DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRANKLIN K. LANE, SECRETARY NATIONAL PARK SERVICE STEPHEN T. MATHER, DIRECTOR EARLY HISTORY OF GLACIER NATIONAL PARK MONTANA By MADISON GRANT Founder and Chairman of the Executive Committee of the New York Zoological Society, Author of "The Passing of the Great Race", "The Caribou", "The Rocky Mountain Goat", "The Origin and Relationship of the Large Mammals of North America", etc. WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE '1919 THE NATIONAL PARKS AT A GLANCE. [Number, 18, total area 10,739 square miles.] Area in National parks in Area in oN f crenaton. Location. square Distinctive characteristics. order rmiles. Hot Springs...... 1832 Yellowstone........ 1872 Middle Arkansas..... Northwestern Wyoming. Sequoia............ Middle eastern Cali1890 fornia. Yosemite........... Middle eastern 1890 fornia. Cali 3,348 252 1,125 4 324 249 17 General Grant...... Middle eastern Cali1890 fornia. Mount Rainier..... West central Wash1899 ington. Crater Lake........ Southwestern Oregon. 1902 Wind Cave.......-- South Dakota......... 1903 46 hot springs possessing curative propertiesMany hotels and boarding houses-20 bathhouses under public control. More geysers than in all rest of world togetherBoiling springs-Mud volcanoes-Petrified forests-Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, remarkable for gorgeous coloring-Large lakesMany large streams and waterfalls-Vast wil"derness, greatest wild bird and animal preserve in world-Exceptional trout fishing. The Big Tree National Park-12,000 sequoia trees over 10 feet in diameter, some 25 to 36 feet in diameter-Towering mountain ranges-Startling precipices-Cave of considerable size. Valley of world-famed beauty-Lofty cliffs-Romantic vistas-Many waterfalls of extraordinary height-3 groves of big trees-High Sierra-Waterwheel falls-Good trout fishing. Created to preserve the celebrated General Grant Tree, 35 feet in diameter-6 miles from Sequoia National Park. Largest accessible single peak glacier system--28 glaciers, some of large size-48 square miles of glacier, 50 to 500 feet thick-Wonderful subalpine wild flower fields. Lake of extraordinary blue in crater of extinct volcano-Sides 1,000 feet high-Interesting lava formations-Fine fishing. Cavern having many miles of galleries and numerous chambers containing peculiar formations. Many sulphur and other springs possessing medicinal value. Small park with woods, streams, and a lakeIs an important wild animal preserve. Most notable and best preserved prehistoric cliff dwellings in United States, if not in the world. Rugged mountain region of unsurpassed Alpine character-250 glacier-fed lakes of romantic beauty-60 small glaciers-Precipices thousands of feet deep-Almost sensational scenery of marked individuality-Fine trout fishing. Heart of the Rockies-Snowy range, peaks 11,000 to 14,250 feet altitude-Remarkable records of glacial period. Three separate areas-Kilauea and Mauna Loa on Hawaii; Haleakala on Maui. Only active volcano in United States properLassen Peak, 10,465 feet-Cinder Cone, 6,879 feet-Hot Springs-Mud geysers. Highest mountain in North America-Rises higher above surrounding country than any other mountain in the world. The greatest example of erosion and the most sublime spectacle in the world.,The group of granite mountains upon Mount Desert Island. Platt.............. 1904 Sullys Hill......... 1904 Mesa Verde......... 1906 Glacier....--...---- 1910 Southern Oklahoma... North Dakota......... Southwestern Colorado. Northwestern Montana. Rocky Mountain... North middle Colo1915 rado. Hawaii............. 1916 Lassen Volcanic.... 1916 Hawaii-..-...---...-... Northern California... 77 1,534 397i 118 124 2,200 958 8 Mount McKinley... South central Alaska.. 1917 Grand Canyon...... 1919 Lafayette.......... 1919 North central Arizona. Maine Coast............ 2 EARLY HISTORY OF GLACIER NATIONAL PARK. Although the Glacier National Park is only 9 years old, the history of its dedication as a Federal reserve is already beginning to fade into a tradition. As a member of the governing body of the Boone and Crockett Club the writer has for years been familiar with the long-continued efforts to bring about the establishment, of the park, and these notes have been prepared in order to gather in definite, authentic; and perhaps final form material available for future historical use. The region now included in the Glacier National Park lies in a remote corner of Montana along the Continental Divide of the Rocky Mountains, immediately adjoining the Dominion of Canada. It had scarcely been visited before the building of the Northern Pacific Railroad except by an occasional mountain man or trapper. These mountain men, like the Indians who preceded them, penetrated the remote fastnesses of the Rocky Mountains in the early decades of the nineteenth century, but they passed and left no record behind. Many a mountain slope or tree-studded valley has borne silent witness to their solitary roamings and ofttimes tragic end in hopeless, fight against savage foes. With the building of the transcontinental railroads a different class of men entered the country, who were capable of recording what they saw. Little is known of the earlier history of the Glacier National Park region. Perhaps the first account of it is the story told by old Hugh Monroe, of the visit, long ago, of a missionary priest to the Lower St. Mary Lake. Chief Mountain, by far the boldest natural feature of the region, had been seen and named long before that, for on the early maps sent back to President Jefferson by Lewis and Clark in 1804 a mountain is indicated at about this point, called The King-evidently a translation of the Indian term, Chief of Mountains. It is not surprising that it should have received this name, for it is visible for a great distance from the more or less level prairie north, east, and south, and stands out before the other mountains of the range like a chief leading his men. After the mountain men, and yet long before the day of the railroads, we have one or two early records of the general region, one by A. W. Tinkham, who in 1853 approached it from the west side, while in May of the following year James Doty, accompanying Gov. I. I. Stevens on his exploring trip in charge of the railroad survey along the forty-seventh parallel, actually entered the area which is now the park. Doty's detailed report enables us to follow him from camp to camp until he reached a body of water now unfortunately miscalled the Lower St. Mary LaJke, to which he referred as "the well-known Chief Mountain Lake," implying that the name was then established. The Upper St. Mary Lake he named Bow Lake. In later maps these early names went astray, and the very appropriate name, Chief 114720-19 3 4 GLACIER NATIONAL PARK. Mountain Lake became attached to another lake farther north and lying across the international boundary in longitude about 113~ 53'. This latter lake was described and a survey of it published in the international boundary survey in 1878. It. is now called Waterton Lake. It is unfortunate that Lower St. Mary Lake does not bear the characteristic name Chief Mountain Lake, since it is dominated by the great peak known as Chief Mountain. This is a matter that might with propriety be presented to the National Geographic Board, together with such evidence additional to that heretofore available to its members as would warrant their reconsidering the former decision of the board. The board's decision was perhaps based on the map of Doty's Route, printed in Volume XI of the Pacific Railroad Reports, compiled in the engineer's office from surveys of 1853-1857, where Chief Mountain Lake is given as lying across the border, partly in the United States and partly in British territory. This is Waterton Lake, and was very likely taken from Blakiston's-1858-map. Those familiar with Doty's narrative and route will scarcely agree that this lake lying across the parallel of 490 N. is Doty's Chief Mountain Lake. In Science, August 12, 1892, Volume XX, page 85, reasons were given for believing that the so-called St. Mary Lakes were the Chief Mountain Lakes of Doty. Briefly, they are these: Doty says he camped on a small stream-one of the heads of Milk River-8 miles beyond, north of Cut Bank River, and then went on, and after 17 miles saw in a valley 500 feet below him the Chief Mountain Lake. The distance is about right to have brought him to the Lower St. Mary Lake. He describes with some detail the heads of Milk River, crossed before he reached his Chief Mountain Lake, and mentions particularly the growth of pine timber seen on the mountains near and on Divide Mountain, which extends toward the plain for a distance from Divide Mountain. According to Doty, the south end of Chief Mountain Lake is ip 48~ 43' 08", or about 17 miles south of the boundary line, which would make the north end about 10 miles south of that line. By modern maps this northern end is about 11 miles south of the boundary. Doty also says definitely that his survey shows that Chief Mountain Lake and its environs belong to the United States. The lengths which he gives for the two lakes, i. e., Chief Mountain and Bow Lake, are approximately those of the Lower and Upper St. Mary Lakes. He further says that the outlet of his Chief Mountain Lake is called in the Blackfeet language Mo-ko-un or Belly River, which is what the St. Mary River-the outlet of the Lower St. Mary Lake-is called by the Blackfeet to-day, and that it is the most southerly of the headwaters of the Saskatchewan River, and that one large fork arises near Chief Mountain. This would probably be Kennedy Creek. At the time when this map was made the St. Mary Lakes were not known, but Blakiston's Waterton Lake was known, and it seems quite possible that the compilers of the map in Volume XI of the Pacific Railroad Reports, knowing that there was a considerable lake near the boundary line, took it for granted that this was the lake visited by Doty and set down his trail as going to and beyond that lake. GLACIER NATIONAL PARK. 5 In 1882 Prof. Raphael Pumpelly tried to cross the main chain of the Rocky Mountains by the Cut Bank Pass, but found the snow too deep and was obliged to turn back; but in 1883 by the same Cut Bank Pass, he crossed from west to east and discovered the glacier, which is a part of the ice flow from the Blackfoot Mountain, and is now known as the Pumpelly Glacier. With Prof. Pumpelly were W. A. Stiles, a newspaper writer well known between 1870 and 1890, for years the editor of Prof. Sargent's Garden and Forest, and W. R. Logan, who was long in the service of the Indian Bureau and was the first superintendent of Glacier Park. Prof. Pumpelly, eminent in science, outdoor man, and nature lover, beheld the scenes of the Glacier National Park with great enthusiasm. He says: "Among these limestone mountains-from lofty crest and in cirques-you will see the grandest scenery in the United States; and the best time to see it is when, from high-lying snow fields water falls are plunging 2,000 feet down almost vertical steps. "A sharply cut pyramid towers 1,000 feet above the (Cut Bank) Pass. Its four faces form the upward extension of the intersection of four amphitheater walls-two on each side of the crest-and it indicates a lowering of the crest here during the glacial period by at least 1,000 feet." The outlying prairie borders of the region were by this time becoming known, as a few prospectors were washing for gold along the lower reaches of Swiftcurrent and Kennedy Creeks and on the St. Mary River. In 1885, George Bird Grinnell, of New York, hearing glowing accounts of the country, went there on a hunting trip. The route at that time was by the Northern Pacific Railroad to Helena, thence to Fort Benton, 116 miles by stage; from that point to the old Piegan Agency on Badger Creek, 90 miles by wagon; and from there to the lake and mountains horses were necessarily employed. The mountains here had always been a hunting ground for Indians and had been visited by parties of Kootenais from the west, and by Crees and Bloods from the north. The Kootenais and the Crees were good mountain hunters and all three tribes were good trappers. The streams of the mountains and the lakes and pools of the foothills abounded in beaver, while in the mountains game was plentiful. The Blackfeet also camped about the lakes and hunted the mountain bison found in the valleys and on the foothills. Sometimes hostile camps met here and more than once the great flat at the foot of the Lower St. Mary Lake has been the scene of battle. As an example of the abundance of game in those days, Mr. Grinnell records that in eight days a party of Kootenai Indians with whom he hunted killed 2 or 3 moose, 2 or 3 elk, many sheep and goats, and 75 or 80 beaver. Mr. Grinnell, perhaps more than any other living man, represents the now disappearing class of educated easterners who went to the frontier in the buffalo and Indian days and devoted their lives to the welfare of the great West. Many men on the plains and in the mountains did the same, but for the most part they were not unmindful of their own material interests, and the credit they deserve for developing the country is perhaps to be qualified somewhat by 6 GLACIER NATION-AL PARK. the fact that they themselves often profited substantially in so doing. Mr. Grinnell, on the other hand, from the year 1870 has freely given his time, his money, his scientific and literary attainments, and his talents to the cause of the preservation of the forests, the wild life of the country and, above all, the welfare of the Indians of the West. At what is now Lake McDermott, Mr. Grinnell discovered the glacier now known as the Grinnell Glacier. This glacier he climbed and thoroughly explored on a later visit in company with Lieut. (afterward Col.) J. H. Beacom, United States Army. At the same time Mount Grinnell and Grinnell Lake'1 received their names from Lieut. Beacom. From 1887 on he returned each summer and autumn for a number of years, devoting his time to hunting, climbing, exploring, and the study of the Blackfeet Indians. In 1891 he discovered and named the Blackfeet Glacier, the largest ice mass in the park. During these years Mr. Grinnell also gave names to many of the prominent features of the park, a list of which follows. At this time the region, from the international boundary line south to Birch Creek on the east side of the Continental Divide, formed the westerly portion of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation, but was not used by these Indians. It was a region of great precipitation, and so long as its forests were preserved would be a storage reservoir of great value. So it early occurred to Mr. Grinnell to try to have the region set aside as a national park, and it is matter of record that the project of the Glacier National Park for the first time took concrete shape in September, 1891, in his suggeston that a movement be set on foot for the Government to buy the St. Mary region and turn it into a national reservation. The Great Northern Railroad was then just being built through this country and it was believed that its builders could be persuaded to see material advantage in backing the project. After long consideration the proposal was elaborated by Mr. Grinnell in an article called " The Crown of the Continent " and published in the Century Magazine of September, 1901, from which we quote: The Chief Mountain region has a real value to this country, and this con, sists in its being a reservoir for the storage of the great amount of moisturE precipitated here. For eight or nine months of the year this moisture takes the form of. snow, and supplies the annual waste caused by the melting of the glaciers. Without these glaciers and the far-reaching fields of snow which lie on many of the mountains, the lakes and the irivers would soon go dry. At present all the watercourses are full at all seasons of the year, and the winter's snows, pro-. tected by dense pine forests, are still slowly melting in June and July. The St. Mary River is a very large stream, and south of it, until we come to the Missouri River, there is none carrying an equal volume of water flowing out of the Rocky Mountains to the eastward. A plan is already on foot to divert the St. Mary from its present course and turn it into Milk River. If this should be done it would render irrigable many hundreds of square miles in northern Montana which are now quite without value from lack of water. But if the forests of the Chief Mountain region should be swept away by fire or the ax, its value as a reservoir would be gone. Large tracts of forest on Swiftcurrent have been burned over by hunting parties of Canadian Indians, and this danger is ever. present. Persons who have given intelligent study to the problems of forestry and the needs of the arid West appreciate the importance of protecting the sources of rivers flowing from the Rocky Mountains over the plains east and west, 1 It is unfortunate that the name Lake Grinnell was not given to the body of water * now named Lake McDermott. GLACIER NATIONAL PARK. 7 and it is obvious that the greater the number of settlers who establish themselves on these dry plains the more water will be used and so the more needed. The question of water supply is the most important that to-day confronts the States which border the Rocky Mountains. Already many of these States are feeling in the lessened volume of their streams the evil effect of the wasteful destruction of their forests. Great rivers like the Platte, the Arkansas, and the Rio Grande receive in a short time the quickly melting snows which lie on the naked sides of the mountains in which they rise, and when this flood is over, they fall at once to their summer level. Besides this they are tapped all along their courses by flumes and ditches which carry off the water and spread it over the ground. The result is that even these large rivers dwindle in midsummer and autumn to mere trickles of water, or become wholly dry. Their waters have been used up. Happily, in 1897, by the official initiative of the United States Forest Commission, of which Prof. Charles S. Sargent was chairman, a large section of this mountain country was made into a forest reserve, including Upper St. Mary Lake. Under faithful arnd intelligent supervision, the dangers above spoken of will in large part be obviated, and in due time Montana will rejoice, as California is now doing, that so large a source of her water supply has thus been preserved for her people. These paragraphs set forth what is now a commonplace truth; but at that time such broad views on the conservation of water supply, forests, and game were unusual. Ten years had elapsed between Mr. Grinnell's first concept of the Glacier National Park and publication of the article above referred to, and in the meantime various changes had taken place. In 1892 and 1893 indications of copper were found in the foothills, but as the country was an Indian reservation all prospecting was illegal. Being forbidden ground, people in the neighborhood began to imagine that great wealth must be hidden in the mountains, and strong pressure was brought to bear on Congress to purchase the mountain and foothill territory from the Indians and throw the region open to settlement. The Blackfeet Indians, whose hunting grounds and reservation included the territory of the Glacier Park, cared little about this moun tain country, as they had been first a timber and then a plains tribe. The only Indians who hunted in the mountains were Crees or Stoneys from the north and the Kootenais from the west, and sometimes the Bloods came down from the north to trap beaver. The result of the agitation to open this Indian country to prospectors was the passage of an act authorizing the purchase of the land from the Blackfeet Indians, and in 1895 the Secretary of the Interior appointed Mr. Grinnell, who was named at the request of the Blackfeet themselves, and Messrs. W. C. Pollock and W. M. Clements to treat with the Blackfeet. These negotiations resulted in the purchase of the mountain area of their reserve. The action of the commission was confirmed by Congress in June, 1896, and the land was thrown open in April, 1898. Between these dates many parties of prospectors secretly entered the forbidden territory, only to be discovered, arrested, escorted to the border, and released by the Indian police. Once set free they usually returned by some other route. The throwing open of the land was followed by a great incursion of miners and by a general prospecting of both sides of the mountains. Beautiful samples of copper were found, brought out and exhibited, and on some veins much work was done. The prospect. holes and shafts may still be seen on many hillsides. GLACIER NATI0ONAL PARK. 1 Experts from important mining camps were brought to the newly opened territory and looked it over, but all shook their heads and none seemed to agree with the local optimists, who declared that this was to be a " bigger camp than Old Butte." After two or three years of unsuccessful prospecting for gold, silver, copper, and finally for oil, the miners who were working in this region became wholly discouraged and practically all the claims were abandoned. By 1902 almost the last discouraged prospectors had withdrawn from the region, leaving behind them no marks of their presence more permanent than the prospect holes or shafts which they had dug at the cost of so much labor. They had cut down much timber for their mining operations, and in different localities adjacent to the claims rough log cabins, most of them roofless through weather and decay, still mark the points where hopes once high had grown fainter and fainter and at last had been abandoned. The time came when the only claim still occupied was a well sunk for petroleum, whose high derrick until recently was a landmark in the valley of Swiftcurrent River. Many tales are told of the struggles of those interested in this oil well to make it appear a valuable prospect, and tradition tells of casks of crude petroleum secretly brought into the country and fed into the well to buoy up the hopes of those who had invested in it. Before this Mr. Grinnell had become a recognized authority on the plains Indians and, more particularly, the Blackfeet. He devoted much time and effort to looking after their interests, at Washington, and was instrumental in improving their condition and upholding their rights. As a result he is considered a member of the Blackfeet Tribe, and is known as a Pinut-u-ye-is-tsim-o-kan, the Fisher Hat. During the period of mining excitement he had regularly visited the region, where he was welcomed because his visits were known to be for the purpose of exploration and hunting and not for location of mineral deposits. He climbed and named many of the mountains; among others, Mount Jackson, Blackfeet Mountain, and Mount Gould, and made the first sketch map of the region. When the mining excitement died down, he recognized that the time was propitious to advance his plan, then 10 years old, for a national park, and approached Senator T. H. Carter, of Montana, suggesting its creation; also he took the matter up with some of his friends in Montana, inducing them to write independently to the Senator. These suggestions resulted in the introduction by Senator Carter of the desired bill. It passed in the Senate twice, but the House felt slight interest in the measure. At length, however, Mr: L. W. Hill, who had visited the region, became an enthusiastic partisan of the bill, and Congressman Pray, of Montana, took it up. Mr. Hill saw in it great possibilities for the public benefit as well as important material advantage to the Great Northern Railroad. With these new interests behind the project, the bill passed both Houses and was signed by President Taft May 11, 1910, and the Glacier National Park, born in the brain of George Bird Grinnell in 1891, after 19 years of effort on his part, became an established fact. After the establishment of the park the appropriations for its improvement and care were small. There were no roads or bridges and it was evident that without these the general public would be unable GLACIER NATIONAL PARK. 9 to enjoy the beauties of the region. At this juncture the Great Northern Railroad, through the urgent efforts of Mr. L. W. Hill, stepped into the gap and expended many thousands of dollars in building safe and good roads to the lakes, as well as camping places for tourists, which later grew into, large and attractive hotels. Much of the earlier development of the park was due to L. W. Hill. It is to be regretted that the region could not have been set aside at an earlier date, as had been proposed originally by Mr. Grinnell, in which event many of the forest slopes and much of the game would have been preserved. Despite the forest fires which here and there have ravaged the park, the region retains much of its beauty and has been intelligently developed; being less accessible it has not reached the stage of popularity achieved by the Yellowstone National Park and Lake Louise in Canada. Mr. Grinnell, having worked chiefly on the eastern side of the Continental Divide, is responsible for few of the names on the western side. Mount Cleveland was named by him in 1898, when, standing on the summit of the Blackfeet Mountain, he recognized it as being the highest peak in the northern part of the park and named it after former President Grover Cleveland. It is not known how Waterton Lake got its name, but it was probably named by Capt. T. W. Blakiston, a member of the Palliser Expedition in 1858. Waterton Lakes appear on his map of 1858. It may have been called after the naturalist, Charles Waterton (1782 -1865). In 1878 it was called Chief Mountain Lake in the report of the International Boundary Survey. This name evidently was taken from the maps in Volume XI, Pacific Railroad Reports, already referred to. The name Chief Mountain is of Indian origin. In some early books and maps it is called King Mountain; in others, Kaiser Peak. Both obviously are translations of the term by which it was known to the Indians. This peak was climbed from its easterly face in 1894 by H. L. Stimson and Dr. Walter B. James, both of New York. In 1903 it was ascended from the west by Mr. and Mrs. Grinnell and Mr. and Mrs. John J. White. A very prominent mountain is Divide Mountain, standing up as a broad pyramid at the southerly end of the so-called Milk River Ridge, the high divide which separates waters flowing into the Missouri and the Gulf of Mexico from those emptying into Hudson Bay and the Arctic Ocean. This is the ridge passed over after leaving the heads of Milk River and just before the mountains beyond the St. Mary Lakes appear to the traveler by the stage. On the map it is called Hudson Bay Divide, a name much more apt than the one locally applied. The waters from one side of Divide Mountain run down into Divide Creek, which empties into the St. Mary Lake to go to Hudson Bay, and on the other side flow down into heads of Milk River, where they begin their long journey to the Gulf of Mexico. Appekunny Mountain was named after J. W. Schultz, who went to Fort Benton in 1879 and soon after married an Indian girl, daughter of the Piegan, Yellowwolf. His Indian name, Appekunny, means White-Spotted Robe, i. e., a badly tanned robe with hard spots. Mount Henkel is named after the settler Henkel-known locally as Joe Butch, who for many years lived at the foot of what is now the 10 GLACIER NATIONAL PARK, Lower St. Mary Lake. He is said to te a brother of the late William Henkel, long United States marshal in the southern district of New York. Iceberg Lake was named by Mr. Grinnell in 1890 from the observed formation of little icebergs breaking off the glacier that flows down into the lake. Mount Wilbur was also named by Mr. Grinnell after his friend, the late E. R. Wilbur, a successful New York business man, long his associate on the editorial staff of Forest and Stream. The mountain mass south of Chief Mountain and north of the South Fork of Kennedy Creek-on present maps named Yellow Mountain-used to be called Mount Robertson, and so appears on some of the early sketch maps. It was named after Lieut. S. R. Robertson, U. S. Army, who in 1885 made a trip from Fort Assiniboine, on Milk River, to St. Mary Lake. In old days the Swiftcurrent Pass was called Horse Thief Pass, tradition relating that some horse thieves once drove across the mountains through this pass a band of horses stolen on the Blackfeet Reservation. Mount Grinnell, Grinnell Lake, and Grinnell Glacier were, as mentioned, named in 1887 by Lieut. J. H. Beacom, as shown by entries in his diary of that year which was sent to Mr. Grinnell by his brother after Col. Beacom's death in Mexico in September, 1916. Allen Mountain was named in 1891 by Grinnell, Seward, and Stimson, after Cornelia Seward Allen, granddaughter of William H. Seward, Secretary of State in President Lincoln's Cabinet. She is the wife of Frederick T. Allen, of New York. Point Mountain-from its situation-was so named in 1891 by Grinnell. In 1887 Grinnell gave its name to Mount Gould for his hunting companion, George H. Gould, now a resident of Santa Barbara, Calif. Singleshot Mountain was so called by J. W. Schultz in 1885, from the fact that Grinnell, by a lucky shot, killed a running sheep there. Canyon Creek is an old name, and Mr. Grinnell gave Cataract Creek its name during one of his early visits, in 1887. Altyn Mountain and Cracker Lake were named by the miners, 1896-97. Mount Siyeh, Siyeh Glacier, and Siyeh Pass were named by Grinnell about 1888 for a Piegan Blackfeet Indian now dead, a good friend and a man of influence and importance in the tribe. Piegan Mountain Grinnell named in 1888 or 1889 for the tribe of the South Piegans. Pollock Mountain and Clements Mountain were named by surveyors in 1896 for those two members of the commission which made the agreement with the Indians to purchase the mountain territory now included in the park. Logan Pass over the Continental Divide, south of the ridge lying between Mount Oberlin and Piegan Mountain, was no doubt named for W. R. Logan, long an Indian agent and first superintendent of the park. Reynolds Mountain Grinnell named for his associate, Charles B. Reynolds, of New York City, for many years managing editor of Forest and Stream. Going-to-the-Sun Mountain was named by J. W. Schultz, probably about 1885. GLACIER N:TIONAL PARK. 11 Baring Creek was named by Joe Kipp about 1884 or 1885 at a time when the two Baring brothers, of England, and their nephew were hunting at the lakes. Sexton Glacier was named by J. B. Monroe after Lawrence E. Sexton, of New York City. Roes Basin on the map is an erroneous spelling. In 1885 Mr. Grinnell named it after a companion, Charles Rose, a half-breed Piegan Indian. It should be Rose Basin. The mountain and the basin were sometimes called by Rose's Indian name, Yellow Fish Mountain and Yellow Fish Basin. Fusilade Mountain took its name from the row kicked up one afteroon in 1891 by Henry L. Stimson and W. H. Seward when trying kill some goats there. Gunsight Mountain, Pass, and Lake and Citadel Mountain were named by Grinnell, Stimson, and Seward in 1891. Mr. Grinnell also gave their names to Red Eagle Lake and Mountain, Little Chief Mountain, and Almost-a-Dog Mountain in 1887, and to Mount Jackson and the Blackfeet Mountain and Blackfeet Glacier in 1891. The first three of the names are those of old-time Indian friends, while William Jackson was a quarter-breed Piegan, a grandson of old Hugh Monroe, and a good scout and prairie and mountain man. In 1891 Mr. Grinnell named Mount Stimson in honor of Henry L. Stimson, of his party, the mountain now called Mount Logan on the map, between the head of the Red Eagle Creek and the head of St. Mary River. By some change this name has been moved over to what was originally called Mount James, which now appears on the Government map as Mount Stimpson. On his early map Mr. Grinnell gave their names to Split Mountain and Norris Mountain but not to the Mount James shown on the Government map. Divide Mountain is an old name, but the name White Calf Mountain was given in 1896-97 by the people who were surveying the boundaries of the ceded strip. Rising Wolf Mountain was named by Schultz many years ago for old Hugh Monroe, who came into the country in 1813. The name is an old one in the Blackfeet Tribe. Flinsch Peak was named for a young Austrian who hunted near it a number of years ago. On the west side of the Continental Divide, in a general way south of the Mount Stimpson of the map, are mountains named by Mr. Grinnell for Three Suns, Eaglehead, Wolftail, and again to the east, Little Dog. These were all important men in the Piegan Tribe at that time. In the main range, west of Glacier Park Hotel, is Bearhead Mountain, and south of that Red Crow Mountain. The Indian, Bear Head, is still living; Red Crow was a blood chief. The so-called Appistoki Peak, north of Mount Henry and nearly south of Two Medicine chalets, ought to be called Apistotoki. Pumpelly Pillar, just east of Two Medicine Lake, is named for Prof. R. Pumpelly. The terms Two Medicine Lake, Two Medicine River, and so on, are abbreviations for Two Medicine Lodge Lake, etc. Many years ago the Blackfeet twice held the ceremony of the Medicine Lodge on this river. 12 GLACIER NATIONAL PARK. It is fortunate that a man of education and imagination like Mr. Grinnell was instrumental in naming the topographical features of Glacier Park, as it is obvious that Indian names have been used wherever their pronunciation or reasonable length makes them possible. Many Indian names are so long and so unpronounceable in the original that, unless altered beyond recognition, they can not be used as names for natural features. The inappropriate name of two beautiful sheets of water named St. Mary Lake is an example of what might otherwise have happened to the terminology of Glaciei National Park.1 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF GLACIER NATIONAL PARK. ALLEN, E. F. A Guide to the National Parks of America, 1918. 338 pages. BOWMAN, I. Forest Physiography, New York, 1911. Ill. Maps. BRYCE, JAMES. University and historical addresses. 1913. 433 pp. National Parks-the need of the future on pp. 389-406. COLEMAN, A. P. Glacier National Park, in " Glaciers of the Rockies and Sel kirks," Ottawa, Gov. Print, 1915. Ill. Maps. DUMBELL, K. E. M. California and the Far West, 1914. 198 pp. Glacier on pp. 23-36. GRINNELL, GEORGE BIRD. " Blackfoot Lodge Tales." Price, $1.75. Scribners. 1892. " Blackfeet Indian Stories." Price, $1.00. Scribners. 1913. HOLTZ, MATHILDE EDITH, and BEMUS, KATHERINE ISABEL. Glacier National Park, Its Trails and Treasures. 1917. 262 pp., illustrated. JAMES, G. W. "Our American Wonderlands," Chicago, 1915. Ill. Glacier National Park Chap. XXII. JOHNSON, C. "Highways of Rocky Mountains," Mountains and Valleys in Montana, pp. 194-215. Ill. MARSHALL, L. Seeing America, Philadelphia, 1916. Ill. Map. (Chap. XXIII; Among the American Alps, Glacier National Park, pp. 193-200.) MCCLINTOCK, W. The Old North Trail, 539 pages, illustrations, maps. Macmillan Co., 1910. MILLS, ENos A. Your National Parks. 532 pp., illustrated. Price, $2.50. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1917. Glacier National Park on pp. 148-160, 475-487. RINEHART, MARY ROBERTS. Through Glacier Park. The Log of a Trip with Howard Eaton. 1916. 92 DP., illustrated. My Country 'Tish of Thee. SANDERS, H. F. Trails through Western Woods. 1910. 310 pp., illustrated. History of Montana, vol. 1, 1913. 847 pp. Glacier National Parl on pp. 685-689. The White Quiver. Illustrated, 344 pages. Duffield & Co., New York, 1913. SOHULTZ, JAMES WILLARD. Blackfeet Tales of Glacier National Park. 1916. 242 pp., illustrated. STEELE, DAVID M. Going Abroad Overland. 1917. 198 pp., illustrated. Glacier National Park on pp. 92-101. STIMSON, HENRY L. The Ascent of Chief Mountain. In " Hunting in Many Lands," edited by Theodore Roosevelt and George B. Grinnell, pp. 220-237, 1895. WooD, R. K. Glacier National Park in " The Tourist's Northwest," New York, 1916. Ill.; map; pp. 367-387. YARD, ROBERT STERLING. The Top of the Continent. 1917. 244 pp., illustrated. Glacier National Park on pp. 87-115. The Book of the National Parks, elaborately illustrated. Price, $3.00. Scribners, 1919. Chapter on Glacier National Park. 1Those interested should read the article entitled "The Crown of the Continent" in the Century Magazine of September, 1901, and also the series of stories about the Glacier National Park by Grinnell in Forest and Stream, beginning with the autumn of 1885. 0