, with the vowel preceding, forms a diphthong; thus, few (fFu), new (nu), cow (ow like ou in our), power. Before r, in the same syllable, w is silent, as in wring (ring), wrote, as also in the words answer (anser), toward (to' ard), and two (too). X. X has two sounds-that of ks, as in tax (tals), which is called its sharp sound, Und that of gz, as in exist (egzist), which is called its soft, or flat sound. When commencing a word, it has the sound of z, as in xebec (zebec). Y. Y, when a consonant, always precedes a vowel in the same syllable, as in you, halyard. When a vowel, it has exactly the same sound as i; thus, hymn (him), tyrant. Z. The regular sound of z is heard in zone, maze, hazy. In some words, it has the sound of zh, as seizure (seez yur). In rendezvous (ren' de vo5) it is silent. CH. CH has nearly the sound of tsh, as in child, much, richly. In some words, it has the sound of sh, as chaise, machine. In some, it sounds like k, as chorus. In drachm (dram), schism (sizm), and yacht (yot), ch is silent. GH. GIl, beginning a word, has the sound of g hard, as in ghost (gost). In hiccough (hik' kup), it has the sound 12 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. of p. In other cases, it sounds likef, as, in draught (draft), or like ic, as, in hough (h6l). After i, it is silent, as in sigh (si), and generally before t, as in taught (tawt); so, also, in though (th5), and through (throa). PH. PH has usually the sound off, as in sylph (sylf), phantom. In Stephen (steven), it sounds like v. Before th initial, it is silent, as in phthisic (tz' ik), as also in a few other cases. SH. The proper sound of this combination is heard in shop, shine, flesh. Sh is never silent, but the sound which it indicates, is represented variously; by c, for example, as in o ce an' ic,-by s, as in nausea,-by t, as in negotiate,-by ce, as in ocean,-by ci, as in social, —by si, as in tension,-by ti, as in captious,by xi, as in noxious,-by ch, as in machine,-by sce as in conscience, &c. TH. THE has a sharp, or whispered sound, as in thing, breath, author, and a flat or vocal sound, as in thine, then, mother. Th in thyme (time), phthisic (tz ilc), Thomas (tm ass), Thames (temz), sounds like t. WIH. The letters in this combination are sounded as if written hw, as in what (hwat). In who, whole, and whoop, the w is silent. ZH. The sound represented by this combination, is heard in the words fusion, (fuzhun), brasier (brazer), SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 13 and some others, though the combination itself never occurs in the proper spelling of any English word. ASSIM1ILATIOIN OF CONSONANTTS. The consonants called flat, vocal or sonant, and those called sharp, aspirate or surd, have a marked correspondence to each other. Thus, each flat, in the list following, has, immediately under it, its corresponding sharp:b, v, th (as i in te), d, z, zh, g, flats. p, f, th (as in thti), t, s, eh, k, sharps. In the attempt to pronounce a flat and a sharp, in one and the same syllable, either one of the letters will become silent, or be assimilated to the other. Thus, in the words, debt and subtle, b being a flat and t a sharp, the b is not heard at all; for we pronounce these words as if written det, sut' 1. In forming the English Possessive Case, on the other hand, as lad's, for example, we often bring together two consonants that are pronounced with ease, if pronounced at all, only by assimilating the sound of the one to that of the other; so that while to the eye, as in the above example, we have lad's, to the ear, the word is lad'z, that is, s which is sharp has, in reality, been changed into z, which is flat, so as to correspond with the d, which is, also, flat. This affinity between the two classes of consonants is, also, seen in forming plurals by the addition of s, as dogs (dogz), in the third person singular of verbs, as boards (boardz), and in affixing ed to form certain Preterits and Participles, as, marked (markt), missed (mist). See note, page 45. 14 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION'VO w wML s. REGULAR LONG AND SHORT SOUNDS. a, long, as in..........aie, fite, ray. a, short, as in..............add, hta, have. e, long, as in....,.......e... ve, mete, peace. ), short, as in..............end, met, leopard i, long, as in.............. ce, pine, mire. i, short, as in.............. il pin admit. o, long, as in............ d, note, l1af. 0, short, as in..............,dd, not, torrid. ui, long, as in.............. tise, tube, feud. u, short, as in............ius, tub, but. y, long, as in............fly, style, rely. y, short, as in............... cyst, nymph, lyric. O.COASIONAL SOUNDS. a, as in........... tir, care, bear. a, Italian, as in............. rm, far, father. a, as in....sk........... as grass, dance, a, broad, as in..............all, talk, haul. a, like short o, as in......... what, wander, wallow 6, like a, as in..............re, th hAir. e, like long a, as in......... eight, prey, obey. e, as in................... ermine, verge, prefer. i, like long e, as in......... pque, machine, police. i, like e, as in.............. irksome, virgin, thirsty. 6, like short u, as in........ ther, done, son. o, like long oo, as in....... prove, do, tomb. o, like short oo, as in........ bosom, W9lf, woman. o, like broad a, as in.........rder, form, stOrk. 05, as in.................. mon, food, booty. oo, as in................... w l, fot, good. u, preceded by r, as in.......rude, rumor, rural u, like short oo, as in....... put, push, pull. f, as in............... rg, rn, oncAr. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 15 KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION. REGULAR DIPHTHONGAL SOUNDS. oi, or oy (unmarked), as in... oil, join, oyster, toy. ou, or ow (unmarked), as in.. out, hound, owl, vowel. CO N SO N ANiT S. q, soft, like s sharp, as in..... ede, qite, mergy. e, hard, like k, as in.........call, coneur, success. ch (unmarked), as in........child, much, touching. qh, soft, like sh, as in........ haise, machine. eh, hard, like k, as in........chord, chorus, epoch. g, hard, as in.............get, begin, foggy. g, soft, like j, as in........ gem, gin, elegy. s, sharp (unmarked), as in.... same, yes, rest. i, soft, or vocal, like z, as in... ha~, prism, amuse. th, sharp (unmarked), as in... thin, breath, healthy. fh, flat, or vocal, as in....... hine, smooth, wither. ng (unmarked), as in....... ring, sing, single. n, as in.................. linger, link, uncle.:, like gz, as in.............e:ist, example, exhaust. ph, likef, as in............ phantom, sylph. qu, like kw, as in..........queen, conquest. wh, like hw, as in.......... what, when, awhile. When one letter of an improper diphthong, or of a triphthong, is marked, it is to be taken as representing the sound of the combination, and the letter or letters which are not marked, are to be regarded as silent, as in aim, clean, ceil, people, group, s5ul, jofrnal, tow, &c. In the following work, all letters printed in Italics, are silent. This, however, is done only where mistakes in pronunciation are otherwise likely to be made. When several words, in the same column, are accented on the same syllable, the first only bears the accentual mark; so, also, when two or more words, in succession, have each one or more silent letters, occurring relatively on the same syllable, the first only is ltalicised. This rule is, also, observed in respect to all the marks used in this book, to indicate the various sounds of the vowels and consonants. THE ALPHABET. ROMAN LETTERS. ITALIC LETTERS. OLD ENGLISH. a A a A; b B b B i 3 c GC c (c t d D d D e E e E ~ / f F f F F,j g G g G g h H h H i I i I t I j J j J k K k K i 1 L I L 3 m M n M 1 I n N n N n o 0 o 0 0 p P p P I q Q qq r R r R r s S s S ~:f t T t T t u U u U U m V V V w W w W W w x X x X r X y Y y Y z Z Z 7 & & $ ~~~~~~~~F4 K^z I'd ~~~~li~~~~~_y ~~~ ~ ~~~'fi"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:-, a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' 18 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. SECTION III. REGULAR SOUNDS OF THE VOWELS. IL O G S O T XT D S..EXER CIS1:1. a e 1 ale me ice ate we tie ace he vie ape be hie XE RCISE 2. no use by go due my so hue sly ho cue try SI I O R1 S O U NSD S. zX ER CISE 3. a e 1 am hen if an men it at net is ax hem' in SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 19 EXER CISE 4. o U y of us hyp on up lyn ox sup gyp not nut pyx EX.ER CISE &...1 r' a e i o U 1 cb ca wb bib cb cib dab neb fib fob dub nab wed nib hob rub tab led rib job tub gab fed jib mob hub EXERCiSE. -. Is it an ax? No; the ax is by me. Is it not an ox? It is an ox. Is he to do it as we do? No; he is not to do it as we do. As we go in, he is to go up. Is the hen in the tub? She is. Let the dog run at the fox. iDo not go in the hot sun. Can we go on the ice, or not-? 2 20 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. EXE2CISXI 7. a e 1 6 u gad red did sob cud had ted hid lob mud lad zed kid nob rud mad ped fid bob fud EXERCISB 8. sag beg big nod bug bag keg fig pod rug rag leg jig rod hug fag peg pig hod dug lag teg wig sod tug.EXEBRE'IS.t 9. ham get him bog mug lam jet rim log jug dam yet nim dog sug man let dim -hog pug ram ket lin fog lug EXElR CISX 0, can met kin con gum ran wet win don hum tan set sin non mum van bet din yon rum ban pet pin ton sum SANDERS' UNION STPELLER. 21: EXER CISE 11. a e 1 o u cap pen sip top dun map ten dip lop gun sap den hip mop fun tap fen lip pop pun lap wen nip fop run EXERBCISE 12. bat gem pip lot nun fat yes tip jot cup mat sex rip cot pup sat kex bit sot hut vat vex fit box tut XE CXISE 13. sad ken tin dot bun pan ben sip hot tun pap ret pit rot sun hat wex wit fox fud bad bed bid rob bud EXER CISE 14. The cat ran at the rat. A fat pig is in the pen. My pet kid is in the lot. The lad had a peg top. The man sat in the log hut. 22 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 3LAo 0 ra- S o -TJ I)D s LONQ SOUNDS. EXERCISE 15. Imte mete mite mote mufte made mere mice mode mule lace here lice hole huge haze lere hide lore lure save sere side sole lute EXERC. ISE 16. 5 a a a a bake face sage hake bate cade pace wage lake gate fade race gage make date jade page safe take pate lade rage fake rake hate wade cage cake sake late.EX ERC ISE - 17. a a a a a hale vale tame same sane male wale game bane vane pale came hame cane vase sale dame lame lane case tale fame name mane base EXERCISE 18. a a a i I cape rate daze bite dice nape cave gaze rite nice rape gave maze kite vice tape lave raze gibe rice sate nave haze pice bice dale dade dace site rife SANDEiS' UNION SPELLER, 28 EXER CIS E] 19. T T I I I bide life hive bile vile ride wife dike file wile tide dive like mile lime wide five pike pile mime fife rive tike tile time Ji XEit CI'SE 2OJ I I I I I. fine rine pipe hire ri.e kine pine ripe mire wise line sine wipe sire size mine tine dire tire dime vine wine fire wire hide 6 6 o 6 6 lobe rode yoke mole bone robe doge bole pole hone code coke cole dome cone bode joke dole home lone node poke jole tome tone EXERCISE 22. 6 6o fl U ai cope more cuibe June muie hope bore tube tune fuse mope core puke dune dupe pope pore duke cure cute rope gore fume nure pule EXERJ S X E 3. thy spy pry pyre style sky shy cry lyre type fly dry sty chyle byre ply fry iyke chyme syke 24 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. WORDS OF TWO SYLLAB3LES. LO IJQe- SOtTuNDS. 8 - i o f ba' by* re' al bh' as bo' num du' ty fa vor fe cal bi ped bo ny fu ry la bel he ro ci der co Ion hu man la bor legal di et co ma hu mor lady me ter dial cony lu nar.EXJtM Cl:333 95. la' ma pe' on fi' ber c6' pal lu' rid lazy re bus fi nal do tal mu cus ma zy venal idol fo gy mural na ked ve to i tern ho ly pu nic navy era ivy lo cal pu pil r EXE:R CIS El S. C pa' gan pe' nal li' bl m' dal pu' n pa per ze ro ti ny mo lar su ra ra cy te por ti dy no mad tu nic sa vor be gom vi per o dor u nit ta per re gal vi tal on ly tu mid EX BP CISE. 7 va' por re' nal vi' rus 6' ral sui' et va ry he lot mi ~er o ver tu tor wa ver he mal ri ot o val tu mor pa pal pe rl pi ca po lar bu bo' na al pe wit mi ca so da ju ror * Note here, as elsewhere throughout the book, that when two or more consecutive words, in the same column, are accented on the same syllable, the first only bears the accentual mark. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 25 EXERCISE 2 8. a e 6 o u na' tal s' poy pi lot 6' men lu' 9id major ve nus di do do nor mu cid ca per ce dar mi ter bo lus mu gic ca ter be ing ri val to per cu bic halo demon mi nus ho mer du cal EXER1i CI sEB 9. ~^,.;. y.'' Y' hy' son t' ro dy' nam gy' rate hy'dra hy men ty ler dyer tyrant hybrid gy ron hy po dry ad. ey as hyphen typ al by ard gyral wy vern ly rate WORDS OF TWO SYLLABLES. st o, -: -., S1hORT1 SOTN DS.: EXERCISE 30. g e ti S bal' lot eb' on bid' der bSd' kin buf' fet ban dit ed dy big ot bod y but ler ban dy ed it bil let bon net but ter ban ner en ter bit ter lon ny bux om ban ter en vy fit ter bot tom bus kin hat ter el der fit ly sor rel nus ket EXERCISE 31. cab' in fen' nel din' ner cob' web cul' ly cam let fer ret dip per cof fer cum ber can dor fer ry dit to cof fin cut ler can dy fet id dit ty cot ter cut ter can ter fet ter diz zy col lar cut let bat ter ep ic wit ty bob bin bud let lat ter fel on cit y rob in sut ler 26 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. JXB_ C1F IE 82. can' ton et' ter 1' let com' et fun' n can' ton 3e'6 ter i1' let com' et ffin' ny car ol lev el filly corn ma fuz zy car ry lev et fil ter com. mon fus tic cas tor lev y fin ny con fab gun ny cav il ken nel fit ly cop y gun nel 1EXERC8J9E S3. dal' ly 6r' ror lmi' it dot' ted gut' ter dap per ev er lim ner doc tor lum ber gaf fer mer ry lim pid fol ly mus ter gal lop jel ly lin net fos sil mut ter gam mon jen ny viv id fos ter num ber EX ER CI SE 84. hhb' it pes' ter pt' y gob.' let pub' lie hap py pet ty pil fer gob lin pud der lad der ren net riv et gos pel pup pet mad ly len til sim mer gos sip pup py mad am sel dom sim per job ber rub ber.JXE1scIS s88s. Mt'g ic sex' ton sin' ner m6r' al rid' der mad der set ter sin ter mor ris rud dy mag net ted der tin ter hog gin rug Uged pan ic tem per sir itp ton sil rutm my par ry ten nis tim ber hor rid rum pus rab' id ten' der tim' id h6b' by rni' let rag ged ven om tin der hop per rus set rally ver y tin sel horror put ty rap per ves tal tip pet of fer suc cor sad ly vex er piv ot ot to run ner SANDERS' UNION SPELLER' 27 XEURCISSI 37. a e l o u las' so wel' kin tlt' ter pon' der suf' fer sal ad wel ter vie ar con dor sun ny sap py bev y vi tim pot ter sul ly tab by pen ny victor soggy sup per tab let reb el vig il sol id tur ret E XE. R CISR 38. taf'fy wed' ded vg' or pop' lin il' cer tal ly vel lum vig it tor rid un der tal on ten on vis or tot ter up per tam per ten or vis ta vom it ut ter tat ter ten et viv id yon der vul gar E XERCISEV 359. tar' ry ten' don win' ner on' set jun' to tas sel hec tor liv er mot to lus ty val et ree tor vil la lob by tun ny val id men tal sil ly jol ly sum mit vas sal bec tic tip sy tod dy mun dil.X tS 1U tIS 40. pat' ter ves' sel riv' er rob' ber gun' ner ras cal vel vet rip rap pos set muf fin vap id tet ter lim bo pop lar mus lin rap id nec tar nip per pop pet pun to ran cid re~ in rig or son net mum my.-Eat.1 C ISM 41. iym' bal hyn' nic typ' ic syn' tax has' sop cyn ic mys tic tym pan sys tem pyx is cym ling tym bal lyr ic syn od myx on cys tic syl van pyg my gyp sy gyp sum 28 BANDER'S' UNION BPELLER. BECTION IV, REGULAR SOUNDS OF THE VOWELS. L ONGOT S OIUNDS. Two or more vowels combined, of which one only is heard. EXERGISE 42, - aid paid faith J:aim pain main: i as: fail rail paint jail waif saint nail wait gain. EXERCI SE 43. brain grain stain chain slain strain ai as drain snail trail flail sprain train frail staid braid EXERCISEt 4 4 - bay jay bray J day lay clay ay as a fay may dray gay nay fray hay pay gray BUOGGS O TION Here be particular to point out to the pupil that, in each combination, one vowel only is marked, and that only is heard; the whole group or combination representing the single sound denoted by the vowel marked; thus, di, in cid, is to be pronounced precisely as if the i were not there at all; so ea in beam (beme), oa, baat (bate). Let it be well understood that nothing is heard but the regular long sounds of the several vowels, (,, 6, &c.), though another vowel in each case, appears to the eye. SANDERS? tUNION SPELLER. 29 -EXER.CISE 4. ray { break say ea asa great stay 1 steak iy as a ay ass a way o as gol (jale) tray au as a gauge pray - ye as a aye (a) EXER C ISE 46, bead dean heap meal -beak each heat mean ea as beam ear lea wean bean eat leaf near deal fear lean neat EXEUR CIS E 47. pea seat feast bleach peak veal beast bleat ea as e reap year least cheap rear zeal beard cheat seal yeast bleak clean EXE.R CISE 48. clear leash scream sneak dream peach sheaf speak ea as e drear preach shear squeak freak reach fleam spear gleam cream smear weave EXEVR&CISE 49, tea stream tease blear plea wheat cease heat ea as ^ squeal ream crease feat steam yean lease treat! streak ease gear meat 80 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. EXER-B ISB 50. fee seed peep reek see seek weep heed ee as e wee eeem keep jeer lee meek reef keel bee meet reel feel EXElR cisE 51. keen feel three bleed leer beef free breed ee ase deem deed tree cheek deep veer glee cheer feed weed flee fleece EXER CISE 5 2. fleet sheet speed steer greed sleek spleen street ee as a green sneer squeeze sweet greet sneeze steed sweep sheep speech steep teeth E;XERCIS E C 53. eel creed queer leech wheel creep screen beech ee as Q sleet sheen screech beet breeze sleep wheeze beer cheeee queen leek meed.EX/E R CISE/ 54. ceil seized con ceive' de ceit' ceil' ing seiz' in de ceive re ceipt ei as e seize lei ~ure re ceive ei' ther seiz ure seine per ceive nei ther weird sein er con ceit seign ior EXERB C SE 5 5. brief fiend niece' siege chief fierce piece shriek ie as e grief pierce priest yield thief tierce shield be lief' field tier wield re lief SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 31 E X G h CSE 56. F bier lief Cam' gar pier riev' er pse an ie as e -mien field ing oe as e Phoe bus lien bre vier' eo as e peo pie liege ar riere ey ase key EXER CI'SE 57. al as 1 aisle (ile) pie F height le as i be lie' el as i sleight L un tie ei' der oi as i choir (kwtre) F die f guide e as i tie, ui as 1 guile lie I gui~e EXEJRCISE7 58. boat goal roan coax coat foam goad hoax oa as o goat roam road load moat loan toad loaf coal moan woad soak EJXER CI SE 59. coarse cloak hoard 6ak hoarse coach throat oaf oa as o board coast shoal oats boast float roast oar toast groan roar oath E X ER CIS 60. foe toe d5or hoo sloe 6o as o floor 6e as 6 woe throe brooch roe tip' toe yee' man Ldoe al o eo aso. ^ doe al oe yeo man ry 32 SANDERS: UNION SPELLER. EEX flGISB Q61. r gourd course court shoul' der mourn four court' ly boul der u as o source pour court ling poult soul poured court ship poult ry soul' less pour' ing court ing poul tie EXERCISx 62. ( due r' gue res' cue en sue' cue val ue fes cue pur sue fe as u hue ven ue a gue sub due sue virt ue! rs' i due in due glue ven due' ret i nu im bue E XERC 8I 63, sluice suit r neu' ter slui' cy suit' ed neu tral ui as -a juice suit or eu as uf feud jui cy suit ress feud al nui sance pur suit' deuue EIX ERCISE 64. dew clew newt re new~ few flew new' ly es chew ew as u -mew mewl anew ew' er pew slew a skew skew er new spew be dew stew ard ExXEPR I t ISE 65. pew' ter c-ir' few r lieu (iu) jew el sin ew ieL as u a dieu' ew as Jew ish cur lew pufr' lieu dew y mil dew eau as ui beau ty dew lap Jew ry iew asi view;E XER CISE 6 6. eye ey'er eye' lash eying eye ball a eyas ee a eye less gey ser eye let ye as y rye eye ful uy as y buy SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 33 SECTION V. REGULAR SOUNDS OF THE VOWELS. SII O RT S O -JN D S. Two or more vowels combined, of which one only is heard. EXE R CI E 67.' plaid' guar an tee' plaid' ed guar an teed Si as A ^ plaid ing ua as a guar an ty rail ler y guar an tor (ra' ler y) guar an tied EXER CIS E 68.'dead bread death realm deaf breadth dread spread a as 6 -head breast dreamt stead lead breath health stealth read dealt meant wealth EXEIRCISE 69. sweat br6ak' fast jeal' ous stead' y threat steadfast zeal ous read y ia as 8 thread peaa ant mead ow heavy tread feafh er pleag ant dead ly zeal' ot leath er head y lead ed EXER CISE 70. lr op ard jeop ard guest feoff (fef) i6 as 6 friend as. feof fee' ai as 6 heif er feoff' ment ce as 6 ces trum feoffer e as 6 es thet' ie 34 SANDRRS' UNION SPELLER, EXERCISE 71. guilt build bMs cuYt guilt y built ul as J cir cuit u as t - guilt less build' er guin ea guild building euish (kwls) guills gui tar' le as I sieve EXES C E 72. r hough (hok) ( young coup' let hough ed touch doub let u as hough ing ou as - touch y coun try j lough cou~ in flour is ow as 6 knowl edge cour age nourish SECTION VI. OCCASIONAL SOUNDS OF THE VOWELS. EXER CISE 73. a a a a as in dir as in arm as in ssk as in all as in what care car cast fall wad bear ah gasp halt wash pare barb waft talk swap fair taunt bask warm wand lair guard past haul squat hair harm pant warn swab prayer garb task warp squash EXERCISE 74. par' ent bar' ter bas'ket wa' ter wal' let bare ly car cass pas tor hal ter wan der char y bar bet. vast ness waltz er war pum fair y bar ley last ly daub er war rant pair ing gar ter mas tiff false ly wal rus daring har ness cast ing gaud y wad ding care ful harp er raf ter sau cer wash er SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 35 EXB/ CIISI 75. 6 e 8 like a in dir. like a in dle. like 5 in 2rge. there prey (prj) merge their eight serve heir feint terse heir'ing skein hearse heir ess o bey' mer' cy heir less me lee (ma tc) ear nest EXEBRCISE 76. Y I I as in pique (peek). as in pique. as in irk. po lice' rou tine' thirst ca price he nmile (she neel) kir tie va lise O eas sli:; cir cus ma rine e lite (, leet) vir gin ma 9hine vi ~ite sir loin pe lYsse (pe lees) ra vine girl ish EXL 2 IXSE 77. 6 9.0 o like u in szn. like d in tso. like 0c i wtoo like i l a in all. w6n do wolf f6rk done move wolf' ish nor' mal dove prove wolf ish ly cor ner love spup wQuld (wood) horn y come lose could thorn y shove tomb should form al XER CIS. 78. c6v' er los' er wom' an bought (bawt) col or los ing wom an ly fought corn pass do ing wom an ish sought oth er youth ful bo' som ought gov ern grup ing bo som ing brought 8 36 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. EXX C1ISEU 79. oo as in moon. oc as in wool. bo-on food book brook boot spoon hook soot cool gloom cook foot fool groove hood look doom swoon good crook E X EZ C I SE 80. sa lon' moor' ing be tok' hood' wink co coon hoop oe un hook coop er pa troon koo doo for sook crook ed si moon boor ish foot' less hook ed doub loon noon ing book ish wood y hair poon ma roon' look ing soot y EX E SE C I 81. as in rude, like do in moon. as in bull, like o in- wbl. rule prude put pal' pit fruit prune push bul ly ruoe pru' dent bush bullet true ru mor pull bush el truce ru ral pul' ley bul wark. EXE R IS.Z 8 2. truf fle fr!' gal bul' rush bull' ock cru el fruit y full er bul tow crude ly gru el full ness pul let cru dr u er did full age pull er cru ral cru et bul bul. pul len u y as in'Trge, like 0 in ve~rge. like 0 in vtrge, or i in sr. burn cur die myrrh (mer) hyrse furl curd y myr' tle thyrse curb curb ing syr tic thyr' sus cur' ry burgh er syr ma thyr soid hur dle burg lar pyr gom syr tis ~' ~-'^** SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 37:EXOKCEIPTIO(NAL3 SOUNTDS 0'1'TI-ISE VO'WELS.* EXEl-R CIS i $4. ee as a e'er () said (s) n le'e r Q j saith er^ ~ aias e e as a ser' geant (sar-) a gain' (a gen) nay as e quay (ke) a gainst a as T''hames (ternz) ay as e says (s) EXE CIS $ o. bur' y (ber ry) a a a' ny (en' y) bur y ing many u ase 0 buril e En glish (Ting g-ish) bu ri al e as i pret ty (pri ty) bu ri er o as 1 worn en (wim en) EXERCI SI S 6. r bus' y (biz zy) been (in) i as i bus i d ce as 1 breech ing II flam' beanu = t vaude ville (vod' vil) eau as o bu reau ew as o sew (so) pla teau' feod (fade) tab leau o as u feod al * By Exceptional sounds are here meamt, as will be observed, those not included in the classes already treated of, and illustrated, as Regular and Occasional. Here is the proper place to bring up in review all the various vowel sounds, —Regular, Occasional, and Exceptional, and to make the distinctions indicated by these terms perfectly familiar. 38 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. SECTION VII. DIPHTHONG AL SOUNDS..EX'ER CI SE 88. oi as in oil. boil soil join void quoit coil roil coin coif quoin moil broil loin choice noise toil spoil foin voice poise foil coix groin doit point X ERCI SE 89. joint toil' et toil' ing a void' sub' soil moist boil er loi ter de void tre foil joist join er toil some plr loin tir moil hoist noi$ y oint ment em broil par boil foist joint ly a noint' a droit re coil' EXE C1SE 90. oy as oi in oil. boy poy coy' ly en joy' de coy' coy cloy joy ful an noy sa voy toy troy boy ish al loy en' voy hoy loy' al toy ing de ploy tom boy joy roy al oys ter de stroy con voy JEX ER CI S 91. ou as in out. bout loud mound spout rout lout proud pound trout gout pont shroud round stout mount shout bound sound sprout fount snout hound found scout noun SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 39 EXELR CISE 92. pouch bounce ac count' a rouge' out' fit couch frounce dis count es pouse out let pounce flounce de nounce ca rouse bounty trounce wound an nounce hous' ing coun ty ounce ground pro nounce mous ing coun ter E X.ER CISE 93. owu as ou in out. owl brow brown howl drow' sy cow prow frown prowl drows ing how cow crown cowl cow er now scowl drown town cow ish vow growl clown down cow slip.EEX ECIis 9 4 cow' ard pow' der bow' er cow' ry al low' *dow el vow el dow er dow ry a vow dow dy' row el flow er tow er en dow row dy tow el fowl er pow er re nown chow der trow el show er pow wow a down SECTION VIII. SILENT VOWELS. EXE.R C ISE 95. e final silent.* m6'bile faq' le ag' 1le p sn' sie deb ile grac ile frag ile ten sile flab ile doc ile pro file scis sile sor bile flex ile f brile mis sile nu bile serv ile vi rile sub tile * The letter e, when final, is always silent, except in monosyllables containing no other vowel (as he, we, me), some classical words (as sim' i le), and some words from modern foreign languages. In a monosyllable, however, and in a syllable under the accent, though silent itself, its effect generally is to lengthen a preceding vowel; as mad) made; not, noto. 40 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. tacG tile repp tile sex' tile mnn' ace fic tile far tile text ile suIr face due tile tort ile e dile sol ace tract ile hos tile corn pile' pal ace fis sile fL tile re vile gri mace ter' race of' fice cop'plce lat' tfce pom ace chal ice coin plice amn ice pin nace mnal ice jaun dice crev ice far nace pum ice sol stice nov ice bod ice cor nice jus tice searv ice rid' dance semrn blance cdurp ance si' lence guid ance pen ance pit tance es sence bal a1 banc cum bance ca dence sen tence val ance hin drance cr edence se'quence clear ance frS grance sci ence prov ince ro mance' freP quence bor6 cade' block adol fi nance com mlerce ar cade sea lade ad vance ses terce cas cade po made a merce di v6ree' bri gade gre nade dis perse re source cock ado pa radc cru sade' fu see' man' age re gale' de grade a gree um brage em pale in vade set tee fu mage ga zette com' rad de e cree r6m age co quette fi nite de gree non age brtl nette X 1F - C.rf 10 1. ca' ble cob' ble quib' blo foi' ble ga ble gob ble crib ble rnm ble ta ble hob ble frib ble bram ble fa ble bub ble treb le scram ble sta ble stub ble fee ble trem ble SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 41 EXE CISE $ 2. thm' ble jiun ble trum' ble doui b' le nim ble nmum ble stum ble troub ie wi r ble umble n b trea cle fum ble crum ble mar ble tick le hum ble grum ble bau ble mius cle X1 B IC~Jr 10S,'~ a' ble aicd' die med' dle rid' dle bea dle pad dle ped dlle nod die la die strad die lid die cud die cra die sad die mid die scud die ad die swad die grid die fud die IB~XERCIS 104, h-ad die twee' die dwan' die dw in' di mud dle i dle ban die cod dle pud die bri die kin die bun die nee die si die spin die trun dle whee die can die brin die hir die XEB CISE 1 05. no' cdle whf' fle rPf' fle puP fles poo lle scuf fie waf fle eagle baf fle shuf fie ri fle bea gle raf fle muf fle tri fle gag gle snaf fle snuf fle sti fle drag gle BXREJ ISCI 106. o' gle speck' le sick' le buck'l e gar gle freck le trick le chuck le bu gle fick le tick le muck le cack ie mick le,,. stick le suck le hack le prick le cock le truck le EXECE X C S a 7 107. sparlk' le tnm' pie man' tie ca jole' trip le sta pie gen tie pa role am ple stee ple ihur tie con sole tram ple bee tle tur tie pis tole sam pie ti tie bat tie tad' pole p 4SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. ~XER1 ISE 108. dim' ple wim' ple top' ple pfr' pie pim pie rum pie tip pie du ple rim pie ap pie nip pie coup le crim pie grap pie crip pie start le sim pie rip pie stop pie scru pie JEXR1COISE 109. wag' gle trI' bune cat' tie ket' tie strag gle je june' rat tie set tie gog gle at tune prat tie whit tie jug gle e lope tat tle lit tie strug gle es cape wat tie spit tie BZ.: c I X 1 1 o. brit' tie shit' tie puz' zle ex treme' bot tie friz zle nuz zle su preme throt tie daz zle rap ine sub lime cut tie driz z1a fam ine ca nine scut tie muz zle ja mine se rene fXIR 2.R CIE 111 fixt' -ire stat' iute fuir' tive stat' tire nur ture con clave pen sive past ure fil trate na tive pas sive Peat ure pros trate vo tive cos tive creat ure frus trate fes tive rest ive cult ure con trite post ure vest ire vult ure EXERCISE! 112. vol' ime car' mine chi cane' vul' pine ni some prs tine pro fane tort ure mem brane fe line huL mane tre phine' mun dane fe rine car' bine di vine er mine li pine rapt ure sa line vent.ur joint ure doc trine re fine I -. 1-.-~ — ~~;- - SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 43 EXXER C1SE 113. ob scene' 6m pire fing' ate ce' rte sin cere urn pire pal ate pi rate au stere sat ire stel late in grate re vere man date stri ate ser rate se vere leg ate cli mate sen ate EXERCISE 114. se date' ten' fire trea' tlse be fore' ma nure fig ure m6r tise de plore de mure verd ure - an ise im plore ma ture coif fure fran chiTe ig nore im mure nat ure pur chase se cure EXER CIzSE 115. ze silent after g and q. vague league fa tigzte' an tique plague teague sa rigue prat ique vogue pique in trigue ob lique rogue basue unique cri tique brogue mosque pro rogue o paque tongue casque la rangue bur lesque fugue cinque mo resque gro tesque EXEUCISE 116. Words ending in en with the e sient. dead' en sad' den rid' den bold' en lead en red den trod den gold en glad den bid den sod den bound en mad den hid den hoi den wobd en broad en slid den wid en gar den EXER B C IS 117. hard' en beech' en strength' en tak' en ward en birch en earth en black en bur den fresh en weak en slack en deaf en length en shak en strick en stiff en hea then oak en thick en 44 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. sick en spok' en he'rl' en rip' en quick en bro ken stol en shap en silk en to ken swoll en o pen drunk en wo ven cheap en hemp en shrunk en clo ven flax en hap pen lik en dark en mix en wax en sharp' en wh1iatP en froz' en tight' en choq en threat en sweet en whit en los en 6at en straiight en Inolt en les sen oft en light en inlt en beat en soft en bri gt en short en 2x EC/ 120. eat' en bIt' ten rit, ten cr5' ven fall en kit ten heav e e veil bat ten smit ten leav en sev en fat ten writ ten 1ha ven rvi en flat ten got ten ra ven driv en vix en box en bra zen miz zen Words ending in en, in which the e is sounded. asp' en lat' ten pit ten si' ren flia men chick en li -lhen plat en bai' ren o men kitch en mar ten row en ash en hly men war ren myn chen wick en po len l lin en hy phen pat en yew en sul len broth ren,E X E CI s 122. Words ending in on with the o silent. bM' con reck' on poi -on par' son buiLt ton bea con rea son foi son per son glut ton (lea con sea son pris on les son mut ton fal con trea son dason s ton pr don beck on ma son crim son cot ton ar son...,.. =,.~~~~~~~~~~ SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 45 E X-E tISE 12 3. Words ending in ed, with the e silent.* barbed beaked famed veined pained orbed hawked fumed gowned stained forced skilled armed pissed feigned hoofed willed aimed starved streaked arched missed grained veexed winked harped wished rained boxed dragged carped jumped drained h6axed bagoed marked cracked raiged coaxed stab ed stalled rocked trained poached blabbed XElI CIXS 124. Words ending in ed, in which the e is heard.t t' ged curs' ed jag' ged rag ged wretch ed bless ec crutch ed leg ged rug ged pick ed crab bed cusp ed learn ed stub bed fork ed crag ged dog ged na ked wick ed brui. ecd crck ed hooked peak ed wing ed be l6v' ed.XER XE CIGS X 1,5 Words ending in el with the e silent or very obscure. bar' bel ea' gel na' vel shlek el swlv' el be tel grov el ou sel sh6v el tea el chat tel ha zel rav el shriv el wea sel draz el man tel riv el sniv el tram mel driv el mus sel sc6v el swin geel p6m mel * The e, in ed, is silent only when not preceded by d or t; for if d or f, (letters of the same organ,) precede, the sounding of the final d, without an intervening vowel, would be simply impossible. When, however, any other consonant precedes, the e is dropped in pronunciation, and the d easily combines with it, subject only to the law of assimilation, explained on page 13. t Those words in which the ed, though not preceded by d or t, forms a separate syllable, are always employed as adjectives; as, wing' ed fowls, pick' ed stakes; when used as verbs, the e is not heard, 46 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. SECTION IX, c O N S ON A N T S. EXEUCISE 126. b silent, after m or before t in the same syllable.* jamb tomb climb numb' ness debt lamb womb plumb dumb ly debt' or limb dumb crumb plumb er doubt comb numb climbed comb ing re doubt' bomb thumb limb less thumb kin doubt' less 1EX-!RCISn 127. cs~s lt rr t. c like s, before e, i, or y rade ite' f6nle, yme qyst rac' ing cin' der fan' cy cy' clops cyg' net ra cy civ i vis cid cy press cyn ic sauce ce dar ac id cy cle eye lie sau' cy ci der de cent cy cas cyg nus Ex E RtCIS $~ 128. c like k, before a, o, u,,and r. came cOst cute clime eramp ca' ter co' coa cu' pid clot cray' on ui ca co pal cus tom clip' per cre ole car nage co Ion cum ber clat ter ens pin cres cent co hort cud gel clas sie crump et EXEReCXSfl 129. c like k, before k, s, or t ending a syllable. jack' et pick' et buck' et crack' er lock' er pack et rick ets locket pack er wick er rack et tick et rock et lack er back er plack et wick et pock et bick er ad diet' bracket in sect sock et pict ure elect rel ics rel ict con vict lect ure re strict phyg ics ver dict e dict fracture af feet *................, * These brief headings are designed merely to draw attention to what has been more largely stated concerning the several consonants, in Sec. II.,,,... SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 47 ~XEBCXISE 130. ce and ci sc and sci sch c like sh. like sh. like sh/. like sh. 6' cean con' scions schist 6 ce an' i ca an cient con scious ly schist' ic tes ta' ce a so cial con science schist ous crus ta ce a spa cious con sci en' tious sch6rl e ma ci ate spe cie pre' sci ence schorl' y as so ci ate spe cious pre sci ent schorl ous e nun ci ate lus cious pre scious schorl ite ex cru ci ate EXIER CI$SE 131. ch like tsh. chafe chape chap' let trench' er or' chard chaf' fer cham' ber chal lenge clinch er nr chin chal ice chap man chit chat teach er sa chem chap ter char ter chi na preach er sach el chan fer chart igm bleach er poach er fetch ing EXE CIS 132. much branch' y en crach' in trench' chintz such bunch y re proach re trench chat' ty munch duch ess car touch at tach check er2 punch duch y be seech en rich cher up pinch porch er im peacl de bauch chill y EXElt CIS E 133. ch like k. eham chord eho' rist sehed' fle air' chives cha' os chrlYm chol er schol ar i chor chem ic school chlo ric scheme pas chal chem ist cho' rus chlo rine schem er or chis chron ic cho ric cho ral schoon er tro chee EXEBR CIS 13 4. ache dis' tieh ar' chon ar' ehi tect chrome eu nuch mo cha cham o mile ar' chil mo loch tech ni cal mech an ist ech o st6m ach scho las' tic ar che type ep och mon arch me chan ic char ac ter 148 SANDERS' UNION SPELLERo lX-ER CI SE 135. ch like sh. 9haige (ha grin' h1ev' ron;hYv' al ry ma hYine' ga lcehe ce mise' chair la tan chi cane nmus tache chap eau (5) chev a lier' cha rade ba rouche chat eau (5) chan de lier cha made de boquche cham pagne deb au chee BXEB CIS. 136. g hard, before a, o, U, 1, and r. gr' land gob" bier in'tm bo glee' ful graph' ic gain say gog gle gun nel glim mer gra vy gai ter gos sip gus to glo ry greas y gal lop gos pel guz zle glu cose greed y gamin mon gor mand gun ny. glu ten grind er BXE LCISB 13 7. g hard, at the end of a word or a syllable not followed by e, i, or y; also, when doubled. dr~a, on brig, and r'a' ged leg1 gin da-,' ger big ot rig or leg ged hog gin brag ger wag on vig or dog ged pig gin stag ger flag on wig gle jog gle wag gish dig ge drag on smug gle hig gle slug gish big ger BXEJ CISEQ 133. g usually soft, before e,?, or y. en' der gin` ger gy' rate cler' y pil'age gest ure gin seng gy ral sur gy band age gen tile gib let gym nast din gy dam age ger und gib bet gym nic hini ing im age or ange gi ant con geal' strin gent ad age man age bro kage en gage en large' ar rangef ui age a gent en cage dis charge de range ge nus ur gent pon gee di verge en rage SANDERS' UNION SPELLER, 4.9 L XER C I 139. pri' mage pres' age sau' sage voy' age ves' tige ram mage vi~ age do tage col lege chal lenge horn age morz gage cot tage al lege' gar bage suf frage cart age rav age be siege del uge cour age mes sage sav age o bilge in dcllge' ElXJR 1CI S 140. badge wedgde drudge buldg' et gud' geon edge midge sludge badg er blud geon hedge ridge sedge lodg er pig eon ledge bridge trudge hedg er wid geon fledge dodge judge par tridge sur geon pledge lodge dredge car tridge stur geon sledge budge dirge dfcd geon d.n geon EXER1CisCE 141. g sometimes hard, before e,, and y. egt gib'botLs'gmp be gin' geld' ing get' ter gid dy girl be get gim bal get ting gift ed girth be gone gim let gew gaw gig gle gird un gird mug gy h g ilding gh gildird' le un goar fog gy.XE PCIR S 3 1 4 2. g silent, before m and n final; also, before n initialo phlegm con diqn' be nign' as sign' gnrl deign cam paign de sign im pfgn gnlat feign ar raign re sign op pugn gnash reign for' elgn con sign ex pugn( gnaw sign ma lign' 6n' sign 1m pregn gno' mon EXERiCI SE 1 4S gh silent, before t, and at the end of a syllable. high dight flghu7t ei/It bor' 6uig nigh hight neigh dough thor ough sigh fight weigh though fur lough thigh light weight thrloulgh al though' bight blight freight hau.gh in veigh 50 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. X E I C1 S 144. plight bright caught bought daugh' ter slight fiight fraught sought slaugh ter night sight naught fought bough (hou) tight wight taught thought slough EXE.R CIS $ 145. gh likeJ gh like. li k. laugh (l&f) slough (sl/) hough (ho1k) laugh ter clough lough roiugh e noiigh' shough chough cough (kaw/) f tough trough gh lke. sough draught (draft) hic' cough (Rhik kip) EXERCISE 146. A silent, after g, after r, and after a vowel in the same syllable; also, at the beginning of some words. gh/st rheum e' phaih Aerb ghlaut rhine sir rah h'eir gh6st rhosmb rhu barb hour ghoul rhyme ca tairrlh hon' or ghee rhythm burgh' er hon est FEXER CIE 147. k silent before n, and after c, in the same syllalle. knagb knave knew knac7k hbad' dock knag knead knife crack pad lock knap knee knock quack wed lock knit kneel knob quick ran sack knot knell knoll shock bar rack rEXER CISE 148. I sometimes silent, before f, m, n, v, k, d, and c. half halve calk could salm' on calf salve chalk would al mond balm qualm stalk should fal con er calm balk walk almg em balm palm talk auln balm' y be calm 4 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 51 r/ }S1EXERCISE 149. n as in man, followed by g soft. dan er louner tiun' e tn ent im plnge stn' gy man ger plin ger pun gent un hinge loun ger ran ger spon ger lozenge es trange cringer stran ger spon gy frin gy re venge chan ger tin getr nn gy in gel a venge en gine IEX ERCI SE 150. ng, as in sing, singer. hang hang' er hang' ing king' ly side' long wing wing er wing ing spring y sing-song sing wing er sing ing string y ding-dong ring rin er ring ing da ling strip ling lonng1loag er long ing w6rld ling hire ling EXER CISE 1 51. n, like n, before c, g, k, and q, as in zifc, linger. rfian cor an' ger fin'ger bhn' ger jin' gle u1 cle an gle fun gous lin ger shin gle eon cord dan gle clan gor m6n ger tan gle ancl or anr gle gan grene mon grel bun gle fink l crink le crank le tink le sprink le IEXER2CI'SE 152. 1n_' ger* hnk' er be think' lar' yax thlink' er Ion gest thank fll en link ban quet drink ing stron ger blank et un link anx ious pink ish stron gest rank le din' gle con course twink le youn ger an kle tinct ure con gress cinct ure youn gest punct ure span gle san guine junct ure * Note that in such derivative words as hanger, sing er, long er, from hang, s8g, and long, the g unites witlt the preceding n to represent the sound of n. But in the comparative and superlativeeof the three words, long, strong, and young, and also in the words diphthongal and triphthongal, the g always takes its hard sound; as longer; stronger, younger. 5 2 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. SXEICRISE 153. n silent, after m, and p silent, before n, s and t. damn tempt con temrn' prompt' ly psal'ter y hymn prompt con demn at tempt' psal mo dy limn sol' emn dis limn contempt pneu mat' ic pnyx col umn psalm' ist somp' stress pneu mon ic psalm ou tumn psal ter ptar mio ptar' mi gan EXERCISE 154. s like z. muf' ic di'm mal noir' y dig cern' mT' e ry m6s lem dai sy p.a.l sy dis ease ris i ble res in drow sy pan sy dis own vis i ble flim sy easy quin sy dis solve mi ser ly ros y p sy pros y dis arm eas i ly E~EXERcIsE 15. s like sh. sure sugJ ar as sure mis sion sen' su al sure ly cen sure in sure man sion as per' sion sure ty ton sure pen' sive pas sion e mer sion sur est press ure scansion fission a ver sion su ma fis sure ten sion ver sion ex ten sion EX ERCISE 156. s like zh. fui' ion ras ure o' ~ier c16' unre al 1fu' ion le sion pleas ure ro sier cro sier col lu sion vis ion treas ure ho sier scis sure con tu sion tru sion scis sion meas fire is u ry diffu sion sua sion bra sier lei sure us u al in tru. sion EXERi CISE 157. t silent, after s, in words ending in en or le. has' ten moist' en nest' le this' tie jos' tie chasten chris ten nest ling whis tle thros tle fast en oft en pes tie bris tie bus tie list en soft en tres tie gris tie hus tie glis ten cas tie wres tie nus tie rus tie SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 53 BEXER CISEJ 158. t, after an accented syllable, and before ia, ie, or io, like sh. par' tial na' tion p6' tion auc' tion suc' tion mar tial ra tion tOr tion cau tion cap tion n Up tial lo tion men tion trac tion fac tion pa' tient motion op tion sec tion frac tion quo tient no tion ac tion die tion frio tion EXERCIS E 159. cre a' tion e di' tion fru 1' tion sal vli tion ab lu tion ad di tion m5 ni tion plan ta tion de vo tion am bi tion par ti tion mi gra tion o ra tion con di tion ig ni tion do na tion for ma tion con tri tion po si tion du ra tion ElXERCISE f1O., ere den' tial sen ten' tious pro p1' tious vi' ti ate es sen tial con ten tious fac ti tious ex pa' ti ate pru den tial ii cen tious nua tri tious ne go ti ate po ten tial in fec tious se di tious sub stan ti ate sol sti tial fa c6 tious fia gi tious in i ti ate EXERB ClS 161. th sharp, as in thing. theme thin throb threat thank thrive thrush third thrice think throne thrum thirst thing theft thorn thump thrall throng thick thrash thrust thrill thong thrift.E1XE R C1 SE 162. sloth north pith moth worth b6th Lhth smith broth heath ninth snath width troth heirth path tenth tilth d6th death warmth depth plinth mouth breath L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 5SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. EXERCISJE 163. health strength z' nith an' them thiin' der wealth length sab bath the imm pad thos stealth fifth n6th ing meth od pan ther south filth be troth' ath lete thresh old oath faith for sooth thim ble au thor EX.ER CIS E 164. th flat, as in thy. these fhat smooth south' ern be natfh' thine them booth fa ther with draw those this feath' er broth el with hold thy thus leath er loath some with stand than they heath er ith orm there at -XEi-ciSE 163. cl6oh' ing 6th' er far' thing tefth' er far' her loath ing moth er there fore hith er fur ther thy self' broth er gath er with er w6r thy themselves smoth er lath er thith er blithe s6me there of breth ren rath er far thest lithe some.EXE..R CISE 166. w, consonant, as in win. wab' ble wag' on wick' ed w6n' der wTI' dom wad dle wal let wick er wont ecl w6n drous waf fle wal lop wil lw work man wind row wa fer wal low win dow wod bine will ing wa ger war ble win now wan ton wish fui EXER CISE: 167. dwell swarm swlg swan swill dwarf swag swing swerve swain swale swam swift swap sway swine sweep swung swamp sweal swarth swept swab swell swoon SANDERS' UNION SPELLER..E-..?.EC 1 8.: 8* swoop twine twit dwrf' ish swing' ing sweat twelfth twist dwin die swag ger swinge twelve twain swel ter swim mer sweet twig tweak swin die swin dler twice twin dwll ing swinish swallow X EXERCISE 160.9 u, like w consonant after g, s, q, and c hard. lan' guage lan' guor quag' mire qul' et liq' uid lan guid sua sive quar rel quib ble liq ue fy lan guish as suage' quad rate quick set eq ui ty lin guist per suade qua ver quill ing aq ue duct lin gual dis suade que ry quilt ing eun rass' an guish es quire que rist quid nuno cui'me fEXEE CISE 17o. w silent. wrack wrench writ wh6le wran' gle wrap wretch wrong whdbp wrig gle wreck wrist writhe sw6rd an swer wren wr6ak wroth wrench wrath y wrest wreathe who wreck' er to ward wrath wrung, whoge wres tier a wry'. EXO R CISE 1 71. w silent after a vowel in the same syllable. lo5u blsw bowl sln6t stow tow own crow glow growth mow blowTn show grow throw sow flow shown grown thrown row flown slow sown 1t bow E X E CIS C! 1 2. ar' r6ow fl' ow har' row ior' row shal' 1 bil low fel low hol low nar row sor row bor row fol low mar row pil low tal low bur row hal low mel low sal low wid ow fur row cal low min now shad ow bel' low I ~~ ~~__ _ _._ _~_ _.:.. ~~~..,.,~~_,_: _,i__ _ __. 56 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 1EXE C I S 173. wh pronounced like hw, as in whac7 (hwac7c). whale whet whelk whMp wheat, whine when whelm whim wheel what whey whelp whiff wheeze whack whap whence which whirl whang wharf whig while wh6re BX X CISXE 174.whal' er whey' ey whif' ler whisk' er whee dle whim per whis ky whit low wheez y whin ny whis per whim ling wher ry whif fle whIn ing whig gish whefh er whif fet whit ish whit ing EX'. CISE 175. Sounds of x. xlike lc. x likeg le like kl. x like ik x like z. ex el' e~ act' e ult' nox' ious xe' bec ex cept ex empt ex ude anx ions xe riff ex pend ex ist ex hort flux ion xys ter ex cerpt ex alt ex hale flex ion xiph oid ex pert ex ert ex haust sex u al xan thic EXJBR CISE 17 6. y consonant, as in you, and i consonant as in ai' ien. yel' l6w min' ion 1i' ien val' iant pin' ion yon der fus tian f1l ial brill iant 6n ion hal yard mill ion bas tion bill iards ponn iard year ling bun ion bill ion cell ier span iel law yer scall ion bull ion court ier viz ier C EX RU IS 3 177. z as in z Qne, and z like zh. za' ny zeph' yr zig' zag liz' ard az' ure ze bra zer da zinc oua wiz ard (azh' urie ze bu ze ro diz zy giz zard az urn ze bub ze ta fuz zy haz ard gra zier ze nith zeug ma ziz el buz zard s6i zure SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 57 SECTION X, RULES FOR SPELLING. aR U. bl: I. Monosyllables ending in 1 i, or s, immediately preceded by a single vowel, usually double the final letter. XERB CISS 178. raff ff fall el1 m1 graff buff pall tell bill cliff muff tall well fill skiff snuff stall spell hill whiff stuff small quell pill E'XE/I CiSE 179. rifl thri ll ski1 doll lull mill trll swill loll dull sill chill troll5 poll hull frill quill stroll roll null drill shrill scroll droll mull EXEBCISES 180. lass mrss tress loss cross pass chess stress toss gloss class cress bless boss muss brass dress kiss moss truss grass press miss floss pinss EXCEPTIONS TO RULE L'XE RC IS E 18 1. If gas fths \sl, salt. of (ov) has thus bWl, aflounder. as wa sol, the sun. nul, no; not any. his sol, a coin. pus, morbid matter. us yes sol, note in music. 3 clef, key-note mark. 8 BANDIERS3' ULION SPBELLE.. RULE33 IS. Monosyllables ending in any other consonant than;, 1, or a, preceded by a single vowel, do not double the final letter; thus, top, dot, cox, whiz. For numerous examples i under this Rule, see pages 19 and 20. EXCEPTIOTS TO RULE I. tX rRCIS i 182. abb Inn fizz jagg, a notch. add mitt fuzz oigg, knd of barley. ebb plitt buzz butt, a mark. egg smitt fudd mumram to mask. odd lamm birr parr, kind offish. err wapp shirr scmm, buffoon. iRUTLET III. Monosyllables ending with the sound of k, and in which c follows the vowel, usually take the letter k after the c. ~EXER CI SE 183. back slack tack neckE pick hack smack stack peck rick lack pack beck speck sick black brack deck kick tick clack crack. check lick wick sack track fleck nick thick f:XRItCI$sgt 184. clck mnck fl oluclk pluck brick pock brock duck truck trick rock crock muck struck stick sock frock tuck stuck chick block stock buck cluck quick clock dock suck chuck.xe - -: ^:;.:.~.-....'. ~ -,. -..,.., SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 59 EXCEPTIONS To RULE III. JEXEiRCISEf 185. ta-le a mineral. ffsc, treasury. zinc, a metal. ore, a kind of fish. arc, part of a circle. soc, tenant's privilege. sac, oay. ploc, mixture of hair and tar. lac, a resinous substance. marc, coin, refuse of pressed roc, a large bird. fruit. Vi.'U' n ~ -V. Words of more than one syllable ending in ic or iac, that is, ending in the sound of k, do not, with the exception of the word, cder' rickl assume the letter k. E2X15RC19CX8 186. sto' ic trag' i chron' ic ru' brie fran' tic lu brio log ic ton ic spher ic skep tic frol ic corn ic top ic cen trie cryp tic rus tic eth nic trop ic gas tric styp tic air tic clin ic lec tie clas sic plas tic cam bric con ic fab ric an tic caus tic'EXfl1ECX8S 187. car' di ac lii' na tic ag' a ric splen' e tic il i ac pleth o rie Ar a bic chol er ic ce li ac pol i tic cath o lie bish op ric ma ni ao rhet o rio her e tic cli mac' te ric zo di ac t'ir mer ic ar se nic a rith me tic EXERCIXSE 188. phi lip' pic em pr' ic ec qen' trio lym phSt' ic ar bar ic his tor ic fo ren sic dra mat ic;y lin dric the at ric in trin sic pag mat ic ge ner ic e lec tric ex trin sic dog mat ic hys ter ic ob stet ric em phat ic asth mat io syl lab ic mor bif io spe cif ic syn od ic spa~ mod ic pa cif ic pro lif ic som nif ic 60 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER.. ~EX I S 1 189. rhen mat' io ec stat' ic ath let' ic ar thrit' ic he pat ic di dac tic e met ic pleu rit ic fa nat ic pro phet ic her met ic pe dant ic quad rat io pa thet ic cog met ic gi gan tic er rat ic syn tiet ic mag net ic ro man tic z3X C1. - a 1s0. aua then' tic el lip' tic gym nas' tic prog nos' tie eha ot ic sar cas tic mo nas tic a cros tic des pot ic e las tic fan tas tic bal sam ic e ot ic seho las tic ma jes tic me ehan ic e clip tic ca thar tic do mes tic pul mon ic ter rif ic tho ra9' ic ec cen tric po et ic IT 1 )L V. fords of more than one syllable, in which c, in the ending, does not come after the vowels i or ia, terminate in ckL ErzXER CISE 191. ir' rack pea' cock hillF ock haIm mock has' sock bar rack had dock hem lock ban nock tus sock car ack pad dock fetlock pin nock be deck' ran sack pad lock cam mock sham rock un lock gim crack wed lock bull ock cas sock at tacl gir rock lin stock wrar lock fore lock a back has sock mat tock fire lock buir dock un pack EXCEPTIONS TO RULE V. EX PCIISE- 192. lim'bec, a still; an alembic, st' mac (shu mak), a plant re bee, a musical instrument. or shrub. xe bec (ze bee), a kind of ves- ma ni oc, a tropical plant. sel or ship. san da rac, a sort of resin. hav oc, destruction. i. 1 ma nac, a calendar. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 61 R:tYU.3LrE "VI. In forming derivatives from words ending in c, the letter k is inserted before suffixes beginning with e, i, or y, to prevent the c from being sounded like s. EXERCISE 193. phy,' ic traf' fic frol6 ic mim' ic plys ick ed traf fick er frol ick ed mim ick ed phys ick ing traf fick ing frol ick ing mim ick ing col ic " gr lic biv ouac(-wak) mim ick er col ick y gar lick y biv ouack ed biv ouack ing IRt 1JULE VII. The final consonant of a monosyllable (h and x excepted), or of any word accented on the last syllable, if preceded by a single vowel, is doubled before a suffix beginning with a vowel. EXR CIS.E 194. bag beg con farP de faer oag' gage beg' g&ing con fer red de fer red bag ged beg ged con fer rec' de fer ring bag ing beg gar con fer' rer de fer rer bag gy beg gar y con fer rable in fer red EXERz2 CISE:19 S cot squab pre fer, re fcr' cot' ter squab' by pre fer red re fer red cot tage squat pre fer ring re fer ring cot ta ger squat ting pire fer rer re fer rer cot taged equat ter in fer ring re fer' ri blo EXERCISE3 196. star plan trans fer' ex pel' star' ry plan.' ner trans fer red ex pel led star ri ness plan ning trans fer ring ex pel ling star red clan trans fer rer ex pel ler star ring clan nish trans fer ri ble ex pel la ble 62 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. JEX;ER3 CIS 19 0. gas gum corn pel' pro pe' gas' sy guan ming corn pel led pro pel led gas sing gum my corn pel ling pro pel ling quit' gum ni er corn pel la ble pro pel ler quit ting gum mi est com pel la bly dis pel ling XEXRCI SF 198. re bel' e gTn' a bet' ac qutt' re bel ling be gin ning a bet ted ac quit ted re bell ion be gin ner a bet ting ac quit ting re bell ious be fog a bet tor ac quit tal re bel ler be fog ged a bet tal ac quit tance EXCEPTIONS TO RULE VII. FIxII CTSE 199. gas' eg ca' al ist gas e ou cab a list' ic ga 6' i ty from gas caba lize from cabal gas' i fy J cab al im con for encet from confer'. E X1tC ItS3 200. defT er ent m d fer' ref er once def er ence om ref er a ble from refer'. pref er ence ) ref er ee' pref er a ble firom prefer in' fer etce from i. pref er a bly in fer a ble * The u in quit being equal to w consonant (kcwit)t forms no exception to the Rule. t Notice that, in this word, the accent has been thrown back from the place it occupied in the primitive (confser). When this change takes place, the rule seldom applies, and so arise exceptions such as most of those above. When, however, in forming derivatives, the accent is thrown forward, as in eq' ual, equal'ity, for' mal, for a' ity, an' gel, an ge' ic, etc., the final letter is not generally doubled. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 63 JEXERCIS E 201. trans' fer ence sa lYne trans fer able from salin ous tran.sfer,, ~ p from sal trans fer ee' sal'i fy cha grin' ed from sal i fi able (s cha grin ing chagrin'. sal i fi ca' tion J B-U IE VIII. The final consonant of any word, if not immediately preceded by a single vowel, or not under the accent, remains single upon the addition of a suffix. EXR- C ISE 20O. daub need brief pet' al daub' ed need' ecl brief' er pet al ed daub ing need ing briefest pet al ous daub er need y vig or pet al old daub y heed ing vig or ous pet al ium EXE CISE 203. prof' it p1' lot ap par' el* wool prof it ed pi lot ed ap par el ed wool' en prof it ing pi lot age bar' rel bi as prof it a ble ben e fit bar rel ed bi as ed profit ably ben e fit ed bar rel ing bi as ing EXZER C ISE! 204. trav' el car' ol cav' il coun' sel trav el ing car ol ed cav il ed coun sel ed trav el er car ol ing cav il ing coun sel ing em bow' el can' eel cav il er coun sel or em bow el ed can eel ed cav il ous coun sel a ble em bow el ing can eel ing cav il ous ly counselorship * Derivatives formed from primitives ending in 1, orp, are by some written with the final letter double: thus, traveller instead of traveler, worshipper instead of worshiper, etc. This, however, is against the rule followed by Dr. Webster, which is founded on analogy, and ought to be observed. 64 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. EXER C I SE 205 d' al di' el en am el' qual di al ed du el ing en am el ed e qual ed di al ing du el ist en am el ing e qual ing di shev' el em pan' el en am el ar e qual ize di shev el ed em pan el ed en am el er e qual iz ed di shev el ing em pan el ing en am el ist e qual' i ty EXERCISE 20O. gam' bol hatch' el jew' el kid' nap gain bol ed hatch el ed jew el ed kid nap ed gam bol ing hatch el er jew el-er kid nap ing grav el im pr' il ken nel kid nap er gra el ed im per il ed ken nel ed la.u rel grav el ing im per il ing kennel ing lau rel ed. EX ERCISE 207. l'' bel Ii' bel mar' shal mie' al la bel ed li bel ed mar shal ed mred al et la bel ing li bel ing mar shal ing med al ist lev el li bel er mar vel c mod el lev el ing li bel ous mar vel ed mlod el ing lev el er li bel ant mar vel ous muodel er EXER CISE 2os. paln' el parl' al lel pen' Qil rpe il pan el ed par al lel ed pen cil ed per il ed pan eling par al lel ing pen cil ing per il ing par qel par allel ism pis tol per il ous par eel ed par al lel. ize pis tol ed per il ous ly par eel ing par al lel is' tic pis tol ing per il ous ness EXERCISE so 9. vlct' ual tran' quil wor' ship gos' sip vict ual ed tran quil Ize wor ship ed gos sip ed vict ual ing tran quil ized wor ship ing gos sip ing vict ual er nov el wor ship er met al vi ol nov el ist gal lop met al ed vi ol is' tic nov el ize gal lop ing met al ing SANDERS' UNIO-N SPELLER. 65 EXCEPTIONS TO RULE VIII. 1X Er: R C I X 210. huim' bug ged net' al loid hum bug ging from met al listfro hum bug ger hmbug. met al lize met metal. hum bug ger y'met al line per i wig ged from me ta'1' lie per i wig ging 2periwtg. me dal lie from medal. 1f XJI Ec7 CI 2 1 1. crys' tal line chan' cel lor from crys tal loid chan eel lor ship chancel. crys tal lize from tran quil' li ty tranquil. crys tal liz ed crysta tyr' an nyfrom crys tal liz a ble* tyr an nize tyran. t crys tal li za' tion ty ran nio.9 UL E ID o X Words ending in a double consonant usually retain both letters upon receiving a suffix. add 6bb err miimm add' ed ebb' ed err' ed mumnl' ed add ing ebb ing err ing mumm ing re mlssP egg er rant.mum mer re miss ness egg er y er rat' ic mum ruer y.EXERCXSE 213. quaff whYff tar' if stiff quaff' ed whiff' ed tar iff ed stiff er quaff ing whiff ing bluff stiff est buzz- whif fet bluff ness stiff en buzz ed cliff sher iff stiff ly buzz ing cliff y sher iff al ty stiff ness * 3ee also, cancellation p. 153. t Old form for tyrant 66 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. IXEi3 s l CIS 214. scoff diff huff gruff scoff' ed doff' ecl huff' y gruff' ly scoff ing doff ing huff i ness gruff ness scoff er cuff huff ish gruff er scoff er y cuff ed huff ish ly squall scoff ing ly cuffing huff er squall y IEXERCI SE 215. small ap pall' in still' thrall small' er ap pall ed in still ing thrall' ed small est ap pall ing in still ment thrall dom small ness ap pall ing ly in still er thrall ing small ish ap pall ment in stil la' tion thrall-less'* fEXRERCISE 216. droll pass less in thrall' droll' er pass' ing less' en in thrall ment droll er y pass er bliss in stall droll ish pass a ble bliss ful in stall ment droll ing ly pas sage bliss less in stal la' tion EXIRE CISE 217. smell chill roll stll smell'-less chill'ing roll' er still' er hill chill ness roll ing still est hill y chill y roll ed still ness hill ock chill i ness roll a ble still y IEXER CISE 218. will skll dull full will' ful skill' ful dull' ness full' ness will ing skill ful ly dull ish gall will ing ness skilled bell gall ing will er skill-less bell-less gall-less * Words ending in 11, upon taking the suffix less, either insert a hyphen (-) as in thrall.less, or drop one 1, and so become exceptions to the rule; thus, bel-less, for bell-less. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 67 EXOEPTIONS TO RULE IX. EJXERCISII 219. pon tfic - 1' l1y* ill pon tif ic al dul ly dull pon tif ic ally from ponti. fully - from full pon tif ic ate shril ly shrill po, tiL f/ c'ai J s mal ly small 1 TTI M:. RU Ly?.E X. Words ending with e silent commonly drop the e upon taking a suffix beginning with a vowel -EXSlCIXSE 220. dote blame blas pheme' bronze dot' ed blim' ed bias phem ed bronz' ing dot ing blam ing blas phem er bronz nue do tard blam er blas'phe mous bronz ist do tage blam a ble bias phe my bronz y EIXE CISE 221. ca rounge cose virt' uie statt uie ca rous ing cos' ing virt u al stat u ing ca rous er clos er virt u al ly stat u a ry ca rous al clos ure virt u ous stat u ette' ca rous ing ly cls et virt u ous ly stat u escque rhyme brave sane style rhym' er brav' er san' i ty styl' ish rhym ist brav est san i ta ry shade rhym ic brav er y san a tive shad y rhym er y bra va' do san a to ry shad i ness * The second 1, in each of these words, ill, dull, full, shrill, small, isleft out, as is plain, to prevent the tripling of that letter in the middle of a word; otherwise they would have to be written ill-ly, dull-ly, full-ly, shrill-ly, and smal-ly, as in the case of skill-less, &c. See note, page 66. 8I 68 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. EXERCISE 223. valve - zone ly' ing" lie valv' ate zon' iule ty ing tie valv fle zon u lar vy ing fom vie valv u lar zo nar hy ing hie up heave' be have' dy ing die up heav al be hav ior ey ing 9 eye EXCEPTIONS TO RULE X. EXE t RCISE 224. peage ser' vige pro noune'P charge peace' a ble ser vice a ble pro nounce a ble charge' a ble trage di vorge' en tlie dam age trace a ble di vorce a ble en tice a ble dam age a ble pierge en force'n6 tice man age pierce a ble en force a ble no tice a ble man age a ble EXE C ISE 22 chal' lenge change out' rage dye' ing: challenge a ble change' a ble out ra' geous singe ing mar riage lodge ad van tage tinge ing mar riage a ble lodge a ble ad van ta' geous swinge ing voy age cour age m6rt' gage spring3 ing voy age a ble cou r' geous mort gage or'f mile age EXER CISE 22G. line see a gree' de cree' lin' e 1l see' ing a gree a ble de cree a ble lin e age flee ra zee hoe lin e ar flee ing ra ze ed hoe ing lin e ate fric as see' ra zee ing toe con' ge fric as see ing vi se (ve zC) toe ing coa ge ed free vi se ed' shoe con ge ing free' ing vi se ing shoe ing * Note that in lying, tying, vying, hying, dying, (from die), after the e is dropped according to rule, the i preceding is changed into y to prevent the doubling of i in the middle of a word. ~ The e after c and g. in all these examples, is retained in order to preserve the soft sounds of these letters.: The e, in dyeing, tingeing, swingeing, singeing, springeing, serves to distinguish these words from dying (to expire), tinging, swinging, etc. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 69 11tU LE XI. Words ending with e silent, retain the e before a suffix beginning with a consonant..EXERCI SE 227. safe duke free med' die safe' ty duke' dom free' ly med die some pale dove house nine pale ness dove let house less nine ty flame sup pie mole au stere' flame let sup pie ness mole cule au stere ly re quire' home prince con dole re quire ment home ly prince dom con dole ment res' plte lone like trite res pite less lone some like ness trite' ly EXCEPTIONS TO RULE XI. EXERCISE 228. due whole nurse lodge du' ly whol' ly nurs' ling lodg' ment true awe ir' ge a bridge' tru ly aw ful ar gu ment a bridg ment ac crue wyie judge ac knowl' edge ac cru ment wis dom judg ment ac knowl edg ment R:U TL I, lE XI I. Words ending with y, preceded by a consonant, on receiving a suffix, commonly change the y into i..EXERCISE 229. bod'y mar' qy stud' y va' ry bod i ly mer ci ful stud ied va ri ous bod ies mer ci less stud i er va ri a ble gid dy sau gy stu' di ous va ri a' tion gid di ness sau ci ly stu di ous ly va ri' e ty 70 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. EXER CISE 230. car' ry h6ar' y ni' vy ml' o dy car ried hoar i ness na vies mel o dies car ries di a ry dIt ty dy nas ty car riage di a rist dit ties dy nas ties car ri er di a' ri al 9it y cIu el ty car ri a ble di a ri an cit les cru el ties EXCEPTIONS TO RULE XII. EXERCISE 2 31. shy sly dry spry shy' er sly' er dri' er* spry' er shy est sly est dri est spry est shy ly sly ly dry ly wry shy ness sly ness dry ness wry ness EXElRCISE 232. ba'by sure' ty pt' y pu' ri ty ba by hood sure ty ship pit e ous pu ri tan ba by ship du ty plen ty char i ty la dy du te ous* plen te bus char i ta ble lady kin boun ty beau ty ver i ty la dy ship boun te ous beau te ous ver i ta ble I-UIT XIII. The final y when preceded by a vowel, or when coming before a suffix- beginning with the letter i, remains unchanged. EX XI ISE C 233. key jSck' ey mon' ey m6nk' ey key~ jock ey~ mon eya monk ey. key' age jock ey ed mon ey ed monk ey ilm lack ey jock ey ing mon ey less vol ley lack eys jock ey iim mon ey er vol leys lack ey ing jock ey ship mon ey ae vol ley ed * Note that drier and driest follow the rule, and that duty, pity, plenty, 6ounty, and beauty, change y final into e; while in puritan, and charitable, as in some similar cases, the y is simply omitted. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 1 XBL' CISE S4. val' ley pi^r' ley jotur' ney sur vey' val ley par ley ing jour ney ed sur vey ing alley ilin ey jour ney ing sur vey al al leys hon eyed jour ney er sur vey or gal ley lalck ney at tO6r ney cau' sey gal leys hack ney ed at tor neys cau sey ed clay de coy' ent vy cu1~ ly clay' ish de coy ing envy ing cul lyigm clay ey de coy ed glo ry spy whey en joy glo ry ing spy im whey ish en joy ing va ry dis play' whey ey en joy ment va ry ing dis play ed EXCEPTIONS TO IUt;Y XII,.XRCIS.] 2 36. laid Stti s)ay. paid slain slay. mis laid' from l'. said fromi ~ a'd, say. repaid saith sy un paid dai' ly day. -:trrin xuIV Words ending in / or fe commonly change the f into v upon receiving a suffix beginning with a vowel. EXlER CISE' 37. grief thief safe be lif' grieve thiev' ing save be lieve griev' ing thiev ish sav' ed be liev ed griev ance thiev ish ness sav ing be liev ing griev ous thiev ish ly sav ing ly be liev er.griev a ble thiev er y sav er be liev a ble 72 S ANDERS' UNION SPELLER. EXCEPTIONS TO RULE XIV..XE.R CISE 238. 46af brief gtilf dwarf deaf' en brie' er gulf' y dwarf' ish oaf Nvolf trf dwarf ish ness oaf ish wolf ish turf y dwarf ed leaf elf turf ed dwarf ing leaf y elf ish turf ing safe chief self shel'f saf er chief est self ish shelf y saf est rSPLING OF PRAL S v. SPELLING OF PLURALS. Nouns ending in a sound that will unite with that of s, form the plural by adding s only; in other cases, the plural is regularly formed by adding es..E X EI tCIS 23 Q9 BING1tLAB, PLtTRAL IN 8. INGULAB. PLITrAL IN E. coin ma c6m' nm ma lae lai' eg cob web cob webs 6dge 6dg es pan ic pan ics nicho nich es aq id aq ids wish wish es lap dog lap dogs lenq lens es bail iff b if glass glass es fui ee' fu gees' Shaiie chais es E X E C i s 240. stbm' ach sotm' achs corpse corps' eg miUf t muf ti5 nfrse nurs es der rick der ricks blaze blaz es ras cal ras cals box box es a larm' a larms' buzz buzz es Ger' man Ger' mans cir cus cr cus es tyro tyros gal' lows gallows es barn bb' barn boos' sum mons sum mons es SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 73 EXCEPTIONS TO RULE XV. EX ER C ISE 241. SINGULAIL PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL. n5 noes bra' vo bra' voea h' ro he' roes mnot to rmt toes ne gro ne groes grot to grot toes ech o ech oes bil bo bil boes oar go cdr goes bu bo b-i boes po ta' to po ta' toes cal i co cal i coes vol ca no vol ca noes por ti co per ti coes em bar go em bar goes tor nd' do tor nd' does buf' fA lo bff' fa loes tor pe do tor pe does m.u lat' to mu lat' toes vi ra go vi ra goes man i fes' to man i fes' toes in nu en'do. in nu en' does mag nif' i co mag nif i coes pec ca dil lo pec ca dil loes* EXORB CISE 24. sheaf sheavest elf elveg leaf leaves shelf shelves loaf loaves self selves beef beeves wolf wolves thief thieves life lives calf calves wife wives half halves knife knives EXERCISE 243. h f wharfs h6b' by hob' bie'g wharved bod y bod ies s. fstaffs boo by bdo bies -st, ff staves mrr qy mer qies ^rta' b^ j rab' bis tr5 phy tro phies rab bies w6r thy w6r thies' lka li s bully bul lies al ka lies al'ly' al lies' * The exceptions ending in o, it will be observed, are words in which the o is preceded by a consonant. Few in which that is the case, follow the rule; but, among them are some in very general use, as halo, halos; quarto, quartos; salvo, salvos; junto, juntos; canto, cantos; octavo, octavos; memento, mementos. t For the change off into v in these examples, see Rule XIV. * For the change ofy into i in forming these plurals, see Rule XIL 74 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER..^ EIXEBVCISX1 244. BINOULAB. PLURAL SINGULARB PLU^A&L man men br6fh'ers yeS man yeo men b breth ren OX ox en p pea ~ dies * peae die dipea e ) di.e pen' niea pen ny child chil' c-dren pe ny penie foot feet mouse miqe tooth teeth dor' mouse d1r' mice goose geese w9m an wom en louse lige foe man foe men B XE B RCI S X 4 5. ba' sis* ba' se ar ca' num ar ca' na ri sis cri ses er ra turn er ra ta da tum da ta el lip sis el lip ses fo cus ol ci syn op sis syn op ses ma gus mna gi a lun nus a lum ni pha sis pha ses nieb' u la neb' u 1e the sis the ses stim u lus stim u. I ax is ax es ter mi nus ter mi ni ros trum ros tra ver te bra ver te bras lir va lar vs a nal' y sis a nal' y sea XElR CIisE 24I. r 3' cus e. r ur di us ec fo ci ra di i ( ser aphs - nu cle us es erab ^ i aulu { Is -usus ser Sr a phim nu cle i in d-x in' dexx es e n co' mi ums. in dex en c) mium inl di cs en co mi a ban dt ban dits.. gym na si urnms ban dit * m na si um ban dit' ti gym na si a, me di urns i au t6or a tons m di u n me di a a tm a ton au torn a ta.ge s ge i us es p n no phe nom e nons genius p ge ni i phe nnom e na * Exercises 245 and 246 consist entirely of words from foreign languages, which, in English, retain the forei forforms of the plural. Some of them, however, have, also, the regularl English form.. j,,.. - -... - SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 75 ITUIIJ XV r I. Compound words usually retain the spelling proper to the simple words composing them. EX1ERCISE 247. blue' bell* bride' grobm red' top high' way book store night mare red wing gang way book worm night shade red bird path way breast pin play thing black bird birth day breast plate play wright blue bird doomr day -EXER _ CISE 248. stdar light high' land black' board whatt stone moon light head land ship board mill stone day light low land f-ct fall load stone block head dog star foot man brow beat round head vine yard foot stool church man EXERCISE 249. coach' man vh5le' sale main' sail non' tide bed stead steers mate main spring grand sire mnr maid head long scare crow ware house slip shod live long bow string ear ache tu'u pike bon fire break fast tooth ache SEX XIC I S E 2 SO. bear'f'-foot night'-fall red'-hot dor'-way blue-fish oil-man cat-bird pay-day book-case play-book snow-bird row-boat bride-cake pump-stock rice-bird steam-boat bride's-maid purse-proud pine-tree gas-light * The two parts of a permanent compound are usually written together as one word; as breastpin; in other cases they are connected by a hyphen, as in door-way, book-case. When the first part of the compound is a noun in the Possessive Case, the sign (') of possession is mostly omitted, thus, bondsman, not bond'sman. Sometimes, also, the s is dropped, as in bondman. For the accentuation of compounds, see p. 80. 76 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. EXBERCISE 251. bulk'-head base'-ball steam'-ship cliurch'-vard tan-yard ^ first-born death-bed cl6ohes-horse day-star fot-hold bow-/cnot home-bred sound-board minle-stone cat's-paw free-will air-built star-fish ch6ke-pear May-pole EXR' CIS E B 25. club'-foot top'-khot edge'-tool shlp'-load whip-lash snow-drop pack-thread bank-note hide-bound main-stay tell-tale arm-chair fire-work brain-sick heart-ache bdil-bond hair-clotL sea-gull grass-plot bar-maid SECTION XI, ACCENTUATION OF CERTAIN CLASSES OF WOBDS. Words of tw6 or more syllables, ending in ee and ose usually have the accent on the last syllable.* XER CISE 25 3. ee ee ose ose trust ee' leg a tee' v~r bose' cu' mu lose grant ee ref er ee mor bose ar e nose les see as sign ee jo cose ad i pose do nee ref u gee mo rose op er ose set tee ab sen tee cri nose cor ti cose tQu pee dev o tee vc nose co ma tose * Those ending in ose, of three syllables, however, are now by the best and most'recent authorities accented on the first syllable; the last syllable being still distinguished by a sort of secondary accent. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 77 Words ending in ic and ics usually have the accent on the last syllable but one. E$XERR VCI SE 254. tc ic ic ics he r6' ic re pub' lie syl lab' ic 6th' ics har mon ic an gel ic syn od ic op tics la con ic po len ic pa, cif 1 stat ics bo tan ic spe cif ic ie thar gic me chan' ics sa tan ic pro lif ic mo da ic pneu mat ics se raph io tr rif ic pro sa ic hys ter ics Words ending in sion and tion have the accent on the last syllable but one.t EXE RCISEB 255. sion sion and tion. tion ex car' sion sup pres' sion ad o ra' tion con fes sion con ces sion af fec ta tion de clen sion corn mis sion - ob li ga tion di men sion ad dl tion.. com bi na tion per ver sion con di tion con sti tu tion in ver sion fru i tion av o ca tion iVTords with the endings, cate date, gate, fy, tude, and ty, preceded by a vowel, usually have the accent on the last syllable but two. EXE V RCISE 2Y50. cate and date Fate andfy tuzde and ty dep' re cate del' e gate lat' i tude pred i cate ag gre gate am pli tude ed u cate nav i gate for ti tude can di date rar e fy dep u ty an te date mod i fy lib er ty liq ui date jus ti fy pfi ber ty * For some exceptions to this, see Exercise 187, page 59. t For the sound of si and ti in these terminations, see page 10. TS SSANDERS' UNION SPELLER. Words of more than two syllables, ending ia, iac, ial, ian, eous, and ious, have the accent on the syllable immediately before these terminations. EXE.RCISE aT,7 ia iac ial ma' ni a SYr' i ao ]W bi al sco ri a sal mi ao pre di al dah li a he li ac me ni al her ni a the ri ac ve ni al regad' li a e 16' gi ac ge ni al mili tia de moniac cr di al 16 b6 li a sym po gi ac se ri al EXEIrR CISE 2s8. ian eous ious guard' i an hid' e oua gra' cioua ruf fian ig ne ous spa cious ter tian pit e ous te di ous styg i an df te ous o di ous ple b6' ian. nau se ous con ta' gious me rid i an her ba' ceous pre co cious co me di an crus ta ceous me lo di ous tra ge di an po ma ceous fe lo ni ous Words ending in acal and ical have the accent on the syllable immediately before these terminations. EXB:ERCISE R29. acal ical ical he 1I' ac al rnmd' ic al mo narch' ic al car di ac al mag ic al en eye lie al ma ni ac al log ic al sym bol ic al the ri ac al graph ic al pe ri 6d' ic al zo di ac al com ic al ge o graph ic al de mo ni' ac al st ic al dia bol ic al am mo ni ac al cu bic al non sens ic al el e gi ac al trag ic al syn od ic al SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 79 Words ending in eal, ean, and eum are accented, some of them on the penult, or the last syllable but one, and some on the antepenult, or last syllable but two. EXE.Llt CISE 6 0. Accent on the penult. Accent on the penult. i d' al hy men e' al unreal empyrean pyg me an At lan te an Le the an Eu ro pe an mu ~e um col os se um ly ce um mau so le um I X.N CISE 26 1. Accent on the antepenult. Accent on the antepenult. lin' e al em pyr' e al bo re al ce ru le an ce re al nec ta re an lac te al pe tro le um os se an hy per b6' re an or de al Ep i cu re an ar bo' re al Her cu la ne an cor po re al sub ter ra ne an Words with the following endings,* have the accent on the last syllable but two. ~XER CISS 262. de mac' ra cy my thol' o gy an tTph' o ny som nif er ous so lil o quy mi cros co py cir cum flu ent lo gom a -ehy. a pos tro pho di ago nal po lym a thy a nat o my cos mog o ny ba rom e ter phi los o phy ge og ra pher ge om e try mo not o ny as trol o ger e con o my bel lig er ous phi lol o gist o vip a rous ig niv o mous su per flu ous an tip a thy car niv o rous * That is, words ending in cracy, ferous, fluent, gonal, gony, grapher, etc. 80 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. Compound words have the accent on thefirst, or speci. fying term. E X C I S E. 63 blinmd man nik' stand marks' man hand' spike name sake hen bane w6rk man horn pipe brim stone rats bane luke warm wind mill broad side states man land lord milk maid broad sword sports man land mark trader man green gage bird man linch pin keep sake green horn wrist band hedge hog keel man green sward grand child cat mint house hold brake man hand maid hang man skin flint Words in which a change of accent, involves a change of meaning. EX ER I C IE 264, ab' sent, not present. ab sent', to 7ceep away. ab stract, a part; summary. ab stract, to take away. ac cent, stress of voice. ac cent, to put under accent. af fix, something added. af fix, to add something. aug ment, increase. aug ment, to increase, Au gust, the eighth month. au gust, grand; stately. cem ent, that which unites. ce ment, to unite with cement. col league, partner; associate. col league, to join with. col lect, short prayer. col lect, to gather together. corn pact, a contract. con pact, close; to pack..XE. CIS'Z 26 ~. com' plot, aplotting together. com plot', to plot together. comn pound, a mixture. com pound, to mix; mingle com press, a linen pad. corn press, to press together. con cert, harmony. con cert, to contrive together. con crete, united in growth. con crete, to unite, or coalesce. con duct, behavior; manners, con duct, to lead; manage. con fect, a sweatmeat. con feet, to prepare sweetrteats. con fine, a border, or limit con fine, to limit; restrain. con flict, a contest; struggle. con flict, to strike together. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 81 1JXE.R CISE 266. c6n' jure, to practice sorcery. con jure', to enjoin solemnly. com post, mixture for ma- com post, to manure with nure. compost. con serve, a sweatmeat. con serve, to preserve. con sort, a wife or husband. con sort, to associate; unite. con test, a strfe; struggle. " con test, to contend. con tract, a bargain. con tract, to draw together. con trast, to put in contrast. con vent, cloister. con vent, to meet together. con verse, discourse, con verse, to talk with. con vert, one converted. con vert, to turn; to change. con vict, one found guilty. con vict, to prove one guilty. con voy, an escort for defense. con voy, to escortfor defense. mEXER CI SE 2 67. de' ert, a waste; wilderness. de gert', toforsake; abandon. des cant, a song; melody. des cant, to discourse at large. di gest, a body of laws. di gest, to prepare; arrange. dls count, deduction. dis count, to deduct from. es cort, guard; attendant. es c6rt, to attend; guard. e$ say, an attempt; treatise. es say, to try; attempt. ex port, goods sent abroad. ex port, to send goods abroad. ex tract, that taken out. ex tract, to take or draw out. fer ment, internal motion. fer ment, to cause ferment. fore cast, foresight. fore cast, to plan beforehand. EXE CIS Z E 26. fore' taste, taste beforeand. fbre taste', enjoy beforehand. fre quent, often. fre quent, to visit often. E gallant,daring; high-spirited. gal lant, attentive to ladiesim pact, control by touch. ini pact, to press firmly. im port, goods from abroad. i im port, to bring in. im press, mark; image. im prss, to mark, or stamp. in cense, odorfrom spices. in cense, to fire; provoke. in crease, augment. in crease, to augment. in lay, that which is inlaid. in lay, insertfor ornament. in stinct, inward impulse. in stinct, urged from within. in suit, affront; abuse. in sult, to affront; abuse, min ute (mn it),sixty seconds. mi nufte, very small. 82 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. EXERl CISE 2 9. ob' ject, that under notice. ob ject', to oppose; set before. out law, one excluded from out law, to deprive of the benethe benefit of law. fit of law. par feet, complete, per f6ct, to complete. per fume, scent; frarance. per fume, to scent. per mit, warrant. per mit, to allow. per vert, one misled. per vert, to mislead. pre fix, what is prefixed. pre fix, to fix before. pre lude, introduction. pre lude, to introduce. prem ise, ground ofargument. pre mise, state beforehand& EXEMRCISBE 270. prY' sage, omen. pre sage', to gzve omens. pros eut, not absent; a gift. pre sent, to o-Jir. prod uce, what is produced. pro duce, to bring fortl. prog ress, advance. pro gress, to advance. proj ect, plan; scheme. pro ject, to plan beforehand. pr6 test, declaration, pro test, to declare. reb el, one that rebels. re bel, to war against. rec ord, note; register. re cord, to make record, ref use, what is worthless. re fuie, to deny; reject. re print, a second edition. re print, to print again. re tail, sale in small amounts. re tail, sell in small amounts. EXERCISE 2 71 sib' ject, that under view. subjct',toputunder; subdue. slif fix, what is suixed. suffix, to fix after; to afix. sibr charge, an excessive load. sur charge, to overload. sur name, family name. sur name, to give a surname. sur vey, view; measurement. sur vey, to view; to measure. su pine, sort of verbal noun. su pine, ying down; dull. tor ment, anguish. tor ment, to torture. traj ect, a passage over. tra ject, throw over; cross trans fer, act of conveying. trans fer, to convey; sell. trans port, conveyance. trans port, convey as troops. un dress,loose,negligent dress. un drtss, to take off clothes. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 83 EX.ERCISE 272. coun' ter-mnind a contrary order. coun ter-mAnd', to revoe a command. iax ter dict, a prohibiting order'; prohibition in ter diet', to forbid by order; to prohibit. oi ver turn, act of overturning; overthrow. o ver tmrn', to turn over; to overset; subvert. rep' ri mand, rebuke; severe reproof. rep ri mand', to rebuke; to reprove severely. at' tri bute, peculiar property; quality. at trib' ute, to impute; to assign; to ascribe to. mis con' duct, wrong conduct; ill-behavior. mis con duct', to conduct armiss; to mismanage. SECTION XIIc Words changed from nouns or adjectives, into verbs, by a change in pronunciation, in spelling, or in both. IREXERCISE 273. close (cloce), shut up; tiht. I cloe (cloze), to shut up. grease, animal fat. greage, to smear with fat. house, place of residence. house, to. shelter. mouse, a rodent animal. T mouge to catch mice. glass, transparent substance. glaze, to work with glass. brass, alloy ofcopper andzinc. braze, to solder with brass. grass, herbage. graze, to eat grass. use, act of employing. ue, to employ. price, value. prize, to set a value on. rise, ascent; increase. riee, to ascend; increase. life, existence, lTve, to exist. wife, a married woman. wive, to takefor a wife. grief, sorrow. grieve, to sorrow. prof, test; evidence. prove, to test; to verify. thief, one that stea ls.thi tie ve, ostal ~=_=^6 - 84 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. EXRIE as 274. bath, a place to bathe in. bathe, to wash in a bath. breath, air inhaled. breathe, to inhale air. cloth, fabricfor garments. cl5fhe, tofurnish with clothes. loath, unwilling. lathe, tofeel disgust for. wreath, garland; chaplet. wreathe, to twine or encircle. mouth, aperture between the mouth, to speak affectedly. smooth, even; level. [lips. sniooth, to make even. IXEZ CISXSE 275. a buse' ill use. a buie', to use ill. mis use, wrong use. mis use, to use wrong. dif fuse, copious. dif fuse, to spread. ex cuse, apology. ex cuse, to apologize. ad vice, counsel, ad vise, to counsel. de vice, design. de vise, to design; to plan. be hoof, profit. be hoove, to become; befit. be lief, assent; faith be lieve, to assent to. re proof, rebuke. re prove, to rebuke; censure. proph' e cy, prediction. proph' e sy, to predict. Words spelled alike, but different in pronunciation and meaning. EXE Cl 1SEr 276. bass, a sea-fish; a tree. bass, deep; low; grave. bow, to bend; act of reverence. bow, instrument to shoot ardove, did dive. dve, a pigeon. [rows. gill, fourth of a pint.[joints. gill, breathing organ infishes. gout, disease of the small gout (goo), taste; relish. lead, to guide; conduct. lead, soft, heavy metal. read, to peruse. read, did read. lease, a contract. leae, to glean; gather. EX CXat s 27 7. mow, a pile of hay. mow, to cut down grass. row, riot; tumult. row, a range or series. slough, a deep, miryplace. slough, cast skin of a serpent tear, fluid from the eyes. tegr, to pull in pieces. wind, air in motion. wind, to turn; twist. Se' trance, plan of entry. en trance',toput in a trance. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 85 SECTION XIII. VARIABLE USAbE. This Section is designed to bring under view certain words and classes of words, in respect to which usage is variable, and which are not elsewhere specially noticed in this work. ZEXE CISE 278. vl' lain con nect' in flect' F vil lain y * J con nec tiont in flee tion vil lain ies con nex ion in flex ion vil lain ous de fleet re fleet vil lain ous ly de flee tion re flee tion vil lain ous ness j de flex ion re flex ion BXERCISEX 279. de fense't ex pense' of fense' pr8 tense' de fense less ex pen sive of fen sive pre ten sion de fen sive ex pen sive ness of fen sive ly li' cense de fen so ry ex pen sive ly of fen sive ness li cens er de fen si ble ex pense less of fense less li cens ed I XE t CI S 280. woe ~ drought 1 (drout) prac' tice ~ wo' ful drought' y prac tiq ed wo ful ly drought i ness prac tie ing wo ful ness height 11 prac tie er woe-be-gone height en prac ti cian * These five are often improperly written without the i, as villany. f The spelling with t is the preferable one in each of these cases. $ Written also with c, as defence, though never in the derivatives. ~ Often, though against analogy, written wo without the e, and, in the derivatives, almost always so. Very often written drouth and hight by the best authorities. ~f As a verb, practice is mostly written with s, as practise. This difference between the noun and the verb is properly retained only where the final syllable is under the accent, as in device, devise. -See Exercise 275. 86 SANDERS" UNION. SPELLER. 3 EXERCISE 2 8 1. tein a ble solv' a ble ad mit ta ble ten i ble solv i ble ad mit ti ble ad da ble n' fer a ble i ref er a ble ad di ble in fer' ri ble re fr' ri ble part a ble con vers a ble trans fer a ble part i ble con vers i ble trans fer ri ble EXERC C ISE 282$. in cloe't in crust' Jin gulf' 5 in roll' en close en crust len gulf en roll in cage in graft in trust in snare en cage en graft en trust en snare in case in gorge in list in sure en case en gorge en list en sure in trench in gross in quire inthrall en trench en gross- en quire en thrall in dorse in fold in treat i in wrap I en dorse \ecn fold en treat en wrap EXE. RCISE 23. s con fide', entrust. \ de pend', hang down from. I c6n' fi dent,4 entrusting. jde pend ent, depending. con fi dant, one entrusted. de pend ent, a dependent. de scend', come down. su per in tend', oversee. de scend ent, descending. \ superintenident,oveseeing. de scend ant, one descended. \ su per in tend ent, overseer. * Of the adjectives, in English, ending.in able or ible, by far the greater part end in able, while a few, as above, take either termination. - The words in this Exercise take either form of the prefix (in or en) almost indifferently.: In words of this class, it is usual to write the termination, ent, when the word is used as an adjective, and ant, when as a noun. But in the case of dependent and superintendent, usage seems well settled in favor of spelling the noun and the adjective both alike. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 87 EXERCISE 284. A' ere * sa' ber me' ter cal' i ber na cre fi ber mi ter sep ul cher lu cre o cher ni ter wile a cre o gre mau ger cen ter the a ter ea gre lus ter spec ter ac cou' ter ii vre om ber e lhc' tre con cen ter 9han cre am ber salt pe ter ren coun ter mns' sa cro bis ter ma neu ver me' di o cre - JXER CIS I f8., ad vlse' cdis gu^le', sur prile' ap prise pre mise mis prise de spise sur miso; com prise de vise re vise de mise cm prise fran' chise chas tise en' ter prise crit i cise cat' e ehise corn pro mise ad ver tise cir cum cise su per vise' ex er cise dis fran'-chise af frin' chiss ex or cise en fran chise pol y he3 dron* ox' ide mold~ pol y he dral bro mlde mould' oc ta he dron ste a rine mold er oc ta be dral tannin mould er tet ra he dron bi' ped: moldy y tet ra he dral quad ru ped mould y pen ta he dron cen ti ped eolt pen ta he drous cen ti pede ( moult \ * Of this class of words, those in which the er is preceded by c or g, (with the exception of mauger), reverse the order of the letters and end in re, as acre, lucre, etc. The same is done in the words eivre and electre. t Some of the verbs in this Exercise are not unfiequently made to conform in spolling to the class of verbs ending in ize. The best usage, however, is in favor of writing them all as above.: On polyhedron see note, page 166; on oxide, stcarine, etc., see note, page 168; on biped, centiped, etc., see note, page 163. ~ fmild and mo*e with their derivatives, to be in analogy with such words as bold, bolt, etc., should be written, eMld) molt, etc. The former, however, is the prevalent spelling. 88 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER, SECTION XIV. WORDS OF SIMILAR SIGNIFICATION. One of the commonest errors in dealing with words of this class, in the school-room, is that of supposing them entirely alike in all their various meanings and applications. Hence, often, the highest advantage of the study, aside from the mere spelling, is all but lost; for the main point is to acquire the habit of discriminating between words that seem to be identical in meaning. With proper caution in this respect, few exercises will be found more interesting, as well as useful, than those presented in this Section..ExBRiTSCis 3087. ___, ____ __ a.,...-J.....-. quit leave dint force pate head arch curve scrub scour pawn pledge barge boat ford wade slag dross beak bill null void j est plague scowl frown sheen bright lirgk skulk bairn child rare scarce spite spleen purge cleanse slake quench swab mop quaff drink sleek smooth vend sell fist quick aim point batre mere pierce stab li6ge lord bear yield lEX CR CI S X 28,. cite quote slinlk sneak clank clang quest search snack share clinch clutch quoth say speck spot corse corpse count earl crlunch munch heft weight blight blast gape yawn drill bore space room garb dress braid weave plait fold gloat gaze terse neat tact skill gruff grum hoar white bid call bloe stroke pitch toss bind tie rend tear grace charm SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 89;EXEIJCXISE 289. fume smoke sway wield twine twist barrm yeast smash break booth shed liei stead tramp tread date time heal cure dolt dunce queer odd jole cheek crowd throng quill twill marsh mor breadth width daub smear urge press bring fetch gorge glut bide dwell bilk cheat creep crawl delve dig blink wink lirk church noun name mate match moil drudge mire mud midge gnat mulct fine XE n'CRISX 290. aye yea yes quarl twirl whirl deem think Judge soak steep drench dupe gull trick kin snare trap lave bathe wash rive cleave split champ chew bite dip merge plunge speak say tell bay cove gulf bet wage stake fuge smelt melt web weft woof guile craft fraud hist hush hark vaunt boast brag troll roll bowl air mien look EXERCISSE 291. brunt shock stroke hunt search seek scud run flee waft float swim tweak twinge twitch wince shrink flinch wand rod staff bud sprout chit aim drift scope sneer jeer scoff probe test try skate slide glide singe scorch parch cope strive match scath harm hurt awe dread fear reef furl fold boor lout clown heap pile mass ask beg crave flash flare gleam gale blast gust 90 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. _EX.i~RCIS 292. look see view brink edge verge mash smash crash sin vice crime veer,turn bend bag sack pouch crest tuft plume raise grow rear culm stem st.lk bough branch limb dart. latnce spear bring bear fetch froth foam spume cute keen sharp glee fun mirth gape gaze stare pile heap mass pelt hlide skin E X Is'iCe I 39E 93. coy shy blot blur spot stain jest joke bound bounce leap spring sort kind clan race tribe horde quit leave beach shore strand coast mole mounid give grant cede yield knar knot fling cast hurl throw term word flog scolirge thrash whip win gain bray pound crush brdise beast brute pace step gait walk broad wide dike ditch fosse trench flame blaze catch eize grasp snatch _XE'X iCXS.E 2 94. sprig twig' put place lay set store shop move budge stir start boss knob turf sod clod glebe scheme plan spare gaunt lank lean bloat swell globe sphere orb ball haste speed drag draw pull haul rock stone lift, heave hoist raise whiff puff beat baste drub pelt wan pale pry spy peer peep tifhe tenth stale flat dull trite twain two low base mean vile SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. R 91 EXER3lCISE 29 S. might strength reck heed. mind care blow stroke chafe rub gall fret rasp file smite strike knock hit growl snarl curl crimp crisp crape rent lease row' rank line file shrub bush doze drowse nap sleep purge. cleanse fi t' suit fay fadge dint force bang beat thwack thump hunt seek screak screech scream shriek bleak cold wring wrest wrench twist XE -CIS' S9Q.E 9 boon gift pres' ent tart sour a(' id blend mix mil gle brush broom be ~om din noise clat ter lees dregs ref use graft shoot ci on rein curb bri die ode song po em freight load car go blanch bleach whit en haft hilt han dle ire wrath an ger tome book vol ume quake shake shud der sheath case scab bard late fresh re cent mute dumb si lent fell fierce cru el nude bare na ked EXERBl CISE 0 7. crave long hank er track trace ves' tige spite grudge mal ice newt eft liz ard dank moist hu mid work toil la bor cleft rent fis sure. squab d6ve* pig eon blain blotch blis ter spear lnce jave lin ledge ridge lay er source spring fountain right claim ti tie pair brace coup le stall crib man ger colt foal filly mix blend min gle box chest coffer muse think pon der hide mask c6v er fight war bat tle town burgh city 92 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. -S X3 E1 C18I 298. mild meek gen'tle "bricf short con cise' quail crouch cow er build frame construct fleet swift rap id patch mend re pair prompt quick read y creed faith belief stout strong stur dy foil thwart de feat duct tube chan nel chat talk con verse gaunt slim slen der fen marsh mo rass clump bunch clus ter seethe boil con coct chink crack crev ice hail greet sa lute pine droop lan guish guide lead con duct free frank can did stick cling ad here serf slave bondman big large bulk' y beau fop cox comb cave den cav ern EXE l tIS7 299. spurn scorn dell dale vale val' ley str6ll stray pick cull sort se lect' weep mourn tress curl lock ring' let crude raw sight view scene pros pect stanch firm hear hark list list en pawn pledgel feud fray broil quar rel bluff cliff belt sas zone gir die map chart clog glut gorge sur felt ruse trick dolt mope drone slug gard EX JVR CI 300. quaint strange tinge tint hue c61' or ha.sp clasp mold shape form fash ion stint task rule reign sway g6v ern cram stuff road way street high way crouch cringe taunt scoff mock de ride' glow shine ask beg crave im plore sieve screen class rank grade de gree press squeeze have hold own pos sess prowl rove slack loose lax re miss - - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r mi s s -~. 2,. ~..1_ SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 93.EX ERCI SE 301. fright scare chide scold blame re buke' neat clean vex fret tease an noy filth dirt cease stop quit de sist hoist lift act deed feat ex ploit stook shock blithe gay mer' ry spright'ly goad spur frisk skip gam bol frolic scowl frown mode way meth od man ner flay skin pack load bun die bur den skip dance sing chant car ol war ble limp halt spoil prey boot y plun der plo drudge roam rove ram ble wvn der EXER PIS 302. hoot shout cave grot cav' ern grot' to nigh near wish vwant de tire' c6v et perk prim haste speed dis patch hur ry dike trench filch steal pur loin pil fer culm Y stem jade tire fi tigue weary craft trade tempt lure en tice de coy' cry whine aid help a bet as sist jaunt trip,add join an nex adjoin clump chunk beg crave be seech im plore hives croup loathe hate ab hor de test wile trick freak whim fan' cy ca price BEXERT CISE 303. fine for' felt grace mer' cy fa' vor chance fort une hid se cret c6v ert cash m6n ey brave gal lant val iant shoal shal low harm dam age mis chief dead life less fight bat tie com bat choke throt tie smart clev er skill ful choice op tion grief sor row sad ness green ver dant fuss tu mult up roar tour jour ney post pillar col umn hawlk fal con bent curv ed crook ed'*L hawk 94 iSANDERS' UNION SPELLER. iX 2E XR C I $IS a 304. wit hu' mor dirk dag' ger pon' iard neigh whin nry dry ar id parch ed plume fafhl er theme sub ject' top ic threat men ace trade traf fic com merce bright shln ing trice mo ment in stant midst mid die wreath gar land chap let dearth fam ine zest rel ish fla vor new nov el calm pla9 id tran quil shield buck ler old a ged se nile rage fu ry ghost spec ter phan tom EXER CIE 30S. frail frag ile groove fur' row chan' nel news ti dings hot sul try fer vid sketch out line hide cov er shel ter limb mera ber lithe pli ant lim ber part por tion fawn flat' ter whee' die maw stWm aeh too al so like wise arms vwap ons prop ful crum sup port' thief rob ber fiaught fill ed re plete paint pig ment call con yoke' sum' mon clear lu cid rue la ment re gret' BE XE1R C l 30 6. mad rabr id choose e lect' se lect' hard sol id daunt ap pall dis may storm tern pest grant ad mit al low test tri al mar de face im pair style die tion keep re tain pre srve stream cur rent link cor bine u nite slight neg lect' shun a void es chew strict se vere oust eject ex pel seem ap pear check re strain con trol rest re pose niche hlol' low re cess ue em ploy chase fol low pur sue burst ex plode eke length en pro long-, build con struct foul filth y dirt' y SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 95 EXJXERCISE 307. apt fit bad wick'ecl' vil sin' ful fib lie sly cunning craft y wily fang tusk prate prat tie chat ter bab ble peat turf quick aglie active nim ble prong tine head chieftain lead er cap tain kine cows drear som ber dis mal gloom y pool pond scribe pen man pen ner writ er cowl hood law stat ute e dict de cree' craw crpp weak sil ly fool ish ab surd SECTION XV. OPPOSITES. In the study of words of this class, we learn by contrast, which is one of the most powerful modes of impressing thought. Everywhere in nature, we see things that are opposite-the lard, the sea, the lake, the island, the mountain, the valley, growth, decay, etc. The attention of the pupil may be directed to this fact; so that, while studying the words that denote contrast, the distinctions may be more vividly impressed by considering the things which they indicate. This is often the best kind of object teaching. X tEXi CISE - 308. love hate soft hard long short rich poor tame wild thick thin give take seek shun lost found first last meet part more less right wrong cool warm true false rough smooth back front |fast fast large small tight loose dark light don doff right left frown smile rise fall white black peace war came went high low hdad foot 96 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. EXER CISE3 3 09. sink swim life death strong w6ak freeze thaw break mend cry lauglh hill dale friend foe fore aft day night dry wet push pull buy sell work play coax drive cold hot girl boy cheap dear sick well bride groom ebb flow van rear bond tree lad lass drake duck good bad sharp dull hope fear best worst height depth EXER C IS 310. age youth east west joy grief old young north south to fro king queen curse bless mild fierce fresSh salt bloom fade praise blame quick slow prow stem far near soon late teach learn grave gay buck doe fat lean save waste sparse dense lose find sweet sour bind loose fair foul coarse fine gaunt plum front back sane mad. EXERCISE 311. want. plen' ty straight crook' ed pale rud dy lead fol low shame hon or hell heav enr wide nar row goose gan der lend bor row light dark ness kind cru el low loft y odd e ven pain pleas ure good e vil bold mod est truth er ror land wa ter lake is land clear cloud y strait isth mus niece neph ew SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 97 EXE CISa E 312. base no' ble tough ten' der joy sor row stiff lim ber vice virt ue wise fool ish slow rap id man wom an top bot tom clean dirt y late ear ly sweet bit ter full emp ty end be gin' deep shal low hope o de spair EXER CISE 313. a' ged yoith' ful { fast' ing fast' ing care ful care Il ab sence preg ence for mer lat t far ther near er doub le Si fear ful fear less buy er s' curs ed bless ed broth er ter find er los er moth er h fher idle bus y up d o ward a gue fe ver EXERCISE 314. hith' er tiith' er in' let out' let win ter sum mer in side out side need ful need less in ward out ward mid day mid night loos en fast en land man sea man ev er nev er no where some where dai ly night ly part ing meet ing oft en sel dom law yer cli ent peace ful -war like EXERCISE 3 1. s6me' thing -ndth' ing sun' rise sun' set strol ger weak er tame ness wild ness gafh er scat ter ad vance' re treat' wake ful sleep y be fore aft' er ab,/sent pres ent suc cess fail ure back ward for ward a bove be low' fore most hind most with in with out 198 SANDERS' UNION SFELLER..EXBEiCI$SE 316. deb' it crdcl' it m/' jor mo' nor con vex con cave vie tor vie tim ab stract con crete van guard rear guard hlr board star board jsbn ior ssnior lee ward wind ward mar tal nd tal frig id tor rid pal lid rild dy pledg er pleC ee' z nith n dir cav ert e' vert land lord[ ten ant c XeEX&CISE 317. in lude' ex elude' ex pand' con tract' con verge dl verge en tlle de throne re pel pro pel per si dis suade ad vert a v~rt con s/ dis sent ac cuge ex cuse en robe dis robe as cend de scend in hale ex hale -at tach de tach in ject' ject in vest di vest in' gress ^gress ESEOTION XVI. WORDS OF SIMILAR SIGMILAR SINIFICTION. EXXlCISI-T 318. hab' it cus' tomrn pil'lage': plun' der ham let vil lage treat ment':is age ha ven har bor dog ma, ten et gen ius ta lent thresh o door-sill ill ness sick ness ea ger ear nest I mar riage wed ding pass port ii ceie.:. ram part bul wark fam ish per ish:^ near ly al most tri graph triph th wis dom pru dence noi some nox ioui' fer tile fruit ful mes sage mis sion SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 99 EXERC/SE 319. cre' dence cred'it re fuse' de cline' scarce ly hard ly mis lead de lude neu ter nei fher be hest com mand arc tic north ern per mit al low flee cy wol ly sue cumb sub mit lug gage bag gage re cant re nounce le vant east ern re ceive ac cept me ter meas ure in thlrall en slave rig or harshness repeal re voke rum mae ran sack re veal di vulge scar let crim aon in graft in sert EXERCISE s3o.co erce corn pel / re lax' slack' en ac cost ad dress de sign proj ect con fess a vow re ply an swer ac quaint in form per plex puz zle con lute re fute an tique an cient de vise be queafh ran' som re deem' con vince per -uade ech o re sound dis burse ex pvnd ren der re turn de fend- pro tect subtle a cute de sire re quest al cove re cess con trive in vent no tice re gard. / 1EE R CI S E 321. glim'mer glit ter ban' ner en4 sign stand'ard' sole ly mere ly sil ly sim pie stupid bram ble brier bau ble geWv gaw tri ie break er bil low pa gan hea then gen tile va cant emp ty shin ing brill iant spark ling box er fight er ac rid pun gent bit ing mar tial war like as tral stel lar star ry bod ice cor set ad der ser pent vi per can ter gal lop bes tial beast ly bru tish be twixt' be tween' dam ~el maid en vir gin 100 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. - XERCISE 322. cai' tiff vii' lain budg' et bun' dle par' eel er rand mes sage fa tal mor tal dead ly col umn pillar care fal cau tious watch ful foi ble fail ing gloss y shin y lustrous fra cas up roar mon ger deal er trad er function of fice re gal roy al prince ly gus to rel ish touch y tes ty pet tish im age like ness vi rus ven om poi eon vi ands vict uals suit or wop er lov er wist ful wish ful er ror blun der mis take' yearn ing long ing fi tion nov el ro mance E2XERCISE S 323. vent' ure haz' ard e' diet fi' at de cree' war bier song ster awk ward clum sy uncouth ze ro ci pher coun sel con sult' ad vise sue cor re lieve' mur mur re pine com plain as sent' con sent car ry con vey trans port con sign com mit to tal en tire com plete de sire re quest al lure' en tice de coy col late corn pare de port de mnan be have a dieu fare well as sault as sail at tack pro tract pro long re veal di vulge dis close im pede ob struct re fund re pay re store EX E C IS E 3 2 4. max' im ad' age prov' erb say' ing far bish bur nish po1 ish bright en cus tom du ty im post trib ute loi ter lin ger saun ter tar ry nurt ure nour ish cher ish Los ter in cense o dor per fume fra grance patch er botch er un gler cob bier reck less heed less I list less care less rai ment vest ure vest ments gar menta gaud y show y taw dry tin sel SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 101 EX IER CIS E 3 25. cun' ning craft' y wi' ly art' ful se cret hid den la tent oc cult' cow ard cra ven das tard pol troon ho ly sa cred god ly di vine a base' de grade' dis grace' hum' ble as perse tra duce de fame slan der for give ab solve re mit par don pro vide pro cure sup ply fur nish de vour en gorge con sume swal low a droit ex pert dex' trous skill ful EXEERCISE 326. al lege' af firm' as sert' a ver' ac quire at tain ob tain pro cure exceed ex cel sur pass out do be wail be m'oan la ment de plore/in fest an noy dis turb mo lest ar range dis pose di rect di gest com prise em brace con tain in clude/ ac cuse ar raign im peach cene sure re spect re gard es teem - on-or af flict dis tress troub' le bar ass EXER CI SE 32 7. vig' or en' er gy sti' pend sal' a ry fer vor ar den cy mis chief in jn ry pil grim trav el er vi brate os cil late port ly cor pu lent en ter pen e trate ti tle ep i thet vis age coun te nance sched ule cat a logue ban que.... festival prox y sub sti tute pul sate pal pi tate sur plus o ver plus que rist ques tion er lan guor las si tude watch ful vig i lant wor thy laud a ble spe cious plans i ble flu ent vol u ble vic tor con quer or rival em u late band age lig a ture [ 102 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER..E X ER CI SI 3 28. seln try se-n' ti nel rapt' ure ec' sta sy hope less des pe rate pow er fac ul ty sav age bar ba rous an guish ag o ny post ure at ti tude oft times fie quent ly couir age for ti tude oint ment lin i ment gar nish dec o rate per il j6op ar dy sane tion rat i fy car riage ve hI cle new ness nov el ty pet tish pet u lent EXEBR CISE' 329. gar' ner gran' a ry homrn age fe' al ty fe blile fe ver ish mid riff di a phragm bane ful poi non ous bo nus pre mi um bound less lirn it less con quest vie to ry con vent nun ner y con cord bar mo ny sor did nig gard 1 sup pe pli a ble glean ing gath er ng house hold fam i ly last ly fi nal ly lithe ness limr ber ness EXER CIE 330. fore' taste an' te past a chieve' ac com' plish liv ing live li hood of fense dis pleas ure in come rev e nue se elude se ques ter be hoof' ad van' tage fore go re lin quisl de tect dis cov er eha' os con fu sion do main do min-ion ver sion trans la tion re main con tin ue fisc al fi nan cial. en chant en rapt ure ex tant ex ist ing E.XER CIS E 3 3 1. guicldance di rec' tion haugh' ty dis dain' ful her aid pro claim er 1us ious de l1 cious down cast deject ed cloth ing a ppar el chair man pre' i dent res cue de liv er li cense per mis' sion let ter e pis tle mon strous pro dig ious swin dler de fraud er man date in june tion con tract in dent ure doc tor phy si cian sem blance re semn blance = j~~~-1 SANDERS' UNIOIN SPELLER. 103 EXfE RCI SE 332. an nul' nul' li fy re fine' pu' ri fy di gress de vi ate re vile vil i fy en rich for til ize in struct ed i fy e vince man i fest in cite in sti gate re miss neg li gent e vent in ci dent be quest leg a cy de void des ti tute re tort rep ar tee' per sist per se vere' gain' say con tra diet van' ish dis ap pear EXER CISE 3 3 3. gris' tle car' ti lage mont strous e nor' mous hear er au di toe rats bane ar' se nic luck y iort u nate full ness plen i tude night mare in cu bus hiss ing sib i lant cau tion wa ri ness few ness pau ci ty hate ful o di ous thun der ful mi nate ha tred o di ulm war rior cham pi on sur name cog no' men all spice' pi men' to EX-E I CIXE 334. peace' ful hal' cy on in firm' de crep' it spit tie sa li' va be numb stu' pe fy warn ing mo nI tion as sume ar ro gate fick le ca pri cious ar rest ap pre hend' black lead plurn ba go dis turb dis corn pose leap year bis sex tile for bid in ter diet de cide' de ter mine con cur co in cide con test lit' i gate neg lect dis re gard EX -r, s cIS 33.. bash' ful mod' est dif' fi dent for tress cas tle cit a del am pie spa cious ca pa' cious alien strlanger for eign er fault less blame less in no cent an gel spir it mes sen ger stub born will ful ob sti nate balm y fra grant o dor ous l.......... 104 SANDERS' tUNION SPELLER. ElXERf CISEB 336. brawn' y flesh' y mus' cu lar ram part breast work par a pet bright ness splen dor brill ian cy co gent ur gent for ci ble con viCt cul prit crim i nal wan ness pale ness pal lid ness mi ser nig gard cur mud' geon tur ret tow er min/ a ret EXi RCIS 337, pau' per beg' gar men' di cant sa ber fal chion cim e ter fan ny com ic laugh a ble tac it si lent taq i turn sam pie pat tern speq i men a pex sum mit pin na ld pal try pet ty triv i al jus tice just ness eq ui ty JrX-lRCI SE 338. com' rade fel' low corn pan' ion tri al ef fort en deav or ty ro nov ice be gin ner ad vent corn ing ar ri val con flict strug gle ren coun ter ref uge shel ter a sy lum se ri's se quence suc ces sion yap id taste less in sip id EXE RCI S.E 3 9. ver' diet judg' ment de cis' ion bane ful bale ful per ni cious wait er serv ant do mes tic cease less end less e ter nal do ven part ed di vid ed scan dal dis grace' dis cred it con ceal' dis guise dis sem ble con ceive sup pose im ag ine SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 105 EX.ERC IS E 340. con sign' trans for' de liv' er dis mask un mask un c6v er a muse di vert en ter tiin' dis claim e re nounce dis a vow be long per tain ap per tain cap size up set o ver turn con' quer van' quish o ver c6me bull y hec tor dom i neer.EXEHRCIS E 341. till' age farm' ing cult' ure hus' band ry hand some pret ty come ly beau ti ful ac tion post ure gest ure at ti tulde fab ric build ing structure edif ice glu ey stiliy vis cous glu ti nous duc tile flex ile lim ber flex i bie roam er ram bler stroll er "wan der er run let brook let stream let riv u let.EXER CISE 342. pee' vish fret' ful spleen' y splen' e tie plot ter plan ner sehem er con triv' er ra tion por tion pit tance al low ance pu pil l arn er sehol ar dis ci pie o men pre sage to ken prog nos tic state ly pomp ous au gust' majes tic re bus rid die 9ha rade e nig ma chas ten pun ish chas tie cas' ti gate EXERCISE 343. lav' ish waste' ful pro fuse' prod' i gal ban ter ral ly de ride rid i cule hu mor fan cy ca price va ga' ry suf fer al low' per mit tol' er ate a non' a pace quick' ly speed i ly ful fill coin plete per form' ex e cute en roll en list re cord reg is ter mis chance mis hap ill-luck mis fort' ane 1-~ ~ ~____ 106 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. EXER C I 18 344. aug ment' en large' ex tend am' pli. fy a maze con found I astound as ton' ish as cribe im pute as sign at trib ute be troth af fy es pouse af fi ance a rouse ex cite be stir a wak en con' strue ex plain ex pound in ter pret a bate' less' en de crease di mnin sh tran' quil qui et j pac'c ful,: peace' a ble -/ ~-~. EJXERCIS child' ish youth' ful. pu' er ile ju' ve nile car nage slaugh ter b.ltch er y mas sa ere won der mar vel mir a le prod i gy sun dry di vers va ri ous sev er al thrall dom bond age slav er y serv i tude off spring chil dren prlog e ny de scend' ants bal ance remi nant're i due re rmain der plead er law yer - ad vo cate de fend er EXfR CISE 34 6. for' mer pri' or preo' vi ous pre ced' ing scoff er mock er de luid' er de rid er mind ful heed ful at ten tive ob serv ant dlir ing daunt less cou ra geous de fi ant tu tor teach er pre cep tor in struct or pur suit' call ing vo ca tion employ ment an nul re peal' a bol ish ab' ro gate en treat )he seech so lic it sup pli cate.E X 1I Ci S r S 47. ex cuse' de fend' ex cul' pate jus' ti fy de note im ply in' di cate sig ni fy in duce im pel act u ate in flu ence for sake de ~ert a ban' don re lin' quish serv' ice a vail ben' e fit ad van tage her mit re cluse anch o ret as cet ic wor ship a dore ven er ate rev' er ence a vorse' back' ward un will' ing re luc' tant SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 107 EXER CISE 3 4. con dign' w6r' fhy de serv' ed ner' it ed ii nesse qhi cane' artP i fice strat a gem ruth' less pit' i less du ra ble per ma nent dwell er a bid' er re~ i dent so' journ er pro voke' tan' talize ir ri tate ag gra vate be witch cap ti vate fas ci nate en am' or dis' cord dis sen' sion con ten' tion va' ri ance tempt er en ti9 cr al 1r a er se du' cer EXE1dRCISE 349. tim' id t, tim' or ous cow' ard ly mad man.In na tic ma ni ac clem ent le ni cuat mer ci ful d.og ile teach a ble tract a ble trtuy ver i ly re ally deft ly skill ful ly dex trous ly hal low con se crate ded i cate wa ver flue tu ate vaq il late 1EXEBGI CSE 330. tire' some te' di ous wea' ri some wealth y op u lent ~ af flu ent w6n drous won der ful mar vel ous fawn er syc o phant par a site speak er or a tor de claim' er o de cent dec o rous be cmrn ing cost ly sump tu ous ex pen sive ex it ex o dus de part ure EXEBCI S 351. har' dy res' o lute in trep' id con trite pen i tent re pent ant knav ish fraud u lent dis hon est wiz ard conjur er en chant er wh61 ly to tal ly com plete ly mod el par a digm ex am pie ad verse re pug' nant con flict ing rest ing re pos ing qui es cent ~ ~ ~, ~'..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' 108 SAND.ERS' UNION SPELLER. T EX ER CI SE 352. fruit' ful pro lif' ic pro duc' tive cas cade' wa' ter fall cat' a ract con tent sat is fy grat i fy mis rule an are y dis or' der es trange al ien ate dis af feet' re prove rep ri mand rep re hend slack' ness re miss' ness neg' li genco fa tYgue' wea' ri ness las si tude VEXERCI E 3 3. ~-II' { - --. I' dom' i cil res' i dence per' ma nent du' ra ble a que ous wa ter y con di ment sea son ing el e ment ru di ment mod i fy qual i fy cer ti fy tes ti fy per fi dy treach er y dep u ty del e gate tem per ate mod er ate des pot ism tyr an ny vaq il late flue tu ate cor ri dor gal ler y sane ti ty holi ness po table drink a ble meth od ize sys ten ize EXER CISE 354. hor' ri ble ter' ri ble in' su late is' o late in mo late sac ri fice in fa mous scan dal ous grav i ty so ber ness leg i ble read a ble al ma nac cal en dar sol i tude lone li ness ar du ous dif fi cult se ere cy pri va cy ru mi nate med i tate ran cor ous vlr u lent in ter im in ter val nu di ty na ked ness wise acre.sie ple ton pleas ant ry erri ment EXER CISE 355.'. stim' u late en cour' age con' fi dence re li' ance ad e quate suf fi cient dis so nant dis cord ant du bi ous un cer tain mal a dy dis tem per ban ish ment ex pul sion pec u late em bez zle am a zon vi ra go gar ru lous lo qua cious cher u bic an gel ic an i mate en liv en con ver sant fa mil iar coun sel or ad vig er cor per ate col leo tive o ver ture pro pos al SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 109 EXERP& CISE 356. mock' er y de ris' ion con tr' tion pen' i tence on er ous bir' den some ec stat ic rap tur ous por ti co pi az' za ex am inc scru ti nize a pos' tate ren' e gade fa ce tious hu mor ous pu is sant pow er ful pa ter ial fa fher ly ca thar tic purg a tive ma ter nal m6th er ly ce les tial heav en ly fra ter nal broth er ly con sol er com fort er e lix ir cor di al E XEl CIS 3 57. ath let' ic vig' or ous au then' tic gen' u inc re sem ble im i tate o pin ion sen ti ment mo men tum im pe tus a bate ment de duc' tion pre dic tion proph e cy ap por tion dis trib ute mo rose ness sul len ness at trac tive al lr ing a lu sion ref er ence e n sive e va sive dis sem bier hyp o crite con triv ance in ven tion re hears al re cit' al con clu sive de ci sive EXERC IS E 358. fru' tion en joy' ment in vent' or con triv' er ces sa tion sus pen sion im pel lent im pul sive conjune tion con nec tion pro tect ive de fen sive co er cion com pul sion tu 1 tion in struc tion er rat ic ec cen tric pe ti tion en treat y e~ ac tion ex tor tion con du cive pro mo tive ex cep tion ex clu sion gi gan tic e nor mous for bid ding re pul sive de lud er rde cciv er.EXERCISE 359. col lec' tion as sem' blage in' tri cate com' pli cate se clu sion re tire ment vo ta ry dev o tee' ac ces sion ad di tion me di ate in ter cede re cum bent, re clin ing gas con ade' bra va' do il le gal un law ful in dis pose dis in cline' in ces sant un ceas ing dis a buse un de ceive in tes tine in ter nal dis al low dis ap provQ rec ol lect' re mem ber fas' ci nate cap' ti vate 110 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. E XI C1'SE 360. in' do lence i' die ness la,' zi ness fer vent ly ar dent ly zeal ous ly per ti nent ap po site suit a ble priv i ly pri vate ly se cret ly ed i ble es cl lent eat a ble bash ful ness mod est y dif fi dence ar a ble plow a ble till a ble spright li ness viv id ness live li ness EXIFCR S C E 3 61. or' i fice ap' er ture o' pen ing fu gi tive run a gate run a way clar i fy def e cate pu rify quer u lous maur mur ing crm plain' ing rav en ing rav en ous ra pa cious bur i al sep ul ture in ter ment can di date ap pli cant as pir ant sub s6 quent fol low ing sue ceed ing':-ERCISE 3 C. cod' i cil sup' ple ment ap pen' dix au thor ize em pow' er com mis sion ca ter er pur vey or pro vid er corn ic al di vert ing a mus ing'jeop ard ize im per il en dan ger dis pir' it dis Ihert en dis cour age de file ment pol lu tion cor rup tion ac cum bent re cum bent re clin ing REXIE CIS.E 363. en com' pass en cr' cle en vi' ron spec ta tor ob serv er be hold er dif fu sion dis per sion ex ten sion de mean or de port ment be hav ior."allureient en tice ment temp ta tion'u ten sil im' ple ment in' stru ment em phat ic im press' ive for ci ble in ter diet' in hib it pro hib' it SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 11 -EXER vCIJEE 364. per' il ous haz' ard ous dan' ger ous som no lence drow si ness sleep i ness al i ment nu tri ment nour ish ment corn plai sant af fa ble court e ous co pi ous plen ti ful a bun' dant way ward ness fro ward ness per verse ness nu tri tive nu trn' tious nour' ish ing crab bed ness crust' i ness sur li ness ar gu er rea son er de bat' er om in ous por tent' ous fore b5d ing pre diet' or pre sag er fore tell er fXE CIsE 3 65........''~ ---- (~ t — tent tab' er na cle steep pre cip' i tous just eq ui ta ble flay ex co ri ate frith es tu a ry scare in tim i date spy em is sa ry guido di rect o ry verge ex trem' i ty fond af fec tion ate zeal en thu si asm awe yen e ra tion heir in her it or fame rep u ta tion birth Lativity praise com men dation depth pro fun di ty flaw im per fee tion same i den tic al flash cor us ca tion rash pre cip i tate searchl exploration speed ve log i ty sport -t rec re a tion LEPXECIISE 366. love' ly a' mi a ble stand' ard cri te' ri on tar dy dil a to ry frail ty in firm i ty friend ly am i ca ble li my cal ca re ous styl ish fash ion a ble west ern hes pe ri an ve nal mer ce na ry anx ious so lic it ous time ly sea son a ble a dapt ac cor mo date rov ing mi gra to ry zeal ot en thu si ast mid dling me di o cre moist ure hu mid i ty ripe ness ma tu' ri ty same ness i den ti ty swift ness ra pid i ty life less in an i mate 112 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. XE lI CI S 7 36 7 cur' die co ag' u late dwell' er in hab' it ant toil some la bo ri ous rash ness te mer i ty art ist ar tif' i cer be head' de cap i tate pen sion an nu i ty con dense con sol i date spe cial par tic u lar at tend ac corn pa ny en voy em bas sa dor ex cuse a pol o gy name less a non y mous de stroy an ni hi late pre vail' pre dom i nate dis sect a nat o mize a dopt af fil i ate blood y san' gui na ry en rage ex as pe rate par take par tip' i pate de test a bor i nate boast' ful os ten ta' tious dis card re pu di ate cor ment ex pla na tion un like dis sim i lar priest ly sa9 er do tal e clipse ob scu ra' tion learn ing er u di tion E X IER_ I CSI 3 68. main' ly chief' ly prin' ci pal ly hein ous fla grant ag gra va ted no ted mark ed cel e bra ted gor mand glut ton gor mand iz er dis trict re gion ter ri to ry bliss ful hap py fe'lic' it ous le gal law ful le git i mate ord nance can non ar til ler y health ful whole some sa lu bri ous.EX EI CS X 369. a bridge' short' en ab bre' vi ate ad vice coun sel ad mo ni' tion ab surd fool ish pre pos ter ous probP lem ques tion prop o si' tion clam or out cry ex cla ma tion ab solve' re lease' ex on' er ate de pict por tray de lin e ate fear' ful a fraid ap pre hen' sive bet ter im prove a mel' io rate SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 113 EX1ECISE 370. dry' ness ar' id ness a rid' i ty doubt ful du bi ous am big u ous mos lem mus sul man Mo ham med an squeam ish scru pu lous fas tid i ous wan ton lech er ous las civi ous press ing stren u ous im por tu nate stal wart vig or ous re doubt a ble base ness tur pi tude de prav i ty pray er or i ~on sup pli ca' tion witch craft sor cer y con ju ra tion shrewd ness a cute' ness pen e tra tion EREX CI SE 3 71. a bode' res' i dence hab i ta' tion re proach ob lo quy op pro' bri um prog ress im prove' ment pro fi cien cy hos tile'un friend ly in im ic al pon der con sid er de lib er ate prop er pe cdl iar ap pro pri ate tri umph o va tion ex ul ta' tion ma ic en chant ment in can ta tion change a ble mu' ta ble va' ri a ble trai tor ous treach er ous in sid' i oUS rel e vant per ti nent ap' pli ca ble VXEfRCISF 372. te' di unm rk' some ness wea' ri some ness pil la ging plun der ing pred a to ry sport ive ness play ful ness hi lar' i ty dy nas ty gov ern ment sv' er eign ty vi o lent fu ri ous im pet' u ous faith ful ness trust i ness fi deli ty prob i ty hon es ty in teg ri ty bois ter ous tur bu lent tu mult u ous serv i tude slav ish ness ser vil i ty du te ous du ti ful o be di ent sa ving ness thrift i ness fru gal i ty 114 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. E XERCI S 373. cor' pu lence flesh' i ness o bes' i ty knav ish ness knav er y dis hon es ty laud a ble praise wor fhy corn mend a ble op po site con tra ry an ti thet' ic an ces tor fore fa ther pro gen' i tor hand i craft work man ship man u fact' ure col lo quy di a logue con ver sa tion dens i ty corn pact' ness so lid' i ty quan da ry di lem ma per plex i ty de cen cy de co rum pro pri e ty con tra band for bid den pro hib it ed EXER CrSE 374. em' bas sy le ga' tion dep u ta' tion des o late de sert ed sol' i ta ry a bet' tor fo ment er in sti ga tor pro pi tious aus pi cious fa vor a ble re lent less re morse less uln pit' y ing corn pie tion ful fill ment ac corn plish ment ex pert ness a droit ness dex ter i ty ad ja cent adjoin ing con tig u ous as ser tion a ver ment dec la ra' tion ap prai~ al ap prize ment val u a tion se di tion re bell ion in sur ree tion.EXE7R CISE 375. ab hor' rence a ver' sion det es ta' tion in frac tion in fringe ment vi o la tion ad journ ment post pone ment pro ro ga tion de struc tion sub ver sion dem o li tion im peach ment in dict ment ac cu sa tion ac quire ment at tain ment ac qui si tion ad ven ture en' ter piise un der tak ing ad just ment set tie ment reg u la tion a dorn ment or na ment em bel' lish ment pri me val prim i tive o rig in al ma gi cian sor cer er nec ro man cer SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 115 SECTION XVII.' PA ONYMOUS WORDS. BY paronymous words are here meant such as are alike in pronunciation, but different in spelling and meaning. X The words of this class, it will be noticed, are here arranged according to the vowel elJeent in each, however represented.* ZEXERCISE 376. ia, a Bale, pack of goods. Pale, wan; whitish. Bail, surety. Pail, open iesselfor water, etc. Ale, malt liquor. j Tale, a story. Ail, to trouble; distress. Tail, the end. Sale, act of selling. Vale, a valley. Sail, to move by sails. Vail, covering for the face. Hale, sound; healthy. Wale, ridge; mark withl wales. Hail, frozen drops of rain. Wail, lament; bemoan. Male, a he-nimal. Lane, narrow way, or road. Mail, ltter-bag. Lain, extended; being at rest. Fnle, temple, or shrine. YVale weathercock. Fain, gladly; willingly. Vain, conceited. Feign, pretend. V ein, blood-vessel. * For example, the regular long sound of a is represented in six or seven different ways; for a in ale, ai in mail, ei in vein, ea in break, e in fete, au in gauge, ey in prey, ay in bays, are all exactly alike in sound, though different in form from each other. In words of more than one syllable, it should be added, the point of identity, on which tho arrangement is based, lies in the accented syllable. The words in this Section, and in the next, offer numerous illustrations of the powers and uses of the vowels, Regular, Occasional, and Exceptional, and should be studied in this view particularly. @ ~ -- ^~~ 116 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. EXERCISE 3 77. a a Mane, hair on the neck of a Rain, water from the clouds. Main, chief; the ocean. [beast. Rein, strap of a bridle. Pane, a square of glass. Reign, to rule, as a king. Pain, distress. Wane, decrease. Plane, to make smooth. Wain, a wagon. Plain, level; clear. Base, vile; mean. Ate, did eat. Bass, gr9avest part of music. Ait, little island. Brake, tool for dressing flax. Eight, twice four. Break, to sever by force. Bate, to abate; deduct from. Chaste, pure; undefiled Bait, a lure; to harass. Chased, pursued. EXEI R CISE 378.. a Fate, lot; destiny.' Phrase, expression. [stakes. Fete, a feast. Fraise, defense of pointed IGate, door, or entranc. Frays, broils; combats. Gate, door, or entrance. G et pledge Gait, mode of walkiig. ge, to pledge. Gauge, a measure. Grate, range of bars; to rub. aze, intricacy. Great, large; vast. Maize, india coy.Maize, Indian corn. Navo, hub of a wheel. Wade, to ford. Knave, a cheat. Weighed, did zweigh. Place, situation. Waste, spend lavishly. Plaice, a flat-fish. Waist, middle of the body. EXER. CISE 379..~a a Plate, flat piece of metal. Wait, stay; delay. Plait, to fold. Weight, heaviness. Raze, to subvert; demolish. Wave, a billow. Raise, to lift up. Waive, give up; put off. Stake, a post; a wager. Faint, weak; languid. Steak, slice of meat. Feint, false show; pretense. Bay, gulf; a color. Braze, to solder with brass. Bey, a Turkish governor. Brays, does bray. SANDERS' UNION SP.ELLER. 117 E XER CSE 38 0. a a Baize, coarse woolen cloth.. Hany, dried grass. Bays, laurels. Hey, an expression ofjoy. Day. tihumefromn sunrise tosun- Pray, entreat; supplicate. Dey, governor of Algiers. [set. Pey, spoil; booty. Slay,7f 11.l Strait, close; narrow path. ^^ ^7,,. ~ Straight, direct. Sley, a weaver's reed. S, OSeigh, carriage o- runners. *Tray, small trouzgh; a waiter. Slelah, carriage on runners. Tr ey, the three at cards or dice. Way, road, or path. Braid, to weave; twisted cord. TW0eigh, to balance; poise. Brayed, did bray, as an ass. Nay, no. Paste, dough for pies; sticky N eigh,'to whinny, as a horse. Paged, did pace. [substance. EXERCISE 38 1. a a Bat' ing, abating; excepting. A va e, to let down; depress. Bait ing, putting on bait. A vail, to profit. Grat er, instrument to grate Cam pagne, a kind of wine. Great el, larger. Lwith. Chan paign, level country. az. in. ovr In vade, to assail; attack. Raz ino, ove~rtlhowing; de- In veicrh ed, did inveigh. stroyqing.'stroyitg. 7-o 7 Ce ta' ceous, having the nalais ing, ifin; exal tuine ofwhales. [of bristles. Strait en, to narrow; stint. Se ta ceous, having the nature Straight en, to make straight. Sal'a ble, that may be sold. Strait ly, narrowly. Sail a ble, that may be sailed Straight ly, in a straight line. over. EXERJCISE 382. e e Be, to exist. Mete, to measure. Bee, an insect.. Meet, to assemble; suitable. Cede, to yield;' give up. Meat, flesh Jbrfood. Seed, to sow, or scatter seed. Cere, to cover with wax. Scene, a view, or sight. Sear, to burn; dry; withered. Seen, beheld. Seer, a prophet. Seine, large fishing net. phet Seine) 118 SIANDERS' UNION SPELLER. EXJSECIS E 383. e 5 Here, in this place. The, definite article. Hear, to perceive by the ear. { Thee, thysef. Beer, a malt liquor. [dead. I Beech, name of a tree. Bier, hand carriage for the I Beach, the sea-shore. Beet, a garden vegetable. Cheep, to chirp, as a bird. Beat, to strike; throb. I Cheap, low-priced. Breech, lower part of the body. i Deer, a wild animal. Breach, a break; a gap. Dear, beloved; costly. Ceil, overlay the top of a room. Feet, plural of foot. Seal, marine animal; stamp. Feat, exploit; deed. Creek, small stream, or inlet. Fees, rewards. [a rope. Creak,a harsh, grating sound. Feaze, to untwist, as the end of 1 EX PS CISE 3 8 4. S e Freeze, to congeal. i Flee, to run away. Frieze, coarse cloth; a cornice. Flea, an insect. Greece, name of a country. Lee, side opposite to the wind. Grease, fat. Lea, meadow; plain. Grieves, pains; aqflcts. Key, that which lockcs. Greaves, armorfor the legs. Quay, a mole, or wharf. Heel, hind part of the foot. Lief, willingly; gladly. Heal, to cure. Leaf, part of aplan7t. Lean, thin; meager; incline. Leek, sort of onioin. Lien, legal claim. Leak, ooze; run out. EXIR lC1 SE 385. e e feecl, reward. Leach, pass water through Mead, meadow; a drinki, Leech, a blood-sucker. [ashes. Mean, low; base. Peace, rest; quietness. Mien, look; aspect. Piece, a part. Piece, a part. Mesne, middle; intervening. Need, want. I Peak, top; summit. jfnead, to work, as dough. Pque, ofense; spite. Neal, temper by heat. Peel, to strip off; to skin. Kneel, to rest on the knees. Peal, loud sound. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 119 JXEIEt CISE 386. Queen, consort of a n7cg. Peer, an equal; nobleman. Quean) a worthless womrn. Pier, s-upport of an arch. Reed, plant; weaver's tool, Please, give pleasure, Read, to peruse. Pleas, pleadings. Reek, emit smoke or vapor. Sheer, pure; unmixed. Wreak, take vengeance. Shire, county, or district. See, perceive by the eye. Shear, clip with scissors. Sea, great body of water. Sleeve, covering for the arm. Seem, appear. Sleave, to part threads. Seam, join by sewing. Steel, hardened iron, Seize, grasp. Steal, to take by theft. Sees, does see. Sweet, agreeable to the taste, Seas, more than one sea. Suite, train; series, XEXERCI SE s 387. TMal, a web-footedfowl. NWeen, thinkc; deem. Tell, lime-tree. \Wean, draw f of; alienate. Teem, be full; bring forth. Wheel, circular frame. Team, horses or oxen in har- Wheal, pustule. Week, seven days. [ness. Leave, quit; abandon, Weak, feeble;?infirim. Lieve, gladly; willingly. Weel, snare or trap for fish. Reeve, bird; t/o pass a rope, Weal, well-being; happiness. Reave, take away; to rob. EXER sCIs 3 s88. Ceil' ing, the inner roof, Ar rear' what remains due. Seal ing, fixing a seal. Ar riere, last bodyof an army. Sen ior, elder; older, De mean, to behave; deport, Seign ior, lord,; title of honor. De me.sne chief manor-place. Ve nus, one of the planets. Dis creet, prudent. Ve nous, of the veins. Dis crete, distinct; separate. Week ly, once a week. Seem'ing, appearing. Weak ly, infirm; invalid, Seam ing, making seams. 120. SANDERR S' UNION SPELLER. El 1R CI sT 3S 9. 1 i Bite, press or crush wilh the Hire, wages; to 7et. Bight, a emall bay. [teeth. Higli er, mnore hligh Cite to summon.; repeat. Isle, a small island. Sight, ) a view; scene. I'11, I will Site, situation; locality. Aisle, passage in a church. Blite, kcnd of plant. Mite, minute insect. Blight, to blast; destroy. Might, force; power. Clime, region; climalte Nice, neat; dainty. Clrxib, mount; ascend, Glneiss, a species of rock. Highl, lofty;. elevated. Night,/fron sunset to sunrise. HRie, hasten; run. kEnight, champioan. ZX B ru C I s $ 39 0. I 1 Quire, twenty-four sheeos of Size, bulk; bigness.. Choir, body of ingers.[pap~er. Sice, number six at dice. Rice, esculent qrain. does s mo Riie, act of rising; ascent. Sliht, neglect. Sleigcht, a t'ick. Ring, circle; a sound. Sg a t. rincr, czzcle; to sount. Tide flow cf the sea,, ring, to twist. Tied, bound; fastened. Rite, ceremony. Find;,: discover. Write, trace letters wil a pen. Fined, taxed. Right, just; proper. Ap prize', o va: rate. nrig:ht, ca wuorknman. Apprise, to give notice;inform. Sine, line in mathematics. In dite, to compose. [law. Sign, mark; signal. In diet, accuse in a court of EZ X XER CI S L 8391. Bole, body of a tree. Borne, carried; conveyed. Boll, pod of a plant. Bourn, limit; boundary. Bore, make a hole; qweary. Toad, an animal. Boar, the male of swine. Towed, did tow. Blote, to dry and smoke. Bow, instrument to shoot.arBloat, to puff, or swell out. Beau, man of dress. [rows. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 121.EXER CI SE 3 9. Q.0 Broach, ierce as with a spit. Foe, enemy. Irooch, breastpin. Foh, fie; word ofcontempt. Course, way; career. Fore, befre. Coarse, not fine; rough, Four, twice two. Fort, strony platce; fortress. Core, Jhea1rt; innerpart. Forte, ones strong point. Coips, body of troops, Forth, f,'ward. Cote, pen; fold. Fourth, next afer the thirdi. Coat, outer garment Glome, roundish head of | Doe, female deer. flowers. i Dough, unbaked paste. Gloam, to be sullen, or surly..XE @IRCXIS 393. 6 o Gloze, to flater. 1tole, hollow place; cavity. Glows, des glow; burns. I hole, all entire. Groan, sound uttered from Hose, stockings. pain. a. Hoes, more t^an one ]oe, Grown, arrived at fll size. olitar. Loan, to lend. Horde, tribe or clan. Lo, look; behold. Hoard, to lay. ul; amass. Low, not high; humble. Ho, a word to excite attention. Lore, learning. Hoe, tool used in farming. Low' er, lss high..EXE JRCIS.E 394. o o Moan, lament; bewail. N\6me, province or district. Mown, cut down, as grass. Gnome, spirit; goblin. Mote, ine paricleO. Ore, mretal in fossil state. Mioat, ditchnfor drcfense. Oar, sort ofpaddle for rowing. Moat ditchfor dfense. oP O'er, over; above. More, greater in amount. Oh, o oswprise pain. Oh, word of s wprise, or pain. M8ow er, one t sat mows. Owve, to be in debt. No, nay; not any. ible, rod; long stick. Know, have knowledge of.' Poll, the head; to register. 122 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER.'0 m in tit C I o 3' 9. Pore, minute hole. [water. Rte, rouline; ind ofguitar. Pour, to cause to issue as Wrote, did write. Port, harbor; haven. Shone, did shine. Porte, Turkish Court, Shown, held out to view.'Rde, did ride. Sie, wild plum. Road, way; route. Slow, not fast; sluggish. Row ed, did rouw Sole, only; bottom of the foot. Roar, cry aloud. s Soul, immortal part of man. Row er, one that rows. So, thus; in like manner. Roe, female of the hart. [oars. Sow, scatter seed. Row, a rank; to propel by Sew (so), join with a needle..ISXERCIXsL 390. 6. o Sore, wound; ulcer. Tole to draw; to allure Soar, mount up; ascend. Toll, tax; to ring, as a bell. Sow er, one that sows aeed. Goredpiercedas with a horn. Throe, extreme pain. Gourd, kind of plant. Throw, cast; hurl. Ode, song; hymn. Throne, seat of a monarch. Owed, did owe. Thrown, cast; hurled. Roam, wander; stray. Toe, part of the foot. Rome, name of a city. Tow, coarse part of lax. Bold' er, more bold, Told, did tell. Bould er, large, round stone. Toled, did tole; allured. Hfo ly, sacred: divirLe. Tolled, did tax; did ring. lWhol ly, entirely. lxiEX PIISC 397. Due, what is owed; debt. UTe, to employ. Dew, noisture. Ewes, female sheep. Hue, color; an outcry. Flue, smoke-passage. Hew, to cut. Flew, did fly. Blue, a color. Miule, a mongrel animal. Blew, did blow. Mewl, to cry, as a child. Mcwl, to cry, as a child. ] SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 123 EXERCISE 898. Muse, to think. You, thyself Mews, cages for birds. Yew, a tree. New, fjesh; not old. Pu ny, small; feeble..Knew, did know. Puis ne, inferior in rank. Slue, to turn about the axis. Mu' cus, a slimy fluid. Slew, did slay. M u cous, slimy; like mucus. ZXJ- R crIS 399. Y? By, near; through. Eye, oran of sight. Buy, purchase. I, mysef Dye, color; tinge. Gybe, to shf a boom-sail. Die, to expire. Gibe, to mock; to jeer. Rye, sort of grain, [side, Rhyme, sameness of zound. Wry, twisted; turned to one Rime, hoarfrost. Lyre, musical instrument. Tyre, name of a city. Li' ar, one that lies. Tire, to fatigue. Thyme, a plant. Dy' ing, expiring P perishing. Time, measure of duration. Dye ing, coloring. [cord. Lye, water passed thro' ashes, Eye let, small hole for lace or Lie, untruth; falsehood. Is let, a small island. E XE C IS 400. Ab, a month in the Jewish Jag, small loacd Abb, yarnfor the warp.[year. Jagg,, to notch, or inzdent. Adz, a cooper's tool. Jam,press; conserve offi'uits. Adds, does add; joins. Jamb, sidepiece of a chimney. Dam, mother of brutes. Ldx, loose; remiss. Damn, condemn. [liquor.} Lacks, does lack; wants. Dram, drink of spirituou Nag, small horse. Drachm, eighth of an ounce, Kinag, knot in wood. Bad, evil; wicked. i Nap, a short sleep; doze. Bade, did bid; ordered. inap, to bite; a hillock. 124 SANTDERS' UNION SPELLTER. EXERCtISE 401. - E s a Rack, engine of torture. Cal' lus,a hardness of the skin. 1/Vrack, sea-weed. Cal lous,hardened; urnfeeling. Rap, slight blow; to strike. Can non, large gun. Wrap, Jbld up2. Can on, a law, or rule. Tax, rate imposed; duty. Can vas, coarse cloth. Tacks, small nails. Can vass, to discuss; examine. An' il, a s1hrub Pan el, a jury roll. An ie, old-womanish, Pan nel, a rustic saddle. Faq et, a little face. Pact, league; contract. Cal id, hot; burning. Gal' i pot, a white resin. Cal lid, cun ning; crafty. Gal li pot, pot for medicines. B6Il, a hollow sounding vessel. Cense, a public tax. Belle, gay youny lady. Sense, power of perception. Blend, mix; mingle. [lead. ent, coer coin. Blende% ore of zinc; moc Se Scent, odor; perfume. Bred, brought up; begotten. Jest, joke. Bread, article ojfood. Gest, eed; action. Cell, small close room. Guest visitor Sell, to part with for a price. Guessed, did guess. REXE Z C I s 403. Lecd, did lead; conductedl, est, peace; freedom from Lead, a soft metals Wrest, distort; pervert. [toil. Red, a color. Retch, effort to vomit. Read, did read;perused. lWretch, miserable creature. Reck, care; heed. Step, pace; wal. Wreck, destroy. -Steppe, barren plain. SANDERS' UNIONT SPELLER. 125j EX.1R.CIS-E 404. BMr' ry, a small fruit. Weafh' er, stcte of the air. Ba ry, to cover; to inter. Weth er, a sheep. Les sen, to decrease. As sent', to agree to. Les son, a taak; a precept. As cent, a rising ground. Ces sion, a giving up, agrant. Con cent, concord of sounds. Ses sion, a sitting inz council. Con sent, assent; free-will. Pen cil, instrument to draw I ten' tion, design;purose. Pen siloe hanging. [with. In ten sion, a strelching. EXE.I CtSM 405. In, within. Sink, to settle down. Inn, a tavern. Cinque, five. Bin, a box; chest. Bit, part of a thing. Been, existed. Bitt, frame to fasten a cable. Gild, overlay with gold. KIll, slay; murder. Guilld a society. Kiln, oven to bake brick in, Gilt, overlaid with gold. Iist, hush; be silent Guilt, crime; fault. Hiss ed, did hiss. REXVRxCXSJ 406. i i ist) water in very fine drops. Gild' er, one who gilrs. Miss ed, did miss; failed. Guild er~ a Dutch coin. Nit, egg of an insect. Griz zly, somewhat gray. IKnit, to wveave with needles. Griq ly, frightful; hideous.. piece of wood.. Per mist ci ble, that may be Stick, short piece oJ wood. mixed Stich, line o jpoetry. Per mis si ble, allowabk. Dis' eus, a 7.loit. In cTp i ence, commencement. Dis cous, brocad; fiat; wide. In sip i ence, want of wisdom. Fil ter, to strain. In cis ion, a cutting into. Phil ter, a love potion; charm. In sI tion, a setting in; graft. 126 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER.;XBs 0i s- d 0 -7.. 0 Lock, to fasten with a lock7. Pol y pus, a thing with many Lough, a lake. feet, or roots. Hock, a kind of wine. Poly pous, like thepolypus. Hough, lowerpartof the thigh.r g.^ 7^'Sar coph a gus, stone coffin. Not, a word ofdenial; no. * Sar coph a gous, flshAeating. Knot, a tie; to tie, Sir' rel, a plant. The oc' ra cy, government imSor el, a buck of the thir'd year. mediately under God. Ton sil, gland in the throat. The oc ra sy, mixture of the Ton sile, that may be clipped. worship of different gods. I X'. R G I $S - 8.S,. EXEUGIS1 408. Stn, orb of light and heat, Plum, a kind of fruit, Son, a male child. Plumb, upright; erect. Dun, ask payment; a color. Ruff.plaited linenfor the neck. D6ne, finished; completed. Rough, uneven. Dust, fine particles of dry Chuff, a clownish person. Dost, performest. Learth. Chough, a fowl. Just, right; proper. Rung, did ring; sounded. Joust, tilt; mock-fight. TIrung, did ring; twisted.'EXSS:CISE 400. Mum, a malt-liquor, silent. Cuict dle, to lie snug, or close. Mumm, to mask. Cud le, a small sea-fish. Skull, bone inclosing thebrain. S amount Scull,to impel a boat by n oar S ece at the stern. Nun, afemale recluse. None, no one. But, on the contrary; except CoU- inchld ofuncle or unt. Butt, to strike with the lead to chet Coz en, to cheat. Sun' less, without the sun. Sut' tle, net weight. S6n less, without a son. Sub tle sly; artful. I SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 127 EXEX CI SE 410. Lynx, animal of the cat kind. Iyp, low sprits. Links, parts of a chain. Hip, joint of t tzhigh. Hymn, a sacred song. Styx, afabled river. Him, that one. Sticks, pieces of wood. Wynn, kind of truck, or car- Lyn, a waterfall. Win, to gainby contest. [riage. Lin, to yield; to cease. Cyst, sac; bladder. Pyx, a box. Sist, to stay proceedings. Picks, does pick; chooses. Cyn'ic al, snarling; captious. Cyg' net, a young swan. Sin i cal, pertaining to a sine. Sig net, a seal. lEXERCiS s 411. a. a Bare, nude; naked. Pare, to cut; to trim. Beaar, an animal; to suzger. Pair, a couple. Pear, a kcinc offruit. Fare, food; cost of a passage. knd offruit. Fair, clear; comely. Stare, to gaze. Stair, a step for going up. Glare, a dazzling liht. Tae, allowance. Glair, the white of an egg. er, to enc; to ner. Ware, merchandise; cautious. Par' ed, didpare; trilmed. Wear, to waste by friction.'Pair d, poined in pairs. Hare, an animal. Glar ed, dazzled. Hair, filament fron the skin. Glair ed, smeared with glair. EXERCiSE 412. a,? a Hart, a male deer. Cask, a vesselfor liquors. Heart, the vital part; the core. Casclue, armor or the head. Ark, a chest; close vessel.. Cast, to throw, or hurl. Arc, part of a circle. Caste, a tribe, or clan. Barb, clown of plants; beard. Draft, to outline; to sketch. Barbe, leather armorfor hores. Draught, a drawing; a Mar' shal, chief; to range in drinlk. order. Past, not present; ended. Mar tial, warlike; brave. Pass ed, did pass. 128 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. EXERCISEi7 413. a' a Ball, a round body. Call, to name; to summon. Bawl, to cry or speak aloud. Caul, a membrane. All, the whole; total. Cause, reason; motive. Awl, a tool to pierce with. Caws, does caw. Awn, the beard of corn. [ell. Cauf, a box for fish in water. Auln, a French measure; an Cough, convulsion of the Bald, without hair. Cawk, limestone. [lungs. Bawled, did bawl; criedaloud. Calk, to stop the seams of ships. Aught, anything. Waid, guard; custody. Ought, in duty bound. Warred, did war; fought. VX RtCIs' s 414. Hall, entrance; a large room. Gall, bile; a bitter substance. Haul, to dray forcibly. Gaul, ancient name cf Erance. Pall, covering for the dead. Fawn, a young deer. Pawl, short bar of wood, or Faun, fabled deity of the Pause, to stop; cease. [iron. woods. Paws, feet of beasts. Iaw, berry of the hawthorn. Clause, part of a sentence. Haugh, a little, low meadow. Claws,hooked nails ofan imals. Salt' er, more salt; one who Wall, afence ofstone or brick. salts. Waul, to cry as a cat. /Psalt er, the Book of Psalms. EX I CIS0 1 41. 6 - e There, in that place. Serge, a woolen stuff. Their, of them. Surge, wave; billow. HI-ir, one that inherits. Berth, place to sleep in a ship. Ere, before..Birth, act of coming into liJe. Eyre, court of circuitjudges. Earn, deserve by labor. Air, fluid we breathe. Urn, vesselfor liquids, etc Heir ed, inherited. Vers ed, well skilled. Air ed, exposed to the air. Verst, a.Russian measure. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 129 IXERRCISE 416. 6o and co u Cdbm, coal-dust; soot. Grume, clotted blood. Coomb, four bushels. Groom, one that tends horses. Hoop, ring; circular band. Rude, rough; uncivil. Whoop, shout; outcry. Rued, did rue. Droop, sink, or hang down. Rood, fourth of an acre. Drupe, a pulpy fruit. Brute, a beast. oo Bruit, to noise abroad. W6ood, material of trees. Cru' el, inhuman. Would, willed; Pret. of will. Crew el, a ball of yarn. EXERCISE 417. ft'ou' Fur, fine soft hair. Flour, fine part of ground Fir, a kind of tree. Flow er, a blossom. [grain. Purl, to flow with a gentle Foul, impure; dirty. Pearl, a gem. [noise. Fiowl, a bird. Surf, swell of the sea. Bough, branch of a tree. Serf; a slave; servant. Bow, bend down; stoop. Bur' row, a hole in the ground. Fouler,morefoul. [sportsman. Bor ough, a corporate town. Fowl er, a bird-catcher; SECTION XVIII. WORDS NEARLY ALIKE IN SOUND. ISX rlCIS x 41 8. La' va, matterfrom a volcano. Rt' zor, instrument to shave. La ver, vessel jbr washing. Rlais er, one that raises. Gla cier, broad field of ice. Sa vor, taste; odor. Gla zier, one thatputs in glass. Sav er, one that saves. Na val, relating to ships. A bel, a man's name. Na vel, central part; middle. A lle, having power. A cre, 160 sq. rods of lando As say', to test, as metals. A chor, scald-head. Es say, to try; attempt. 130 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. - 3X E CISE 419. _ e e Ge' nus, a sort, or kind. B3' tel, a species of pepper. Gen i/is, aptitude; talent. Bee tle,wooden mallet; insect. Poe an, song of triumph. Cease, stop; desist. Pse on, a poetic foot. Seize, lay hold of. E ther, refined air; a fluid. Se rous, thin; watery. Ei ther, one or the other. Se ri ous, grave; earnest. E gret, a heron. De cease', death. E gri ot, a kind of cherry. Dis ease, sickness. B EXERCISE 420. i Pi'lot, steersman; guide. Bri'dal, relating to a bride. Pi late, a man's name. Bi die, head-rein; curb. I die, slot/tful. Mi ner, one that mines. I dol, image for worship. Mi nor, less; under age. I dyl, pastoral poem. Pri or, former; previous. Di vi'sor, number that divides. Pri er, one that pries. De vig or, a testator. Vi al, small glass bottle. De vis er, one that contrives. Vi ol. musical instrument. - EX-ERCISE 421. o Po6'ar, relating to the poles. Clce, to shtt up; end. Poll er, one that polls. 4 Clothes, articles of dress. Po tion, drink; draught. Tome, a volume. Por tion, share; part. Tomb, a sepulcher. Po Ey, motto; nosegay. Fore most, most advanced. Po e sy, poetry; verse. Fore mist, mast near the bow. Po ta hle, fit to drink. Fo'e man, chief man. Port a ble, able to be carried. Foe man, enemy. U. EXERCISE 422. y Du' al, relating to two. C' press, a forest tree. Du el, fight between two. C prus, crape; an island. Sut ure, act of sewing; seam. Ty phon, an evil spirit. Suit or, one that sues; lover. Ty phoon', a whirlwind. H u mer al, the shoulder.' Dr as, a wood-nymph. lIu moral, relating to humors. Dry os, kind of mistletoe. Elu'sive, tending to elude Dry ad, a wood-nymph. 11 lu sive, making afalse show. Dri ed, did dry. SANDN SRS' UNION SPELLER. 131. ZXE JCI8Z 4:23. Track, trace; footstep. Bal let, a comic dance. Tract, region; district. Ballot, ticket for voting. Ab' bey, a monastery. Bar on, a rank in nobility. Ab ba, father. Bar ren, sterile; unfruitful. An gor, intense pain. Cap tor, one that captures. An ger, passion, vexation. Capt ure, to take as a prize. Ank er, measure for liquids. Car at, weight of four grains. Ancl or, hold-fast for ships. Car rot, a garden plant. Lat in, a language. Gar ble, to game. Lat ten, plates of iron tinned. IGam bol, to leap and skip. EXER CISE 424. Ma'ner, mode; way; fashion. Stat'ue, image of wood, stone. Man or, a dominion of a lord. Stat ute, a law. Mat rass, a chemical vessel. Trav el, to journey. [pai. Mat tress, a quilted bed. Trav ail, to toil; to sufer Pal ate, the ioofofthe mouth. Cal en dar, a register of times. Pal let, a small bed. Cal en der, a hot press. Iab bet,joint; to join boards. Cap i tal, chief; a large letter. Rab bit, an animal. Cap i tol, legislature house. An a lyst, one that analyzes. Rad i cal,pertaining to a root. An nal ist, a writer of annals. Rad i cle, young root; germ..EXEf 1cSx 42. Sel'er, one that sells. Ten'or, stamp; character. Cellar, room under a house.'Ten ure, hold; claim. Med al, metal shaped like coin. De scent', a coming down. Med die, to interfere. Dis sent, disagreement. Met al, mineral, as gold, etc. E leet' or, one that elects. Met tie, spirit; courage. E lee tre, amber. Ped al, pertaining to the feet. Preq' e dent, going before. Ped die, to go about to sell. Pre i dent, one who presides. 9 132 SANDERS' UNION S.PE.LLER. EXE15 CIS:E 426. AMs' sue, a thing thrown. Bin' na cle, compass-box. Mis sal, prayer-book; ritual. Bin o cle, kind of telescope. Pil low, cushion for the head. Lic o rice, root of sweet taste. Pillar, a column. Lick er ish, dainty; delicate. Rig or, stiffness; severity. Lit er al, pertaining to letters. Rig get, one that rigs vessels. Lit to ral, relating to the shore. Pis til, part of a flower. Pis tol, small fire-arm. Prin ci palw,chef; o n. Pis tole, a gold coin. Prin ci ple, law, or rule. Ca lid' i ty, heart; warmth. Mil le na ry, thousand years. Cal lid i ty, skill; cunning. Mil ii ner y, bonnets, ribbons. E lhC it, to dram out. E lision, act of cuttingog'. I1 lic it, unlawful. E lysi an,ofElysium; happy. EXIER CIS E 427. o o 061' lar, thing worn round the H6n'or a ry,conferring honor. Chol er, bile; anger. [neck. On er a ry, burdensome. Prof it, gain; advantage. Corn pli ment, a civility. Proph et, one thatpredicts. Com pie ment, full sum. Con dor, a species of vulture. Proph e cy, prediction. Cond er, helmsman's director. Proph e sy, to predict. A pos' tie, messenger. Chron i cle, register of events. A pos til, margirinal note. Chron i cal, relating to time. De pos it a ry, a trustee. Pop u lous,full of people. De pos it o ry,place of deposit. Pop u lace, the people..EXERX CI 7S 4 8. U C11ll' er, one that culls. Scilp' tor, maker of statues. C61 or, hue; dye; tint. Sculp ture, statuary. Suck er, that which sucbks. Fa cun' di ty, readyz speech. Sue cor, aid; help. Fe cun di ty, fruitfulness. But tress, prop; support. But ter is,toolforparing hoofs. Y Pum ice, substance thrown Cym' bal, musical instrufrorn volcanoes. ment. Pom ace, crushed apples. Sym bol, type; emblem. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 133 E7 XIE R C IS 429. Mar' tin, a swallow. Lanch, to hurl as a spear. Mar ten, kind of weasel. Launch, slide, or shove of. Far ther, more distant. Pas tor, shepherd; minister. Fa ther, male parent. Pas ture, grazing-ground. Balm, a healing ointment. Cat er, a cruet; a vial. Barm, yeast. Cas tor, kind of beaver. Parse, analyze sentences. Pass a ble, able to be passed. Pass, move by; go on. Pas si ble, able to be felt. EXECIS E 430. a G Au' ger, a boring tool. De ~rt', forsake. Au gur, to predict; forebode. De~ gert, last course at table. Lawn, open space of ground. E merge, comeforth; rise. L6rn, forsaken; lonely. Im merge, plunge into. Laud, praise. Earn'ing, meriting by service. Lord, master; nobleman. Urn ing, putting into an urn. Au ri cle, external ear. Ver' tic al, directly over headcl. Or a cle,* response of a deity. Vor tic al, like a whirlpool. XER C I SE 431. I o Vir' tue, moral goodness. Srt, kind; species. Vir tu', love of the fine arts. Sought, searched after. First, foremost. Stork, large wading bird. Fust, strong musty smell. Stalk, walk pompously. f For' mer ly, in time past. Burst, brea open. For mal ly, informal manner. Bust, upper half of the body. Ord nance, cannon; mortars. Durst, dared; ventured. Or di nance, law; statute. Dust, fine particles of earth. Or (don nance, arrangement. Cur rant, afruit; dried grape. Cor po ral, relating to the body. Cur rent, flowing; passing. Cor po' re al, having a body. * The o in oracle is the regular 6 (short, not 6). 134 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. SECTION XIX. ANALYSIS OF WORDS. That part of a derivative word which contains the principal idea, is called the ROOT, or RADICAL. Thus TRACT, in the word EXTRACT, is the radical part, and means to draw. The syllable Ex, which comes before the radical, is called a PREFIX, and means out; so that the two combined signify to draw out. If now to the word EXTRACT we add the syllable ED, which is called a SUFFIX, and means did, we shall have EX TRACT ED, which, putting the meaning of the several parts together, may be defined did draw out. Thus the meaning of each part is disclosed, and the whole satisfactorily explained. This mode of dealing with words, in order to ascertain their full and exact signification, is called, ANALYSIS. It should be added, that the roots or radicals, in English, are of two kinds. Some of them are entire, independent words, and may stand in a sentence without being combined with any prefix or suffix. Thus, ACT, JOIN, SOFT, are of this kind, and are hence called separable radicals. But there are many which,,like JECT, in EJECT, CLUDE, in EXCLUI)E, and TEP, in TEPID, can never appear alone. These have a separate and independent meaning, like the others, and may be defined in the same manner; but, because of their always forming only a part of a word, they are called inseparable radicals. SANDIERS' UNION SPELLER. 135 P:1I 1 F IX ES, In the Exercises following, the PREFIX, and the RADICAL, each with the proper definition underneath, occupy the first and second columns respectively. In the third column, they are put together as one word, and in the fourth, the DERIVATIVE word thus formed, is defined by bringing together the definitions previously given of the parts taken separately. 1XERcrsIlx 432. PRutXti. RADICALS. DERIVATIVES. DEFINITIONS OP DERIVATIVES. Ab duct Ab duct', to lead from, or away. from; away. lead. Ad join Ad join', to join to. to; at; near. add. Ana lyze An' a lyze, to loosen up; resolve up; again. loosen. into element.s Ante cedent An te ced' ent, going before. before. going. Anti pathy An tip' a thy, feeling against; ill.will. against. feelinq. Be daub Be daub', smear over. by; over; make. smear. Bene factor Ben e fad' tor, one who does good. well; good. doer. 1Z X 1 X C_ I S EZ 4S 3. Circurn fluent Cir cum' flu ent, flowing around. around. flowing. Cis alpine Cis al' pine, on this side the Alps. on this side. of the Alps. Con yoke Con voke', to call together. with; together. call. Contra vene Con tra vene', to go against; oppose. against. go. De flect De flect', to turn from, or aside. from; down. turn. Dis miss Dis miss', to send away; let go. apart; away. send. EX pel, Blx pel, drive out. out; out of. drive. 136 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. EXERBB CISE 434. PfrIIXES. nADIaALS, DRtIVATIVES. DErIMITION OF DERIVATItES. Bn wrap En wrap', to fold in. in; to make, fold. Extra vagant Ex travy a gant, straying beyond limits. beyond. straying. Pore doom Pore doom', to condemn beforehand. before. condemn. Hemi sphere Hem' i sphere, half a sphere. half. globe. In -cise In cise, to cut in, or into. in; into. cut. Inter jacent In ter ja' cent, lying between. between7 lying. Intro speot In tro spect', to look within within, look. EX ERCI SE 43J. Mis guide Mis guide', to guide wrong. wrong. lead. Male factor Mal e fac' tor, one who does evil. evil; wrong. doer. Ob struct Ob sruot', to pile up in front in front; against. pile up. of; to oppose, Out last Out last', to last beyond. beyond. endure. Over value 0 ver val' ue, to prize beyond. above; beyond. prize. Per forate Per' fo rate, to bore through. through. bore. Post pone Post pone', put after; defer. after; afterwards. put. EXERCISE 436. Pre cursive Pre cur' sive, running before. before. running. Preter legal Pre ter le' gal, beyond the legal. beyond; past. lawful. Pro duce Pro duce', to lead, or bring forth. before; forth. lead. Re view Re view', to view again. again; back. see. Retro grade Ret' ro grade, to go backwards. btckwards. step. Se cede Se cede', to go aside, or apart. aside; apart. go. Semi nude Sem i nude's half naked. half. naked. - ~ ~"'' * ""' _ ^. ^ SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 137 E EXERCISE 437. PREFIXEB RADICALS, DERIVATtVEB. DEFINITIONS OF DERIVATIVS. Sub side Sub side', to settle under; sink. under sit; settle Subter fluous Sub ter' flu ous, flowing under. under. flowing. Super natant Su per na' tant, swimming above. over; above. swimming. Syn thesis Syn' the sis, a putting together. with; together. act of putting. Sus tain Sus tain', to hold up; support.. up; upward. hold. Trans port Trans port', to carry over. across; over. carry. Up lift. Up lift', to lift on high. above; on high. raise. Ultra mundane Ultra mun'dane, beyond the worldly, or beyond& worldly. whatpertains to this world. Un wise Un wise', not wise; imprudent. not. prudent. With stand With stand', to stand against. against; aside. hold ground. EXER CISE 438. Be* head Be head', to' deprive of head; deprive o cMtef part. put to death. Con vert Con vert, to turn completely; recompletely. turn. new; trasform. De - fame De fame, to deprive of character; deprive of. character. to slander. Dis arm Dis arm, to deprive of arms. deprive of. weapon. Dis credit Dis cred it, not to credit; to disnot. trust. believe. Dis sever Dis sev er, to sever entirely. entirely.. to part. In sane In sane, not sound in mind; not. sound. deranged. Un curl Un curl, to deprive of curls; deprive of. ringlet. loose from ringlets. Un # current Un cur' rent, not current; not passnot. passing. ing. * The examples in Exercise 438, are to illustrate oertain special meanings of some of the Prefixes. Thus, Be, in Behead, means to deprive of,p nd is then said to be Privabive; so De, in Defame, and Dis, in Disarm. When a Prefix signifies not, as itdislike (not to like), it is said to be Negative. When it merely adds force to the natural mea.aing of the radical, as Con, in Convert, it is said to be Intensive, and may be rendered by such words, as very, completely, entirely, etc. 138 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. SECTION XXI. DIFFERENT FORMS OF SOME OF THE PREFIXES. Some of the Prefixes have a variety of forms. Thus, AD has no less than ten, as ad, af ag, al an, ap, ar, as, at, a. These changes of form in the Prefixes are all made for the sake of euphony. IIXERCIS 439. Forms of AD. PRSIzr. tAhDICA. DEBRIVATIVSba DEFTITIOreS OF DERIVATIVI. Ad duce Ad duce' lead to; bring forward. to. lead. Af fix Af fix, fasten to; subjoin. to. Jasten. Ag gro up Ag group, gather to; bring together. to. gather. A1 lot Al lot, assign to; distribute to. assign, j An nex An nex, join to; adjoin. to joinm Ap pend Ap pend, hang to; attach. to. hang. Ar range Ar rage, range to; put in rder. to. row. As sume As sume, take to, or upon one's sef. to. take. At tract At tract, draw to; allure. to. draw. A mount A mount, rise to; come up to. to. rise. XXER C ISE 440. Forms of CON. Con nect Con nect', to link together. together. link. Cog nate Cog' nate, born together; akin. together. born. Col lect Col lect', to gather together. together. gather. Com pact Com pact, drive together; compres. together. drive.Cor ri val Cor ri' val to compete together. together. compete, Co erce Co erce' force together; compel together. force. _~~ ~ _,.......... - i ~ ~ i SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 139 EXEROCISE 441. Forms of oI. PREFIXE&. RADICAMLa DERIVATIVES. DEFINITIONS OF DBRIVATIVIS. Ob ject, Object', throw in front of; oppose. in front. throw. Oc cur Oc cur, run in front of;. come topass. in front. run, Of fer Of fer, bear in front of; present. in front. bear. O ps p pose Op pose', put in front of, or against. in front. put. Os tentation Ostenta'tion, 5 act of holding in front; in front. act of holding. display. JXER: CIS E 442. Forms of SUB and TRANS. Sub due Sub due', lead, or bring under. under. lead. Suc cumb Suc cumb, lie under; yield. under. lie. Suf fer SuP fer, bear up under; endure. under. bear. Sug gest ug gest', bring under notice; to hint. under, bring. Sup' press Sup press, press under; put down. under. force. Trans gress Trans gress, step over; violate. over. step. Tres pass Tres'pass, step over; sin against. over. 8step. E X ERCISE S 443. Forms of Is and INTER. In trude In trude', thrust in; encroach. in; not. thrust. Ig nore Ig nore, not to know; not to recognize. in; not. know. II lume I1 lume, throw light in, or on. in; not. light. Im merge Im merge, plunge in; immerse, in; not. phnge. Ir radiate Ir ra' di ate, shine in upon; illume. in; not. shine. Inter lay In ter lay', lay or put between. between. put. Enter prise E n' ter prise, take between hands; underbetween take.' take. 140 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. EX1tER CI E 444. Forms of EX and ANTL PREFIXES. RADICALS DERIVATIVES. DEFINITIONS OF tERIATIvbs8. BxS pand EIx pand', spread out; enlarge. out. spread. Eo centrio Ec cen' trio, out of the centre; odd. out. central. Ef fulge Ef fulge', shine out; beam. out. shine. volvo E volve, roll out; develop. out. roll. Anti doto An' ti dote, what is given against poison. against. giveu. Ant acid Ant ac' id, remedy againt acid agaimt, so0tr. rEXER C I SI 4 4J. Forms of AB and CONTRA. Ab solve Ab solve', loose, or free from. from. loose. Abs tain Ab stain, hold, or keep from. from: hold. A move A move, to stir, or move from. from. stir. Contra dict Con tra dict' speak against; deny. against. speak. Contro vert Con tro vert, turn against; contest. against. turn. Counter poise Coun ter poise, weigh against; to equal in against. weigh. weight. E X ERCI S E 446. Forms of DIS, SUPER AND SYN. Dis tend Dis tend', stretch apart, or out. apart. stretch. Dif fract Diffract, break apart, or in pieces.: apart. break. Di verge Di verge, bend, or tend apart; vary. apart bend. Super vene Su per vene' come over, or upon; happen. over. come. Sur pass Sur pass, step over; excel. over. step. Syn opsis Byn op sis, view together; general view. Syl lable l. as toforone sod. together. a taking. Sym posium Sym po' si un, a drinking together; feast. together, a drinking. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 141 SECTION XXI. SUFFIXES. IN this Section, the Radicals, being for the most part, very simple, are left without separate definition. In the first column, therefore, will be found the SUFFIXES, in the second, the DEFINITIONS OF THE SUFFIXES, in the third, the DERIVATIVES, and in the fourth, the DEFINITIONS OF THE DERIVATIVES. IXER CISE 447. SUFFIXES. DEFINITIONS. DBRIVATIV9S. DEFINITIONS OF DERIVATIVEt ate* to make. Lu' bric ate) to make lubric or slippery. ate made like. Glob ate, made like a globe., en to make. Soft en, to make soft. en made of. Bilk en, made of silk. fy to make. Rar e fy, to make rare, or thin. ify to make. Just i fy, to make or prove just. ize to make. Civi il ie, to make civil. ing continuing to. Walk ing, continuing to walk. ed did. Mark ed, did mark. ed having. Skill ed, having skill. ar one who. Beg gar, one who begs. er one who. Pay er, one who pays. ee one who. Pay ee', one who receives pay. or one who. Act' or, one who acts. an one who. Ro' man, one who is a native of Rome. ate one who. Cu rate, one who has a cure; a pastor. ist one who. Art ist, one who is skilled in art. * ATE and EN, in common with FY, IVY, and TzE, are defined above by the phrase " to make;" because they are commonly used to form verbs. This phrase, " to make," is taken, as a definition, merely for the sake of convenience. In many cases, other definitions, as "to cause," " to put," &o., will be found more suitable. Sometimes the suffix is the mere sign of a verb; as locate, to place. Besides this use, however, ATE and ENs, as is seen in the text, to which may be added the suffix ED, are employed to form participles and participial adjectives; and, are then defined by such phrases as, " made of," "made to," " made, or formed like," " having," " affected by," &c. 142 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. VXEtCIISE 448. BUFFIXES. DEFINITION. DERIVATIVES. DEFINITIONS OF DERIVATIVES. ner one who. Part'ner, one who has or owns a part. ster one who. Team ster, one who drives a team. yer one who. Law yer, one who is versed in law. isan one who. Par ti san, one who sides with a party. zen one who. Cit i zen, one who dwells in a city. ess a female. Li on ess, a female of the lion tribe. in a female. Her o ine, a heroic female. ix a female. Me di a' tri, afemale that mediates. EX I GCIxSE 4 49. ity* Pub lie' i ty, quality or state of being public. cy Pri' va oy, quality or state of being private. ancy Oc cu pan cy, quality or state of being occupied. ance quality, or state Vig il ance, state of being vigilant. ency of being. Tend en oy, quality or state of tending. ence Ad her' ence, quality or state of adhering. ude Quit et ude, state of being quiet. ness Rude ness, quality of being rude. ion I o tion, act of moving. ment th. Move ment, act of moving. whic/. ure Seiz ure, act of seizing. EXERCi CISE 450. al Pa' tal, pertaining to fate. ern East ern, "elating to the East. ic He ro' ic, pertaining to a hero. an per g or Af' ri can, pertaining to Africa. ine relain Ser pen tiine, pertaining to a serpent ile en i o. fant ile, pertaining to an infant. ar Con sul ar, relating to a consul. ary Cor et a ry, relating to a comet. ical Po et' ic al, relating to a poet. XERGcISE 451. oust Dan' ger ous, full of danger. ose lo f o the sVe bose', full of words. fait e71 n r of.he Hope' ful, full of hope. y ~a Jui cy, full of juice. ey Clay ey, of the nature of clay. ly in a-manner. Rude ly, in a rude manner. able t that may or can Trace a ble, tt may be traced. ible be; fit to be. Ed i ble, fit to be eaten. ific producing. Tom por if' ic, producing torpor. ics the science of. Op tics, the science of vision. * This Suffix.has two other forms, ETY and TY; as, in variety, and novelty. f The Suffix Ous has several forms, as Eous, CEOus, etc.: The Suffix FUL, when, with a radical, it forms a noun, signifies "what, or as much as, will fill;" as, handful, what, or as much as, will fill the hand; armful, what will fill the arm. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 143 XER - CIS E 452. SUFFIXES. DEFINITIONS. DERIVATIVES. DEFINITIONS OF DERIVATIVES. age* the act of. Cart' age, the act of carting. oid having the form. Sphe roid, having theform of a sphere. er more. Hard er, more hard. est most. Hard est, most hard. esce to grow. Co a lesce', to grow together; unite. escent becoming. A ces' cent, becoming sour. escence act of becoming. Aces cence, act of becoming sour. ismt doctrine. Mor'mon ism, the doctrine of the Mormons. less without. Cash less, without cash. ish somewhat. New ish, somewhat new. some somewhat. Lone some, somewhat lonely. I XE CIS E 4 5 3. ship Lord' ship, tha rank of a lord. hood rank, office, state, Child hood, the state of being a child. ric F orjurisdiction of Bish op ric, the jurisdiction of a Bishop. dom Pope dom, the jurisdiction of the Pope. yt Glut ton y, the practice of a glutton. ry the art or prac- Big ot ry, the practice of a bigot. ary tice of; or the Stat u a ry, the art of making statues. ery place where. Cook er y, the art of cooking. ory Arm or y, place where arms are kept. ward toward. West ward, toward the West. l XERGCISE 45 4. ive } tending to, or hav- Pre vent' ive, tending to prevent. ory ing the nature of. Ex' pi a to ry, tending to expiate. kin Lamb kin, a little lamb. ling Gos ling, a little, or young goose. cule An i mal' cule, a ninute animal ule Glob' ule, a little globe. cle little, petty, or Tu ber cle, a little tumor. icle minute. Par ti cle, a minute part, ock 1 -ill ock, a little hill. et lPlow er et, a little flower. let Ring let, a little ring, or curl aster Po et as ter, apetty poet. * The Suffix AGE, signifies, also, the cost of, the place where, the rank or condition, as also an assemblage of things. t This Suffix deserves special notice. It marks what is peculiar to persons or things; and hence denotes a doctrine or system, a state or condition, as also an idiom in language.: Y, RY, Any, EnR, ORY, are merely different forms of the same prefix. Beside the meanings given above, they often denote a body or number of tllings taken collectively; as, perfumery. a collection of perfames yeomanry, the body or mass of yeomen. 144 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. SECTION XXII. ANALYSIS OF COMPOUND WORDS. Here, in the first and second columns, the parts of each compound are separately given, with the definitions underneath. In the third column, they are brought together again, and, in the fourth, defined as one word. EXUERCI S 455. FIRST PART. 8COND PART. COMPOUNDS. DEFINITIONS. Homi,' Ho' i cide, the killing of a man. man. Parri, Par' ri cide, the killing of a paparent. rent. Infanti, | In fant' i cide, the killing of an inMatri, Mat' ri cide, the killing of a I cide, akilliIilling. mother. g. mother. Fratri, Prat' ri cide, the killing of a brother. I brother. Regi, Reg' i cide, the killing of a king. king. Sui, Su i cide, the killing of one's self. self: EXECIS 456. Demo, r De moc' ra cy, rule of the people. peop~le. Aristo, oracy, rl Ar is toc' ra y rule of the nobles. noble. Ortho, Or' tho dox, right in doctrine. ht dox, doctrine. getero, odocre e ro dox, other, or different other. in doctrine. sppoe. drome course. Hip' po drome, horse-course; racehorse. j''(course. Aque, duct, channel. Aq' ue duct, channel for water. water. Agri, r Ag' ri cul ture, tillage of fields; field. culture, farming. Horti, tillge. Hor' ti cul ture, culture of a gargarden. Jden; gardening. }- 7 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 145 E X.ER CISE 457. FIRST PART. SECOND PART. COMPOUNDS. DEFINITIONS. Tri, Tri en' ni al, once in three year. three. Cent, ennial, year, Cen ten' ni al, once in a hundred hundred. or yearly. years. Mill, Mil len' ni al, pertaining to a thousand. thousand years. Fructi, F ruc tif' er ous, bearing, or producfruit. ferous, bear- ing fruit. Plori, ing. lo rif' er ous, bearing, or producflower. J ing flowers. Denti, f e rubbing. Dent' frice, preparation to rub tooth. rice, or clean the teeth. Oruci, Cru' ci foarn, having the form of cross. f 4 a cross. Ovi, fdrm, sape. ha ving the fomrm of egg. an egg. EXE R CISE 458. Melli,'Mel lif lu ous, flowing with honey; honey. sweet. Felli, fluous, flow- Pel lif lu ous, flowing with gall; gall.'ing. bitter. Igni, Ig nif lu ous, flowing with fire. fire. Octa, Oc ta he' dron, figure having eight eight. hedron, sides. Poly,'hedron,~ds. 3i Pol y he dron, figure having many many. sides. Febri, Feb' ri fuge, that which chases fser. fuge, a chasing away or subdues fever. Vermi, away. Verm i fuge, that which chases Worm',7 away or expels worms. EI X.E iR CI SE, 459. Hexa,' Hex' a gon, a figure having six six. angles. Octa, an Oc' ta gon, a figure having eight. gon, eight angles. Poly, Pol' y gon, a figure having many. many angles. Poly, glot ton Pol' y glot, containing many m. any g t ongue. tongues. Homo, Ho mo get ne ous, having the same same. geneous, hav- nature. Hetero, ing the nature. Het e ro ge' ne ous, having a different other. L 4 nature. 146 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. EXERCISER 460. FIRST PART. SECOND PART. COMPOUNDS. DEFINITIONS. Belli, Bel lig' eerous, bearing, or bringing war. war. Orini ger r- nig' ous, bear- in ig or having hair. [ ing. hair. Lani, La nig' er ous, bearing, or having Auto Au' to graph, the hand-writing of self. graph, one's self. Tele, writing. Tel' e graph, contrivance for writfar off. ing from afar. Magni, Mag nil' o quence big talk; pompous large. loquence, language. Grandi, talk. Gran di' o quence, great talk; lofty grand. a speaking. 2X EX CISE 461. lio,' Bi og' ra phy, 5 a writing, or hislife.' tory of one's self. Steno, Ste no' ra phy, short-hand writing. short. Typo, graphy, Ty poog ra phy, a marking with type. a writing; types: printing. Topo, marking; To pog' ra phy, a description of place. description. places. Geo, Ge og' ra phy, J a description of the earth. t earth. Ortho, Or thog' ra phy, 5 correct writing; right, spelling. ZEXERCISE $ 462. Geo, Ge ol' o gy, J science of the formearth.. ation of tle earth. Zoo, Zo o1 o gy, science of animals. animal. God. [ reason; - ^ trents of God. Cheo e sc. The o{ the scince which Concho, e ce Conch ol' o gy, science of shells. shell. Chrono, Chro nol o gy, science of computtime. i ing time or dates. Cycle, pedia knowl- Cy clo pe' di a, circle of the arts circle. edge; science. and sciences. Eydro Hyhobia dr o pho' bi a, dread of water; water. p canine madnes. Hippo, potamus, Hip po pot' a mus, a river-horse. horse. river. SAiNDERS' UNIObN SPELLER 147 EXERCISE 463. FIRST PART. SBOOND PAlT. COMPOUNDS. DEFINITIONS. Cosmo, polite, Cos mop' o lite, a citizen of the world. 5 citizen.' world. Aero, naut;, oe who A' er o naut,?one who sails in or air. sails. navioates the air. Poly, nesia, Pol y ne' sia, consisting of many many. islands. islands. Tri, Tri no' mi al, consisting of three three. n.. terms or members. Quadri, aname a Quad ri no' mi al, consisting of four four. r a terms or members. Poly, Pol y no' mi al, consisting of many many. terms or members..XERG CIS E 464. Astro, As tron' o my, a or science of star. the stars. EBo, Ey con' o my, law, or rule of a house. house; thriftiness. Deutero, Deu ter on' o my, second law, or fifth second.. book of Moses. Pan, Pan o ra' ma, a complete view; all.. j w view of all. Cosm, o rana, mew. Cos mo ra' ma, view of the world. world. Tele Tel'e scope, instrumet to view far off. scope, a view things far off. Micro, or eight. I Mi cro scope, isatrument to view small. things minute. EXE1RCISEI 465. Plo, spPhi, los' o phy, love of wisdom; love. wisdom. knowledge. Penta,. Pen' ta teuch, the five books of f teuch, book. five. ~' Moses. Pyro, Py ro tech' nic,, relating to the art of fire. t technic, reat- making fire-works. oly, ing to art. Pol y tech' nic, relating to many many.. arts. Stereo, type, mark;, Ste' re o type, solid type; plate of solid. emblem. metallic type. Garni, ar niv' orous, flesh-eating, or deftesh. vorous eating, vouring. Grani, _ or devouring. Gra niv o rous, grain-eating, or degrain. J vouring.* * For a course of study in the analysis of Derivatives and Compounds exclusively, see Sanders & McElligott'a ANArLYSIS OF ENGLISH WORDS. 10.- 148 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. SECTION XXIIIo TEST WORDS. To bring under special review what has been taught in the previous part of this book, and to test, by pertinent examples, the pupil's proficioncy in the art of spelling generally, is the leading aim of the present Section. In aid of this design, notes are not unfrequently subjoined, pointing tle learner back to the page or exercise, where may be found the rule, exception, principle, or what not, involved in the spelling or pronunciation of the particular word before him. Other notes, also, are added, embracing points not elsewhere introduced, or such as seemed to require some additional explanation. The examples, moreover, are often so arranged as almost to compel conmparison between such words and parts of words as British (one 1) and skittih (two t's), distaff (if) and digraph (ph), typify (Zfy) and tepefy (efy, which are among the most fertile sources of error in orthography. iXEZ 1CIXS 466. ab' scess cat' e ehi~m a poc' ry pha cais' son dis' ci pline a pos' ta sy ba' sin dis' si pate ar is toc' ra cy rai' szn ep' au let ab-o li' tion dis' taff et i quette' (-ket) eb ul li' tion di' graph fi' e ry phi los' o phy hbare' lip wir' y phy lac' tery jack' al gel' a tine ri/ nog' e ros mael' strom guil' lo tine evis' cer ate num' skull mag' is trate corn mi,' er ate or' gie~ maj' es ty syn on' y mous right' eous mol' li fy tris' yl la ble sib' yl os' si fero'ity tr' toise (-tis) pa' i y ver bos' i ty wind' row liq' ua ble phlthi,' ick y* shack' lea liq' ui date ap pa ri' tion mis spell' mar' i gold cat e chun men * In forming phthisicky from phthisic, why is the k inserted? See Rule VI, page 61. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 149 EXE.1 CI SE 467. ber' yl ben' i son a e' ri alt fer' rule ( ril) enm bl' zon fu ne' re a.lt cam' phor de pend' ence bo tan' ic alt sul' phur at tend' ance ty ran' nic al doubt' ing* fal' la cy Cha me' le on dough' ty pol' i cy cri te' ri on elf' in fan' ta sy cau' li flow er dau' phin hol' ly hock gil' li flow er e clat' hol' o caust neg' es sa ry huz zi' hor' ri fy ne ces' si ty lat' tice tor' re fy ter ra' que oust let' tuce (-tis) man da rin' ob se' qui ous tea' ~el1 pis ta reen' po li an' the~ miea' gleg ba.' i lisk pol y an' thus wea' selg ob' e lisk diph the' ri a ZEXEr S IS 468. for' age pen' ni less so lil' o quyt por' ridge pen' ny weight col' lo quy sea lene' pi o neer' syl' lo gijm tu reen' cav a lir' ven tril' o quism ter rene' court' e sy eem' e tery ton tine' coturte' sy sym' me tryt fag' ot in fin' ing: far i na' ceous mag' got singe' ing con sci en' tious mi rage' (-rdzh') twinge' ing col li' ion pip' pin an' nu al co a 1i' tion nas' cent man' u al su per sti' tious piqu' ant ap ro pos' di aph' a nous tan' sy vig' i lance em pyr' e al co' zy prev' a lence em pil' ic al de bris' com' plai ~ance pal' at a ble (dd bree') cog' ni zance gar ru' li ty * Why is b silent in doubting? See Assimilation of Consonants, p..13. t For the accent on these words, see pages 78 and 79.: Why is the e omitted in infringing, and retained in singeing and twingeing? See note, page 68. L~~~~~~~~~. 150 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. EXElR cISE 469. jal' ap ras call' ion mac a ro' nT scal' lop bat tal' ion mach i na' tion trol' lop bi' as ed re cep' ta cle wal' lop com' pass ed el lip' tic al wad' y buc ca neer' san' a to ry* shod' dy brig a dier' san' i ta ry wifh al' car' ri on plan' et a ry fore stall' clar' i on er ro' ne ous zouave (ztwav) cel' er y sym pho' ni ous yacht' ing cel' lar age au toc' ra cy prai' rie ser aph ine hy poe' ri sy dai' ry cam' phene vi ca' ri ous di' a ry cop' per as cal ca' re ons fri' ar cop' y right ac ces' sa ry* bri' er crit' i ciym ac ces' so ry t6r' sion wit' ti cinm car' i ca ture ter' tian veg' e tate char' ac ter ize EXEl t C1SEl 470, waltz' ing de po' it com' mis sa ry wheel' wright corn po`' ite em' is sa ry ko' ran fal la' cious e ma' ci ate eho' ral her ba' ceous ex pa' ti ate breez' y frip' per y mon stros' i ty cllee' y dra' per y req i prog' i ty lam' pass gay' e ty no vi' ti ate grain' pus la' i ty ex crIt ci ate browse hal' i but vae qi na' tion grouse hol' o graph vaq il la' tion ban' yan id' i om tel lu' ri an in' ion vac' uum va le' ri an ae'rie in ser' tion sal e ra' tus bdell' ium in ver' sion in iq' ui tons chil' blain tran scend' entt bu~' y bod y: se pawn' ~ as cend' antt an' y where4 * Sanatory, conducing to health, as sanatory measures; sanitary, pertaining to health; accessary, aiding in crime; accessory, additional. f For a note on words of this class, see page 86. $ What sound has u in busybody, and a in anywhere? See page 37. .SANDERS' tNION SPELLER. 151 EXER TCISE 471. stir' rup ver mil ion ab o rig' i neg poiga' ant quin till' ion ad mis' si ble phy siquep ter' ri fy ad mit' ta ble* mur' rain ver' i fy mis tak' a ble knap' sack tl' me fy ad ver' tinse ment gain' ut typ' i fy bac ca 1tu' re ate cumn in tep' e fy bac eha na' li an vet' mil. trag e y at e d c ehet' ic al salt'rheaem' tal' i~ mang da guerre' o type sarce' net am' her grlis da guerre' i an corse' let a cons' ties ir rev' er ence' boar geois' (-jois) bar ri cade' per se ver' ance bou quet' (-ka') bar' y tone c cle ~i as' teg -swap' ping ba nii' na e van gel' ic al thwack' ing ban dan' a e ques' tri an EZ3XERGC1SE 4ls. chest' nut bar' be cue chi ropr o dist a bySm' can' ni bal e ag' ger ate war' rant cel' an dine hi' e rarch y Wednea' day Chlo' ro form hy dro pho' bi a (wOvz dy) chant' i cleer hy per crit' ic al awn' ing ehrys' a lis hyp o crit' ic al blowme ehrys' o lite id i o syn' cra sy boo' y, Cy re' ne mnel lif' er ous ooz' y dal' Ii ance in tel' li gi ble bowl' ing de seen' sion i ras' ci ble tr11' ing dis sen' sion Lil i pu' tian sham' ois (-my) dis pet' sive man' tua-mak er ba rege' (-raj) dis cur' sive mnil len' ni um chim' neys eu' eha rist vi cis' si tude cher' riest e~ em' plar mus co va' do * See Exercise 281, page 86. Note that adjectives formed fomn English words by suffixing able or ible, as readable from read, commonly prefer the form able. Those from Latin end in able or ibkle according as they end in abiis or ibilis in that language. t Why, in the plural of cherry (cherries), is y changed into, and not in chimneys See Rules XII and XIII, pages 69 and 70. 152 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. X1 JE RCIT 478. quay' age (ke-) de mfr' rer Ne a pol' i tan hey' day fal' li ble ef face' a blef ga' la-day* fatigu'in par' chAs a ble liq' nor fric as seed' os ten' si ble lae' quer ghast' li ness pet' ti fog ger mig spend' gos' sa mer pi i' no-fOr tg neigh' bor 1ir' an dole plhy i og' nc my ped' dler handl' ker chief present' i ment pam' phlet ho ri' zon pre Qent' ment phal' anx loir o loge pet ii fac' tion piece' meal HIu' gue not pu tre fac' tion pshaw tur' ri cane r'e cog' nI zance pseu' do ieh nei' mon re con' nols sance pust' ule i' ron y rem i nis' cence qua' haug im promp' tu bep a ra' tion EXE RCISE 474. rac coon' i' in glhss sn per sed' t-re rey' nard kan ga roo' thor' ough wort whim' ~ey ka' ty did ui biq' ni ty clp' boarde log' a lithmr lo quaq' i ty clap' board mag a zYne' ver i sim' i lar schigm hy' gi ene whoop' ing-cough scrive' ner man' i kin ab er ra' tion souve nir' me dall' ion a ceph' a lous sor' gium man dil' ion a' er a ted tis' sue (-shu) o paque' ness al to geth' er tonl' can piqu' an cy an ni vr' sa ry traipse pie' ia dea av oir du poi~' tran scribe' pleu' ri sy bel lig' er ent tres' tle pol' li wig as sas' sin ate twad' die pol' y chord brag ga do' ci o * What is the general RnTe for the insertion of the hyphen in compound words? See note, page 75. What, for accenting them? See page 80. f Why, in forming effaceable from efface, is not the final e il the latter dropped? See Exercise 224, and the second note on page 68. $ On the sound of p, in the words cupboard and clapboard, aee page 9. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 153 EXER ctSE 475. cac' tus pa vil' ion effer ves' cence cap' stan no nill' ion el ee mos' y na ry cor' al punc til' ious e mol' li ent crevl ice pel' i can e~ hil' a rate de tach' re lig' ious fal' si fi er un latch' ren' dez vous fo6r ti fy ing diph' thong (r ei' de voo) hyp o ehon' dri ac douglh' nut re' qui em math e ma ti' cian eight' een de ten' tion mis' eel la ny flae' qid ex ten' sion o rang'-ou tang' gair' ish salt'-cel lar par a pher na'li a gaug' ing sat' el lite pla' gi a rism goug' ing scur' ril ous port man' teau (to) qnaw' ing shib' bo leth sperm a ce' ti heark' en sib' yl line tax'i der mist BEXERCISE 476. hym' ning syc' a more up hol' ster y mar' tyr tan' ner y an tiq' ui ty meer' sqhaum ti a' ra ap pel la' tion mes' sieurs ter' ra pin ap pur' te nance (mesh' yerz) ter' a phim bo' a-con strict' or nan keen' tam bhour ine can eel la' tion* nick' el com mit' ted cas' tel la ted pal lor corn mu' ted cap' il'la ry pars' ley tre men' dous colonel' cy pic' nic vae' qi nate (kur' nel sy) pie' bald val' or ous ka let' do scope plagu' y den' i zen ery sip' e las por' poise (pus) ven' i ~on Feb' rua ry * Cancellation, if formed from cancel, by adding the suffix ation, might pass for an exception to Rule VIII, page 63, and be set down among the list of exceptions, like crystalline, metallic, etc., as in Exercise 210. But, in reality, none of this class of words form exceptions to the rule, if we consider that in the languages whence they come to us (Latin, through the French and the Greek), the I is doubled already. But for the merely English scholar, they are exceptions, and for convenience, may be sotreated. 154 SANDERS' UNION SPELLElR. iX: tCI SE 477. r re haarse' vit' re ous La bil' I ment rhom' boid vit' ri ol in no va' tion rouge (roozlz) whif fle tree mel' an ehol y sghnapps o bei' sauce ob liq' ui ty sghot' tish a bey' ance ob' lo quy shot' tisqhe f al' ba tross p, tro' le -um Brit' ish Ma lac'ca pri mo ge' ni al skit' tish al pa' a hO mo ge' ne al squirm a1 be' it rec on noi' ter starve' ling as cer tail' re ist i' ble suae gi ct" bach' e lor rhet o ri' cian suf fice' (fize) be lea' guer scin til la tion swaltth' y bob' o link tee to' tal elr t6n' nage bul' le tin syl lab i ca' tion trom' bone eas' si mere Chat ta noo' ga vel' lum cat a falque' sa lu' ta to ry whiz' zing coch' i neal sus cep' ti ble' RXiERCIXS1 478. a gh7st' col' an der pu sil lan' i mous ban' tam col on nade' pol' y the imrn bud' dhiram' col' o nize re frig' er a tor chlal' dron de' i mal re ju' ve nate cal' dron der' e lict re tal i ate cou.' gar des hA bille' pal' li ate cou' poll (pon) di' a mond vi tres' ci ble car' cass E gyp' tian ac cess' i ble co loqne' em bar' rass re miss' i ble de but' ex cres' cence ac qui es' cence cush' ion req' i pe* a nal' o gous ek' ing frol' ic some as par' a gus gap' ing rol' lick ing a nom' a lous eph' od guer ril' 1 cat' e go ry a thwart' gy ra' tion cor'ri gi ble c6n' duit.hand' i wok cor rupt' i blo con tour' hein' ous ness di e tet' ies * For a note on e final, on such words as recipe, see page 39. SANDERS tTNION SPELLER. 155 EX tRC1Is 4'9. bail' if Ii' i ad et y mol' ogy ca' liph im' be cle. ex traor' di na ry chyle in vei. gle flag el la' tion chyme aidgde-camrpt her cu' le an Chrii;t' mas (ads~ dekong) in tel' li gence cor tege' (tdh') la9' er ate men ag' e rie dis pair' lull' a by (men z ah' e re) euf' ehre* mac' ea boy neu ral' gi a fledge' ling ma 9lihn' ist o po del' doe front' ier man' di ble par e gor' ic gnash' ing me ri' no per enl ni al grand' e ir nar' ra tive per tur ba' tion dan' druff bal za rYne" pol' y syl la ble horn^' blende ob nox' iouis u per f'' ciei van dyke' om' e let tap i o' ca EX.ER CISE B 48 0. hour' 1 o pos' sum waf' fle-i ron flow' er y par' a qhtute Ab ys sin' i an jaun' dice par' a lyze am phib' i ous keel' son par' o quet a poc' a lypse clique phar' i see ap pa ra' tus com' frey ret' i cence ar ehi pel' a go blanc-mange' rhap' so dy ce lib' a cy (boi monj') Bab' a oth ben e fi' ci a ry dac' tyl sas' sa fras con stel la' tion dew' y sgin' til late de te' ri o rate ldue' at ven' ti late el' i gi ble en f~off' Syth' i an gut' ta/ per' cla en nui' si roe' cogt ir ri ga' tion (ogn nwF') stadt' hold er mam ma' li a flan' beau (bo) Teu ton' ic mer' ry-an' drew * On words ending like euchre, see note, page 87. f In re-spelling words from the Vrench, we employ the combination ng (as in dd-de-kong), merely to indicate the nasal sound heard in pronouncing the syllables, an, en, on, etc., in that language. $ On the spelling of the plurals of words ending in o, see note, page "3. 156 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 1EXE JCI S.E 481. gam boge' tom' a hawk met ro pol' i tan gar rote' treag' tu cr nul li fi ca' tion go' pher trou' ba dour o verbal' ance grani' to vas' sal.age pan e gyr' ic haw,' er mu' ci lag par' ti ci pie knick' knacks var' di gris pe riph' e ry mnem' ior (wor) zo' o pllyte phi lol' o gy mor' phine am a teuL' pneu mo' ni a mushl room im ma'tre' rep a ra' tion mulct con nols seuir' sar sa pa riI' la myth' am' e thyst tes' sel la ted pai' an an' te past ter res' tri al pe lisse' an' ti type u til i ta' ri an pen' guin Ap' en nineg ac com' pa ni ment san' guine av a lanqle' al lege' a ble phos' phor bron ehi' tis a er o stat' ies XE1 CIS B 48. plumbn ing buoy' an cy* Ap pa la' chi an qu.artz poign' an cy ap prox' i mate qui viveo cat' a co6mb a rith me ti' cian (ake vev') ci vii' ian con fee' tion er y rai' ment oc till' ion con va les' cent re scincl be numb' edt cor re spond' enee ro rette' laugh' a blet cur vi lin' e ar sand' wich and' i ron dr6m' e da ry ecull' ion an' ec dote e lee trig' i ty ski' verq an' ti dote ap o deic' tic sky' ey an' o dyne an thro popll' a g shrap' nel a pos' tle ar bo res' cent sol' stice ar' a besque ad ven ti' tious sol sti' tial ar' ti ~an os ten ta' tious ben' e fice ax' le-tree ar gil la' ceous ben e fii cial bail' i wick bi tu' mi nous *The u in buoyancy is a consonant, and has the sound of w. t For the e silent, in such words as this, see note, page 45.: For the sound of gh like f, see Exercise 145, page 50. SANDERS' -UNION SPELLER. 157 VXifRCISJ 48 3. soi ree' belles-let' tres sat i' ia ry (swd r') (bel let' ter) lar' mil la ry sphinx bo' re as cal is then' ica pann' ier can' til late qhli can' er y tCtr' keyg cap-a-pie' cor' ol la ry af fieight' car' a way di a pa' son bas' tYle car nel' ian el e cam pane' bay' ou cor' al lite e phlem' e 1ra bY jou' coun' ter felt es' pi on age (be Zhoo') croc' o dile eu lo' gi um a' lyx cyl' in der ev a nes' cent chal' ice de vel' op fos' sil iz ed collapse' dy nan' ies ho1 me op' a thy dig' it ep' i taph ho mce op' a thy crup' per eq' ui page ho me o path' ic cut lasa em ploy Q' ho mee o path' ic E3 ttP E CI aB 4S 4. wtird falr' ri er clef a ma' tion dis train' coun ri er in flam ma' tiont de duce' flar' eo let an' a gram ob tuse' frank in' cense pro' grammet es chew' Hot' ten tot I sos' ce le1 fau' cet ly e' na lin' sey-wc~l sey flip' pant 1h a' tus Med i ter ra' ne an gal loon' hy draunlics met a mor' pho sis har' ass im pan' el no men clat' ure laun' dry in' va lid* os cil la' tion lack' ey in val' id par al lel' o gram cop' sy hOl' i day* pa ral' y sis neigh' ing ho' ly day pe cun' ia ry os' trich re ere ate'* per tina' cious on' slaught rec' re ate fo li a' ceous t Notice, in these words, in'validt inval'id, etc., the diferences in lmean" ing, indicated by differences in pronunciation. t Notice that inflanmmqtion and programme, unlike inflame and anagram, retain both the in's of the original words wheace they are derived. Compare note on page 163. 158 SAN DEIRS UNIO N SPELLER. ES P R^ I IS 48 S. pail' fulI in'ter stice phar ma eu' tic par' rot jol' li ty py ro teeh' nies pen' hon j-i' ci ness re susC ci tate plant' ain - ker' o sene reg i ta tive" oin' mrel lab' y rinth sphe rig' i ty pot' sherd leth' ar gy stu pe fac' tion shep' herd lo gi' cial ste' re o scope prom' ise mal fea' ~anco ter res' tri al qua drille' main'. te nance vi va9' i ty rogu' isli mnar' i time zo o log' ic al sa' tyr m'as quer ad(]l a be ce da' ri an spller' uile* al le' gianee ac a de mi' cian stan' hion Ital' ic- anm in ni tion stryeh' nine hieh' ael nas an nex a' tion vign ette' (yet) niil' ii ner an tiq i pa' tion venge' anco ver ba' tim bel la don' na. XE tcsC 486. trinn' ion vend' i ble cach in na' tion to' paz il' a ble ca' ui ist ry syr' inge tyr' an nous ca tas' tro phe sur tout' um bra' geous cen trif' ux gal sou qhong' tre pan' ning cen trip' e tal sleigh' ing te na' cious ce 1u.' le an s/r' dine tes ta' ceous cen ten' ni al sap' piire syn' the sis ve ne' re al (saf' ire) Syrt i an ar te' ri al saf' fron syn' a gogue val e die' to ry sack' but sus pi' cion tau tol' o gy ra gouit tac ti' cian su per cil i ous puts' lain ssur cin' gle sac ri le' gious pul' ley I snr veil' lance ir re lig' ious re cede't an te cede' con trl5' la ble ex ceed't su per sede' con sol a ble' * What is the meahiing of the suffix ute? See Exercise 454, page 143. t In exceed, proceed, and sutceed, the iadical part is written ceed, while in recede and other words from the same root, it is always written cede. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 19 XBEUCIS' C 4S7. prov' 6st i' ci co sep' a ra ble pres' tige suav' i ty pro pi' ti ate pu dcrette' sub' tle ty prop a gan' dist pla crdc' (su' Z tI) pred e ces' sort par terre' ste' ve doirc pol y pet' al ous of fensee' stud' y ing phre nol' o gy o' nyx sin' ewv y phlil o pe' ni nest cience She li' nali r' tho e py na' iad' cessa' tion o le ag' i nous in' nate so ces' sion om niv' o rous jug' gler Sad' du cec night' in gale hal loo' rogu' er y Tic a ra' guol gun' wale r/lyfh' inic al mu li' i pal gram'mar ies tau rant' met a phys' ie sta.m' mer (^es to rcng') ine diq' i nal gaTu'z y ac qui ese' miea' uil a bly gawk' y ap' o gee le vi' a than iEXnER CIS s. ghost' lyr ag' gran dize liq ue fac' tion ga zelle' ad ver tige' lab' o ra to ry en core' an' gli cize i so therm' al (ong 7Jor') ap' o tliegni jux ta po i' tion dis seizc' ap' pc tite in ter mit' tent drach' mna aq' ui line in de struc' ti ble cro qhet' (s7h) ii' go sy in al' ien a ble crotch' et air' mis tice Mis sis sip' pi c6v' ey as bes' tino ne'e ro man cy cool' ly at tri' tion ob scen' i ty coo' ly ) bil' let doux pan a ce't coo' lie 5 (bill' e doo) pen ny roy' al bom' byx cap u qhin' per i h1l' ion bis' muth co Ia' tion phan ta, ma go' ri a bil' ions col la' tion phle bet' o my bat' tling co quet' tishl"- phyS, i ol' o gy fat' lingng uggest' ive prep a ra tion * Why is the t doubled in coquettish, and not in suggestive? See Rule VII, page 61; also Rule VIII, page 63. 160 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. ESXERICIs'a 489. trel' lis h1r' o ine inal' le a ble treil' lag lhel' le bore psy chol' o gy wee' vil.c' pho ny c r1s' i ble asth' m 11a ran u' ing cat' er pil lar ga' l no be' he moth cas' so wa ry (.gda' no) ar raign-' ment iac cor' di on whin' ock ar te' ~ian FE o' li an ve dette' at' ti tude me lo' de on ve neer' be at' i tucie prom' is so ry sor' tie con du' cive ra ti o9 i na' tion haw' thorn con clu' sive schi muat' ic al qui' nine cor du roy' si de' re al py' thoa cre' o sote sen ior' i ty pyr' rhic vqne mon' ies* sub ter ra' ne ous punch' eon coun' sel or ac ri mo' li ous ap' isk coun' cil or. so lil' o quize EXER CISE 4 0. 6w' ing caveg' drop per yeoc man ry britz' ski cf fer vesce' syn ecc' do elei (bris' ka) cl lip' sis a cat a lec' tic bo hea' cm bra' guro ac cla ma' tion ca naille' cx cheq' ucr ad sci ti' tious co balt' an nul' ment ac u i' tion draughlts' man ful fill' ment Ar o op' a gus houg(h' ed (hokt) as phal' turn ho mol' o gous ex scinld' at ta 91he' (-sha) ar ma dil' lo fa' cial au' gu ry as si du' i ty fas i'ne' au' spi ces as sim' i late pag eant ax'i omn a dla gi o pi' broeh max' i mum al' le go ry pre' cincts bag a telle' an aell' ro nigm pro' logue Bed' ou Yin. an no ta' tion spe' cieg berg' a mot an to di lu' vi an spike' nard bob bin et' an titl' c sis * Names of sciences ending in ics (see Exercise 451, page 142), are,.i form and in fact, plurals, though, in present usage, mostly treated as singular. Some of them, however, as logic, arithmetic, still retain the singular form. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 161 EXEI R CI SE 4L9 1. te' trareh cen' o taph eha lyb' e ate ty phoon' Gen o je'&* char i ot eer' vac' 9ine chi me' r/a cor' al li form rink' led. chic' co ry Cin cin na' ti y clep' ed daf' fo dil -hli lo' ra phy ep' i loguo del' e ble col lo' qui al es' say ist in del' i blo Con nect' i cut ed' dy ing de ri' sive cy lin' dric al em' bry o co or' civo de lir' i ous ex' tir pate der' ni er deg ra da' tion fai' ci cal des' ic cato des e cra' tion fi bril' lous ves'i cate cis si pa' tion fil' i gree di' o ceso dis ci plin a' ri an fla min' go quin tes' sence di shev' el ed fi nat' le pu tres' cenco e clair' cisse ment fruit' er er pu is' sance myr' tle-ber ry EL XE R, CI SE 4 92. fu ga' cious dog' ger el ef flo res' cence fi la' ceous cm' a nato cn cy do pe' di a fir' be low c lim' i nato c pipl' a ny Ga la' tiang es cutcl' eon 1per ceiv' a blo gal' ax y Al ge rine' re priev' a ble gib' ber ishl fen' ci ble me te or ol' o gy gri ral'kin de fen' si ble pu tres' ci blo hllard' i hood fio6nt' is-piece sab ba ta' ri an hav' er sack hip' po drome scur ril' i ty har' ass ing jour' ney ing Sept'l a gint Hel' les pont Ma dei' ra sep ten' ni al hem' is tilh. ma li' cious te nail' lon (-yun) hem' stitch marl a' ceous tic-dou lont r..eu her' e sy imar' hllion ess -L til i ta' ri an in i' tial -rin' strel sy Un par' al lel cd I of fi' cial mis' to toc un der pin' ning h'ihe endingl ese (pertaninng to, or native of) is added to names of places to form derivative nouns and adjectives; as, Siamese, pertaining to, or native of Siam. If the final letter in the name is a vowel, in the derivative, it is dropped; as, (Vienna+ese) Viennese. 162 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. EIXRER C1SJ 493. lei' uire ly myr' mi don ac ro bat' ic lar g/et' to ne' o phyte aeh ro mat' ic i tig' ious non 9ha lance' ac eel' er ate mad' re pore mnain' te nance ac qlni es' cing mar' tyr dom oc' u list Am phic' ty ong mill ion aiire or' -ehes tra an ni hi la' tion myr' i ad Ocl' ys sey as sas si na' tion mir' ror ed oph' thal my cab ri o let' nau' se ate (-she-) pa la' tial cen' te na ry nau' ti 1us par' ox ygm cer ti ora' 1i op ti' cian skep' ti cigm ehal ced' o ny Or' phe us mign on nette' ehro nol' o gy phos'phor ous (mim yon et') mat i nee' (-nca) pa py rus mys' ti cigm dis ser ta' tion ox' y gen om nis' cient di~ cern' i ble or' to lan oph' i cleide dis cre' tion a ry XE RCISX 494. par' al lax par' lia ment ef fr6nt' e ry par' ley ing pep' per idge eu roe' ly don lev' ying Phiryg' i an ex haust' i ble pie a yunc' pie tur esque' ex sie ca' tion pil' la ging pro' te ge (-zhd), fac-sin' i le pit' ted mo men' tous fas ci na' tion pit' i ed pro spec! tus gal' li nip per pit' y ing pir ou ette' hal lu ci na' tion pil' lo ry pyr' a mid ha ber' ge on por' phy ry quar' an tino her me neu' tics preoP i pice quer' u lous gnur an tee' ing pro ceed' ing qul e' tus hy per' bo le re ced' ing rasp' ber ry ieh thyol' o gy pro bos' cis mer' chan dise Im man' u el pros' e lyte re mit' tance hy men e' al porte' m6n niie re mit' tent ir re sist' i ble * Note that, in forming maintenance fiom miaintain, ai, in the latter, has been changed to e; and that often a medial vowel or diphthong is either thus exchanged for some other vowel, or altogether omitted; as, in proc lamation from proclaim, arbitrate, (not arbiterate), from arbiter. I.. _ _ t _ SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 163 x BXEJRCIXS 495. ".rt man' teau (to) ap pel' lant met a phy si' cian passe-par tout' re pel' lent dec a he' dron* Gal' i lee sac' ri lege as a fet' i da pre9' e dence os' tra cize as a foet' i d'a rec' om pense su per vie' ne fa' ri ous re gat' ta sym' pho ny cu ta' ne ous reg er voir' (vw0') re ver' sion di ar rhe' a ru bes' cent pa tri' cian di ar rhee' a ~ub poe' na vo li' tion Pro me' the an sar' do nyx ter' mi nus Si cil' i an sat' ir'ist lu' mi nous pro thon' o ta ry som' er sault tete-a-tete' spe9 i i ca' tion s6nz' er set tit' il late Terp sieh' o re sep' a rate tongue'-tied spon ta ne' i ty op' er ate va nil' la sag it ta' ri us EXERCISE 496. sham poo' ing ver' ga lieu 1 al lop' a thv strat' e gy ver' ga loo an ti i pa' tion stra te' gic virl gou leuse a poth' e ca ry sto' i cimin wan' on er as sim i la' tion spe' cial ty por' rin ger dis sirm u la' tion strm' a cher whirl' i gig Atl e ne' um ae' gis bla' zon ry Ath e nie' um ea' glet al' ka line can thar' i des be dim' med am bro'~ ial col lo ca' tion be grim' ed aph' o rism cor nu co' pi a can non ade5 au' spi ce5 cor rel' a tivo chor' is ter bac' eha nal di ag no' sis cin' na mon Beth' pha ge del e te' ri ous cic' a trize co' coa-nut der e lie' tion dis fran' chiae col' o cynth ig nit' i ble cock' a trice sac' cha rine in dict' a ble corn mo dore Co los' sus as sid' u ous * Words ending in hedron, hedral, hedrous (from hedra, a Greek word signifying a seat, side, or base), are sometimes, thou'gh improperly, written without the h; a polyedron, tetraedon, etc. See Exercise 286. 11 164 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. E XERC t IS E 4 97. ehris' ten dom le' o nine hy pothP e cate clair voy' ant Lyd' i an a chiv' a ble co los' sal - coun ter poise' comp trol' ler (-con) Co los' sian ~ cyn' o sure em bel' lish ment cu ras' s6w dcef' i cit in gra' ti ate Cza ri' n cdis em bogue' ne go' ti ate tat' ting mol' li ent di a pho ret' ic Mat' thew cui ras sidr' hy dran' ge a strip' ling cat' er waul in i' ti ate rip' pling broni' ehi al e nun ci' ate whit' tling _ Bo' na parte in dig' e nous wit' ling cau' ter ize ven tril' o quy quig' ga rec' og nize de mar ka' tion quig' gy mari ble ize*' de mar ca' tion ta9' it ly Neph' tha lim pro vok' a blet des' ue tude threat' en ing prov o ca' tiont den' ti frice wh6r ev' er 1ev' o ca ble iEXERCISE 498. di lem' ma where with al' an tip' o des dom' i nie tru' cu lent fo li a' ceous E ne' id dow' a ger. Mag da le' ne egh' e ion en tram' mel pal' li a tive ex' pie tive en roll' ment mar' rlage a ble ex' qui gite es cri toire' (-twor) for r'. gi nous fla gi' tious s' qui mau~ in ef' fa ble ju di' cious (Es' ke nmz) in fal' Ji ble gar' ri son fa ri' na in oc' u late gloss' a ry fi nan cier' ir i des' cent f6r' feit ure san ga ree' ir rep' a ra ble moun tain eer' by' a cinth in a ni' tion hal berd ier' im'mi nent in sidl' i ous mu le teer' em' i nent o vip' a rous hare' lip ped jag u ar' lu gu' bri ous lair'-dress er ju' gu lar leg' is la tive * Marbleize is formed from. marble and ize, but without dropping the e in marble, according to Rule X, page 67. t Notice tle interchange of c and k in these words. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 165 EXE R CIs.E 499. guil' le mot con nec' tiont mo not' o nous -lab' ak kuk coin plex' ion ol fac' to ry ha' le quin (-kin) lith' o graph oc ten' ni al ha' zel-nut o'oi e ty pen in' su l im' mi grant ex po se' (-za) zig' zag ger y em' i grant naliught' i ness a cot y le' don me men' tog non pa reil' an as thet' ic su per car' goes* or' re ry ap o tlhe' o sis Ot' to mang o ver-rate' an thel min' tic syn' co pe par' a phrase ar chae ol' o gy pa la' ver pha' e ton ap' o plex y pel lu' cicl pho' to graph clys' en ter y phleg mat' ic pin' a fore preg' by ter y pick' er el p6me gran' ate hi e ro glyph' ies pie' o nasm por' trait ire hy dro path' ic por' ce lain choc' o late al lo path' ic iX.E-XR C IS E g.00. pos til' ion prom e nade' phos phor es'cence mo dill' ion Pyth' i an cor po' re al pre ced' ing re veil' le (-ya) cor rod' i ble ex ceed' ing re splen' dence ep' i lep sy pro cd' ure at tend' ance e qui noc' tial ad hert ing round' de lay ex' pi a to ry en dear' ing sele rot' ic gul li bil' i ty ag' gre gate se di' tious in fin i tes' i nal am' phi brach sus pi' cious mer e tri' cious an eho' vy syz' y gy per cep' ti ble aneli' or age suc' cu lence pat ro nym' ic as cen' sion an' nu lar tit il la' tion de ten' tion aph' yl lous vil' i fy ing ban dit' t A pol'l A po pl' ly on be sieg' ing ap' o logue a cerb' i ty chin chil' la re cipt' ed an a con' da ehro mat' ic un yield' ing a poc' ry phal * For the plural of words ending in o, see Exercise 241, page 73, and the note there. f On the spelling of this word, see Exercise 278, page 85. 166 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. EXE; R CSE 501. stel' lu lar thef o rize as cer tdin' ing chan de lier' im pro viae' bri tan' ni a cor' ne crin' o line cat' a lep sy co quet' ry ex ci'I ionX cir cu' i tous cor' pus 9le re scis' ion* clias tW' a ble sehol' ar ly scig' gors* con de scen' sion dis pers' ing cr..' ci ble cor rob o ra' tion dis burs' ing cyn' ic al cory phe' us co er' cing Phi lip' pT cru ci fix' ion ef' fi gy in wrap' ped per' emp to ry pan' ere as rhiz' o pod e liV' it ing mouff' ion e' qui poise en gi neer' ing e quer' ry es pou, al fin an cier' ing eq' ue ry bel-es prit' (-pree) ex cellen cv en fi lade' bol ba zine' ) ex hu nma tion e ras' ure bomn ba gine' I ca pa9' i tate EXEB CIXE 502. es chew' ed U lys seQ E paph ro di' tus re view' ed gon do lier' en dcav' or ing sub du' ed grfss' hop per dis sev' er ing mir' a cle harp' si chord in' no cel cy myr' i arch hec' a tomb leg er de n'iin' fore run' ner hep' tarch y nme tronl o ny gi raffe' by ge' ian jan' i za ry Ca' ia phas ir' ri gate oph thal' mi a smell'-lesst isl' and er per ad vent' ure gut' tur al jac' o net phra se ol' o gy le gi' r1 Ger' ge seneg pick' a nin ny pur vey' or in er' ti a seign eu' ri al ho' sier y lien ten' ant fi du' ci a ry hun' gri ly nmaP er ate su per an' lnu a ted hy' dro gen ma rau' der ve ne sec' tion lolm' o nymi ne phrit' ic per i pa tet' ic * The radical parts cision in decision, and scission in rescission are froml different roots, or different forms of the same root. From tho latter we get, also, scissors (cutters), scissure, abscission, and some others. t For words of this class, see Rule IX, with the note on page 66. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER, 167 EXERCISE J033 mil le ped * oc' ci put pa rish' ion er mil' le pede o' ce lot pe ti' tion er es sen' tial' o ver-run' mil le na' ri an im ptign' ing me phit'ic than a top' sis per' qui fite trav' ers ing syc' o phan cy Ca' naan ite tt' ter most si nul ta' ne ous sew' er age se ced' er sym met' ric al de mul' cent shad' ow ing syn co pa' tion sha moy' ing ser ra' tion text' u a ry shor' ling sem' a phore Ar is ti' de Shi' loh Ten' e riffe seq ues tra' tion shin' ney yt' tri um ser' i cult ure spin' ach l wain' scot ing ther mom' e ter spin' age J syneh' ro nism the ocl' o lite Ses os' tris tour' na ment the o lo' gi an A chil' 11. sur' felt ed u biq' ui tous EXER CISE o40. sed' litz so bri quet' (-k) ac' cli ma ted syn' o nym Al might' y a mal' gam ate vi9' i nage An' ti christ af fa bil' i ty mos qui' to air' go naut at trib' u ta ble um bra' geous at' mos phere bY og' ra phy unct' u ous philo gis' ton bh en' ni al syn op' sis et' a gere (-zhdr) qua ter' ni on sta tis' ties like' li hood con san guin' i ty skel' e ton Bab' y lon cor ru ga' tion scar' i fy bal' us ter con tro vCr' sial ter' ri er ca taw' ba de fal ca' tion sti let' to cal a boose' de cl am' a to ry ad' ju tant Xen' o phon in flam' ma to ry a phel' ion e: am' ine civ' il iz ced ar' ro gant fil' li beg e lee trig' i ty ar' chi trave tram' mel ing mulct' u a ry at' ro phy fic ti' tious mul ti plig' i ty * Words ending in ped (Latin pes, pedis, a foot), are sometimes written with a final e, as millepede. The best authorities, however, write them all without the e, like biped and quadruped. See Exercise 286, page 87. 168 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. VEX RCISR 50g. brig' an tine fan danl' go in ex' o ra ble cin na bar hem' or ri/oidg in i ti a' tion cop' y ist hbrse' whip ping in stan ta' ne ous cis cre' tion ho anl' nil i tin' er a cy di gres' sion jan i tor dul cam' a ra dig qern' ment leg' i ble ex e get' ic al duli' ci mer mag' net isnz ex tra' ne ous ex' pi ate me theg' lin gen e al' o gy el' e phant musk' mel on heb dom' a dal fal set' to im brue' ment si le' si a feag' i ble n tintr ly Mel ehi~' e dec as' tra gal re 9her Ar ehi mef cled bal' us tirade (rU/h sher sha') con vey' ing con sumn mate col' ehi ehumr in veighl ing glyI' er inc par' quet ry hy drom' e ter id' i o cy Sis' yphus hi ber' ni an EXER CISE 0 6. pil la' ger fiu il lade' laz a ret' to prej' u dice mis' chiev ous lo co no' tion se ragl' io nd''ve te (-ta) may' or al ty reg' i men e Nin' e veh e qui libi ri um ret' ro cede nu' cle us eq' ui ta ble pem' mi can o' gre ish phil o me' lad lorgn ette' (-yet) out ra' geous tra pe' zi um lila' ma off' set ting tra ge' di an Mes si' ah pam phlet eer' dem a gog' ic eu pep' sy pan the' on tran scend ent' al fetd' al ism pass' o ver Mit y le' ne fort' night per sim' mon po tas' si um pyr' rho nigm pec' ca ry e re c ur rec tion ehlo' ride* pend' u lhIm ca mel' o pard i' o dine* post' hu mous tri um' vi rate cro quet' (-7ad) schig mat' ic som nam' bu ligm * Chloride and iodine are representatives of a class of chemical terms, in respect to which usage has been variable; most of them having been formerly writtenwithout the e final. The e is now generally retained i them all, except the word tannin. See Exercise 286, page 87. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 169 SECTION XXIV. NAMES OF PERSONS, WITH THEIR SIGNIFICATION. MAL.ES. E XEICISE 507. A'ARON (dr'un), lofty; inspired. AN'DREW, strong; manly. A'BEL, breath; vanity. AN'T1ro NY, priceless; praise. A BI'JAH, to whom Jehovah is a AN'TO NY, worthy. AB'NER, father of light. [father'. AR'CHI BALD, extremely bold. A'BRA IAM, father of a multitude. AR'NOLD, strong as an eagle. AB'sx LOM, father of peace. AR'THUR, high; noble. AD'AM:, earth-man; red earth. A'sA, healer; physician. A'DIN, tender; delicate; soft. ASH'ER, happy; fortunate. AD o NI'RAM, Lord of hight. Au GUS'TUS, exalted; imperial. AL'BERT,noblybright; illustrlo-,s Az A RI'AH, helped of the Lord. AL EX AN'DER, a defender of rea, BAR'NA BAS, son of corruption. AL'FRED, good counselor. BAR THOL'O MEW, a warlike son. AL'MON, hidden. BEN'E DICT, blessed. A LON'ZO, all ready; Nilg BEN'JA MIN, son of the right AL PHON' O, CALEB, a dog. [hand. AL'P1HE us, exchange. CALVIN, bald. AL'VIN, beloved of tie Lcr q CE'PHAS, a stone. AMr'A SA, a burden. C CHARLES, strong; manly. AML'BROSE, immortal; d5.vine. CHRIS'TO PElER, bearing Christ. A'ios, strong; ccaer.gLous. CLEM'ENT, mild-temp'd;merciful. EX.ERCISE 50. CON'RAD, bold in Pclunnel; resolute. E'NOCH, consecrated; dedicated. CON'STAN TINE, resolute; firm. E'PHRA IM, very fruitful. COR NE'LI us (unCertain). E RAS'TUS, lovely; amiable. CY'Rus, the s:n.. ETHAN, firmness; strength. DAN'IEL, a divine judge. EU'GENE, or Eu GENE', noble. DA RI'US, preserver. E ZE'KI EL, strength of God. DA'VID, beloved. Ez'RA, help. DON'ALD, proud chief. FER'DI NAND, brave; valiant. DUE'CAN, brown chief. FRAN'CIS, or FRANK, free. En EN E'ZER, the stone of help. FRED'ER IC, a peaceful ruler. ED'GAR, protector of property. GEORGE, a landholder; husbandED'MUND, defender of property. GID'E ON, a destroyer. [man. ED'WARD, guardian of property. GIL'BERT, yellow-bright; famous. ED'WIN, gainer of property. GILES, a kid. EG'B3RT, the sword's brightness. GOD'FREY, at peace with God. E LE A'ZER,to whom God is a help. GOD'WIN, good in war. E'LI, a foster son. GREG'o RY, watchful. E LI'IH, God the Lord. GRIF'FITH, having great faith. E LI'JAI, Jehovah is my God. Gus TA'US, a warrior; hero. E LI'SHA, (God my salvation. HE'MAI, faithful. EL'NA THAN, God gave. HEN'RY, the head of a house. 170 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. ECXERBCISE 509. HER'BEBT, glory of the army. Jolf, the gracious gift of God, HEZ E I'AH, strength of the Lord. JON'A THUAN, gift of Jehovah. HI'RAM, most noble. Jo'SEPH, he shall add, HO'M0ER, a pleLuge; security. Josi'u A, God of salvation. EIORACE, E Orca n. ) Jo SI'AH, given of the Lord, HO RA'TIO, ) JO'THAM, the Lord is upright. HU'BERT, bright in spirit. JU'LI US, soft-haired. HUGH, mind; spirit; soul. LAWFRENCE, crowned with laurel. IcnI'A BOD, the glory is departed. LE ANIDER, lion-man. I'l1A, watchful. LE3M'u EL, created by God. I'SAC, laughter. LEON'ARD, strong or brave as a I SA'IAR, salvation of the Lord, LFW'IS, bold warrior. [lion. IS'RA EL, a soldier of God. LU'THER, illustrious warrior. JA'COB, a supplanter. MAL'A CHI, messenger of the Lord. JAMES, the same as Jacob. MA NAS'SEH, forgetfulness. JA'SoN, a healer. MARK, sprung from Mars. JAS'PER (uncertain). MAR'TIN, of Mars; warlike. JED E DI'AH, beloved of the Lord. MAT'THEW (rmath'thu), gift of JeJER E MI'AH, exalted of the Lord. MILES, a soldier. [hovah JES'SE, wealth, II'CEA EL, who is like God? JO'AB, Jehovah. is his father. MoR'cA, a seaman. JOB, afflicted; presented. MO'sES, drawn out of the water. JO'EL, the Lord is God. NA'THAN, a gift. EXERBCISE 510. NA THAN'A EL, the gift of God. SAM'U EL, heard of God. NE HE MI'Ar, comfort of the Lord. SE'BA, eminent. NICH'O LAS, victory of the people. SETH, appointed. NO'AH, rest; comfort. SIL VA'NUS, living in a wood. NOR'MAN, a native of Normandy. SIL VES'TER, bred in the country. O'BED, serving God. SIM' oN,hearingwith acceptance. OL'I VER, an olive-tree. SOL'O MON, peaceable. OS'CAR, bounding warrior. STE''PHIEN (ste'vn), a crown. PATRICK, noble; a patrician. TIAD'DE US, the wise. PAUL, little. THE'O DORE, the gift of God. PE'TER, a rock. THE OPH'I LUS, a lover of Godc PHI LAN'DER, a lover of men. THOM'AS (tom'cas), a twin. PHI LE'MON, loving; friendly. TIM'O THY, fearing God. PnIL'IP, a lover of horses. U LYS'SES, a hater. PHIN'E AS, mouth of brass. U RI'AH, light of the Lord. RAPH'A EL, the healing of God. VAL'EN TINE, strong;. healthy. REU'BErN, behold, a son I VIC'TOR, a conqueror. RICH'ARD. rich-hearted; powerful. VIN'CENT, conquering. RoB'.RT, bright in fame. WAL'TEC, ruling the host. ROD'ER IC, rich in fame. WILL'IAM, resolute. [Lord. RO DOL'PHUS, famous wolf; hero. ZACH A RI'AH, remembered of the ROG'ER, famous with the spear. ZE LO'TES, a zealot. ROW'LAND, fame of the land. ZE'NAS, gift of Jupiter. RU'FUS, red; red-haired. ZEPH A NI'AH, hid of the Lord. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 171 FEMALES. lXERCISE 511. AB' GAIL (-gel), my father's joy, CYN'THI A, belonging to Mount AD'A LINE, I of noble birth; a DEB'O RAH, a bee. [Cynthus. AD'E LAIDE, princess. DI AN'THA, flower of Jove; a pink. AGINES, chaste; pure. DOR'CAS, a gazelle. AL'ICE, a princess. E'DITH, happiness. AL MI'RA, lofty; a princess. EL'E A NOR, light. A MAN'DA, worthy to be loved. ELIZ'A BETH, or E LI'ZA, conse. A ME'LI A, busy; energetic. EL VI'RA, white. [crated to God. A'alY, beloved. Ei'E LINE, energetic; industrious. AN GE LI'NA, lovely; angelic. EM'I LY, same as Emeline. ANN, AN'NA, grace. ES'THER (-ter), a star; good forAN TOI NETTE', inestimable. EU'NICE, happy victory. [tune. AR A BEL'LA, a fair altar. E'VA, EVE, life. [news. Au GUS'TA, feminine of Augustus. E VAN'GE LINE, bringing glad Au nBORA, morning redness. FE LIC'I A (-Uish), happiness. BER'THA, bright; beautiful. FI DE'LI A, faithful BLANCH, or BLANCHE, white. FLO'RA, flowers. [ing. CAR'O LINE, femiinine of Charles. FLOR'ENCE, blooming; flcurishCATH'A RINE, pure. FRAN'CES, feminine of Francis. CHAR'LOTTE, feminine of Charles. GER'TRUDE, spear-maiden. CLAR'A, bright; illustrious. GRACE, grace; favor. CO'RA, maiden. IIAN'NAH, the same as Anna. COB DE'LI A, warm-hearted. HAR'RI ET, feminine of Henry. JX3XEMCIS.E 512. HEL'EN, light. ME LIS'SA, a bee. HEN RI ET'TA, feminine of Henry. MIR'I AM, the same as Mary. I'DA, godlike. NAN'CY, familiar form of Ann. I RE'NE, peaceful. [beth. To'RA, contractioi of Leonora; Is A BEL'LA, the same'as Eliza- OL'IVE, an olive. [light. JANE, f. of John; same as Joanna. PHE'BE, pure; radiant. JE MII'MA, a dove. RA'CHEL, a ewe. JE RU'SHA, possessed. RE BEC'CA, of enchanting beauty Jo AN'NA, feminine of John. RO'SA, a rose. JO'SEPH INE, feminine of Joseph. RUTH, beauty. JU'DITH, praised. SA'RAH, a princess. Ju'LI A, feminine of Julius; soft- So PHI'A, wisdom. LAU'RA, a laurel. [haired. So PHO'NI A, of a sound mind. Lo RIN'DA, variation of Laura. STEL'LA, a star. Lou I'SA, feminine of Louis; bold SU'sAN, a lily. Lu CRE'TI A, light. [warrior. THE RE'SA, carrying ears of corn. LI'CY, f. of Lucius; born at break TRY PHE'NA, delicate; luxurious. LYD'IA, a native of Lydia. [of day. TRY PHO'SA, luxurious; dainty. MAR'GA RET, a pearl. UR'STJ LA, she-bear. MA Rl;A, the samne as Mary. VIC TO'I A, victory. MAR'THA, the ruler of the house. VIR GIN'I A, virgin; pure. MA'RY, bitter; star of the sea. WIL HEL MI'NA, feminine of MA TIL'DA, mighty battle-maid. l WILHELM or WILLIAM, resolute. 172 SANDEIRS' UNION SPELLER. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING. A. or Ans.-Answer. (Commissioner; Commo. A.-Adjective; Acre. Corn.. dore; Committee; ComA. A. S.-Fellow of the American ( merce. Academy. Conj.-Conj unction. A. B. or B. A.-Bachelor of Arts. Conn. or Ct.-Connecticut. A. B. S.-Almerican Bible Society. Const.-Constablle; Constitution. Acct. Account. Cor.- Corinthians. A. D.-In the year of our Lord. C. P. S.-Keeper of the Privy Seal. Adj.-Adjutant. Cr.-Credit; Creditor. Adv.-Adverb. C. S.-Ieeper of the Seal. Agt.-AAgent. Cts.-Cents. Al. or Ala. Alabama. Cwt.-A hundred weight. Ald.-Alderman. Cyc.-Cyclopedia. Alex.-Alexander. Dan.-Daniel; Danish. ( Master of Arts; Before D. C.-District of Columbia. A. M. \ Noon; In the year of D. D.-Doctor ofDivinity tho world. Dea.-Deacon. Am. or Amer.-American. Dec.-December. Amt. -Amounlt. Deg.-Degree or Degrees. Anon.-Anonymous. Del.-Delaware; Delegate. Ant.-Antiquity. Dem.-Democrat. Apr.-April. Den.-Denmark. AriLh.-Arithmetic. Dept.-Deputy; Department. Ark.-Arkansas. Deut. —Deuteronomy. Art.-Article. Dft.-Defendant. Asst.-Assistant. Dict.-Dictionary. Dictator. Atty.-Attorney. Dist.-District. Augr.-August. Do. or Ditto.-The same. Av.-Avenue. Dols.-Dollars. Bal,-Balance. Doz.-Dozen. Bbl.-Barrel. Dr.-Doctor; Debtor. B. C. or A. C.-Before Christ. E.-East; Earl. B. D.-Bachelor of Divinity. Eccl.-Ecclesiastes. Benj.-Benjanmin. Ed.-Editor; Edition. Bot.-Botany. e. g.-For example. Br. or Bro.-Brother. E. I.-East Indies.'B. V.-Blessed Virgin. Eliz.-Elizabeth. C. or Cent. —A hundred. Encyc.-Encyclopedia. Cal.-California; Calendar. Eng.-England; English. Cant.-Canticles. Ep.Epistle. Caps.-Capitals. Eph.-Ephesians. Capt.-Captain. Esq.-Esquire. Cash.-Cashier. Etc. or &c.-And so forth. Ch. or Chap.-Chapter. EEx.-Example; Exodus. Chron.-Chronicles. Exr.-Executor. Co.-Company; County. Ezek. —Ezekiel. Col.-Colonel; Colossians. Fahr.-Fahrenheit. Coll.-College; Collector. Feb. February. L- __ _^ _.................r -i ~ i SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 173 Fernm.-Feminine. L.-Lord; Lady; Latin. Fig.-Figure. La.-Louisiana. F1.-Flemish; Florida. Lat.-Latit de. Fr.-France; French, lbs —Pounds in weight, F. R. S.-Fellow of the Royal Leg.-Legislature. Society. Lev.-Leviticus. F. S. A. —Fellow of the Society Lieut.-Lieutenant. of Arts. L. I.-Long Island. Ft.-Foot; Feet; Fort, LL.D.-Doctor of Laws, Fur. —Furlong. Lon. —Longitude. Ga. —Georgia. Lou. or La.-Louisiana. Gal. -Galatians. L. S, —Place of the Seal. G. B.-Great Britain. M.-Meridian; Thousand. Ge. —Genesis' Genesral. Ma. or Minn.-Minnesota. Gent.-Gentlmen. Matd.-Madam. Geo.-George; Georgia Maj.-Major. Geog.-Geography. Masc.-Masculine. Geol.-Geology. Mass.-Massachusetts. Geom.-Geometry. Math. —Mathematics. Ger.-German. Matt.-Matthew. Gov.-Governor. M. B.-Bachelor of Physic. (Gr.- Greek; Grain; Gross. M. C.-Member of Congress. Ha-b.IHabakkuk. M. D.-Doctor of Physic. Hag. — aggai. Md.-Maryland. H. B. M.~-His or her Britannic Mdlle.-Mademoiselle, I-Idkf.-I-andkerchief. [Majesty. Me. Maine. Heb. —IHebrews. Mem.-Memorandum. Hhd. —ogshead. Messrs.-Gentlemen; Sirs. Hist.-I-History. Mex.-Mexico; Mexican. Hon.-Honorable. Mich.-Michigan; Michael. H. R.-House of Representatives. Minn.-Minnesota. IHund.-Hundred. Miss. —Mississippi. Ib. or Ibid. —In the same place. Mo.-Missouri. Id.-The same. Mons.-Monsieur. i. e.-That is. M. P.-Member of Parliament. I. H S.-Jesus, the Savior of Mr.-Master or Mister. Ill.-Illinois. [Men. Mrs.-Mistress (pron.) missis. Incog.-Unknown, MS.-Manuscript. Ind.-Indiana.' MSS.-Manuscripts. Inst.-Instant; or the present Mt.-Mount or Mountain. Int.-Interest. [month. Myth.-Mythology. Inter.-Interjection. N.-North. Io.-Iowa. N. A.-North America. Isa.-Isaiah. N. B.-Take notice. It. Italy; Italian. N. C,-North Carolina. Jan.-January. N. E.-New England; North-east. Jer.-Jeremiah. Neb.-Nebraska. Josh.-Joshua. Neh.-Nehemiah. J. P.-Justice of the Peace. N. H,-New Hampshire. Jr. or Jun.-Junior. N. J.-New Jersey. Kan.-Kansas. No.-Number. Ky.-Kentucky. Nom.-Nominative. 174 SANDEERS' UNION SPELLER. Nov.-November. Sam.-Samuel. N. S.-New Style; Nova Seotia. Sat.-Saturday. N. T.- New Testament. S. C.-South Carolina. Num.-Numbers. f chr.-Schooner. N. W.-North-vest. Scot.-Scotland. N. Y.-New York. Sec.-Section; Secretary, O. -Ohio. S. E.-South-east. Obad.-Obadiah. Sen. —Sealator; Senior. Obj.-Objective; Objection. Sept.-September. Obt. —Obedient. Serg.-Sergeant. Oct.-October. Servt.-Servant. O. S.-Old Style. Sol.- Solomon; Solution. O. T.-Old Testament. Sp.-Spain; Spanish. Oz.-Ounce or ounces. ss.-To wit; namely. P., pp.-Page, pages. St.-Saint; Street. Pa. or Penn.-Pennsylvania. S. T. D.-Doctor of Divinity, Parl.-Parliament. Sun.-Sunday. Per or pr.-By the; as, per yard. Supt.-Superintendent. Per cent.-By the hundred. S. W.-South-west, Pet.-Peter. Ter.-Territory. Phil.-Philip; Philippiahs. Tenn.-Tennessee, Phil.-Philadelphia. Tex.-Texas. Philom.-Lover of learning. Theo. —Theodore. P. M.-Post Master; Afternoon. Theol.-Theology. P. O.-Post Office. Thess.-Thessalonians. Pop.-Population. Thurs.-Thursday. Pos.-Possessive.. Tim.-Timothy. Prop.-Preposition. Tit.-Titus. Pres.-President. Tr.-Translation; Treasurer. Prob.-Problem. Ult.-The last, or last month. Prof.-Professor. U. S.-United States. Pro. tern.-For the time being. United States of AmerProv., —Proverbs. U. S. A. ica; United States P. S.-Post-script. Army. Pwt~-Pennyweight. U. S. N.United States Navy. Q.-Queen; Question. [strated. U. T.-Utah Territory. Q. E. D. —Vhich was to be demon- V. or Vide.-See; refer to. Q. E. F. — hich was to be done. V.-Verse; Verb. Qr. —Quarter. Va.-Virginia. q. s.-A sufficient quantity. Viz.-To wit; namely. t. —Quart. Vol.-Volume. Rec'd.-Received. V. P.-Vice President. Regt.-Regiment. vs.-Against. Rep.-Repepresentative. Vt.-Vermont. Rev.-Revelations; Reverend. WA.-West. R. I.-Rhode Island. Wedl.-Wednesday. Rom.-Romans. V. I. —West Indies. R. R.-Railroad. Wis.-Wisconsin. Rt. IIon.-Right Honorable. Wm.-William. Rt. Rev.-Right Reverend. WiVt.-N-eight. S.-South. Yd.-Yard S. A.-South America. Zool.-Zoology. SANDERES' TUNION SPELLER. 175 ROMAN AND ARABIC qNOTATION. lloman. Arabic. Roman. Arabic. I 1 one XXX 80 thirty II 2 two XL 40 forty III 3 three L 50 fifty IV 4 four LX 60 sixty V 5 five LXX 70 seventy VI 6 six LXXX 80 eighty VII 7 seven XC 90 ninety VIII 8 eight C 100 1 hundred IX 9 nine CC 200 2 hundred X 10 teln CC 300 3 hundred XI 11 eleven CCCC 400 4 hundred XII 12 twelve 1 500 5 hundred XIII 13 thirteen DC 600 6 hundred XIV 14 fourteen DCC 700 7 hundred XV 15 fifteen DCCC 800 8 hundred XVI 16 sixteen DCCCC 900 9 hundred XVII 17 seventeen M 1000 1 thousand XVIII 18 eighteen 1868;onethou. XIX 19 nineteen MDCCCLXVIII I sand eight XX O2 twenty hundred sixXXI 21 twenty-one ty eight. All the different numbers are expressed by various combinations of the seven letters I. V. X. L. C. D. M. A letter of a less value placed before one of a greater, is to bo subtracted from it; placed after, it is to be added to it, thus. V five X ten L fifty C a hundred. IV four IX nine XL forty XC ninety VI six XI eleven LX sixty CX hundred and ten. FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. Ab in i'ti o.-From the beginning. An'i mus.-Mind; feeling. Ad cap tan'dam.-To attract. Beau', de'al. A perfect model Ad fi'nem.-To the end. of beauty. Ad hom i nem.-To the man. Beau iondze.-The gay world. Ad infi ni'tutm. — ithout limit. Bon ton.-The hight of fashion. Ad lib'i tam.-At pleasure. Bo'na fi'de.-In good faith. Ad rem.-To the point. Cap-c-pi-'.From head to foot. Ad va tlo'rem.-According toval- Ca put. —Head; chapter. [plenty. A i as.-Otherwise. [ue. Cor'nu co'pi a. -The horn of Al'i bi.-Elsewhere. Coup d'itat (i oo d a ti' ).-A Al'mncc mC'ter. - A cherishing stroke of policy. [is it? ~motlher. [our Lord. Cai bo'no. - For whose benefit An'no DoM'i ni.-In.the year of De fac'to.-In fact. [God. Annio munl'di.-In the year of D'i gra'ti a.-By the grace of th. world. De ju're. —By right or law. An'ugi ce.-In English. De no'vo.-Anew. 176 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. De sid er a'tum. —Athingdesired. Ne plus ul'tra.- The utmost Dic'tum.-A saying; a decision. extent. [willing. Dum iv'i mus vi va'mus.-While No'lens o'lens. - Unwilling or we live, let us live. Non com'pos men'tis.-Not of a Ennui (ong nwe').-Weariness. sound mind. E plu'ri bus su'num.-One form- O'ra pro no'bis.-Pray for us. ed of many; Motto of the U. S. O're ro tun'do. - With round, Er'go.-Therefore. full voice. Et cet'e ra.-And so forth. 0 tempo rat 0 n mores!-O the Ex eel si or. —More lofty. times! 0 the manners! E;'e. unt.-They go out. Pa'ter nos'ter.-Our Father; the Ei'it —He goes out ) death. Lord's Prayer. Lx offi'ci o.-By virtue of office. Per an'num.-By the year. Expar'te.-On one side. Per cen'tum.-By the hundred Er post fac to.-After the deed Per di'em.-By the day. is done. L[tation. Post mor'tem.-After death. Ex tem'po re. —Without premed- Pri'ma fa'ci e.-On the first view. Ftac sim'i le.-A close imitation. Pro bo'no pub'li co.- For the Fi nale. —The concluding piece public good. in music; the close. Pro et can.-For and against. i'nis.-The end. [Father. Pro ra'ta.-In proportion. Glo'ri a Pcatri.-Glory be to the Pro tem'po re.-For the time. Gra'tis.-For nothing; free. Ren'o va te an i mos.- Renew:la'be as cor'pus.-You may have your courage. [Holies. Hic ja'cet.-Here lies. [the body Sacnc'tums sane to'qrum. — oly of Hors de combat (or de cong bc') Se cun'dum ar'tem. - According -Disabled; out of condition to to art. fight. [the moment. Sic sevm'per ty racn'nis.-So mayit Im promp'tu. —On the spur of ever be with tyrants.'Im pri'mis.-In the first place. Si'ne di'e. — ithout dayspecified. In cog'ni to.-Unknown. i'ne qua non.-That which is In sta'tu quo. —In the former indispensable. [fore. In to to.-In the whole. [state. Sta'tus quo-Same state as beIn tran;si tu.-On the passage. Suav'i ter in mo'do.-Gentle in Ip'se dix'it.-He himself said it. manners. [good. fpso fac'to.-In the fact itself. Sumn'mum bo'num. — The chief Lap'ss utn gum. —A slip of the lerm'pus fu'git.-Time flies. tongue. Ter'ra fir'ma.-Solid earth. Laus De;o.-Praise God. Ul ti mac'tum.-The last or only Lit er ac'tim.-Letter for letter. condition. Macg'na Char'ta. - The great U'na vo'ce.-With one voice. charter. Utl'tra.-Beyond; excessive. Mi]a'la fide.-In bad faith., VaC'de me'cum.-Go with me. Max't mum.-The greatest. Vi'ni, vidi, vici.-I came, I saw, Me lee (en.a la'). -A conflict; a I conquered. fight, [death. Ver'sus.-Against. Me men'to mo' i.-Be mindful of Vi'ce ver'sa.-The terms being Min'i mum.-The smallest. [tell. exchanged. [voice. Mi rab'i le dic'tu.-Wonderful to Vi'va vo'ce. - With the living Mo'dus op er an'di.-Mode of op- Vox pop'u ii vox De'i. — The eration. [little, voice of the people is the voice M/ul'tum in par'vo.- Much in of God. SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. 177 SECTION XXIV. C APITAL LETTERS. 1. The first word of every sentence should begin with a capital; as, Wisdom is better than rubies. 2. The first word of every line of poetry should begin with a capital; as, "Farewell my friends I farewell my foes I My peace with these, my love to those." —BURps. 3. I and 0, when used as words, should be capitals; as, I said I will be wise. 0 ye simple, understand wisdom. 4. Every name of the Deity should begin with a capital; as, God, Jehovah, the Almighty. 5. Every proper name should begin with a capital; as, Solomon, London. 6. Titles of office and honor should begin with capitals; as, Chief Justice Hale, Louis the Bold. 7. The chief words in the titles of books should begin with capitals; as, Pope's Essay on Mian. 8. Names of things personified, should begin with capitals; as, "When Music, heavenly maid, was young."-CoLLINs. 9. Words derived from proper names commonly begin with capitals; as, American, Newtonian. 10. Any word denoting a thing,of special importance, may begin with a capital; as, He supported the Beform Bill. PAUSES AND OTHER MARKS USED IN WRITING. The Comma ( 9 ) denotes the shortest pause; the Semicolon (;) a pause double that of the comma; the Colon (: ) a pause double that of the semicolon; and the Period (.) a pause double that of the colon. The Interrogation point ( ) denotes that a question is asked; as, What is truth? The Exclamation point ( ) denotes some strong or sudden emotion of the mind; as, O death! where is thy sting! 178 SANDERS' UNION SPELLER. The Dash (-) denotes a sudden pause or change of subject. The Parenthesis [ ( )] is used to include an explanatory sentence. The Brackets ( [] ) are used to include words that serve to explain the preceding word or sentence; as, Newton [the Philosopher], was a great Astronomer. The Quotation ( 66 ) is used to include a passage that is taken from some other author; as, " Know thysel". The Apostrophe ( ) denotes the possessive case; as, John's hat; or the omission of one or more letters of a word; as, us'd for used. The Ellipsis ( ) denotes that some letters in a word are omitted; as L-d for Lord. The Hyphen (-) is used to connect compound words; as, land-mark; also, to mark the division of a word. The Caret ( ^ ) is used to show that something has been r is omitted through mistake; thus, Chales; Virtue amiable. A A The Section (~) is used to divide a book or chapter into parts. The Paragraph ( i) denotes the beginning of a new subject. The Index or hand ( ) points out a paragraph, which is to be particularly observed. The Asterisk ( ), the Obelisk (t ), the Double Dagger ( f ), the Parallel ( 11 ), and sometimes letters and figures, are used to refer the reader to notes in the margin, or at the bottom of the page. The Brace ( ) is used to connect several words with one common term. The Diseresis ( ) is placed over the latter of two vowels, to show that they belong to two distinct syllables; thus, orthoepy.