UNCLASSIFIED
ORNL



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RESULTS OF A TESTING PROGRAM FOR UNIRRADIATED
FISSILE MATERIAL CONTAINERS*
L. B. Shappert
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
*Research sponsored by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission under
contract with the Union Carbide Corporation.
RESULTS OF A TESTING PROGRAM FOR UNIRRADIATED
FISSILE MATERIAL CONTAINERS *
L. B. Shuppert
ABST!UCT
Containers for the shipment of fissile materials are ordinarily
decimed such that the container will be subcritical under any conditions
of neutron moderation, rer'lection, or interaction that may credibly occur
during the shipment. Subcriticality in the event of interaction with
other l'issile containers is assured by surrounding individual fissile
containers with a rigid framework or buffer that maintains a required
degree of specing between individual containers. One such design employs
the use of a 55-gal drum as a buffer cr birdcage. The fissile container
(or bird) is a section of B-in.-diam steel pipe centered coaxially in
the drum.
In the event of a shipping accident, such a framework may be dis-
torted sufficiently to reduce the spacing between two or more containers
to unsafe values. Impact tests were made to evaluate the extent of the
distortion under similated accident conditions and to provide guidelines
for improvements in birdcage design.
It was found that by welding steel braces between the bird and steel
bearing bands which are in turn welded to the inner surface of the sur-
rounding drum, the birdcages can withstand at least a 30-ft free fall
onto a rigid surface without any significant distortion of the drum or
movement of the bird within the drum.
INTRODUCTION
Shipments of unirradiated fissile material are usually made in
Jackages designed to ensure sufficient spacing between subcritical units
of fissionable material in order to minimize neutron interaction and
*Research sponsored by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission under contract
with the Union Carbide Corporation.
.
reduce to almost zero the probability of an accidental and uncontrolled
criticality incident. Such pecicices are generally known as "birdcages."
Onc birdcage desim making use of an open steel framework with the
central container, or "vind," ricialy held in the middle; another type
consists of a steel drum in which the bird 18 hold in the center with
internal bracing.
The latter type, when used to transport fissionable material, has
two inherent advantages: (1) carbon-steel drums are readily available
and inexpensive; and (2) the corner of one birdcage cannot pass into the
open face of a second, as 18 possible with the framework type, which
could reduce the effective spacing of the birds, possibly to unsafe values.
ORNL performed a number of drop tests for the AEC to determine the
behavior of drum-type birdcages under inpact conditions. The container
selected was the 55-gal steel drum designed as a 17H container.
DESCRIPTION OF TESTS AND TEST FACILMIES
In this program, 55-gal drum-type birdcages were dropped on their
sides from heights of 3-1/2, 4, and 30 ft onto a steel plate embedded in
a concrete drop pad, which was considered to provide an unyielding sur-
face. Drops were also made onto a 6-in.-diam piston and 12-in. I-beam.
All birdcages were equipped with an 8-in.-dian, 24-in.-long,
schedule-40 pipe, or bird, centered in the 55-gal carbon-steel dium by
radial angle-iron bracing welded at one end to the bird and at the other
to 1/4-in.-thick steel bands. The bands were in turn welded to the
inner surface of the drum (see Fig. 1). Thirty-six diameter measurements
were made at various outside locations on the birdcage before and after
each drop in order to determine an average diameter change as a measure
of impact damage. Several inside radial measurements were also made to
measure the displacement of the bird iron its original central position.
The weight of the partially lead-filled bird was about 200 lb; the
total weight of the bird plus drum was about 275 lb. Five tests were
performed; these were (1) a 30-ft horizontal drop onto a 12-in.-wide
simulated I-beam, (a) a 3.5-ft drop onto a 6-in.-diam piston, (3) a 4-ft
Figol
horizontal drop repeated five times, (4) a 30-ft horizontal drop, and
(5) & 30-ft horizontal drop with the space between the rum and the
bird filled with vermiculite.
The drums were marked in the following way: Six rings, designated
1 throuch 6, were drawn around the circumference of each drum at a
distance of 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 in. from the top of the drum. The
first, second, and fourth rings were on hoops. Twelve vertical lines,
designated A through L, were then marked longitudinally on each drum at
30-degree interrals around the circumference so that six diameter measure.
rents could be determined for each of the six rings described above,
thereby enabling 36 diameter measurements to be made on each drum. These
diametral measurements are designated vertically by Al - G1, A2 - G2,
... A6 ~ G6, and circumferentially by Al - Gi, Bl - Hi, ... Fl. 11,
etc. (see Fig. 2)
A damage inden (DI) as defined as the sum of the absolute values
of the 36 diameter change measurements divided by 36. This number gives
an indication of how great the overall deformation 18. Since some impact
Fic. 2
effects are localized, the individual diametral measurements should be
studied in order to obtain specific damage information. All individual
measurements are given in ref 2.
The results of the 30-ft drop onto the simulated 12-in.-wide I-beam
are shown in Fig. 3. The drum tore along the reinforcing band rather
than along the edge of the simulated I-beam. The drum was probably
weakened by the spot welding of the band to the shell; the spot weld at
the point of impact (between C4-5 and D4-5) can easily be seen in the
photograph. The DI was 0.887 in.
A second drum dropped 3-1/2 ft onto a 6-in.-diam piston 15 shown
in Fig. 4. The drum tore slightly around the periphery of the piston,
but the piston did not penetrate completely into the drum. The DI was.
0.172 in.
A third drum, dropped five times from a height of 4 It, is shown
in Fig. 5. The bird remained close to its original position in the
drum and damage appeared to be slight. The DI was 0.318 in.
3.وتر
.
Figo
The results of the horizontal drop from 30 ft (arop no. 4) are
shown in Fig. 6. Considering the severity of this test, the birdcage
behaved quite satisfactorily; the DI was 0.670 in. Two welds on the
spokes broke upon impact, but the birü rengined in the center of the
drum.
The fifth drop was a duplicate of the fourth drop except that the
space around the bird was filled with vermiculite. The results are
shown in Fig. 7. The DI was 0.568 in., somewhat less than the value
obtained in drop 4. However, by studying the photographs and the data,
it appears that the vermiculite did not appreciably change the results
obtained in drop 4.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this program show that the birdcage design tested
as reported here appears to fulfill the necessary and desirable container
requirements. It 18 strong, permits very little movement of the bird
-
Fig. 6
tig: 7
.
in an impact, and is relatively inexpersive. A carbon-steel 55-gal
árum costs about $10.00; to this must be added the modification cost
of the drum (the addition of the two circular bearing bands and the
steel spokes). These containers app ar to provide adequate protection
from 1000 euro opacing as a rosult of nearly any collision.
A more complete discussion of the drops along with all experimental
measurements are given in ref 2.
REFERENCES
1. Tariff No. 15, ICC Regulations for the Transport of Explosives and
Other Dangerous Articles by Land and water in Rail Freight Service
and by Motor Vehicle and Water, T. C. George, Agent, Published by
the Bureau of Explosives of the American Association of Railroads,
63 Vesey St., New York, N. Y., p 262, Aug. 23, 1963.
2. Shappert, L, B., Results of Impact Tests Performed on 55-gal Drum-
Type Birdcages, ORNI-3735 (in press).
UNCLASSIFIED
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