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C. ET. E.; , , , t tº RARY
ATES DEPARTMENT bf{AdºlturEJ
FOREST SERVICE. ... tº
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THE
TRY'S FOREST.S.
WASHINGTON: l, *
OVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICD.
1914.

Forestry
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THE countRY's FORESTs.
THE NATIONAL FOREST.S.
WHERE THEY ARE.
There are 163 National Forests, mostly situ-
ated in the mountains of the West. Others are
in Michigan, Minnesota, Kansas, Nebraska,
Arkansas, Florida, Alaska, and Porto Rico.
Their total area is over 186,000,000 acres,
which is as much as all the New England
States and New York, Pennsylvania, Dela-
ware, Maryland, and Virginia combined. The
average size of a National Forest is 1,150,000
acres, or about 1,800 square miles.
The Government is now buying land in the
Southern Appalachian and White Mountains
for National Forests in the East.
WHAT THEY ARE FOR.
National Forests are set apart to insure a per-
petual supply of timber for the use and neces-
sities of the people of the United States, and
to prevent destruction of the forest cover
which regulates the flow of streams.
34873°–14 3
4 THE country’s For ESTs.
whAT THEY CONTAIN.
All told, the National Forests contain ap-
proximately 600 billion feet of merchantable
timber, worth at least $900,000,000. The other
resources are worth probably $1,100,000,000
more, bringing their total value up to some-
thing like $2,000,000,000. t
They also contain 1,175 watersheds which
supply cities and towns, and 324 water-power
and 1,266 irrigation projects developed or in
course of development. ---
HOW THEY ARE ADMINISTERED.
The Forest Service of the Department of
Agriculture administers the National Forests:
It protects them from fire and other destruc-
tive agencies. f
It "builds roads, trails, telephone lines,
bridges, and other works to make them acces-
sible.
It conducts the sale and oversees the cutting
of mature timber, in accordance with the prin-
ciples of forestry. -
It regulates the grazing of live stock in a way
to improve the range and protect the settler
and home builder from unfair competition in
its use. - –4
It issues permits for the development of
water power and for the construction of hotels,
THE COUNTRY'S FORESTs. 5
dwellings, stores, factories, telephone lines,
conduits, public roads, reservoirs, power trans-
mission lines, and the like. - -
The resources of the National Forests are not
locked up. The timber, water, and pasture
are for the use of the people, and the minerals
are open to development just as on unreserved
public land.
HOW THEY WERE USED IN 1913.
Over 495,000,000 feet of National Forest
timber, worth more than $1,075,000, was cut
under sale by different purchasers. Contracts .
were closed with 6,000 individual purchasers
for the sale of more than 2 billion feet of tim-
ber, worth nearly $4,500,000, to be removed
during a period of years.
Over 121 million feet of timber, worth $192-
000, were given away to 38,000 settlers, miners,
and others to develop their farms and claims.
More than 1,550,000 cattle, horses, and swine
and 7,860,000 sheep and goats were grazed on
the Forest ranges by 27,000 stockmen.
Seventy-six power plants, 800 hotels, rest
houses, and summer resorts, and 1,400 stores
and other business buildings were operating on
the Forests under permit.
One thousand seven hundred new mining
claims were patented within the Forests,
6 THE COUNTRY's FoEESTs.
where the total mining population was more
than 24,000.
Twenty thousand permanent settlers occu-
pied farms within the Forest boundariés.
One and one-half million campers, hunters,
fishermen, and other pleasure seekers used the
. Forests as recreation grounds.
Anyone desiring information concerning the
sale of National Forest timber should write to
the Forester, Washington, D.C., or to the dis-
trict forester at any of the following places:
Missoula, Mont.; Denver, Colo.; Albuquerque,
N. Mex.; Ogden, Utah; San Francisco, Cal.;
or Portland, Oreg.
How THEY were PROTECTED AND IM-
PROVED IN 1913.
Forest officers extinguished 2,472 fires during
the year.
Fifty per cent of these had burned over less
than one-quarter of an acre before they were
put out.
Forest officers killed 4,686 predatory ani-
mals, including mountain lions, coyotes, and
wolves, in order to protect stock grazed on the
Forests.
More than 350 miles of road, 275 miles of fire
line, 3,800 miles of telephone line, and 2,600
miles of trail were built.
THE COUNTRY's FORESTs. 7
Almost 30,000 acres were sown or planted to
young trees. w
More than 2,000 miles of road, 773 miles of
fire line, 15,000 miles of telephone line, and
16,000 miles of trail have been built, and
87,000 acres planted or sown on the National
Forests since they were transferred to the ad-
ministration of the Department of Agriculture
in 1905.
WHAT THEY BRING TO THE STATES.
Twenty-five per cent of all receipts from Na-
tional Forests go to the counties in which they
lie, to be used for schools and roads.
In 1913 this amounted to $586,593.39.
An additional 10 per cent is expended by
the Secretary of Agriculture upon roads and
trails constructed primarily for the benefit of
settlers within the Forests. In 1913 more
than $234,000 was available for the purpose.
FOREST FIREs.
THE LOSS.
Forest fires in the United States have de-
stroyed on an average each year at least
$25,000,000 worth of timber, and have caused
a loss in stock, crops, buildings, and otherim-
provements of many millions more.
8 THE COUNTRY’s FORESTS
In the past 50 years more than 3,000 persons
have been burned to death in forest fires.
The Peshtigo, Wis., fire in 1871 burned
over 1,280,000 acres and cost 1,500 human lives.
The Hinckley, Minn., fire in 1894 burned
over 160,000 acres, with a death list of 418. The
great Idaho, Montana, and Minnesota fires
of 1910 swept 2,300,000 acres and burned to
death 127 persons.
Every fire in the forest, no matter how
small, may develop into a serious conflagration.
All that is needed is a strong wind and material
to feed upon.
In the State of Michigan alone, forest fires
during the 10 years between 1901 and 1911
caused a loss of $20,000,000. -
In Massachusetts forest fires in the last three
years have caused a damage of over $823,000.
Forest fires are unnecessary, are nearly al-
ways the result of carelessness, and may wipe
out in an hour what nature has taken hun-
dreds of years to create. -
They destroy existing forests.
They destroy the possibility of future forests.
They destroy a great market for labor.
They destroy the beauty of a region.
They destroy homes.
They destroy lives.,
They destroy prosperity.
THE COUNTRY's FORESTs. 9
THE CAUSES.
The three chief causes of forest fires are
railroads, campers, and lightning.
Among them they are responsible for more
than half the fires that start.
Sparks from the Smokestack and live coals
from the fire box are responsible for the fires
which start along railroad rights of way.
Hunters, pleasure seekers, and others leave
camp fires burning, or throw lighted matches
or tobacco into inflammable material in the
forest. A disastrous fºre may result from such
practices.
All fires start as small fires.
THE REMEDY.
Forest fires can be prevented by:
Never leaving a camp fire until it is out.
Never making a camp fire in leaves, rotten
wood, or against a log.
Never tossing away burning matches or to-
bacco. t -
Never burning brush, grass, or slashings
during a dry season.
WHAT IS BEING DONE.
The Federal Government, 20 of the States,
and 30 timber owners’ associations maintain 4
system of patrol and take other preventive
10 THE COUNTRY's For ESTs.
{
items.
measures on their lands during danger seasons
of the year. |
The area thus protected by the Government
approximates 165,000,000 acres; that protected
by the States (largely in cooperation with the
Government as provided by section 2 of the
Weeks law) 100,000,000 acres; and that pro-
tected by the timber owners’ associations,
25,000,000 acres.
As a result of such protection the loss on the
National Forests in 1912 was kept down to
$75,000, and on State and private lands to less
than $200,000. -
Had these lands not been protected the
loss, based on the average annual fire loss in
the whole country, would have been many
times this figure. -
Under section 2 of the Weeks law, the For-
est Service is cooperating with 17 States in
protecting from fire the forest cover on the
watersheds of navigable streams.
FORESTRY IN THE STATES.
Twenty-five States have active forest de-
partments, the majority of which employ
professional foresters.
Twenty have efficient fire-protective sys-
Q
THE country’s For ESTs. 11
Fourteen have established State forests,
with an aggregate area of more than 3,400,000
3.CreS. *
Ten maintain forest-tree nurseries which
produce each year nearly 10,000,000 small
trees, about half of which are distributed to
private owners at cost.
Pennsylvania has 983,529 acres of State
forests, has planted to date 2,800 acres with
young trees, produces 2,500,000 forest tree
seedlings from its nurseries every year, has a
number of State forest experiment stations,
and makes an annual appropriation for forestry
of about $328,000.
New York has 1,664,000 acres of State for-
ests, has planted to date 7,000 acres, produces
4,500,000 young trees yearly, has established a
State forest experiment station, and makes an
annual appropriation for forèstry of about
$164,000.
Massachusetts has 15,000 acres of State
forests and 56 separate municipal forests.
Each year it produces from its nurseries up-
ward of 1,300,000 young trees. The annual
appropriation for forestry amounts to about
$55,000.
Minnesota has 43,000 acres of State forests,
and makes an annual appropriation for for-
estry of about $233,000. Citizens of the State
12 THE COUNTRY's For ESTs.
/
have planted 250,000 acres of their lands with
trees. *
Wisconsin has 400,000 acres of State forests,
and makes an annual appropriation of $95,000
for forestry.
STATE FOREST ORGANIZATIONS.
Those who wish further information con-
cerning forestry in any particular State should
write to the proper. official listed on pages 13
and 14.
State forest organizations and officials.
State. Officer in charge. Address.
Alabama........... Secretary, commission of forestry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Montgomery.
California.......... State forester------------------------------------------ Sacramento.
Colorado. ..........l..... do------------------------------------------------- Fort Collins.
Connecticut... . . . . . Forester of agricultural experiment station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Haven.
Hawaii------------ Superintendent of forestry. - - - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Honolulu.
Idaho-------------- State land commissioner--------------------------...-- Boise.
Indiana-------...-- Secretary, State board of forestry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indianapolis.
Iowa--------------- State forestry commissioner................... . . . . . . . . . Des Moines.
Kansas-----------. State forester------------------------------------------- Manhattan.
Rentucky..........!..... do------------------------------------------------- Frankfort.
Louisiana.......... President, State conservation commission............... New Orleans.
Maine.------------- State forest Commissioner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Augusta.
Maryland. . . . . . . . . . State forester------------------------------------------. Baltimore.
Massachusetts......'..... do------------------------------------------------- Boston.
ichigan----------- '----. do------------------------------------------------- Lansing.
Minnesota....... -- ----- do------------------------------------------------- St. Paul.
Montana...........'..... do--------------------- - - sº º 'º - - - - - s s = * - - - - - * * * * * - - - - Helena.
New Hampshire. . . . . . . . do------------------------------------------------- Concord,
New Jersey........ Forester, forest park reservation Commission. . . . . . . . . . . . Trenton.
New York. . . . . . . . . Superintendent, State forests. ----...--------. . . . . . . . . . . . ë.Y.
North Carolina. . . . . |Forester of State geological and economic survey... . . . . . . Chapel Hill.
North Dakota. . . . . State forester -----------------------------------------. Bottineau.
State forest organizations and officials—Continued.
State. Officer in charge. Address.
Ohio--------------- Forester of agricultural experiment station... - - - - - . . . . . . . WoOSter.
Oregon------------. State forester------------------------------------------. Salem.
Pennsylvania. . . . . . Commissioner of forestry........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Harrisburg.
Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . do------------------------------------------------- Chepachet.
South Dakota. . . . . . State forester------------------------------------------- Custer.
Tennessee.......... Commissioner of game, fish, and forestry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nashville.
Vermont........... State forester------------------------------------------- Burlington.
Virginia....... ----. Commissioner of agriculture. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Richmond.
Washington. . . . . . . . State forester and game warden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . §.
West Virginia. . . . . . Forest, game, and fish Warden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Belington.
Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . State forester------------------------------------------- Madison.
º
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243
M|CHIGAN
|
The country's.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = e s = a - e.
forests
U.S. Forest...service.
_2^
3 9015 O5841
UNIVERSITY OF
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