Museums
QK
95
.B744
THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN LIBRARIES

رو
نام/
-

Botanical Specimens,
COPIED FROM NATURE,
AND DESIGNED AS SIMPLE ILLUSTRATIONS
OF THE
Twenty-four Classes
INTO WHICH,
ACCORDING TO THE LINNÆAN SYSTEM OF ARRANGEMENT,
ALL PLANTS ARE DIVIDED.
NATURE, ENCHANTING NATURE, IN WHOSE FORM
AND LINEAMENTS DIVINE I TRACE A HAND
THAT ERRS NOT, AND FIND RAPTURES STILL RENEW'D,
IS FREE TO ALL 'MEN- UNIVERSAL PRIZE.
COWPER.
Liverpool:
PRINTED BY GEORGE SMITH, TITHEBARN-STREET.
1828.

Museums
QK
95
B744

Museums Lib.
gitt
H. Bartlett (estate)
1.24.73
977 903-154
Prof. Harley
B 쥬
​O
ILLUSTRATIONS
OF THE LINNÆAN CLASSES AND ORDERS.
THE Vegetable Kingdom is divided by Linnæus into Classes, Orders,
Genera, Species and Varieties.
CLASSES are the first divisions of plants; their characters are established
on some part, or parts, of the fructification.
ORDERS are the subdivisions of classes.
A GENUS is an assemblage of species, nearly similar in all the parts of
fructification.
SPECIES are the different forms of plants, which are supposed to have
been originally created.
VARIETIES are the incidental differences in plants produced from seed of
the same species, caused by the difference of climate, situation or soil.
B

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stay
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3
Before we can ascertain to what Class a flower or plant belongs, it is
necessary
that we should be acquainted with the names of the 24 Classes
of the Linnæan System, and also with their distinctions, which are founded
on the number, situation, or proportion of the stamens; as well as with
the names of the Orders, which are generally characterized by the number
of the pistils.
The Linnæan Classes and Orders are as follows, with the names of the
Specimens, given as illustrations, subjoined. *
CLASS 1. MONANDRIA.
Flowers with 1 stamen.
This Class contains 2 Orders.
SO
od be
Trust
1 Pistil.
1. Monogynia.
2. Digynia.
2 Pistils.
Specimen.
CHARA HISPIDA.
This plant belongs to the first Order.—Chara is its generic, and hispida
its specific name; for all plants have both a generic and specific name.
A genus comprehends one or more species, so essentially different in general
character, formation and nature, from other plants, as to constitute a distinct
family or kind. There are, for instance, six species, or sorts, of Chara,
but having compared our specimen with the description of each, given in
Sir James Smith's English Flora, we determine it to be the C. hispida,
or PRICKLY STONEWORT, because it agrees better with that than with either
of the others.
* The Specimens are numbered according to their respective Classes,

4
CLASS 2. DIANDRIA. Flowers with 2 stamens.
This Class contains 3 Orders.
1 Pistil.
1. Monogynia.
2. Digynia.
3. Trigynia.
2 Pistils.
3 Pistils.
Specimen.
VERONICA CHAMEDRYS.
This plant belongs to the first Order.--- Veronica is its generic, and
chamaedrys its specific name.
There are eighteen different species of Veronica, but, from the opposite
hairy lines on the stem, the form of the leaves, the colour and beauty
of the blossoms, &c. we ascertain that this is the V. chamoedrys, usually
known by the favourite appellation of FORGET-ME-NOT.
CLASS 3. TRIANDRIA. Flowers with 3 stamens.
This Class contains 3 Orders.
1 Pistil.
1. Monogynia.
2. Digynia.
3. Trigynia.
2 Pistils.
3 Pistils.
So
Specimen.
IRIS PSEUD-ACORUS.
This plant belongs to the first Order.-Iris is its generic, and pseud-
acorus its specific name.

There are two species of Iris, but we readily distinguish this, with its
grass-green ribbed leaves and its bright yellow blossoms, as the I. pseud-
acorus, because the other species, I. fætidissima, has leaves of a dull green, ,
and flowers of a pale purple colour pencilled with dark veins.
The English name of our specimen is YELLOW WATER Iris, or Flag-
flower. Its petals are occasionally streaked with brown, and when this is
the case it is called a variety.
- On its soft breast the wandering stream
Reflects the FLAG-FLOWER's golden gleam.”
CLASS 4. TETRANDRIĄ. Flowers with 4 stamens, equal in length.
This Class contains 3 Orders.
1 Pistil.
1. Monogynia.
of the 2. Digynia. Tud
to 3. Tetragynia.
2 Pistils.
4 Pistils.
Specimen.
ASPERULA ODORATA.
This plant belongs to the first Order.- Asperula is its generic, and
odorata its specific name.
There are two species of Asperula, but this is the A. odorata, or
SWEET WOODROOF, because it has eight or nine leaves in a whorl, and
blossoms of a beautiful snowy white, whilst the other species, A. cynanchica,
or Small Woodroof, has only four leaves in a whorl, and blossoms of
a pale rose colour streaked with red lines.
The latter plant is also much
smaller than the former.

6
CLASS 5. PENTANDRIA.
Flowers with 5 stamens.
This Class contains 6 Orders.
1 Pistil.
2 Pistils.
3 Pistils.
1. Monogynia.
2. Digynia.
3. Trigynia.
4. Tetragynia.
5. Pentagynia.
6. Polygynia.
4 Pistils.
5 Pistils.
Many Pistils.
Specimen.
LINUM USITATISSIMUM.
This plant belongs to the fifth Order.—Linum is its generic, and usita-
tissimum its specific name.
There are four species of Linum, but the three prominent ribs of the
calyx, the long stems, and the bright glossy flowers of our specimen, dis-
tinguish it as the L. usitatissimum or COMMON FLAX.
CLASS 6.
HEXANDRIA. Flowers with 6 stamens, equal in length.
This Class contains 6 Orders,
1 Pistil.
2 Pistils.
3 Pistils.
1. Monogynia.
2. Digynia.
3. Trigynia.
4. Tetragynia.
5. Hexagynia.
6. Polygynia.
4 Pistils.
6 Pistils.
Many Pistils.

7
Specimen.
NARCISSUS POETICUS.
This plant belongs to the first Order.--Narcissus is its generic, and
poeticus its specific name.
There are three species of Narcissus, but this is distinguished as the
N. poeticus, or POETIC NARCISSUS, by the crimson border of its nectary,
the reflexed edges of its leaves, &c.
bis CLASS 7. HEPTANDRIA. Flowers with 7 stamens.
This Class contains 4 Orders.
1 Pistil.
2 Pistils.
1. Monogynia.
2. Digynia.
3. Trigynia.
4. Heptagynia
test
3 Pistils.
7 Pistils.
Specimen.
TRIENTALIS EUROPÆA.
This plant belongs to the first Order.—Trientalis is its generic, and
europæa its specific name.
our
The genus Trientalis contains but one indigenous species, and as
e na
specimen, known by the name of WINTER-GREEN, is the only English
plant in Heptandria, and perfectly accords with the description given in
botanical works of the T. europæa, we call it such without hesitation.

8
CLASS 8.
OCTANDRIA. Flowers with 8 stamens.
This Class contains 4 Orders.
bristong i 1. Monogynia. Ott 1 Pistil.ocele
2. Digynia
2 Pistils.si
oo
a bouteista 3. Trigynia.
3 Pistils. tote
stoort af lov 4. Tetragynia: TR4 Pistils.
4 To
Specimen.os bazelor si
PARIS QUADRIFOLIA.
This plant belongs to the fourth Order.-Paris is its generic, and
quadrifolia its specific name.
The genus contains this one species only. Its English name is HERB
PARIS, and it may be readily known by its four large ribbed leaves, and
the singular appearance of its blossom.
CLASS 9. ENNEANDRIA. Flowers with 9 stamens.
This Class contains 3 Orders.
1 Pistil.
1. Monogynia.
2. Trigynia.
3 Pistils.
3. Hexagynia.
6 Pistils. !!
Specimen.
BUTOMUS UMBELLATUS.
This plant belongs to the third Order.-Butomus is its generic, and
umbellatus its specific name.

9
Having ascertained that our specimen is a Butomus, we know it to be
the B. umbellatus, as this is the only species contained in that genus, and
perfectly coincides with the description given in the English Flora. It is
one of the most splendid and elegant of our indigenous plants.
vo
“ High o'er the stream,
As conscious of her claims to beauty rare,
Her rosy umbels rears the FLOWERING RUSH,
Whilst with reflected charms the waters blush.”
CLASS 10. DECANDRIA. Flowers with 10 stamens.
This Class contains 5 Orders.
1. Monogynia.
1 Pistil.
2. Digynia.
2 Pistils.
- Se 3. Trigynia. od 3 Pistils. ledna
4. Pentagynia.
5 Pistils. ito
ADA bal 5. Decagynia. sa me 10 Pistils.moods at a
Specimen.
OXALIS ACETOSELLA.
This plant belongs to the fifth Order.—Oxalis is its generic, and acetosella
its specific name.
There are two species of Oxalis, but this is distinguished from the C.
corniculata by its stalks bearing one flower only, whilst those of the latter
generally bear two; the colour of the blossoms also varies as well as the
form of the root.
66 WOOD-SORREL, with its light thin leaves
Heart shaped and triply folded ; and its root
Creeping like beaded coral.”

10
CLASS 11. DODECANDRIA.
Flowers with from 12 to 19 stamens.
britan This Class contains 6 Orders.
1 Pistil.
2 Pistils.
3 Pistils.
1. Monogynia.
2. Digynia.
3. Trigynia.
4. Tetragynia.
5. Pentagynia.
6. Dodecagynia.
4 Pistils.
5 Pistils.
12 Pistils.
Specimen.
ASARUM EUROPÆUM.
This plant belongs to the first Order.— Asarum is its generic, and euro-
paum its specific name.
It is the only plant in the genus, and is generally called ASARABACCA.
CLASS 12. ICOSANDRIA.
Flowers with 20 stamens or more, inserted
into the calyx.
This Class contains 5 Orders.
1. Monogynia.
2. Digynia.
3. Trigynia.
4. Pentagynia.
6. Polygynia.
1 Pistil.
2 Pistils.com
3 Pistils.
Cottom
5 Pistils.
Many Pistils,

11
Sud Specimen.
Specimen. Die
Einord
com o
POTENTILLA ANSERINA.
This plant belongs to the sixth Order.—Potentilla is its generic, and
anserina its specific name.
There are eleven species of Potentilla, but the P. anserina, or SILVER-
LEAVED CINQUEFOIL is easily distinguished from the rest by the splendid
silvery hairs with which its lyrate and deeply serrated leaves are abundantly
clothed beneath.
Beasy bore tot
ortageon
CLASS 13. POLYANDRIA.
Flowers with numerous stamens inserted
into the receptacle.
This Class contains 7 Orders.
business
1. Monogynia.
1 Pistil.
2. Digynia.
2 Pistils.org
to
3. Trigynia.
inoor
3 Pistils.
4. Tetragynia.
4 Pistils.
5. Pentagynia.
5 Pistils.
6. Hexagynia.
6 Pistils.
do 5 7. Polygynia.
7. Polygynia.com
Many Pistils.
saoluolusta
Specimen.
torot odd borlige boadinimo si
AQUILEGIA VULGARIS.
This plant belongs to the fifth Order.--- Aquilegia is its generic, and
vulgaris its specific name. soolgut soupitia

12
There is only one species in the genus Aquilegia, but many varities,
caused by the difference of the colour of the blossoms, some being purple,
others white, pink or crimson.
COLUMBINE is the English name of this specimen. moked salt
goede at si
CLASS 14. DIDYNAMIA. Flowers with 4 stamens, two of which are
insbe na co longer than the other two.
This Class contains 2 Orders, characterized by the fruit. barolo
1. Gymnospermia. Seeds naked, or without a pericarpium or seed-vessel.
2. Angiospermia. Seeds covered, or in a pericarpium or seed-vessel.
Specimen.
DIGITALIS PURPUREA.
This plant belongs to the second Order.-Digitalis is its generic, and
purpurea its specific name.
It is the only species contained in the genus.
"The Fox-GLOVE,
In whose drooping bell the bee makes her sweet music.”
CLASS 15. TETRADYNAMIA. Cruciform or cross-shaped flowers, with
6 stamens, four longer than the other two.
This Class contains 2 Orders, which are distinguished by the form of
the fruit.
1. Siliculosa
Fruit, a short roundish pod or pouch.
Fruit, a very long pod.
2. Siliquosa

13
deilabs Specimen.
CARDAMINE PRATENSIS.
This plant belongs to the second Order.-Cardamine is its generic, and
pratensis its specific name.
There are five species of Cardamine, but the C. pratensis may be easily
distinguished from the others by comparing it with the description given
of each in the English Flora.
6 And CUCKOO FLOWERS of purple hue
Do paint the meadows with delight.”
CLASS 16. MONADELPHIA. Flowers with stamens united in 1 set.
This Class contains 8 Orders, founded on the number of the stamens.
1. Triandria.
3 stamens in 1 set.
2. Pentandria.
5 stamens in 1 set.
bus? 3. Octandria. 8 stamens in 1 set.
4. Enneandria
9 stamens in 1 set.
boilinge 5. Decandria.
10 stamens in 1 set.
11 stamens in 1 set.
6. Endecandria.
7. Dodecandria. 9
12 stamens in 1 set.
8. Polyandria.
Many stamens in 1 set.
Specimen.
ALTHÆA OFFICINALIS.
This plant belongs to the eighth Order.-Althæa is its generic, and offici-
nalis its specific name.

14
It is the only indigenous species of Althæa we possess, and its English
name is MARSH-MALLOW. TAI LAIMA SAD
rimbo boogee ei olegnold Justin
CLASS 17. DIADELPHIA. Papilionaceous or butterfly-shaped flowers,
with stamens united in 2 sets.
vitamos a festo
20 Daivege svi os gut
This Class contains 4 Orders, founded, like the last, on the number of the
stamens. Soll dono fibro
1. Pentandria.
5 stamens in 2 sets.
2. Hexandria.
Swabs, 6 stamens in 2 sets.
3. Octandria.
8 stamens in 2 sets.
or ai 4. Decandria. dit stew 10 stamens in 2 sets.
Or 22 ANO
angaste or to red on
oto 3 strou aloidT
Specimen.
Il tratta
airbus
LATHYRUS NISSOLIA.
cate.
This plant belongs to the fourth Order.—Lathyrus is its generic, and
nissolia its specific name.
aineenste
shaken
There are seven species of Lathyrus, but the L. nissolia is distinguished
from the others by its long, taper-pointed, grass-like leaves and its solitary
crimson flowers, which have given rise to its English name, CRIMSON-
GRASS VETCH.
to nomata z
anbeylon
CLASS. 18. POLYADELPHIA. Flowers with stamens united into many sets.
This Class contains 3 Orders, distinguished by the number or insertion
of the stamens.
oma oliooge est for

15
1. Dodecandria. Badia Stamens from 12 to 20, or 25, their filaments uncon-
cdo alla stw bet nected with the calyx.
2. Icosandria. Stamens numerous, their filaments inserted (in several
bere burua data parcels) into the calyx.
3. Polyandria. Stamens very numerous, unconnected with the calyx.
Specimen.
HYPERICUM CALYCINUM.
This plant belongs to the third Order.-Hypericum is its generic, and
calycinum its specific name.
There are eleven different species of Hypericum, but the H. calycinum,
generally called the LARGE-FLOWERED ST. JOHN'S-WORT, is, as its English
name denotes, peculiar for the size of its flowers, which are two or three
inches wide, of a bright golden yellow colour, with innumerable red tremu-
lous anthers, which give it a very splendid appearance.
CLASS 19. SYNGENESIA. Flowers compound; anthers united into a tube.
По по истории
This Class contains 5 Orders.
OF
1. Polygamia æqualis. All the florets with stamens and pistils.
2. Polygamia superflua, Florets of the disk or centre with stamens and
pistils; those of the radius or margin fur-
nished with pistils only, but all producing
perfect seed.
3. Polygamia frustranea. Florets of the disk or centre with stamens and
pistil; those of the radius or margin im-
perfect and not bearing seed.

16
4. Polygamia necessaria. Florets of the disk furnished with stamens only;
those of the radius with pistils only,
5. Polygamia segregata. Several flowers, either
Several flowers, either simple or compound,
having partial cups, which surround and
Se divide the florets, growing out of the com-
mon calyx.
Specimen.
BELLIS PERENNIS. colod eft
This plant belongs to the second Order.-Bellis is its generic, and perennis
its specific name.
It is the only species contained in the genus.
to bello long
tot tiltag toeba
66 The Daisy, in its simple bloom,
and to eight
Shall last along the changing year,
Blush on the snow of winter's gloom, bode!
And bid the smiling spring appear.".
CLASS 20.
GYNANDRIA. Stamens growing either on the pistil, or on
receptacle that stretches out into the form of a style
and supports both the stamens and the pistil.
This Class contains 9 Orders.
1. Diandria.
Flowers with 2 stamens.
2. Triandria.
with 3 stamens.
3. Tetrandria.
with 4 stamens,
de los
4. Pentandria.
with 5 stamens.
5. Hexandria.
with 6 stamens.
6. Octandria.
with 8 stamens.


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7. Decandria.
Flowers with 10 stamens.
8. Dodecandria.
with 12 stamens.
9. Polyandria.
with
many stamens.
Specimen.
CYPRIPEDIUM CALCEOLUS:
This plant belongs to the second Order.-Cypripedium is its generic, and
calceolus its specific name.
It is the only plant contained in the genus, and the singular form of
its pale yellow lip, which is rounded at the bottom and contracted at the
edges, has given rise to its English name of LADIES' SLIPPER.
CLASS 21. MonĘCIA. Flowers with stamens and pistils on different blossoms,
but both growing on the same individual plant.
This Class contains 11 Orders.
1. Monandria.
Flowers with 1 stamen.
2. Diandria.
with 2 stamens.
3. Triandria.
with 3 stamens.
4. Tetrandria.
with 4 stamens.
5. Pentandria.
with 5 stamens.
6. Hexandria.
with 6 stamens.
with 7 stamens.
with
many stamens.
with stamens united.
7. Heptandria.
8. Polyandria.
9. Monadelphia.
10. Syngenesia.
cha no 11. Gynandria.
The tools tools to
with anthers united.
with stamens growing out of a
kind of style or imperfect pistil.

18
and oddi Specimen. Das
SAGITTARIA SAGITTIFOLIA.
This plant belongs to the eighth Order.-Sagittaria is its generic, and
sagittifolia its specific name.
ame
The
genus contains this species only; it is generally called ARROW-HEAD.
CLASS 22. DIECIA. Flowers with stamens and pistils on different plants
of the same species.
This Class contains 14 Orders.
oldbar
Flowers with 1 stamen.
ale au barb. 1. Monandria.
2. Diandria.
with 2 stamens.
3. Triandria.
with 3 stamens.
4. Tetrandria.
with 4 stamens.
5. Pentandria.
with 5 stamens.
6. Hexandria.
with 6 stamens.
7. Octandria.
with 8 stamens.
8. Enneandria.
with 9 stamens.
9. Decandria.
with 10 stamens.
10. Dodecandria.
with 12 stamens.
with
many stamens.
with stamens united.
11. Polyandria.
12. Monadelphia.
13. Syngenesia.
14. Gynandria.
with anthers united.
with stamens growing on a kind
of style or imperfect pistil.

19
Specimen.
HYDROCHARIS MORSUS-RANÆ
This plant belongs to the eleventh Order.-Hydrocharis is its generic,
and morsus-rane its specific name.
The genus contains this species only. It is generally called FROG-BIT.
CLASS 23. POLYGAMIA. Flowers with stamens and pistils sometimes on the
same plant, and sometimes on two or three distinct ones.
This Class contains 3 Orders.
1. Monoecia.
Flowers with stamens and pistils, and also with stamen's
or pistils on the same plant.
Flowers as before, but on two distinct plants.
Flowers as before, but on three distinct plants.
2. Dioecia.
3. Trioecia.
Specimen.
ATRIPLEX PATULA.
This plant belongs to the first Order. - Atriplex is its generic, and patula
its specific name.
There are six species of Atriplex, but this is distinguished from the
others by the form of its leaves, &c. Its English name is DELT ORACHE.
CLASS 24. CRYPTOGAMIA. Flowers either inconspicuous or so small that the
number of the stamens and pistils cannot
be ascertained with any certainty.

20
This Class contains 5 Orders.
1. Filices. A Ferns.
2. Musci.
Mosses.
Torrelo od dealer
3. Hepatico.
Liverworts.
4. Algoe.
Flags or sea-weeds.
5. Fungi.
Mushrooms..
Specimen.
Botol Sprog
ASPLENIUM TRICHOMANES.
SDS Jaakt bisa
This plant belongs to the first Order. ---Asplenium is its generic, and
trichomanes its specific name.
nomia
There are nine species of Asplenium, but the elegant A. trichomanes
may be readily distinguished from the others by comparing the descriptions
Homes
together. Its English name is COMMON MAIDENHAIR, and its fructification
is on the under surface of the leaf.
We have now finished our explanation of the Linnæan Classes and
Orders; and the young botanist will have discovered, by this time, in
what the great utility of the system consists; for he will see that he has
only to count the stamens and pistils in a plant, and determine its Class
and Order ; to compare the parts of its fructification with all the generic
characters of that Order; and to make out its Species by examining all the
specific definitions of the Genus, to learn its name and history in the most
easy and certain manner :-a task so interesting that it will amply repay

21
his trouble. In endeavouring, however, to ascertain the name of his Specimen,
he must observe whether the time of its flowering corresponds with the
time mentioned in the description to which he is alluding; he must also
recollect the situation in which it grew, as this is a point of peculiar im-
portance. Some plants, such as the Asarabacca and Ladies Slipper, grow
only in thick woods, where the sun's rays can scarcely penetrate, whilst
others flourish only near the sea-side, crowning the over-hanging rocks, or
adorning the salt-water marshes with their beautiful blossoms: the Marsh-
mallow is among this number. Some flowers enamel our
corn fields and
meadows, and seem to spring up beneath our very feet as we ramble in
search of them, as the Forget-me-not and the Silver-leaved Cinquefoil, which
grow in abundance by almost every footpath ; whilst others flourish only in
the “crystal wave," and, as in the case of the Flowering Rush and Yellow
Iris, their splendid blossoms above its surface, apparently
half
6 conscious of their charms."
Those only who have experienced the pleasure that botanical pursuits
impart, can duly estimate the interest attached to them ; for whether they
penetrate into the retired recesses of the thickest woods, or wander amidst
Alpine solitudes; whether they climb the sea-girt cliffs or explore the
verdant meadows, they find numerous objects to reward their researches,
ever new, ever abundant in inexhaustible variety. The opening blossoms
of spring, the full-blown flowers of summer, furnish them with a fund of
perpetual delight; and, as they examine the structure and admire the beauty
of nature's productions, they are almost insensibly led to think of Him
rear
4 Whose breath perfumes them and whose pencil paints."

motort set veroorsabte al Idrom
mooi lo moldatero do ano
cibulls Laboratoard of honomous
geidwerg Dilimo.com
bredere se a domanda
och or reboot doit apo
le vosdavomeobiotopino nebolo
old for the deados
besorts Colore
Bedsid groms i volim
les torcode
orice odpor Seat
bar brommotorola
DATE DUE