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To be presented at International Symposium on the DOBIMETRY OF IRRADIATIONS:
FROM EXTERNAL SOURCIS, Paris, France, November 23-27, 1964
RADIATION DOSE RECEIVED BY PASSENGERS AND CREW ON PLANES
CARRYING RADIOISOTOPE SHIPMENTS*
MASTER
DEC 30 1904
H. H. Abee and D. M. Javia
Health Physics Division
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
MASTER
8 cmp. 803.
do 803.).
.
I.
Introduction
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The ever increasing number of isotopes being transported within the
LS-
United States and Internationally, the continuing redesign of commerciei
aircraft, including areas for cargo space, and the revisions in the regu.
lations regarding maximum permissible exposure to radiation, make it
imperative that we examine, on occasion, the rules and regulations govern
ing the transportation of radioactive materials by comercial aircraft.
Although the current regulations do not specify type of planes considered
or refer to the maximum permissible exposure rates as such, the type of
cargo spaces available and permi 'sible exposure rates in existence at
the time were given some consideration in the formulation of the present
regulations. Thus, the purpose of this paper 18 to: (1) review briefly
the current regulations regarding transportation of radioactive materials
by commercial aircraft, (2) reemphasize the fact that under the current
12
regulations some of our most modern aircraft cannot transport more than 10
. .
.
.
.
-
units (1/4 of what would normally be considered the maximum) of radioactive
materials, (3) suggest some changes in regulations that would permit air.
lines to take advantage of cargo spaces available in present planes, and
(4) provide some Illustrations and suggestions as to how an increased
-
-
.
-
mumber of isotope unito may be loaded in present cargo spaces without in.
0
*
creasing exposure rates above those established by the current regulations.
*Research sponsored by the U. 3. Atomic Energy Commission under contract
with the Union Carbide Corporation.
.
1
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II. Regulations
In the United States, the transportation of radioactive material.8
by commercial air carrier 18 governed by the Official Air Transport Re-
stricted Articles Tariff No. 6C (the regulations governing international
shipments are no more restrictive than those give:1 in No. 6C). The regu-
lations which determine the rate of exposure from 1sotope shipments are
stated briefly as follow:
(1) Maximum of 40 units per shipment.
(2) During transportation the gamma radiation at one meter
from any point on the radioactive source will not exceed 10
milliroentgens per hour.
(3) Limit of 10 units per package.
(4) Maximum of 200 mR/hr at any accessible surface of package.

In addition the regulations provide for a minimum separation between
VI
flight personnel or passengers and the shipping container of radioactive
materials and specify that if more than one such container is present, the :
distance shall be computed by adúing together the number of units shown on
the label of each package. The minimum separation distances of personnel
and radioisotope packages are presented in Table I.
Table I
-
-
Total Number
of Units
Minimum Distance to
Crew Members and Passengers
P
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0-2 :
1 foot.
3-5
2 feet
6 - 10
3 feet
11 - 20
4 feet
21 - 30
5 feet
· 31 - 40
6 feet
Distance means the number of feet from the nearest edge of
the nearest radioactive container. .
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Since the regulations state that during transport the gamma radiation at
one meter from any. point on the radioactive source will not exceed 10
milliroentgens per hour and further that the garma radiation wili not
exceed 200 milliroentgens per hour at any accessible surface of the pack-
age, the size of the shipping container which meets these criteria can
be calculated. For 1sotopes of penetrating gamma radiation, the size of
the package i'or maximum exposure rates would be 46.72 cm on a side. (Read-
ing at 1 m = 10 mR/hr - 1002/x = 200/10.) At 6 feet from the surface
of this package (6 feet + 22.36 cm), the reading would be approximately
2.3 m/hr, Figure 1. Assuming four packages of this type, ten units
per package, the total residing would be approximately 9.2 mR/hr (2.3 x 4).
To indicate the maximum exposure a person might receive, the following
hypothetical case will serve as an example. Take the case of a person who
(a) averages one flight per week, (b) on planes carrying isotopes, (c) in
which he is the person nearest to the source, and (a) the average flight
18 approximately three hours; then the maximum probable exposure worůd not
exceed 30 mR/wk (9.2 x 3 = 27.6 mR). (This does not differ appreciably
from the value calculated by Robley D. Evans in Nuclear Science Series,
1
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Preliminary Report No. 11.).
III. Measurements
.
-
In December of 1961, exposure rate measurements were made using two
different isotope sources equivalent to 40 "radlation units" each and five
different aircraft of the types which normally transport 18otores, and
the results of these measurements were reported.? Some typical readings
02
.
.
.
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1 "Radiation Dose Received by Passengers and Crew on Planes Carrying the
Maximum Number of Radiation Units", D. M. Davis, J. C. Hart and A. D. Warden,
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Vol. 22, No. 6, Dec. 1961.
.
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for one of the isotopes are shown in Figure 2. From evaluation of these
data, it was observed (1) that when Isotopes are packaged and transported
according to regulations the maximim dose rate to the nearest passenger
or crew inember would not exceed a dose rate of 10 mR/hr; (2) that should
1sotopes be placed in some cargo compartments without regard to the dis-
tance requirement, dose rates up to 20 mR/hr or greater could be encountered;
and that (3) the distance from the passengers to the extreme limit of the
cargo space on some types of aircraft as illustrated in Figure 1 wou'd
limit the number of units per flight to a maximum of 10.
Within the last few months, a number of standard isotope packages
containing 60Co were obtained with the objective of Investigating isotope
package load spacing on the exposure rate received by passengers while in
transit. With the packages loaded in various types of aircraft, the radia.
tion levels were measured at the passenger positions of probable maximum
exposure. Radiation levels were meusured also for the same passenger
to source distance in open air. For this particular 1sotope, the attema-
tion of the plane structure (1.e., floor, bulkheads, seats, etc.) did not .
reduce the exposure rate by more than 15 per cent for any measurement made.
This, in the investigation of load spacing, it seemed reasonable to use
air measurements and consider the attenuation as only a minor safety factor.
.
I!
.
The 1sotope packages were then arranged in various load spacings in
open air with individual packages or groups of packages being spaced along
a line simulating storage aboard a belly cargo compartment of an aircraft.
Radiation exposure rates were measured above each package or group of
packages in each load spacing arrangement at a distance equivalent to that
1
specified in the current regulations as the minimum separation distance
from personnel to the number of units in the package being measured.
.
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Figure 3 presents the radiation level.8 measured at various distances from
a single 5 unit 18otope package and also the radiation levels measured for
one of the load spacing arrangemente tested for 5 unit packages which might
be considered typical.
It should be noted that the calculated and measured radiation levels
for the single 5 unit package are in good agreement and that the radiation
levels measured above the packages in the typical load spacing are in
keeping with the levels specified in the currerit Air marile Regulations
(10 mR/hr at 1 meter).
From the experimental measurements and calculations on load spacing,
a table of separation distances between isotope packages or groups of
packages was developed. Plan drawings of practically all of the aircraft
types used in the Southeastern United Staves were obtained from the major
airlines and a typical load spacing was determined for each type aircraft
using the package separation distances developed from the experimental data.
Figure 4 presents an example of one such aircraft showing, a typical load
spacing for 1sotope packages containing 10 "adiation units" each. By
using proper load spacing, this type aircraft could carry more than the
present 40 unit maximum without exceeding the radiation exposure levels
intended in the current regulations. Under cw.rent regulations this type
2.
aircraft could legally carry only 10 units based on the separation distance
between an isotope package and the nearest passenger.
IV. Discussion
If advantage could be taken of load spacing distance between packages
as well as the current separation distance between passengers or crew and
Se
the rearest package, some planes which now cannot carry the maximum mimber
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12
of units according to current regulations could do so. In addition, most.
of the modern aircraft could carry more than the specified maximum of forty
units without exposing passengers or crew to dose rates above those intended
.
.
.
by the current regulations.
A new table of separation distances could be developed which not
only specifies the distance between the passengers or crew and the nearest
on sunting
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package but also specifies a minimum separation distance betwe in packages
or groups of packages. In using such a table, the minimum distance between
personnel and the nearest package vould not be computed by adding the
number of units shown on each package in the shf.pment as 18 done in the
current regulations but would be computed from the package containing the
largest number of "radiation units" 3.n the shipment. Tae minimum distance
between packages would be computed from the table besed upon the number
of "radiation units" in each package. In the case where packages may be
grouped in one or more locations, the computed distance to personnel
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would be based on the group of packages containing the maximun mumber
of units and the minimum distance between groupings would be computed.
from the table as discussed above.
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Minimum Distance Between
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Recommendations
In coneideration of the above 1t 18 recommended that:
1. The regulations governing the transportatior of radioactive
materials by commercial air carriers be reviewed and updated,
giving consideration to the cargo spaces available on present
commercial aircraft and the regulations governing the present
maximum permissible exposure rates established by the national
and international committees.
2. Consideration be given to revising the regulations regarding
total number of units transported and distance from crew members
and passengers to "nearest edge of nearest radioactive container"
to take advantage of the relative lorg cargo spaces available on
many of the present aircraft.
3. For safety in handling isotopes at terminals and in loading
and unloading, the regulation of 10 units per package and maximum
reading of 200 mR/hr. at surface of package should be retained.
4. Commercial airlines carrying 1sotrypes be directed to include in
their regulations & schematic of their planes which carry isotopes,
showing the area where isotopes may be loaded with the total number of
units per area clearly designated. A table of separation of packages
similar to that included in this paper could be provided in the
regulations to assist the airlines in preparing these schematics.
.
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This report was prepared as an account of Govorament sponsored work. Neither the United
States, nor the Commission, nor any percon acting on behalf of the Commission:
A. Makes any warranty or representations, expressed or implied, with respect to the accu-
racy, compiuteness, or usefulness of the information containod in this report, or that the use
of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report may not infringe
privately owned rights; or
B. Assumes any Ilabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the
use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report.
As used in the above, “person acting on behalf of the Commission" includes any em-
ployee or contractor of the Commission, or employee of such contractor, to the extent that
such employee or contractor of the Commission, or employee of such contractor prepares,
disseminates, or provides access to, any informacion pursuant to his employment or contract
with the Commission, or his employment with such contractor.
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