35 N 3°y, Q:7 ºr 3.33,
H à (- Cº. 3. 2, ſº * – : . . º.º.
BREWERS GRAINs
AS
FOOD FOR
IHO R S E S, MIL C H CO WS
AND OTHER CATTLE
THREE OFFICIAL REPORTS BY THE AGRICULTURAL
ExPERIMENT STATIONS OF THE STATES OF
INEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY
(REPRINTED BY PERMISSION)
NEW YORK
|UNITED STATES BREwBRs’ Association
1893
BREWERS GRAINS
FooD FOR HORSES MILCH Cows
AND OTHER CATTLE
THREE OFFICIAL REPORTS BY THE AGRICULTURAL
EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF THE STATES OF
NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY
(REPRINTED BY PERMISSION)
‘flew lºork :
|
UNITED STATES BREWERs’ Association
*s,
*º 1893
|is
D R E F A C E.
WHILE throughout the Continent of Europe brewers' grains have
long since been recognized as a most valuable food not only
for milch cows and other cattle, but also for horses, equaling oats in
nutritiousness and preferable to them on account of greater cheapness,
the general use of this by-product of the brewery by the American
farmer is still being retarded by various prejudices, artificially
engendered by misleading statements circulated by interested parties. .
“If farmers, dairymen and cattle breeders were fully informed as to
the excellent quality of this exceedingly cheap nutrient these preju-
dices would soon disappear, and we would not hear any more of ill-
advised attempts to forbid by law the feeding of brewers' grains to
horses, milch cows and other cattle.
Thoroughly scientific and absolutely impartial investigations, ac-
companied by practical experiments, have been carried on for a num-
ber of years by the Agricultural Experiment Stations of the States of
New York and New Jersey for the purpose of determining not only
the nutritive quality of both wet and dried brewers’ grains in a gen-
eral way, but also, and more particularly, the effect of the proper use
of this food upon milch cows and the flow and quality of the milk,
and of the comparative value of dried grains in substitution of Oats as
food for horses. The results of these investigations and experiments
are of so much importance to both the producer and the consumer
that we deem it our duty to aid in giving them the widest possible
publicity, and it is for this reason that we republish these three
official reports. -
The first report contains an account of experiments made with
dried brewers’ grains as food for horses, and conclusively proves that
this nutrient is superior to oats.
The two other reports demonstrate that the feeding of wet grains
is conducive to an increased flow and good quality of the milk.
We earnestly recommend to all persons interested the careful
perusal of these reports.
THE UNITED STATES BREWERS’ ASSOCIATION.
TIEW YORK. March 14, 1893.
NEW JERSEY
ARGITRAL EVPERMENT STATION
FE E R U AFY 1st, 1893.
*—º-º.
~g-wr-wr-
FEED ING EXPERIMENT'S WITIſ HORSES.
DJ? IED BRE WERS’ G RAINS v8. OATS.
BY EDWARD B. VOOREIEES.
LOUIS A. VOOREIEES.
The work in connection with this experiment is discussed
under six heads, viz.:
JFeeding eageriments with horses.
Plan of the eageriment; results secured.
Chemical composition of the rations used.
JEconomy of the dried brewers’ grains ration.
Composition of wet and dried brewers’ grains ; methods
of drying.
JEstimated output of dried brewers’ grains.
i
1.—Feeding Experiments with Horses.
A comparatively large number of the American Experiment
Stations have conducted feeding experiments with milch cows,
beef cattle, pigs and young stock of all kinds, and much has
been learned not only as to their needs, but as to the adapt-
ability of the different fodders and feeds for various purposes
of feeding. Practically nothing, however, has been done in
studying the food requirements of work-horses. That no
work has been done in this line does not prove that the system
of feeding in common use is perfect, or that the feeding of
2
the work-horse is a matter of comparative insignificance. We
have abundant evidence that, on the whole, the feeding of
work-horses is unsystematic, if not wasteful; and the number
of horses on farms in New Jersey is one-half as great as the
number of milch cows, while the number in towns and cities
probably exceeds that on farms. *
This lack of experimental study in the feeding of work-
horses may be due to the difficulty of accurately measuring the
results of experiments, and to the extra care and expense
required to secure uniform experimental conditions.
In experiments with dairy animals the quantity and quality
of the milk produced is a daily guide as to the general effect
of the ration used, while in those conducted with young and
growing stock the amount and kind of gain made furnishes a
fairly accurate statement of the results secured from the
different methods of feeding.
In the work-horse a product of an entirely different character
is required; it is not a gain in animal product or weight, but
rather a maintenance of weight and vigor under conditions
which permit of a maximum production of muscular energy.
In a product of this character the actual changes due to
differences of feeding are difficult of measurement. A rigid
physical examination, may not discover considerable variations
in the health or vigor of the animal, and an increase or "
decrease of weight within narrow limits is not conclusive,
while the necessary expenditure of muscular energy cannot be
readily distinguished from that of nervous excitement. Under
ordinary circumstances, too, the work of the horse is more
liable to sudden and extreme changes than that of the cow or
pig, thus requiring frequent changes in rations, or a greater
expense to secure the uniform and comparative conditions
necessary in all experimental work.
2.—Plan of the Experiment; Results Secured.
The opinion that hay and oats are peculiarly suitable feeds
for horses is universally accepted. In many sections of New
Jersey hay is the main money crop. Oats is not regarded as
a highly profitable crop in any part of the State, and is raised
mainly for horse feed. Under the conditions that exist, there-
fore, these feeds, though of unquestionable value, are expen-
SIVé.
In 1890 a number of farmers of the State, acting on the
suggestion of the Station, substituted dried brewers’ grains
*
3
for oats in a ration for work-horses. The dried grains were
cheaper, pound for pound, than the oats, and, being richer in
the valuable nutrients, protein and fat, permitted of a very
material reduction in the cost of the ration. The work per-
formed by the animals was quite as great, and their health
and vigor quite as good, as when oats constituted the main
part of the ration. *
These results in connection with the recent rapid develop-
ment of the business of preparing the dried grains led the
Station to plan and conduct an experiment in feeding work-
horses, in order to secure more exact data in reference to their
food requirements, and also as to the value of dried brewers’
grains as compared with oats.
The feeds used in the various rations studied in this experi-
ment were analyzed, thus making it possible to study the
effect of different amounts and proportions of the actual
nutrients consumed. The actual comparisons of the effect of
the dried brewers’ grains and oats are made, however, on the
basis of a pound-for-pound substitution. *
Through the courtesy of Mr. William F. Price, Superintend-
ent of the New Brunswick City Railway, the horses were
furnished by that company, and the interest shown by
Mr. Price in providing full facilities for the work contributed
in large measure to the successful conduct of the experiment.
The advantages were a relatively large number of horses and
a practical uniformity in their work.
The dried brewers’ grains for the experiment were furnished
by the Long Island Drying Company, of Brooklyn; the other
feeds were provided by the City Railway, in such quantities
and at such times as were desired. -
Beginning with July 1st, the dried brewers’ grains were
fed to all the horses in the stable ; with but few exceptions
the grains were readily eaten, and with apparent relish. The
previous ration used at the stable consisted of oats, ground-
feed—corn and oats—and hay; the oats were fed, alone in the
morning and the ground-feed and hay at noon and night.
On July 12th all the horses in the stable were examined by
Dr. E. L. Loblein, a veterinary surgeon of New Brunswick,
N. J., and eight animals which showed a sound constitution
and vigorous health were selected for the experiment. These
were numbered consecutively, weighed and divided according
to weight and age into two lots of four each. The weight
and age of the respective animals were as follows:
Lot No. 1. - - Lot No. 2.
e' s O. Age, weight, Ro. Age, weight,
Years. Lbs. - Years Lbs.
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,075 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,150
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,075 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 950
Total Weight............. 4,010 Total Weight.... . . . . . . . . . 4,000
The oats ration which formed the basis of comparison was
prepared with the idea of furnishing the nutrients in sufficient
amounts and in good proportions for horses moderately worked.
The dried brewers’ grains ration differed from the oats ration
in the proportions, but not materially in the total amount of
nutrients furnished. The proportions of feeds used in the
rations were as follows: r
gy
Dried Erewers’ Grains Ration. Oats Ration.
Hay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 pounds. | Hay....... ... ................ 6 pounds.
Wheat bran.................. 2 tº $. Wheat bran.................. 2 { %
Corn, unground...... e e s e s s e 4 “ Corn, unground. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 “
Dried brewers' grains....... 8 . “ Oats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 £ 6
The daily rations were weighed by an employee of the
Station, but were fed by the stableman at times convenient
for the stable, usually at 5 A. M., 11 A. M. and 5 P. M.; the
hay was given uncut at the night feeding.
In each lot the two heavier horses were fed 15 pounds and
the others 13.5 pounds per day of the above mixture of feeds.
The daily work of each horse consisted of at least four trips
of about six miles each; on Sundays and special holidays the
trips were increased to five and sometimes six, though in all.
cases the work of the horses in the experiment was increased
proportionately. Horses No. 4 and No. 5 were used in a
team; the others were used singly. The work done was con-
sidered moderate, though it was impracticable to determine
accurately the actual energy expended.
The experiment proper continued three months, though an
interval of twenty days occurred between the end of the
second and the beginning of the third periods, during which
time all the horses were fed the stable ration. The horses in
lot No. 1 were fed the dried brewers’ grains ration from
July 12th to August 11th, and from October 1st to October
31st, inclusive. They were fed the oats ration from August
12th to September 11th. Lot No. 2 were fed the oats ration
from July 12th to August 11th, and from October 1st to
6
October 31st; they were fed the dried brewers’ grains ration
from August 12th to September 11th. Both lots were fed
the stable ration from September 12th to September 30th,
inclusive.
The following tables show the weights of the animals at the
beginning and the end of the periods under experiment:
First Period—July 12th to August 11th.
LOT NO. 1. LOT NO. 2.
l)RIED BREWERS’ GRAINS. OATS.
§ G) Weights. 8 ºn : § 6; Weights. 5, 3
E C & •r- Q- 8 o S £ 3–
; H July August ºłº B ºr July Augus 3-3
2 * | 12th. Tiith. tº a 2. 12th. 11th. * 5
*H tº-
lbs. Ibs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.
1. . . . . . . . 1,075 1,060 —15 0. . . . . . 1,150 1 150 C
2. . . . . . . . 1,075 1,060 —15 3. . . . . . 97.5 975 0
4. . . . . . . . 960 950 —10 5. . . . . . 925 975 –H50
6. . . . . . . . 900 915 | +15 7. . . . . . 950 990 –H40
Total loss for the month... 25 ... lbs. TOtal gain for the month . . 90 lbs.
Average loSS per horse..... 6.25 lbs. Average gain per horse. ... 22.50 lbs.
Second Period–August 12th to September 11th.
LOT NO. 1. LOT NO. 2. -
OATS. l) RIED 13REWERS’ GRAINS.
2– Weights. = } || = Weights. - #
#s ź 2 #5 #s ź - # gå
O C O" Sep- ‘āš: 5 o'S * Sep- '3.j:
ź T Alºist tember Ś": ź ºr. Alºst tember Ś º
* | 11th. £ rºw V A 1 & 11th. 3
lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbS. lbs.
1. . . . . . . . 1,060, 1,075 +15 0. . . . . . 1,150 1,150 0
2. . . . . . . . 1,060 1,050 —10 3. . . . . . - 975 1,025 —H·50
4. . . . . . . . 950 975 -H25 5...... 975 950 —25
6. . . . . . . . 915 900 —15 7. . . . . . 990 975 —15
Total gain for the month. . 15 lbs. Total gain for the month... 10 lbs.
Average gain per horse .... 3.75 lbs. Average gain per horse...... 2.5 lbs.


6.
Period from September 12th to September 30th.

LOT NO. 1. LOT NO. 2. .
STABLE RATION. STABLE RATION.
: Weights. ... à || a Weights. ... }
#s # 2 35 • #s ź 2 #3
E o 6 Sep- Sep- 3.3es O Sep- Sep- 3.33
ź F | tember tember 3Hä ź F | tember | tember gº;
12th. 30th. 3 12th. 30th. &
lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.
1. . . . . . . . 1,075 1,040 —35 0. . . . . . 1,150 1,110 —40
2. . . . . . . . 1,050 1,050 0 3. . . . . . 1,025 975 —50
4. . . . . . . . 975 930 —45 5. . . . . . 950 930 —20
6. . . . . . . . 900 900 0 7. . . . . . 975 980 –H5
Total loss for 19 days. . . . . . . . . 80 lbs Total loss for 19 days...... 105 lbs.
Average loSS per horse........ 20 lbs Average loss per horse.... 26.25 lbs.
Third Period—October 1st to October 31st.
LOT NO. 1. LOT NO. 2.
DRIED BREWERS’ GRAINS. OATS.
2- Vaio-h. º g :- i or g th
92 dj Weights. 8 nº 2 gº Weights. S 3
£4- ? a #P 3+ £ ... §§
583 := Q- H35 #3:
5 # |October October | #Hº E = | October | October Hºs
2. 1st. 31st. © 8 Z! 1St. 31st, © 8
tº- * *-
lbs. lbs. lbs lbs. lbs. lbs.
1. . . . . . . . 1,040 1,120 80 0. . . . . . 1,110 1,170 + 60
2. . . . . . . . 1,050 1,080 30 3. . . . . . 975 1,090 +115*
4. . . . . . . . 930 1,010 80 5. . . . . . 930 970 I 40
6. . . . . . . . 900 950 50 7. . . . . . 980 1,020 40
Total gain for the month.... 240 lbs. Total gain for the month... 140 lbs.
Average gain per horse...... 60 lbs. Average gain per horse.... 46.7 lbs.

* Horse No. 3 was fed dried brewers' grains from October 10th to October 31st;
his gain is therefore not included in the total or average.
The weights at the end of the first period showed a gain for
horse No. 6 in lot 1, and for horses Nos. 5 and 7 in lot 2; a
loss for horses Nos. 1, 2 and 4 in lot 1, and neither grain nor
loss for Nos. 0 and 3 in lot 2. With the possible exception of
Nos. 5 and 7 in lot 2, the variations in weight were within
the limits of changes due to natural causes for horses of this
size. In fact, the weights secured were surprising in that they
7
showed no serious losses, and their uniformity furnished evi-
dence of the good character and adaptability of both rations,
as well as of the good management of the horses during the
period, in which the conditions other than feed were ex-
tremely severe; the mean maximum temperature for the last
twenty days was 87.9°.
In the second period lot 1 was fed the oats ration and
lot 2 the dried brewers’ grains ration. The weights at the end
of the period, on September 11th, were again strikingly uni-
form. Horse No. 3 in lot 2 was the only one that showed a
difference in weight large enough to be chargeable to changes
in the nutritive effect of the rations.
If the differences in the weights observed for both periods
were entirely chargeable to the rations, then oats are shown to
be slightly more satisfactory than dried brewers’ grains Still,
a comparison of the weights of the horses of both lots at the
beginning of the first period and at the end of the second in-
dicates that the differences may be due entirely to differences
in the character of the individual horses rather than to the
feeds; for lot 1, fed identically the same as lot 2, shows a loss
of 10 pounds for the two months, due to slight variations in
the weight of each horse in the lot, while in lot 2 there is a
gain of 100 pounds, due to changes in the weights of two
horses in the first period and of three in the second.
At the end of the second period the horses of both lots were
fed the stable ration until October 1st, in order that this entire
month might constitute the third period, thereby enabling a
comparison of the effect of the rations when conditions, other
than feed, were as likely to be favorable as in any season of
the year, the previous periods having been very unfavorable
in this respect.
The weights of the horses on October 1st showed a consider-
able loss during the nineteen days’ feeding of the stable ration;
the greatest difference, an average loss of 26.25 pounds per
horse, was again shown in lot 2.
The conditions other than feed during the third period were
unusually favorable, the weather was clear and cool, and free
from storms, and the work uniform. Lot 1 were fed the dried
brewers’ grains ration and lot 2 the oats ration for this period.
Horse No. 3 in lot 2 developed a sore on his right shoulder,
and a necessary surgical operation on October 10th incapaci-
tated him for work for the remainder of the period.
The weights recorded on October 31st showed a total gain
of 240 pounds for lot 1, or an average gain of 60 pounds for
8
each horse on the dried brewers’ grains ration. The lowest
gain was 30 pounds for No. 2, and the highest, 80 pounds,
for both Nos. 1 and 4. In lot 2 there was a total gain of 160
pounds for three horses, or an average gain per horse of 46.7
pounds on the oats ration. In this period, therefore, when
owing to favorable conditions actual gains were to be ex-
pected, the increase in weight from the dried brewers’ grains
ration was greater by 13.3 pounds per horse than that from
the oats ration. -
The weight of horse No. 3 was the same at the beginning
of the first and third periods, his weight having remained
stationary on the oats ration and the gain made on the dried
brewers’ grains ration being lost on the stable ration, in which
oats was the chief feed. He was fed after October 10th 6
pounds per day of dried brewers’ grains in addition to a liberal
ration of hay, and gained while idle 115 pounds in 20 days.
The following tabulation shows the weights of the horses at
the beginning and at the end of the experiment:
T.OT NO. 1. I,OT NO. 2.
FED DRIED BREWERS’ G RAINS 62 DAYS | FED OATS 62 DAYS AND DRIED BREWERS'
AND OATS 31 DAYS. GRAINS 31 DAYS.
g - % Weights. º: # 2– % g % Weights. B % 2– #
āºš Tiny To...] 3:3# ăsă juy Toetoel 3:43
3 * ...] Ul IV Ct,OU)6].' 2– H-4 U CTO OCl." -
2. – #. 31st. 6 & z - 12th. 31st. 6 &
lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.
1. . . . . . . . 1,075 1,120 –H5 0. . . . . . 1,150 1,170 +20
2. . . . . . . 1,075 1,080 —H 5 3. . . . . . 975 & e º a s * * * * *
4. . . . . . . . 960 1,010 ––50 5. . . . . . 925 970 --45
6. . . . . . . . 900 950 +50 7. . . . . . 950 1,020 +70
Total gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 lb)S. Total gain.................... 135 lbs.
Average gain per horse. . . . 37.5 lbs. Average gain per horse...... 45 lbs.


On October 31st, after more than three months of severe
labor, a gain is shown greater than could be expected from
ordinary causes. The gain from lot 1 averages 37.5 pounds
per horse; for lot 2, 45 pounds per horse, No. 3 not included,
though in the two periods under experiment he showed a de-
cided gain when fed the dried brewers’ grains ration, and no
gain from the oats ration. * -
The physical examination of the horses was repeated by
Dr, Loblein at the end of the experiment. He reported as
9
follows: “I have watched the horses closely from the beginning
to the end of the expériment, and have failed to discover any
ill effects from the use of dried brewers’ grains. The horses
fed the grains have been as healthy as I have ever known
them to be.”"
The results of this experiment indicate—
1. That in both rations the nutrients furnished were suffi-
cient to maintain the weight of the animals wºnder average
work ; and
2. That on the whole a pound of dried brewers’ grains
was quite as useful as a pownd of oats in a ration for work-
horses.
3.— Chemical Composition of the Rations Used.
The two rations used were not intended to furnish equal
amounts and proportions of digestible nutrients. It was, how-
ever, the intention that the composition of the oats ration
'should correspond as nearly as possible with the standard
ration as given by German authorities for moderately worked
horses of 1,000 pounds live weight, viz.:
Digestible.
Fat, Protein, Carboh ydrates, Nutritive
Lbs. Lbs. LbS. Ratio.
0.6 1.8 11.2 1 to 7
The analyses of the feeds used were made after the experi-
ment began, hence the actual composition differed slightly

from the standard.
Analyses of Feeds.
e POUNDS PER HUNDRED OF PER CENT. OF
35 & *
É § #
º : * Cº Q) º
ź FEED. †: # #. É # 3 : | #
C. g | | | | | | | # | | || #3 || 3 || 3 º
.9 § | 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 53 || 3 | # , | #
# | # # # É # | # ||##| #| ##| #
§ B | 5 || 5 || 5 || 5 || 5 ||25 || 2 | #: º
732 || Timothy Hay...| 8.64 2.08 || 28.65 || 4.90 || 48.90 || 6.83 6.24 || 1.09 || 0.28 || 0.96
730 | Wheat Bran. . . . 11.45 4.50 | 7.92 || 7.03 || 52.12 | 16.98 || 14.23 || 2.72 3.60 | 1.50
729 | Corn............ 13.46 || 4.47 | 1.43 | 1.29 || 69.74 9.61 9.61 || 1.54 || 0.60 || 0.32
728 Oats . . . . . . . . . . . 10.80 || 5.52 | 8.54 || 3.81 59.05 || 12.28 || 10.57 || 1.97 || 0.79 || 0.49
731 Dried BrewerS'
Grains.. . . . . . 9.90 5.54 || 13.32 || 3.50 || 44.03 || 23.7 21.14 || 3.79 | 1.05 || 0.09

1()
The above analyses show these feeds to have been up to
the standard in quality. The dried brewers’ grains differ
from the oats mainly in showing a much higher content of
crude protein and a lower content of carbohydrates, including
fiber. The fat is practically the same in each. On the basis
of dry matter, the dried brewers’ grains contain 86 per cent.
more crude protein than the oats; the percentage of true pro-
tein or albuminoids is also proportionately greater in the dried
brewers’ grains. These feeds also differ radically in the pro-
portions and amounts of their ash constituents. The brew-
ers’ grains contain less than one-tenth of one per cent. of
potash, the oats about one-half of one per cent., while the
phosphoric acid is one-third greater in the grains than in the
Oat S. Jº
The daily rations fed on the basis of 1,000 pounds live
weight consisted of 6 pounds of hay and 15 pounds of feeds,
according to the proportions given on page 4. The follow-
ing tabulation shows the digestible nutrients furnished by
each ration
Dried Brewers’ Grains Ration.
I'at, Protein, Carbohydrates,
Lbs. Lb Lbs.
6 lbs. hay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03 0.25 2.37
2 1/7 lbs. Wheat bran. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ().05 0.27 0.84
42/7 lbs. Corn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.]2 0.32 2.87
8 4/7 lbs. dried brewers' grains. . . . . . . . . . 0.38 1.73 3.77
().5S 2.57 9.85
Nutritive ratio, 1 : 4.4.
Oats Ration.
Fat, Protein, Carbohydrates,
Lbs Lbs. Lbs.
6 lbs. hay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03 0.25 2.37
2 1/7 lbs. wheat bran. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05 0.27 0.84
42/7 lbs. Corn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.12 0.32 2.87
84/7 lbs. Oats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.37 0.92 4.09
0.57 1.76 10.17
Nutritive ratio, 1:6.6.
The dried brewers’ grains ration contained 13.0 pounds of
digestible dry matter, and the oats ration 12.5 pounds. The
difference is due mainly to the amount of protein, the former
containing 46 per cent. more than the latter; the fat—a very
essential nutrient in a ration for work-horses—and the carbo-
hydrates are practically identical in both. The oats ration
contains 1.1 pounds and the dried brewers’ grains ration 0.6
of a pound less dry matter than the standard, this loss falling
chiefly on the carbohydrates, thus making the nutritive ratios
1; 6.6 and 1:4.4 instead of 1:7, as in the standard. The
11
stable ration, which was fed from September 12th to 30th,
inclusive, consisted of 6 pounds of hay, 2 of wheat bran, 4 of
oats and 8 of corn and oats feed. It furnished 1.51 pounds
of protein, 0.46 of fat and 10.56 of carbohydrates, and had a
nutritive ratio of 1:7.5. The total amount of digestible
nutrients was 12.53 pounds, or practically the same as in the
Oats ration. -
It has already been shown that the horses on the oats and
dried brewers’ grains rations fully maintained their weights
under unfavorable conditions and increased in weight under
favorable conditions. It was also shown that under favorable
conditions there was a loss of weight on the stable ration,
that is:
1. That rations which contained at least as much of fat
and protein, but less of carbohydrates than the standard,
maintained &nd even increased the weight of the animals ;
and
2. A ration that contained less fat and protein, but more
of carbohydrates than either of the others, resulted in a de-
crease in weight.
These results verify the usefulness of the standard in refer-
ence to the amounts of protein and fat, and also jndicate
that the effect of these nutrients cannot be attained by a sub-
stitution for them of the carbohydrates. There was evidently
a waste of protein in the dried brewers’ grains ration, since
the oats ration, containing 30 per cent. less protein but prac-
tically the same fat and carbohydrates, gave relatively as good
results.
4.—Economy of the Dried Brewers’ Grains Ration.
By actual trial a pound of dried brewers’ grains was shown
to be quite as useful as a pound of oats in a ration for work-
horses. A comparison of the composition of the feeds indi-
cates that the reason for this result lies in the fact that the
dried brewers’ grains furnish more of the valuable digestible
nutrients than the oats.
The next question which is of importance to the practical
feeder is: Will it pay to substitute grains for oats?
This point admits of discussion from two standpoints—1.
The economy of a pound-for-pound substitution as in the ex-
periment, and 2. A substitution based upon the composition.
The actual cost per ton of the feeds used in the experi-
ment was: hay, $18; wheat bran, $22; corn, $22; oats, $30;
12
and dried brewers’ grains, $18. The amount and cost of the
feeds consumed by the four horses in each lot per period of
31 days are shown below.
Oats Ration. Dried Brewers’ Grains Ration.
Lbs. COSt. Lbs. COSt.
tly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744 $6 69 || Hay.................... 744 $6 69
Wheat bran........... 252 2 77 Wheat bran . . . . . . . . . . 252 2 77
Orn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 5 56 Corn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 5
Oats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,010 15 15 Brewers' Grains . . . . . . 1,010 9 09
$30 17 $24 11
COst per horse per day ......... 24.3 Cents 19.4 cents
Saving per day per horse from the use of dried brewers' grains......... 4.9 Cents
The substitution of dried brewers’ grains for oats resulted
not only in a maintenance of the weight of the animals under
equivalent work, but in a saving of 4.9 cents per day per
horse, or 25 per cent. of the cost of the ration. This saving,
though appearing small in itself, means considerable in the
aggregate; if applied to the forty horses at the car stables it
would represent a saving of $1.96 per day, or over $700 per
year, a sum sufficient to pay the interest on a capital of
$12,000. -
Of course the saving in any case depends upon the relation
between the cost of the grains and the cost of the oats. The
cost of the grains per ton in car lots has been fixed at $16 for
the summer, at $17 for the autumn and at $18 for the winter
and spring months. The cost of freight and handling to point
of consumption would probably add, on the average, $2 per
ton. The manufacturers of the grains claim that these prices
will not be materially increased.
Variations in the cost to the consumer will doubtless occur.
The following table of equivalents shows under what condi-
tions of cost the substitution of one for the other may be
profitable:
Table of Equivalents.
Dried brewers' grains at....... $18 00 per ton=Oats at. ... .27 cents per bushel
{ % (, , $ $ “. . . . . . . 19 00 “ “ = “ “ . . . . . . 2 $ $ | 6 { {
§ { { { § { “. . . . . . . 20 00 “ ** = ** “ . . . . . . 30 * * * { % { {
{ % { % $ 4, “. . . . . . . 22 00 “ “ = “ “ . . . . . . 33 ( (. { { (, ,
$º $ $ “ “ . . . . . . . 24 00 “ “ = ** “ . . . . . . 36 “ , “ “
Assuming $24 per ton as a maximum for dried brewers’
grains, they are then as cheap as the oats at 36 cents per
bushel, which is certainly a minimum price to the consumer
for oats of good quality. An increase of $1 per ton on the
grains is balanced by an addition of 1% cents per bushel for
Oat S.
13
Another point which should be regarded, especially by
farmers who make the exchange, is the relative content and
value of the fertilizer constituents contained in these feeds.
A ton of oats sold from the farm carries away, on an average,
37 pounds of nitrogen, 15 of phosphoric acid and 12 of
potash. A ton of dried brewers’ grains will bring to the farm
77 pounds of nitrogen, 19 pounds of phosphoric acid and 2
pounds of potash; a gain to the farm, by the exchange, of
40 pounds of nitrogen and 4 of phosphoric acid, and a loss of
10 pounds of potash, or a net gain of $6.19 on the basis of
their fertilizing values. The gain would be proportionately
the same if the feeds were used on the farm, since under uni-
form conditions of feeding the same relative amounts of the
constituents would be retained in the manure. At the same
cost per ton for the two feeds, therefore, there would be a
considerable gain in fertility by a pound-for-pound substitu-
tion of the dried brewers’ grains for the oats.
A study of the methods of feeding among farmers shows
that the usual custom for horses performing ordinary work
is to give about twelve pounds of grain per day, with as much
hay as the animals will eat. The grain consists usually of
corn or oats alone or the two mixed, and is fed ground or un-
ground, as the case may be. * ,
Careful inquiry indicates that the following tabulation of
rations would represent average conditions:
No. 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hay, 12 pounds; Oats, 12 pounds
No. 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “ 12 (, , º: .
§ { $ $ Corn, 6 $
No. 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 “ . . .
The variations in the actual nutrients furnished by these
rations, using both timothy and clover, are shown in the fol-
lowing table:
Digestible.
,-- — A- _Total Digestible
Fat, Protein, Carbohydrates, Dry Matter, Nutritive,
Lbs. Lbs. LbS. Lb.S. Ratio.
;A., 1 | Timothy... 0.58 1.61 11.76 13.85 1 : 8
**i;. § 3 ; ; ; ; iii,
* Timothy... 0.5 e 3.7 : lºº.
**ś. º. ii. # # #;
g Timothy... 0.5. .7 7 : $3.
Ration 3. Clover. ... 0.64 1.99 12.20 14.73 1 : 6.9
All of the rations contain more digestible dry matter than
the German standard demands. They also contain more than
the oats ration fed in the experiment, which maintained the
weight of the horses under moderate work. In the clover
hay rations the different nutrients are in good proportion
14
except in No. 2, where corn is the grain used. The rations con-
taining timothy hay are, with the exception of No. 1, where
oats is the only grain used, poorer in potein and fat than the
standard, or than was found necessary in the experiment.
The chief criticisms of these rations as a whole are, there-
fore—
1. That they are too rich in carbohydrates ; and
2. That in their preparation the character and composi-
tion of the grains used are disregarded, thus giving widely
different proportions of the various nutrients for the same
work.
The same criticisms apply to the rations for horses em-
ployed in government work. These rations consist of 14
pounds of hay and 12 pounds of corn, oats or barley per day,
with the addition of 3 pounds of oats for heavy work. The
corn ration for ordinary work contains 0.53 pounds of fat,
1.31 of protein and 12.74 of carbohydrates, with a nutritive
ratio of 1:12.2. The oats ration contains 0.60 pounds of fat,
1.68 of protein and 14.68 of carbohydrates, with a nutritive
ratio of 1:8.5. If these rations give equally good results,
then either the carbohydrates may be substituted for protein
and fat, or there is a sufficiency of protein and fat in the corn
ration, and, a consequent waste of a part of all the nutrients in
the oats ration, and of a part of the carbohydrates in the corn
ration. ->
While it is true that in a ration for work-horses the carbo-
hydrates may, in part at least, substitute the fat, they cannot
take the place of the protein; hence in making a substitution
of feeds for the same works, if widely varying amounts of fat
and protein are provided, there results either a loss of weight
by the animal or a waste of food. The examination of the
rations used in the experiment, as well as those in common
use, shows that in what are regarded as the best rations the
fat approaches 0.6 of a pound and the protein 1.8 pounds per
day, while the carbohydrates range from 10.17 to 14.68
pounds. It seems clear, therefore, that in the preparation of
rations for work-horses particular care should be exercised in
reference to the compounds protein and fat. The following
daily rations furnish as much fat and slightly more protein
than the oats ration of the experiment, and practically the
same amounts of these constituents as are furnished by the
rations now in general use by the farmers of the State; the
15
carbohydrates furnished are much less, and with the excep-
tion of No. 4 are practically identical in each case:
Furnishing Digestible
º f
Carbo-
Bation. Fat, Protein, hydrates, Nutritive
Lbs. Lbs. bS. Ratio.
Timothy hay. . . . . . . . . . 10 lbs. |
No. 1. . . . . Dried brewers' grains. Tô “ - 0.55 1.85 10.05 1 : 6.2
Corn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 “ |
Timothy hay. . . . . . . . . . (; “
NO. 2.... B. brewers' grains. 6 “ | 0.58 1.84 9.42 1 : 5.9
'Orn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * {, ,
T Clover hay. . . . . . . . . . . . 10 “
No. 3. ... Qijried brewers' grains. 3 “ . 0.53 1.85 9.64 1 : 6
ği tº ſº º 'º - † tº º º ºs e º & º ; § {
OVCl 118 Y . . . . . . . . . . . . * { %
NO. º; brewers' grains. 5 “ ! 05: 1.90 8.72 1 : 5.3
•. Corn. . . . . . . tº º 'º tº e º & tº $ $ tº & 6 “ |
Any of these rations is much cheaper than the dried
brewers’ grains ration used in the experiment at the same cost
of feeds as then used and with clover hay at $12 per ton.
The most expensive ration is No. 1, costing 18.8 cents per
day, and the least expensive No. 4, costing 14.7 cents. Theo-
retically these should give quite as good results, under simi-
lar conditions of season and work, as were secured from the
experimental rations. Where horses average over 1,000
pounds in weight the quantity of each of the feeds should be
proportionately increased. If it is desirable to have more
bulk than is here given, particularly for winter rations, cut
straw may be added to the feeds used, thus increasing the
carbohydrates.
The chief advantages of these rations to farmers are, how-
ever, that their use permits, first, of a saving of timothy hay,
a profitable money crop in many sections, and of clover hay,
particularly useful for dairy cows or sheep; and, second, it
permits of the sale of oats, where for various reasons it may
be advisable to raise them though not ordinarily profitable.
. A saving of six pounds of hay in a daily ration means over
one ton per horse per year; the saving in the substitution of
dried brewers’ grains for oats has already been discussed on
page 11.
In many cases it may not be convenient to secure dried
brewers’ grains. Rations that will permit relatively the same
savings may be made up from the concentrated feeds that
have already been proved useful in practice, i. e.—
6 lbs. timothy hay,
COrn, 6 “ corn,
; “ wheat bran
** wheat bran, &
§ “ linseed meal.
6 lbs. clover hay, Ol'
% “ linseed meal,
6
4
l
16
Statistics as to methods of feeding horses have been secured
from street railway companies in New York City and else-
where, and from establishments where heavy horses are used.
These show that in all cases the daily rations per 1,000 pounds
live weight, and consisting entirely of hay, corn and oats,
furnish practically the same amounts of fat and protein as are
contained in those indicated in this bulletin, but they vary
widely in the proportions and amounts of carbohydrates
furnished. It is believed that rations prepared in accordance
with the suggestions above given would in these establish-
ments, too, result not only in a greater economy of food con-
stituents, but in an actual saving in cost.
5.—The Composition of Wet and Dried Brewers’ Grains.
Methods of Drying.
The material known as brewers’ grains is, as the name indi-
cates, a by-product from the manufacture of malt liquors, and
consists of the residue from the extraction of the germinated
grain, usually barley, with hot water. It contains, together
with the husk of the original grain and some unconverted car-
bohydrates, a large amount of fatty and albuminous sub-
stance, upon which its value depends. This product, as dis-
charged from the brewery, is sweet and fit for food for cattle,
for which purpose it meets with considerable demand. It is,
however, in a very wet condition, containing about 75 per
cent. of water, which renders it extremely liable to fermen-
tation and putrefaction, whereby its fitness for food is dimin-
ished or destroyed. To obviate this loss to producer and
consumer Schemes have been devised in the past to re-
move the water to such an extent as to prevent these de-
structive processes before they have begun, and renewed
activity in this direction is noted at the present day with con-
siderable promise of success. • &
The utility of drying the grains is undoubted, since by
proper drying they are preserved in their original sweet con-
dition, with keeping qualities equal to any of the various
feeds. The distance to which they may be transported is
therefore unlimited, and at the same time the reduction in
weight by the removal of over one thousand four hundred
pounds of water from every ton effects a corresponding reduc-
tion in the transportation charges. A wider market is thus
opened to the producer, and feeders wh9, by reason of dis-
tance, freights, etc., are unable to use wet grains at all find
17
the same material in a dried condition within their reach.
Thus prepared they furnish nutrients as cheaply at $20 per
ton as the wet grains at twelve cents per bushel, with the
further advantage, when carting and handling are considered,
of concentration to one-fourth the weight. -
In a feeding experiment with dairy cows conducted by
this Station in 1884 it was shown that practically as good a
flow of milk followed the use of the dried grains as of the
wet, and this conclusion has been verified by the experience
of practical feeders. At the same time the health of the ani-
mals and the quality of the product are not impaired, as is
frequently the case by the improper use of the wet grains.
In order to study the quality and uniformity of the dried
grains, the losses by drying, etc., the Station secured eight
samples of the dried grains, representing the various commer-
cial processes now in practical operation, and for comparison
took a sample of the wet grains from each of five carloads
consigned by the Farmers’ Feed Company, of New York
City, to Mr. Benjamin S. Letson, of Stelton, a dealer in this
article.
In three instances the condition of the latter was excellent,
and in the other two not bad, one having an acid odor and
the other a slight odor of putrefaction, which, however, was
not sufficient to affect its analysis. Weighed portions of each
lot were preserved without delay by careful drying at a tem-
perature not exceeding 130° F. The results of the analysis
of these and of the dried grains are given in tabular form on
page 18, showing the composition of these materials as
received in the laboratory.
An inspection of the table discloses at once the excessive
water content of the wet grains, and the richness of both wet
and dried grains in albuminoids and fat. A decided variation,
however, will be noticed in their composition. In the dried
grains the content of water varies from 8 to nearly 12 per
cent., while the protein and fat vary from 18.7 to 26 per cent.,
and from 5.6 to 7.4 per cent., respectively. But this should
by no means be considered a serious lack of uniformity, for
all vegetable material varies to a greater or less degree.
Wheat flour shows a variation in moisture of from 8.2 to 13.6
per cent., and wheat bran from 7.4 to 15.8 per cent., while so
uniform a product as corn meal is considered to be varies
from 8.0 to 27.4 per cent. of moisture. ,-
The variations in moisture in these materials, however, are
almost always accompanied by corresponding variations in
18
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20
the constituents of the dry matter, the composition of which
is practically uniform. The latter variations, therefore,
usually disappear when the analyses are calculated to the basis
of water-free material. The tables on page 19, in which this
calculation has been performed, show that with grains this is
not the case. On the contrary, the samples now range from
20.5 to 28.0 per cent. of protein, and from 6.2 to 8.3 per
cent. of fat, and the high protein in almost every case is
accompanied by the high fat. In the wet grains, calculated
in the same manmer, a corresponding Variation exists, the
protein and fat increasing together, the one from 21.9 to 29.6
per cent. and the other from 6.6 to 9.6 per cent. Grains of
this higher composition are of but recent occurrence. High
amounts of both protein and fat were first noted by this Sta-
tion in No. 568, a sample of dry grains analyzed in 1890, in
which 9.5 per cent. of the dry matter was fat and 29.1 per
cent. protein. Previously to this a high fat was always com-
pensated for by a low protein, or vice versa, and in general
the composition of grains, both wet and dry, corresponded
closely to the lower figures here given. This higher composi-
tion is undoubtedly due to a difference of process in the
brewery, or an admixture of other grain than barley—possibly
CO!"I).
It certainly is not due to any difference in the drying pro-
cesses of the different manufacturers, since samples of both
high and low composition were received from the same drying
plant; nor can any process be accused of producing a variable
product through its own defects, for a product just as variable
was produced by the process of the laboratory, which, it is
believed, had no defects. The variations in the composition
of the dried grains would seem, therefore, to be due only to
variations in the raw material, and therefore, as an argument
against them, would apply to the wet grains as well as the
dry.
The chemist of this Station visited three of the plants pre-
paring the dried samples analyzed in this bulletin, and
through the courtesy of those in charge was allowed to inspect
the processes employed. With the data at hand, the lack of
uniformity which has been shown to exist in the raw material
precludes any comparison of their efficiency. The methods
employed were in general to conduct a current of hot air over
or through the material in thin layers, properly agitated to
expose fresh drying surfaces. In some cases a large part of
the water was first removed by mechanical means; in others
21
previous treatment was omitted. The use of centrifugals,
presses and similar devices has been believed to be accom-
panied by a loss of soluble nutrients, which would remain in
the dried product if the water were removed by evaporation
alone. In order to learn the extent and character of this loss
a separate sample was taken of each of the wet grains whose
analysis has been already given. These were pressed by hand
in a small but comparatively powerful hand-press, and it is
believed, on account of the care taken and the small quantity
pressed at a time, that the results with this press were not
widely different from those of more powerful machinery,
working with less care upon larger amounts of wet material.
The amounts of liquor and residue secured by this method
from 100 pounds of wet grains, and the actual weights of dry
matter and water in each, may be learned from the following
table: -
FROM ONE HUNDRED POUNDS OF WET G RAINS.
~ Residue. r Liquor.
§
-->
º: • *
tº : #." ~
* # § §
* ,-- --> -->
ſº : J * c. • .
-: – º P: 5 7: > &
# # 3 : : --> > | 3
H. 8– H C Ł H ſº P:
lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.
27.02 72.9S 60.63 24.56 36.07 39.87 2.46 36.91
25.25 74.75 54.45 23.70 30.75 45.55 1.55 44.00
23.97 76.03 65.30 23.37 41.93 34.70 0.60 34.1()
23.20 76. S0 53.25 22.3ſ) 30.95 46.75 0.90 45.85
24.50 75.5() 51.35 23.61 27.74 48.65 0.89 7.7
24.79 75.21 57.00 23.51 33.49 43.00 1.28 41.72
per cent. |per cent. & e º & & e per CCnt. por Cent. || . . . . . . per cent. |per cent.
100.0 100.0 || . . . . . . 95.0 4.5 | | . . . . . .* 5.0 55.5

By the operation of pressing, 100 pounds of wet grains, con-
taining on the average 24.79 pounds of solid matter and 75.21
pounds of water, was reduced to 57 pounds, consisting of 23.
51 pounds of solid matter and but 33.49 pounds of water; or,
in other words, in the pomace was contained 95 per cent. of
the total dry matter, associated with less than one-half (44.5
per cent.) of the water originally in the grains. The liquor,
therefore, contained the losses, consisting of 1.28 pounds of
matter dissolved or suspended in 41.72 pounds of water.
22
In order to learn the effect of this loss upon the composition
of dried grains prepared by such a process the pomace and
liquor were in each case prepared for analysis by evaporation
of the water, the one at 130° F. and the other at 212° F.
The results of the analysis of the dry matter are given in
detail upon page 23.
By an examination of the analysis of the dry matter in the
liquor it is seen that it drew upon the constituents of the
original grain disproportionately. Those soluble in water or
easily suspended therein suffered the greater loss. Its com-
position is consequently entirely different from that of dried
grains, being richer in carbohydrates, crude protein and crude
ash, especially their soluble portions—sugar, non-albuminoids
and potash—the accumulation of which, from a mere trace in
the original grain, amounts to relatively considerable. Of the
fiber, on the other hand, but a trace appears, while the amount
of the fat in most instances is also small, the average being
raised by the abnormal content of sample No. 799.
The total amount of this loss, as before stated, is equal to
1.28 pounds from 100 pounds of wet grains of 75 per cent.
water content, or 5 pounds from a normal output of 100 pounds
of dried grains. In a consideration from the consumer's stand-
point of the effect of this loss upon the dried grains thus pre-
pared account is to be taken of the nutrients contained not in
the residual 95 pounds, but in 100 pounds of such a product.
The results of the removal of 5 pounds of substance having
the composition of the dry matter in the liquor, and the addi-
tion of 5 pounds of material like the residue after that removal,
may be shown as follows:


+3 à d wº # :9
C (i) e * | *-
É É. a || 3 | #| #5 || 3 || 3 |
ON THE DRY J3ASIS. Q) a gº | < | #5 || 5 § | – 3 | # º
º | E º 3 || 3 || 5 || || F. - || 3 - || 4 re; 3
É | # #2 à | #2 || 35 | #5 35 | #
5 || 5 || 5 || 5 || 3T || 2:2; Éz fi : 3.
100 lb f d lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. || lbS. lbs. lbs. lbs
S. Of unpreSSe º
sits ###### !| 7.99 |1335|26.46|| 3.58||48.62 || 4.13| 4.23 .98 .08
S. Of Iſlatitiel” IIl tº 162 * : ; Q = *
§ 12 || 0 || 7 || 5 || 3.58|| 0 || 13 | 16 || 04
º #: ºº 7.87 || 13.34 25.67 3.03 || 45.09 || 4.06 || 4.10 | .82 | .04
º S. 11RC G 8, OOVe yº gº - t
jº! 41 || 7 | 1.35| 16 || 287| 21 || 2 || 0 || 02
100 lbs. as put on the b ©re, pº fee | * -
rº.º.º. 8.28 ||1405|27.02|3.19 |47.46 || 4.27 | 4:32 || 8 || 06
23
I8°0! I'839° 3Ģ#'I89’01,0° IL† 1. ºg I9]['039°3§ ø Œ œ· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·soºusto Ay
86° 0ggº &gț¢ ºg8!,’ I88 ºgg89°9'Iºg º I?† I’0|8{{I• • • § € œ • •$ $$ ºº º66!,
Ț9°063 ºf 18'30į, º 386 '9908°8II6' LI03’ 0IICI± & & & & § @ ₪§ 3$ ºº º18!
39’ 0Igºj98'，TË ‘I8I’I）,09’3||69 * #118’ 0Iý(O• ø § ù Ģ Ģ Ģ Ģ ！ 3！ 4§ 938!
98” ()6ý º 899° 3II° I($I'&!,0I’OI#9° 9III° 096{[æ & & & & � � �§ 3ș șiș șiILſ,
30’lIO’I13’T6ț¢” 0$j（ '98* g36’ !10’ 093V· · · · · · · · @uĮssoraſ ūIoug JonbțII4,9),
10’ 0†Ş°098 ºfg3 * ſ;66° 9j;88° 883' 1303’ f’T03 '8œ œ • §· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·soſſato ay
90° ()(38° 0†),* †99， †96 * $ſ;Țg ºg89°6'，§3 ºf I10'8GI© § § → · § § §！ 3！ 3！ 3861,
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10" ()Ț8’0ggº 809'999° ºg£8º 86 { ' ??13 ºf Igț)’90£ € © § € £ €！ 3º șiș și[8],
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90° 0[8’096 * ſ;9!,’ iſ06 '$ſ;90'896 '0890’ŒI80° 0'ſV· · · · · · · @ti įsso.I.， I ULIO IJ on pĮS0}[99.'),
80’086° 1)§3 ºfgI’ſ&{}' $ſ;8g ºg9ț¢’93g8° ŞI66● ●· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · So@ero Ay
Ģ0’086' ()$/, 'f'Iſ, ºf†6， ††08°8ggº 63(38’ 8I ·38’ ſ.GI· · · · · · · · · · · · ,ș și!6!
|()’0g[ * I8&ºfJ,I ºf9）, '$);86°89!,’9399 ºf I98’ ſ.CI· · · · · · · · · · · · · ,$ º98!
80° ()66 " ()09'89ý ºg60° fºggº 898’ [&96°9'I99° 90· · · · · · · · · · · · · ,§ 3081,
90’016' 090* ſ;66'8Ź() º6f;9 ºgOff º gº88°8’IĢI° 8{[· · · · · · · · · · · · · ,ș și69!,
&I” 088° 009’ſ.†gºți08°8ý3!!!, '8368’0I99’6V· · · · · · · · · · · · ·stığı3.19 pØSSØ.Idu Q99.',
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* JLQ O CIGISSGI?IĞI ™IO O ’DI'I-
V CIGIS SCIſI&INIC. GIEIJI, NII ‘RIGIJI, JLVINI ZK ? ICI GCEIJI, BIO SGISZKTIVNIV

24
It will be noticed that this calculated analysis of the dry
matter of the pressed grains, as they would be put on the
market, is slightly different from that given in the table, the
one having been calculated from the analyses of the unpressed
grains and of the loss in the liquor, while the other is the
direct analysis of the residue. Such differences as these are
to be expected when separate samples of the same material are
taken for analysis, especially when each undergoes a decidedly
different manipulation. -
Taking either set of figures as a guide, it is seen that the
carbohydrates and ash are not fully replaced; but as their loss
is compensated for by a corresponding increase in the amounts
of protein and fat, the previous pressing of the material does
not, from the consumer’s standpoint, furnish an inferior prod-
uct. The loss which occurs falls entirely upon the manu-
facturer, since he produces but 95 pounds of dried grains
instead of 100; it concerns him alone whether it is more
economical to lose the 5 pounds of product or evaporate 167
pounds of water. To the consumer the method of manufac-
ture is of little practical account, since the variations in the
composition of dried brewers’ grains, due to a difference of
process, are trivial in comparison with those due to lack of
uniformity in the raw material.
6.—Estimated Output of Dried Brewers’ Grains.
There are at present four different plants engaged in drying
the grains of Eastern breweries, viz.: The Empire Dairy
Feed Company, of New York City; The Long Island Drying
Company, of Brooklyn, N.Y.; The National Feed Company,
of Philadelphia, Pa., and The Hill Drying Company, of
Newark, N. J. These all employ different processes, though,
as has been shown, the resultant products do not differ widely
in chemical composition.
The total calculated capacity of these plants aggregates
about 15,000 tons annually. Their actual production for the
past year, however, has been very much less, probably not
more than 6,000 tons, owing to the fact that one of them has
just fairly begun to produce the grains in commercial quanti-
ties, and that another, whose claimed capacity is the largest,
is in operation mainly through the summer season. .
The production of the dried grains is likely to be very
largely increased in the near future, since the parties interested
in the present methods are now enlarging and extending their
25
works, while parties representing another process are also en-
gaged in the erection of a plant with a claimed capacity of
20,000 tons annually, making a total estimated output, when all
are in operation, of 100,000 tons annually, thus utilizing a large
portion of the wet grains produced by the breweries in the
vicinity of New York and Philadelphia. The production of
wet grains is not less than 600,000 tons annually, and used
almost entirely for milk dairies located within shipping dis-
tance of these cities. Plants are also in operation in Milwau-
kee, St. Louis and Chicago, the product of the latter of which
has been used by farmers in this State. The future supply of
dried brewers’ grains seems, therefore, to be well assured.
According to leading authorities, the drying of all the grains
depends upon two points: (1) An economical process of dry-
ing and (2) a proper understanding of the nutritive values of
the wet and dry product on the part of the consumers.
The first difficulty seems to have been overcome; the second
will require more time, because of the difficulty of directly
reaching individual consumers in such a way as to overcome
acquired prejudice in favor of the wet product for dairy cows,
and to encourage the use of the dried grains for horses and
other farm stock. -
This study of the food requirements of work-horses and of
the preparation of rations suggests:
1. That at the present time too little attention is paid to
the preparation of rations for work-horses. Rational feeding
is quite as important for horses as for dairy cows.
2. That the kind and quality of specific nutrients contained
in feeds, and not their names, should guide in the preparation
of rations. -
3. That while oats are an excellent horse feed, it is not
alone because they are oats, but because of the amounts and
proportions of the more valuable nutrients—fat and protein—
contained in them. - -
4. That dried brewers’ grains are a wholesome, nutritious
and palatable horse feed, and, at present prices, they may be
substituted for oats and a decided saving made in the cost of
the ration.
5. Timothy hay and oats at present prices are expensive
feeds. It does not follow because a farmer raises these
crops that he should feed them, when other products equally
useful may be purchased at a less cost per pound of actual
nutrients.
26
6. The condition of the markets in this State furnishes
abundant evidence that the selling price of fine feeds and
farm products is not a correct basis for estimating actual
feeding value.
7. A farmer who intelligently exchanges farm products for
commercial feeds, even at the same prices per ton, may secure
not only an increase in feeding value, but also a gain in
fertility. Market conditions do not recognize differences in
the fertilizing constituents of feeds.
JAMES NEILSON,
Acting Director.
NEW BRUNswick, N. J., February 1st, 1893.
C OMPAJRA TIVE FEED IN G. VAI, UE OF MOISZ"
A WID D.A. IED G RAINS FR OM
BREWERIES.
(From the Fifth Ammual Report of the New Jersey Agricultural
* , Ea:periment Station.)
During the winter season brewers have but little difficulty
in selling moist grains at a fair price, as farmers who use
them properly know that they favorably influence milk
yields, and have no injurious effects upon the health of cows.
In the spring, however, when pastures are good and soiling
crops are available, the demand for grains decreases, while
the supply is largely increased; consequently the market is
overstocked with a perishable article and dealers are obliged
to accept any reasonable price offered.
Dairymen who can transport quantities of from two to
three hundred tons by boat then fill their silos with a year's
supply at a cost far below that of an equivalent amount of
food in any other material.
Producers from time to time have attempted to dry and
store these grains for winter markets; the problems, however,
involved in this work are not easily solved. *
A ton of moist grains, for instance, contains approximately
fifteen hundred pounds of water, the greater portion of which
must be rapidly and economically removed without decreasing
the feeding value of the product.
For nearly two years past the “Concentrated Feed Co.,” of
New York, have been thoroughly testing an apparatus by
which it is believed these conditions can be fulfilled. A
working model was erected and from three to four tons of
dried grains produced daily, with which very satisfactory
feeding trials upon horses, cows and swine are said to have
been made.
A large factory planned from this model will soon be in
working order, and there are indications that a considerable
28
portion of New York’s supply of moist grains will in the
future reach consumers in a dried condition.
In the above process centrifugal machines, presses and
similar devices are avoided; these would remove more or less
soluble matter with the water, and might thus involve notice-
able losses of the most valuable portions of the food.
Exclusive of the question of cost, therefore, consumers’
interests center upon a single point, viz.: .
Will dried grains yield as much milk as moist ; can the
drying process be carried out without diminishing the digest-
Čbility of the product 9
Answers to these questions were sought in a feeding trial,
during which the following rations were used :
CLOVER ENSILAGE,
With Moist cºnd Dried Graims.


# | | | # # sl.i.
** §§ gă | 333 tº sÉ gă 83 &
#3 | #3 3&# - 2.9 || 3:33 || 333
RATION I. #3 | #5 ää RATION II. #3 | #3 | ###
# | # | ###. # ###| | ###.
§ gă G := §§ gă | * *
F | P: S ſº | PH *S
40cºols: .53 | 1.92 || 5.33 *ºpied .57 || 2.( 5 || 6.28
*; º; 20 0.85 4.08 ||*ś|| 20 0.85 4.08
3 lbs. Chaff. . . . . .01 0.03 0.94 || 3 lbs. Chaff..... . .01 0.03 0.94
. 74 2.80 10.35 TS 2.93 || 11.30
Digestive Ratio 1 : 4.36 T)igestive Ratio 1 : 4.52
CLOVER HAY,
With Moist cºnd Dried Graims.

–-º

# g; 85 g så gå | 35%
* | 333 || 333 ## 353 || 3:#
RATION III. #3 ºãº | #3; BATION IV. Ež ºñº || 333
5 § | E 35 | E3's 5; Eğä. F#'s.
5 §2 ##2. 9 3 º C & g;2. §§§
§§ 35 | *# a 3 || 3a | *ś
ſº | A. Q C Pi— C
40 lbs. Moist 5 º 12 lbs. Dried ree w) ſh: e
...gº.j | * | * |j| | | * | *
S. CIOVGI’ § S. OVer
Hay ... . . . . . }| 23 | 1.06 || 5.72 Hay . . . . . . . . || 3 | 1.06 || 5.72
76 2.98 || 11.05 .80 3.11 | 12.00
Digestive Ratio 1 : 4.35 Digestive Ratio 1 : 4.50
*mº-
29
Cows VII and VIII when fed moist grains and clover
ensilage averaged daily twenty-one and two-tenths pounds of
milk per cow, a yield not materially changed when dried
grains were substituted for the moist; twenty one and three-
tenths pounds per cow being then the average.
Moist grains taken from silos have a slightly acid taste,
supposed to be due to lactic acid; grains dried without delay
do not ferment, and are consequently free from acidity.
An opinion was entertained years ago in England that lactic
acid in small quantities increased the milk flow ; it seems
possible, therefore, that one advantage which moist grains
may have over dried was not brought out by the above ration,
as clover ensilage used in both cases may have contained an
excess of this acid.
The experiment was therefore repeated with clover hay
substituted for clover ensilage.
Cows VII and VIII upon the dried grains and hay averaged
daily twenty-one and four-tenths pounds of milk per cow,
practically the same as before ; but upon substituting in this
ration moist grains for dried the yield was slightly increased,
the daily average per cow being twenty-two and one-half
pounds. While, therefore, no proof has been found that
lactic acid influences the milk flow, it has been seen that
passing from the dried grains to moist was followed by a
slight increase in milk yield, a fact which cannot be due to
moisture in the food alone, as the dried grains immediately
before they were used were invariably soaked in water for
several hours. -
The experiment was repeated upon two other cows, IX
and X.
Upon a ration of dried grains and clover ensilage the
average daily milk yield was twenty-two and three-tenths
pounds per cow, followed, however, by an increase to twenty-
three and nine-tenths pownds per cow when moist grains were
substituted for dried.
With moist grains and clover hay the yield still further
increased, amounting then to twenty-four and eight-tenths
pounds per cow, followed, however, by a decrease of twenty-
four and two-tenths when dried grains were substituted for
moist; this loss, however, being caused entirely by cow No. X.
The following tabulated statement of rations and yields
allows an easy comparison of results.
30
Cows.
G- Average Daily Yields for Periods
2 On Different Rations.
RATION. § à |
5 & Feb. 27 | Mar. 11 Mar. 24 April 7
ź through through through through
~{ Mar. 10. | Mar. 23. April 6. April 19.
Moist Grains and Clover VII 23.6
Ensilage. VIII | 18.9
Fat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 lbs. -
Proteine................ 2.80 “ Average | 21.2
Carbhydrates.......... 10.35 “
Dried Grains and Clover Tºx 23.3
Brusilage. X. 21 3
- #: is tº tº t e & 8 & & tº $ tº º tº gº tº º tº gº lbs. $º
l'Obeltle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 “ rºº cy" 2
Carbhydrates.......... 11.30 ** Average 22.3
Dried Grains and Clover VII 24.3
Brmsilage. viri | ...... 1. s. 4.
- #: * * * * * g e º e º 'º e º e g e º gº 2.É. lbs. " +++ ' ' ' ' ' ' >~~
TOUClne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.93 “ *@**º tyr e
Carbhydrates .......... 1í; ... Average | . . . . . . 21.3
IMIoist Grains and Clover IX. 25.1
Ensilage. x . 22 e S
#: : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.É. lbs. £x- | * * * * * * −
l'OUel D.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 “ | Averao.
"Carbhydrates.......... 16; ... Average . . . . . . 23.9
Dried Grains and Clover vir 24.7
- Hay. | . ' ' ' ' ' ' || ' ' ' ' ' ' g
#idišč............... sºlº VIII | . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.1
TOUCI De. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 " | Averao. e
Carbhydrates.......... 12.00 “ Average | . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.4
IMoist Grains and Clover IX. 25.1
- Hay. X. & © tº e º 'º º 'º e g e e 24 6
#; śine................ 2.É. lbs.) -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . —
*I'Otel Ile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 “ 7 º’Tºº
Carbhydrates.......... 1íð; ... Average] . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
IMIoist Grains and Clover VII 25.3
g Hay. | . ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' &.
#āść............... gººs. VIII | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.8
TOtel Ile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 “ yº ºv
Carbhydrates . . . . . . . . . . 11.05 “ Average | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.5
Dried Grains and Clover IX 25.5
BIay. * * * * * * e - e. e º e i e º is e º º º
#isiń................ ºils X | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.0.
:*TOtel De, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 “ "Cl’8.9"Gº | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e
Carbhydrates ......... 13.6% |Average . . . . . . . ...... 24.2
Average
I}arn Ration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of Eight 19.8 19.7 20.0 19.4

31
The yields of milk from a herd of eight cows fed upon the
“barn” ration without changes indicate that variations in
the yield from the experimental cows are not due to weather
or similar causes.
A strict interpretation of these results forces the conclusion
that digestibility of the food is slightly diminished by the
drying process; practically, however, little difference in milk
flow will follow the substitution of the dried grains for moist.
Farmers now using moist grains properly ensilaged can rest
assured that dried grains as far as quality is concerned offer
no marked advantages, while those who by reason of freights,
etc., hitherto have not been able to use grains at all will now
find them in a dried condition within their reach.
Dried grains at $20 per ton are equivalent to moist grains
at from ten to eleven cents per bushel; at this price they are
somewhat dearer than cotton seed meal at $30 per ton or
gluten meal at $22 per ton.
In quantity one pound of dried grains contains as much
food as three and one-half pounds of moist grains.
The director and chemist of the station visited the works
where the dried grains are produced, and there inspected both
the process and a quantity of the product then ready for ship-
Imient.
The impression was created that the dried grains used in
the above experiment fairly represented the average product
from this “plant.”
BREWERS’ GRAINS AS FOOD FOR MILCH
CO WS.
(Report of the New York Agricultural Ea:periment Station.)
N. Y. Agricultural Experiment Station,
. . Geneva, N. Y., Nov. 22d, 1884.
At the request of Hon. J. K. Brown, Dairy Commissioner
of the State, we undertook a series of experiments upon the
effect of feeding brewers’ grains to milch cows, with special
reference to the effect upon the milk when fed in an acid and
putrefactive condition.
For this purpose two Jersey cows, Jem and Meg, were
removed from the pasture to the experimental barn on Septem-
ber 16th, and after being fed awhile upon hay were subjected .
to the feeding of brewers’ grains in as large quantities as they
could be induced to eat, with the expectation by injudicious
feeding to magnify any ill effect of the food, and thus pro-
ducing recognizable irregularities in the milk yield, milk
composition and properties.
The feeding of the grains commenced on Sept. 26th, and
the record of the condition of the food at variable dates is
here with given: -
Sept. 26. Sweet in general, but mouldy at the surface
where exposed to the air. -
Sept. 29. The grains very mouldy and give off a disagree-
able odor. -
Sept. 30. The grains alive with maggots in the upper
portion; apparently too hot below for the maggots to exist.
Oct 2. The grains sour and maggoty.
Oc., 3 The grains more offensive and sour in odor than
©Ver. - f
Oct. 6. The grains fed to-day were in somewhat sweeter
condition than those fed for the past two days, owing to their
being dug from down into the box, below the maggots and
dry state. They were somewhat acid, rather than sour or
mouldy. " -
33
Oct. 8. The grains are sour a short distance below the
exposed portion, but are otherwise clean and much relished by
the cows. That portion exposed to the atmosphere is blackish,
dry and maggoty. -
Oct. 11. Started in upon a new lot of grains. The grains.
on the surface very rotten, black and disagreeable, but three
inches down were in white condition. The black and the
white were fed mixed. Meg does not relish them; Jem
does. e
Oct. 15. The grains very offensive in odor, caused by the
decayed maggoty portion from the surface, that was as usual
mixed with the rest.
Oct. 16. The grains very offensive to-day.
Oct. 20. The grains have an odor resembling sauerkraut,
very strong.
Oct. 26. The grains no worse in quality than heretofore.
Nov. 1. The grains are offensive in odor when long
exposed, as on top of barrel.
Nov. 2. The grains more offensive to-day than at any
time since feeding, being putrid in places.
Nov. 3. Grains as yesterday.
We are unable, as it seens, to keep up a continuous grains
feeding without the addition of hay. The idea, however, was
kept predominant of feeding as little hay as possible. Hence
the grains were fed in such quantities as the cows would con-
sume, and after the grains were eaten hay was fed in like
manner. The first effect of this system was to produce a
satiety in the animals, from which they finally recovered and
at last became habituated to quite a regularity in the
quantity both of the grains and hay which were consumed.
Nine days of hay feeding, as will be observed, preceded
and followed the experiment proper, that of the grains,
whereby we have opportunity for measuring changes which
intervened.
The cows selected had been at pasture during the summer
without grain, and were removed from the pasture at once to
the experimental barn. º e
Jem is about 4 years old, and had a calf Oct. 24th, 1882,
and Dec. 20th, 1883; was bred March 31st and May 8th, and
is hence due to calve Jan. 5th or February 11th, 1885. She
arrived at the station Nov. 30th, 1882, and went dry Nov.
24th, after yielding 4,460 lbs. of milk. With her next calf,
Dec. 20th, 1883, she gave, up to Sept. 16th, the beginning of
the experiment, 5,472 lbs. of milk, upon Sept. 16th yielding 7
34
lbs. 15 oz. She weighed 569 lbs. on arrival, Nov. 30th, 1882,
and 620 lbs. April 19th, 1882; 701 lbs. on Jan. 11th, 1884,
and 716 lbs. on Sept. 1st, 1884. -
Meg is about 6 years old, and had a calf Dec. 4th, 1882, and,
again Jan. 7th, 1884. She was bred April 5th, 1884, and is
hence due to calve Jan. 9th, 1885. She arrived at the station.
Nov. 30th, 1882. From her calving, Dec. 4th, to her drying
off, Nov. 24th, 1883, she yielded 5,552 lbs. of milk, Calving
again Jan. 7th, 1884, she has yielded up to Sept. 16th, the
date of this experiment, 4,385 lbs., yielding on Sept. 16th 9
lbs. 6 oz. She weighed 792 lbs. on her arrival at the station,
Nov. 30th, 1882, and 676 lbs. April 19th, 1882; 809 lbs. Jan.
11th, 1884, and 786 lbs. Sept. 1st, 1884.
The analytical data upon which the food is figured is:
smºsºm-
Hay. Brewers' Grains.
Calculated Calculated
AS Fed Dry. AS Fed. Dry.
Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.53 | . . . . . 74.98 | .....
sh... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.30 7.37 .87 3.46
Albuminoid.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.80 13.81 5.18 20.69
Crude Fiber... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.22 33.02 3. 14.11
Nitrogen, free ex... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.48 41.93 14.13 56.51
Fat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.31 3.87 1. 5.
100.00 •r 100.00 100.00 100.00
The hay was aftermath, with much clover, and was fine and
in excellent condition; the grains as previously noted.
We have two periods of nine days each in which the food
was hay ad libitum, and these shall serve us for comparison.
The figures of these periods are here with given:

Sept. 17–25. Nov. 4-12.
Jem. Meg. • Jem. Meg.
Weight of Cow, lbs............... 731. 805. 739. 810.
Weight of Hay consumed, lbs.... 25.8 25.4 20.4 20.4
Weight of Water drank, lbs., .... 88.8 81.6 63.0 57.2
Weight of Dry Food, lbs......... 22.1 21.7 17.5 17.5
Weight of Milk, lbs................ 7.60 10.78 4.48 6.81
If we divide the period of trial into nine-day intervals we
have two periods under hay feed exclusively, and four periods
/~~
35
under mostly brewers’ grains feeding, one of which, the
earliest, can be excluded on account of its transition nature.
The figures, however, show as below:

Daily Average for the Two Cows; Lbs. Weight.
& * - Weight Of wº
Weight of Weight of v º: Weight of
! &;"|Bºöö. Wººd "ºffii.
Sept. 17 25, Hay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768 21.9 88.9 9.19
Sept. 29 Oct. 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7: 7.3 52.3 8,03
Oct. 8 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 11.1 51.0 8.31
Oct. 17-25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726 16.3 66.7 8.67
Oct. 26 Nov. 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737 14.2 64.8 7, 21
17.5 63.0 5.63
Nov. 4-12, Hay.................. 774
We have thus our answer very plainly outlined: the feeding
of the brewers’ grains was conducive to the flow of milk.
We observe in our nine days' summary, and still more from
the daily figures, that the appetite of the cows varied within
large limits, and that there was a difficulty in getting sufficient
dry food within them for the purpose of full maintenance or
gaining weight; for we observe that the live weight was
greater under the hay feeding. It will therefore be well to
reinvestigate the question of live weight in averages of shorter
periods, in order to reduce the daily variations into an average
which shall give us by inspection an idea of gain or loss. We
will give the figures on live weight for three days’ averages:
Average Live Weight in 3-Day Periods.
Jem. Meg. The TWO.
Sept. 17-19.......... . . . . . . . . . . . 718 lbs. 788 lbs. 7:53 lbs.
“ 20–22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733 “ 812 “ 772 “
“ 23-25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742 “ S16 “ 779 “
“ 26–28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 747 “ 830 ** 788 “
“ 29-Oct. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714 “ 796 “ 755 “
Oct. 2-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678 “ 771 “ 724 “
“ 5–7. . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * 645 “ 735 “ 690 “
“ 8-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648 “ 765 “ 706 “
“ 11-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ". . . . . (546 “ 750 “ 698 “
“ 14-16............ * * * * * * * * * 646 ‘' 750 “ 698 “
“ 17-19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672 “ 760 “ 716 “
“ 2022. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686 “ 761 “ 723 “
“ 23-25............ ..... ... • * * 700 “ 776 “ 738 “
“ 26–28..................... 702 “ 784 “ 743 “
“ 29–31..................... 693 “ 772 “ 732 “
TNov. 1-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700 “ 774 “ 737 “
“ 46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722 “ 780 “ 755 “
“ 7-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746 “ 815 “ 780 “
“ 10-12..................... 751. “ 827 “ 780 “
36.
An inspection of this table shows us several periods, which
may be separated as follows:

*—
& r Average g
gº Daily Dry MY cº- Average Milk
Period. FOOd. Mº *. per Cow.
lbs. lbs. lbs.
I. Gaining, Sept. 17–28. . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 773 9.80
II. Losing, Sept. 29–Oct. 7... . . . . . . 7.3 723 8.03
Iii. Even Tööt, 3.16................ 11.6 701 8.31
IV. Gaining, Oct. 17–Nov. 3. . . . . . . . 15.2 731 7.94
V. Greater Gaining, Nov. 4-12, ... 17, 5 775 5.64
We see at once that period II. was starvation diet, the
natural falling off in milk between the periods, considered as
even, is about 1 lb., and yet the milk yield nearly keeps up,
while in the other periods it is more than maintained, showing
the effect of the grains towards increasing the milk flow.
Before using these figures it is necessary to offer some cor-
rections, which an inspection of our daily data will show at
once to be justifiable. We note that the first influence of
removal from pasture and a new food was to increase, abnor-
mally the amount eaten the first day, while using three days’
averages it happens that Sept. 29th, a day of large grains con-
sumption, is included in the next period, thus increasing the
amount of food eaten in period II., Ör the starvation period.
Notwithstanding the slight changes in the weights in groups
III. and IV. separately, yet practically the two can be
merged. We hence have for the purpose of our study four
periods: I. and VI. under hay feeding, II. under starvation
diet, and III., from Oct. 8th to Nov. 3d, 27 days, as represent-
ing the effect of the brewers’ grains.
During the first four days of the brewers’ grains feeding, or
Sept. 26th to 29th, we had a period in which a full feed of
grains was consumed, and for the purpose of verifying our
general conclusions we can compare this period with the four
preceding days on hay. Thus:

Average Daily per Cow.
Date. Consumed. Weight of Weight of
Hay. Grains. Dry Matter. 99Ws. Milk.
lbs. lbs lbs. . lbs. lbs.
Sept. 22–25............ 26.3 gº º tº º 22.4 780 9.83
Sept. 26–29............ 7.8 51.8 18.6 778 12.96
37
We see, then, that when the cows ate a proper quantity of
the grains the effect on the live weight and on the milk yield
was excellent, and that the falling from live weight afterwards
may, and probably did, arise from the unsavory character of
the food, which acted upon the appetite of the cows to pre-
vent a full feeding. . -
We will now present the averages for the four corrected
periods, which we shall designate hereafter as A, B, C and D:

<5; B. ſº º S CŞ: ; CŞ.E.
- † | #g | ####| :
Daily Average. .9 × 9 #### §ºf #3 .9 ...,9
; +5F :* - C 23 ob 9 º' a 2-ſt
§ 3- $245 § $4s;C $2.35
P-3E P+3; P-5 P+2.73
Prº § O Fr.
- lbs. lbs lbs. lbs
Dry Matter fed ... . . . . . . & e º e º 'º - e. e. e. e. 20.9 6. 14.0 17.5
Weight of COWS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774 716 722 775
Weight of Cows first 4 days........ 752 736 706 760
Weight of Cows last 4 days........ 786. 697 736 788
Weight Of Milk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.13 7.26 8.10 5.64
Weight of Albuminoid fed. . . . . . . . 3.13 1.09 2.56 2.41
Weight of Carbohydrates and Fat. 10.15 3.34 7.88 8.01
Examining this table, we note that there is a constant differ-
ence between the average weight of the cows the first and last
four days of each period, in all but period B, which was star-
vation, showing about an equal gain; we note also that the
average total weight is larger in periods A and D under full
feeding. These records indicate, then, that under period C a
maintenance ration was being fed, while in the periods A and
D a gaining ration.
We must hence come to the conclusion that the grains are
a valuable feeding material for maintenance when fed with a
small quantity of hay.
For further information we may refer to the first four days
on grains, as compared with the four preceding days on hay,
where we find constant weight, with increased milk for the
grains, the feeding ration being nearly equivalent; thus:

Fed Daily in Pounds.
Albuminoid. N iºree. Fat.
Sept. 22–25, Hay....................... 3.10 9.43 .86
Sept. 26–29, Grains mostly............ 3.40 9, 57 .88
38

Average Weight of Average Daily Milk
C *Yield.
OWS.
Sept. 22–25...................... tº ſº tº e & e 780 lbs. 9.83 lbs.
Sept. 26–29............................ 778 “ 12.26 “
The first ration 26.3 lbs. of hay, the second rations 7.8 lbs.
of hay and 51.8 lbs. of brewers’ grains.
During period A 7 partial analyses of the milk were made,
the average being 5.70 per cent. of fat. During period B 16
partial analyses were made, the average being 6.91 per cent.
of fat, two of which analyses were of phenomenal richness,
viz.: 10.95 and 12.53 per cent. from the morning and night's
milk from Meg. During period C 50 partial analyses, and
5.91 the average fat. During period D 21 partial analyses,
and 6.84 the average fat. *
These results can best be shown in tabular form:
Fat by Analysis. Butter to Churn.
No. Of * NO. Of Per Cent. Air
~ Analyses. Per Cent. Fat. Chūnings. | Tºyºté.
Period A........... 7 5.70 7 4.20
“ B. . . . . . . . . . . 16 6.91 14 6.39
“ C. . . . . . . . . . . 50 5.91 48 5.44
“ D. . . . . . . . . . . 21 6.84 18 7.39


The average results do not indicate that the feeding of the
brewers’ grains was detrimental to the quality of the milk.
It may be well to supplement this table, however, with
another which shall express the actual amount of fat yielded
per day and butter churned per day from the milk during
these periods, assuming that the averages of the analyses
represent the true character of the total milk yields:

g Average }. Average
*ś* |Dailyºunt Djier
Milk Yield of Fat . Becovered
* | by Analysis. by Churn.
Period A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.13 lbs. 9.23 OZS 6.80 OZS.
“ B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.26 “ 8.02 “ 7.42 “
“ C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10 “ 7.66 “ 7.06 “
{ { o;' g g º & © to tº tº e º º tº ºn tº º e e g g º e º ºs e e s e e 5.64 ** 6.17 “ 6.66 “
I'
A and D, Hay Ration............... 7.88 “ 7.70 “ 6.73 “
C, Brewers' Grains. . . . . . . . . . 8.10 “ 7.66 “, 7.95 “
39
If, however, the tables of daily analyses be studied it will
be seen that there was a greater variability in the product and
yield of the cows during the grains feeding than during the
hay feeding, and this effect of the feed may be as rationally
attributed to the putridity as to the specific action of the food.
We may recall here that the injudicious feeding of the grains
in the beginning exerted an ill effect on the appetite of the
cows, but under continued and more careful feeding the cows
recovered, and the tendency was toward continued improve-
ment during the whole of period C, 27 days. We are not
justified, then, in assuming that this experimental trial shows
definitely against the grains or the putridity, even in respect
to the greater variability noted.
In churning the milk of the various periods it was very
noticeable that under the hay feeding, or periods A and D, the
milk churned more quickly, a lower temperature was required,
and the butter was in general of a better grain. Our obser-
vations, therefore, so far as they go, are in respect to ease of
churning unfavorable to the use of grains as a feed for cows
whose milk is used for butter production.
In respect to the taste, flavor and appearance of the milk,
and also as regards keeping quality, no difference between the
hay fed or the brewers’ grains fed milk was noticeable, nor as
between the milk from the experimental cows and that yielded
by the remaining cows of the herd, except during the starva-
tion days of period B.
The conclusion must therefore be that, so far as this trial
indicates, brewers’ grains are a healthy and valuable food for
milch cows, but that allowing them to become putrid is a mis-
take, as preventing the full feeding of the animal and thus
being counter to economy. The trial also indicates very
strongly that the putridity of the feed was neither injurious
to the cows, otherwise than as stated, nor injurious to the
quality of the milk for human consumption.
E. LEWIS STURTEVANT,
JDirector.
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