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MARSHALL LAIRD


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FLORA RUSTICA:
EXHIBITING
ACCURATE FIGURES OF SUCH PLANTS AS ARE
EITHER USEFUL OR INJURIOUS IN
HUSBANDRY.
DRAWN AND ENGRAVED BY
FREDERICK P. NODDER,
BOTANIC PAINTER TO HER MAJESTY,
AND COLOURED UNDER HIS INSPECTION.
WITH
SCIENTIFIC CHARACTERS, POPULAR DESCRIPTIONS,
AND USEFUL OBSERVATIONS,
BY
THOMAS MARTYN, B.D.and F.R.S.
FELLOW OF THE LINNÆAN SOCIETY,
AND
PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE.
VOL. I.
L O N D ON:
Publiſhed by F. P. NoDDER, No. 15, Brewer Street, Golden
Square; and ſold by all Bookſellers and Stationers in Great
Britain and Ireland.
1792.

Musm
SB
108
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M3811
1992
vil

muşm/HER
HERE
559-8643
оста ск
724-89
TO THE
K I N G
SIR,
Your Majeſty's unexampled encouragement
both of the polite and uſeful arts, muſt call forth the
gratitude of every good ſubject. That we, in our
humble ſtations, are permitted to dedicate to your
Majeſty this our little attempt to make the one ſub-
fervient to the other, is a mark of condeſcenſion for
which we can never be ſufficiently thankful.
Agriculture, the moſt uſeful of all the arts, has
rarely been ſo fortunate as to be cheriſhed by Royal
patronage and example. But it was reſerved for
your Majeſty to diſcover and to purſue the road to
genuine glory; by encouraging whatever moſt con-
duces to render your dominions happy and proſperous.
That your Majeſty may long reign the beloved
Father of a united people, fully ſenſible of the many
bleſſings which they enjoy in a ſuperior degree to any

other nation, and untinctured with thoſe levelling
principles which have been ſo deſtructive to the peace
of a neighbouring kingdom, is the earneſt wiſh of
thoſe who are,
With unfeigned loyalty,
And zealous attachment,
Your MAJESTY's
Moſt devoted fervants,
THOMAS MARTYN.
FRED, P. NODDER.

THE PREFACE.
THE flow progreſs which many uſeful arts have
made even in civiliſed countries, may, perhaps, be
attributed, at leaſt in great meaſure, to the want of a
coalition between Scientific and Practical men. The
latter have too frequently deſpiſed the former as mere
fpeculatiſts; whilſt men of ſcience have looked
fuperciliouſly on the ſimple practitioner. This re-
mark may be applied, too juſtly, we fear, to the
important art of Huſbandry. Very few ſcientific
men have heretofore condeſcended to employ their
talents on an employment merely uſeful, conducted
by the mean unlettered peaſant: and very few indeed
of thoſe to whoſe lot it has fallen to till the ſoil, have
been acquainted with theory themſelves, or have been
able even to profit by the theory of others. But
happily for mankind, the ſcene is now changed, and
Britain takes the lead in placing the firſt of arts on a
firm bafis, in eſtabliſhing it on rational and philofo-
phic principles. Agriculture cannot fail of becom-
ing a profeſſion as honourable among us as it was
among the ancient Romans, ſince the chief of our
nobility and gentry cultivate their own lands on an
extenſive ſcale, and it receives the ſanction and ex-
ample of Majeſty itſelf. The Society of Arts, alſo
has greatly encouraged improvements in huſbandry
by their liberal offers of premiums; and an extenſive

correſpondence has been opened between different
provinces of the empire, by means of Mr. Arthur
Young's Annals of Agriculture.
Among theſe great exertions let us hope that our
humble artempt to promote and affiſt the progreſs of
Huſbandry will not be overlooked. It is our deſign
to preſent the Public with ſuch figures and deſcrip-
tions of thoſe plants with which the huſbandman is
principally concerned, as may leave no doubt upon
his mind what object is intended, when one of them
is recommended to him for its utility, or another is
pointed out as proper for deſtruction. Moſt of the
vegetables in common cultivation, muſt of courſe be
well known; but many even of theſe are confounded
in a multiplicity of local names and corrupted ap-
pellations * : whilſt the graſſes, it muſt be confeſſed,
are hardly diſtinguiſhed by any. Theſe being the
leaſt known, and yet of the greateſt general utility,
we purpoſe gradually to figure and deſcribe the great-
er part of them, if not the whole; ſo that whilſt the
Agriculturiſt becomes acquainted with their form and
qualities, the Botaniſt may poſſeſs a ſet of figures
which he will ſearch for in vain, either united, or
ſcattered in various works.
The encouragement we have received from ſeveral
reſpectable ſocieties, as well as from individuals,
flatters us that we have met with the approbation of
the Public, and will incite us fo to proceed, as that
we may continue to deſerve their patronage.
* Rie-graſs and Ray-graſs ; Saint-foil and Cinquefoil, &c.

AUTHORS QUOTED.
AIT. hort. ker. Hortus Kewenſis, or a Catalogue of plants
cultivated in the Botanic garden at Kew, by William Aiton,
Gardener to his Majeſty. Lond. 1789, 8vo.
Amæn. acad. Linnæi Amanitates Academicæ, 1749, &c.
Io vols.
Amman ruth. Joannis Ammanni Stirpium rariorum in
Imperio Ruthenico, &c. Petrop, 1739, 4to.
Arduini animadv. Spec. Petri Arduini animadverſionum
botanicarum ſpecimen I. Patavii, 1759. Specimen II. Ve-
netiis, 1764, 4to.
Barrel. ic. Jacobi Barrelieri Icones Plantarum per Gal-
liam, &c. obfervatarum. Par. 1714, fol.
Bauh. hift. Joannis Bauhini Hiſtoria Plantarum Univer-
falis. Ebrod. 1650 & 1651. fol.
Bauh. pin. Caſpari Bauhini Pinax Theatri Botanici. Bas.
1671, 4to.
Bauh. prodr. Caſp. Bauhini Prodromus Theatri Botanici.
Baf. 1671, 4to.
Bauh. theat. Caſp. Bauhini Theatruin Botanicum. Bal.
1658, fol.
Berg. phyt. Phytonomatotechnie univerſelle, c. a. d. l'art
de donner aux plantes des Noms tirés de leurs Caracteres :
par M. Bergeret: tome 1. Paris, 1783, fol.-tom. 2. 1784.
Blackw. berb. Elizabeth Blackwell's curious Herbal.
Lond. 1739, fol.
Buxb. cent. Jo. Chr. Buxbaum plantarum minus cogni-
tarum Centuriæ V. Petrop. 1728, &c. qu.
Cluf. hift. Caroli Cluſii rariorum plantarum hiſtoria,
Antv. 1601, fol.

Curtis fl. lond. Flora Londinenſis, by William Curtis.
Lond. fol.
Curtis praćt. obf. Practical Obſervations on the Britiſh
Graſſes, by William Curtis, edit. 2. Lond. 1790, 8vo. .
Fl. dan. Icones plantarum fponte naſcentium in regnis
Daniæ & Norvegiæ, editæ a G. C. Oeder, O. F. Muller &
M. Vahl. Hafn. 1761, &c. fol.
Fuchſ. hift. Leonardi Fuchſii Hiſtoria Plantarum. Baf.
1542, fol.
Garid. prov. Hiſtoire des Plantes qui naiſſent en Provence,
par
M. Garidel. Par. 1719. fol.
Ger. John Gerard's Herball. Lond. 1597, fol.
Ger. emac. The fame, enlarged by Johnſon. Lond.
1633, fol.
Gmel. fib. Jo. G. Gmelini Flora Sibirica. tomí 4. Pe-
trop. 1747, &c. 4to.
Gouan illuftr. Ant. Gouan illuſtrationes & obſervationes
botanicæ. Tiguri, 1773, fol.
Hall. helv. Alb. v. Haller hiſtoria ſtirpium indigenarum
Helvetiæ inchoata. Bernæ, 1768, fol.
Hudſ. angl. Gul. Hudfoni Flora Anglica: edit. I. 1768-
2. 1778, 8vo. Lond.
Facqu. fl. auſtr. Nic. Jof. Jacquin Flora Auſtriaca. Vi-
ennæ, 1773-1778, fol.
Jacqu. miſcell. N. J. Jacquin Miſcellanea Auſtriaca.
Viennæ, 1778, 1781, 4to.
Krock. files. Ant. Jo. Krocker Flora Sileſiaca. Uratif.
1787 & 1790, 8vo,
Leers fl. herborn. Jo. Dan. Leers Flora Herbornenſis, edit.
2. Berol. 1789, 8vo.
Lightf. fcot. Flora Scotica, by John Lightfoot, 2 volumes.,
Lond. 1777, 8vo.
Lin. ſpec. Linnæi Species Plantarum : edit. 2. Holm.
1761, 8vo.
Lin. fuec. Linnæi Flora Suecica : edit. 2. Holm. 1755,
8vo.
Lin. Syft. Linnæi Syſtema Vegetabilium: edit. 14, cu-
rante Jo. Andr. Murray. Gott. 1784, 8vo.

Lob. ic. Matth. Lobelii Icoñes Plantarum. Anty. 1591,
4to.
Matth. Matthioli Commentarii in Dioſcoriden. 1565, fol.
Micheli
gen.
Pet. Ant. Micheli Nova Plantarum genera.
Flor. 1729, fol.
Mill. dift. Philip Miller's Gardener's Dictionary: edit. 8.
Lond. 1768, fol.
Mill. illuſtr. John Miller's illuſtration of Linnéus's ſexual
ſyſtem. Lond. 1777, fol.
Monti, Catalogi ſtirpium agri Bononienſis prodromus.
1719, 4to.
Mor. hiſt. Rob. Moriſon hiſtoria plantarum univerſalis
Oxonienſis: pars 2. 1680, pars 3. abfoluta a Jac. Bobartio,
1699. Oxonii, fol.
Muf. ruft. Muſeum Ruſticum & commerciale. Lond:
1764, &c. 8vo. 6 vol.
Neck. gallob. Natalis Joſephi de Necker Deliciæ Gallo-
belgicæ ſilveſtres. Argent. 1773, 8vo.
Park. theat. John Parkinſon's Theatrum Botanicum.
Lond. 1640; fol.
Petiv. brit. James Petiver's Herbarium Brittannicum, or
Catalogue of Mr. Ray's Engliſh Herbal, illuſtrated with 72
copper-plates, publiſhed with the reſt of his works. Lond.
1764, fol.
Pollich. pal. Jo. Adami Pollich Hiſtoria Plantàrum in Pa-
latinatu Electorali fponte naſcentium. Mannh. 1776 &
1777, 8vo.
Raii hift. Jo. Raii Hiſtoria Plantarum. Lond. 1686,
1704, fol.
carum.
Raii fyn. Jo. Raii Synopſis methodica ſtirpium Britanni-
Lond. 1724, 8vo.
Relh. cant. Richardi Relhan Flora Cantabrigienſis. Cant.
1785, 8vo.
Reliqu. Rudb. Reliquiæ Rudbeckianæ, cura Jac. Edv.
Smith. Lond. 1789, fol.
Rivin. mon. Aug. Quirini Rivini Ordo Plantarum flore
irregulari monopetalo. Lipſ. 1690, fol.

Rivin. tetr. Ejuſdem Ordo Plant. flore irregul. tetrape-
talo. Lipf. 1691, fol.
Scheuch. agr. Jo. Jac. Scheuchzeri Agroftographia. Ti-
guri, 1719, 4to.
Schreber. Joh. Chr. Dan. Schreber's beſchreibung der
Graſer; or deſcriptions of Graſſes, with excellent figures.
Leipf. 1769, fol.
Scop. carn. Jo. Ant. Scopoli Flora Carniolica, edit. 2.
Vind. 1772, 8vo.
Stilling. Obſervations on Graſſes, by Benjamin Stilling-
ileet, Eſq. publiſhed with his Miſcellaneous Tracts.
Vaill. par. Sebaſt. Vaillant Botanicum Pariſienſe. Leide
& Amſt. 1727, fol. .
Wither. bot. arr. A botanical arrangement of Britiſh Plants,
by William Withering, M. D. and Jonathan Stokes, M. D.
Birm. 1787, &c. 8vo.
Woodw. MS. Miſcellaneous Botanical Obſervations, in
manuſcript, by Thomas Woodward, Eſq.

EXPLANATION OF TERMS.
A.
ACUMINATE. Very ſharp pointed. Ending in an
awl-ſhaped point. t. 4, 5, 6.
Aggregate, flower. When ſeveral ſmall flowers are ſo com-
bined by the intervention of ſome part of the fructification,
that taking away one of them deſtroys the uniformity of
the whole. This common bond is either the receptacle or
the calyx. t. 1, 2, 3.
Approximating. Approaching, or very near to. t. 15.
Awl-ſhaped (Subulatus). Linear below, but gradually "ta-
pering towards the end, like a cobler's awl.
Awn (Ariſta). A proceſs from the glume or chaff, in corn
and graffes, commonly called the Beard in corn. t. 7 & 33.
Awnleſs. Having no awn.
B.
Banner or Standard (Vexillum). The upper large petal of a
papilionaceous or pea-flower. t. 8.
Biennial. Enduring two years, and then periſhing.
Bracte, Bractea, or Floral leaf. A leaf different from the
other leaves in ſhape and colour, generally ſituated on the
: peduncle, and often ſo near the corolla as eaſily to be mil-
taken for the calyx.
Calyx. The flower-cup, or outer green covering of the
flower. t. 8, f. I.
Ciliate. Guarded on the edge by parallel hairs, reſembling
the eye-laſhes. t. 5.
Compound leaf. Connecting ſeveral leaflets on one petiole.
t. 1, 2, 3. t. 15. t. 16. t. 28, 29, 30.

Connate. United, cleaving together.
Corolla. The inner covering of the flower, which being
commonly larger and more ſpacious than the other parts,
is in common language frequently called the flower.
Creeping ſtem. Running along the ground, and putting
out roots. t. 29.
Culm. The ſtem of corn and graſſes. When dry, called
ſtraw, in corn.
Cuſp. The point of a lance applied to the calyx. t. 5.
D.
Dichotomous, or forked. Dividing conſtantly by pairs. t. 24.
Digitate leaf. Compound, having a ſimple petiole connect-
ing ſeveral leaflets, ſpreading like the fingers when open,
and uſually five in number. t. 16.
Divaricate, or ſtraddling. Parting from the ſtalk or branch
at an obtufe angle.
E.
Elliptic leaf. A long oval. t. 9.
Emarginate. End-nicked, or notched at the end. t. 19.
F.
Filament. The thread-like part of a ſtamen, ſupporting the
anther, and connecting it with ſome other part of the
flower.
Flexuoſe ſtem. Changing its direction in a curve at every
joint. t. 4.
Flofcule or Floret. One of the ſmall component flowers of
an aggregate flower.
Footſtalk. See Petiole.
G.
Germ, Ovary, or Seed-bud. The rudiment of the fruit yet
in embryo.
Glaucous. Of a fea-green colour.
Globular or ſpherical. Round like a globe, ſphere, or ball.
Glomerate. Growing cloſe in form of a ball. t. 14.

Glume. The calyx or corolla of corn and graſſes, called
the huſk or chaf, when dry,
H.
Head. A manner of flowering, in which the flowers are
in a cloſe roundiſh form. t. 1, 2, 3.
Hirſute. Shaggy, rough with hairs,
1.
Imbricate. Lying over each other, like tiles on a roof. t. 6.
Involucre. A calyx remote from the flower. t. 3.
&c.
K.
Keel (Carina). The lower petal of a papilionaceous co-
rolla, incloſing the ſtamens and piſtil; uſually ſhaped like
a boat. t. 8.
L.
Lanceolate leaf. Shaped like the head of a lance. Oblong,
and gradually tapering to each extremity. t. 1. t. 8. f. 6.
Leaflet. A diminutive of leaf, and put for the component
leaf in compound leaves. t. 15.
Legume or Pod. A membranaceous feed-veſſel of one cell
and two valves, in which the feeds are fixed alternately
along one future only, as in Pea, &c. In the Siliqua,
which is alſo called a pod in Engliſh, the ſeeds are ranged
along a partition, dividing it into two cells, and they are
faſtened to both futures, as in Stock, Wall-flower, Tur-
nip, &c.
Leguminous Plants. Having a legume or pod for a feed-
veſſel. t. 8, 15, &c.
Linear. Of the ſame breadth from end to end, t. 24.
M.
Melliferous. Producing honey, as the nectary.
Monopetalous. Conſiſting of one petal.
Multifid leaf. Divided into ſeveral parts, which have the
edges ſtraight, and therefore linear finuſes between them.
t. 28.

N.
Nectary or Nectarium. A part of the flower ſecreting ho-
ney. t. 21, 28, 29, 30.
Nerve. A ſimple unbranched veſſel in a leaf, ſtipule, &c.
0:
Ovate or egg-ſhaped leaf. Longer than broad, the baſe the
ſegment of a circle, and narrower at the extremity. t. 8.
f.7.-In the oval leaf the curvature is the ſame at both
ends, but the proportion of breadth to length nearly as in
the ſection of an egg.
P.
Panicle. A form or manner of flowering, wherein the flowa
ers or fruits are diſperſed on peduncles variouſly ſubdivi-
ded. t. 7.
Papilionaceous corolla. Butterfly-ſhaped, conſiſting of four
irregular petals; one called the banner or ſtandard, two
wings, and the keel, as in Pea, &c. t. 8, 15.
Peduncle. The flower or fruit-ſtalk, ſupporting the fructi-
fication only. t. 8. f. 3.
Perennial. Continuing ſeveral years.
Petal. The leaf of the corolla. In monopetalous flowers
it is the whole corolla ; in polypetalous flowers each part
is a petal.
Petiole. The leaf-ſtalk or foot-ſtalk, connecting the leaf
with the branch. t. 1, 2, 3. t. 8. f. 8. t. 19, 21, &c.
Pinnate leaf. A compound leaf, having a fimple petiole,
connecting two rows of leaflets. t. 15.
Piſtil or Pointal. An organ in flowers for the reception of
the farina or pollen. It conſiſts of the Germ, Style, and
Stigma.
Pollen. The farina, fine meal, or impregnating duſt, con-
tained in the anther of flowers.
Procumbent ſtem or ſtalk. Lying along the ground, with-
out putting forth roots.
Pubefcent. Covered with hairs.

R.
Receptacle. The baſe connecting the other parts of the
fructification.
S.
Scabrous, Rugged Rough with tubercles or prominent
ftiffiſh points.
Serrate. Toothed like a faw.
Serrulate. Having very ſmall teeth.
Seſlile. Sitting cloſe : in leaves without any petiole ; t. 4,
5, 6, &c. in flowers and fruits, without any peduncle. t.
2, 3, 12.
Sinuate leaves. Having wide openings in the ſides, As the
Oak. t. 1o.
Spatha or Spathe. A kind of calyx, opening or burſting
longitudinally, in form of a ſheath, As in Arum, Narciſ-
fus, &c. t. I, 3, 13.
Spike. A form or manner of Aowering, wherein ſeſſile
flowers are placed alternately on a common ſimple pedun-
cle. As in an ear of wheat, rye, or barley; in many
of
the graſſes, in lavender, &c. t. 4, 5, 6.
Spikelet or Spicule. A partial ſpike, or ſubdiviſion of a ſpike,
Spinule, dimin. of Spina. A little thorn.
Stamen. An organ in flowers for preparing the farina or pol-
len. It conſiſts of the filament and anther.
Stigma. The top of the piſtil ; pubeſcent and moiſt, in or-
der to detain and burſt the pollen.
Stipula or Stipule. A ſcale at the baſe of the naſcent petiole
or peduncle. t. 8. f. 9. t. I, 2, 3.
Style. The middle part of the piſtil, connecting the ſtigma
with the germ. t. 8. f. 2.
Subcylindric. Almoſt cylindric.
Subflexuoſe. Somewhat or ſlightly flexuoſe. t. 2.
Subglobular. Almoſt globular, ſpherical or round.
Subovate. Nearly or almoſt ovate.
Subquinquefid. Slightly cloven into five parts,
T.
Tendril or Claſper (Cirrhus). A filiform ſpiral band, by

which a weak plant ſupports itſelf on other bodies, as the
Vine, Pea, &c. t. 8. f. 4.
"Ternate leaf. Having three leaflets on one petiole: as in
the Trefoils. t. I, 2, 3.
Throat (Faux). The opening of the tube in the corolla, or
between the ſegments of the corolla, where the tube ends.
Trifid. Three-cleft, or cloven into three parts.
Truncate. Cut off at the end in a tranſverſe line; as the
leaf of the Tulip-tree.
V.
Valve. The outer covering of a ſeed-veſſel, or the feveral
pieces which compoſe it-alſo the leaflets of the calyx and
corolla in graſſes; and the ſcales which clofe the tube in
fome flowers, as in Borage.
Verticillate plants. Having the flowers growing in a whorl,
(Verticillus). t. 25,
26.
Villous. Covered with ſoft hairs, like the pile of velvet.
Umbel. A kind of receptacle, extending ſlender propor-
tional peduncles from a common centre, like the ſticks
of an umbrella. As in Parſley, &c. t. 24.
W.
Wings (Alä). The two ſide petals in a papilionaceous co-
rolla or pea-flower. t. 8.
Whorl (Verticillus). A manner of flowering, in which ſe-
veral flowers ſurround the ſtem or branch in a ring. t, 25,
26.


lu
Drawn, Pingrised sc Published. Vor? 1791 by FrP, Nodder
, Nº5 Brewer
Sonat, Golden Square

[ 1 ]
TRIFOLIUM ALPESTRE.
Alpine Trefoil
.
DIADELPHIA Decandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Flowers uſually in a head. Legume or pod ſcarcely
longer than the calyx, not opening naturally,
but deciduous, or at length falling off entire.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Spikes of flowers cloſe, corollas almoſt equal, ftipu-
les briſtle-ſhaped diverging, leaflets lanceolate,
ſtalks ſtiff, upright, and undivided.
Lin. ſpec. 1082. [yšt. 688.-Jacquin. fl. auftr. 5. 1. 433.
Trifolium majus 2. Clus. bift. 6. 245.
Tr. montanum purpureum majus C. B. Raii bift. 944.
Tr. fol. long, fl. purp. Rivin. tetr. t. 12,
THIS
HIS is readily diſtinguiſhed by its ſtraight, round, and
fimple ſtalk; fhort, upright petioles or footſtalks; narrow
leaflets, ſtrongly veined ; firſt ſpike of flowers ſeſfile ; calyx
always downy, and of the ſame colour all over, To there
diſtinctions we may add, that the ſtipules are marked with

one nerve only, villous, approaching to the ſtalk, but di-
verging from each other: the leaflets ſo finely toothed round
the edge as to be hardly viſible without a glaſs; a few ſhort
hairs are ſcattered all round, but at the end there is uſually
a ſmall bundle or pencil of hairs: ſometimes there is only
one head of flowers, but more frequently there are two, in
which caſe the ſecond head is not feſfile like the firſt, but
ſtands on a ſhort peduncle or flower-ſtalk ; this alſo comes
out later ; each has its floral leaf protecting it when young :
the flowers very cloſely crowded together, and each of them
upright; the calyx very villous ; of its five teeth, the
upper
pair is ſhorteſt; the lower ſomewhat longer, and about the
ſame length with the tube; the fifth or odd tooth is twice as
long as the others or more; the corolla dark purple, and
void of ſcent; the wings of the ſame length with the ban-
ner, or ſcarcely ſhorter, but a very little longer than the
keel.
This ſpecies is a native of Hungary, Auſtria, Bohemia,
Moravia, Stiria, and Piedmont, growing in dry moun-
tainous woody places. Mr. Dickſon has found it abun-
dantly in Scotland.
It is never cultivated, nor can it be recommended for that
purpoſe, ſince it affords few leaves, and does not branch.
This is certainly the true Alpine Trefoil.


2
(-0 - Why
10
Drawn Engrund & Published Nov? 1791. byt. P. Nodder, Nº5 Brewer Street, Coldin Square,

[ 2 ].
TRIFOLIUM MEDIUM.
Hudſ. angl. edit. 1. 284.
Tr. alpeſtre. Hudſ. angl. edit. 2. 326.
Perennial Trefoil, or Clover.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Spike or head of flowers looſe, ſubglobular, villous,
ſeſſile ; corollas unequal; ftipules awl-ſhaped,
diverging; ſtalks fubflexuoſe, branched, pu-
beſcent,
Root
perennial. The ſtalks are much ſmaller, ſtiffer,
and more pubeſcent than in the following ſpecies, and they
are not grooved. The petioles or leaf-ſtalks are very long
and pubeſcent. The leaflets are ſmaller and much more
pubeſcent than thoſe of Trifolium pratenſe: even the upper
furface is as much ſo as the lower ſurface of the other, with
white hairs cloſely preſſed to the ſurface. The ſheaths are
narrower, not pubeſcent, but ending in much longer points,
which are ſet with long white hairs, ſtanding out. The
heads of flowers are more lengthened out than in the pratenſe,
having fewer flowers, varying in colour from the paleſt to
full purple. On each ſide of the head is a ſmall leaf, which
is extremely pubeſcent, and the involucral ſheath from

which it riſes is very hairy about the edge. The head ſeems
to be more villous than in the following ſort, and when
young, is extremely ſo. The tube of the calyx is a greeniſh
white, with purple lines, and ends in five long purpliſh
ſegments, having many white hairs ſtanding out, diſpoſed
as in the next ſort; but the firſt and ſecond pair more diffe-
rent in their lengths. Tube of the corolla white or pale
purple ; wings much longer than the keel, but much ſhorter
than the banner, which is marked with lines of a deeper
purple; this part of the corolla is frequently emarginate
both in this and the next fpecies: the keel is purple, but
the wings uſually white, at leaſt in the middle within.
It is not uncommon in dry paſtures.
This ſeems to be the plant of Mr. Hudſon's flora anglica,
but not the flexuoſum of Jacquin, of which a plate will be
given in a ſubſequent number,


3
Drawn, Engruved & Published, Nov." 1792 by P.P. Nodder, N95 Brewer Street, Colden Squar ,

[ 3 ]
TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE.
Honeyſuckle Trefoil, or Broad Clover.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Spikes of flowers cloſe, corollas unequal, four teeth
of the calyx equal, ftipules terminating in an
awn, ftalks not upright, but riſing at bottom
with a bend.
Lin. ſpec. 1082. Mill. dift. n. 1. Hudſ. angl. 325.
Lightf. ſcot. 404. Wither. bot. arr. 794. Fl. dan.
t. 989.
Trifolium Rivin. tetr. t. 11.-vulgare Blackw. herb.
t. 20.-pratenſe purpureum Fuchs. hift. 817.
THIS ſpecies, which is generally well known in Europe,
fince it has been cultivated in almoſt every part of it, has a
ſmall root ſtriking right down, and ſcarcely ever creeping,
ſo that the plant, at leaſt in a cultivated ſtate, ſeldom en-
dures more than two years. The ſtalk is browniſh red in
places, grooved, white near the head of flowers, with hairs
preſſed cloſe to it. Leaflets ovate, blotched with white on
the
upper furface, covered with hairs preſſed cloſe to it on
the under, the edge not ferrate, but ſet with hairs. The
ſheaths very broad, membranaceous with ſtrong ribs. The

heads of flowers globular, with a leaf on each ſide, riſing
from a very broad ſheath, forming involucres to the head,
which, when young, appears villous. The calyx whitiſh,
ending in five long green ſegments, having a few long white
hairs on them ſtanding out; the ſecond pair is very little
longer than the upper pair, but the loweſt fingle one is much
longer. The tube of the corolla is white; the wings are
very little longer than the keel; the banner is longer than
the wings.
This valuable plant is found wild throughout Europe, in
Siberia, and in North America. In this ſtate we may per-
haps hereafter figure it. The preſent figure was drawn
from a cultivated plant raiſed from Dutch feed. It has been
long under culture in Flanders and other countries; and has
at length furmounted inveterate prejudice in moſt parts
of
theſe kingdoms. Though it was ſtrongly recommended,
and ſhewn experimentally to be excellent in the fixteenth
century, yet at the end of the ſeventeenth, it was aſked,
what could be the reaſon why the great advantage got in
Staffordſhire and Worceſterſhire by fowing of clover, can
ſcarce prevail with any in Cheſhire and Lancaſhire to low
an handful upon
the ſame ſort of land *. I wiſh there may
be no room to repeat the queſtion, in ſome parts of the
country, at the end of the eighteenth century,
* Houghton's Collections, vol. 4, p. 59.


Drann, En preved & Published, Dec." 1991. by FP. Hodder,
2015 Brewer Street, Colier Square.

[ 4 ]
LOLIUM.
TRIANDRIA Dig ynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx of one valve or leaf only, fixed or permanent,
containing ſeveral flowers.
SPECIES.
Lolium perenne. Perennial Darnel.
Lin. Spec. 122. Hudf. angl. 55. Witb.arr. 120.---figured
by Schreber t. 37. in Flora Danica t. 747. Reliqu.
Rudb. 13. A. Mor. hiſt. f. 8. t. 2. f. 2. row 2,
Bauh. theat. 127, 128. ---Ger. emac. t. 78. f. 2.
copied in Park, theat. 1145. 2.--the fpike only,
by Leers fl. herborn. t. 12. f. 1.--Scheuch. agr. t.
1. f. 7. A, B, C.-deſcribed in Ray hift. 1263.
Syn. 395. Leers n. 97. Pollich. n. 129, Hall. helv.
1. 1416.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Spike awnleſs, fpicules or component ſpikes com-
preſſed, longer than the calyx, and compoſed of
feveral flowers.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
T perennial, creeping. Stalks ſeveral from the fame
root, proſtrate or oblique at the baſe, but the flowering ſtem
upright; from a foot to 18 inches or two feet in height, and

cept that the
fmooth: they have ſeveral joints near the baſe, at a ſmall dif-
tance from each other, but on the upper part only one or two ;
they are frequently red about the knots. Leaves about four in-
ches long, and from two to four lines wide, lengthened out
into a point: both they and their ſheaths are ſmooth, ex-
that the upper ſurface is a little rough to the touch. The
flowers are in a ſpike, from four to fix or ſeven, and even
nine inches in length, compoſed of many fpicules or ſpike-
léts ranged at a diſtance from each other, in two rows alter-
nately along the common receptacle, which is flexuoſe, or
changes its direction in a curve line, from one ſpicule to
another; theſe being each lodged at the baſe in a hollow of
the ſpike-ſtalk or receptacle, have no occaſion for an inner
valve to the calyx for protection, and therefore are not pro-
vided with one. The number of flowers in each fpicule va-
ries from three or four to fix, ſeven, or eight, and even
fometimes nine, ten, and eleven; but fix or ſeven is the
moſt common number. The valve of the calyx tapers to a
point. The two inner huſks, or valves of the corolla, are
of the ſame length, or nearly ſo. The germ is placed be-
tween the upper of theſe, and two ſmall lanceolate, white,
ſemi-tranſparent ſubſtances, which Linnæus calls the necta-
ries. The ſeed eaſily quits the chaff.
There are many varieties of this graſs, differing in fize
and colour of the ſtalk and ſpike, and number of flowers in
each fpicule: the flowers are now and then found with awns
or beards: the ſpicules alſo are ſometimes cluſtered and fome,
times branched.
OBSERVATIONS.
This graſs has been long well known among our farmers,
under the name of Ray-graſs, or, as they corruptly call it,
Rie-graſs, which is widely different from this. It is alſa

called Crap in ſome places. Mr. Ray names it Red Darnel-
graſs. The term Ray-graſs is derived from the French Ivraie;
and this ſpecies is by them called Fauſſe Ivraie.
How long this grafs may have been in cultivation, I am
not able to aſcertain. Neither Gerard (1597), nor his re-
publiſher, Johnſon (1636), nor Parkinſon (1640), give the
leaſt hint of any uſe to which it is applied. None of the
writers on huſbandry in the laſt century, whom I have now
before me, as Sir Hugh Plat, Googe, Markham, Sir Rich-
ard Weſton, Hartlib, Gabriel Plattes, Blith, and Yarran-
ton, ſay a word in its commendation, or inſinuate that any
particular fpecies of grafs was ſown in laying down land.
The firſt mention I find made of it for cultivation, is in
Plot's Oxfordſhire, printed in 1677*.-" They have lately
fown (ſays he) Ray-graſs, or the Gramen loliaceum, by which
they improve any cold, four, clay-weeping ground, for which
it is beſt, but good alſo for drier upland grounds, eſpecially
light ſtony, or fandy land, which is unfit for fainct foin. It
was firſt fown in the Chiltern parts of Oxfordſhire, and
fince brought nearer Oxford by one Mr. Euſtace, an inge-
nious huſbandman of Illip, who, though at firſt laughed at,
has been fince followed even by thoſe very perſons that ſcorned
his experiment; it having precedence of all other graſſes, in
that it takes almoſt in all ſorts of poor land, endures the
drought of fummer beſt, and in the ſpring is the earlieſt
grafs of any, and cannot at that time be overſtocked, its be-
ing kept down making it ſweeter and better beloved by cat-
tle than any other grafs: nay, fometimes they have been
known to leave meadow hay to feed on this: but of all other
cattle it is beſt for horſes, it being hard hay; and for ſheep,
if unſound, it having been known by experience to have
* Ch. 6. par. 31, 32, 33,

worked good cures on them, and in other reſpects the beſt
winter graſs that grows.”—Some, he informs us, fow two
buſhels an acre ; but it is beſt to ſow three, with Non-fuch.
Ray, in his hiſtory, (1688), relates that it is ſown in a
few places, and that it is excellent for fatting bullocks. In
the third volume of the Oxford Hiſtory of Plants by Mori-
ſon and Bobart, (1699) it is ſaid, that the ſeeds are gathered
and ſown in ſtiff and moiſt land; and that it much eſteemed,
under the name of Ray-graſs, as food for ſheep and other
cattle.
According to Mr. Stillingfleet, « it makes a moſt excel-
fent turf on ſound rich land, where it will remain. Many,
he adds, are tempted by the facility of procuring the ſeed of
this graſs to lay down grounds near their houſes, where they
want to have a fine turf with it ; for which purpoſe, unleſs
the ſoil be very rich, a worfe grafs cannot be fown, as it
will certainly die off in a very few years entirely." This
gentleman thinks that the Ray-graſs does not feed good veni-
ſon, and preſumes from hence that it is not proper for ſheep,
having always obſerved, that the ſame kind of ground which
yields good veniſon yields alſo good mutton. If it be the
natural produce of very ſtrong or wet lands, this is eaſily ac-
counted for. In ſuch ſituations it is not unprolific in leaves
but in dry upland paſtures it runs much to ſtalks or bents.
It is not well adapted to form a lawn, its foliage being of
quick growth, and its flowering ſtems continually ſhooting
forth *
How the Ray-graſs comes to have been originally ſelected
from all the reſt we cannot ſay: probably it was accident, or
perhaps becauſe it is common, and the ſeeds are eaſily col-
* Curtis's Practical Obſervations on the Britiſh Graſſes, Lond,
8. 1790P: 33.

lected. Certainly it is not adapted to all ſoils and ſituations
equally. Several ſorts are even preferable to it: and it is
by no means the earlieſt of the graſſes; not only the Vernal,
but the Fox-tail, and the Meadow-graſſes, all excellent in
their kind, appearing earlier than this *
That the Ray-graſs ſhould ſtill be the only ſort whoſe ſeed
is to be had in any quantity in the ſhops, is a diſgrace to this
age and nation.
Mr. Curtis has moſt laudably endeavoured
to remove this opprobrium from us, by faving and diſtributing
ſeeds of the Meadow-Feſcue, and other ſorts, moſt likely to
be beneficial and productive in laying down meadow and
paſture lands of different qualities.
• The fame, p. 4, and 65



5
br
Drawn, Engured & Published Dec.?
1791 by EP? Nodier, 10Brewer Street, Colden Square.

of it [ 5 ]
PHLEUM.
TRIANDRIA Digynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx of two valves, feffile, linear, truncate, ending
in two cuſps or points. Corolla incloſed.
SPECIES.
Phleum pratenſe. Meadow Cat's-tail graſs.
Lin. Spec. 87. Hudf. angl. 25. With. arr. 63. Hall. belv.
N. 1528. Scop. carn. n. 74. Pollich pal, n. 62.
Krock. files. n. 102. — figured by Schreber, t.
14. f. 1, 2. Bauh. prodr. 10. 1. theat. 49. 1.
Mor. hiſt. . 8. t. 4. f. 1, 2, row. 3. Bauh. hift. 2.
472. 2. Park. i heat. 1170. 1. — the ſpike only,
Leers. herborn, t. 3. f. 1. Muf. ruft. 5. f. 1.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Spike cylindric, ciliate; culm upright.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
perennial. Stalks from one foot to two or three
feet in height in moiſt meadows, but in dry foils much
lower, upright, round, and ſmooth. Leaves lanceolate,
pointed, rough on the upper ſurface and along the nerve;
fheath ſtreaked, ſmooth. Spike regularly cylindric and blunt

at the top, ſometimes five or fix inches long, but uſually, at
leaſt in its wild ſtate with us, much ſhorter. At firſt ſight
it bears ſome reſemblance to that of the Fox-tail graſs; but
on examination it will be found very different in form, co-
lour, &c. It is alſo rough, whereas that is ſmooth, and
the two horns at the truncate end of the calyx in each flof-
cule of the Cat’s-tail grafs, betray it immediately. The
flowers are very cloſe fet on the ſpike.
This graſs varies much in fize, and in the length of the
ſpike; it has alſo been obſerved, in common with ſeveral
others, to have a leafy ſpike, occafioned by the feeds germi-
nating in wet weather before they fall ; one variety with a
bulbous root is ſet down by many authors for a diſtinct ſpe-
cies; but Mr. Hudſon and others aſſure us that the root
becomes fibrous when cultivated in a garden ; and at beit
this is an equivocal character.
OBSERVATIONS.
Meadow Cat's-tail graſs was much puffed about twenty-
ſeven years ago, under the name of Timothy-graſs * It had
this quaint name from Mr. Timothy Hanſon, who is ſaid
firſt to have brought the ſeeds of it from New York to Caro-
lina. It had then a great character in North America, where
it is called Herd-Graſs, but whether it has ſupported it fince
we cannot ſay. Its reputation here was ſhort-lived, and de-
ſervedly; for it has no one good property in which it is not
excelled by the Fox-tail graſs; and beſides this it is harſh,
and late in its appearance. It is proper only for moiſt lands ;
in a dry ſoil it makes a pitiful appearance to
* Mr. Wych is ſaid to have brought it from Virginia in 1763.
+ See Muſeum Ruſticum, vol. 1, p. 233.--vol. 2, p. 60, and
160.--vol. 4, p. 181, 301, and 437.-yol. 5, p. 18, 42.--Cur-
tis's Pract. Obf. p. 35.


6
Drawn Engraved l Published Dec. 170x.by FP. Nodier,
W215 Brewer Street, Colden Square •

[ 6 ]
SALOPECURUS.
TRIANDRIA Dig ynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx of two valves. Corolla of one valve.
SPECIES.
Alopecurus pratenſis. Meadow Fox-tail Graſs.
Lin. Spec. 88. Syft. 108. Hudſ. angl. 27. With. arr. 59.
Figured by Curtis, fl. lond. V. 12. and pract. obſ.
t. 2. Schreb. t. 19. f. 1. Muf. ruft. IV. t. 2. f. 9.
Stilling. t. 2. Mor. hift. . 8. t. 4. f. 8. row. 2.-
ſpike, Leers berborn. 1. 2. f. 4. -- Deſcribed in
Hall. helv. n. 1539. Pollich pal. n. 64. Leers n.
43. Krock. files. 1. 104. Ray hift. 1264. 1. fyn.
396. 1. Scheuch. 70. Curtis lond. &C
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Culm or ſteni upright; ſpike cylindric; valves of the
calyx hairy and pointed ; corolla awned.
DESCRIPTION.
THIS
HIS now well-known and deſervedly-eſteemed Graſs,
has a perennial root. Stalks from a foot or eighteen inches,
to two and even three feet in height, according to the richnets

of the ſoil, round, ſtreaked, ſmooth, with three or four
knots or joints, at each of which is one ſmooth, broad leaf
tapering to a point. Spike an inch and half or two inches in
length or longer, ſoft and hoary. Flowers imbricate, foli-
tary. The ſingle valve of the corolla puts forth a jointed
awn near the baſe, twice its length. The anthers are fre-
quently purple, when in full vigour. The ſeed is
very ſmall,
and covered by the glumes or chaffs, from which it does not
readily fall.
OBSERVATIONS.
The Meadow Fox-tail Graſs is a native of moſt parts of
Europe, from Italy through France, Germany, Holland,
Great Britain, to Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Ruſſia: alſo
in Siberia. It is moſt abundant in moiſt meadows, where the
.oil is good: neither very wet nor dry grounds agree with it.
Ray affirms that it is extremely common all over England.
This does not
agree with our experience ; for in
many
counties
it is by no means the predominant graſs ; and in ſome places
it is even ſcarce. About London, in the beſt paſtures, it is
certainly very common. It is one of the earlieſt of the graf-
ſes, producing the ſpike in April or May, with the Vernal-
graſs, and the Ladies ſmock. It frequently flowers twice in
one ſeaſon, and therefore ſhould ſeem to be proper for ſuch
lands as will admit of a ſecond crop being taken.
Meadow Fox-tail Graſs undoubtedly poſſeſſes the three
great requiſites of quantity, quality and earlineſs, in a ſupe-
rior degree to any other : and therefore is highly deſerving of
cultivation on lands that are proper for it. The ſeed of this
valuable graſs may be collected without much difficulty, for it
does not quit the chaff, and the ſpikes are very prolific
It
would be fuperfluous to ſay more on a ſubject which Mr. Cur-
tis has handled fo copiouſly. See alſo the excellent Mr. Stil-
lingfleet's obfervations on Graſſes.


Drawn. Engraved & Published Jan 19 by E. P. Nodder N215 Brewer Street. Golden Square,

[ 7 ]
AVENA.
TRIANDRIA Digynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx two-valved, containing ſeveral flowers ; with
a writhed or twiſted awn from the back of it.
SPECIES.
Avena elatior. Tall Oat graſs.
Lin. ſpec. 117. Hudſ. angl. 53. With. 112.— Figured
by Schreber 25. 1. 1. Curtis lond. 3. 6. Fl. dan. t.
165. Moriſon f. 8. t. 7. f. 38. Bauh. theat. 18.
Bauh. hift. 2. 456. Ger. emac. 23. 1, 2. Park.
theat. 1176. 1.–Part of the panicle, Leers ber-
born. t.' 10. f. 4. Scheuch, agr. t. 4. f. 27, 28.
Monti t. 76.--In Schreber's figure, and that of
the Flora Danica, the root is fibrous.-Deſcribed
by Curtis ; Hall. belv. N. 1492. Pollich. pal. n.
122. Leers n. 88. Krock. files. n. 177. &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Flowers in a panicle, two in each calyx, one perfect,
with little or no awn, the other male, with a
long twiſted awn.
DESCRIPTION
Root
perennial, fibrous; in ſome ſituations, the up-
per part of the root, or rather the baſe of the ſtalk, becomes

knobby*, as repreſented in the figure; and in this ſtate it
has been given as a diſtinct ſpecies t. Stems from two or
three to five feet high, round and ſmooth, having four or
five joints. Leaves fix or ſeven inches, and even a foot in
length ; about a quarter of an inch in breadth. Panicle
from a ſpan to a foot long, conſiſting of numerous branches
unequal in length, directed moſtly to one ſide; when young
contracted, ſpreading when in full flower, afterwards con-
tracting again, and bending a little at top. In general,
there is only one awn to each ſpicule or pair of flowers ;
but ſometimes each flower has an awn, one longer than the
other
OBSERVATIONS.
Tall Oat-graſs is common on banks, in hedges, on the
borders of fields, and ſometimes in meadows, eſpecially
wet ones: flowering in June and July.
In arable land it is very troubleſome from its creeping
roots, and is one of thoſe graſſes which are confounded un-
der the name of Quich or Couch.
It is an early graſs, very productive, and produces a very
plentiful aftermath. It is cultivated abroad, and may
be no
bad ſubſtitute for Meadow Foxtail-graſs g. The ftem and
leaves are by no means coarſe, but foft, tender, and of a
pleaſant taſte. It may be propagated with facility.
Some foreign writers have ſet this down as our Ray-graſs»
That they are very different will immediately appear from
comparing the two figures.
* Curtis lond.
+ See Royen, Bauh. pin, Ger, emac, &c.
I Curtis lond.
$ Curtis Pract. Obf. 22,


8
3
7
5
6
8
9
2
8
Dravin - Bingraved | Published fany 1799, by Fil. Nodder
Biviera Jireet, Golden Squan

[ 8']
LATHYRUS.
DIADELPHIA Decandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx the two upper ſegments ſhorter than the other
three. (1) Style villous on the upper part, broader
upwards. (2)
SPECIES
Lathyrus latifolius. Broad-leaved Everlaſting Pea.
Lin. ſpec. 1033. Hudf. angl. 316. With. 772. figured in
Miller's illuſtr. Fl. dan. t. 785. Rivin. tetr. 1. 40.
Mor. bift. ſ. 2. t. 2. f. 3. Garid. prov. 108, at
p. 300.-_deſcribed in Miller's dift. n. 13. Hall. .
helv. n. 433. Krocker files. n. 1167. Bauh. hist.
2. 303. Ray hift. 894. from him, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Each peduncle fuſtaining ſeveral flowers ; (3) each
tendril (4) furniſhed with a pair of leaves ; (5)
the leaves lanceolate, (6) or ovate ; (7) mem-
branaceous wings to the ftem between the
joints. (8)
و
و
DESCRIPTION.
Root perennial. Stalks ſeveral, thick, climbing by
means of their tendrils to the height of fix or eight feet, or

The pe-
even higher in woods, where it grows ſpontaneouſly: theſe
die to the ground in autumn, and new ones riſe in the
ſpring from the ſame root. Leaves ſtiff, marked with
ſtrong ribs, rolled in at the edge, blunt at the end, but
terminating in a little point or briſtle; they are always in
pairs, and ſupported by a petiole or leaf-ſtalk, which is
winged : (8) at the baſe of this are large ftipules, or leaf-
ſcales, ſhaped ſomewhat like the head of a halbert. (9) The
tendrils or clafpers are multifid or branched.
duncles or flower-ſtalks are eight or nine inches long. Each
flower has an awl-ſhaped bracte or flower-ſcale at the baſe of
the pedicle or little ſtalk which immediately ſupports it.
The bloſſoms are of a pale purpliſh roſe colour. The pods
are an inch and an half long, and half an inch or more in
breadth. This ſpecies is diſtinguiſhed from the narrow-
leaved fort, (L. fylveſtris) by the ſuperior breadth of the
leaves, and by the greater abundance as well as largeneſs of
the flowers.
OBSERVATION $.
This plant is a native of many parts of Europe, in
hedges and woods. It was obſerved in the Cambridge-
ſhire woods 130 years ſince by Mr. Ray, and it ſtill conti-
nues there. The time of flowering is the end of June, or
the beginning of July.
It is a ſhewy plant for ſhrubberies, wilderneſs quarters,
arbours, and trellis-work. Bees refort much to it, and the
flowers furniſh them with abundance of honey. The plants
of the leguminous claſs in general afford a wholeſome and
palatable food to cattle ; and it may be preſumed that this,
which is ſo nearly allied both to the pea and the vetch or
tare, is not among the worſt. It yields a great quantity
both of green fodder and feeds; but in what degree cattle

might reliſh it we cannot ſay, Any gentleman would de-
ſerve well of his country, who would make a courſe of ex-
periments on the leguminous plants, ſuch as the Everlaſting
Peas, French Honeyſuckle, the various ſorts of Vetch, Tre-
foil, Medick, &c. which we hope to bring our readers better
acquainted with in the courſe of this work.



Drawn, Engrarved & Puttished fan in 1993, by. Fl. Nodder N% Brewer Imet, Golden Squar

[ 9 ]
SPECIES.
Trifolium Rubens. Long-ſpiked Trefoil.
Lin. ſpec. 1081-figured by Jacquin fl. auſtr. 4 t. 385.
deſcribed alſo by him, p. 44. Hall. helv. n. 375.
Scop. carn. n. 925. Pollich. pal. n. 700. Krocker
files. n. 1202.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Stalk upright, leaves finely ferrate, ſpikes long and
villous, corollas monopetalous.
DESCRIPTION.
THIS is a large elegant Trefoil
. Stalks one or more,
ſimple, upright, ſtrong, round, except that they are a little
flatted towards the top, coloured, from a foot to near two
feet in length. Leaves oblong, elliptic, or lanceolate, three
or four inches in length, not unlike thoſe of Tr. alpeſtre,
(t. 1.) naked or void of hairs on both ſides, finely ferrate
round the edge by means of the veins running out into ſmall
curved points directed towards the top, ſhorter and longer
alternately. The ftipules, with their fheaths, are very
large, in a manner covering the ſtalk, and are not hairy: the
former are ſometimes obſcurely ſerrulate, and the latter,
eſpecially the upper ones, are much inflated. There is uſu-
ally only one ſpike of flowers to a ſtalk, but in gardens
The ſpike is at firſt ſeſſile, and
concealed within the floral fheaths, with a leaf on each ſide
ſometimes there are two.

of it; but as it advances it becomes pedunculated : it is
of an oblong oval or cylindric form, two or three inches
in length, upright, and the flowers are very cloſe ſet. The
calyx of each little flower is in reality ſmooth, but the
teeth having long white hairs on them, which ſpread very
much, the whole has the appearance of being hairy: the
four upper teeth are very ſhort, but the fifth tooth is as
long as the whole corolla, and at leaſt three times as long
as the other teeth. The corolla is of a dark red purple,
and has a long tube ; the banner is ovate and ſharp ; the
wings bluntiſh, ſpreading, or rolled back, of the ſame
length with the banner, but of a paler colour; the keel is
ſhorter, and of a darker purple.—Linnæus has marked this
Trefoil as annual, but there is no doubt of its being pe-
rennial,
OBSERVATIONS.
It is a native of the South of Europe, in woods, and
begins to flower in June. As far as we know, it has not
been cultivated for cattle ; it ſeems, however, to be of a
good quality, and to be ſufficiently productive.
Jacquin's figure is drawn from a much taller plant than
ours, and more reſembles Tr. Alpeſtre. The ſpike differs
much in length, from one inch to four: hence Caſpar Bau-
hin's two ſpecies-ſpica oblonga rubra, and longiffima rubente.
pin. 328. n. 2, 3.


DrawnEngraved & Published, Febny 179e by h. Nodder No us Brower Invet, Golden Square,


12
Drawn, Engraved & Published Feliny 1799 by J.S. Nodder; N. Braar Server, Golden Square,


Eraan," uqased on Pablished Fēning soge by PNodder 1.95 Bruwer Ireet; (potden chiquore .

[ 10 ] boronto
QUERCUS
MONOECIA Polyandrias
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Male. Calyx fubquinquefid. Corolla none.
Sta.
mens five to ten.
FEMALE. Calyx one-leafed, quite entire, ſcabrous.
Cor. none. Styles two to five. Seed one, ovate.
SPECIES.
Quercus Robur. Common Oak.
Lin. ſpec. 1414. Hudſ. angl. 421. With. 1083. Hall.
helv. N. 1626. Scop. carn. N. 1184. Pollich. pal.
N. 909.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves deciduous, ſmooth, oblong, finuate; fruit ob-
long
VARIETIES.
1. Qu. pedunculata. True Britiſh or Naval Oak.
Lin. ſyſt. 858. 17. ß. With. 1084. B. Mill. dift. n. 2.
Figured here 1. 10.-in Hunter's edit. of Evelyn's
filva, p. 67. Ger. berb. 1156. emac. 1339. 1.&
1340. 2. Park. theat. 1386. 1. & 1390. 1. Bauh.
bift. 1. 70.f. 2. Lob. ic. 2. 155. 1. Fuchſ. hiſt.
229. Matth. 204.—deſcribed by Pollich. n. 909,
See Ray's hift. 1385, and 1386. IV.

Q. cum longo pediculo. Bauh. pin. 420.
Leaves feffile, or nearly ſo; acorns on fruit-ſtalks, ſingle
or two together.
2. Q. feffilis. Seſile-fruited Oak.
Hudſ. angl. B. With. a Mill. dift. n. 1. Hall. B. Ray
hiſt. 1384. I.
Figured here, t. II, 12.-in Bauh. hift. 1. 70. f. 1.
Fuchſ. bift. 229. the acorn only,
Q. quæ brevi pediculo eſt. Bauh. pin. 419. Ray. ſyn.
440. 2.
Leaves petioled or on footſtalks ; acorns fellile, in cluſters.
there are
many varies
It is obſerved by Monſ. Du Hamel, that Oaks in foreſts
being propagated from the acorn, there fo
ties, that it is difficult to find two reſembling each other in
every reſpect *. This is in great meaſure true, with reſpect
to the ſhape and ſize both of the leaves and fruit, and ſome
other ſubordinate circumſtances. He, following Tourne-
fort, fets down the varieties which are to be found in the pi-
nax of Caſpar Bauhin, to the number of fourteen, and
adds ſome others from Tournefort's corollary, &c. making
twenty-three in the whole: but out of theſe ſeven are na-
tives of America or the Levant, and are probably different
ſpecies. Boerhaave gives only five forts in his catalogue of.
the Leyden garden; but it is ſaid that he cultivated there no
leſs than ſeventy ſpecies : if ſo, this number muſt have in-
many diſtinct ſpecies of Oak, as well as many
ties of the common one.
varie-
cluded
* Traité d'Arbres. 2. 2040

Monf. Fougeroux, in an ingenious eſſay on this fubject,
printed in the Memoirs of the French Academy *, remarks,
that Oaks commonly uſed for timber may be thus diſtin-
guiſhed. 1. Q. latifolia mas, quæ brevi pediculo eft. C. B.
2. Q. cum longo pediculo C. B.-3. 2. foliis molli lanugine
pubeſcentibus, C. B. called in French Chêne noir from the
dark colour of the wood, and Chêne blanc from the white
down on the under furface of the leaves. This he affirms
to be the common Oak of England.
He thus deſcribes them.--I. The firſt bears abundance of
acorns, differing in fize; they are often eaten by inſects,
and are therefore probably not ſo bitter as ſome others. The
leaves are large and wide ; the finuſes circular ; the nerves
beneath very prominent; the colour deep green within, and
a brighter green on the outſide ; they are ſet on a very ſhort
footſtalk. The bark is ſmooth and whitiſh. The wood
white, and eaſy to cleave.
Caſpar Bauhin ſays that the acorns are of a middling ſize;
the
cup only puſtuled with a rough kind of ſhagreen ; and
that they come out three or two together, ſeldom ſingle, at
the ends of the twigs. He deſcribes his Q. latifolia foemina
as being in every reſpect ſmaller, with the leaves as it were
curled from the frequency of the finuſes or gaſhes. The
acorns five or ſix together, but frequently three or four, fel-
two, and
very ſeldom ſingle; but often almoſt round,
imperfect and continuous with the cup. .
2. The ſecond has the leaves on a long footſtalk, which is
parrow, the green is not ſo deep, the finuſes are more deeply
cut. The acorns are of different ſizes, and in great quan-
tity, on peduncles of different lengths; they ſeldom ripen
favourably. The bark is brown and rugged. The wood is
brown, and it cleaves eaſily, becauſe the fibres are ſtraight.
dom two,
* For 1781, P, 49, &c.

According to C. Bauhin, it is peculiar to this ſpecies to
have one or two acorns hanging down from a long fruit-ſtalk,
is covered on the outſide with more ſucculent pro-
The cup
tuberancies.
3.
The third is more common in certain ſmall portions of
woods than in foreſts of great extent. The ſap riſes ſooner
than in the others. The buds appear woolly when they
are puſhing into leaf in the ſpring, and it is diſtin-
guiſhed principally by the whiteneſs that appears on the
young leaves, whilſt the others are of a beautiful green; this
whiteneſs is occaſioned by the down on the under ſurface,
and particularly by the little hairs on the midrib: this down
diſappears as the leaf grows bigger. The leaves never be-
come ſo thick as in the other forts, nor of fo deep a green:
they are long in proportion to the breadth; the finuſes are
deep and long, and the footſtalk is longer than in the firſt
and ſecond. The acorns are much enveloped in the cup,
which commonly falls off with them ; and the fruit-ſtalks
are very ſhort. They are in cluſters, attached to the twig
itſelf, and at its extremity ; their colour is blackiſh : ſwine
and birds do not ſeein to be fond of them, probably on ac-
count of their bitterneſs: worms, however, attack them,
they are therefore often faulty; and as they ripen early, the
gathering of them is uncertain. The wood is of a deep
reddiſh brown, very like that of old Cheſnut; the fibres are
very much twiſted; the rings approach near to each other ;
the ſap-veſſels are ſmall and cloſe together, yet diſtinct and
apparent, which is not the caſe in Cheſnut. The ſpecific
gravity of the wood is nct ſo great as in ſome other forts ;
probably, therefore, it will not ſupport ſo great a weight.
This is the true Robur of the ancients, and deſerves to be
cultivated in preference to many others, as it unites ſeveral

good qualities, and contains more heart in proportion than
others. It is not common, becauſe the acorns ſeldom ripen,
and are ſubject to be eaten by inſects : perhaps alſo becauſe
being of flower growth, and not appearing ſo handſome, it
may have been rejected in plantations.
This fort of Oak, according to Monſ. Fougeroux, is
what has been taken by builders for Cheſnut, in ancient edi-
fices, from its colour, from ſplitting eaſily, and infects not
attacking it. But it appears that the organization of the
weſſels in Cheſnut is very different from that of Oak; that
the annual increaſe of the former is about double that of the
latter ; and that although the ſpecific gravity of Oak varies
in different foils, yet upon the whole it is greater than that
of Cheſnut. Monf. Daubenton alſo having examined and
compared pieces of old timber, which the workmen called
Oak and Cheſnut, found them both to be Oak of different
forts, varying in ſpecific gravity, but agreeing in colour,
grain, and all parts of their organization. They differed
from true Cheſnut principally in the tranſverſe ſection having
no apparent medullary proceſſes *.
Our firſt ſpecies or variety ſeems to be the ſecond of Monf.
Fougeroux, and our ſecond to be his firſt; the third of Monſ.
Fougeroux is probably only an intermediate variety. We
have founded our diſtinction upon two obvious and ſeemingly
permanent characters of the leaf and fruit; and we have
given three exact figures, taken from living ſpecimens of trees
may eaſily be examined. The firſt (t. 10.) was drawn
from a branch of the genuine Britiſh Oak, ſent us by Mr.
Nichols, from the New Foreſt in Hampſhire. The fecond
(t. 11.) from a ſpecimen with which we were favoured by
which
* Mem, acad. 1781. p. 295.

Mr. White, from Norwood in Surry, where it is by no
means uncommon. And the third (t. 12.) from a branch
which we received from Mr. Nichols out of the New Foreſt,
where it is known by the name of the Durmaſt Oak.
The Norwood Oak, though it has the eſſential characters
of the Durmaſt, yet does not recede ſo far from the true
Oak as this; for the leaves bear a greater reſemblance to the
firſt than to the third, without, however, having the contours
of the finuations fo bold and rounded as in that.
The Durmaſt Oak differs very widely from the true Bri-
tiſh fpecies, not only in the eſſential characteriſtics of the
petioled leaves, and ſeſſile cluſtered acorns, but in ſeveral
other remarkable circumſtances. The whole tree has much
the air of the Chefnut, and is of a freer growth than the
true Oak; the bark is of a lighter colour and ſmoother; the
wood not ſo ſtrong or of ſo firm a texture; the leaves are
rather ſerrate than ſinuate about the edge, with five, fix, or
ſeven ſharp indentures on each ſide ; whereas in the common
Oak there are only three or four, forming wide finuſes blunt
at the end; they are of a yellow green on the upper fide,
and a pale green on the under ; in the ſpecimens, which we
received in October, the under ſurface was of a hoary gray
colour, with the ribs inclining to purple; an appearance
which the leaves of the common Qak never put on. Theſe,
together with the flowers and fruit, are ſaid to appear
in the ſeaſon than thoſe of the firſt fort; and the leaves con-
tinue longer on the trees, ſometimes the whole winter.
This Autumn they continued in tolerable vigour, after the
leaves were fallen from the common fort. The Durmalt
Oak grows to as large a ſize as that, upon ſimilar foils. Of
this Mr. Nichols gives an inſtance in a tree which was felled
later

in Langley wood, and ſent to the dock yard at Portſmouth,
containing twenty-three loads of ſquare timber *.
Gentlemen who have an opportunity, will enquire whether
the Oak with acorns on ſhort fruit-ſtalks, faid in Ray's Sy-
nopſis to have been obſerved by Mr. Bobart in Bagley wood,
and divers other places, and about Newbury to be called the
Bay-Oak, is the ſame with the Durmaſt Oak of the New
Foreſt: if ſo, it might with more propriety be named the
Cheſnut-Oak. It is ſaid in the Synopſis, that the leaves are
of a darker green, and leſs deeply ſinuate than the common
fort.
They will alſo enquire, whether that which is called
in ſome places the Fir-Oak, be the ſame with this, or in
what reſpects it differs.
There are many varieties of Oak which dealers in timber
and woodmen diſtinguiſh by their uſe, qualities, and acci-
dental circumſtances; and to which they give different
names; but as theſe are merely local, and not founded on
permanent characters, it is difficult to aſcertain them. But
if it ſhould appear that an Oak of an inferior quality has
been widely diſſeminated ; and is perhaps likely to be pre-
ferred on account of its freer growth and more promiſing ap-
pearance ; it is of great importance to diſtinguiſh it, that we
may not be impoſed upon in future by a ſpecious outſide. It
was probably for want of this knowledge, as Mr. Nichols
obſerves, that ſome of the incloſures made in the New Fo-
reſt at the beginning of this century were planted with acorns
taken from the Durmaſt Oak. And it is much to be feared,
66
* Mr. Nichols is Purveyor of the Navy for Portſmouth dock-
yard, and has publiſhed Obſervations on the propagation and
management of Oak-trees in general, but more immediately ap-
plying to his Majeſty's New-Foreſt in Hampſhire.” A treatiſe
that well deſerves the attention of the public.

that in weeding or thinning new-made plantations and woods,
thoſe young ſtandards which would come to the moſt valuable
timber, are removed to make way for ſuch as are of an infe-
rior quality. Now if it ſhould
Now if it ſhould appear from experience that
the characters here delivered are permanent ; and that Oak-
trees which bear feffile leaves, with the acorns on fruit-ſtalks,
are of a ſuperior quality as to their timber, to thoſe which
have the leaves on foot-ſtalks with ſeſſile fruits; then we ſhall
have an eaſy clue to direct us in our choice of trees for plant-
ing: for although it will be many years before the trees will
be known by their fruit, yet they may from the firſt be diſtin-
guiſhed by their leaves; and when planters become better ac-
quainted with them, they will ſee the difference immediately
by their general air and habit.
We recommend it therefore to planters of Oak to obſerve
carefully whether trees raiſed from the peduncled and ſeſſile
acorns reſpectively preſerve the characteriſtic differences
here ſet down *. For if they are found to do fo, they will
probably alſo keep the fame difference in the quality of the
timber. Enquiry alſo ſhould be made, whether Mons. Fou-
geroux
is right in his aſſertion, that the common Engliſh Oak
is that which has a whiteneſs or woollyneſs on the young
leaves; or whether that circumſtance may not be merely ac-
cidental, and that trees of the true ſort of Oak with acorns
on long fruit-ſtalks, without this pubeſcence as well as with
it, may be intermixed in our woods and foreſts, equally excel-
lent for timber. The time for making this obſervation is the
end of April; the buds uſually begin to burſt about the middle
of the month, or a little later, according to the ſeaſon and
* We have procured ripe acorns from different Oaks, and have
put them into the hands of a gentleman who will make the expen
riment,

other circumſtances, and the leaves are fully expanded the firſt
week in May. The flowers appear earlier, namely, in the firſt
week of April. The male flowers come out from the
buds in little bunches hanging down, and about three in--
ches in length ; above theſe are, the female flowers, ſitting
cloſe in the bud, three or four together, of a red colour ; with
fome reddiſh ſcales at the baſe of them, which afterwards -
become the cup of the acorn *
Mr. Ray, with his uſual accuracy, diſtinguiſhed the Oak
with acorns on long fruit-ſtalks, from that which has the fruit
ſeſfile or at leaſt on very ſhort fruit-ſtalks; and was of opini-
on that they are ſpecifically different. He erred in affirming
that the former only is found wild in England; but this error
was corrected afterwards in the Synopſis. Mr. Miller, who
is of the ſame opinion with Ray as to the ſpecific difference of
theſe two Oaks, has blundered ſtrangely in making that which
has feſlile acorns the Common Oak of this country, and in
referring us only to the wilds of Kent and Suſſex for the other :
and this miſtake has been copied by Dr. Hunter in his edi-
tion of Evelyn's Silva.
The Lucombe Oak, deſcribed in the Philoſophical Tranſ-
actions; and in Hunter's Evelyn from thence, is the Quercus
Cerris of Linneus, a ſpecies totally diſtinct, and native of the
fouthern parts of Europe.
It is ſcarcely neceſſary to obſerve, that after we have ſelect-
ed the beſt ſpecies or variety of Oak for timber, much will
depend upon foil and ſituation, the
age
of the tree, the ſeaſon
in which it is felled, and the care which has beeh taken in
training it. When we recommend the culture of a par-
ticular ſort of Oak, we advert principally to Naval
purpoſes;
for all the forts or varieties are excellent in their way
for dif-
ferent uſes.
* See Hunter's figure, and Loeſel, fl. pruſs. n. 69 at p. 211,



noun
Prawn, Engraved Published. Na roh 1990, tu 1.9. Nodder N% Bewwer defect Goldoveiligoara

[ 13 ]
TRIFOLIUM FLEXUOSUM.
Jacqu. auſtr. 4. t. 386. Wither. bot. arr. 795.
Tr. medium. Lin. ſuec. edit. 2. 558.
Tr. alpeſtre. Lightf. Scot. 406. Fl. dan. t. 662.
Tr. pratenſe purpureum majus. Raii bift. 994.
Tr. purp. maj. fol. longioribus et anguſtioribus,
flor. faturatioribus. Raii fyn. ed. 3. 328.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Spikes of flowers looſe; corollas almoſt equal ; fti-
pules awl-ſhaped, converging; ſtalks flexuoſe,
branched.
DESCRIPTION.
THIS
HIS fpecies is at firſt ſight very diſtinct from thoſe
which have been already figured in the three firſt plates,
though it has been confounded with them all. The root is
creeping, more woody, and more firmly fixed in the ground,
than in Tr. alpeſtre or pratenſe. The ſtalk is flexuoſe, an-
gular, and branched. The leaf-ſtalks are ſomewhat hairy,
but not villous ; they are longer than in alpeſtre, and divari-
cate. The leaflets are broader; moſt of the parts alſo are
larger, and of a darker colour. The ſtipules and fheaths
are broader, with more frequent veins, uſually purple. The
heads or ſpikes are generally peduncled ; and in a wild ſtate
there is more frequently one than two at the end of each

branch. The calyx is moſtly ſmooth, with larger teeth than
in alpeſtre. The corolla is of a paler purple, eſpecially in
the wings, and has a ſweet ſcent. It differs evidently from
the ſpecies figured in the ſecond plate, in the ftipules and
leaves, in having the heads of flowers larger, more full,
not ſo looſe, and riſing from the ſheath on a peduncle.
OBSERVATIONS.
This ſpecies is wild in moſt parts of Europe, both in
chalky and clàyey ſoils ; in dry lofty paſtures, but eſpecially
in hedges, buſhy, and woody places, where it has the ap-
pearance of being very proper for cultivation. It is affirm-
ed, however *, that in a good looſe ſoil it generally grows
more ſlender, and the ſpikes become ſmaller : but ſince it is
very luxuriant on eminences, in a dry, hard, uncultivated
clay, it might perhaps ſucceed in our ſtubborn hungry clays.
This does not feem to be the Marl-graſs or Cow-graſs
,
which has been ſtrongly recommended for cultivation t.
The three ſpecies figured here, and in plates one and
three, have been admirably diſtinguiſhed from each other,
and the reſt of the clovers, in a moſt elaborate treatiſe, by
Mr. Afzelius 1.
* By Jacquin and Afzelius.
+ See Young's Annals of Agriculture, vol. 3. 217.-4. 122.-
and 6. 230.-A figure of this will be given as ſoon as the plant
flowers.
I See the firſt volume of the Tranſactions of the Linnæan Society.


Drawn, Engraved & Published, March
1792, by
El Nidder N°15 Brewe Sercet, Golden ilqnär.

[ 14 ]
DACTYLIS.
TRIANDRIA Dig ynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx two-valved, compreſſed, the inner valve larger
than the outer; both keeled.
SPECIES.
Dactylis glomerata. Rough Cock's-foot graſs.
Lin. Spec. 105. Hudſ. angl. 43. Witb. bot, arr. 94.
Relh. cant. n. 74. Figured by Schreber, t. 8. f. 2.
Fl. dan. t. 743. Mor. hift. S. 8. t. 6. f. 38. Bauh.
prodr. 9. f. 1. theat. 45. 1. Muf. ruft. 5. t. 5.
Park. theat. 1182. 5. Bauh. hift. 2.467. 1. Bar-
rel. ic. 26. f. 1, 2. Leers herborn. t. 3. f. 3. Scheuch.
agr. t. 6. f. 15. Deſcribed by Pollich. pal. n. 98.
Neck. gallob. 58. Leers herb. n. 57. Krock. files.
N. 148. and by Haller. n. 1512, and Scop. n. III.
under the name of Bromus.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Panicle glomerate, the flowers all directed the ſame
way.
DESCRIPTION
Root
perennial. Stalks from two to three feet high,
rough towards the top, having three, four, or five ſmooth,

purpliſh knots on each. Leaves fix inches long, or more,
and three or four lines broad, ſomewhat of a ſea-green co-
lour, and very rough on both ſides with extremely minute
prickles. Panicle very cloſe, frequently coloured; pedun-
cles alternate, ſtiff, rough, with a callous tumour at the
baſe of each; ſpicules almoſt ſeſſile, having two or three,
ſometimes four, flowers in each calyx ; theſe are preſſed
cloſe; during the time of flowering diverge; and, all point-
ing the ſame way, ſerve to explain what Linnæus means by
panicula, or ſpicula ſecunda, and flores ſecundi. Calyx pubeſ-
cent, frequently ciliate, rough ; inner valve twice as large
as the outer, and awned ; equal to the flofcules, if there be
only two, but ſhorter if there be more : valves of the co-
rolla rough, edged with white, blunt, with a ſhort awn at
the end; in the laſt floſcule this is very ſhort, and ſometimes
there is none; the inner valve is ſcarcely ſhorter than the
outer, with the end ſharply cloven. Each flower has two
very ſmall lanceolate nectaries, much pointed. Filaments.
twice the length of the corolla ; anthers yellow, or purple,
turning finally white.
OBSERVATIONS.
Few graſſes are more common than this. From its flou-
riſhing under the drip of trees it has obtained the name of
Orchard-graſs; and from its roughneſs and hardneſs, it is
called Rough-graſs and Hard-graſs. It flowers from June
to Auguft.
This is a very rough, coarſe graſs, but extremely hardy,
productive, and rather early. Its thriving in the ſhade may
be a recommendation ; but the head is ſo large, that in heavy
rains it is apt to be laid.


m
Dreen (narud' t Patilished March 1-g2 tu ti S.Aõdder N, Breveneret, cjelden dan

[ 15 ]
CORONILLA.
DIADELPHIA Decandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx two-lipped; the upper lip having two connate
teeth ; the lower, three ſmaller ones. Banner
ſcarcely longer than the wings. Legume con-
tracted between the ſeeds.
SPECIES.
Coronilla varia. Purple Coronilla.
Lin. ſpec. 1048. Hall. belv. n. 367. Scop. carn. n. 913.
Pollich. pal. 1. 691. Riv. tetr. t. 94. Park. theat.
1088. 3. fig. 1089.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Herbaceous; legumes upright, cylindric, ſwelling,
numerous; leaflets very many, fmooth.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
creeping widely, by which this plant increaſes
greatly, and overbears whatever grows near it. Stalks five
or ſix feet high when ſupported; but if not, trailing on the
ground; they die every winter, but freſh ones ſhoot out in
the Spring. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets oblong, ſmall, ſome
in pairs, others alternate, with a ſingle one at the end ; the
loweſt uſually approximate to the ſtem, like ftipules, or are

very
ſmall. The flowers come out many together in roun-
diſh bunches, on peduncles which are about the ſame length
as the leaves : the corollas vary from a deep to a light pur-
ple, mixed with white. The legumes or pods are flender,
and from two to three inches in length.
OBSERVATIONS.
This handſome plant is a native of France, Germany,
Denmark, &c. It flowers all the Summer from June, and
frequently till the Autumn froſts ſtop its career. Almoſt any
foil and ſituation ſuit it; but it thrives beſt in a warm funny
expoſure. It was cultivated in the time of Parkinſon (1640).
Mr. Miller affirms that it was formerly employed for feed-
ing of cattle. However that may be, it certainly is very
productive, and ſeems to be of a good quality: we recom-
mend it therefore to be tried, among other leguminous
plants, for the purpoſe of procuring abundant and palatable
feed for horſes, kine, and even ſheep.


10
Drawn,Engrasade Published April 1792,695 R Nodder e Rs Brand Street, tholder Square ·

[ 16 ] is that allo
TRIFOLIUM LUPINASTER. cosas
Baſtard Trefoil, or, Baſtard Lupin.
to ton
Lin. ſpec. 1079. Syſt. 689.
Figured in Gmel. lib. 4. t. 6. f. 1.-alſo in Buxb. aft.
2. t. 20. at p. 346.
Deſcribed by Gmelin at p. 19. 11. 27. Amman ruth. 1.
143, 144. and Buxb. act. petrop. 2. p. 344. un-
der the name of Lupinafter.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
The heads of flowers halved ; the leaves quinate or
in fives, and ſeſfile ; the legumes or pods con-
taining ſeveral ſeeds.
DESCRIPTION.
THE
We
HE remarkable circumſtance of having more than three
leaflets, uſually five, to each leaf, is fufficient to diſtinguiſh
this from the other ſpecies of the genus, which has obtained
the name of Trifolium and Trefoil from its ternate leaves.
may obſerve, however, that the root is perennial: the
ſtalks ſeveral, from a foot to eighteen inches in height,
round, with ſeveral (7, 8) joints, green or purpliſh ; at each
joint is a ſheath terminating in a digitate leaf, with the
number of leaflets varying from 3 to 6 or 7; but the extreme
numbers are rare, and 5 is the moſt common; the leaves
have more reſembla ce to thoſe of a Lupin than of a Tre-

foil, and hence the names of Lupinaſter and Baſtard Lupin.
The leaflets are lanceolate, finely ſerrate about the edge, and
unequal in ſize. There are uſually ſeveral heads at the end
of the ſtalk, of a roundiſh form, with the flowers pretty
thickly fet ; the three lower teeth of the calyx are nearly the
length of the keel, the two upper ones are ſhorter; the
banner of the corolla is oblong, near half an inch in length,
and purple; the wings are broadiſh, and pale purple; the
keel is pale, and of the faine length with the wings. The
pod is longer than the calyx, pale brown, and contains 4
or 5 feeds.
OBSERVATIONS.
firſt
This ſpecies is a native of Siberia, and, as we are inform-
ed, in the catalogue of the royal garden at Kew, was
cultivated here in 1763, by Mr. James Gordon. It flowers
in July and Auguſt.
We have figured this rather on account of its fingularity,
than from any expectation of its being uſeful for economical
purpoſes.


Draun, Engraved Published'
- tpril 1799 by I. P. Nødder Now Breen liceat Golden Aguare.

[ 17 ]
PHALARIS.
TRIANDRIA Dig ynia,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx two-valved, one-flowered, keeled, valves equal
in length, incloſing the corolla.
SPECIES.
Phalaris canarienfis. Manured or cultivated Canary-
graſs.
Lis. Spec. 79. Hudf. angl. 23. Withering 65. Figured
by Schreber, t. 10. f. 2. Bauh. theat. 534. Bauh.
bift. 2. 442. 2. Ger. t. 80. f. 1. emac. 86. Park.
theat. 1163. 1. Mor. hiſt. ſ. 8. t. 3. row. 3. f. 1.
Fructification by Leers t. 7. f. 3. Deſcribed by
Scheuchzer p. 52. De Necker gallob.p.31. Krocker
files. p. 80. Withering, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Panicle awnleſs ſub-ovate, in ſhape of a ſpike;
glumes or chaffs of the calyx boat-ſhaped en-
tire, with a four-valved corolla ; the outer
valves lanceolate, ſmooth, the inner villous.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
annual Stalks a foot or eighteen inches in
height, upright, round, ſtreaked, ſwelling a little at the
joints, and at the lower ones often branching. Leaves al-

moſt half an inch in breadth, of a lively green, with ſome-
thing of a glaucous hue; they are upright, ſharp-point-
ed, roughiſh about the edge, and have at the baſe a very
thin pellucid membrane, called by ſome authors ligula: the
lower part of the upper
leaf ſwells out like a ſpathe, com-
pletely involving and protecting the head of flowers whill
young. This is ſingle, large, an inch or more in length,
and has a ſmall linear ſheathleſs leaf at the baſe of it. The
calycine valves are large, and have two green ribs on each
ſide. The parts of fructification are ſufficiently deſcribed in
the ſpecific character.
OBSERVATIONS.
This graſs is a native of the Canary Iſlands, but is now
found in a wild ſtate in Britain, Flanders, Heſſe, Sileſia,
France, Italy, and Spain. It is not mentioned as an indi-
genous plant with us, by any of our old authors; not even
in the third edition of Ray's Synopſis (1724): nor have we
ever found it except about dunghills, or by road ſides, in
places where it might have been thrown out among
rubbiſh,
or caſually dropped by birds. It flowers from June to Auguft
.
We believe that the cultivation of this graſs is confined
to a part of the county of Kent. Mr. Sherard and Mr.
Rand obſerved ſeveral fields ſown with it near Sandwich*.
Mr. Miller informs us, that it is cultivated particularly in
the iſle of Thanet, where it is eſteemed a profitable crop.
It is reputed a flow grower, and therefore liable to be
overrun with weeds. The feed is ſown at the end of Fe-
bruary, or the beginning of March, in drills, twenty to the
rod, and fix gallons to an acre. Mr. Miller is of opinion,
that half this quantity is ſufficient. It is uſual to manure
this
crop,
with
50 or 60 cart-loads of dung to the acre t.
for
*
Ray's Synopfis, 394
+ Young's Annals, vol. 4, p. 222.


Irun escend' Publisher'epril 1799
F.Si Vodder Mys Brence. «Sirect, Goedea it comes

[ 18 ]
PHALARIS AQUATICA.
Water Canary-kaſs.
Lin. ſpec. 79. Ait. hort. kew. 86. Amæn. Acad. 4. 264.
Figured in Barrel. ic. t. 700.f. 1. Buxb. cent. 4,
t. 53•
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Panicle awnleſs cylindric, in ſhape of a ſpike, glumes
of the calyx boat-ſhaped, ſomewhat finely
toothed, with a three-valved corolla : the inner
valves villous, the outer one minute and awl-
ſhaped.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
annual. Culm or ſtalk reedy. From the ſwel-
ling ſheath of the upper leaf iſſues one ſmooth ſpike, or ra-
ther panicle of an oblong-ovate ſhape. The glumes of
chaffs are lanceolate, ſmooth, keeled, and marked with a
nerve on each ſide.
OBSERVATIONS.
It is a native of Egypt, and was introduced (according to
the Kew catalogue) by M. Thouin, in 1778. It flowers in
June and July. The figures of Barrelier and Buxbaum cor-
reſpond fo ill with our plant, that it may be doubted when
ther it is the ſame with theirs.
This ſpecies, as far as we know, has not been cultivated
for economical purpoſes.



Drawn, Capanni Sabitished Han 1790, bis FP Nodides. Nos Braver Street, Golden Aguarie
3

[ 19 ]
MEDICAGO.
DIADELPHIA Decandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER
Legume compreſſed, twiſted ſpirally like a ſcrew.
Keel of the corolla bending down from the
ſtandard.
SPECIES.
Medicago lupulina. Black or Hop Medick. Black-
ſeed or Noneſuch.
Lin. ſpec. 1097. Hudf. angl. 330. With. bot. arr. 807.
Curtis lond. 2. 57. Pollich. pal. n. 714. Krock.
files. n. 1223. Hall. helv. 1. 380. (Medica)
Muf. ru. IV. 1. 1. f. 4.
Medica lupulina. Scop. carn. N. 940.
Trifolium pratenſe luteum. Fuchſ. bift. 819. capi-
tulo breviore. Bauh. pin. 328.
Tr. luteum lupulinum. Ger. emac. 1186. 5.
Tr. montanum lupul. Park. theat. 1105.6.
Melilotus minima: Rivin. tetr. t. 8. Mor. bift. . 2.
t. 16. f. 8. & t. 15. row. 4. fig. f.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Spikes of flowers oval; legumes kidney-ſhaped, con-
taining one feed; ſtalks trailing.

DESCRIPTION.
STALKS, unleſs fupported, procumbent, with very nu-
merous alternate branches. Stipules oval-lanceolate, with a
long awn. Leaves on very ſhort footſtalks ; leaflets oblong
wedge-ſhaped and blunt, ferrate upwards, emarginate, with
the midrib lengthened into a point. Flowers yellow, ſmall;
calyx ſlightly downy, nearly as long as the corolla, with
five awl-ſhaped teeth, nearly equal, but the two upper ones
rather ſhorteſt. The feed-vefſels turn black when the ſeeds
are ripe*. They are wrinkled, and ſomewhat rough with
ftiff hairst.
The root penetrates deep into the earth, and is biennial.
Stalks ſomewhat angular, and ſlightly hairy #. Flowers
from 30 to 40 and upwards in a ſpike |l.
OBSERVATIONS.
This Medick, having ternate leaves, is uſually conſidered
as a Trefoil, from which, however, it differs eſſentially in
the fructification. It may be diſtinguiſhed from Trifolium
agrarium and procumbens, which it moſt reſembles, by the
compact oblong ſhape of the ſpike, the ſmallneſs of the
flowers, and the blackneſs of the feed-veſſels. In a wild
ftate it is generally more hairy than theſe g.
It is cultivated in the Eaſtern counties, and ſeveral other
parts of the kingdom, under the names of Trefoil, Black-
feed, and Noneſuch, both ſeparately, and with Ray-graſs
, for
mowing or ſheep-feed. Although inferior, as Linneus ob-
ſerves, to ſome of this genus, yet it is eſteemed very
food, particularly for ſheep.
It is found frequently wild on dry banks and hilly paſ-
tures, flowering in June and July.
* Woodward MSS. + Linneus. Curtis lond. Withering,
$ Curtis lond,
ſweet


1
Drawn Engraved & Published May 1799 by FP.Nodder Nos Brower Street Cotton Square

[ 20 ]
CYNOSURUS.
TRIANDRIA Digynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx two-valved, many-flowered. Proper receptacle
leafy, fixed to one ſide.
SPECIES.
Cynoſurus cæruleus. Blue Dog's-tail Graſs.
Lin. ſpec. 106. fyt. 117. A. ſuec. n. 89. Hudſ. angl. 59.
Gouan illuſtr. 4. Jacqu. miſcell. 2. 66.
Seſleria coerulea. Scop. carn. n. 90. Hall. belv. M.
1446. With. bot. arr. 84. Arduini animadv. ſpec.
2. 18. t. 6. f. 3, 4, 5-
Gramen glumis variis. Bauh. pin. 10. prod. 21. f. 1.
theat. 158. Scheuch. 83. t. 2. f. 9. A. B. Park.
theat. 1152. f. 6.
Gr. parvum montanum ſpica craffiore purpuro-cæru-
lea brevi. Raii ſyn. 399.
Ș PECIFIC CHARACTER.
Bractes entire.-Spike ſubcylindric.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
perennial. Stalks ſlender, upright, from 2 to 6
inches and a ſpan in height, ſurrounded at the baſe with a

bundle of root leaves incloſed in a brown wrinkled ſkin,
and having three joints, with a very ſhort leaf at each.
Leaves bluiſh ſea-green, from half an inch to three in-
ches in length, keeled, rough along the edges. Panicle re-
ſembling a ſpike, from half an inch to near an inch in
length, of an oblong ovate ſhape, and a reddiſh purple co-
lour, ſometimes browniſh white, or entirely white. Flow-
ers on ſhort peduncles ; leaflets of the involucre roundiſh,
the lower one at the baſe of the ſpicule, the other higher up,
at the baſe of the flowers on the oppoſite fide; calyx con-
taining uſually two flowers, but ſometimes I or 3; valves
of the corolla equal, bearded on the edges and keel ; anthers
yellow, except at one end, where they are purple; they
are deeply cloven at both ends.
OBSERVATIONS.
This graſs is a native of many parts of Europe. With
us it is found only in the mountainous paſtures of the nor-
thern counties. The firſt notice of it we have is from Mr.
Ray, who had it from Mr. Petiver, to whom it was ſent
out of the north, by Mr. Fitz-Roberts.
It flowers the earlieſt of all our graſſes. This Spring
(1792) the ſpikes were puſhing vigorouſly on the 16th of
March, and it was in full flower on the 29th. This is a
circumſtance that would recommend it for culture, if it
anſwered in other reſpects ; but with us it is of low growth.
Foreign authors deſcribe it as being larger than we find it
to be.
It differs from the proper ſpecies of the genus Cynoſurus.
Scopoli fays, that it has the appearance of Anthoxanthum,
the manner of flowering of Aira, and that it approaches to
the Phleums. Haller thinks it might remain with the Poas.


Down, Engraend 2 Published May 1799, by F2 Nodder No Brewer Sereet, Golden Square

[21]
RANUNCULUS.
POLYANDRIA Polygynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx five-leaved [in this fpecies 3, 4 or 5] Petals
five [in this eight]; with a melliferous pore on
the inſide of the claws. Seeds naked.
SPECIE S.
Ranunculus Ficaria. Pilewort, or Leſſer Celandine.
Lin. ſpec. 774. fl
. fuec. n. 496. Curtis fl. lond. 2. 39.
Fl. dan. t. 499. Scop. carn. n. 684. Pollich pal. n
529.
Ficaria Hall. belv. n. 1160. Blackw. t. 51. verna.
Hudf. angl. 244. With. bot. arr. 579.
Chelidonia rotundifolia minor. Bauh. pin. 309.
Chelidonium minus. Fuchſ. hiſt. 867. Ger. 669. emac.
816. Park. theat. 617, 3. Petiv. brit. t. 38. f. I.
Raii bift. 579. ſyn. 246.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves heart-ſhaped, angular, placed on footſtalks ;
one flower only on each peduncle.
DESCRIPTION.
THIS
common plant is eaſily diſtinguiſhed by its roots,
formed of many knots or bulbs, ſhaped like the fig, whence

its name Ficaria : by its ſhining roundiſh heart-ſhaped leaves
on very long footſtalks, more or leſs notched or ſcalloped
about the edge ; by the ſmoothneſs of the whole plant; by
the calyx of three [ſometimes 4 or 5] concave, deciduous
leaves, with a ſinall reflex ſcale under each ; by the nume-
rous, yellow, ſhining, petals, uſually eight in number, each
having a ſmall ſcale at the baſe; and by the very early ſeaſon
at which it flowers. The leaves vary much in form ; fome
are cut very deeply, and others are quite entire ; the petals
alſo vary in form, and in number from 7 to 12.
OBSERVATIONS.
Although the Pilewort differs from the Crowfoots in the
number of petals, and of leaves in the calyx, yet ſince it
agrees
with them in the ſame general nature and habit, as
well as in the nectary or little ſcale at the baſe of the petals,
it ſeems to be of the ſame natural genus.
We obſerved it flowering this Spring, in its wild ſtate on
the 20th of February. It continues to flower through
March, and a great part of April. In meadows, paſtures,
orchards, and by the ſides of ditches, it is abundant, eſpe-
cially where it can find either ſhade or moiſture.
Ray has obſerved, that when the plant begins to decay,
which is in the month of May, it puts forth ſmall bulbs,
like grains of wheat, from the bofoms of the leaves. Thus
the plant readily propagates itſelf abundantly, and this
viſion is the more neceffary, becauſe the ſeeds uſually prove
pro-
abortive.
Pilewort cloſes the petals from about five in the evening to
nine in the morning; and in wet weather.
According to Linneus, the young
leaves
may
the Spring with other potherbs. Though milder than moſt
of the genus, this, however, retains ſomething of that acri-
be eaten in

mony which many of the ſpecies poffefs in a high degree.
The form of the roots probably recomniended this plant as
a cure for the piles; and this fancied quality was the origin
of the Engliſh name.
Linneus remarks, that it choaks other plants which grow
near it. Pilewort certainly occupies much room in ſome
meadows, and not being eaten by cattle, ſhould be extirpa-
ted. Nothing diſcourages its increaſe more than coal or
wood aſhes, which are both excellent dreſſes for meadows,



Daun, Corner) e Published , June 1798.by Kos Vodder. Nous Posezione Screet
, Gotden ilgsnas e

[ 22 ]
ALOPECURUS AGRESTIS.
Field Fox-tail Graſs, or Mouſe-tail Graſs.
Lin. ſpec. 89. Hudſ. angl. 27. With. arr. 59. Curtis
lond. 2. 7. Schreber t. 19. f. 2. Fl. dan. t. 697.
Mor. hift. f. 8. t. 4. f. 12. Ger. herb. 9. 4. emac.
11. 2. Park. theat. 1169. 8. Bauh. hiſt. 2. 473.
1.-Spike, &c. Leers berborn. t. 2, f. 5. Monti
51. Scheuch. t. 2. f. 6. A. B.-Deſcribed in Hall.
helv. n. 1540. Pollich pal. n. 65. Leers n. 44.
Krock. files. n. 105. Scheuch. 69. Curtis lond, &c
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Culm ſpiked upright; glumes ſmooth.
DESCRIPTION.
THIS
HIS Graſs is readily diſtinguiſhed from the Meadow
Fox-tail graſs, to which it bears moſt reſemblance, by the
great length and flenderneſs of its ſpikes, tapering to a
point, and uſually of a purple colour.
It is marked as perennial by Linneus, Hudſon, and in
the Kew catalogue ; by Leers, Curtis, and others, as an-
nual. The flowering ſtalk is a foot or 18 inches high, up-
right, except that it is crooked at bottom ; it has 3 or 4
joints, which are ſmooth, and purple. The leaves are
inches long, and from a fixth to a quarter of an inch
broad, roughiſh on the upper ſurface only, with a blunt
about 3

membrane (ligula) at the baſe. The ſheath inveſting the
young ſpike has the keel or principal nerve rough. The
flowers are looſely imbricate, on very ſhort peduncles. The
valves of the calyx have no awn; the ſingle valve of the co-
rolla has an awn proceeding from the baſe, nearly twice the
length of the fpicule. Filaments twice the length of the
calyx, with anthers, forked at each end. Seed very ſmall,
wrapped up in the corolla and calyx. The calyx is fur-
rounded at bottom by a ring *.
OBSERVATIONS.
great
This graſs is a weed in cultivated ground; it is alſo fre-
quent by way-ſides, on banks and the borders of fields, but
rarely in paſtures.
It varies in the ſize both of the plant and ſpike, as well
as in the colour of the latter, which is ſometimes of a pale
green or whitiſh, without any purple. When in full flower
it bends a little. It has acquired the name of Mouſe-tail
graſs in Engliſh, and myoſuroides in Latin, from the
length and ſlenderneſs of the ſpike, reſembling the tail of a
mouſe.
Its inferiority in every reſpect to Fox-tail graſs is ſo ma-
nifeſt, that it would anſwer no purpoſe to make experiments
with any hopes of bringing it into cultivation.
It flowers early, continues flowering till Autumn, and
comes into bloom remarkably quick after being ſownt
.
This year (1792) it was in full bloom on the 28th of April
,
long before Anthoxanthum odoratuin.
* Curtis lond.–From whom and Leers, compared with the
plant itſelf, the above deſcription is chiefly taken,
+ Curtis lond.


Drun. Engra ved R Publikat June 1792, by F. Nodder! Nis Bewerberovi fjoldoni Aquare

[ 23 ]
ANTHOXANTHUM.
5
DIANDRIA Digynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx a two-valved glume or chaff, containing one
flower. Corolla a two-valved, pointed glume.
Seed one.
SPECIES.
Anthoxanthum odoratum. Sweet-ſcented Vernal Graſs.
Lin. ſpec. 40, Hudf. angl. 11. With. arr, 25. Curtis
lond. 1. 4. pra&t. obf. t. 1. Stilling. mifc. t. 1. Muf.
ruft. 4. 2. 3. Mill. illuftr. Schreber t. 5. Fl. dan.
t. 666. Bauh. hiſt. 2. 466. I. Mor. hiſt. ſ. 8. t. 7.
f. 25. Spike, &c. Leers 2. I. With. 2. 1. Monti
57. ic. 84.-Deſcribed by Haller, n. 1491. Scop.
carn, n. 38. Pollich. pal. n. 29. Leers herborn.
no 25. Krock. files. n. 47. Scheuchzer 88. Curtis,
Withering, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
spike oblong, ovate ; floſcules longer than the awn,
on ſhort peduncles.
DESCRIPTION.
THIS
may be eaſily diſtinguiſhed from all other graſſes,
by the circumſtance of each flower having two ftamens only;
by one valve of the calyx being ſmall, the other large and
including the whole fructification ; the valves of the corolla

very hairy, each having an awn, that from the outer valve
ſtraight, ſhorter than the calyx, from the middle of the
back, or near the top; that on the inner valve ſpringing from
the baſe or near it, at firſt ſtraight, and a little longer than
the calyx; but as the feed ripens, the top generally bent
horizontally inward; the nectary compoſed of two little
ovate ſhining valves, of different ſizes, cloſely embracing
the germ, and ſcarcely to be diſcovered, unleſs when the an-
thers are protruding from between them ; for as ſoon as they
are excluded, they cloſe again on the germ, and form a coat
to the feed.
The root is perennial; the ſtalks are from eight inches to
a foot and upwards in height, having two or three joints on
each. Root-leaves downy on their upper ſurface. Stem-
leaves a little rough on both ſides, with a blunt membrane
at the baſe finely notched; the ſheath ſtreaked and ſmooth;
the lower one ſomewhat villous, and often reddiſh *.
OBSERVATIONS.
The uſual colour of the ſpike is a pale yellow, whence
its generic name Anthoxanthum. From the ſweetneſs both
of the flowers and leaves, which it imparts to new-mown
hay, it has derived its ſpecific or trivial name odoratum, or
Sweet-ſcented. From the earlineſs of its flowering, the be-
ginning or middle of May, it has acquired its other Engliſh
name of Vernal or Spring-graſs.
It
grows on almoſt any kind of foil, but ſeems to prefer
that which is moderately dry. In a rich foil the leaves have
a great tendency to curl. It is common in meadows and
paſtures; and alſo in woods, where the ſpikes are uſually
flender and looſe. The feed is ripe about the middle of
* Curtis and Leers.

June, and may eaſily be ſeparated by rubbing; this graſs,
however, is not very abundant in feed.
Mr. Stillingfleet remarks, that from its being found on
ſuch paſtures as ſheep are fond of, and from whence excellent
mutton comes, it is moſt likely to be a good graſs for ſheep
paſtures. That he has found it on all grounds, from the
moſt fandy and dry to the moſt ſtiff and moiſt, and even in
bogs. That it is very plentiful in the beſt meadows about
London, as about Hampſtead and Hendon; and that it is
very eaſy to gather.
Mr. Curtis recommends it for its earlineſs, its readineſs
to
grow
in
any ſoil or ſituation, and for its agreeable fcent.
He thinks it may be cultivated to conſiderable advantage, as
it forms a thick tuft of leaves at bottom, though in point of
crop
it is not ſo productive as ſome other Graffes.



Cruisine, i lugnar
Safe
quing
19
Ay fol. ladder lide Bruberibtreet
, poliden ilyanti

[ 24 ]
VALERIANA.
TRIANDRIA Monogynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx none. Corolla above the germ, monopetalous,
fwelling at the baſe on one ſide. Seed one.
SPECIES.
Valeriana Locufta. Corn-Salad, or Lamb's Lettuce.
Lin. Spec. 47. A. fuec. n. 36. Hudſ, angl. 13. With.
arr. 37. Curt. Lond. 5. 4. Fl. dan.'t. 738. Riv.
mon. t. 6. f. 2. Mor. hift. . 7. t. 16. f. 36, 37.
Ger. herb. 242. emac. 310. f. 1, 2. Park. theat.
812. 3. Bauh. biſt. 3. 323. f. 2. & 324. -De-
ſcribed by Haller n. 214. Pollich. pal. n. 32, 33.
Krock. files. n. 51. Relhan. cant. n. 26. Curt. &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Flowers with three ftamens; ſtalks dichotomous ;
leaves linear.
DESCRIPTION.
ROOT
annual. Stalk from four inches to a ſpan and even
a foot more in height. Bottom leaves many, entire or very
ſlightly toothed; thoſe on the ſtalk are in pairs at each fubdi-
viſion, feffile or embracing the ſtalk in part, they are uſually
more toothed than the lower leaves, and both theſe and the

ſtalk are fringed at the edges with fine white hairs. The
flowers are collected into a cloſe little umbel or corymb, pro-
tected by an involucre. The corolla is minute, and of a
very pale blue colour.
OBSERVATIONS.
No natural genus is ſubject to more variations, or more
effe&tually mocks the efforts of artificial arrangement, than
the Valerian. This ſpecies alſo admits very conſiderable
varieties in the form and indentures of the leaves, in the
fruit, &c.—It is diſtinguiſhed from the Valerian properly fo
called, by having the ſeeds naked or without any down or
feather (pappus).
Early in the Spring, and even during the greateſt part
of
a mild Winter, this little plant will furniſh a good material
for falads. It is common in corn fields, and
appears
about
the time when lambs are dropped. From theſe circumſtances
it has obtained the common Engliſh names. Without being
at the trouble of cultivating it, the peaſant may find it abun-
dantly in the month of April on the warm banks of fields, pal-
tures, and lanes. Towards the end of this month, or early
in May, it begins to flower. In corn fields it is uſually very
ſmall and low.
Gerard, who ſays it may be called from the Dutch White
Pot-herb, informs us, that ſince it hath grown in uſe among
the French and Dutch ſtrangers in England, it hath been
fown in gardens as a ſallad herb.

1

Demain, opied i" Sublished fuky 1792, ty id odio se Brawa i lepe, lejohet i alhaine

[ 25 ]
LAMIUM.
DIDYNAMIA Gymnoſpermia.
Nat. Order of Verticillatæ.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Corolla having the upper lip vaulted or arched; the
lower lip two-lobed; and the throat toothed on
each ſide.
SPECIES.
Lamium purpureum. Red Dead-Nettle or Archangel.
Lin. ſpec. 809. Hudſ. angl. 255. With. arr. 605. Fi-
gured by Curtis lorid. 1. t. 42. Fl. dan. t. 523.
Berg. phyt. 119. Riv. mon. t. 62, f. 2. Ger. herb.
568. 4. emac. 703. 3. Park. theat. 605. 1. & 587.
II. Mor. hift. f. 11.t. 11.f. 9. Deſcribed by Hal-
ler, helv. n. 272. Scop. carn. n. 701. Pollich. pali
n. 556. Krock. files. n. 929. Raii biſt. 559.
Curtis, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves heart-ſhaped, blunt, petioled or on foot-
ſtalks.
DESCRIPTION.
ROOT
annual. Stalks weak, bending, branched to-
wards the bottom, naked for a conſiderable ſpace near the

top, fix inches high, and upwards. Leaves veiny, downy
with hairs, but not rough, the lowermoſt ſmaller, and on
longer petioles, the uppermoſt growing thick together ; both
theſe and the ſtalks are frequently tinged with red. Flow-
ers cloſe together, and many in a whorl, chiefly between
the
upper leaves. Corolla purple, with the under lip uſually
ſpotted: there are two teeth on each ſide of the throat or
entrance into the tube, the upper ones long and pointed;
the lower blunt, with a ſpot on them.
VARIETIES.
The corolla varies in colour, from a full bright red, to a
very pale purple, and even white. The colour is uſually
red in a dry ſoil and open expoſure ; and pale when the
plant grows in the ſhade.
The leaves vary much in fize, but particularly in the in-
dentures about the edge. Ray and others have remarked
them to be ſometimes ſo deeply cut, as to be in a manner
lobed. On the contrary, I have a ſpecimen in which the
leaves have no indentures whatſoever about their edges.
OBSERVATIONS.
It is a common weed in kitchen gardens and corn-fields, under
hedges, &c. flowering very early, and a great part of the year.
As a medical plant it is diſuſed; nor is it ever, as we be-
lieve, eaten among us as a pot-herb, whatever they may do
in Upland, a province of Sweden.
It would be impertinent to mention the ſquareneſs of the
ſtalks, the regular oppofition of the leaves, the manner
the flowers growing in whorls, and the four naked ſeeds at
the bottom of the calyx, which ferves them for a capſule:
for theſe circumſtances form no part of the ſpecific charac-
ter, being common not only to all the Lamiums, but to Ver-
ticillate plants in general.
of

2
19

Drawn, Engraved a PublishedJuly 1794
bly
FP. Nodder. 1.%| Breurer Street, Golilen Sguar,

[ 26 ]
SPECIES.
Lamium album. White Dead-Nettle or Archangel.
Lin. ſpec. 809. Hudſ. angl. 255. With. arr. 604. Fi-
gured by Curtis, lond. 2. 45. Fl. dan. t. 594.
Berg. phyt. 161. Rivin. mon. t. 62. f. 1. Ger.
herb. 566. emac. 702. I. Park. theat. 605. 3.-
Deſcribed by Hall. belv. n. 271. Scop. carn. 1.
271. Pollich. pal. n. 555. Krock. files. n. 928. Raii
hift. 559. Curtis, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves heart-ſhaped, acuminate, ſerrate, petioled.
Flowers about 20 in a whorl.
DESCRIPTION.
ROOT perennial, creeping. Stalks upright, unbranched,
ſlightly hairy, ſometimes almoſt ſmooth, and in expoſed
ſituations reddiſh purple, about a foot in height. Leaves
reſembling thoſe of the great ſtinging nettle, hairy on both
fides ; the lower on longer petioles than the upper ones, and
not ſo much pointed: thoſe next the root frequently ſmall,
and almoſt round. Flowers from 10 to 20 in a whorl, much
larger than in the foregoing fort, yellowiſh white, ſometimes
lightly tinged with red ; upper lip hairy ; two ſmall teeth
on each ſide of the throat ; calyx feffile, ribbed, with a dark
purple ſpot at the baſe, and a ſhort linear brace. Anthers

hairy, dark purple. Ray obſerves, that with their dark
edges they repreſent in ſome degree the form of the fig. 8.
OBSERVATIONS.
This is found wild in hedges, among buſhes and rubbiſh;
and in corn-fields very common. It flowers in April, May,
and June.
It is little uſed as a medical herb ; but it is much reſorted
to by bees. The honey, as Mr. Curtis remarks, being fe-
creted abundantly into the bottom of the tube of the flower,
by a little gland ſurrounding the baſe of the germ. This,
as well as the other fort, has a diſagreeable ſmell when
bruiſed.
Having a ſtrong, creeping, perennial root, and being
diſliked by cattle, it ſhould be extirpated by the farmer*.
* Curtis lond,


Dramm, Engraved te Published hely rige by F. S.Nodder 1.2. Bener Met Golden elsworm

[ 27 ]
NARDUS.
TRIANDRIA Monogynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx none. Corolla two-valved.
SPECIES.
Nardus ſtricta. Mat-graſs, or ſmall Matweed.
Lin. Spec. 77. Hudſ. angl. 22. With. arr..54. Figured
by Schreber, 65. t. 7. Bauh. theat. 70. Bauh.
hiſt. 2. 513. 2. Mor. hift. . 8. 6. 7. f. 8. Lob. ic.
90. I. Ger. emac. 1631. 3. Park. theat. 1199.
5,6, 7. Spike, &c. Leers herborn. t. 1. f. 7.-
With. t. 2. f. 6. Scheuch. t. 2. f. 10. Monti 31.-
Deſcribed by Haller, belv. N. 1410. Scop. carn.
No 67. Pollich. pal. n. 53. Leers n. 38. Krock.
files. n. 83. Raii bift. 1260. 8. ſyn. 393. 2.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Spike ſetaceous or briſtle-ſhaped, ſtraight, all the
florets pointing one way (fecunda)
DESCRIPTION.
Root
perennial. Culms from a ſpan to a foot in
height, flender, ſtiff, roughiſh, having one, two, or three

joints near the baſe, with a ſhort leaf to each, and thence
naked to the ſpike. Root-leaves numerous, longer, nar-
row, a little rough. Spike two or three inches long, con-
fiſting of about 20 fpicules diſperſed thinly along it. Flo-
rets yellowiſh white, or purple, pubeſcent, alternate, feſfile.
Spike-ſtalk (rachis) convex on one ſide, hollowed on the
other, with rough alternate teeth on the edges for the inſer-
tion of the florets, and continued above them to a ſhort
briſtly point.
OBSERVATIONS.
This graſs is eaſily diſtinguiſhed by the flowers having one
ſtyle only; fo that although it be in the ſame claſs with moſt
of the graſſes, it is in a different order, and ranges
rather
with the Calamariæ, ſuch as the Schoenus or Ruſh-graſs, the
Scirpus or Club-graſs, &c.—By the ſlenderneſs and ruſhy
ſtiffneſs of the ſtalks and leaves; and by the florets being
thinly diſperſed along the ſpike, moſtly in pairs, and point-
ing in one direction.
It flowers from May or June to Auguſt; Ray ſays from
the end of April, and that it holds its ſpike till Winter.
In woody, moiſt, barren meadows; with us chiefly on
or about bogs on heaths.
This graſs being ſtiff, hard, and ſhort, Linneus obſerves
that it eludes the ſtroke of the ſcythe, or takes off its edge,
for which reaſon it is diſliked by the mowers.
In England
it rarely comes under the ſcythe.
Linneus alſo informs us that crows frequently ſtock it up,
for the ſake of the larvæ of ſome Tipula, which they find
at the root.
He ſays that goats and horſes eat it; but that cows and
fheep are not fond of it. With us we do not know that
it is put to any uſe whatever.


Drun. Oronaved Sedlwhed
tuget 1792
bu A. S. lodder. 19
Bracer Street, Golden
Spaans

[ 28 ]
RANUNCULUS.
POLYANDRIA Polygynia,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx five-leaved. Petals five, with a honied pore
at the claw of each within. Seeds naked.
SPEGIES.
Ranunculus bulbofus. Bulbous Crowfoot.
Lin.ſpec. 778. Hudf. angl. 241. With.arr. 574. Lightf.
ſeot. 292---Figured by Curtis, lond. 1. 38-Mill.
illuftr. Fl. dan. t. 551. Krock. files. 2. t. 21. Ger.
herb. 806. 6. emac. 953. 6. Park. theat. 329. 5.
Petiv. brit. t. 38. f. 4.-Deſcribed by Hall. helv.
1. 1174. Scop. carn. n. 692. Pollich. pal. n. 533.
Leers berborn. n. 425. Krock. n. 881. Raii hiſt.
581. 2. Gurtis, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Calyxes turned back; peduncles grooved ; ftalk erect,
bearing many flowers; leaves compound.
DESCRIPTION.
Root bulbous, like a finall turnip; the new bulb formed
above that of the laſt year. Stalks a foot high, round, hairy,

branched towards the top. The bottom leaves are on long
hairy footſtalks, very wide, and embracing the ſtalk at their
baſe, branching into three parts at top, and ſpreading out
into three leaflets, each uſually ſubdivided into three lobes
which are gaſhed and toothed; they are hairy on both ſides,
and pale underneath ; the middle leaflet is on a much longer
footftalk than the others. The leaves on the ſtalk are feſfile
or nearly fo, deeply divided into numerous ſegments, much
narrower than the others, divided and ſubdivided into threes:
the uppermoſt multifid, linear, with very few teeth, and
ſometimes only digitate. Calyx hairy; ftamens about 60;
germs from 30 to 40.
Ray obſerves very juſtly, that this ſpecies differs from the
creeping Crowfoot, not only in the root, but in having more
upright ſtalks that never creep; the leaves towards the top
of the ſtalks cut into longer narrower ſegments ; the leaves
of the calyx, after the flower opens, turned back to the pe-
duncle; the heads of feeds a little more produced, and each
ſeed not terminating in a ſpinule, as the creeping ſort does :
finally, it flowers a little earlier. We may add, that it is
eaſily diſtinguiſhed from the upright Crowfoot by its fur-
rowed or grooved peduncles,
OBSERVATIONS.
The formation of the bulb is a clear proof, that the no-
tion of Haller, Linneus, and ſome others, of the creeping
Crowfoot being only an autumnal variety of this, is without
foundation. No remains of creeping roots are to be found
in the Spring, when the old and new bulbs are found toge-
ther; and in a turf which was taken up, with five or fix
roots in it, they were all entirely diſtinct, and had each the
old and new bulb together *.

It flowers in April and May, and abounds in dry paſtures.
It inflames and bliſters the ſkin, and beggars are faid to
uſe it for that purpoſe to excite compaſſion by artificial fores.
The juice is even more acrid than that of Ranunculus ſce-
leratus. The roots are ſaid to loſe their acrimony on being
kept, and to be even eatable when boiled. Hogs are cer-
tainly very fond of them.
* Woodward, MS,



2014
Grenn. En maved de Patliked tegut 1799 by it. PNochter News Bremer Serat Golden Gate

[ 29 ]
SPECIES.
Ranunculus repens. Creeping Crowfoot.
Lin. ſpec. 779. Hudſ. angl. 240. With. arr. 575. Lightf.
ſcot. 292. Figured by Curtis lond. 4. 38. Fl. dan.
t. 795. Blackw. herb. t. 31. f. 1. Ger. 804. I.
emac. 951. I. Petiv. brit. 1. 38. f. 7, 8. Mor. hiſt.
fo 4. t. 28. f. 18. Deſcribed by Haller, helv. n.
1173. Scop. carn. 1. 689. Pollich. pal. n. 534.
Krock. files. n. 882. Raii hiſt. 581. 1. Curtis, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Calyses ſpreading, peduncles grooved, fuckers creep-
ing, leaves compound.
DESCRIPTION.
ROOT
perennial, conſiſting of numerous whitiſh fibres;
theſe are thrown out at every joint of the ſtalk, as it creeps
along the ground. The whole plant tinged with browniſh
purple, and hairy, particularly the membranes at the baſe of
the petioles, which are ſemicylindric, rounded underneath,
büt flat and channelled above. The leaves are generally
hairy on both ſides, eſpecially underneath ; the ſurface
is often clouded with white ; the firſt and lower leaves are
compoſed of three leaflets, each on a petiole, the middle one
cut deeply into three lobes, which are ſharply notch-
ed: the reſt are only three-lobed, except the uppermoſt next
the flowers, which are only trifid, and ſometimes even ſim-
upper
longeſt,

ple; theſe are linear. Flowering-ſtalks upright, angular,
ſupporting two flowers, ſometimes only one, on a deeply-
furrowed peduncle. Calyx hairy, coloured yellowiſh and
purple. Corolla very ſhining, of a deeper yellow than the
upright Crowfoot. Stamens from thirty to forty or fifty.
Germs about forty.
OBSERVATIONS.
This ſort flouriſhes in almoſt any ſoil or fituation, and
therefore varies extremely in ſize and appearance. Though
commonly covered with hairs, which on the ſtalks and up-
per
furface of the leaves are preſſed clofe, yet ſometimes it is
ſmooth.
Linneus obſerves that the flowers cloſe during rain, but
do not hang down.
It flowers in June, and continues flowering the reſt of the
Summer.
It has leſs of the acrid quality which is found in moſt
the genus, and is ſaid to be eaten as a pot-herb. Cattle,
however, do not feed on it willingly, and yet in many graſs
fields it makes a conſiderable part of the paſturage.


Drawn. Etirmeyd & tablished ingh 1992. do itd. Nordes et on huevo como

[ 30 ]
SPECIES.
Ranunculus acris. Upright Crowfoot.
Lin. ſpec. 779. Hudf. angl. 241. With. arr. 576.
Lightf. ſcot. 293. --Figured by Curtis, lond, 1.
39. Blackw. t. 31. f. 2. Bauh. biſt. 3. 416. Ger.
804. 2. emac. 951. 2. Park. theat. 328. 2. Petiv.
brit. t. 38. f. 3. Mor. hift. f. 4. t. 28. f. 16.-
Deſcribed by Haller, helv. n. 1169. Scop. carn.
n. 690. Pollich. pal. n. 536. Krock. files. n. 884.
Raii bift. 583. 7. Curtis, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Calywes ſpreading ; peduncles round; leaves three-
parted with many clefts; the upper ones linear.
DESCRIPTION
Root perennial, confifting of numerous whitiſh fibres.
Stalk two feet high, upright, round, fomewhat hairy ; the
hairs preſſed cloſe. Root-leaves on long, upright, hairy pe-
tioles ; the middle lobe trifid, the fide ones two-lobed, all
ſharply toothed; ſlightly hirſute; the upper ſurface, particu-
larly at the baſe, frequently of a purple colour. The leaves on
the ſtalk are of the ſame ſtructure, but divided into narrower
ſegments, and placed on ſhorter petioles. The uppermoſt
are feffile and linear. Calyx yellow and hairy. Flowers
many, one or two together. Stamens from forty eight to
ninety three. Germs up to fifty fix or fifty nine.

OBSERVATIONS.
This ſpecies has the trivial name of acris, from its acri-
mony, in which it exceeds moſt of the kind. It loſes this
property when made into hay, but is then too hard to afford
much nouriſhment. It is evident that cattle diſlike it in a
freſh ſtate, for we ſee paſtures that are fed very bare of graſs,
in a manner covered with it. If they chance to eat it, their
mouths become ſore and bliſtered. It flowers in June and
July, in moſt meadows, eſpecially moiſt ones,
Theſe three Crowfoots are confounded by perſons ignorant
of Botany, under the names of Butter-flowers, Butter-cups
King-cups, Gold-cups, and Gold-knops; they are however
eaſily diſtinguiſhed, the firſt by its bulbous root, and its ca-
lyxes turned back; the ſecond by its creeping ſtalk; the third
by its tall, genteel, upright growth, and its round peduncles,
without any grooves; the repens and acris have the calyxes
ſpreading; the bulbofus and repens have the peduncles grooved
.
They flower in the order as they are placed. Theſe common
plants are called Butter-flowers and Butter-cups, from a no-
tion totally unfounded, that their ſplendid yellow flowers,
contribute to give butter the ſame colour. The fact is,
that
they abound in fertile paſtures, and flower at a feaſon, when
graſs is full of fap and highly nutritious,
The three ſpecies are all occaſionally found wild with double
flowers ; in this ſtate we frequently ſee the firſt and third cul-
tivated in flower gardens, eſpecially the third.
We ſhould derive more ſatisfaction from informing the
farmer how he might effectually root them out of his paſtures
,
than how he might cultivate them ſucceſsfully in his garden:
for they propagate themſelves with great facility, and occupy
a conſiderable ſpace in good meadows.


Droun Cheravel & Published Sen 179 by FF Nodde
N%Brewer Siret, Golden Square

[ 31 ]
ELYMUS.
TRIANDRIA Dig ynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx lateral, two-valved, aggregate, many-flowered.
SPECIES.
Elymus arenarius. Sea Lyme-graſs.
Lin. ſpec. 122. Hudf. angl. 56. With. arr. 124. Lightf.
ſcot. 108. Figured by Schreber. 2. t. 40. and
Gmel. fib. 1. t. 25. under the name of Triticum.
Deſcribed in Lin. ſpec. Schreb. Lightf. and Raii
hift. 1256. n. 5.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Spike upright, compact. Calyxes tomentoſe, longer
than the floret.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
perennial. Leaves like thoſe of the reed, bluiſh
green, or whitiſh, channelled and ſtiff, rolled inwards and
Sharp pointed. Stalks two or three feet high, and upwards,
ſtrengthened by three or four joints, and terminated by a
ſpike, eight or nine inches long, as large as a full-ſized ear
of wheat, but leſs compact: there are two fpicules, or little

component ſpikes together; they are ſtraight, contain two
florets, and have no awns,
OBSERVATIONS.
It is a native of the ſea coaſt, in many parts of Europe,
growing in looſe fand, and flowering from June to 'Auguft.
The creeping roots of this graſs prevent the ſea ſands from
being blown away, and thus frequently prevent deſtructive
inundations. Dr. Withering aſks whether it might not be
formed into ropes, as the Stipa tenaciffima is in Spain.


7
A
Draun, Engraved
5 Publishid, lep? 1793, by SP Nodder 15, Brew »
Sreer. Gjelden Iguare, Loniton

[ 32 ]
ARUNDO,
1
TRIANDRIA Dig ynia.
GENERIC CHARACTE R.
Calyx two-valved. Florets crowded together, encom-
paſſed with wool.
SPECIES.
Arundo arenaria. Sea Reed-graſs.
Lin. ſpec. 121. A. lapp. n. 43. Hudſ. angl. 54. With.
arr. 118. Figured in Mor. hiſt. ſ. 8. t. 4. f. 16.
row. 3. Ger. herb. 38. 3. emac. 42. 3. Park.
theat. 1198. 3. ---Florets, Scheuch. t. 3. f. 8. A,
B, C. Monti 92. Deſcribed by Ray, bift. 1259.
n. 3. With. & Krock. files. n. 188.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Calyxes one-flowered. Leaves rolled inwards, ſharp-
pointed and pungent.
DESCRIPTION.
ROOT perennial. Stalks a foot and half high, or more,
with two or three joints. Leaves glaucous or bluiſh green,
equalling
or exceeding the ſtalks in length, at firſt flat, but
by their dryneſs or that of the ſoil in which they grow, con-
tracted on the ſides and rolled up, ſo as to appear like ruſh

leaves. Spike roundiſh, four or five inches long, as thick
as the little finger in the middle, but narrowing to each end.
OBSERVATIONS.
Native of the ſandy coaſts in Europe and America ; flow-
ering in June and July.
Linneus thinks it probable that this graſs might originate
from Arundo epigeios impregnated by the pollen of Elymus
arenarius. Dr. Stokes is of opinion that it has a much
nearer affinity in habit, as well as ſtructure, to Phalaris, than
to Arundo.
The ſand gathers about this graſs into hills or banks. The
Dutch plant it on their ſea banks with great ſucceſs. And
Mr. Woodward informs us that it is planted about Wells in
Norfolk, to aid in repelling the ſea. The country people
know it by the name of Sea-Matweed, or Marram. They
cut and bleach it for making mats; and where it is plenti-
ful, houſes are thatched with it*.
* Lin. lapp. With. Ray.


Drawn. Engraved Published. Sep 179, by FP.Nodded N. 15; Brewer Sreet, Golden Square

[ 33 ]
SPECIES.
Lolium temulentum. Annual Darnel-graſs.
Lin.ſpec. 122. Hudſ. angl. 55. With.arr. 121. Figured
by Schreber, t. 36. Fl. dan. t. 160. Ger. herb.
71. I. emac. 78. 1. Park. theat. 1145. I. Mor.
hift. ſ. 8. t. 2. row. 2. (Lolium verum). Muf.
Tuft. 6. t. 1. f. 1.-Spike, Leers herborn. t. 12. f.
2. Spicule, Scheuch. t. 1. f. 7. E, F. Monti 18.
Deſcribed by Haller, helv. n. 1420. Pollich, pal.
No 130. Leers n. 98. Krock. files. n. 190. Raii
hiſt. 1262.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Spike awned; fpicules compreſſed, many flowered.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
annual. Stalks two or three feet high, upright,
round, eſpecially near the ſpike, having 3, 4, or 5, joints.
Leaves flat, pointed, from 9 inches to a foot or more in
length, and
3 or 4 lines in breadth; the
upper
furface rough,
the lower ſmooth. Sheaths ftriated, rough, crowned with
a ſhort blunt ligula, flightly notched at the edge. Spike
from
5 or 6 inches to a foot in length. Spicules alternate,
in a double row, pale green, half an inch long : the num-
ber of flowers in each varying from 5 to 9. The ſingle
valve of the calyx is the length of the fpicule, and has not
any awn; the terminating flower of each fpicule, and fre-

quently the lower fpicules, have two calycine valves. The
outer valve of the corolla is only half the length of the ca-
lyx; it is edged with white, and puts forth below the tip a
ſtraight awn, twice its own length. The feed is incloſed in
the corolla, faſtened to the inner valve, and does not quit it
fpontaneouſly.
OBSERVATIONS.
Though there can be no doubt of this being a diſtinct
fpecies from Perennial Darnel, or Ray-graſs,' (ſee p. & t. 4.)
yet we are at a loſs for ſpecific diſtinctions ; for that has
ſometimes awns to the flowers, and this, not unfrequently,
has none. This, however, is annual, taller and larger in
every reſpect, and of a paler hue. Its place of growth is
alſo different; for it is a weed among corn, eſpecially wheat
and barley.
The flour of the feeds, mixed with wheat flour, produces
diſorders in the human body; but it has not a ſenſible effect,
unleſs taken in conſiderable quantity ; or, according to Lin-
neus, eaten hot. The ſeed, malted with barley, foon occa-
fions drunkenneſs. Hence the French name, Ivraie, and
our Engliſh Ray-graſs.
It flowers in July and Auguſt, later than Lolium perenne.
In this enlightened age it is ſcarcely, neceſſary to correct an
old vulgar error, that wheat degenerates into this graſs. The
fact is, that in very wet ſeaſons, and among very bad huſ-
bandmen, Darnel (infelix Lolium) has ſo far prevailed as to
ſuffocate the wheat, and to take its place.


34
Drawn, énzparat l Publishel, Out? 1793 év E. ?Node. Nereus trebalolden erinne

[ 34 ]
TRIFOLIUM.
DIADELPHIA Decandria.
Nat. order of Leguminous or Papilionaceous plants.
GENERIC CHARACTER,
Flowers collected into a head. Legume ſcarcely longer
than the calyx, not opening but falling off.
SPECIES.
Trifolium repens. Creeping White Trefoil, White
Honeyſuckle, or Dutch Clover.
Lin. ſpec. 1c80. Hudſ. angl. 324. With. arr. 792. Fi-
gured by Curtis, lond. 3. 46. Micheli gen, t. 25.
f. 3, 4. Rivin. tetr. t, 17. f. 2. Vaill. par. t. 22.
f. 1. Ger. emac. 1185. I. Park. theat. 1110. f. 1.
Mor. hit. ſ. 2. t. 12. f. 2.- Deſcribed in Lin.
ſuec, n. 665. Hall. helv. N. 367. Scop. carn. N. 934.
Pollich, pal. n. 699. Krock. files. N, 1201, Lightf,
ſcot. 404. Withering, Curtis, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER,
Heads of flowers like umbels; legumes with four feeds ;
Stalks creeping,
Root , ,
perennial. Stalks numerous, ſpreading, round,
unbranched, either green or purpliſh. Leaflets nearly feffile,

ſharply ſerrate, with a ſtrong midrib, and numerous branch-
ing nerves, terminating in the ſerratures, uſually of an ovate
ſhape, and blunt, but ſometimes inverſely heart-ſhaped and
emarginate, or notched at the end ; they are frequently of a
purple colour, and moſt commonly have a white arch or
creſcent in the middle. Stipules lanceolate-ovate, in pairs,
lengthened out into an awn, veined with purple. Petioles
and peduncles very long, upright. Flowers (60) in a cloſe
head, very large in the cultivated plant, and of a round ſhape;
each flower is on a ſhort pedicel, and has a ſmall awl-ſhaped
bracte. The calyx is generally reddiſh; the teeth are nearly
equal, only the two upper ones are rather longer than the
others; and it is marked with ten ſtreaks. Corolla white,
or tinged with purple. The flowers ſtand upright till they
are withering, and then they hang down. Legumes or pods
oblong, round, jointed, terminating in a point, and contain-
ing from 2 to 4 feeds.
OBSERVATIONS.
White Clover is common in paſtures throughout the greater
part of Europe. It flowers from the end of May to Sep-
tember.
There are many varieties, depending on richneſs or po-
verty of ſoil, and other circumſtances. Haller has noticed
no leſs than eleven.
On all our good lands it ſeems to come ſpontaneouſly, and
the growth of it is much encouraged by ſpreading of aſhes.
It does not come early, neither is it of a tall growth; but it
forms an excellent bottom in paſtures, and produces great
abundance of ſucculent ſtalks and leaves, affording late feed
in dry ſummers, when graſſes are moſtly burnt up.
Curtis affirins that a ſingle feedling, in his garden, covered
more than a yard ſquare of ground in one Summer.
Mr.

We import the feed chiefly from Holland, whence it has
obtained the name of Dutch Clover.
The leaves are a good rural hygrometer, being relaxed and
flaccid in dry weather, but ſtanding upright when it is moiſt.
We cannot aſcertain when this White Clover came firſt
into cultivation here, but it ſeems to be of very late date :
for it is not mentioned by Gerard, Parkinfon, or Ray, as
an agricultural plant in this country, nor by any of the wri-
ters on huſbandry of the laſt century, as far as we have been
able to diſcover.
Gerard, however, fays, that there is a Trefoil of this kind,
which is fown in fields of the Low Countries, in Italy, &c.,
that cometh up ranker and higher than that which groweth
in meadows, and is an excellent food for cattle, both to fat-
ten them, and cauſe them to give great ſtore of milk. Hera
ball
, p. 1018. edit. 1597.



35
lytter
Dreure Engraved & Published. Oct" 1999.64F.?Nodder, N.; Besuwr stirri, (jolden Square

[ 35 ]
SPECIES.
Trifolium ochroleucum. Pallid Trefoil.
Lin. Lyt. 689. Hudſ. angl. 325. With. arr. 797. Relh.
cant. n. 540. Raii bift. 943. 8. & fyn. 328. 3.-
Figured by Jacquin auſtr. 1. t. 40. Mor. hift. f.
2. t. 12. f. 12?-Deſcribed by Haller, belv, n.
378. Krock, files. n. 1208. Gouan. illuftr. 51.
Jacqu. Ray, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Spikes villous; ftalk upright, pubeſcent, the loweſt
leaflets inverſely heart-ſhaped.
DESCRIPTION.
RooT biennial. Stalks villous, fiff, about a foot in
height. Stipules in pairs, lanceolate, terminated by a long
awn, ftriated, fringed with hairs. Leaves alternate, villous ;
leaflets ſeſfile, the lower ones cordate and ovate in the ſame
plant. Flowering heads rather of an ovate form. Calyx
ſhort, ftriated, fringed with hairs; the lower tooth very long,
ſpreading, green ; the other four equally ſhort, tipped with
purple, and ſometimes wholly of that colour. Corolla of a
pale brimſtone colour ; the ſtandard very long, lanceolate,
ſomewhat keeled ; wings and keel equal
*
* Woodward, M. S.

OBSERVATIONS.
Native of dry paſtures, thickets, and buſhy places, in a
calcaicous foil in France, Switzerland, Auſtria, Sileſia, and
England. It is common near Cambridge ; in Effex, Hert-
fordſhire, Bedfordíhire ; near Stamford ; about Bungay in
Suffolk; Dupper's Hill, near Croydon, &c. Flowering in
June and July.
This Trefoil is harſh, ſtiff, and hairy; and not abounding
either in ſtalks or leaves, can never be fought for cultivation,
where there are ſo many ſpecies ſuperior to it.


ཞི་
Engraved & Published, Oct?' 1792,
fly FP. Aodden Nors Brewer Street, Golden elquare •

[ 36 ]
COW-GRASS.
In the fifth number of this work we promiſed to give our
readers a figure of the Cow-grafs, which we are now enabled
to do, from plants growing in Mr. Curtis's garden at Bromp-
ton. They were ſent him out of Hampſhire. On compar-
them with other plants of the wild broad Clover, which
he had collected from different parts of Batterſea field, we
do not diſcover any differences, except that in the latter the
heads of flowers are ſmaller, the ſtalks green, and without
hairs
, till they approach the flowers, which appear earlier
than thoſe of the Cow-graſs.
It is evident that this is very different both from the true
broad Clover, given in plate 3, and from that which we
ſuppoſe to be the Trifolium flexuofum of Jacquin, engraved
in plate 13. Nor does it at all reſemble the wild perennial
But on examination, we find ſuch a va-
riety in the broad purple Clovers, in their wild ſtate, that
we are at a loſs to determine any thing at preſent concerning
them. Thoſe who cultivate the Cow-graſs will judge from
their figure, which is very exact, whether theirs is the ſame
plant; and alſo whether different forts or varieties are not
cultivated under the ſame name.
Mr. Lifle, in his obſervations on huſbandry, (p. 250) ſays,
(The broad-clover graſs, which of late years (anno 1707)
“had obtained ſome credit as a longer-living graſs than the
common broad-clover, and is fown under the name of
cow-graſs
, I find to be the common purple trefoil, or
Clover of plate 2.
16
$

« honey-ſuckle trefoil, as deſcribed by Mr. Ray, (hiſt. 944.)
" diſtinguiſhed from the great purple meadow-trefoil, which
“ has always hitherto been fowed by the country farmers,
« and I doubt not but always will; for by experience I find
“ the other not to yield half the burden, nor indeed in poor
ground to be a longer liver than the common fort.”
We apprehend, indeed, that the true broad Clover is per
rennial; it will certainly continue ſeveral years in a garden,
where it is kept clean from weeds; and it wears out ſooner
in cultivation, becauſe it does not run at the root, and is
overborne by natural graſſes and other plants, which do.

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.
28
20
21
ALOPECURUS agreſtis 22 Phalaris canarienſis 17
Alopecurus pratenſis
6 | Phleum pratenſe
5
Anthoxanthum odoratum 23 Quercus robur pedunculata 10
Arundo arenaria
32
feſfilis 11, 12
Avena elatior
7 Ranunculus acris
30
Coronilla varia
15
bulbofus
Cynoſurus coeruleus
Ficaria
Dactylis glomerata 14
repens
29
Elymus arenarius 31 | Trifolium alpeſtre
I
Lamium album
flexuoſum
13
purpureum 25
Lupinaſter
16
Lathyrus latifolius
8
medium
Lolium temulentum
33
ochroleucum 35
perenne
3
Medicago lupulina
26
2
4
pratenſe
19
repens
34
27
rubens
6
18 Valeriana Locuſta 24
Nardus ſtricta
Phalaris aquatica

INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
28, 29, 30
water
21
22
2
ARCHANGEL, red 25 | Herd-grafs
5
Sto white 26 Honeyſuckle Trefoil, white
Blackfeed
19
34
Butter-flowers, or Butter-
King-cups
cups
28, 29, 30 Lamb's-Lettuce
24
Canary-grafs, cultivated 17 | Lupin, baſtard
18 Lyme-graſs, fea 31
Cat's-tail-grafs, meadow 5 Mat-graſs, or Mat-weed 27
Celandine, leſler
Medick, black or hop 19
Clover, broad
3 Mouſe-tail-grafs
Dutch or white 34 Noneſuch
19
perennial
Oak
10, II, 12
Cock’s-foot-graſs, rough 14 Oat-grafs, tall
7
Corn-falad last
24 Pilewort
Coronilla, purple
15 | Ray-graſs-rele
Cow-graſso 36 Reed-grafs, fea
Crowfoot 28, 29, 30
28, 29, 30 | Timothy-grafs
Darnel, annual
19
perennial
4
alpine
Dead-Nettle, red
25
baſtard
white
26
cow-graſs
36
Dog's-tail-graſs, blue
creeping white 34
Everlaſting-Pea, broad-leaved
honeyſuckle
3
8
long-ſpiked 9
Fox-tail-graſs, field
pallid
35
meadow 6
2, 13
Gold-cups or Gold-knops 28, Vernal-grafs
32
5
33 | Trefoil
16
20
22
23
29, 30
perennial

FLORA RUSTICA:
EXHIBITING
ACCURATE FIGURES OF SUCH PLANTS AS ARE
EITHER USEFUL OR INJURIOUS IN
HUSBANDRY.
DRAWN AND ENGRAVED BY
FREDERICK P. NODDER,
BOTANIC PAINTER TO HER MAJESTY,
AND COLOURED UNDER HIS INSPECTION.
WITH
SCIENTIFIC CHARACTERS, POPULAR DESCRIPTIONS,
AND USEFUL OBSERVATIONS,
BY
THOMAS MARTYN, B.D.and F.R.S.
FELLOW OF THE LINNÆAN SOCIETY,
AND
PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE.
VOL. II.
L O N D ON:
Publiſhed by F. P. NODDER, No.
Square ; and fold by all Bookſellers and Stationers in Great
Britain and Ireland.
1792.

:: ТЯ АЛОТ
2


Drawn, Engmwed & Published, Noir 1793, bu it. PeNodder. N. m. Praven freet ,tjolden Square

[ 37 ]
AGRIMONIA.
DODECANDRIA Digynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx five-toothed, fenced with another. Petals 5.
Seeds 2, in the bottom of the calyx.
SPECIES.
Agrimonia Eupatoria. Agrimony.
Lin. ſpec. 643. Hudſ. angl. 206. With. arr. 490. Cura
tis lond. V. 32. Lightf. fcot. 247.-Figured in
Mill. illuftr. Jungh. offic. cent. 1. f. 6. Berg. phyt.
2. 205. Fl. dan. t. 588. Ger. 575. emac. 712.
Park. 594. 1.—Deſcribed by Haller helv. n. 991.
Scop. carn. n. 567. Pollich. pal. n. 452. Krock.
files. n. 718. Curtis, Withering, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Stem-leaves pinnate, with the odd one petioled ;
fruits hiſpid.
DESCRIPTION.
THE
root is perennial, and in the Spring ſweet-fcented.
The ftalk is upright, from a foot to three feet in height, cy-
lindrical, rough with hairs, ſometimes ſingle, and ſometimes

branched. The leaves are interruptedly pinnate, and placed
alternately; they conſiſt of ſeveral (3-6) pairs of ſoft, ovate,
ſeſſile leaflets, which are ſerrate and ciliate; the ſmaller lea-
flets between theſe are entire, or at moſt trifid. The flow-
ers are thinly ſcattered in a long ſimple ſpike. They are of
a yellow colour, and when freſh gathered, ſmell like apri-
cots*. The number of ſtamens is very uncertain, and uſu-
ally 10 to 12, ſometimes more, and not unfrequently fewer.
The covering of the ſeeds is formed of the calyx, contracted
at the neck, and hardened; being ſurrounded with hooked
awns at the top, it adheres readily to the clothes of the paſ-
ſenger.
OBSERVATIONS.
It is common in a dry foil, by the ſides of hedges and
ditches, in woods, in paſtures, and on the borders of corn
fields ; flowering from June to September.
According to Linneus, ſheep and goats alone eat it; but
we may venture to affirm with Mr. Curtis, that cattle in
general leave it untouched.
The plant has a bitteriſh roughiſh taſte, with a weak aro-
matic flavour. It is a rural remedy in habitual diarrhoeas and
indiſpoſitions from a lax ſtate of the folids. The leaves
make a pleaſant infufion, or tea, faid to be ſerviceable in
hæmorrhagies, and in obſtructions of the liver and ſpleen.
They may be uſed alſo by way of cataplaſm in bruiſes and
freſh wounds t.
The Canadians are ſaid to uſe an infuſion of the root in
burning fevers, and with great ſucceſs. Dr. Hill affirms,
that the ſame infuſion is an effe&ual cure for the jaundice .
* Withering. + Lewis and Lightfoot. † Withering.

When this plant is coming into flower, it will dye wool
a good bright nankin colour; gathered in September, it
yields a darker yellow. It gives a good dye in all ſtates, and
being a common plant, eaſily cultivated, probably deſerves
to have trials made with it by the dyers.
In the Berlin acts it is recommended for dreſſing leather.



C-9-9
Drawon, Cuanved riktsbehandlere ezov, be iti . Nidder. Nous Brewer Street Opkon Olguar

[ 38 ]
SCANDIX.
PENTANDRIA Digynia.
GENERI CHARACTER.
Corolla radiate. Petals emarginate. Fruit ſubulate.
The florets in the diſk are frequently male.
SPECIES.
Scandix Pecten. Shepherd's-needle, or Venus's-comb.
Lin ſpec. 368. Hudſ. angl. 123. With. arr. 304.
Curtis lond. V. 21. Figured in Jacqu. auftr. 3. t.
263. Fl. dan. t. 844. Ger. 884. emac. 1040. I.
Park. 916. 1.-Deſcribed by Hall. helv. n. 754.
(Myrrhis) Pollich pal. n. 296. Krock. files. n.
446. Lyons in Rell. cant. n. 233. Curtis, With
ering, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Seeds with a very long beak.
DESCRIPTION.
STALK
from 6 inches to a foot in height, a little branched,
cylindric, fomewhat hairy, at bottom purple, or ſtriped with
purple lines. Leaves bipinnate, finely cut; the ſegments li-
near, bifid or trifid, and pointed. The univerſal umbel ge-

nerally conſiſts of two rays, ſometimes three; the partial of
ten. There is no univerſal involucre; but the partial invo-
lucre is compoſed of five uncominonly large leaflets, which
are ribbed, ciliate, and uſually bifid. The flowers are white;
there are commonly ſome in the middle, which are regular
and male, others in the circumference, which are female, and
irregular, having the outer petals 1 teſt. Seeds running out
into a very long beak, which is flatted, and has fine prickles
pointing upwards at the angles.
OBSERVATIONS.
This plant is a very common weed among corn; and
though a ſmall annual plant, is ſometimes in ſuch quantity
as to be injurious to the crop. It flowers in June, and ti-
pens its feed before harveſt.
It may eaſily be known by its fine cut leaves, its ſingular
large bifid involucres, and particularly by the beaks to the
ſeeds, which are two inches in length, and ſo much reſem-
bling thoſe of the Craneſbill, that it might be eaſily miſtaken
for one by a novice in Botany.
We do not know of any uſe to which this plant has ever
been applied. It is of the ſame genus with Chervil, and
having ſomething of the ſame ſmell and taſte, might perhaps
be put to the ſame uſe. We ſhould be cautious however what
ſubſtitutions we make in this claſs of umbellate plants, in
which many ſpecies are poiſonous. One even of this genus,
Scandix Anthriſcus, is of a ſuſpicious character.


2
rawn Cagamind e Published, Nov 1791 by F. Nodder No Brewer fired
bu, , polkalyan,

[ 39 ]
BRIZA.
TRIANDRIA Dig ynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx two-valved, many-flowered. Spicule
Spicule in two
rows, with heart ſhaped, blunt valves; the in-
ner one minute.
SPECIES.
Briza media. Middle Quaking-graſs.
Lin. ſpec. 103. Hudſ. angl. 38. With. arr. 92. Relb.
cant. n. 73.-Figured in Fl. dan. t. 258. Mor.
hift. 8. 6. 45, 46. Ger. 80. 2. emac. 86. 2. Park.
- Panicle, Leers berb. t. 7. f. 2.
Scheuch. t. 4. f. 8, 9.— Deſcribed by Hall, helv.
n. 1448. (Poa) Scop. carn. n. 109. Pollich. pal.
11.97. Krock. files. n. 146.
theat. 1165
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Spicules ovate. Calyx ſhorter than the (7) florets.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
perennial. Culm upright, 6 or 7 inches high in a
dry foil, but in wet and boggy places, 2 or 3 feet in height;
having 4 or 5 knots on it, 3 of which are near the root.

Leaves from 2 to 3 or 4 inches in length, and a line or a
line and half in breadth; the upper one forms a ſheath for
the panicle, which continues a long time within it. Panicle
handſome, ſpreading very much when in flower, and having
two fpicules on each branch : each ſpicule is compoſed of 7,
8 or 9 florets, and being all placed on very long, fine pedun-
cles, ſhake with the leaſt air or motion : they are heart-
ſhaped, fiatted, ſhining, ſmooth, varying in colour, uſually
variegated with green, white and purple, but ſometimes they
are entirely white.
OBSERVATIONS.
This beautiful graſs is very common in paſtures, where
it is eaſily diſtinguiſhed by the continual ſhaking of the lit-
tle ſpikes. Hence moſt of its common Engliſh names, as
well as that of old authors, Gramen tremulum. It flowers
from May to July.—Plants that are much noticed by the
common people are ſure to have many names : this is called
Quaking-graſs, Cow-quakes, Shakers ; and from its fine-
neſs, Ladies hair. It is eaten freſh by cattle, and made
into hay, with other graſſes, but we do not know that it has
any particular quality or excellence, nor is it ever cultivated
ſeparately. A larger fort (Br. maxima) is ſometimes admit-
ted into gardens for its beauty.


46
**
Drawer,engraved Litublished Devi" 1792.64 F.3. Nodder Nos Brower aliment Gjolden Square,

40
elsesret [ 40 ]
ਹੋਰ ਕਈ -
RESEDA.
tor
DODECANDRIA Trigynia.
20 GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx one-leafed, parted. Petals jagged. Capſule
gaping at the mouth, and one-celled to the
SPECIES.
de a
Refeda Luteola. Dyer's-weed, or Weld.
Lin. ſpec. 643. Hudſ. angl. 207. With. arr. 492-Fi-
2 gured in Fl. dan. t. 864. Ger. 398. 1. emac. 494.
Park. theat. 603. 1. Pet. brit. 38. 12. Blackw.
283.- Deſcribed by Hall. hely. n. 1058. Pola
lich. pal. n. 453. Krock. files. n. 719. Withering,
&c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves lanceolate, entire, with a tooth on each fide
at the baſe. Calyxes four-cleft.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
annual. Stem from a foot to three feet in height,
upright, ſmooth, furrowed, leafy. Leaves ſpreading on the
ground in a ring, bright yellowiſh green, ſhining, ſeſſile,
from three to five inches in lengıh, and near half an inch in
breadth, waving about the edge; they have a minute reddiſk

tooth on each ſide of the baſe: the ſtem-leaves are alternate,
and the upper ones linear. Spike very long, bending at the
end, ſometimes having more than 350 flowers in it ; each of
them ſtands fingly, on a ſhort pedicel, and has a ſingle, fu-
bulate, yellowiſh bracte at the bafe: they are of a pale yel
.
low colour, and about one-ſixth, of an inch in diameter.
Calyx cut into four ſegments ; petals three, the upper one
melliferous, cut half way into fix parts; the lateral ones op-
poſite and trifid ; beſides theſe, there are ſometimes two very
ſmall ones at bottom, which are entire Stamens, from
twenty to thirty. Capſule with three valves, rolled inwards,
ſo as to fold about the ſeeds.
*God bent
VATIONS..
OBSERVATIONS.
This plant is not uncommon in a wild ſtate, in paſtures,
fallow fields, waſte places, and, on dry, banks and walls;
flowering in June and July. The root and bottom, leaves
are generally formed from the fallen feeds before winter; and
thus it happens in this, as in many other caſes, that the wild
plant is biennial; whilſt the cultivated plant, growing from
ſeeds ſown in the Spring, is annual.1
It is an obſervation of Linneus's, that the nodding, ſpike
of flowers follows the courſe of the ſun, even when the ſky
is cloudy ; pointing towards the eaſt in a morning, to the
ſouth at noon, and weſtward in the afternoon ; in the night
it points to the north.
Cattle do not eat this plant, except that ſheep ſometimes
crop it. Dyers, however, make conſiderable uſe of its for
it affords a moſt beautiful yellow, dye, which is valuable for
its brightneſs. Blue cloths are dipped in a deco&tion of it
in order to become green. The yellow colour of the paint
sa o od
sebe

the CIOP
called Dutch pink, is obtained from this plant. The dying
quality reſides in the ſtalks and roots *.
Mr. Miller, who gives particular directions for the cul-
ture of Weld, affirms, that though it will grow upon very
poor foil, yet crop will be in proportion to the goodneſs
of the land. Dr. Withering, on the contrary, ſays, that it
is cultivated in fandy ſoils, rich foil making the ſtalk hollow,
and not ſo good. A fandy loam probably ſuits this plant
beſt ; on poor fand the crop will be light, and heavy clays
are certainly not proper for it.
In various authors it has the name of Dyer's-weed, Yellow-
weed, Weld, Would, Woold, and Wild Wead. The London,
dyers know it by the name of Woold.
* Withering

ਨੂੰ ਦੇ ਦਿਲ ਦੀ


Draun Cngros de Published" =>
746vF2.Nodder N%5 Brwer Street, Golden Square •

[ 41 ] **
ISATIS.
TETRADYNAMIA Siliquoſa.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Siliqua or pod lanceolate, having a ſingle cell with
one feed in it, and two boat-ſhaped valves; it
is deciduous.
SPECIES.
و
Iſatis tinctoria. Common dyer's Woad.
Lin. ſpec. 936. Hudſ. angl. 299. With. arr. 717.-
Figured in Ger. 394. emac. 491. f. 1, 2. Park.
theat. 600. Mor. hift. f. 3 t. 15. f. 10, 11. Pet.
brit. t. 48. f. 9. Blackw. 246. -Deſcribed by
Hall. helv. n. 523. Pollich pal. n. 645. Raii hiſt.
842.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Root-leaves crenate; ftem leaves fagittate; filicles
oblong.
DESCRIPTION.
Root biennial. Stem upright, ftif, round, very ſmooth,
reddiſh, leafy, branched very much towards the top, from
two to three feet high in a wild ſtate, but attaining nearly
the height of four feet when cultivated. Leaves next the
root ovate-lanceolate, running a little into the petiole,

slightly toothed about the edge, fomewhat glaucous, not un-
like the leaves of Hound's-tongue. The leaves on the ſtem
are alternate, and embracing, two or three inches in length,
and ſcarcely half an inch in breadth, moſtly entire, but
fometimes very finely toothed about the edge, quite ſmooth,
except that ſome of the lower ones have a few hairs on the
lower ſurface about the edge, and on the midrib. In the
cultivated plant the leaves are ſmoother than in the wild one,
,
of a more lucid green, and of a thicker conſiſtence; both
they and the whole plant are larger. The uppermoſt leaves
are linear-lanceolate. The flowers are finall, but very
abundant, growing very cloſe in racemes or cluſters, at the
ends of the item and branches. The corolla is of a yellow
colour, each of the four petals notched at the end ; the ca-
lyx being alſo of a greeniſh yellow, fome old writers took it
"for part of the corolla ; the leaflets of this, however, are
finaller than the petals. The filicles or little pods hang
down on ſlender fruit-ſtalks ; they are oblong, flatted, blunt
at the end, broader in the middle and at top, narrower at
bottom, half an inch long, and one eighth of an inch broad,
fmooth, and when ripe turning of a chefnut colour fo dark,
as to appear
black.
OBSERVATIONS.
of
Woad can hardly be conſidered as an indigenous of Bri-
tain, though plants are occaſionally found that have eſcaped
from cultivation. It is a native, however, of many parts
Europe, from the ſhores of the Baltic to Spain and Italy.
It is in great uſe
among the dyers both for dying blue, and as a baſis for fe-
veral other colours. It is commonly ſuppoſed to be the
plant with which the ancient Britons painted their bodies ;
though Mr. Miller will have it that they uſed the Weld, be-

cauſe that is a native, whereas Woad is of late introduc-
tion.
Cæſar, and other Latin authors, call Woad by the name
of Vitrum, which probably is a tranſlation of the Gauliſh
name Glaſſa. Our Engliſh names, Woad and Wade, are
from the German Waid; in Low Dutch, Weet; or from
the Italian Guado, which may poſſibly be from Glaſtum.
According to Hackluyt (2. 46.) we were dependent upon
France for Woad, in 1576: and we are informed, in Stow's
annals
, that in Queen Elizabeth's time, the cultivation of
it was even forbidden.
It appears, however, that this prejudice was well
got
the
better of. For Walter Blith, in 1653, ſays,—“ It hath
“ been one of the greateſt enrichments to the maſters there-
of, until the midſt of our late wars, of any fruit that the
« land did bear.'
It requires a ſtrong foil, that is not moiſt; and it is com-
monly fown on freſh land, near great towns, where plenty
of dreſs can be procured. We obſerved conſiderable pieces
of it laſt year in the neighbourhood of Briſtol.
See Camden's Britannia, Gibſon's edition, p. 343. and
Gough's, p. 333, under Bedfordſhire.



MK
Draun,engvad &Published Dec 2" 1792, by F. P. Nodder, Nors Brewer Sereet.bgolden Agwa wa

[ 42 ] de det
ma
EUPHRASIA.
DIDYNAMIA Angioſpermia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx four-cleft, cylindrical. Capſule two-celled,
ovate-oblong. Anthers, the lower ones, have
a little thorn at the baſe of one of the lobes.
SPECIES.
Basicno
Euphraſia Odontites. Red Eye-bright.
Lin. ſpec. 841. With. arr. 636.-Bartſia Odontitis
Hudſ. angl. 268,-Figured in Curtis lond. I. 44.
Fl. dan. t. 625. Rivin, mon. 90. 2. Ger. 85. emac,
91. 3. Park. theat. 1329. 3. Mor. hift. 11. 24.
10. Petiv. brit. 36. 4.—Deſcribed in Hall, belv.
1. 304. Scop. carn. 1. 754. Pollich. pal. n. 582.
Leers berborn. n. 476. Krock. files. n. 970. Gur-
tis, Withering, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves linear, all ferrate.
DESCRIPTION.
N.
Root
annual. The whole plant commonly tinged with
browniſh red. Stem upright, ſtiff, from 6 inches to a foot

in height, obtuſely four-cornered, rough with hairs, having
humerous branches in oppoſite pairs. Leaves oppoſite, feffile .
Flowers in long leafy ſpikes, all pointing one way or grow-
ing on one ſide of the ſtalk, in pairs, or ſingle, on ſhort
peduncles. Calyx hairy on the outſide; the teeth equal and
ſharp. Corolla duſky red or purple (ſometimes varying to
white), hairy, the upper lip compreſſed and ſcarcely emar
ginate, the three lobes of the lower lip ſhorter than the
upper, equal, truncate, finely notched. All the lobes of
the anthers are thorny at the top, or end in ſhort taper points
,
and are bearded at the baſe. Germ hairy, ſurrounded and
fheathed at the baſe by a ſkinny membrane. . Style, be-
fore the flower opens, bent in under the upper lip, after-
wards longer than the corolla, moſt hairy towards the bot-
Seeds whitiſh, ſtreaked.
tom.
OBSERVATIONS.
This is a common weed, both in corn fields and paſtures
,
eſpecially where it is moiſt ; flowering from July to Septem-
ber. According to Linneus, moſt cattle will eat it. With
us it appears to be untouched in the paſtures, and we are
aſſured by an ingenious obferver, that when it is in full vi-
gour, cattle, ſo far from eating it, will abſtain from the
graſs even to the diſtance of ſome inches from the plant.


n
Draun ingraved & Published fan."1795
, by F.P.Nodder
; N. 15 Brewer Street, Colden Square
.

[ 43 ]
HORDEUM.
TRIANDRIA Digynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx lateral, two-valved, one-flowered, three-fold.
SPECIES.
Hordeum murinum. Wall Barley-graſs.
Lin. Spec. 126. Hudſ. angl. 56. With. 126. Ray, ſyn.
391. 1.–Figured in Curtis, lond. 5. t. 9. Fl. dan.
t. 629. Mor. hit. . 8. t. 6. f. 4. Ger. herb. t. 66.
f. 2.
2. emac. 73. f. 1. Park. theat. 1144. f. 7. --
Deſcribed by Hall. belv. n. 1536. Pollich. pal.
n. 132. Krock. files. n. 193. Scheuch, agroft. 14.
Curtis, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Lateral florets male and awned; involucres of the
intermediate florets ciliate.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
annual. Stalks numerous, a foot or eighteen
inches in height, round, ſmooth, frequently branching at
bottom, where they are procumbent, and bend at the joints ;
are about five in number, they ſwell out, and are either
paler than the ſtalk, or ſometimes tinged with purple; the
upper part of them is erect. Leaves from 3 or 4 to 6 inches
theſe

in length, and a quarter of an inch in breadth, covered with
a ſoft down on both ſides. Spikes two or three inches long,
pale green. Three flowers are contained within cach fix-
leaved involucre; the middle one fertile and feſfile; the fide
ones males, and on very ſhort pedicels; all three are alike
in fize or ſhape, or ſometimes the latter are a little ſmaller.
The outer valve of the corolla ends in an awn an inch or an
inch and a half in length; and rough when handled from the
point downwards; the inner valve is truncate at the end, and
ſlightly emarginate ; from the baſe ſprings a ſtraight awn,
the length of the filaments.
OBSERVATIONS,
This is a very common graſs by the ſides of paths, and
under walls, whence its trivial name, both in Latin and
Engliſh. It is called alſo Waz-Bennet, and Wild Rie or
Rie-graſs. There is a ſpecies nearly allied to this, which is
the true Rie-graſs; and we ſhall give a figure of it in a future
number. It flowers during the greater part of the ſummer
.
We do not remember to have obſerved it in the body of
a meadow. The information however, which, on the
moſt reſpectable authority, we derive from Mr. Curtis, me-
rits attention and farther inquiry.
“ In the Iſle of Thanet
“ this graſs is well known to the innkeepers, who call it
Squirrel-tail graſs. They find, that if horſes feed on it
“ fome time, the beards or awns ſtick into their
« make them fo fore, that they are in danger of being
“ ſtarved. The gentleman who related this fact, added,
“ that on the road he had a bill put into his hand, fignify
ing, that at ſuch an inn travellers might depend on
hay without mixture of Squirrel-tail graſs."
Haller writes
very ſeriouſly, that this graſs does not fer
to be Barley degenerated. We hope it is no longer neck
ſary to contradict an error ſo very vulgar as this.
and
gums,
having
any


Drawn , Engraved z Prablished, Jany 17981, lyg A 7. Nodder, Ng Brewer Strei ljotden algunas

[ 44 ]
SPECIES.
Hordeum maritimum. Marſh Barley-graſs. Wither.
Bot. Arr. 127.
H. marinum. Hudſ. angl. 57.
Gramen ſecalinum paluſtre & maritimum. Ray, ſyn.
392. 3.
Figured in Mor. bift. /. 8. t. 6.f.5.
Deſcribed by Scheuchzer, agroft. p. 18.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Lateral florets male and awned; inner involucre half-
ovate. Hudf;-rather, half-ſpear ſhaped, not ci-
liate.
DESCRIPTION.
THIS
differs from Wall Barley-grafs, in having ſhorter
pyramidal ſpikes, made up of a greater number of ſcales
more crouded together, with the awns more ſtanding out,
thoſe at bottom longeſt, and becoming gradually ſhorter to-
wards the top of the ſpike*.
Involucres roughiſh, neither ciliate nor ſcored. Florets
ſmooth; the middle ones feſfile; the lateral ones on very
hort peduncles at the baſe of their involucre, and their awns
ſomewhat longer than the floret t.
Ray, fyn,
Withering

OBSERVATIONS.
Found in falt marſhes near the ſea, flowering in June and
July. It may be doubted, till experiments are made, whe-
ther this be a diſtinct ſpecies. So much alteration arifes in
the
appearance of graſſes, by falt water and ſea air, that ſome
caution is neceſſary in determining whether they be really
different or not,


Drawn onparedz Published, far?11798.by F.P. Nodder: No6 Brauser Street, Golden Aguare.

[ 45 ]
SPECIES.
Hordeum fylvaticum. Wood Barley-graſs. Hudſ.
angl. 57. Hall. helv. n. 1537.
H. cylindricum. Murr, prodr. 43.
Elymus europæus.
Lin. Syft. 125. mant. 35. With.
arr. 124.
Gramen fecalinum majus ſylvaticum. Ray, ſyn. 392.-
maximum Park. theat. 1144. 7.
Gr. hordeaceum montanum, &c. Scheuch, agr. 16.
prod. t. 1.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
All the florets hermaphrodite, awned ; involucres
connate at the baſe, ſhorter than the awns.
Hudf.-Spike upright, ſpikelets two-flowered,
involucre equal. Lin. mant.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
in breadth;
perennial. Stalk upright, ſtout, two feet high and
upwards, having 4 or 5 joints. The leaf at each of theſe is
about a ſpan in length, and a quarter of an inch or rather more
ſmooth to appearance, but roughiſh to the touch,
eſpecially round the edges. Sheaths hairy. Spike narrow, two
inches or more, and ſometimes near three inches in length;
much narrower, more naked, leſs rough, and harder than
in Wall Barley-graſs; the ſpikelets ſtiffer and longer, the
dicels thicker, and the awns ſhorter, except that of the inner
pe-

valve of the corolla, which is longer: the middle floret is ra-
ther larger than the two others, with an awn ſomewhat ſhorter.
They are all ſmooth to the naked
eye,
but
appear hairy with
a magnifier*. There are frequently only two florets; the lower
on a very ſhort pedicel; the upper on one near half its length;
with the rudiment of a third pedicel at the baſe of the inner
valve. According to Dr. Stokes, the floret is generally ſingle
.
OBSERVATIONS.
Native of woods, chiefly in a calcareous foil; as near
Stokenchurch; between Marlow and Henley; near Berk-
hampſtead; Ripton in Huntingdonſhire ; Matlock; and in
the North much more frequent than in the South. It flow-
ers in June. In ſtructure it is an Elymus; in habit it ap-
proaches rather more to the Hordeum. In truth, it ſeems
the connecting link between theſe two genera t.
It is a coarſe graſs, like moſt of thofe which grow in
woods, and ſometimes is drawn up to a great height.
* Haller,
+ Stokes in Withering,
co


apple
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Braun, Cegraved z Published
Feling tfryg:,by it? Nodder, N46 Brewer deres, lieliloan dijuana

[ 46 ]
POLYGONUM.
OCTANDRIA Trigynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Cor. five-parted, calycine. Seed 1, an-
Calyx none.
gular.
SPECIES. 16
Polygonum Fagopyrum. Buck-wheat.
Lin. ſpec. 522. f. fuec. n. 345. Hudſ. angl. 172.
With, arr. 414. Leers kerborn. n. 300.-Figured
in Miller illuftr. Plenck. ic. medic. t. 310. Mor.
hift. S. 5. t. 29. f. 1. Ger. herb. 82. f. 2. emac. 89.
Park. theat. 1141.—Deſcribed by Hall. belv. n.
1563. Ray bift. 182. Son
aitse!
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves cordate-fagittate, ftem nearly upright, but
weak; angles of the ſeeds equal.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
annual. Stalk fucculent, round, ſmooth, either
wholly green, or tinged with red, from a foot to eighteen
inches in height; ſometimes quite ſimple, but frequently
having ſmall branches coming out ſingly and alternately from
the boſom of each leaf. Leaves ſucculent, triangular, or

ſhaped like the head of an arrow, but varying ſomewhat in
form, ſmooth, dark green, entire about the edge, but fome-
times waving; the lower leaves are on petioles two inches
in length, but theſe grow gradually ſhorter, till at the top
of the ſtalk they become ſeſſile. The flowers come forth in
upright ſpikes from the axils at the top of the ſtem and
inh
branches; on ſlender peduncles an inch or more in length.
They make a handſome appearance, and are either quite
white, or tinged with red; with age they become more red*
There are eight little glands ſurrounding the baſe of the
germ. The eight filaments are the length of the corolla ;
four between the glands and the germ, and four between
them and the corolla. The ſeed is naked, ſcarcely covered
at the baſet.
OBSERVATIONS
Buckwheat is ſuppoſed by fome to have come originally
from Africa ; but it is generally allowed that we derived it
from Aſia. It is certainly not indigenous of Europe, though
in moſt parts of it now found on dunghills, and about cul-
tivated fields. Flowering in July and Auguſt. Beſides Buck
and Buck-wheat, (Beech-wheat, from the likeneſs of the ſeed
in form to Beech-maſt) it has the appellations of Brank, Crap,
and French Wheat. Gerard has alſo the name of Bullimong.
It ſeems to have been cultivated time out of mind in Eng-
land. Gerard, in 1597, informs us that“ it is
« mon about Namptwiche in Cheſhire, where they fow it
well for food for their cattle, pullen, (poultry) and ſuch
« like, as to ſerve inſtead of a dunging. It groweth like-
“ wiſe in Lancaſhire, about London, as alſo in Kent and
<< Eflex.”—It is by no means fo common a crop with us
very com-
as
* Haller, Ray.
† Leers, 2-

as in many parts of the Continent; the county of Norfolk
grows more of it than any other. The principal uſe of it
is for cleaning foul land. It is either ploughed in as a ma-
nure when fully grown, or mowed for fatting ſwine and
poultry with the grain. It is ſaid alſo to be good feed for
horſes mixed with chaff or bran. A field of Buck-wheat
furniſhes a rich repaſt for bees late in the ſummer. It is
made into thin cakes, called crumpets, in ſome parts of
England, and the meal is ſuppoſed to be nutritious, not apt
to turn acid upon the ſtomach.



aus
Drewningravat a Biblished Feliryntras lay Foto Nodder No 5 Prever Shiwe. Gidilen ilyenko

[ 47 ]
HEDYSARUM.
DIADELPHIA Decandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Corolla with the keel tranverſely obtuſe. Legume
jointed, with one ſeed in each joint.
SPECIES.
Hedyſarum Onobrychis. Saint-Foin.
Lin. ſpec. 1059. Hudſ, angl. 322. With. arr. 785.
Ray, fyn. 327.--Figured in Jacqu. auſtr. t. 352.
Rivin. tetr. t. 2. Dod. pempt. 548. 2. Loh. ic.
81. 2. Mor. hiſt. ſ. 2. t. 11. f. 10. Ger. herb.
1062. 1. emac. 1243. 1. Park. theat. 1082. 1.-
Deſcribed by Hall. belv. n. 396. Pollich palat.
n. 694. Krock. Jiles. n. 1190. Withering, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Legumes one-ſeeded, prickly; wings of the corolla
equal in length to the calyx; ſtem elongate.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
perennial. Stems round, ſtreaked, at firſt pro-
cumbent, but when in flower aſcending. Leaflets 8 or 10
Peduncles or flower-ſtalks long,
lightly hairy, bearing numerous flowers in a long ſpike,
each having an awl-ſhaped bracte, longer than the pedicel.
pairs, with an odd one.

The calyx is hairy, one fourth of the length of the flower,
and has five awl-ſhaped teeth nearly equal. The corolla has
an oval ſtandard, ſlightly emarginate, partly bent back,
ſhorter than the keel, fleſh-coloured, ſtreaked with red veins;
the wings not longer than the teeth of the calyx, hooked
near the baſe, pale fleſh colour ; "the keel broad, bent with
an obtuſe angle at the top, fleſh-coloured, with a deeper red
beneath. The legume or pod is hemiſpherical, compreſſed,
with wrinkled prominences
OBSERVATIONS.
culti-
Saint-Foin is a native of almoſt every part of Europe
from Britain ſouthwards, in hilly paſtures, particularly on
a calcareous foil. With us it was remarked in a wild ſtate,
before it was adopted for cultivation, on many of our chalk
downs, as on Gogmagog hills, Newmarket heath, Royſton
downs, Luton downs, Saliſbury plain, Cotſwold hills, &c.
The old names were Medick Vetchling and Cock’s-head. The
modern name of Saint-Foin came from France, whence and
from Flanders we originally had the feed ; and
and among
vators it is frequently called French-grafs.
It has been long cultivated in ſeveral parts of Europe, on
dry foils, for feeding cattle ; and with us on the Cotſwold
hills, in Cambridgeſhire, Hertfordſhire, Eſſex, on Epſom
downs, about Malton, in Yorkſhire, &c.-It ſeems to have
crept
in here about the middle of the laſt century, but not
to have been fully eſtabliſhed till towards the cloſe of it. It
would be too long to produce all my authorities ; I ſhall only
therefore obſerve, that the firſt mention of it, as a plant in
cultivation, among our Engliſh writers, is by Parkinſon, in
1640. His expreſſion is « that it is known generally to be
* Woodward, MS.

66 that
" a ſingular food for cattle;" but he by no means affirms
that it was then cultivated in England. We may indeed
preſume that it was not, or at leaſt in very few places; for
Hartlib, in 1651, blames his countrymen for neglecting it;
and Walter Blith ſpeaks of it, in 1653, as a French graſs,
very little known ; but as having been ſown at Cobham
park, in Kent, and ſome other dry chalky banks. By an
anonymous pamphlet, publiſhed in 1671, it appears
" divers places had then in part received great benefit from
"it.” Mr. Ray, in 1686, informs us,
« that it began not
" long ſince to be ſown among us for feeding cattle, to the
very great advantage of many ; that it furniſhes abun-
"dance of milk; and that, as it delights in a dry chalky
foil, not favourable either to graſs or corn,
it
may
be cul-
“ tivated to great advantage.”—Mr. Liſle ſpeaks of it in
1703, as then generally cultivated. Thus has this uſeful
plant been fully eſtabliſhed; and one, out of the many
from
the leguminous tribe, has become commonly known to huf-
65
bandmen.



Prawn, Cugravel & Publisheril Ebay vzby FA Nodider Nias Bears Divert Gjolika, lquiem

[ 48
]
MEDICAGO.
DIADELPHIA Decandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Legume compreſſed, ſcrew-ſhaped. Keel bending
down from the banner.
SPECIES
Medicago fativa. Lucern.
Lin. ſpec. 1096. Hudſ. angl. 333. With. arr. 806.--
Figured in Cluf. hiſt. 2. 242. 2. Lob. ic. 2. 36. 2.
Ger. emac, 1189. 2. Park. theat. I114. 1. Mor.
hiſt. ſ. 2. t. 16. f. 2. Bauh. hiſt. 2. 378. 1.-
-De-
fcribed by Hall. helv. 11. 382. Pollich pal. n. 712.
Krock. files. n. 1221.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Flowers in racemes or bunches, legumes or pods
contorted or twiſted, ſtem upright and ſmooth.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
perennial. Stems ſtreaked, branched, from a
foot and a half to two feet in height. Leaves ternate ; leaf-
lets elliptic, entire at the baſe, but finely ferrate towards the
end ; the midrib is lengthened into a point ; they are ſlightly
downy on the upper furface, ſmooth and ftreaked with veins

on the under ; all on pedicels, the middle one longeſt
. Pea
duncles axillary, longer than the leaves. Flowers in thick
ſpikes, each on a ſhort pedicel, with an awl-ſhaped bracte.
Calyx nearly ſmooth, with five awl-ſhaped teeth, almoſt
equal. Corolla purple. The legumes have two or three
diftant turns*
OBSERVATIONS.
Lucern is not originally a native of Europe, but was
imported into Greece from the Eaſt, in the time of the Per-
fian war, under Darius; whence they gave it the name of
Medica. It is ſaid to be the principal fodder for horſes in
Perſia to this day. It has been cultivated time immemorial
in the ſouthern countries of Europe ; but it has not even
yet gained a firm' eſtabliſhment in Great Britain.
Mr. Miller informs us, that feeds were brought over from
France about the year 1650, and ſown here t; but that it
was afterwards ſo neglected, as to be almoſt entirely for-
gotten. In Gerard's time (1597) we had only a ſmall
quan-
tity thereof, as he expreſſes it, in our gardens, for pleaſures
fake. Parkinſon, in 1640, informs us, that it was fown
in Spain, France, and the Low Countries, but does not
hint at our having it then in England. Hartlib took ſome
pains to make enquiries about it in France. But it is
barely mentioned by Blith, as being cultivated there. It
ſeems to have been very little known in the time of Mr.
Liſle, who is ſaid to have continued his enquiries and
riments to the time of his death, in 1722.
ſpeaks of it rather by hearſay, than from any actual know-
ledge of it. Tull recommends the culture of it in his
expe-
Mortimer
* Woodward, MS.
+ He alludes, as we ſuppoſe, to Hartlib's queries, in 1651.

horſe-hoeing huſbandry. But Mr. Miller appears to have
been the firſt who brought it into that degree of cultivation
which it is in at preſent. The attention of the public was
alſo called to it by Mr. Rocque, in 1765. He ſays, that a
farmer in Kent had then fourteen acres of it, but that one-
and-twenty years before, there were not two hundred pounds
weight of the feed in London. It was alſo then encouraged
by premiums from the Society of Arts, &c. We remem-
ber the cultivation of it among gentlemen in different parts
of the country, for forty years back.
From what Miller and Tull have written on this ſubject,
it has been generally ſuppoſed in England, that Lucern
will not anſwer if ſown broadcaſt; and yet of many
thou-
ſand acres which we have ſeen in France, Switzerland, and
Italy, we never ſaw a ſingle acre in drills. For gentlemen
the latter method may anſwer very well ; it will certainly
laſt longer in this mode of culture, and may eaſily be kept
clean by the horſe-hoe. But as a common article of fodder
for farmers, it will perhaps ſcarcely anſwer the expence and
trouble. When ſown broadcaſt, it will laſt about eight
years, or perhaps longer, if the land be laid down very
clean ; but the natural graſs gradually wears it out, as we
obſerved, wherever we ſaw it cultivated on the Continent.
It has been greatly celebrated, as increaſing the milk of
kine; but particularly for ſoiling horſes. Yet Haller, who
certainly knew it well, afferts that cattle are apt to grow
tired of Lucern, and that they are ſubject to be blown by
it. We have not, however, heard, that it has theſe incon-
veniences in ſo great a degree as Clover. He alſo affirms,
that none but the beſt foil will do for it. It certainly fuc-
ceeds beſt on a light dry loam, or good fand ; our own ex-
perience has taught us that it will not do on clay, or where
there is a wet ſpringy bottom ; but we have had it flouriſh

exceedingly among dry gravel and lime-rubbiſh. The ear-
lineſs is one of its greateſt recommendations. It has been
cut 17 inches high on the 9th of April.
By means of theſe two plants, Saint-Foin and Lucern,
with the addition of Clover, the farmer is furniſhed with
what he calls Artificial Graſſes, ſuited with good manage-
ment, to almoſt every kind of ſoil. The firſt to the chalks,
gravelly and ſtony lands; the ſecond to light loams; and the
third to clays. Few places indeed are ſo happy as to admit
the cultivation of all with equal ſucceſs; and yet we obſerved
theſe three growing ſide by ſide, at the foot of the ſouth
downs, near Eaſt Bourn, ſeeming to vie with each other
which ſhould flouriſh the moſt, and yield the greateſt crop.
But this was in a ſoil, wherein the calcareous and argilla-
ceous were ſo happily mixed, that almoſt any vegetable
might fucceed : and
yet here we ſaw them ploughing up a
ſtubble, on a level, where there is not a ſtone to impede them,
with eight ftout oxen.
The name Lucern, by which this plant is now generally
known among us, is modern. Old Engliſh writers call it
Medick-fodder, or Burgundy Trefoil.


Pren, Engraved to abolished March 1999, by Folio Novato Nos Popower foret, Galam bent

[ 49, 50. ]
BRASSICA.
TETRADYNAMIA Siliquoſa.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx upright, converging. Seeds globular. A
Gland between the ſhorter ſtamens and the pif-
til, and between the longer ſtamens and the ca.
lyx.
S P E CIES.
Braffica Rapa. Turnep.
Lin. ſpec. 931. Hudſ. angl. 289. Wither. arr. 708.
Rapa rotunda. Miller diet.—ſativa. Bauh. pin. 89.
Figured in Blackw. berb. t. 231. Fuchf. 212. Trag.
728. Matth. 435. Dod. 673. 1. Lob. obf. 98. 1.
ic. 197. 1. Camer, epit. 218. Ger. herb. 177. f.
1, 2. emac, 232. I. Mor. hift. S. 3. 1. 2. f. 1. Pet.
brit. t. 45. f. 7.
Deſcribed by Bauh. hift. 2. 838. Ray hift. 800.
Long-rooted Turnep is figured in Bauh. hift. 2. 83.8.
Matth. 436. Dod. 673. 2. Lob. obf. 98. 2. ic.
197. 1. Camer. epit. 219. Ger. emac. 232. 2.
Mor. hift. t. 2. f. 2. Petiv. brit. t. 45. f. 8.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Root cauleſcent orbicular flatted fleſhy.

DESCRIPTION.
TH
HIS plant, now fo common in cultivation, is fufiui:
ently known to every body by its round fleſhy roots. Theſe,
however, vary exceedingly in their form, ſize, and colour;
which is owing principally to our viewing them only in a
cultivated ſtate. The leaves which ariſe immediately from
the root are very large, of a full green, rough, and jagged
or gaſhed almoſt to the midrib. From the midſt of theſe,
early in the ſecond ſeaſon of its growth, ſprings a ſtalk four
or five feet high, in good ground reaching the human ſtature,
The leaves on this are very different from the root-leaves ;
they are oblong, pointed, embrace the ſtem, are ſmooth
and glaucous. The flowers are yellow, on long, ſlender,
ſmooth footſtalks. The pods are cylindric; and the ſeeds
are ſpherical, of a rufous or reddiſh brown colour, not un
like thoſe of Cabbage.
OBSERVATIONS.
The appearance of the Turnep in the firſt and ſecond
ftages of its growth are ſo different, that we have thought it
neceſſary to give two figures of a plant ſo important in rural
oeconomy. We ſhall not attempt to ſpecify its numerous
variations. Theſe are chiefly in the root, and ariſe from the
different foils, ſituations and manners, in which it is culti-
vated. Probably the long-rooted Turnep approaches neareft
to a ſtate of nature ; wherein the root would only ſwell out
a little, and be of a ſtringy texture, with ſomething of acri-
mony in the taſte. From this ſtate to the large, tender, fuc-
culent, globular, or ſpheroidal root, there is a wide inter-
val. Pliny and Tragus ſpeak of roots weighing forty
pounds; Amatus of ſome amounting to fifty or fixty; and
Matthiolus of many exceeding fifty pounds, and of forme
1

approaching to an hundred. Yet we are told that four
pounds is now reckoned an extraordinary weight for a Tur-
nep-root in Italy, and that they uſually weigh only from a
quarter to half a pound. The greateſt weight that we are
acquainted with is thirty-fix pounds; and at Stow, in Glou-
ceſterſhire, a farmer produced four turneps, weighing an
hundred weight, and offered a bet of an hundred pounds that
he would bring eighty turneps, weighing, one with another,
a ton. This root varies alſo in colour, being white, black-
iſh, red, and yellow, on the outſide ; the latter of them iş
of the ſame colour throughout. The white is the moſt
common, but we have figured the red, as beſt adapted to a
coloured plate.
Conſidering the importance of this root in Huſbandry, and
the length of time which it has been cultivated in the Low
Countries, it is a matter of ſurpriſe that it ſhould have been
adopted fo late in this country.
There is reaſon to believe that Charles, Lord Viſcount
Townſhend introduced Turneps into Norfolk, at leaſt to
any great extent, probably about the year 1730, when he
retired from public buſineſs to Rainham, or ſoon after ; per-
haps earlier, for he was Ambaſſador Extraordinary to the
States General in 1709, when he might have become ac-
quainted with the Turnep culture on the Continent*. We
are not, however, to ſuppoſe that this truly-patriotic Noble-
man was the firſt who brought Turneps into England; nor
do I think that he led the way even in Norfolk itſelf. For
Mr. Lille, whoſe obfervations in Agriculture were made
between 1693 and 1722, informs us that he was aſſured by
Mr. Heron, of Norfolk, that they dung their turnep-land
See Young's Annals, vol. 5. p. 120.

ſo much, that their dry-land meadows are quite impoveriſhed
by it *. He diſcourſed alſo with Mr. Gooch, a Norfolk
gentleman, about the turnep-huſbandry of that county;
particularly on a diſtemper to which the root is ſubject, cal-
led the hanberyt. He mentions the growth of turneps in
Hampſhire, Berkſhire, and Leiceſterſhire, in 1698 and
1699: and ſays that the Newtown men who hoed his Tur-
neps in 1707, had made this their buſineſs for many years I.
He refers alſo to Mr. Worlidge, (who writ in 1668) as ſay-
ing that the greateſt enemies to Turneps are the fliesſ. It
muſt be allowed, however, that the culture does not ſeem to
have been well underſtood.
Barnabe Googe, indeed, ſays-“ We uſe to fowe Rapes
" for the ſuſtenance both of man and beaſt." But we are to
recollect that his work is a tranſlation from the German, and
that the above paſſage refers to that country. He goes on to
ſay—“ There are divers forts of them, ſome of them rounde,
(6 fome
growe all in length, and are moſt pleaſant in taſte,
as at Binge, and in the countrey of Bavar. Some againe
“ of the quantitie of a man's head, and of a hundred
pound weight: but the ſmalleſt fort is the ſweeteſt g."
Thomas Cogan, in his Haven of Health, afprms, " that
" although many men love to eate Turneps, yet ſwine by
« nature doe abhorre them q.”
* Obfervations in Huſbandry, p. 233.
+ The fame, p. 239. I p. 233, 235, 237, 238. II p. 234•
Ś Foure Bookes of Huſbandrie, by M. Conradus Hereſbachius
Newly Engliſhed, and increaſed by Barnabe Googe, Lond. 1586,
qu, fol. 59.
doo
| Edit. 1588. p. 64.

(6
Neither Gerard (1597) nor Parkinſon (1629) give the
ſmalleſt hint of this root being then in field-culture for cat-
tle. The former indeed ſays, “ the Turnep proſpereth well
"in a light, looſe, and fat earth ; and groweth in fields and
" divers vineyardes or hoppe gardens in moſt places of Eng-
“ land.” But he probably does not ſpeak here of its being
cultivated, but growing wild.-" The ſmall Turnep (he
ſays) groweth by a village near London, (called Hacke-
ney) in a fandie ground, and brought to the Croſſe in
“ Cheapſide by the women of that village to be folde, and
are the beſt that I have ever taſted *."
Turneps, however, were certainly cultivated for cattle
about the middle of the laſt century. For Sir Richard Weſ-
ton, in his Diſcourſe of Huſbandrie uſed in Brabant and
Flanders t, after ſaying, that “ the Huſbandrie of Turneps
" is as common between Gaunt and Antwerp, as that of
" Flax—that they will feed Oxen and Kine as fat as Hay
or Oats. That the roots being clean waſhed, and then
roots and leaves put into a trough, and theſe ſtampt toge-
"ther with a ſpitter, and after boiled in water and given to
" Kine, will make them abound in milk, yet grow ſo fat
" withal, that
you
would wonder at it:"-Adds, that " the
" onelie difficultie is to make your cattle eat them at firſt,
" but breed thein up by hand as they do there. Others do
" the ſame alreadie in many parts of England ; they will
"take Turneps and eat.” He then proceeds to encourage
their cultivation by ſhowing, that an acre of them will be
worth eight pounds when cattle are brought to eat them as
theirs do.
* Herball
, p. 178. + Edit. 2. 1652, p. 24. --The firſt edition
is in 1645

He remarks, however, in another place, that " although
« they alreadie grow in England, yet there is as much dif-
« ference between what groweth there (in Brabant and
“ Flanders) and here, as is between the ſame thing, which
“ groweth in a garden, and that which groweth wilde in
the fields *
Mr. Ray (in 1686) informs us that Turneps are fown
Every
where in fields as well as gardens, for the fake of their
roots, both in England and in foreign countries t.
Mortimer, at the beginning of the preſent century, ſays,
that “ Turneps are of a very great advantage to be fown in
“ fields, as food for cattle in winter. He adds, that in
“ Suffolk they commonly give them to their cattle in the
“ houſe, and that Hogs will alſo eat them if they are firit
& boiled I."
The curious agriculturiſt will be glad to ſee the compara-
tive produce of Turneps with Potatoes, Carrots, and Cab-
bages, aſcertained as follows:
White Turneps, per acre, 24,08olb. or 10 Tons, 150wt
Red Turneps
20,944 - 97
Potatoes
26,880
Carrots
41,600 - 18
-- II - 4816
.
Cabbages -
55,125 ---- 24 - 12 — 21||
- I2
* P. 26.--- Hiſt. Plant. p. 800. Art of Huſbandry, edit.
2. 1708. p. 122.–Firſt edition in 1706.
!! On the authority of Montagu Burgoyne, Eſq. of Mark
Hall, near Harlow, in Effex: in Young's Annals, n. 109. p. 4116


tra
Draum enigraved Published March 1995. by FP. Nodder. Nous Brewer Sort, Bilbons olhares

[ 51 ]
SINAPIS.
TETRADYNAMIA Siliquoſa.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx ſpreading. Corolla with upright claws. Gland
as in Braffica.
SPECIES.
Sinapis nigra. Common Muſtard.
Lin. ſpec. 933. f. fuec. n. 611, maf. med. 164.
Hudſ. angl. 297, With, arr. 713. Light. fcot.
361. Relh. cant. n. 495. Ray ſyn. 295.--Figured
in Blackw. herb. t. 446. Bauh. hift. 2. 855.
Woodv. med. bot. t. 151.- Deſcribed by Pollich
pal. n. 643. Krock. files. n. 1102. Villars dauph.
339. Woodv. 409. Baub. hiſt. Raii hift. 803. 3.
Ger. emac. 243. Withering, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Pods ſmooth, preſſed cloſe to the raceme.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
annual. Stem, round, ftriated, the upper part
ſmooth, three or four feet in height, with many diſtant
ſpreading branches. Leaves next the root rough, on the

ftem ſmooth, the uppermoſt frequently ſimple, lanceolate,
ſharply toothed. Calyx yellow. Corolla pale yellow. Pods
ſhort, parallel to the ſtem, with a ſmooth beak; the pedun-
cles are ſlightly hairy.
Johnſon's deſcription is exact. " Our ordinarie Muſtard
“ hath leaves like Turneps, but not fo rough, the ſtalks are
“ ſmooth, and grow ſometimes to three, four, or five cu-
« bits high ; they have many branches, and the leaves
upon
“ theſe branches, eſpecially the uppermoſt, are long and
narrow, and hang downeward on ſmall ſtalks; the cods
are ſhort, and lie flat and cloſe to the branches, and are
« fomewhat ſquare: the feed is reddiſh or yellow *.”
Ray's diſtinctions are alſo good ones.—“ It is a loftier
« plant than White Muſtard or Charlock; the upper part
« of the ſtem and the branches are ſmooth ; the pods ſhort,
« preſſed cloſe to the ſtem, and almoſt quadrangular ; the
« ſeeds are the ſmalleſt among theſe plants t.” We may
add, that the leaves are of a much darker colour, and their
diviſions blunter than in the White Muſtard ; the flowers
are ſmaller, and the pods ſmooth.
OBSERVATIONS.
Common or black Muſtard grows wild in corn fields, on
the banks of ditches and by road fides ; flowering in June
and July. It is alſo cultivated for the ſeed, which is uſed
both medicinally and for culinary purpoſes. The tender
leaves are fometimes boiled and eaten as greens in the
ſpring. Whenever they throw the earth out of their ditches
in the Iſle of Ely, the bank comes up thick with muſtard.
* Ger. emac. p. 243. The figure is wrong.
+ Raii fyn. 295

1

WA
rr
Caer, bugüvel a Pellisten i Spoil 1799 Ay 5.1. Todeler
Vs Baer Soreet, Golden ohjamore

[52]
LATHYRUS.
DIADELPHIA Decandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx the two upper ſegments ſhorter than the other
three. Style villous on the upper part, broader
upwards.
SPECIES
Lathyrus pratenſis. Meadow Lathyrus.
Lin. ſpec. 1033. ft. Suec. N. 647. Hudſ. angl. 317,
With. arr. 717. Light. ſcot. 391.-Figured in
Curtis lond. 3. t. 44. Rivin. tetr. t. 43. Fl. dan.
t. 527. Mor. bift. ſ. 2. t. 2. f. 2. Bauh. bift. 2.
304. 2. Lob. ic. 2. 69. 2. Ger. emac. 1231. 6.
Park. theat. 1061. f. 1. Deſcribed in Hall. helv.
N. 436. Pollich pal. n. 679. Krock. files. N. 1165.
Villars dauph. 443. Raii hiſt. 894. 4. Baubin,
Curtis, Withering, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Peduncles many-flowered, tendrils two-leaved, quite
ſimple, (ſometimes with two or three clefts)
leaflets lanceolate.

DESCRIPTION.
Root
perennial, creeping. Stems a foot or eighteen
inches, and ſometimes three feet in length, or more, when
without ſupport procumbent, but mounting by means of ten
drils, and having the appearance of being upright in mea-
dows, and eſpecially among buſhes; they are obtufely qua-
drangular, and much branched. Leaves in pairs, lanceolate,
quite entire, ſmooth or flightly villous underneath only
,
marked with three nerves, on triangular furrowed footſtalks.
Stipules in pairs, large, ſhaped like the head of a halbert, of
half the head of an arrow, frequently having ſharp procelles
at the baſe. Flowers in a raceme, directed one way,
4 or 5 to 8 or 10, on axillary peduncles four or five inches
long, four-cornered; each on a hairy pedicel, with a very
minute awl-ſhaped bracte at the baſe. Calyx one third of
the length of the corolla, divided half way into five awl
ſhaped ſegments, which are rather unequal, and ſomewhat
hairy. Corolla yellow. Legumes an inch and half long,
compreſſed, ſmooth, black, containing from 7 or 8 to 12,
globular, ſhining ſeeds, of a yellowiſh or brown colour, with
ſmall purple dots.
from
OBSERVATIONS.
It
grows very frequently in paſtures, woods, thickets, and
hedges, flowering from June to Auguft.
According to Linneus, Horſes, Kine, Sheep, and Goats
,
eat it. Swine refuſe it, and the Badger is ſaid to feed upon it
,
In old authors this plant is much reprobated as a vile weed
that ſpreads much by means of its creeping roots ; and Mr.
Miller will not have it admitted into gardens. Many mo
.
dern writers, however, recommend it as an excellent food
for cattle, and not without reaſon, ſince its quality is good,

and it bears a large burden of ſucculent leafy ſtalks. Among
its patrons we may reckon Linneus, Haller, Schreber, An-
derfon, Curtis, and Young.
It is called in Engliſh Yellow Vetchling or Tare-ever-
laſting
With reſpect to theſe leguminous plants, we are not to
conclude that they are diſagreeable to cattle, becauſe they do
not eat them in their fruiting ſtate. They may ſtill be ex-
cellent in hay, and the cattle may be fond of the young fuc-
eulent herbage.



153
Draen, engravd 3-Seblakal - April by AB Nordses a l'. Beaver livet pole just

[ 53 ]
LOTUS
DIADELPHIA Decandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Legume cylindric, ſtiff and ſtraight. Wings longi-
tudinally converging upwards. Calyx tubu-
lous.
SPECIES
Lotus corniculatus. Common Bird's-foot Trefoil.
Lin. ſpec. 1092. ft. Suec. n. 675. Hudſ. angl. 329.
Wither. arr. 804. Curt. lond. 2. 56. Lightf. ſcot.
411.-Figured in Curtis. Rivin. tetr. t. 76.
Dod. pempt. 573. 2. Lob. obf. 501. 2. ic. 2. 44.
1. Fuchſ. hift. 527. Ger. 1022. 6. emac. 1190.
5. Bauh. hiſt. 2. 355. & 356. 1. Mor. hift. . 2.
t. 18. f. 10.-Deſcribed in Haller helv. n. 385.
Scop. carn. n. 937. Pollich pal. n. 711. Krock.
files. n. 1219. Villars dauph. 414. Raii hift. 967,
5. Baubin, Curtis, Witbering, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Stems proftrate, heads of flowers flat, legumes cy.
lindric, ſpreading

DESCRIPTION.
Root perennial. Stems ſlender, bluntly four-cornered
,
generally procumbent, but in meadows upright or nearly fo,
from 6 or 7 inches to a foot and half in height, in different
ſoils and ſituations, and in the ſeveral varieties. Leaves ter-
nate, differing extremely in form in the varieties from bluntly-
ovate to linear-lanceolate. The ſtipules vary as the leaves do;
they are broader however, and more pointed. The flowers
grow
in flatted heads, reſembling umbels, on peduncles two
or three inches long, but on pedicels hardly a line in length;
there is a ſingle ſeſſile leaf at the baſe of each head. Calyx
fringed with long ſoft hairs. Corolla, before it opens,
bloody red on the outſide, and of a yellowiſh green within ;
when expanded of a full yellow : all the petals are equal
,
and ſtand each on narrow ſeparate claws; the ſtandard is
bent back, and the wings are oblong-ovate. Legumes
ſmooth, ſpreading like the ſpokes of a wheel, and ending in
a long ſtraight point. Seeds many, ſometimes more than
twenty, ſmall, ſomewhat kidney-ſhaped and ſpotted.
of a
OBSERVATION S.
The Bird's-foot Trefoil is another inſtance of the excel-
lence of leguminous plants as a food for cattle. It is com-
mon in good paſtures, where it grows to a conſiderable height
,
is of a quality equal, if not fuperior, to moſt of the Tre-
foils, contributes to give fubſtance to the hay, and might
doubtleſs be cultivated to good advantage alone. On heaths
and dry paſtures it is ſmall and procumbent. In woods it is
large and upright, but woolly.
This plant has been confounded with Ladies Finger,
Anthyllis Vulneraria, to which it is much ſuperior in rural
oeconomy. And with Liquorice Vetch, Aſtragalus glycy

phyllos
, a very ſtrong-ſmelling ſticky plant, which does not
ſeem to be agreeable to cattle, though Linneus affirms that
horſes, kine, goats, and ſheep, eat it.
The flowers appear from June to Auguſt. The ſimilitude
of the ſtipules to the leaves occaſioned ſome of the old writers
to call it Lotus pentaphyllos, or five-leaved Lotus. Mr. An-
derſon has treated largely of it, and very well, except that
he has miſ-called it Aſtragalus glycyphyllos, or Milk-Vetch.
See Curtis lond.



-W-*-*
*
Drawn Engruel de biblished by TP. Haddor i to je to mour-fire! Gjeldent digunane
pictures

[ 54 ]
GALIUM.
TETRAND RIA Monogynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Corolla of one petal and flat. Seeds two roundiſh.
SPECIES.
Galium verum.
Yellow Ladies Bedſtraw.
Liv. ſpec. 155. fl. fuec. n. 123. Huds. angl. 69. With.
árr. 155. Lightf. ſcot. 115. Curtis lond. n. 63.
Relh. cant. n. 127.-Figured in Curtis, Miller
fig, t. 139. Berg. phyt. 2. 63. Plenck. ic. t. 54.
Fuchſ. 196. Bauh. hift. 3. 720. 1. Dod. pempt.
355. 1. Camer. epit. 368. Loh. obf. 467. 3. Ger.
967. 1. emac. 1126. 1. Park. theat. 564. 1. Mor.
bit. f. 9. t. 21. f. I. Blackw. herb. 435. Petir.
brit. t. 30. f. 8.—Deſcribed in Hall. belv. n.
710. Scop. carn. n. 153. Pollich pal. n. 152.
Krock, files. n. 221. Raii hift. 482. Bauhin, Cur.
tis, Withering, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves eight in a whirl, linear, grooved; flowering
branches ſhort.

DESCRIPTION.
Root
perennial, creeping, yellow. Stem from one to
two feet high, upright, flightly four-cornered, ſomewhat
flexuoſe, ſcabrous, pubeſcent, branched towards the
top
Leaves about an inch in length, bluntiſh with a ſlight point,
narrowed at the baſe, the edges rolled back, the
upper
fur-
face dark
green and gloffy, the under hollowed and paler,
from 8 or 10 in a whirl, decreaſing to 2 and even i at the
extremities of the branches. Flowers numerous, ſmall,
yellow, fragrant with a peculiar odour, in an interrupted
branched panicle, about a ſpan in length *.
It is obſerved by Dr. Withering, that the ſegments of the
corolla are greatly expanded ; that the ſtyle is cloven more
than half way down ; and that not only the corolla, but the
ftamens alſo and piſtil are yellow. The ftamens, as Lin-
neus obſerves, grow brown after they have ſhed their duft.
OBSERVATIONS.
This plant is common in paſtures, and by the fides of
fields and roads, in a dry foil; flowering from June to Sep-
tember. It will flouriſh in the moſt unremitting drought,
when not a blade of graſs is to be ſeen. Beſides the com-
mon names of Ladies Bedſtraw and Cheeſe Rening, Gerard
has thoſe of Maid's-hair and Petty Mugwet, the latter from
the French Petit Muguet. In Johnſon's edition of Gerard's
Herbal, it is called Our Ladies Bedſtraw.
It is a notion as old as Dioſcorides and Galen, that the
flowers and herb of this plant will curdle milk. Though
no coagulation followed in experiments which we tried forty
years ago, yet we ſhould not perhaps have ventured to diſ-
pute the fact, were we not ſupported by Bergius and Krocker
,
* Curtis A. lond,

us,
who did not ſucceed in curdling milk with this herb alone.
The former of theſe writers affirms, that he could not pro-
cure any
acid from it in diſtillation. Mr. Townſend informs
that the Spaniards ſubſtitute the down of the Chardoon
or Wild Artichoke (Cynara Cardunculus) for rennet. They
make a ſtrong infuſion of it over night, and the next morn-
ing, when the milk is warm, they put nearly half a pint of
the infuſion to about fourteen gallons of milk.
The flowering-ſtalks dye a good yellow colour ; and the
roots a very fine red, not inferior to Madder, and even of a
brighter colour ; but they are ſmall.
The ſubject has been taken up by the Committee of Privy
Council for Trade: and the cultivation of the plant for dy-
ing a red colour with the roots, is deſcribed in the 18th vo-
lume of Mr. Young's Annals of Agriculture.
The French preſcribe the flowers in hyſteric and epileptic
caſes.



55
中
​Prawn Origraine s Podtshed Mary maps.ly S. Te Vodder
Nis Brewer livet, Gjelden aliquanto

[ 55 ]
CARUM.
PENTANDRIA Dig ynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Fruit ovate-oblong, ſtreaked. Involucre one-leafed,
Petals keeled, inflex-emarginate.
SPECIES.
Carum Carui. Caraway.
Lin. ſpec. 378. f. ſuec. n. 260. Hudſ. angl. 126.
Wither. arr. 312. Hall. helv. n. 789. Pollich.
pal
. n. 304. Krock. files. n. 465. Jacqu. auftr. 4.
t. 393. Woodv. med. bot. 125. t. 45. Plenck. ic.
1. 214. Blackw. herb. t. 529. Rivin. pent. t. 55.
Mor. umb. t. 8. hit. f. 9. 1. 9. f. 1. Ger. herb.
879. emac. 1034. Park. theat. 910. Raii hift.
446. fyn. 213
DESCRIPTION.
Root
biennial. The whole plant is ſmooth. Stalks
from eighteen inches to two feet in height and upwards, with
Spreading branches. Leaves decompound, long and nar-
Tow. The univerſal involucre is generally one-leafed, as
Linneus deſcribes it ; but it has ſometimes as far as five ca-.
ducous leaflets. Rays of the umbel from 9 to 12.
Florets
In an umbellule as far as 20, white or tinged with red; fome

of them neutral, according to Linneus; but all fertile
, as
Dr. Withering affirms.
OBSERVATIONS, &c.
Parkinſon ſays, that the young roots are better eating
than parſneps. The tender leaves may be boiled with pot-
herbs. The feeds, it is well known, are much uſed in
cakes, and incruſted with ſugar; they are diſtilled alſo with
fpirituous liquors for their flavour. The feeds were for-
merly recommended by Dioſcorides to pale-faced girls, and
in more modern days their uſe in that caſe is not forgotten :
nor are they a deſpicable remedy in tertian agues. They
abound with an eſſential oil, which is antiſpaſmodic and
carminative*. One ounce in thirty of this oil ariſes in dif-
tillation from the feeds; whereas 16 pounds of the herb in
flower, ſtripped from the ſtalks, ſcarcely yields an ounce t.
Schreber affirms that the Caraway is excellent food for kine.
It is found wild in paſtures near London, Cambridge,
Bury, in Norfolk, Lincolnſhire, near Hull in Yorkſhire,
&c.-But it is chiefly cultivated in Eſſex. It flowers in
May and June.
Mr. Houghton ſays, “ Although Carraway-feed is ſcarce
now 5, yet not many years ſince a friend of mine near
Col-
“ cheſter produced ſo much, that it was ſold for twopence,
« and I believe leſs, the pound. I am afraid his great quan-
tity did him damage ; however I believe 'tis made now
one of the ſtaple pieces of huſbandry ll.
(6
56 At the end of the laſt century.
* Withering. 4 Lewis. I
|| Collect. 2. 462.


N
ATTI
Drawn , Cagmoved i Published
: May, www.ly FIL Nodden' Nos. Browser efirot, Gjolles depen

[ 56 ]
RANUNCULUS.
POLYANDRIA Polygynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx five-leaved. Petals five, with a honied pore
at the claw of each within. Seeds naked.
SPECIES.
Ranunculus arvenſis. Corn Crowfoot.
Lin. ſpec. 780. Hudſ. angl. 242. Wither. arr. 576.
Hall. helv. 11. 1176. Scop. carn. n. 693. Pollich.
pal. n. 537. Krock. files. n. 885. Fl. dan. t. 219.
Mor. hiſt. f. 4. t. 29. f. 23. Petiv. brit. 1. 38. f.
10. Ger. berb. 805. 3. emac. 951. 3. Park.
theat. 328. 4. Raii bift. 585. 1. Syn, 248.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Seeds prickly; upper leaves decompound, linear.
DESCRIPTION.
This
fpecies is eaſily diſtinguiſhed from the Meadow
Crowfoots already figured, by its annual root and prickly
leeds. The ſtalk is upright, a foot high or more, leafy,
round, ſmooth, except towards the top, where it is pubeſ-
cent, branching. Root-leaves trifid, broader than the

others, and on longer petioles : ftem-leaves alternate, ufu-
ally three-parted, with the lobes again deeply divided into
two or three parts. Flowers very ſmall, brimſtone-coloured,
Stamens 14-16. Seeds 5 or 6 (ſometimes 8 or 9) flat, com
vered with awl-ſhaped prickles.
OBSERVATIONS.
Corn Crowfoot abounds among crops of all kinds in moft
parts of Europe. It flowers in May and June ; and has
ſeeded before harveſt. Linneus affirms that the feeds do not
come up till the ſecond year. It is ſaid to be as highly acri-
monious, when freſh, as any of the ſpecies. In ſome coun-
tries it has the name of Hungerweed *; whence we ſhould
preſume, that it is ſuppoſed to indicate a barren ſoil.
It were much to be wiſhed that theſe vernacular names
could be collected together ; for till that is done, there will
never be an underſtanding between theoretical and practical
men.
* Hollefear in Withering,


Prewn. Ongraved Published May qw.by
FP Norter Nos BewerSieme, Gjalka lipunan
.

[ 57 ]
SISYMBRIUM.
TETRADYNAMIA Siliquoſa.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Siliqua or pod opening with ſtraightiſh valves. Ca-
lyx and Corolla ſpreading.
SPECIES.
.
Sifymbrium Sophia. Flixweed.
Lin. Spec. 920. Hudſ, angl. 297. Wither. arr. 693.
Hall. belv. n. 484. Scop. carn. n. 821. Pollich.
pal. n. 629. Krock. files. n. 1064. Fl. dan. t. 528.
Blackw. herb. t. 440. Ger. herb.910. 1, 2. emac.
1068. Park. theat. 830. 3. Petiv. brit. t. 46. f.
12. Raii bift. 812. fyn. 298.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Petals ſmaller than the calyx. Leaves decompound-
pinnate.
DESCRIPTION.
Root lender, annual. Stalk upright, round, a foot
and half or two feet high, branched very much. Leaves,
conſidered in the whole, triangular, three inches long and
upwards, two inches broad, very minutely divided ; the laſt

diviſions linear and very narrow. Flowers in a long, looſe
raceme at the end of the ſtalk and branches, growing ſingly
on peduncles near half an inch in length ; there are fre-
quently more than an hundred flowers in one raceme. The
corolla is of a pale yellow, and remarkably ſmall. The
pods are very ſlender, about half an inch in length, ſo ob-
ſcurely four-cornered as to ſeem round, ſwelling out a little
where the ſeeds are ; theſe are numerous, ſmall, roundiſh,
ſmooth, and yellow.
OBSERVATIONS.
Flixweed is not uncommon on walls, among rubbiſh,
about church-yards, hedges, dunghills, &c. It flowers in
June and July; and ripens its ſeeds in Auguſt and Septem-
ber. The pods retain the ſeeds all winter, for the food of
ſmall birds.
According to Linneus, ſheep and kine eat the plant ;
horſes and goats are not fond of it; and ſwine refuſe it.
With us it ſeems ſeldom to be cropped by cattle, except from
wantonneſs. The force of gunpowder is ſaid to be auga
mented, by mixing a tenth part of Flixweed ſeeds with the
other ingredients. The plant is ſometimes preſcribed in
dyſenteries and hyſteric caſes : and the feeds are given to
deſtroy worms *
* See Lin. ſuec. Withering, Chomel, &c.


Drawn.Engraved & Published
June 1793. by I. P.Nodder 1 w Brescor Fireet, Vyhoden ulpiare e

[ 58 ]
CROCUS.
TRIANDRIA Monogynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Cor. fix-parted, equal. Stigmas convolute.
SPECIES
1. Crocus officinalis. Saffron, or autumnal Crocus.
Lin. ſpec. 50. 6. mat. med. 43. Woodv. med. bot. 479.
t. 176. Hudſ. angl. 13. a. Wither, arr. 37. de
Relh. cant. n. 27. Bauh. pin. 65. Bauk, kiſt. 2.
637. Raii bift. 1176. fyn. 374.-Figured in
Mill. fig. t. III. Mill. illuſtr. Berg: phyt. 2. t.
161. Plenck, ic. 32. Blackw. t. 144. f. 1. Mor.
bift. . 4. t. 2. f. 1. Ger. 123. f. 1, 2. emac. 151.
Park. parad. 169. f. 2.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves narrower, rolled in at the edges; ſtigma trifid
to a conſiderable length.
DESCRIPTION.
SAFFRON differs from the Spring Crocus in having the
figma divided into three very long ſegments, the ends of
which are alſo trifid : theſe three horns of the ſtigma are alſo

odorous and aromatic, which is not the caſe in that. The
flowers are much larger, and do not vary in colour ſo much
as in the Vernal Crocus, from their high native purple.
They differ alſo in their roots and leaves, the time of flow-
ering, and place of growth.
.
OBSERVATIONS.
Saffron came originally, with moſt other bulbous plants,
from the Eaſt, where it firſt acquired that high reputation in
medicine which it has now almoſt loſt in Europe. Our
European term for it is evidently from the Arabic Sahafaran,
It is cultivated in Italy, Sicily, Spain, France, Germany,
Hungary, and England.
It is commonly ſaid that Saffron was originally brought
into England in the time of Edward III.; and that Sir
Thomas Smith introduced it into the neighbourhood of
Walden in Eſſex. We cannot find any fufficient authority
for either of theſe aſſertions. It is certain that it has been
cultivated in Herefordſhire and Hampſhire, and that it is
now confined to a very ſmall diſtrict in Cambridgeſhire, at
the foot of Gogmagog hills. It was planted abundantly near
Walden at the end of the fixteenth, and at the beginning of
the ſeventeenth centuries. It migrated gradually into Cam-
bridgeſhire between the years 1695 and 1723, when the place
of its growth was the large tract of ground between Saffron
Walden and Cambridge, in a circle of about ten miles dia-
The quantity of ground under Saffron has been gra-
dually leſſening during the laſt twenty-five years; and if ſome
means are not found to encourage it, this object of culture
will probably ſoon be loſt to this country, and we ſhall be
wholly at the
mercy of foreign dealers in this commodity,
who fophiſticate it with Saflower, Marygolds, &c. ; whereas
meter.

ours comes out of the hands of the growers pure and ge-
nuine.
Saffron is fet down as indigenous in ſome of our Floras;
but the indefatigable Ray affirms that nothing certain is
known concerning its place of ſpontaneous growth; and we
have never found a wild plant of it in the country where it
has been cultivated at leaſt two centuries.



big
JUR
Engraved Publishel fune 1793 by FR Asidder
Was Sie direct, (polder ilquare :

[ 59 ]
SPECIES.
2. Crocus vernus. Spring Crocus.
Lin. ſpec. 50. B. Hudſ. angl. 13. B. Wither. arr. 38. ß.
Hallo belv. N. 1257. Scop. carn. n. 47. Allion.
pedem. n. 309. Raii hift. 1173.-1176. Bauh. ,
pin. 65, 66. 1--11 & 1-6. Figured in Jacqu.
auftr. 5. app. t. 36. Berg. phyt. 2. 159. Curtis,
magaz. t. 45. Blackw. t. 144. f. 2. Cluf. hiſt.
1. 205. 2. Ger. berb. 125. 1. emac, 156. 12. &
153. 1. Park. parad. 161–167. t. 163.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
و
Leaves broader, with flat edges ; ſigma very ſhortly
trifid.
DESCRIPTION, &c.
SPRING
CROCUS, in its wild ſtate, is moſt commonly
white, with a purple baſe, in Switzerland, according to
Haller. Purple or white in Auſtria, according to Jacquin.
Geſner gathered it with a yellow flower, on the mountains of
Glarus. It is a native alſo of Carniola, Italy, Spain, &c.
England it is not properly indigenous, although Dr.
Deering found it near Nottingham; and we obſerved it in
conſiderable quantity, above forty years ago, in Batterſea
meadow, near the mill.
The varieties of Spring Crocus are very numerous.
Par
kinſon has twenty-ſeven, all of which he has named and de-

fcribed particularly. The moſt common now in our gardens
are, the Scotch, beautifully ſtriped; the Blue; the Blue-
ſtriped; White; Yellow of ſeveral ſhades, larger and ſmal-
ler; Yellow, ſtriped with black, and Cloth of Gold. New
ones are conſtantly imported from Holland. We have
pre-
ferred figuring the Blue, to ſhow the difference between this
and the true Saffron, which probably might yield as many
varieties, if equal pains were beſtowed on the cultivation of
it; but the Spring Crocus is valuable on account of its early
flowering; whereas Saffron blows late in Autumn.
We have ſeparated the Vernal from the Autumnal Crocus,
on the authority of Miller, Haller, and Jacquin.


bo
Pruun , Engraved Published fare spoi.by K L Aødder
. M. 5 Bewerberak jalka odporn

[ 60 ]
COLCHICUM.
HEXANDRIA Trig ynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Cal a ſpathe. Cor. fix-parted, with a rooted tube.
Capſ. three, connected, inflated.
SPECIES.
Colchicum autumnale. Common Meadow Saffron.
Lin. Spec. 485. mat. med. 100. Hudf. angl. 175. With.
arr. 379. Lightf. 192. Hall, belv. N. 1255. Scop.
carn. N. 448. Pollich, pal. n. 366. Leers, her-
born. n. 271. Allion. pedem. n. 433. Krock. files.
N. 577. Raii bift. 1170. Bauh. pin. 67. Figured
in Storck. monogr. Blackw. t. 566. Berg: phyt. t.
177. Plenck. ic. t. 279. Woodv. med. bot. t. 177.
Bauh. bift. 2. 649. Mor. hift. . 4. t. 3. f. 1.
Petiv. brit. t. 67. f. 2. Park. parad. 153. Ger.
127. f. 1, 2. emac. 157. I, 2.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves flat, lanceolate, erect.
DESCRIPTION.
The bulb is about the fize and hape of the Tulip, but
not ſo fharp pointed, and the ſkin is of a darker colour.

The leaves appear in March; they are commonly four, folded
over each other below, but ſpread open above ground, and
ſtanding croſs-ways; they are of a deep green, five' or fix
inches long, and one and a half broad*. With the other
leaves one or two generally ariſe of the ſame length, but
only one fourth of the width, which are a kind of bracteal
leaves to the feed-bud. The feed-veſſel, which comes out
between the leaves in April, is ſeſſile at their baſe, large,
ſomewhat ovate, but with three very blunt angles t. The
flowers come out in Autumn, with long ſlender tubes, about
four inches high; their number in proportion to the ſize of
the roots, from 2 to 7 or 8.
OBSERVATIONS.
The ſeeds lye buried all Winter within the bulb, grow
up in Spring, and are ripe about the time of hay harveſt.
From the appearance of the flowers in Autumn without leaves,
the
country people call them Naked Ladies. In a wild ſtate
they are commonly purple; but there are many
varieties of
colour in the gardens. It is a native of moſt
parts
of Eu-
rope in paſtures, and is not uncommon in England, particu-
larly in the Weſtern and Northern parts. It is found alſo
in Scotland, but not common.
No cattle eat it. The roots have much acrimony, and
are poiſonous. Storck however, brought them into uſe as
a medicine, and they are reputed to have much the ſame
qualities as Squill.
* Miller.
+ Woodward M.S.


Pruun Ougmond e. Published fully s79;.ly it le Nordter Niss Bruso Sena. Gelen Alpuen

[61]
GLECHOMA.
DIDYNAMIA Gymnoſpermia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx five-cleft. Each pair of Anthers converging
in form of a crofs.
SPECIES.
Glechoma hederacea. Ground Ivy.
Lin. ſpec. 807. A. Suec. n. 518. Hudſ. angl. 254.
Wither. arr. 603. Curtis lond. 2. 44. Lightf.
ſcot. 307. Woodv. med. bot. 84. t. 28. Pollich.
pal. n. 554. Fl. dan. t. 789. Hall. helv. n. 245.
(Chamæclema) Ger. herb. 705. emac. 856. I.
Park. theat. 677. Mor. bift. f. 11. 1. 21. f. 1. Ri-
vin. mon. 1. 67. 2. Blackw. t. 225.
DESCRIPTION.
ROOT
perennial. Stems trailing, putting forth roots at
the joints. Leaves kidney-ſhaped, crenate or ſcalloped about
the edge. The flowering-ſtalks ſpring from the joints, are
upright and hairy, from four to fix inches high. The pe-
duncles are ſhort and branched, ſupporting from three to five
blue flowers, the middle ſegment of the lower lip marked
with purple ſpots, and hairy at the baſe. The ftamens are
frequently found imperfect, but when they are perfe&, the

anthers, after burſting, form a croſs, or the ſhape of the
letter X.
OBSERVATIONS.
Ground Ivy is common under hedges, on banks, in woods,
and ſometimes in dry paſtures; flowering in April, May,
and June. Linneus affirms that it gradually expels plants
which grow near it, and thus impoveriſhes paſtures. He
ſays that ſheep eat it, that horſes are not fond of it, and that
kine, goats, and ſwine, refuſe it; it is alſo reported to be
injurious to horſes, if they eat much of it. It ſeems rarely
to be touched by any ſort of cattle with us.
The expreffed
juice, mixed with a little wine, and applied morning and
evening, is ſaid to deſtroy the white ſpecks on horſes' eyes.
The leaves were formerly thrown into the vat with ale to
clarify it, and to give it a flavour. This was called Gill-
ale ; but ſeems to have grown into diſuſe ſince the introduc-
tion of hops. In obſtinate coughs it is ſtill a favourite re-
medy with the common people, though the London College
has diſcarded it. It is moſt uſually taken in form of an in-
fuſion or tea, or the expreſſed juice with honey. The dif-
tilled water is certainly of no ſervice.
An herb ſo common, and one in ſo much vulgar eſteem,
has, of courſe, many names ; as Gill, Gill-creep-by-ground,
Robin-run-in-the-hedge, Ale-hoof, Tun-hoof, Cat’s-foot,
and Hay-maids,


62
Ser
T
fuff
its
and
ped
falu
affe
this
we
den
V.
for
alfo
col
2
8072
W:
Bmwen Cigarved ® , Publilia lile vagi lay Noble'i lim Broor livet b jalider lyerere

[ 62 ]
PRIMULA.
PENTANDRIA Monogynia.
anal
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Several flowers in an umbellule, with a ſmall invo-
lucre. Tube of the corolla cylindrical, with
the mouth open. Capſule one-celled. Stigma
globoſe.
OBSERVATIONS.
The common Primroſe * is univerſally known; and it is
fuficiently diſtinguiſhed in its wild ſtate, by its toothed roots,
its oblong wrinkled leaves unequally notched about the edge,
and particularly by its having no proper ſtalk, but only a
peduncle ſuſtaining one flower, the corolla of which is large,
falver-ſhaped, of a pale yellow or ſulphur colour. Linneus
afferts that it has a ſhort ſcape, concealed under ground, but
this ſeems very feldom to be the caſe. The variety which
we have figured here, for we dare not in this variable genus
denominate it a ſpecies, has this ſcape or common naked
fower-ſtalk as diſtinct as in the Cowſlip or Oxlip; it differs
alfo from the common Primroſe both in the number and
colour of the flowers, but moſt remarkably in the extreme
* Primula veris
Lin. ſpec. 205.-vulgaris. Hudſ. angl. 83.
Serwerby Engl. bot. 4.--acaulis Jacq, miſc. 158. Curtis lond. n. 65.
Wither, art, 204

hairineſs of the ſcape, peduncles, and calyx. The corolla is
of a moſt beautiful purple colour, and deſerves to be intro-
duced among other ornamental vernal flowers. It is a native
of Scotland ; and we owe our knowledge of it to the inde-
fatigable reſearches and the benevolent communication of
Mr. Dickſon, whoſe ſkill in the Cryptogamia claſs ſtands at
prefent unrivalled.
We are ready to confeſs that the Primroſe and Cowllip are
ſufficiently and permanently diſtinct; but yet we think that
the chain of nature in the connection of ſpecies, which
perhaps at fome future time will be unveiled, inay be more
clearly diſcerned in this genus than in moſt others. The
Oxlip ſeems to form an intermediate link between the Prim-
roſe and Cowllip; and the plant which we have here figured
may
be conſidered as a link between the former of them and
the Oxlip. But we have ſometimes met with a Primroſe in
a wild ſtate, puſhing up a ſcape, which fuſtained ſeveral
flowers, differing in no reſpect from the ordinary fort, except
in this circumſtance, and forming a more perceptible con-
nection with the Oxlip. It is well known that the Primroſe
is the parent of the admired Polyanthus ; and the floriſts
are well acquainted with the infinite variety of which this
fpecies and the ſtill more highly admired Auricula are capable
by culture.
If the Primroſe be not of much uſe in rural oeconomy,
does no injury to the cultivator. It occupies not the room of
more uſeful plants, and it proclaims the approach of the
chearful and prolific ſeaſon. It may ſupply the place of
Aſarabacca as a ſternutatory; and a dram and half of the
dried roots taken up in autumn will operate as a ſtrong
ſafe emetic.
it
but

The common fort having been figured repeatedly, we have
preferred giving this elegant variety, which has not before
been preſented to the public.
Mr. Curtis has figured the double Purple or Lilac Primroſe
in the 229th plate of his Botanical Magazine,

il
1


63
Drawn, Engraved & Bieblished fubie go8, l, S.So Nodder Nos, Brewerlivet fjelde of peopeia

[ 63 ]
SPECIES.
Trifolium incarnatum. Fleſh-coloured Trefoil.
Lin. Spec. 1083. Hall. belv. 374. Gouan illuſtr. 51.
Bauh. hiſt. 2. 376. Raii bift. 948. 1. Ger. emac.
1192. f. 1. Park. theat. 1106. f. 1.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Spikes of flowers villous, oblong, leafleſs; leaflets
roundiſh, crenate.
DESCRIPTION.
STALKS from a foot to eighteen inches in height. Leaves,
eſpecially the lower ones, obcordate, from the baſe to the
middle entire, and thence to the end finely notched ; they
are ſoft and pubeſcent, and the upper ones are leſs emargi-
nate at top. The ſpike of flowers is ovate-oblong, ſoft and
filky. The calyxes are hirſute, and there is but little ine-
quality in the teeth. The corollas are red, and have long
ſtandards
. Ray ſays that he obſerved it about Naples with
beautiful red flowers almoſt ſcarlet ; but that about Geneva
they were of a pale fleſh colour.
OBSERVATIONS.
This is an annual Trefoil, and flowers with us în July.
Ray ſays that the feed is ripe, and falls in July and Auguſt,
in Italy, where it grows naturally. It is alſo a native of
the South of France. Haller reports that it has been looked
for in vain near Geneva.
We do not know that it has been, or may be, cultivated to
effect.



64
Das
Drauro , Engravel e Politikat Magst opgs
, lu oh L. Nodber.A. s Bower Sine, Gode leurs

[ 64 ]
MELICA.
TRIANDRIA Digynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Cal. two-valved, two-flowered, with the rudiment
of another between them.
SPECIES.
Melica uniflora. Single-flowered Wood Melic-grafs.
Retz. obf. 1. p. 10. n. 9. Curtis lond. n. 51. Wither.
arr. 81.
M. nutans. Hudſ, angl. 37. Lightf. Scot. 95.
.
Gramen avenaceum, &c. Bauh. pin. 10. 3. Lob. adv.
alt. 465. Bauh. hift. 2. 434. Park. theat. 1151.
3. Mor. bifl./. 8.1.7. f. 49. Raii fyn. 403. 6.
hiſt. 1289. 1. 4.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Panicle thin, calyxes two-flowered, one flower fer-
tile, the other neuter.
DESCRIPTION.
ROOT
perennial. Stem fimple, a foot and half or
more in height, ſlender, where it is covered with the ſheaths
of the leaves ſomewhat angular, rough and ftriated, at bat-

tom of a dull purple colour. Leaves one at each joint,
about five in number, yellowiſh green, flat, near two lines
in breadth, terminating gradually in a point; rough if drawn
backwards between the fingers; ſomewhat hairy on the up-
per ſurface; the edges appearing finely ſerrate when magni-
fied; membrane or ligule ſcarcely any: an ovate acuminate
leaflet, upright and coloured, riſes from the fore part of the
mouth of the ſheath. The lower peduncles of the panicle
come forth in pairs, one ſhorter than the other; the upper
ones grow fingly. Spikelets pedicelled, at firſt dark purple
,
awnleſs. Valves of the calyx coloured and ſhining; the
outer ovate, concave, five-nerved, terminated by a ſhort
point; the inner leſs, ovate-lanceolate, three-nerved. Fer-
tile flower ſeſſile; the outer valve large, ſwelling out, with
its edges embracing the inner one, which is flattiſh, the edges
membranous and turned back, eſpecially near the baſe; the
neuter flower pedicelled. Nectary a very minute entire
ſcale, at the baſe of the germ. Seed ovate, ſhining, rather
large and blackiſh *.
OBSERVATIONS.
Retzius obſerves, that this ſpecies is often found with the
nutans, and differs very much from it. In more than a
thouſand ſpecimens that he examined, there was not one
panicle truly ſimple, nor a ſingle calyx that contained two
perfect florets; and being cultivated in a garden three years,
it remained unchanged.
Dr. Stokes remarks, that the habit of this is very
from that of the nutans; and that its bellying valves, the
griſly texture of its bloſſom, its ribbed calyx, and its habit
,
different
* Curtis. Retz.

combine to point out an affinity between theſe two ſpecies
and the Milium effuſum.
It is not uncommon in woods and hedges ; and flowers in
May
, or the beginning of June.
The delicacy and ſtriking colour of the panicle, joined to
its place of growth, readily diſtinguiſh this from all other
Engliſh graſſes *.
It is ſufficiently apparent that the Melic-graſſes can never
be an object of culture for meadows or paſtures.
* Curtis,
1



00
Drawn, Engraved & Published
Alug. 1793, Xy F, P. Nodder|| 1.305 Brewer Sorect, Golden diese ,

[ 65 ]
SPECIES
Melica nutans. Mountain Melic-graſs.
Lin. Spec. 98. With. arr. 82. Leers, herborn. n. 63.
t. 3. f. 4. Schreb. gram. 62. t. 6. f. 1. (2 in the
text.
M. montana. Hudſ. angl. 37.
Gr. mont. avenaceum, locuſtis rubris. Bauh. pin.
10. prodr. 20. theat. 155. Raii bift. 1289. fyn.
403. 7. Scheuch. agr. 171. t. 3. f. 16. D. E. F.
Gr. loc. rubris. Bauh. hiſt. 2. 434. 1. Park. theat.
1151, 5.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Petals beardleſs, panicle nodding, fimple.
DESCRIPTION.
ROOT
perennial, ſomewhat creeping. Stem from one
to two feet in height, upright, compreſſed and four-cornered,
having three or four knots on it; clothed at the baſe with
alternate, ſharp, brown, ſheathing ſcales ; then to above
the middle with four-cornered rugged ſheaths of leaves.
Lower ſtem-leaves ſhorter, convex ; upper ſlightly keeled,
broadiſh, pubeſcent on the upper furface, rugged about the
edges
, and on a part of the keel. No proper ligule, but
only a ſhort membranaceous brown rim. Panicle pointing
one way; either quite fimple, reſembling a raceme, with
alternate flexuoſe pedicels, ſuſtaining one or two pendant

flowers, or a little branched; one or two of the lower pe-
duncles are longer, ſpreading, and ſupport three or four
flowers. Valves of the calyx ſhorter than the corolla, blunt,
duſky purple, edged with white ; the outer three-nerved, the
inner five-nerved. Valves of the corolla oblong, between
membranaceous and cartilaginous; outer ſcored with about
ſeven lines, whitiſh or yellowiſh, ſometimes tinged with
purple; inner much ſhorter, pubeſcent. Nectary one-
leafed, horizontal, orbicular, flat, hollowed out for the in-
fertion of the germ. Seed brown*.
OBSERVATIONS.
This graſs grows in the mountainous woods of our Nor-
thern counties; and flowers in June and July.
Mr. Pennant, in his Tour to Scotland, informs us, that
in the Iſle of Rafa, they make it into ropes for fiſhing nets,
which laſt long without rotting.
* Leers & St, in With.


Dawa Cregmoved 2 Poblaki
1793 ly F. P. Nodder
e Bmw Sereve , folatoin egen

[ 66 ]
VERONICA.
DIANDRIA Monogynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Border of the corolla divided into four parts, of
which the loweſt is narrower than the reſt.
Capſule two-celled.
SPECIES.
Veronica Chamædrys. Wild Germander, or Gere
mander Speedwell.
Lin. ſpec. 17. Hudſ. angl. 6. Wither, arr. 13. Cur-
tis lond. 1. 2. Hall. helv. n. 536. Pollich. pal. n.
16. Leers herborn, n. 14. Krock. files. n. 24. Fl.
dan. t. 448. Rivin. mon. 1. 94.
Chamædrys ſpuria, &c. Bauh. pin. 249. 15. Bauh.
bift. 3. 286. 1. Park. theat. 107.
Ch. ſylveſtris. Ger. 530. 4. emac. 657. 3. Raii hift.
850. 3. fyn. 281.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Racemes lateral, leaves ovate, feffile, wrinkled,
toothed; ſtems feeble, hairy on each ſide.

DESCRIPTION.
ones.
Root perennial, creeping. Stalks ſpreading, round,
hard, ciliate with long white hairs, very thick ſet together,
on oppoſite ſides, branched. Leaves cordate-ovate, oppoſite,
jaggedly toothed, ſometimes very deeply, more or leſs hir-
ſute, ſtrongly veined; the lower ones ſmaller than the
upper
Flowers as many as twenty in long upright racemes,
oppoſite or ſingle ; they are on pedicels, each ſupported by
a lanceolate bracte. Segments of the calyx four, lanceo-
late, unequal, hairy; theſe hairs, when magnified, appear
terminated by minute globules. Corolla bright blue,
ſtreaked with veins of a deeper colour ; the throat of this
is white, as are alſo the baſe and point of the filaments,
the pollen, and the baſe of the ſtyle ; the ſtigma is reddiſh;
the
germ is woolly, flattiſh, and ſurrounded by a nectarife-
rous gland at the baſe. Capſule exactly obcordate, a little
ſhorter than the calyx, light brown, and ſlightly hairy at the
edge. Seeds flat, of a yellowiſh brown colour*.
OBSERVATIONS.
Wild Germander is common under hedges, among
buſhes, in orchards, &c. It flowers in May and June, fre-
quently in April. Many plants with leſs beauty than this
are cultivated in our gardens. Mr. Curtis remarks, that,
when growing wild, the leaves are uſually ſeſſile ; but when
cultivated, theſe become larger, and placed on footſtalks
of a moderate length ; thus approaching to V. montand,
which it much reſembles. At the end of ſummer a white
* Curtis, Withering, Leers,

hairy knob is frequent on this plant; it is the neſt of ſome
infect.
This pretty plant is neither very uſeful nor injurious to
the huſbandman. The leaves, according to Dr. Withering,
are a better ſubſtitute for tea than thoſe of V. officinalis, be-
ing more grateful and leſs aſtringent.



61
700
Drown Cungropate Published Seyne says by TB. Nellos. No Boerer akome
, Guban fjars

[ [ 67 ]
PLANTAGO.
TETRANDRIA Monogynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Cal
. four-cleft. Cor. four-cleft, with a reflex bor-
der. Stam. very long. Capſ. two-celled, open-
ing horizontally.
SPECIES.
Plantago lanceolata. Ribwort plantain.
Lin. ſpec. 164. Hudſ. angl. 64. Wither. arr. 143. Fi-
gured in Curtis lond. 2. 10. Fl. dan. t. 437.
Blackw. herb. t. 14. Ger. herb. 341. 1. emac.
422. 1. Park. theat. 496. 1. Mor. hiſt. ſ. 8. t.
15. f. 9. Petiv. brit. t 4. f. 6. Bauh. hift. 3.
505. 1. Anderſon's eſays, 2. p. 252. t. 15. -De-
fcribed by Haller helv. n. 656. Pollich. pal. n. 161.
Leers, herborn. n. 108. Krock. files. n. 234. Ray
hifi. 877. 7. Curtis, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves lanceolate; ſpike nearly ovate, naked; ſcape
(naked ftalk) angular.

DESCRIPTION.
Root
OT perennial, when old appearing as if bitten off at
the end. Leaves only next the root, diſtinguiſhed by their
five prominent ribs. Scape or flowering-ſtalk longer than
the leaves, ſingle, upright, angular, grooved, and ſlightly
twiſted; having one ſpike at top, of a blackiſh colour be-
fore the flowers open.
This contains many (130) ſmall
flowers, crowded cloſe together, with an ovate pointed bracte
at the baſe of each. The capſule contains two oblong ſhin-
ing feeds, of an amber colour, in each cell.
OBSERVATIONS.
Nothing is more common than this Plantain in dry pal-
tures, where it is uſually left untouched by cattle; to feed
ſmall birds by the copious produce of its feeds; the leaves
ſpread on the ground, but in thick graſs they are drawn up
to a conſiderable length, and become more ſucculent. It
was formerly conſidered merely as a weed, occupying the
room of graſſes and other uſeful herbs; but it has lately been
introduced into culture, under the name of Rib-graſs
, and
is much recommended in common with other novelties,
probably much above its deſerts. In truth, we have no very
high opinion of it, in compariſon with graſſes properly ſo
called, and many leguminous plants. Haller, indeed, attri-
butes, but we think without reaſon, the richneſs of the milk
in the alpine dairies to this plant, and to Alchemilla vulgaris,
Mr. Dickenſon relates, that twelve acres being fown with it,
a plentiful crop was produced, but no animal would eat it*
We muſt refer thoſe who have a partiality for this herb as
a food for cattle, to Mr. Young's annals, vol. 6. p.50.
and to Dr. Anderſon's eſſays, vol. 2. p. 253.
&c.
* Withering arr, 144.


1
Prawa, Eingarved Brullished Sogn " FP Nodder. Ars Broer hevet, jobban fun

[ 68 ]
FUMARIA.
DIADELPHIA Hexandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Cal. two-leaved. Cor. ringent. Filaments two, mem-
branaceous, with three anthers on each.
SPECIES.
Fumaria officinalis. Common Fumitory.
Lin. ſpec. 984. Hudſ. angl. 309. Wither, arr. 751.
Figured in Curtis lond. 2. 52. Woodv. med. bot.
241. t. 88. Blackw. t. 237. Mill. fig. t. 136. f.
2. Rivin. tetr. t. 1. Bauh. hift. 3. 201. Ger.
berb. 927. 1. emac. 1088. 1. Park. theat. 287. 1.
Mor. hiſt. ſ. 3. t. 12. f. 9.-Deſcribed by Haller
helv. n. 346. Pollich pal, n. 663. Krock. files. n.
1139. Ray hift. 405. Curtis, Withering, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Seed-veſſels in racemes, each with a ſingle feed;
Item diffuſed.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
annual. Stems from a ſpan to a cubit in height,
Imooth, angular, tender, bending, branched. Leaves alter-

nate, petioled, bluiſh green, ſmooth, ſomewhat fleſhy, de-
compound, the laſt diviſion bifid or trifid, the extreme ſeg-
ments lanceolate. Flowers alternate, in long bunches, on
very ſhort pedicels; under each is a lanceolate membrana-
ceous bracte. Corolla reddiſh, tipped with deep purple;
ſometimes pale purple or white. Seed-vefſel roundiſh,
ſlightly obcordate, finooth.
OBSERVATIONS.
Fumitory is a common weed in corn fields and gardens,
and on ditch banks; flowering from April to Auguſt, and
even later. Kine and ſheep are faid to eat it; to the latter
it is accounted even falubrious. The leaves are fucculent,
ſaline, and bitter. The juice is accounted a great purifier
of the blood, and is ſaid to have had good effects in cuta-
neous diſorders approaching to leproſy.


V.
-
Drawn, Engroved of Units her Sept: 1793, by FP.Noeltor, N; Browwe Serwet , Golden olguera

[ 69 ]
POTERIUM.
MONOECIA Polyandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Male. Cal. four-leaved. Cor. four-parted. Stam.
30--40.
Fem. Cal. four-leaved. Cor. four-parted. Pift. 2.
Berry formed of the tube of the corolla hard-
ened.
SPECIES.
Poterium Sanguiſorba. Common Burnet.
Lin. ſpec. 1411. Hudf. angl. 421. With. arr. 1081.
Figured in Curtis lond. 2. 64. Blackw. herb. 413.
Mor. hiſt. S. 8. 1. 18. f. 12. Petiv. brit. t. 4. f.
12. Ger. herb. 889. I. emac, 1045. 1. Park,
theat. 582. 1.-Deſcribed by Haller helv. n. 706.
(Pimpinella) Pollich. pal. n. 908. Bauh. hift. 3.
116. Ray hift. 401. (Pimpinella) Curtis, With-
ering, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Unarmed,
or without thorns or prickles; ſtems
ſomewhat angular.

DESCRIPTION.
Root perennial. Stems nearly upright, from nine
inches' to a foot in height, branched, ſtreaked, reddiſh,
ſmooth, except at bottom, where it is ſlightly hairy. Leaves
alternate, pinnate. Leaflets ſmooth, bluiſh underneath,
with the midrib ſlightly hairy, deeply ſerrate about the edge ;
on the lower leaves they are roundiſh, and on the upper ones
ovate and pointed; the lower leaflets on the ſame leaf are
commonly alternate, and the upper ones oppoſite. The pe-
tiole or leaf-ſtalk is three-cornered, channelled, hairy and
ſomewhat membranaceous at the baſe. Flowers in little
roundiſh heads, the terminating one largeſt ; male or barren
flowers below; female or fertile flowers above, in the ſame
head, expanding before the others, which are frequently im-
perfect hermaphrodites. The filaments are very long, and
commonly red. The ftigma is
The ftigma is very red. Seed-veſfel a
juiceleſs berry, having four wrinkled fides, and containing
two pale-brown feeds *.
OBSERVATIONS.
Burnet is common in high paſtures, on a calcareous foil
.
It flowers the beginning of May, and ſometimes in April
.
The leaves, when bruiſed, ſmell like cucumber, and taſte
ſomething like the paring of that fruit; they are ſometimes
put into falads and cool tankards. Some years ſince Mr.
Rocque attempted to introduce it as food for cattle. It has
only one good quality, which is, that it continues
green
winter, and affords fome food early in ſpring, when it is
commonly moſt wanted. But cattle are not very
nor does it yield a fufficient burden to pay the farmer for the
expence of cultivating it.
all
fond of it,
* Curtis lond. & Stokes.

We refer ſuch of our readers as deſire to be acquainted
with the culture and merits of Burnet, to the Muſeum ruf-
ticum, to the Bath memoirs, Young's annals, Anderſon's
ellays, and Mr. Rocque's pamphlet.
There is a larger coarſer ſort of Burnet, (Sanguiſorba offi-
cinalis) which, to a common eye, is very like this, except
in fize; but the ſtems of common or lefſer Burnet are uſually
declining; the lower leaflets rounder; the heads ſometimes
purpliſh when in fruit, but never of ſo deep a tinge, nor
ſhining, as in the great Burnet, which grows in moiſt mea-
dows, and has only hermaphrodite flowers.
The Burnets and Burnet-Saxifrages having both had the
name of Pimpinella, fome confuſion has hence ariſen, which
Dr. Anderſon has continued, by calling Burnet Pimpinella
Sylveftris, which is the name of the great Burnet, and not of
the ſmaller cultivated fort in Gerard's herbal.



70
A
by
lodder 1% Braver Street
, fjölder i lande

[ 70 ]
SINAPIS.
TETRADY NAMIA Siliquoſa.
SPECIES.
Sinapis alba. White Muſtard.
Lin. Spec. 933. Hudſ. angl. 298. Wither. arr. 713.
Figured in Curtis lond. 5. 46. Black. t. 29.
Ger. emai. 244. 4. Petiv. brit. 45. 10. Bauh.
hift. 2. 856.- Deſcribed by Hall. belv. n. 466.
Krock. files. n. 1101. Lightf. ſcot. 361. Ray
biff. 802. 2. Curtis, Withering, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Siliques or pods hiſpid or rough with hair, with
a very long oblique fwordſhaped beak at the
end.
DESCRIPTION.
ROOT
annual. Stem ſtrong, nearly round, upright,
branched, ftriated or finely grooved, ſet with numerous ſtif-
fih hairs pointing downwards, from a foot and a half to two
fet in height. Leaves petioled, alternate, pale green, rough
with ftrong hairs on both ſides, all deeply indented or lobed, the
terminating ſegment very broad and large ; and frequently a
pair of ſmall wings on the petiole. The flowers are on looſe

racemes or bunches at the ends of the branches, on horizon-
tal peduncles, which have four grooves or corners, and ſtrong
hairs pointing downwards. The leaflets of the calyx ſpread
a little at top, are yellow or ſometimes purpliſh, and end
bluntly. Petals yellow, with upright narrow claws ſcarcely
the length of the calyx, and an inverſely ovate entire border.
Pods hairy, ſomewhat jointed, terminated by a dark
green
ftriated beak, having a few hairs on it, and knobs or protu-
berances where the ſeeds are. Seeds
3 or 4, white, yellow-
iſh, or browniſh.
Ray diſtinguiſhes this fpecies from Common Muſtard
and Charlock, by the leaves being more deeply and fre-
quently jagged or cut, the pods hairy and ſtanding out more
from the ſtalk; the feeds very large, ſo as to ſwell out the
pod into knots; and the pod itſelf finiſhing in a broad, thin,
oblong, ſword-ſhaped point t. Haller remarks that the
flower is larger than in the Common Muſtard.
OBSERVATIONS.
White Muſtard grows wild in corn fields, on banks, and
by road fides, flowering in June, and ripening its feeds in
Auguft. Mr. Curtis obſerves, that it is as common in the
fields about High Wycomb in Bucks, as Charlock (Sinapis
arvenſis) is in other places. We may add, that Raphanus
Raphaniſtrum, figured in the next plate, is no leſs common
in ſome corn fields, and that they are all frequently con-
founded under the name of Charlock.
White Muſtard is generally cultivated in gardens as a ſalad
herb, with creſles, radiſh, &c. for winter and ſpring ufe.
The ſeeds have nearly the ſame properties with thoſe of
Common Muſtard (Sinapis nigra).
* Figured in plate 51.
+ Syn. 295.


7 기
​해
​Drawn,Cuzmır al PPublishał Oct? 1795, by F.P.Nodder;. N.°45 Browwe Storet , Golden eguar

[ 71 ]
RAPHANUS.
TETRADYNAMIA Siliquoſa.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx cloſed. Silique or pod protuberant, moſtly
jointed, columnar. Glands two between the
ſhorter ſtamens and the piſtil, and as many
between the longer ftamens and the calyx.
SPECIES.
Raphanus Raphaniſtrum. Corn, or Wild Radiſh.
Lin. Spec. 935. Fl. ſuec. n. 612. Hudſ. angl. 289.
Wither. arr. 715. Lightf. fcot. 362.—Figured
in Curtis lond. 4. 46. Fl. dan. t. 678. Bauh.
biſt. 2.851. I. Ger. herb. 179. 2. & 199. emac.
240. I. Park. theat. 863. 4, 5. Petiv. brit. t.
46. f. 10. Mor. hift. J. 3. t. 13. f. 1, 2. & roze
2. 4. f. 4.--Deſcribed by Haller belv, n. 468.
Pollich palat. n. 644. Krock. files n. 1104. Ray
bift. 805. 2. Curtis, Withering, &c.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Siliques or pods columnar, jointed, ſmooth, one-
celled.

DESCRIPTION.
ple
ROOT . a
annual. Stem from a foot to a foot and a half in
height, upright, branched, rough with tranſparent hairs
pointing backwards, often purple at bottom. • Leaves
tioled, pinnatifid, rough ; the lowermoſt conſiſting of four
or five pairs of pinnas, the uppermoſt of two or three; all
obtuſely ferrate or toothed; the teeth purple at the tips
Flowers peduncled, in a looſe raceme. Calyx upright, fet
with white hairs. Corolla varying much in colour, yellow,
white, or purpliſh, but always with dark veins: petals in-
verſely heart-ſhaped, entire, ſpreading; the claws a little
longer than the calyx. Pods round, compoſed of from 3 to
6, grooved, one-celled joints, containing a ſingle ſeed; end.
ing in a linear, flat, ſmooth beak. Seeds roundiſh, ferrugi-
nous, very ſmooth, the ſize of common garden Radiſh. It
is obſerved by Haller and others, that the pod has at firſt
two cells, but from one of the feeds being always abortive,
and the other filling the joint of the pod, it appears to have
only one cell.
The whole plant is generally glaucous, or of a ſea-green
colour, and all covered with hairs, except the pods. It dif-
fers from 'garden Radiſh in having narrower pods, with the
articulations more diſtinct. Sinapſis arvenſis or Charlock is
uſually one third taller than this ; the ſtalks, which in that
are finely grooved, hirſute, and commonly of a deep red co-
lour, are in this ſmooth, yet hiſpid, and uſually glaucous ;
Charlock has often an unbranched ftem, whereas this is
more frequently branched quite down to the bottom; the ca-
lyx is upright and cloſe in this, but in that it is ſpreading i
the corolla alſo of Charlock is ſmaller, and always yellow*,
* Curtis lond,

OBSERVATIONS.
Wild Radiſh is too abundant among ſpring corn in many
places ; flowering from June to Auguſt.
Linneus informs us, that in wet ſeaſons it abounds among
barley, in Sweden; and that being ground with the corn,
the common people, who eat barley bread, are afflicted with
violent convulſive complaints*, Monf. Villars, however,
remarks, that this weed is ſo common in ſome of the cold
moiſt vallies of Dauphiné, that it muſt needs make great
ravages, if it were as dangerous as Linneus has repreſented
it; and yet this ſpaſmodic diſeaſe is unknown there t.
Amæn, acad. 6. 430.
+ Hiſtoire des plantes de Dauphiné.



Drawr, Ongmund & Pablished
. Oct? 179, by FP. Nodder, N3 Bocor bre, peldes hveren

[72]
TRIFOLIUM.
DIADELPHIA Decandria.
SPECIES.
Trifolium Melilotus officinalis.
Common Melilot
Trefoil.
Lin. ſpec. 1078. Fl. fuec. n. 663. Hudſ. angl. 323.
Wither. arr. 790. Lightf. ſcot. 402.—Figured
in Gmel. ſib. 4. t. 7. Riv. tetr. t. 6. Blackw.
berb. t. 80. Bauh. hiſt. 2. 370. Ger. herb. 1034.
3, 4. emac. 1205. 4. Park. theat. 719. 1, 2.
Mor. hiſt. J. 2. t. 16. f. 2. row 2.-Deſcribed
by Haller belv. 1. 362. Scop. carn. n. 935.
Pollich pal. n. 697. Krock. files. n. 1198. Vil-
lars dauph. 476. Ray bift. 951. 2.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Legumes or pods in racemes, naked, wrinkled,
acute, having two ſeeds in each ; ftem up-
right.
DESCRIPTION.
Root annual
, ftrong, and woody
. Stem ftriated and
ſomewhat angular, yellowish green, two or three feet high,

Leaves ternate, pe-
with ſpreading, alternate branches.
tioled, alternate ; lower leaflets oblong wedge-ſhaped, upper
elliptical; they vary much in form, and are commonly fer-
rate or toothed about the edge, but ſometimes nearly entire.
The flowers alſo vary in colour, but with us are almoſt al-
ways yellow. They grow in long reflex bunches or ſpikes
,
on ſhort capillary pedicels, without any regular order ; and
have each a ſmall awl-ſhaped bracte. Calyx one third of
the length of the corolla, divided half way down into five,
nearly equal, acute teeth. Pod very ſhort, turgid, wrink-
led tranverſely, pendulous, containing I or 2 yellowiſh,
roundiſh, ſmooth feeds.
OBSERVATIONS.
Melilot grows wild in corn fields, paſtures, and by way-
ſides. Mr. Miller marks Cambridgeſhire, and Gerard
Effex, for abundance of it. There cannot be a worſe weed
among bread-corn, for a few of the feeds ground with it
ſpoil the flour, by communicating their peculiarly ſtrong
taſte. It flowers in June and July, and the ſeeds ripen with
the corn,
The whole plant has a peculiar ſcent, which becomes
ſtronger when it is dry. The flowers are ſweet ; a water
diſtilled from them, though it has little odour in itſelf, im-
proves the flavour of other ſubſtances. In medicine it was
eſteemed emollient and digeſtive, and was uſed in fomen-
tations and cataplaſms, particularly in bliſter-plaſters ; but it
is now laid aſide, as being rather acrid and irritating than
emollient.
Notwithſtanding its ſtrong ſmell and bitter acrid taſte, it
does not appear to be diſagreeable to any cattle, and horſes

are ſaid to be extremely fond of it. Hence it is called by
fome Italian writers Trifolium caballinum.
Mr. Ray affirms, that it is ſometimes ſown in England
for the food of kine and horſes. We do not know that it
is now ever cultivated among us.
Bees are very
fond of the
flowers.


AUTHORS QUOTED.
NOT IN THE FIRST VOLUME.
ALLION. pedem. Car. Allionii Flora Pedemontana, 3 vo-
lumes. Turin, 1785, fol.
Anderſon's Elays, relating to Agriculture and Rural Af-
fairs, 2 volumes. Edinb. 1784, 8vo, Third edition.
Camer. epit. Joachimi Camerarii Epitome utiliſſima de
Plantis. Franc. 1586.
Curtis magaz. The Botanical Magazine. Lond. 1787,
&c. 8vo.
Dod. pempt. Remberti Dodonæi Stirpium Hiſtoriæ Pemp-
tades ſex. Antv. 1616, fol.
Jacqu. miſc. N. J. Jacquin Miſcellanea Auſtriaca, &c.
2 volumes. Vindob. 1778, 1781, 4to.
Jung, offic. Ph. Caſp. Junghans, M. D. Icones Planta-
rum Officinalium Cent. I. Halæ Salicæ, 1787, fol.
Lin, mant. Car. a Linné Mantiſſa Plantarum. Holm.
1767, 8vo.-altera, Holm. 1771, 8vo. .
Lin. mat. med. Car. a Linné Materia Medica, Holm.
1749, 8vo.
Lob. adv. Stirpium adverſaria nova, auth. Petro Pena &
Matthiu de Lobel. Lond. 1571. fol. ---pars altera Lond.
1605, fol.
Lyons in Relh. cant. Deſcriptions of plants from the ma-
nuſcripts of the late Ifrael Lyons, inſerted in Relhan's
Flora Cantabrigienfis.

Mill. fig. Figures of plants, deſcribed in the Gardener's
Dictionary, by Philip Miller, 2 vols. Lond. 1760, fol.
Mor. umb. Rob. Morifon Plantarum Umbelliferarum dif-
tributio nova (being the firſt part of his hiſtory) Oxon.
1672, fol.
Murr, prodr. Jo. Andr. Murray Prodromus deſignationis
Stirpium Gottingenfium. Gott. 1770, 8vo. .
Park. parad. Joh. Parkinſon Paradiſi in Sole Paradiſus
terreſtris. Lond. 1629, fol.
Plenck, ic. Jos. Jac. Plenck Icones Plantarum Medici-
nalium. Viennæ 1788–1791, fol.
Retz. obs. Andr. Joh. Retzii obſervationum botani-
carum faſcic. 15-5. Lipf. 1779 to 1789, fol.
Sowerby engl. bot. Of Engliſh Botany, 1790, &c. 8vo.
Trag. Hieronymi Tragi Stirpium Hiſtoria, Argentor.
1552, 4to.
Villars dauph. Hiſtoire des Plantes de Dauphiné. In three
volumes. 1786, 7, 9, 8vo.
Woodv. med. bot. Dr. Woodville's medical botany, in three
"volumes, 4to.

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.
48
65
64
67
62
vernus
56
AGRIMONIA Eupatoria
Medicago fativa
37 | Melica nutans
Braffica Rapa
49, 50
uniflora
Briza media
39 Plantago lanceolata
Carum Carui
55 | Polygonum Fagopyrum 46
Colchicum autumnale 60 Poterium Sanguiſorba 69
Crocus officinalis 58 Primula purpurea
59
Ranunculus arvenſis
Euphraſia Odontites 42 | Raphanus Raphaniſtrum 71
Fumaria officinalis
68 Reſeda Luteola
Scandix Pecten
54
Glechoma hederacea 61 Sinapis alba
70
Hedyfarum Onobrychis 47
nigra
51
Hordeum maritimum
44
Sifymbrium Sophia 57
murinum
43
Trifolium incarnatum
fylvaticum
Melilotus offi-
45
Iſatis tinctoria
41
cinalis
72
Lathyrus pratenſis
Veronica Chamædrys
66
Lotus corniculatus
40
Galium verum
38
63
52

INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
AGRIMONY 37 ) Melic-grafs 64, 65
Barley-graſs, Marſh
44
Melilot Trefoil
72
Wall
43 Muſtard, Common
51
Wood
45
White
Bed-ſtraw, Yellow Ladies 54 | Plantain, Ribwort 97
Bird's-foot Trefoil 53 | Primroſe, Purple
62
Buck-wheat
46 | Quaking-graſs
39
Burnet
69 | Radiſh, Corn or Wild
71
Caraway
55 | Rib-graſs
67
Crocus, Autumnal 58 | Saffron, Meadow 60
Spring
59
Officinal
Crowfoot, Corn 56 Saint-Foin
47
Dyer's-weed
Shepherd's-needle
Eye-bright, Red 42 | Tare-everlaſting
Flixweed
57 Trefoil, Bird's-foot
53
Fumitory
68
Fleſh-coloured 63
Germander-Speedwell Turnep
49, 50
66
Wild
Venus's-comb
Ground-Ivy
61 | Vetchling, Yellow
Ladies Bedſtraw
54
Weld
Lathyrus, Meadow
52
Woad
Lucern
48
40
40

Dedicated, by permission, to
His MAJESTY,
FLORA RUSTICA:
EXHIBITING
ACCURATE FIGURES OF SUCH PLANTS AS ARE
EITHER USEFUL OR INJURIOUS IN
HUSBANDRY.
DRAWN AND ENGRAVED BY
FREDERICK P. NODDER,
BOTANIC PAINTER TO HER MAJESTY,
AND COLOURED UNDER HIS INSPECTION.
WITH
SCIENTIFIC CHARACTERS, POPULAR DESCRIPTIONS,
AND USEFUL OBSERVATIONS,
BY
THOMAS MARTYN, B.D.and F.R.S.
FELLOW OF THE LINNÆAN SOCIETY,
AND
REGIUS PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY
OF CAMBRIDGE.
VOL. III.
LONDON:
Printed for, and published by, F. P. Nodder, No. 34, Tavi.
stock Street, Covent Garden ; and sold by all Booksellers in
Great Britain and Ireland.
Printed by B. M'Millan, Bow-Street, Covent-Garden.

ОТАЯ
- сторона


>
1-18-1
Drawn,buguud & Paltishal Nova nyarby Ft. lodilera
1.7; Brwer Sirov, folder Symas.

[ 73 ]
ANTHEMIS.
SYNGENESIA Polygamia Superflua.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx hemiſpherical, nearly equal. Florets of the
ray more than five. Down to the ſeed none.
Receptacle chaffy.
SPECIES.
Anthemis arvenſis.
Corn Chamomile.
Lin. Spec. 1261. Hudſ. angl. 373. Wither. arr. 937-
Hall. helv. n. 103. Scop. carn. n. 1091. Pollich
pal. n. 816. Leers berborn. n. 666. Krock.files.
N. 1435.
135.
Chamæmelum inodorum. Bauh. pin.
Raii ſyn. 185. Petiv. brit. t. 19. f. 8.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Receptacles conical, chaffs lanceolate, feeds
crown-margined, leaves ſomewhat villoſe.
DESCRIPTION.
Root hard and woody. The whole plant is hoary, or
lightly woolly. Stems numerous, ſlender, hard, but flexible,
branched, ftriated, pale green, with ſometimes a tinge of red.

Leaves pinnate, ſeſſile; midrib broad; pinnas either pin-
nate, or only jagged, ſea green, terminated by femi-tranſpa-
rent, conical, ſharp points. Peduncles hairy, thickening
below the calyx. Scales of the calyx ovate, or ovate-lan-
ceolate, ſomewhat hairy, with a green line along the back,
and membranaceous edges. Florets of the ray white, ellip-
tical, four or five lines in length, with two or three teeth at
the end. Florets of the diſk have a greeniſh tube, with a
yellow border, bent back. Chaffs lanceolate, acuminate,
keeled, as long as the florets. Seeds quadrangular, ſmooth,
ſlightly furrowed, narroweſt at the baſe, crowned with a
blunt margin *.
OBSERVATIONS.
Linneus thus diſtinguiſhes his Anthemis arvenſis from A.
Cotula, or Stinking Mayweed. The root is biennial (others
ſay perennial). The ſtalks are more diffuſed; the peduncles
longer, with only four or five ſtreaks or fine grooves,
where-
as that has about eight ; the leaves are more hoary, and in-
odorous; the inner ſcales of the calyx are dilated at the tip
and membranaceous, but in A. Cotula they are not at all di-
lated and ſcarcely membranaceous; the chaffs in this are lan-
ceolate, in that narrow like a briſtle ; the apex of the feeds in
this is crowned with a four-cornered rim, as in Matricaria
Chamomilla; in A. Cotula the feeds have no crown, and ter-
minate only in a pore.
It is remarked by Dr. Stokes, that the ſeeds of our plant
are inverſely conical, ſlightly angular, truncate, ſmooth, not
covered with rough points, as thoſe of A. Cotula,
angles or top edged with a membranaceous border, as in
nor
the
* Withering,

Chryſanthemum inodorum, or an opaque border, as in A. au-
friaca of Jacquin.
This plant is found in corn fields, or fallows, by way
fides, and ſometimes in paſtures : frequently whole arable
fields are whitened with it. June and July are the months
of flowering



74
V
-
Dona Cresca al Pakelishod s tože royos, by Lil Aodeder. . N. s.Bower Sovet hopelekea alguses

[ 74 ]
MATRICARIA.
SYNGENESIA Polygamia Superflua.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx hemiſpherical, ſcales imbricate, the marginal
ones ſolid, ſharpiſh. Down to the feed none.
Receptacle naked.
SPECIES.
Matricaria Chamomilla. Corn Feverfew.
Lin. ſpec. 1256. Hudſ. angl. 372. Wither.arr. 933.
Curtis lond. 5. 63. Hall. helv. n. 101. Scop.
carn. n. 1042. Pollich pal. n. 815. Krock. files.
n. 1432. Villars dauph. 3. 198.
Chamamelum. Ger. emac. 754. I. Raii ſyn. 184.
vulgare. Bauh. pin. 135. Park. theat. 85. I.
amarum. Bauh. bift. 3. 116. Raii hiſt. 355.
Mor.bift./. 6. t. 12.f. 7. Petiv.brit. 1. 19. f. 9.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Stem upright, ray of the flower ſpreading, ſcales
of the calyx equal at the edge; receptacle
conical.
DESCRIPTION.
ROOT
annual. Stem green, ftriated, branched. Lower
laves doubly pinnate, pinnas diſtant, pinnules bifid or trifid;
upper ones often fimply pinnate, pinnas linear, and of an
equal breadth with the midrib. Flowering heads ſingle, on

ray white,
long peduncles, terminating the ſtem and branches. Scales
of the calyx bluntly lanceolate, with a green dorſal line,
hairy, with membranaceous edges. Florets of the
almoſt linear, at firſt ſpreading, afterwards reflex. Recep-
tacle conical *. Seeds numerous, minute, pale brown, fur-
rowed, the furrows deeper and more numerous on the inner
ſide, the ridges white to
OBSERVATIONS.
It is common on cultivated grounds, on dunghills, and by
way fides ; flowering from May to Auguſt, and even Octo-
ber. Several different plants are confounded with this, under
the common name of Mayweed and Maithes. It differs from
Anthemis Cotula, or Stinking Mayweed, which it moſt re-
fembles in its fmell, in having a higher and larger ſtalk, the
leaves darker
green and cut into finer ſegments . The heads
of flowers bruiſed, ſmell fomewhat like the true Chamomile,
only not ſo pleaſant; but thoſe of Stinking Mayweed are in-
tolerably diſagreeable, and the plant will bliſter the ſkin on
being much handled. The petals of the ray in the Matrica-
ria are in general longer and much narrower ; the diſk is
more prominent and of a darker yellow than in the Anthemis.
The feeds of the Anthemis are broad and truncated at top,
wrinkled, and of a deep brown colour ; thoſe of the Matri-
caria are much ſmaller, paler, and different in ſhape S.
According to the Swediſh obſervations, kine, goats, and
ſheep eat this plant, horſes are not fond of it, and ſwine re-
fuſe it. It ſeems to be rejected in general by all quadrupeds
with us. It is ſuppoſed to poſſeſs the ſame qualities with the
officinal Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis), but in an inferior
degree.
* Woodw. MS.
+ Stokes in With. Ray. § Curtis.


-
muun , Engraved & Published Neux 199,by F. L Nodder Miss Brewer element plus queria

[ 75 ]
SCANDIX.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Corol rayed. Petals fubulate. Fruit emarginate.
Floſcules of the diſk often male.
SPECIES
Scandix Anthriſcus. Rough Cicely, or Chervil.
Lin. Spec. 368. Huds. angl. 124. Wither. arr. 305.
Curtis lond. 1. 19. Relh. cant. n. 234. Hall. .
belv. n. 743. Pollich pal. n. 297. Leers ber-
born. n. 211. Scop. carn. n. 312. Jacqu. auftr.
2. t. 154. Fl. dan. t. 863. Kröck. files. n. 448.
t. 41. Petiv. brit. t. 27. f. 12. Mor. hiſt. f. 9.
t. 10. f. 2. row 1. Bauh. biſt. 3. 2. 182. I.
Raii bift. 469. 9. Syn. 220. 7.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Seeds ovate hiſpid, corollas uniform, ſtem ſmooth.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
annual. Stem commonly a foot or 18 inches in
height
, but ſometimes much higher in moiſt ſituations, up-
right
, branching, cylindric, ſmooth, ſwelled and lightly
friated at the joints, generally of a green colour. Leaves
tripinnate, ſoft and tender, flightly hairy, eſpecially under-
heath and along the midrib, of a yellowiſh green colour :
punas oppoſite, four on each fide ; leaflets cloven, ſharp.-
Petioles channelled, villoſe, embracing the ſtem at the baſe

with a large ſheath: on the ſtem the petioles are very ſhort.
Peduncles axillary, oppoſite to the leaves. The general umbel
has commonly three rays, ſometimes 4 or 5; the partial um-
bel has from 3 to 5 rays. General involucre uſually wanting,
though ſometimes there is a ſingle leaflet ; partial involucre
conſiſts of 4 or 5 lanceolate, pointed, ciliate, permanent
leaflets. All the corollas are fertile ; petals heart-ſhaped and
bent in, nearly equal. Seeds ovate, dark brown, with ſtiff
hairs hooked upwards on the convex fide*.
OBSERVATIONS.
This plant is very diſtinct from another of the ſame genust,
as will eaſily appear by comparing the figure and deſcription
here given with thoſe at n. 38. In habit it approaches nearer
to Chervilt, from which however it may readily be diſtin-
guiſhed by the want of that pleaſant ſmell which Chervil
poffefſes when rubbed, but eſpecially by the ſeeds, which in
Chervil are black, ſmooth and gloffy, longer and narrower,
with two blunt ridges. No one can miſtake theſe two plants
who has once compared Jacquin's elegant figures of them in
t. 154. and 390. of Flora Auſtriaca. Mr. Curtis's figure of
this is excellent. It can ſcarcely be confounded with the
true Hemlock , that being a much larger plant; with a
ſpotted ſtalk, the leaves perfectly ſmooth, not ſo finely divided,
and of a darker green ; having a general involucre, and ſmooth
ſeeds: the ſtrong hircine ſmell alſo betrays the Hemlock.
This rough Chervil, or Hemlock Chervil, as our older
writers call it, is common by way ſides, on banks, in hedges,
and under walls: flowering in May and June.
Mr. Miller relates, that there have been ſome inſtances of
the ill effects of this plant when taken inwardly; fome who
have eaten this herb in ſoups, by miſtaking it for Garden
Chervil, having narrowly eſcaped with their lives. He does
not ſay whether he ſpeaks from his own experience, and he
does not cite any authority. We have not obſerved his ac-
count to be confirmed by other writers.
* Lyons in Relh. Curtis lond. + Scandix Pecten.
| Scandix Cerefolium. § Conium inaculatum.


16
Poland
ич,
nord
Drown. Cogwood so-Baltikel. De* 1795.by: F. P. Nilder, No : Promovablemet, helyi

[ 76 ]
MEDICAGO.
DIADELPHI4 Decandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Legume compreſſed, ſcrew-ſhaped. Keel of the
corolla bending down from the banner.
SPECIES,
Medicago polymorpha. Variable Medick.
VA RIETY.
Med. polym. arabica. Heart Medick.
Lin. ſpec. 1098. 9. 9. mant. 454. Hudſ. angl. 331.
Witber, arr. 808. Curtis lond. faſc. 3. Camer.
bort. t. 27. Ger. 1021. 4. emac. 1190. 4. Park.
1115. 6. Mor. hiſt. ſ. 2. t. 15. row. 2. f. 12.
17. Hall.belv. n. 383. Scop. carn. n.942. Raii
hift. 963. 12. Syn. 333. I.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Legumes ſpiral or ſcrew-ſhaped, ſtipules toothed,
ſtem diffuſed or ſpreading.
CHARACTER of the VARIETY.
Peduncles moſtly three-flowered, legumes echi-
nate, leaflets obcordate or inverſely heart-
ſhaped.

DESCRIPTION.
RooT annual. Stems numerous, a foot in length, more
or leſs according to the ſoil, procumbent, hairy, branched.
Leaves obſcurely ferrate, ſmooth, with a ſpot in the middle.
Stipules in pairs, ſemi-fagittate, ſerrate. Flowers yellow,
from 2 to 4 or 5 together, on round hairy peduncles ſhorter
than the petioles; there is a very ſmall bracte at the baſe of
each peduncle, and a briſtle between the flowers of the ſame
length with them *.
OBSERVATIONS.
This Medick is called by Gerard Heart Trefoil ; others
call it Heart Claver or Clover, which has been corrupted into
Heart Liver. But though it agrees with the Trefoils or
Clovers in its ternate leaves, yet ſince it is ſo materially diſ-
tinct by its ſpiral legumes, the name of Heart Medick is to
be preferred. It is very common on banks and the borders
of fields, in dry ſandy paſtures, and eſpecially near the ſea;
flowering in May and June. It varies much in fize, as well
as in the ſhape and brightneſs of the ſpots on the leaves, which,
according to the obſervation of Linneus, diſappear in the
flowering plant. We have frequently obſerved it very lux-
uriant, when in a ſtate of accidental cultivation, among
lucerne, faintfoin or trefoil, but its hairineſs and the extreme
roughneſs of the feeds ſeem to make it not ſo deſirable a fod-
der for cattle as the Hop-Medick, or Hop-Trefoil ; at leaſt
it ſhould be cut or paftured when
when young:
* Curtis.


77
Drau-o,Engraved & Published Derrgs. by Fifty Vodor, Noos Bower Sovet fohlen lyures

[. 77 ]
PANİCUM.
oor de
TRIANDRIA Digynia. Do
GENERIC CHARACTER. 113
Calyx three-valved, third valve leaſt.
risteo si
Gloss or anropole
10 taormibus on yitot
SPECIES.
brangi bora sua
colours
Panicum dactylon. Creeping Panic-graſs. bstuotos
Lin. Spec. 85. Hudj. angl. 25. Wither, arr. 58,
Hall. belv. n. 1527. Scop. carn. n. 73. Pollich
palat. n. 61. Krock. files. n. 96. Mor. bift. f. 8.
t. 3. row. 2. f. 4; 6. Ger. emác. 28. 3. Park.
theat. 1179. 5. Raii fyn. 399. 1. i bus allow no
besuot 1930 and
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Spikes fingered, ſpreading, villofe at the baſe on
the inſide; flowers ſolitary; runners créeping.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
perennial, creeping by runners. Culms from 8
or 9 inches to a foot high, ſmooth, glaucous, frequently pur-
at the joints. Leaves ſomewhat glaucous, from 1 to 4
inches in length, and 1 or 2 lines in breadth, acuminate,
coughiſh, hairy on both ſides, eſpecially towards the baſe.-
Sheaths ſmooth, ending in a very ſhort, hairy membrane or

ligule. Spikes 4, 5 or 6, linear, three-ſided, an inch or an
inch and half in length, purple when young, at firſt upright,
! but gradually ſpreading till they become horizontal. Spike-
lets folitary, feſfile in each toothlet of the rachis, upright,
ovate, acuminate, compreſſed, about a line in length, pur-
ple and ſmooth, the diſtance of about half a line from each
other. Glumes of the calyx commonly two only, lanceolate,
finely tapering, ſpreading, nearly as long as the corolla.—
Inner valve of the corolla ovate, keeled, only half the breadth
of the outer, with an awn-like thread from its baſe, appa-
rently the rudiment of a pedicel, analogous to thoſe in Me-
lica, &c*. Anthers purple. Styles and ſtigmas violet
coloured.
OBSERVATIONS.
Native of many parts of Europe, chiefly in ſandy ground,
in paſtures and cultivated fields, by way fides, in waſte places,
on walls, and in marſhes and boggy places. In England it
has been remarked by Ray, in Cornwall between Penzance
and Market-jeu. It flowers in July and Auguſt.
The roots are ſaid to be uſed in Italy for the ſame purpoſes
with Triticum repens..
cabana
11
* Stokes in Withering.
Je
a pondo soto
Dito
een foto digael ei parai
Soba zbrane


7
Drun. Engraved & Published Dec.r wou hy FoNolder Nos Bouve o finan, Kalevalar y

bet [ 78 ]
SPECIES
Panicum fanguinale. Slender-Spiked Cock's-foot
Panic graſs.
Lin. Spec. 84. Hudſ. angl. 25. Wither. arr. 57.
Curt. lond. fafc. 4. Hall. belv. n. 1526. Scop.
carn. n. 72. Pollich palat. n. 60. Krock. files. n.
95. Schreb. gram. 119. t. 16. Mor. bift. . 8.
t. 3. row. I. f. 2. Fl. dan. t. 388. Ger. 25. 2.
emac. 27. 2. Park. theat. 1178. 1. Raiz Syn.
399. 2.
A baromeTö
de n' SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Spikes fingered, knotty on the inſide of the baſe;
flowers in pairs, awnleſs ; ſheaths of the
leaves dotted.ba sveta
DESCRIPTION. disliq
Root annual. Culms about the fame height with the
tregoing, reddiſh, ſometimes branched, bending upwards,
very flender and weak, generally having four joints. Leaves
an inch to two inches in length, and two or two lines
and a half in breadth, ſharp, often waved on one of the edges,
way finely ferrate on both, having a few hairs on each ſurface.
hairy, the hairs proceeding from little promi-
ut points. Spikes (3-5) feffile on the top of the culm,
Sheaths
very

from an inch and half to four inches in length, dark purple,
or purple and green. Spikelets pointing one way, preſſed
to the rachis, pedicelled, ovate-lanceolate, ſharp, purple or
green. Glumes or valves of the calyx three, permanent, the
loweſt ſo minute as to be ſcarcely perceptible to the naked
eye ;
the others oppoſite, unequal, acute, nerved, rough on
the edges, the upper one the length of the corolla, which it
enfolds with its margin, the lower one only half the length
of the other. The two valves of the corolla equal and ſmooth.
Anthers and ſtigmas purple *.
OBSERVATIONS..
:
common.
Native of Europe, Aſia, and America, but with us not
It has been remarked about Elden in Suffolk,
Witchingham in Norfolk, Guildford and Batterſea in Surry;
flowering from July to September.
Haller, Scopoli, and others, from the peculiar diſpoſition
of the ſpikes, have made theſe Graffes a diſtinct genus under
the name of Digitaria.
It derives the trivial name ſanguinale from a trick which
the boys in Germany have, of pricking the noſtrils with the
ſpikelets, till they draw blood.
It is ſaid to have been cultivated formerly for the feeds,
but that thoſe of feſtuca fluitans ſuperſeded it. A fandy foil
is congenial to it, and its ſpreading culms help to keep ſuch
a foil moiſt, and to prevent its being carried off by the winds.
ogno no barve bread ni toda laris
boone allo stelylaikat
qil mol 3* Curtis.
o coronoi 1-2) borliq
odt vaisti yiot zdal
.unio
de


7
Lee
ham, Coguovd se Published.JangngulV. FR. Aodh Mac Downloaded by

[79] Bonvision
hobi barous ord
AVENA.
harlotte
betarta et
101bots 25
TRIANDRIA Digynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx two-valved, many-flowered, with a twiſted
awn at the back.
10
SPECIES.
Avena ſativa. Cultivated Oat.
oy
Lin. Spec. 118. Hall. belv. n. 1494. Villars dauph.
2. 147. Krock. files. n. 178. Mill. illuftr.
Blackw. t. 422.
A. diſperma. Mill. dift.
Var. A. alba. Wbite Oat.
Bauh. pin. 23. Bauh. bift. 2. 432. Raii biſt. 1253. I.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Panicled, calyxes two-feeded, ſeeds ſmooth, one
of them awned.
OBSERVATIONS.
THE
Oat is ſo generally known and cultivated as a ſpc-
cies of grain or corn, that it is unneceſſary to deſcribe it.
There are ſeveral varieties ; as the White Oat, here figured,
which is moſt common in the Southern counties; the black,

more cultivated in the Northern parts of England; the red
or brown, much cultivated in Derbyſhire, Staffordſhire, and
Cheſhire ; Poland, Tartarian Oats, &c.
The principal uſe of this grain, in Southern countries, is
as a food for horſes. In the North it is a common ſubſtitute
for wheat in bread. A ſort of beer is made from it; and it
is much uſed for gruel and other meſſes.
It is remarkable, that we are not able to aſcertain the na-
tive place of growth, either of this or the other ſpecies of
grain. Hence fome have ſuppoſed that they are mere crea-
tures of art, wild graſſes improved by culture; whilſt others
have fancied, very unphiloſophically, that ſuch graſſes as
bear a reſemblance to ſeveral ſorts of corn, are the fame
ſpecies in a ſtate of nature, or relapſed into their former
ſtate of degeneracy. Let it ſuffice to have mentioned ſuch
unfounded fancies.


Eureurd, Publishal za gone by it P. Nadder
10.s Broarer Siret, boldo toho

[80]
SPECIES.
Avena nuda. Naked Oat.
Lin. Spec. 118. Hudſ. angl. 52. With. arr. 113.
Mor. hift. ſ. 8. t. 7. f. 4. Ger. berb. 68. 2.
emac. 75. 2. Park. theat. 1134. 2. Bauh. hift.
2. 433. Raii ſyn. 389. 6. hiſt. 1254.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Panicled, calyxes three-flowered, receptacle longer
than the calyx, petals awned at the back, ex-
cept the third flower, which
which is awnleſs.
DESCRIPTION.
THIS bears a great reſemblance to the common White
Oat, but is eaſily diſtinguiſhed from it, by the ſeeds, when
ripe, falling out of the huſks. Haller obſerves, that there
are ſometimes only two flowers in a calyx, and that the awn
is neither twiſted nor jointed. Ray ſays, that it has not a
hard huſk, like the common Oat, but ſeveral thin chaffy
coats; the grain alſo is ſmaller, but fuller bodied, and in-
clining to tawny, like the red oat.
OBSERVATIONS.
The naked oat is called alſo Pillis or Pill-corn, from its
quality of depoſiting the hulk or chaff. Pill, which we now
write Peel, being formerly put for the outer coat of
of fruit. Mr. Ray informs us, that in his time it was cul-
any
fort

tivated abundantly in the farther part of Cornwall, where it
fetched no leſs a price than wheat. Dr. Plot alſo mentions
its being cultivated in Staffordſhire. According to Mr. Mil-
ler, in the North of England, in Scotland, and in Wales, it
is cultivated in plenty; being eſteemed becauſe the grain
threſhes clean out of the huſk, and need not be carried to the
mill to be made into oatmeal or griſt. The produce of this
is not ſo great as that of the common Oat, becauſe the grain
being fmall and naked, goes near in meaſure; but what is
wanting in meaſure is ſupplied in value*.
* What Mr. Miller ſays is copied from Worlidge.
.


brat Menghund & Published
: Janyoya / by For Mallory
. Nos. Bauer Piret Polterabyari

[ 81 ]
SPECIES.
Avena fatua. Wild or bearded Oat.
Lin. Spec. 118. Hudſ. angl. 52. Wither. arr. 113.
Hall. belv. n. 1495. Pollich palat. N. I 23. Leers
berborn. n. 90. t. 9.f. 4. Villars dauph. 2. 147.
Krock. files. n. 182. Mill. illuftr. Mor. hift. . 8.
t. 7. f. 5. Raii hift. 1254. 4.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
1
Panicled, calyxes three-flowered, all the florets
awned and hairy at the baſe.
DESCRIPTION.
OUR
UR Wild Oat has an annual root. It is a taller plant
than the cultivated oat, the culms or ftraw being frequently
three or four feet in height. The leaves are ſmooth, except
about the edge, where they have a few hairs, ſo that they are
rough to the touch when ſtroked downwards. Panicle pyra-
midal, with ſpreading branches, ſome of them dividing to-
wards the top, from 1 to 6 at a knot. Peduncles hairy.
Valves of the calyx from 9 to 11 lines long and ribbed, the
outer valve generally a line ſhorter than the other, containing
two florets, both awred; the third is often wanting. The
corolla has tufts of hair at the baſe; outer valve even, the
ribs not being prominent, beſet with whitiſh hairs about the
infertion of the awn, and fame few. ſcattered ones between

it and the baſe, ſlightly cloven at the end, but readily ſepa-
rable to the depth of two lines, fawn-coloured when ripe.
The awn is twice as long as the corolla, and rough; it is
bent aſide about a line above the point of the valve *.
OBSERVATIONS.
It is called by our Engliſh writers Bearded Wild Oats or
Haver. It is one of our moſt deſtructive annual weeds
among corn, and is frequently ſo prevalent among barley, as
almoſt to choke it. The wild oat ripens its feed and falls be-
fore the crop itſelf is ripe, thus filling the ground, where it
will lie ſeveral years without vegetating. It may be extir-
pated by repeated fallowing, or by laying down the land to
graſs.
The awns are uſed for hygrometers, and the feeds inſtead
of artificial flies, in fiſhing for trout.
The ſterilis avena of Virgil, or the wild Oat of Southern
countries, is a different ſpecies from this.
* Stokes, &c. in Withering.


82
-4
Druwa, O'ng marul Robleshed Feb.org 1999. by F.P. Nodder
1794 by F2 Nodde N. 15. Bemor Sort, Golden Roun ne
Square,

[82]
DAUCUS.
PENTANDRIA Digynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Corollas ſub-radiate, all hermaphrodite. Fruit
rough with hairs.
SPECIES.
Daucus Carota. Wild Carrot, or Bird's-neft.
Lin. ſpec. 348. Wither. arr. 274. Lightf. Scot. 156.
Relh. cant. n. 216. Hall. belv. n. 746. Pollich.
pal. n. 273. Scop. carn. n. 307. Krock. files.
11. 406. Villars dauph. 2. 652.--Figured in
Fl. dan. t. 723. Rivin. pent. t. 28. (Staphyli-
nus) Ger. 873. emac. 1028. Park. theat. 902.
2. Mor. hiſt. ſ. 9. t. 13. f. 2. Camer. epit. 508.
Fuchſ. 684. Bauh. hift. 3. 62. (Paſtinaca).
Caucalis Carota. Hudſ. angl. 114.
D. vulgaris. Raii Syn. 218.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Seeds hiſpid, petioles nerved underneath
OBSERVATIONS.
Root
fuſiform, ſtraight, feldom branched, ſmaller,
paler, more hard and ſticky than in the cultivated Carrot,

but having a more aromatic ſcent. Stems grooved, rough
with hairs. Leaves ſheathed, hairy, very rough along the
nerves, pinnate-pinnatifid, the extreme pinnules toothed,
ending in little ſpines. Involucres many-leaved, the uni-
verſal pinnatifid, the partial linear-lanceolate. The umbel
is compoſed of 30 or 40 unequal rays; the umbellule of
fewer, (about 30) and more equal. Flowers white, in the
middle ſometimes purple or deep crimſon ; thoſe in the cir-
cumference are frequently defective or quite barren.
OBSERVATIONS.
bait
Wild Carrot is common in paſtures, on balks and head-
lands. It is a biennial plant, flowering from June to Au-
guft. The umbel is at firſt a little convex, but becomes
gradually flat, and then more and more concave, till it forms
a perfect baſon, in its feeding ſtate reſembling a bird's-neft.
It is then eaſily diſtinguiſhed, and has derived the common
Engliſh name from this circumſtance. Others, it is ſaid,
call it Bee's-neft, and that name is recorded by Gerard.
The ſeeds have been uſed as diuretics and carminatives,
and are highly recommended in fits of the gravel and ſtone.
Moles are ſo fond of the roots, that they are a proper
to take theſe animals ; but garden carrots anſwer beſt for
this
purpoſe, as well as for deſtroying crickets, being made
into a paſte with powdered arſenic and wheat meal ; and for
poultices to mitigate the pain, and abate the ſtench, of foul
and cancerous ulcers.
Mr. Miller informs us, that he could never improve
wild carrot, ſo as in any degree to render the roots eatable,
like that which is cultivated. In this and the like caſes he
concludes, that the plants are ſpecifically different; but this
is a reaſoning not to be admitted. He adds, that the shops
the

are ſupplied with old ſeeds of the garden carrot, inſtead of
freſh ones of the wild fort, to be uſed medicinally. This is
one of the many ways by which efficacious medicines are
brought into diſrepute ; but if wild carrot ſeeds be really
valuable in calculous caſes, they may eaſily be gathered freſh
in abundance by every huſbandman. .



83
1
Drawn Angrand & Ritished Febny yw dy F... lodder: Nis Brow Socks (pobala sam

[83]
93
PASTINACA.
PENTANDRIA Digynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Fruit elliptic, compreſſed flat. Petals rolled in,
entire.
SPECIES.
637.
Paſtinaca ſativa. Parfnep.
Lin. Spec. 376. Wither. arr. 309. Hall. helv. n.
808. Scop. carn. n. 233. Pollich. pal. n. 303.
Krock. files. n. 464. Villars dauph. 2.
P. ſylveſtris. Hudſ. angl. 125. Relh. cant. n. 237.
Mill. diet. n. 1. Raii Syn. 206. hift. 409.
Figured in Rivin. pent. t. 6. Ger. 856. emac. 1025.
2. Mor. bift. . 9. t. 16. f. 2. Bauh. hift. 3.
149. Fuchſ. 753.--Cultivated.-Fuchſ. 751.
Ger. 870. 1. 2. emac. 1025. Park. theat. 944.
Bauh. bift. 3. 150. Mor. f. I.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves fimply pinnate.
DESCRIPTION.
Wild Parſnep has upright
, ftiff, pubeſcent, hollow
lems
, deeply grooved ſo as to be angular, and branching;

they are from a foot and a half to upwards of four feet in
height. The leaves are large; the leaflets very ſoft, with a
pile of hairs, ſerrate, and often three-lobed, eſpecially the
end one : petioles ſheathed, grooved, pubeſcent. Umbels
broad, compoſed of 10, 12, or ſometimes more unequal rays :
umbellule has more rays, 16, 20, and upwards. Corolla
yellow, regular. Seeds ſmoth, grooved, brown.
OBSERVATIONS.
Wild Parſnep is found in paſtures, hedges, and the bor-
ders of ploughed fields, particularly in a calcareous ſoil;
flowering in July and Auguſt.
Mr. Miller makes the ſame obſervations reſpecting the
wild and garden Parfnep, as he does on the Carrot.
The roots cultivated abound much more in faccharine
juice than thoſe of Carrot; and in the North of Ireland are
brewed inſtead of malt, with hops, and fermented with
yeaſt; the liquor, thus obtained, is ſaid to be pleaſant.
Being highly nutritious, they are much uſed by thoſe who
abſtain from animal food in Lent. The feeds will often
cure intermittent fevers*.
Swine are fond of this root, and quickly grow fat with it.
Both this and Carrot deſerve the attention of the huſband-
man, where the ground is fit for them, for feeding horſes,
and fattening hogs and cattle.
* Withering


84
P
li
Drawin
, bugroved & Published. Feb y 19, kyF PNodeNuo Brewer Street philor lynena

[ 84 ]
FESTUCA.
TRIANDRIA Digynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx two-valved. Spikelet oblong, roundiſh,
with acuminate glumes.
SPECIES.
Feftuca pratenfis. Meadow Feſcue.
Hudſ. angl. ed. 1. 37. With. arr. 101. Curtis lond.
n. 66. Prakt. obf. 16. t. 5.
F. fluitans pratenfis.
Hudſ. angl. ed. 2. 47. y.
Poa. Hall, belv. n. 1451.
Gramen paniculatum elatius, &c. Raii ſyn. 411.
16. Scheuch. 202. 2.
Figured in Muf. ruft. 4. 2. Mor. hift. . 8. t. 2. f.
2. d. Scheuch. 4. 6. Park. theat. 1146. 8.
(Phoenix.)
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Panicle directed one way oblique, ſpikelets with-
out awns, almoſt linear, leaves flat.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
perennial. Culms two feet high. Leaves two
165 or more in breadth, rough to the touch. Panicles

large, looſe. Spikelets fix or eight-flowered, acuminate,
ſmooth.
As this ſort of graſs approaches fo near to Feſtuca elatior,
as to have been confounded with it, to point out the dif-
tinctive marks may be more to the purpoſe, than to give a
long deſcription.
This has only half the height of the elatior, or little more ;
the leaves have only half the breadth; the panicle is ſhorter,
and contains about half the number of flowers; the
pa
nicle is but once branched, droops but ſlightly, leans to one
ſide when in flower, and the flowers all grow one way; in
the elatior the panicle branches twice, it droops greatly at
firſt, and the flowers grow much more looſely; in this alſo
the ſpikelets are ſomewhat flat, linear, and obtufe ; in that
they are more round, ovate, and pointed *.
OBSERVATIONS.
The common place of growth of Meadow-Feſcue graſs
is the meadow; but it is found in a variety of ſoils and fitua-
tions, from the ſand-pit to the ofier-holt. In culture it
ſeems moſt adapted to middle land, either moderately moift
or dry. It is not quite ſo early as Foxtail and the Mea-
dow-graſſes, but it flowers about the middle of June, and
has been cut for feed by Mr. Curtis, who has paid great at-
tention to this excellent graſs, by the end of the ſame month.
He recommends it as greatly ſuperior to Ray-graſs, and as
moſt likely to remedy the deficiencies complained of in that.
It is very hardy, fufficiently large and productive of foliage,
produces abundance of feeds, eaſily gathered, and growing
readily, and is by no means a late graſs. Being now
trial in ſkilful hands, we ſhall ſoon be acquainted with its
real merits,
under
* Curtis.


SU
든
​Draumi, Cuormal x. Pitilishel, March 991dy F. P.Nodder. No Braver line
, film furen

[ 85 ]
SENECIO.
SYNGENESIA Polygamia Superflua.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Cal
. cylindric, calycled; ſcales mortified at the
tip. Down ſimple. Recept. naked.
SPECIES.
Senecio Jacobæa. Common Ragwort.
Lin. Spec. 1219. Hudſ. angl. 365. Lightf. ſcot. 480.
Wither. arr. Hall. helv. n. 62. Scop. carn.
N. 1072. Pollich. pal. n. 797. Krock. files. n.
1396. Villars dauph. 3. 226. Fl. dan. t. 944.
Mor. hiſt. S. 7. t. 18. f. 1. Ger. herb. 218. 1.
emac. 280. 1. Park. theat. 668. I. Raii bift.
284. Syn. 177.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Corollas rayed, leaves pinnate-lyrate, with the
jags fubdivided into other ſmaller jags, ftem
upright.
DESCRIPTION.
Root creeping, truncated, fibrous. Stems two, three,
or four feet high, ſtreaked, upright, branched.
down or hoarineſs; thoſe next
Leaves
generally green,
without
any

the root pinnatifid at the baſe only, with a large oval finua-
ted ſegment at the extremity; on the ſtem they are pinnatifid
throughout, and their ſegments laciniated; theſe are more
numerous and finer in proportion to the dryneſs of the foil.
The flowers grow in umbels, and are yellow : peduncles
generally downy; calyx finooth, with the ſcales blackiſh at
the tips; ray ſpreading, with about 12 flowers; in the diſk
about 60.
OBSERVATIONS.
Ragwort, called in ſome parts of the north Seggrum, is a
common weed in graſs grounds. Where theſe are mowed,
it is eaſily kept down, ſince, if it be not biennial, it is not
a very laſting plant ; but in paſtures, it eludes the bite of
cattle, and becomes a very large rank weed, occupying much
room, and propagating itſelf abundantly by its downy feeds.
Mowing does not deſtroy it; but it may quickly be pulled
up by hand, only obſerving to perform the operation in moiſt
weather, for if any confiderable fibres be left in the ground,
the roots will ſtrike again.
It might very probably be of ſervice in dyeing.


HES
Drawn, Bugraved 2-uilihel, March 195.by FP. Nodder. Nºs.:Bower Sost. Golla lain

[ 86 ]
MEDICAGO.
DIADELPHIA Decandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Banner and wings almoſt equal, ſpreading out in
form of a three-petalled corolla.
SPECIES.
Medicago falcata. Yellow Medick. .
Lin. ſpec. 1996. Hudſ. angl. 330. Relb. cant. n. 549.
Wither. arr. Hall. belv. n. 381. Scop. carn. n.
941. Pollich. pal. n.713. Krock. files. n. 1222.
Villars dauph. 3. 400. Fl. dan. t. 233. Rivin.
tetr. t. 84. (Falcata).
Medica falcata. Mill. diet. n. 2. Mar. bift. f. 2. t.
16. f. 1.
M. ſylveſtris. Bauh. hift. 2. 383. Raii fyn. 333.
M. fruteſcens, flavo flore. Cluf. bift. 2. 243. Park.
theat. I114. 3. Raiz hift. 960. 2.
Trifolium luteum, &c. Bauh. pin. 330. 2. Ger.
emac. 1191. 8.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Peduncles in racemes, legumes ſhaped like a creſ-
cent, ſtems proftrate.

DESCRIPTION.
ROOT perennial. Stems procumbent
, aſcending ar
bending upwards towards the end, branching, two, three,
and ſometimes four feet in length. Leaves alternate, pe-
tioled; leaflets lanceolate or oblong ovate, truncate or retuſe,
toothed at the end, the nerve ending in a little ſpine; the two
lateral ones are almoſt ſeſſile, but the odd one is on a longer
petiole. Stipules lanceolate, acuminate, entire. Peduncles
axillary, ſomewhat angular, ſtanding much above the leaf.
Flowers in a ſhort raceme. Corolla commonly yellow.
Legumes ſickle-ſhaped, not making ſeveral turns as in cul-
tiyated Lucern, linear, 6 or 7 lines long, and ſcarcely two
broad, ſlightly pubeſcent, black when ripe. Seeds ſmooth,
yellow.
Mr. Miller remarks, that the ſtalks of this are ſmaller,
and never riſe fo high, as thoſe of the true Lucern, and that
they are generally proſtrate ; that the leaves are not half ſo
broad, that the flowers are produced in ſhort roundiſh ſpikes,
and are of a ſaffron colour.
OBSERVATIONS.
Yellow Medick is common in the ſouth of Europe, by
way fides, and in dry paſtures; flowering from June through
the ſummer. With us it is leſs common.
Linneus recom-
mended it for cultivation ; but Haller objects to the hardneſs
of the ſtalks, and its proftrate manner of growth. In cul-
tivation however the ſtalks may prove more fucculent, and
in this ſtate they will ſupport each other. Upon the whole,
it may probably turn out not to be fuperior to the purple
Medick or Lucern. The roots ſtrike very deep, and are
with difficulty eradicated,


19
Drawn.Ongraved 3 Published, Manh 79«,byFP. Nodder, N.us. Brever Ferest,
SerestColokan Olgunes

[ 87 ]
SPECIES, or rather Variety.
Medicago varia. Various-flowered Medick.
OBSERVATIONS.
YELLOW Medick varies much in the colour of its
flowers, which are ſometimes whitiſh, quite white, or
greeniſh. The variety here figured is remarkable in having
flowers, of colours ſo different as blue and yellow, on the
fame ſtalk.
Caſpar Bauhin ſays, that it is found in the
fouth of France with whitiſh yellow, green, blue, purple,
black, and variegated flowers ; but he does not affirm that
theſe different colours occur on the ſame plant. Mr. Ray
obſerved it with a purple flower, between Norwich and
Lynn, and doubted whether it was not the true Lucern in a
wild ſtate. The ſtipules are narrower in this than in the
foregoing, but whether the difference be permanent we can-
not ſay.



88
Drawn, Engraved &Published April 1791,by FP. Nodder, N.s:Bmwer time. Gelon les

[ 88 ]
HOITSIJE,
CONVOLVULUS.
2009 sio 2290lbids sdt gw Isian9194 TOO
TooЯ
www.boteinit,
bertandinga.gaiqg919 lliup
xii lo sduiod bit of eduuda bao etaniq todo tuodo gni
PENTANDRIA Monogynia. fossid : 1991
amojte ovu
vlogo Garoc CHARACTER 9 tooma
babirib vlogodio sgtsły1991dw lloc deilquq
Cor. bell-shaped, plaited. Stigmas two. Caps,
two-celled, with two seeds in each cell.
VOITAVA
Great Bindweed. "i viel
STOR 100
edib 18919 w
meron bns zeggbar SPECIES. 197 ai fosiq aidT
Convolvulus sepium.
rodinge
ws, 21001 som vi vlauoia
Lin. spec. 218. Huds, angl. 88. Wither, arr.
213. Curtis lond. 1. 13. Relh, cant. n. 167.
soos: n
Hall. helv. n. 663. Scop. carn. n. 220. Pollich.
pal. n. 205. Leers herborn. n. 146. Krock.
siles. n. 308. Fl. dan. t. 458. Blackw, t. 38.
· Ger. 712. 1. emac. 861. 1. Park. theat. 163.
3. Mor. hist. s. 1. t. 3. f. 6. Dod. 392. Lob.
obs. 340. 1. Fuchs. 720. Bauh. hist. 2. 154.
buga Izvogado
Raiz hist. 725. 6. syn. 275. 1.
gulni ago e soti namusl odt os orissa
та азіі і платтар
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves sagittate, with the hinder corners trun-
cate or cut off, peduncles four-cornered, one-
flowered, bractes or involucre heart-shaped
close to the flower.

[ 68
DESCRIPTION.
Root perennial
, white, the thickness of a goose-
quill, creeping. Stems many, streaked, twisted, twin-
ing about other plants and shrubs to the height of six
feet; branches few, alternate.
Leaves alternate,
smooth, petioled. The large involucre is commonly
purplish. Corolla white, very large, obscurely divided,
and turned back a little..bg islobode
also
ee owe
.
OBSERVATIONS.
This plant is very common in hedges, and flowers
late, in August and September. It increases prodi-
giously by its creeping roots, and is not eradicated but
with
great difficulty; were it not for this property, it
might be considered as a very ornamental plant. The
flowers sometimes vary to red.)
The inspissated juice, in doses of twenty and thirty
grains, is a powerful drastic purge. Dr. Withering,
therefore, asks, can it be worth while to import Scam-
mony, which is so nearly allied to this, from Aleppo,
when a medicine with the very same properties grows
spontaneously in our hedges ? Though an acrid pur-
gative to the human race, it is eaten by hogs in large
quantities without any such effect.
RSS


89
Povu, 'aegravet v Published April opgaily hole Nadal, Nova Prave love first

[89]
SPECIES.
Convolvulus arvensis. Small Bindweed.
Lin. spec. 218. Huds. angl. 88. Wither. arr.
213. Curtis lond. 2. 13. Relh. cant. n. 166.
Hall. helo. n. 664. Scop. carn. n. 219. Pollich.
pal. n. 204. Leers herborn. n. 245. Krock.
siles. n. 307. Fl. dan. t. 459. Ger. 712. 2.
emac. 861. 2. Park. theat. 171. 2. Mor. hist.
s. 1. t. 3. f. 9. Clus. 2. 50. 1. Dod. 393. Lob.
obs. 340.2, Fuchs. 258. Bauh. hist. 2. 157.
Raii hist. 725.7. syn. 275. 2.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves sagittate, sharp on each side, peduncles
commonly one-flowered, bractes awl-shaped
at a distance from the flowers.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
perennial, white, the thickness of a crow
quill, creeping. Stems many, twisted, procumbent,
branching. Leaves alternate, smooth. Petioles shorter
than the leaves, convex below, channelled above. The
bractes are at a distance from the flower, and sometimes
a second or even a third flower proceeds from the bosom
of them. Corolla sometimes wholly white, but fre-
quently variegated with red; it is spreading and
plaited.

[08 .
OBSERVATIONS.
Small or field Bindweed is too common in garden's
and arable fields, flowering sooner than the other,
,
namely, in June and July. This does not yield to the
Great or Hedge Bindweed in its property of creeping;
but it is in finitely more destructive, because that keeps
to the hedges for the sake of climbing, whereas this
wanders over whole fields, from which it cannot be
eradicated without repeated ploughing in dry weather,
and burning the roots, every atom of which will grow.
Mr. Curtis has proved by an experiment, that cut-
ting down the plants, even below the surface, only
, tends to spread them farther.
This species is easily distinguished from the forego-
ing, by the inferiority in size of all its parts,
its
pro-
cumbency, the tendency of the corolla to variégation,
and the more important circumstances pointed out in
the specific characters.
Soms Tool
newborn is more to her
podle toutor alloto
brus salinaus 191, dois botugodtarp


90
Struct. Golden Agon
Donem , Chagraved & Published April 1999. by F3.Nodder. NosBround

[ 30 ]
de durabois ylioia ni
HORDEUM. lc ilue Idadisa
Sergve niso
UT nag aassa
TRIANDRIA, Digynie. Na poti
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Cal. lateral, two-valved, one-flowered, grow-
ing by threes.
SPECIES.
Hordeum vulgare. Common Spring Barley.
Lin. spec. 125. Hall. helo. n. 1533. Blackw.
herb. t. 423. Mor. hist. 3. 206, s. 8. t. '6.
f. 3. Mill. dict. n. 1.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
All the flowers hermaphrodite and awned, in two
very upright rows.
OBSERVATIONS.
It is scarcely necessary to describe a plant so well
known to the husbandman as Barley. Besides many
varieties, there are several distinct species of this
grain ; as this here figured : 2. Hordeum Zeocriton, or
long-eared Barley. 3. H. distichon, Sprat or Battle-
dore Barley. 4. H. hexastichon, Winter or Square
Barley, Bear or Big.
The first and third of these are said to be found wild

in Sicily and Tartary; but the plants so observed were
probably such only as had escaped from culture.
There are several grasses which evidently belong to
the same genus. Three of these have been figured in
plates 43, 44, and 45.


gi
Drawn Engraved &
praved & Bablished May 1791by F.P. Noldor N.5 Browser Service, Golden Gate

remonts [ 91 ]
POLYGONUM.
OCTANDRIA Trigynia,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx none. Cor. five-parted, calycine. Seed one,
angular.
SPECIES.
Polygonum aviculare. Knot-grass.
Lin. spec. 519. Huds. angl. 171. Wither, arr. 413.
Curtis lond. 1. 27. Hall. helv. n. 1560. Scop.
carn. 1. 471. Pollich. pal. 1. 386. Blackw.
berb. t. 315. Fl. dan. t. 803. Mor. hist. s. 5.1.
29. f. 1. row 3. Ger. berb. 451. emac. 565.
Park. theat. 443. 1. Bauh. hist. 3. 375. 1,
Raii bist. 184. syn. 146.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Flowers (eight-stamened, three-styled) axillary,
leaves lanceolate, stem procumbent herba-
ceous,
DESCRIPTION.
Root
annual. Stems a long span, or about nine inches
in length, branched, slender, streaked, smooth, round, swel,
Printed by B. M‘Millan, ?
Bow.Street, Covent Garden,

ling a little at the joints. Leaves varying from ovate to
lanceolate, and even linear, alternate, smooth. Stipules
forming a sheath round the joints, membranous, white,
shining, fibrous at top. Flowers two or three together,
proceeding with the leaves from the sheaths of the stipules,
on short peduncles.
OBSERVATIONS.
This is one of our most common plants, especially in a
sandy or gravelly soil, on banks, by roads and paths, and in
corn-fields; it frequently covers much ground, where the
natural
has been destroyed. It has the generic name
Polygonum, from the abundance of knots on the the
trivial name aviculare, from the gratefulness of its seeds to
small birds ; the English name Knot-grass, from the knot-
tiness of the stem, and because it is eaten by cattle, such
plants having obtained the name of Grass, though they
bear no similitude to real grasses. Hogs eat it with great
avidity, and hence it is known in many counties by tlię
name of Hog-weed.
grass


1.99
突
​Drawn, Engraved & Published May 1794.dy FP Nodder Nºs Browser doet Golden degua".

moo [ 92 ]
COCHLEARIA. gada
TETRADYNAMIA Siliquosa.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Silicle or pouch emarginate or notched at the end,
turgid, rugged; valves gibbous, blunt.
SPECIES
Cochlearia Coronopus. Swine's Cress.
Lin. spec. 904. Huds. angl. 284. Wither. arr.680.
Hall. helv. n. 502. Scop. carn. n. 860. Pollich.
pal. n. 613. Fl. dan. t. 202. Blackw. herb. t.
120. Mor. hist. s. 3. t: 19. f. 9. Ger. herb.
340. 2. emac. 427. 2. Park. theat. 502. f. 29
5. Bauh. bist. 2. 919. 2. Raii hist. 843. syn.
304. 6.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves pinnatifid, stem depressed.
DESCRIPTION.
Root annual
annual. Stems compressed, often depressed
along the middle. Root-leaves prostrate, longer than the
branches ; leaflets cut along the fore edge, very entire
along the back edge, the terminating one linear, very en-
tire. Flowers very small, in racemes ; petals white. Nec-

tary, six glands, upright, green, blunt, as long as the an-
thers; four of them oblong, compressed, at the base of the
claws of the petals; two cylindrical, narrower, between
the longer stamens. Silicle kidney-heart shaped, termi-
nated by a short conical style, depressed on the sides, with
furrows and sharp ridges running towards the edge, where
they run out into sharpish points; one of the cells being not
unfrequently empty, in which case the fertile seed expands,
filling up almost the whole of the seed-vessel, and the style
is bent down towards the empty cell*.
1
ho
OBSERVATIONS.
This is a common weed on rubbish, by road-sides, and
on dunghills, flowering most part of the summer. It is
acrid, and of the same genus with Scurvy-grass and Horse-
radish. It was an ingredient in Mr. Stephens's medicine
for the stone.
* Stokes in Withering.


93
A
Pr9
WD
Panon Eoraind e Pablished May 194ly FP. Nodder Nors Powerolimot (fphilin iyu

[02
93 )
ANTIRRHINUM.
DIDYNAMIA Angiospermia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx five-leaved. Corolla, the base prominent
downwards, nectariferous. Capsule two-cel.
led.
but sustentado
SPECIES.
Antirrhinum Linaria.
Toad-fax.
be
Lin. spec. 858. Huds. angl. 273. Wither. arr. 648.
Curtis lond. 1. 47. Hall. belv. n. 336. Scop.
carn. n. 768. Pollich. pal. n. 594. Rivin. mon.
83. I. Blackw. 115. Mor. hist. s. 5. t. 12. f.
10. Ger. herb. 440. emac. 550. 1. Park. theat.
458. 1. Bauh. hist. 3. 456. 2. Raii hist. 752,
1. syn. 281.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves lanceolate-linear, crowded; stem upright;
spikes terminating, sessile; flowers imbricated.
DESCRIPTION.
Root perennial, creeping
. Stems several, from one to
,
two feet high, leafy, round, smooth. Leaves growing very

thick together on the stem without any regular order,
smooth, and of a bluish colour. Flowers in thick spikes
on the top of the stems. Corolla yellow, with an orange
or saffron-coloured villose palate. Nectary conical. Cap-
sule ovate, splitting at top into several equal divisions.
Seeds black, nearly flat, circular, with a shallow notch.
OBSERVATIONS.
This plant is common on banks by road-sides, and in
dry pastures ; flowering from July to September. It has
formerly been in much medical repute, and an infusion of
the leaves is said to be diuretic and purgative. An oint-
ment prepared from them with lard and the yolk of egg
is recommended in the piles. The expressed juice mixed
with milk, is a poison to flies. No cattle seem to eat it.
In some counties it is known by the name of Butter and
eggs, which it derives from the colour of the flowers.
an
100
Printed by B. M Millan,
Bew-Street, Covent Garden.


94
-
Draum, Ongeared u Published fienes vygs,ly Fil Nedder, NOS,
Breuer Siret, Gjildeniline

[97]
TRIFOLIUM.
DIADELPHIA Decandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Flowers in a sort of head. Legume scarcely lon-
ger than the calyx, not opening, but falling
whole.
SPECIES.
Trifolium stellatum. Star-headed Trefoil.
Lin. syst. 689. Wither, arr. 799. Murr. prodr.
174. Scop. carn. n. 926. Bauh. prod. 143.
Bauh. hist. 2. 376. 2. Mor. hist. s. 2. t. 13.
f. 9.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Spikes hairy, calyxes spreading, with equal teeth,
stem diffused, leaflets obcordate.
DESCRIPTION.
STEM woolly, with a few hairs. Stipules in pairs, lan-
ceolate, lengthened out, scored, fringed with long hairs.
Upper leaves opposite; leaflets oblong, slightly wedge-
shaped at the base, rounded at the end, and sometimes very
slightly toothed, smooth, except at the edges, and along

the mid-rib underneath. Petioles short. Peduncles longer.
Heads or spikes of flowers oval. Calyx as long as the
corolla, divided almost to the base; segments equal, beset
at the base with white spreading hairs*.
* Withering


96
Pranen, Angravat e Pablished forme 1791, by Fl. Nodder Ncaa Bmorrhot, folkes, Hyume.

S[ 95 ]
CARDAMINE.
TETRADYNAMIA Siliquosa.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Silique or Pod opening elastically, the valves be-
ing then rolled back. Stigma entire.
Calyx slightly gaping.
SPECIES.
Cardamine pratensis. Common Ladies' Smock.
Lin. syst. 594. Wither. arr. 688. Curtis lond.
fasc. 3. Hall. helv. n. 473. Scop. carn.
n. 819. Pollich. pal. n. 621. Blackw.
t. 223. Ger. herb. 201. 1, 2. emac. 259.
1, 2. Park. theat. 826. 2. & 1239. f. 4.
Mor. hist. s. 3. t. 4. f. 7. Petiv. brit. t.
47. f. 5. Bauh. hist. 2. 889. 1. Raii hist.
814. 2.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves pinnate; leaflets of the root-leaves round-
ish, of the stem-leaves lanceolate,
DESCRIPTION.
Root
perennial. Root-leaves on petioles from an inch
to two inches in length, composed of three or four pairs

of opposite roundish leaflets, the lower pair commonly
smallest, the end leaflet three-lobed and largest. On the
lower stem-leaves there are six or seven pairs of ovate
leaflets, placed alternately; higher up they become oblong,
and finally linear: they are all ciliate round the edge: the
stem-leaflets frequently terminate in a point. The root-
leaflets are on short petiolules; the lower stem-leaflets are
sub-sessile; and the upper ones quite so. A single corymb
of about ten flowers terininates a flexuose or waving stem,
which is a long span in height. Calyx yellowish green.
Corolla large, purple : petals ovate, emarginate, deeply
veined. Shorter filaments concealed, the anthers just
emerging ; the four longer ones stand considerably above
the corolla.
OBSERVATIONS.
This plant is common in moist meadows, flowering in
April and May. From the early season at which the flowers
appear, it is one of the many plants which are known
among the common people by the name of Cuckoo-flower.
It is singular that the poets should have selected this flower
as an instance of extreme whiteness, when it has always
more or less a tinge of purple, at least till it has been
bleached by the sun.
It is recommended in epileptic cases. Kine seldom
touch it. Sheep will eat it, at least when they are first
turned into a meadow or marsh.


96
Downlogonvel's tattoshodfare 879. by F. S. NodderiNo's Broner fored

[ 96 TL
CHÆROPHYLLUM.
PENTANDRIA Digynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Involucre universal none; partial bent back, con-
cave, five-leaved. Petals bent in and heart-
shaped. Fruit oblong, even.
SPECIES.
Cherophyllum sylvestre. Cow-weed.
Lin. syst. 288. Wither, arr. 306. Curt. lond.
fasc. 4. Hall. helv. n. 748. (Cerefolium)
Scop. carn n. 366. Pollich. pal. n. 298.
Jacqu. austr. 2. t. 149. Mor. hist. s. 9. t.
11. f. 5. Petiv. brit. t. 25. f. 2. Raiž
hist. 429. J.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Stem smooth to the touch, striated, swelling a
little at the joints.
DESCRIPTION.
STEM
TEM grooved, hairy, commonly tinged with purple at
the joints. Leaf-stalk deeply channelled. Leaves hairy on
their under surface, smooth on their upper. Umbels, be-
fore they expand, nodding. Rays of the universal umbel
about nine; of the partial more. Several of the central

florets barren. Leaflets of the involucre ovate-lanceolate,
set with long hairs about the edge. Corolla at first yellow-
ish, but becoming finally white. Petals entire, the inner
ones gradually smaller. Fruit glossy, of an even surface,
neither grooved nor striated.
OBSERVATIONS.
Cow-weed or Cow-parsley, by old writers called Wild-
Cicely, is very common in hedges, orchards, and pastures ;
flowering from April to June. It indicates good land, or
at least a strong soil. Cattle are fond of it in the Spring,
before it is too rank; and it is commonly given to rabbits.
The roots, however, are said to be poisonous.


91
Drown. Engraved 2-Dublished faly 1999. by F.S. Nodder. N:2:Breason font, Golden Sanomat

[ 97
]
ALOPECURUS.
sota dior is totorom
samochelle
TRIANDRIA, Digynia.
si
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx two-valved. Corolla one-valyed.
SPECIES.
Alopecurus geniculatus. Flote For-tail grass.
Lin. spec. 89. Huds. angl. 27. Wither. arr. 60.
Curtis lond. 5. t. 6. Fl. dan, t. 861. Mor. hist.
$. 8. t. 4. f. 15. Leers herborn. t. 2. f. 7. Ger.
herb. 13. 2. emac. 14. 2.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
TO
***
Culm spiked, bent at an angle; awns of the co-
rolla concealed within the calyx.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
perennial. Stalks a foot and eighteen inches
in length, or more, procumbent at bottom, and often
creeping. The upper side of the leaves, if drawn back-
wards between the fingers, rough; the under side
smooth; the
uppermost leaves only an inch or two in
length ; ligule or strap ovate, pointed; sheath smooth,
streaked, ventricose. Spike an inch or more in length,

almost cylindric, varying in form and colour, some-
times blunt, sometimes tapering to a point, greenish,
purplish, and even appearing blackish when viewed at
a distance, whence it is called in some places Black-
grass. Valves of the calyx cut off obliquely, pubescent,
three-nerved, with a ciliate keel. Valve of the corolla
oblong, ovate, truncate, five-nerved, pellucid, without
hairs, the awn proceeding from near the base, and
twice the length of the corolla. Anthers at first purple,
afterwards ferruginous.
OBSERVATIONS,
This grass is easily known, by the frequent joints of
the stalk changing their direction at an angle, and
thus appearing as if broken. It is common in the wet
parts of meadows, and in pools, where it pushes out
roots under water from the joints, and thus spreads
itself much, the leaves floating on the surface. It
sometimes occurs in dry pastures, and even on walls,
and then grows more upright, the spike becomes more
slender, and the base of the stalk frequently swells out
into a kind of bulb. It flowers in June. Cattle eat it
readily, but it is not a profitable grass,


98
Drawn, Ongmund Published July 1795.by it. 2. Nodder Ni's Brewer Free. Golden alquare,

[ 38 ]
POA.
TRIANDRIA Digynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx two-valved, many flowered. Spikelet
ovate; valvelets somewhat pointed, scariose
or skinny at the edge.
SPECIES.
Poa annua.
Annual Meadow-grass.
Lin. spec. 99. Huds. angl. 42. Wither, arr. 88.
Curtis lond. 1. t. 6. Hall. helo. n. 1466. Scop.
carn, n. 102. Pollich. pal. n. 91. Leers her-
born. n. 70. t. 6. f. 1. Stilling. misc. t. 7.
Mus. rust, vol. 4. t. 2. f. 8. Mor. hist. s. 8.
t. 5. f. 21. Ger. emac. 2. 1. & 3. 2. Park.
theat. 1156. Scheuch. agr. t. 3. f. 17. E.
Bauh. hist. 2. 465. 1. 2. Raii hist. 1284. n. 3.
syn. 408. 1.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Panicle spreading horizontally one way; spike-
lets blunt; culm oblique, compressed
DESCRIPTION.
Root
annual, and remarkably full of fibres. Calms
numerous, forming a thick tuft, about half a foot high,

$70.
(varying from less than three inches to near a foot.)
Leaves very numerous, short, keeled, smooth, fre-
quently wrinkled transversely, very finely serrate.
Panicle triangular, faftish ; peduncles at the bottom
in pairs, one shorter than the other, from the middle
often in threes, and at top single. Spikelets ovate,
pointed, flattish and sharp on both sides, containing
3, 4, and sometimes 5 flowers *, having no wool at the
base.
This species is distinguished from Poa trivialis by
its general habit, its spreading panicle, its compressed
reclining culms, and by its greater softness and deli-
cacy=-froin P. pratensis and augustifoliu by the
branches proceeding from the culm in pairs, by its
size, &c. + The spikelets åre larger than those of P.
pratensis #.
OBSERVATIONS.
If Gramen (Grass) be so named, says Ray, ugradi-
endo, or progrediendo, no species better merits the name
than Annual Meadow Grass, And Mr. Curtis, to
whose accounts of Grasses it is difficult to add anything
new, remarks that it differs very considerably from all
other annual Grasses, in continually throwing out new
shoots, and producing new flowers and seeds, inso-
much that if the ground be moist, a single plant will
in this manner throughout the year, so that we
generally find on the same plant young shoots and
ripe seeds. It imitates, therefore, the tropical plants
grow
* Curtis
+ Pollich.
Dickenson in With

in this circumstance, and is perhaps the only vegetable
we have that does so.
It occurs almost every where, and flowers all the
year round, except in severe weather. The panicle
frequently acquires a reddish tinge.
It appears to be one of the first general coverings
which Nature has provided; and therefore is a trouble-
some weed in gardens, particularly in gravel walks and
pavements, where Mr. Curtis recommends boiling
water as the most expeditious method of destroying it.
Mr. Stillingfleet says that it makes the finest of turfs,
that it is called in some parts Suffolk Grass, there being
whole fields of it in High Suffolk, without any mix-
ture of other grasses, and that it is likely to be the best
grass for the dairy. Its foliage is tender and grateful
to cattle, but it never acquires any great height.
May or June is the best time to gather the seed in
greatest abundance; but as a single tuft of this
grass
may be divided into a vast number of plants, and as
they grow with wonderful facility, an experiment, on
a small scale at least, might be tried with it by trans-
planting it in moist weather.

បងននមេង
មុននឹងធ្វើការ
។ ប៉ុន។
od at
Ny T . ចច តែនេះមិន
bas at gui nimi
I
hours
to boulio 20


99
Drawn, Cengraved & Published
July 1794,by F.P.Nodder, N., Brower lirat, földen Square

[ 09 ]
carola iga
O sols un rad
BROMUS. - biem ,bation
TRIANDRIA Digynia.sqs jod
ad trods
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx two-valved. Spikelets oblong, cylindric,
distich: awn below the top.
he si
SPECIES.
Bromus mollis. Soft Brome-grass.
Lin. spec. 112. Huds. angl. 48. Wither, arr.
105. Relh. cant. n. 87. Curt. lond. 1. 7. 8.
Hall. helv. n. 1504. Pollich. pal. n. 110.
Leers herborn. n. 82. t. 11. f. 1. Schreb. gram.
60. t. 6. f. 1. Mor. hist. s. 8. t. 7. f. 18.
Scheuch. agr. 254. t. 5. f. 12. Raiz hist.
1989. 6. syn. 413. 5.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Panicle rather upright, spikes ovate, pubescent,
awns straight, leaves very softly villose.
plana gutom
DESCRIPTION.
The whole plant is covered with soft hairs. The
stalk is from one to three feet in height, and upright,
very thick joints, 5 or 6 in number. Panicle,
with

OBSERVATIONS.
when in fruit, closely. contracted. Spikelets ovate-
pointed, turgid, having about 8 florets, or rather from
6 to 9, sometimes more, the last frequently abortive.
Outer valve of the corolla slightly cloven at the end,
but easily separating to the insertion of the awn, which
is about half a line below the point; inner flat, and
fringed at the edge with bristly hairs.
ambalpgrold
LLOW
WATT
Is dit
It is an annual grass, comes into spike early, and has
generally shed its seed before the meadows are mown.
In many places it is the predominating grass. Pro-
vided it were sown by itself, it might be cultivated to
advantage as an early grass. The seed being large,
and the panicle containing nearly as much as that of
a common oat, it is remarked by Mr. Curtis, that al-
though cattle may not be very fond of the leaves and
green panicle, yet it may perhaps contribute to render
the hay more nutritive. The heaviness of the panicle,
making it subject to be laid by rain, is a great objec-
tion to this grass, .
According to Dr. Withering, it is known among
farmers by the name of Oat-grass, and is sown wi
clover. We have observed it frequently to abound
among Saintfoin.
Chand out of bid


100
min
ho
Dren, élu caved * Pikitishat e lugt ma by Fill Nodder Nos Amiwe bimot
, file has a

[ 100 ]
MEDICAGO.
DIADELPHIA Decandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Legume compressed, screw-shaped. Keel bend-
ing down from the banner.
SPECIES.
Medicago arborea. Tree Medick or Moon Trefoil,
Lin. spec. 1096. D.
Medica arborea, 1 Mill. dict. n. 7.
Cytisus Cæsalp.—Maranthæ. Lob. ic. 2. 46.
Park. parad. 439.—cornutus. Ger. herb.
1124. 7. emac. 1305. 7. Park. theat. 1471. 1.
incanus siliquis falcatis. Bauh. pin. 389.
Raii hist. 973.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Legumes crescent-shaped, quite entire about the
edge, stem arboreous.
DESCRIPTION.
THIS
HIS shrub will grow to the height of eight or ten
feet
, and being covered with a gray bark, the whole
has a hoary appearance. The stém divides into many
branches, with trifoliate leaves at each joint, on foot-
stalks about an inch in length; there being several of
these leaves together, the whole shrub is closely co-

OBSERVATIONS.
vered with them; and it is never destitute of leaves :
the component leaflets are small, lanceolate, and hoary
on their under side. The flowers are produced on pe-
duncles from the side of the branches, four or five to-
gether, and are of a bright yellow. The pods contain
three or four small seeds.
homens
sebe
Tree Medick, or as Parkinson calls it, Horned Tree
Trefoil, grows wild in the vicinity of Naples and Ab-
ruzzo, and in several islands of the Archipelago.
It bids the fairest of any shrub to be the Cytisus of
Virgil, and the Roman writers on husbandry, and
being celebrated by them as an excellent fodder, has
been thought worthy of cultivation here. In hot dry
countries it may be of considerable use, but we have
a variety of more succulent plants of this leguminous
tribe: and besides, though it will bear the open air in
England, yet in severe frost, even when not destroyed,
it is so much damaged as not to recover its verdure
before the middle or end of May, so that it would sel-
dom be of much use for early Spring fodder. This
Spring, remarkable for its mildness, after a Winter
without frost, the small shoots were much cut, and
appeared very ragged in the month of May.
In old shrubs the heart of the wood is said to be of
a dark colour, and hard like ebony. The Turks make
the handles of their sabres, and the Greek monks their
beads with it.
For other species of Medicago, already figured, see
plates 48, 76, 86, 87.


701
Dmun, Engravel & Published Hugo 790.64FI.Noddor, N. S Brewer Sinne, Gollom uljare

[101]
SINAPIS.se
TETRADYNAMIA Siliquosa.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx spreading. Corolla with upright claws .
Glands as in Brassica.
SPECIES.
Sinapis arvensis. Charlock, or Wild Mustard.
Lin. spec. 933. Huds. angl. 293. Wither, arr.
712. Curt. lond. 5. 47. 321. Lightf. scot. 360.
Relh. cant. n. 493. Hall. helv. n. 467. Scop.
carn. n. 842. Pollich, pall. n. 642. Fl. dan. t.
753. Ger. herb. 190. emac. 233. 2. Park.
theat. 862. 3. Mor. hist. s. 3. t. 3. f.7.
Petiv. brit. t. 45. f. 12. Bau. hist. 2. 844.
Raii hist. 802. 1. syn. 295. 2.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Pods with many angles, swoln out in bunches
by the seeds, longer than the ancipital or
two-edged beak.
DESCRIPTION.
ROOT annual. Stem from nine inches or a foot
to a foot and a half in height, upright, round, striated
or grooved, rough with a few stiff hairs, commonly

much branched, and tue branches spreading. Leavės
deeply and irregularly indented and serrated, some-
times entire, but most frequently jagged at the base,
and sometimes pinnatifid ; they are always harsh or
rugged, and have not any cast of sea-green. Flowers
at the ends of the stalk and branches, on peduncles the
length of the calyx, and slightly hispid. Calyx yellow,
half as long as the corolla, standing open at the top.
Corolla always yellow. Pods scarce perceptibly an-
gular, sometimes smooth, sometimes slightly hairy,
swelling, ending in a short beak. Seeds dark brown,
shining, 8 or 9 in a pod.
OBSERVATIONS.
Charlock flowers in May and June, and has perfect-
ed its seeds before harvest; it is therefore very abun-
dant in Spring corn. Being an annual, it may
be de
stroyed, or at least checked; by Spring feeding with
sheep, or by weeding with the hook, to prevent its
flowering. The seed will lie for ever in the ground,
till turned up within the sphere of vegetation.
Its classical name in English is Wild Mustard; but
it is known among husbandmen by the names of Char-
lock, Carlock, Garlock, Chadlock, Cadlock, and Ked-
lock; all evidently the same name originally, but va-
riously pronounced in different counties. We find the
last in Fitzherbert, and our other oldest English wri-
ters. In some parts of Yorkshire it is called Runsh.
The young plants, and particularly the tender tops,
before they flower, are boiled and eaten as greens by
husbandmen in many countries.
itomo
deur

Mr. Miller affirms, that it is the seed of this species,
which is commonly sold under the title of Durham
Mustard seed.
The young plants may be mistaken for turneps. As
they grow up they vary in many circumstances. The
stem is sometimes wholly green, but more frequently
tinged with red. Among corn it is more drawn up,
and often scarcely branched. The leaves vary much
in form and degree of division. And the plant differs
in height and degree of hairiness.
For the distinctions between this and black and
White Mustard, and Wild Radish, see plates 51, 70,
and 71.

fan ystod brand
Ste:
Si pomodo
.0; ideede ball
be


702
Dinon, Engraved e Sublishful
tugt
794 by Fl. Nodde. Bravendimet Calbadision

[ 102 1
Instnerises
FESTUCA.
TRIANDRIA, Digynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx two-valved. Spikelets oblong, roundish,
with acuminate glumes.
990,39 10 Stred
SPECIES.boronto,
Festuca ovina. Sheep's Fescue.be
Lin. spec. 108. f. suec. n. 91. Huds, angl. 44.
Wither, arr. 97. Hall. helv, n. 1442. Pollich.
pal. n. 101. Leers herborn. n. 74. t. 8. f. 3, 4.
Stilling. misc. t. 8. Mus. rust. vol. 4. t. 2. f. 4.
Anderson's essays, vol. 2. t. 4. Mor. hist. s. 8.
t. 3. f. 13. Raii hist. 1288. n. 33. syn. 410.9.
Curtis pract. 25. Boonoom bat
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Panicle directed to one side, contracted, awned,
culm four cornered, almost naked, leaves
bristle-shaped.
DESCRIPTION.
Root perennial
.
perennial. Culm scarcely exceeding six
inches in height, somewhat angular, with two or three
coloured joints. Root-leaves hairy; stem-leaves smooth.
Lower spikelets peduncled, linear, four-flowered, with

Deo
the rudiment of a fifth ; or, according to Mr. Hudson,
3 to 6 floscules in each spikelet. Glumes unequal, the
larger ovate, the smaller sharp or acuminate, but sel-
dom properly awned.
OBSERVATIONS.
Sheep's Fescue is found chiefly on dry sandy soils,
and in elevated situations. It has been much cele-
brated for feeding sheep, since Linnæus affirmed that
they have no relish for hills and heaths that are with
out it; and Gmelin said, that the Tartars fix during
Summer where there is the greatest plenty of it. Mr.
Stillingfleet observed it on all our finest sheep pastures
or downs. A learned writer of ours asks, whether the
superiority of the Spanish and English wool may not
be owing to the abundance of this grass in the hilly
pastures? And another does not scruple to affirm, that
it is capable of affording an immense quantity of hay,
and promises to be one of the most valuable grasses
our country produces, and to make a most important
acquisition to the farmer.
What culture may do we know not, but naturally its
foliage is hard and wiry, and its produce very trifling,
Mr. Curtis affirms, that even in a rich moist soil it is
still a small plant, and unproductive, and consequent-
ly that it can never have any pretensions to be con-
sidered as fit for a hay grass. He recommends it as
peculiarly adapted to forming a fine grass plat.


108
Brun, Cupavond Bablished Sepe="riga, by Fil todden, Vinos Bauen tres golden

[103]
BRASSICA.
SPECIES.
Brassica Napus. Rape or Cole-seed.
Lin. spec. 931. Huds, angl. 290. Wither, arr.
707. Blackw. t. 224. Mor. hist. s. 3. t. 2.
f. two last. Ger. herb. 181. 1, 2. emac.
235. 1, 2. Raiï hist. 801.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Root stalky, fusiform.
DESCRIPTION.
ROOT
biennial. Stem branched, cylindrical, smooth,
from a foot to two feet in height. Root-leaves lyrate, al-
most smooth, divided into deeply pinnate lobes, which are
again irregularly indented or sinuated on the edges. Stem-
leaves smooth, glaucous, sessile, stem-clasping, oblong-
heart-shaped, very slightly toothed on the edges. Calyx
yellowish green, spreading. The pods have frequently
three or four warty excrescences on them.
OBSERVATIONS.
Linneus says, that the Navew grows wild on the sandy
shores of Gotland, Holland, and England : with us it is
found
among corn, and on ditch banks.

It is much cultivated, under the names of Rape and
Cole-seed, in the isle of Ely and other parts of England,
for its seed, from which Rape Oil is drawn; and for feed-
ing cattle. What remains after the oil is expressed, is
called oil-cake or rape-cake, and is a very efficacious ma-
It is not this, but the lint-cake, or residue of flax-
seed used in making lint-seed oil, that is used in fatting
nure.
beasts.
For the generic character see p. and t. 49.


102
Drawn, Engraved za Published coperonys by I. E. tädter, les comune diret, bjelken oliuar

[ 104 ] =D
GALIUM.
TETRANDRIA Monogynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Corolla one-petalled, flat. Seeds two, roundish.
SPECIES.
Galium Aparine. Cleavers, or Goose-grass.
Lin. spec. 157. Huds. angl.. 70. Wither. arr.
157. Curt. lond. 2. t. 9. Hall. helo. n.
723. Scop. carn. n. 157. Pollich. pal. n.
157. Leers herborn. n. 117. Krock, siles.
n. 230. Fl. dan. t. 495.
Blackw. t. 39.
Ger. herb. 963. 1., emac. 1122. 1. Park.
theat. 567. Mor. hist. s. 9. t. 22. f. 1.
Petiv. brit. t. 30. f. 11. Raii hist. 484.
syn. 225.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves eight in a whorl lanceolate, keel rugged,
with prickles pointing backwards, joints
villose.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
annual. Stem four feet high or more, with many
opposite branches, weak and supporting itself on other
plants
, the angles set with pellucid hairs pointing down-

wards. Leaves in the lower whorls of the stem 8, in the
upper 6, on the branches from 6 to 3, 2 and even 1, lanceo-
late-linear, terminating in an awn,
the
upper
surface
rug-
ged, the lower smooth. Flowers few, small, on rough pe-
duncles. Corolla whitish, divided to the base into four
ovate acute segments. Styles shorter than the corolla,
standing wide asunder. Fruit set with hooked bristles.
OBSERVATIONS.
It
the
This plant is very common in hedges and cultivated
grounds, flowering from May and June through the Sum-
mer, and part of the Autumn. Its well-known property of
adhering to whatever it comes in contact with, has ac-
quired it the name of Cleavers or Clivers, and Catchweed
or Scratchweed; from its roughness it is called Hariff; and
from being a favourite food or medicine for Geese, Goose-
grass, Goose-share, and Gesling-weed.
The ancients used it as a filtre to take out hairs from the
milk; in Sweden they still use it for the same purpose.
is reckoned to purify the blood, and for that purpose
tops are an ingredient in Spring broth. The expressed
juice taken to the amount of four ounces, or a quarter of a
pint, night and morning, during several weeks, is very
efficacious in removing many of those cutaneous eruptions
which are improperly called scorbutic. The roots will dye
a fine red colour, like madder. These good qualities may
in some degree reconcile this importunate weed to the
husbandman; a weed which will entirely over-grow
choke his young quickset hedges. Being annual, however,
it is easily destroyed, if it be cut or plucked up early; for
it begins to seed in June.
and


106
Prown, Engraved a Battiched bep tezgady F.P.Nodoler N.15,
Breuer Slicet, Izolden laware

[ 105 ]
AGROSTEMMA.
DECANDRIA Pentagynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Cal. one-leafed, coriaceous. Petals five, with
claws; border blunt, undivided.
SPECIES.
Agrostemma Githago. Corn Campion, or Cockle.
Lin. spec. 624. Huds. angl. 198. Wither, arr.
471,
Curt. lond. 3. 27. Fl. dan. t. 576.
Hall. helv. n. 926. Scop. carn. n. 527.
Pollich. pal. n. 436. Mor. hist. s. 5. t. 21.
f. 31. Ger. herb. 926. emac. 1087. Park.
theat. 632. 9. Raii hist. 998.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Plant hirsute, calyx longer than the corolla,
petals entire or slightly emarginate, and naked.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
annual. Stem upright, two feet high, branched
at top. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, keeled, connate, hairy on
both sides. Calyx deeply grooved, angular, hairy; the seg-
ments lanceolate, with a prominent midrib. Petals large,

showy purple obcordate, the base whitish, with a few in-
terrupted dark green veins. The nectary is formed by a
membrane under the germ. Five filaments are inserted
into the bases of the petals, and five are placed between
them.
Anthers pale purple, shaped somewhat like an
arrow-head. Capsule almost the size of an acorn, covered
with its dried calyx, having ten ribs, the mouth splitting
into five teeth. Seeds obovate, compressed, black, with a
surface like shagreen, appearing in the microscope like a
hedge-hog rolled up.
OBSERVATIONS.
Cockle is a common weed in corn fields, enlivening
them in concert with Poppy and Blue-bottle, at the ex-
pence of the careless husbandman. It flowers in June and
July, and perfects its seed before harvest. The seeds being
almost as large as the grain, will not pass through the sieve.
It should be pulled out by hand before it perfects the
flower.


206
Breon, Chegraved 2-Poblished Oct? 1799. by FP.Noddet N's Brewokond | Golden elguera,

[106]
roo
sho rodio od
CYNOSURUS.
solod asiatied to 100 size
control sistema di
de botoa yli 2013
TRIANDRIA Digynia. * saldosh
020 GENERIC CHARACTER.
om o
25
Cal. two-valved, containing several forets (genea
rally only two). Proper receptacle leafy,
fixed to one side.
SPECIES.
Cynosurus cristatus. Crested Dog's-tail grass.
Lin, spec. 105. Huds. Angl. 59. Wither. arr. 95.
na Hall. belv. n. 1545. Pollich. pal. n. 99. Leers
yam berborn. n. 99. t. 7. f. 4. Krock, siles. n. 149.
Dr Schreb. gram. 69. t. 8. f. 1. Fl. dan. t. 238.
Slilling. misc. t. 11. Curt. praet. obs. t. 6. Mus.
rust, vol. 4. t. 2. f. 2. Anderson, t. Io.
Phleum cristatum. Scop, carn. n. 81.
Gramen cristatum, Bauh. bist. 2. 468. 3. Rais
hist. 1269. syn. 398.-anglicum. Park. theat.
1159. f. 1160.3.
Gr. pratense cristatum. Bauh. pin. 3. 1. prodr. 8.
Scheuch. agr. 79. t. 2. f. 8. A. C. Mor. hist.
s. 8. t. 4. f. 6.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Bractes pinnatifid.

DESCRIPTION.
Root perennial. Culms from one to two feet high,
upright and stiff, having three or four joints. Leaves nar-
row, flat, smooth on both sides, but roughish along the
edge; with smooth streaked sheaths, ending in a short trun-
cate strap. Spike compound, when in flower semi-cylin-
dric, blunt, all the florets facing one way; when out of
flower interrupted. Each spikelet has commonly two, some-
times three, florets. The sınaller valve of the corolla ends
in two points, and the larger one in an awn scarcely a quar-
ter of a line in length. This
grass is immediately distin-
guished by the pectinate or comb-like bractes.
OBSERVATIONS.
anno
It is common on downs and in dry pastures, flowering in
July and August. From its running much to stalk, and
having comparatively few leaves, it is known to the country
people by the name of Bent-grass; but this, we apprehend,
it has in common with several others. Dr. Anderson says,
it is called Windlestraw-grass in Scotland.
Several modern writers, echoing Stillingfleet, have cele-
brated this grass as excellent for sheep. It is certainly pre-
dominant on sheep-downs and in some parks; but it is late
and unproductive. Mr. Curtis therefore justly considers it
as inferior to many
other grasses.


10
11
Dron, Engravid z-Dablished Oct 2014 by FP. Nodder No5 Brewer derest Gjolder desore

[ 107 ]
TO BE
SPECIES.
Hordeum hexastichon. Winter or Square Barley,
Bear Barley or Big.
Chat
Lin. spec. 125. Hall. belv. n. 1534. Bauh. hist. 2.
129. Bauh. Theat. 439. Mor. hist. s. 8. t. 6.
f. 3. Raii hist. 1244. syn. 388. Park. theat.
1130. f. 2. Mill. dift. n. 4.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER,
All the flowers hermaphrodite and awned, in six
Tows,
DESCRIPTION.
THE
HE spike is inuch thicker than in common barley,
hence probably the name of Big; but it is much shorter: the
number of grains, however, in an ear is greater, in the
proportion of at least three to two. We have counted forty-
two grains when the common Barley had only twenty-two.
The ear is seldom more than two inches in length; it is
square, with two rows of grains on two of the sides; on the
other two a single row of grains runs up the middle; so that
the former are awned only laterally, and the latter laterally
and along the middle also. The lower flowers are imper-
fect in both. The outer valve of the corolla has a rough
awn or bard, from four to six inches in length.

OBSERVATIONS.
This is seldom cultivated in the southern parts of Eng-
land; the grain, though large and plump, not being es-
teemed so good for malting as common Spring Barley; but
in the northern counties, and in Scotland, it is generally
sown, because it will bear the cold much better.
For the generic character, see p. and t. 90.
este buta na


108
Drawn Engraved & Sublished. Oct '1994, by TS Noddere
1.06. Brweredireet, Opelden Square.
1

[ 108 ]
SPECIES.
Hordeum pratense, Rie-grass,
Huds. angl. 56. Wither, arr. 126. Hall. belu. 1,
1538. Vilars. dauph. 2. 174. Fl. dan. t. 630,
Vaill. par. t. 15. f. 6. Mor. hist. s. 8. t. 2,
row, 1. f. 6. Park. I beat. 1144. 7.
Gramen secalinum. Raii bist. 1258. syn. 392,
Hordeum murinum. ß. Lin. spec. Į26.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER,
Lateral florets male and awned, involucres bristle-
shaped, rugged.
DESCRIPTION.
THIS has been commonly supposed to be nothing more
than a variety of the Wall Barley-grass, figured in plate 43.
But Mr. Ray observed long since that it differs, in being
much taller, and having shorter spikes and awns. Its height
is almost double that of the other. The spike is inore green,
only half the length of that, square, with the awns of the
calyx as long as those of the corolla. The anthers also are
three times as long, and yellow; whereas those of Hordeum
murinum are almost square and bluish. The middle floret is
the two lateral ones, though they have a pistil as
well as stamens, are very minute, and never come to
smooth;
maturity,

OBSERVATIONS.
Rie-grass is not uncommon in good meadows, and some-
times forms a considerable portion of them. We once saw
a clean crop sown of this grass, and it appeared to be a good
one. One objection to this grass is its lateness, and it is not
thought to be so productive as some others.
For the generic characier, see 43 and 90. Compare also
with this the three grasses engraved in plates 43, 44, and 45.

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.
100
791
ca
AGROSTEMMA Githago Galium Aparine 104
1105 Hordeum hexastichon
107
Alopecurus geniculatus - 97
pratense
108
Anthemis arvensis
73133 vulgare
90
Antirrhinum Linaria bih 93 Matricaria Chamomilla
74
Avena fatua
81 Medicago arborea
nuda
80
falcata
86
fursativa
polymorpha arabi-
Brassica Napus
103
76
Bromus mollis n99)
varia
87
Cardamine pratensis bre 95 Panicum Dactylon
Chærophyllum sylvestre i.961 sanguinale 78
Cochlcaria coronopus
92 Pastinaca sativa
Convolvulus arvensis
gone 89 Poa annua
98
sepium now 88 (Polygonum aviculare
91
Cynosurus cristatus 106 Scandix Anthriscus
75
Daucus Carota
82 Senecio Jacobæa
85
Festuca ovina
102 Sinapis arvensis
pratensis 84 Trifolium stellatum
94
83
101

INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES:
90
82
731
BARLEY, Common
90 Goose-grass Mar COSTON
Barley, Winter or Square 107 Knot-giass
91
Bear Barley or Big 107 Ladies' Smock, Common 95
Bindweed, Great 88 Meadow-grass, Annual
98
Smalls 89 Medick, Hearted 176
Bird's-nest=stodire 82
Tree 100
Brome-grass, Soft
99
Variable 76
Carrot, Wild in
Various flowered 87
Chamomile, Corn
Yellow Poiz 86
Charlock
101 Moon Trefoil llom 100
Chervil or Cicely, Rough 75 Mustard, Wild 1 and 101
Cleavers des age
104| Panic-grass, Cock's foot 78
Cockle
Creeping 77
Cole-seed
103 Parsneparents 83
Corn Campion, 105 | Ragwort, Common
85
Cow-weede 96 Rape-seed esito 103
Dog's-tail grass, Crested 106 Rie-grass S108
Fescue, Meadow 84 Swine's Cress
B92
Sheep's em
102 Toad-flax
93
Feverfew, Corn
74 Trefoil, Moon
Fox-tail grass, Flote
Star-headed
94
si con 105
100
977
Printed by B. M'Millan,
Bow-Street, Covent Garden. S

FLORA RUSTICA:
EXHIBITING
ACCURATE FIGURES OF SUCH PLANTS AS ARE
EITHER USEFUL OR INJURIOUS IN
HUSBANDRY.
DRAWN AND ENGRAVED BY
FREDERICK P. NODDER,
BOTANIC PAINTER TO HER MAJESTY,
AND COLOURED UNDER HIS INSPECTION.
WITH
SCIENTIFIC CHARACTERS, POPULAR DESCRIPTIONS,
AND USEFUL OBSERVATIONS,
BY
THOMAS MARTYN, B.D. and F.R.S.
FELLOW OF THE LINNÆAN SOCIETY,
AND
REGIUS PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY
OF CAMBRIDGE.
VOL. IV.
LONDON:
Printed for, and published by, F.P. NoDDER, No. 15, Brewer
Street, Golden Square ; and sold by all Booksellers in Great
Britain and Ireland.
1794.

ОТ ТОТАЛ ОТ

ADVERTISEMENT
TO THE
FOURTH VOLUME.
THE fourth volume of the Flora Rustica being
now completed, we have no intention of proceed-
ing any farther in it; at least for the present. We
have received the most flattering testimony to the
usefulness of our work from several public societies,
and many respectable individuals ; but our pecu-
niary encouragement has not been such as to war-
rant our carrying it on to any great extent. We
shall not stay to inquire into the reasons for this
want of patronage, but submit ourselves quietly to
the judgment of the Publie.
Our design at setting out was to figure and de-
scribe such plants as are either useful or injurious
in Husbandry; interspersing here and there some
of the more remarkable Grasses ; an interesting
tribe of plants that have never been well figured
any one work. Our plan, we confess, has not
been completed; but that it has been considerably
advanced, will appear from the following statement:
in

Of plants useful in culture or in the arts, ex-
clusive of grasses, trefoils, and other legumes,
about thirty are inserted ; among which are Buck-
wheat, Turnep, Mustard, both black and white;
Caraway, Coriander, Saffron, Plantain or Ribwort,
Burnet, Oats of two sorts, Barley of two sorts,
Carrot, Parsnep, Rape or Cole-seed, Flax, Pota-
toe, Hemp; and several vegetables that are ser-
viceable in dying, as Weld, Woad, Agrimony,
Yellow Ladies' Bedstraw, Ragwort, Corn Mary-
gold, Blue-bottle, &c.
No less than forty species of Grasses are given
in the course of the work ; and fourteen of that
useful genus the Trefoil. Leguminous plants, in
general, either form such excellent artificial
pas-
tures, or contribute so much to strengthen natu-
ral pastures, that the knowledge of them is inte-
resting to the husbandman ; we have therefore not
only figured Saintfoin and Lucerne, but we have
recommended several of them to farther trial, as
the Everlasting Pea, French Honeysuckle, Purple
Coronilla, and Yellow Vetchling. We have also
inserted several plants of other tribes, which
have been introduced partially in modern culture,
as Burnet, Rib-grass, Succory, Milfoil or Yar-
row, &c.
Of destructive plants or weeds infesting our
pastures, we have given about twenty-seven ; and
of such as are found principally in arable lands
,
upwards of twenty. Among the former will be
found Pilewort or lesser Celandine, different spe-
cies of Ranunculus or Crowfoot, Ragwort, Toad-
fax, Cow-weed, Ox-eye or great Daisy, Burnet-

Saxifrage, Meadow Saxifrage, Rest-harrow, Knap-
weed, Self-heal, Yellow-ratile or Cock’s-comb,
and several others of less note. Among the latter
åre Mouse-tail Grass, Corn salad, Dead-Nettle,
Shepherd's Needle, Red Eye-bright, Corn Crow-
foot, Fumitory, Corn or wild Radish, Charlock,
Melilot, Corn Chamomile, Corn Feverfew, Great
and small Bindweed, Knot-grass, Cleavers or
Goose grass, Cockle, Corn Marygold, Blue-bottle,
Spear Thistle and Way-Thistle, Viper's Bugloss,
and Wild Oats.
Although the above plants be stigmatized with
the opprobrious name of weeds, yet we are not
therefore to set them down as useless; many of
thein are serviceable in their proper places, æco-
nomically or medicinally, and hence we have been
led accidentally to figure several of our native
plants that are or may be used in medicine; as
Agrimony, Flixweed, Meadow Saffron, Ground-
Ivy, Wild Germander, Melilot, Wild Carrot,
Swine's-Cress, Toad-flax, Ladies' Smock, Purging
Flax, Cleavers.
All the plants in this work have been drawn and
engraved, not from other plates or dried speci-
mens, but from living subjects, and are at least
faithful portraits of the individual from which
they were taken. Grasse's put ou appearances so
different in the several stages of their growth,
that it is difficult to give an adequate representa-
tion of them on a single plate, especially on the
small scale of an octavo page. The characters of
the fructification are generally given ; and thus
this work, at the same time that it serves the main

purpose of rural information, may assist the Bota-
nist in understanding the classes of the Linnean
system. Thus, for
Class Diandria, see t. 66.
Triandria Monogynia, t. 24 and 58.
Digynia, Grasses, t. 4, 5, 6, &c.
Tetrandria, t. 54, 67, 104, 142.
Pentandria Monogynia, t. 62, 69, 136, 139.
Digynia, t. 38, 55, 75, 82, 83,
96, 127, 128, 141.
Pentagynia, t. 133, 134, 135.
Hexandria, t. 60.
Octandria, t. 46, 91.
Decandria, t. 105.
Dodecandria, t. 37, 40.
Polyandria, t. 21, 28, 29, 30, 56.
Didynamia Gymnospermia, t. 25, 26,61, 137.
Angiospermia, t. 42, 93, 158.
Tetradynamia, t. 41, 49, 50, 51, 57, 70, 71,
92, 95, 101, 103.
Diadelphia Hexandria, t. 68.
Decandria, t. 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 13,
15, 16, 19, 34, 47, 48, 52, 53, 86, 100,
115, 116, 117, 129.
Syngenesia Polyg. Æqualis, t. 131, 132, 144.
Superflua, t. 73, 74, 85, 109, 110,
123.
Frustranea, t. 111, 130.
Monoecia, t. 10, 11, 12, 69.
Dioecia, t. 140.
Polygamia Monoecia, t. 122.

Seven of the classes are here wanting, not to
mention Cryptogamia ; namely Monandria, Hep-
tandria, Enneandria, Icosandria, Monadelphia,
Polyadelphia, and Gynandria.
Since the coinmencement of our humble work,
we have to congratulate our countrymen, and the
civilized world at large, on the institution and
progress of the Board of Agriculture, which has
already done more for this inost useful of all arts,
than ages before had been able to accomplish.



109
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az olan cibleked. Adalet ayan do it, l'Acdidera l's Bremen olvast, trolden Aguarie

•1 ( 109 ]
e most pootoriame ride Too
CHRYSANTHEMUM. adott &
olayodora Lailatu mond
vode
(၁
19 ob de
SYNGENESIA Polygamia Superflua,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx hemispherical, imbricate; the marginal
scales membranaceous. Down margined.
Receptacle naked.
de Boston
SPECIES.
Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum. Common Ox-eye,
or Great Daisy. babes
Lin. spec. 1251. f. suec. 763. Huds. angl. 371.
Wither. arr. 928. Curlis lond. 5.
62. Lightf.
scot. 488. Relh, cant. 624. Hall. belv. n. 98.
Scop. carn. 1. 1041. Pollich. pal. n. 812.
Allion. pedem. n. 68 3. Blackw. herb. t. 42,
Camer. epit. 635. Ger. herb. 509. emac. 634.
boiu Park. theat. 528. I. Bauh. hist. 3. 114. f. 2,
3.
Raii bist. 350. syn. 184.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves stem-clasping, oblong, the upper serrate,
the lower toothed.

DESCRIPTION.
Root perennial, somewhat creeping. Stem from 12
to 18 inches high and upwards, erect, rigid, angular, at
bottom purplish and hairy, above naked, simple or little
branched. Root-leaves on long petioles, obovate, scarcely
pubescent, deeply serrate: stem-leaves alternate, sessile or
stem-clasping, oblong-wedge-shaped or lanceolate, serrate,
sometimes toothed and even pinnatifid at the base. Flowers
terminating, solitary, large and showy; on peduncles finely
1
grooved, and somewhat thicker at top. Calyx a flattened
hemisphere; outer scales oblong-ovate, bluntish, the edge
membranous and brown; inner lanceolate and pointed.
Disk of the corolla yellow and convex: ray white and spread-
ing, with about sixteen oblong, blunt florets, having com-
monly two or three notches at the end, but sometimes entire.
Style, saffron-coloured. Seeds drawn to a pointat the base,
deeply grooved all round*
.site
OBSERVATIONS.
It is very common in dry pastures, sometimes on walls,
and in corn-fields ; flowering from May to July, and in-
creasing greatly by seed. The fresh leaves chewed have a
sweetishi, unpleasant, slightly aromatic taste, soinewhat like
Parsley, but not hot or biting : they have been recommended
in disorders of the breast, and as diuretics, but are now sel-
dom called for ; some foreign physicians, however, speak of
them with respect. The young leaves are sometimes eaten in
salads. According to Linneus, horses, sheep, and goats
eat it; cows and swine refuse it. 1001
* Curtis.

There are many varieties of this plant, and it is highly
probable that culture would produce as great a variation in
this as in the common daisy. Parkinson makes mention of
it with double flowers; and Haller, with fistulous florets in
the ray.
In Gerarde, it has the name of Maudlin-wort; and Dr.
Withering says, that the plant is called Moon-flower, and
the flowers Moons,

na insla aito Due SOT
TOOTER Bourborg Liposo do
alla Diodos de
to
be to get the


110
श्री
W
Pris Cay rased v Published No * 1792.by. F.P.Modder N. 5, Power Spract; Golden algunes

s vigils aboveorg [ 110 ] Storsentello de
toloo aword sing a to 10 dni od sluiterleg
SPECIES.
TOTASO
Chrysanthemum segetum. Corn Marygold.
Lin. spec. 1254. ft. suec. n. 762. Huds, angl. 371.
Wither, arr. 930. Curtis lond. n. 63. Lightf.
-iod to rose
olduob bin
scot. 489. Relb. cant. n. 625. Pollich. pal. n.
la banland
814. Clus. hist. 1. 334. 2.
Mor. hist. s. 6. t.
di molt
so do
4. f. 1. row. 2. Ger. emac. 743. f. 1. Park.
al theat. 1370. f. 1. Petiv. brit. t. 19. f. 6. Raii
hist. 339.00ts av 192do apotti I es lleva guiana
ciroze duo'u SPECIFIC CHARACTER. e os leia
Leaves stem-clasping, the ni upper jagged, the
209 lower tooth-serrate. of tomis 25 1996 307
alle di gun tono farlsdt
zniwellet bironttoost
airbto ni awon zi mosch tatayuborilgaivotal bis
o bobov Error DESCRIPTION.1997 ald)
Roor annual
, slender. The whole plant smooth.
Stem a foot or more in height, upright, branched. Leaves
alternate, half-stem-clasping, glaucous on both sides, vary-
ing in figure, distantly serrate towards the base, usually
deeply toothed or jagged, frequently trifid at the end. Each
branch is terminated by one large yellow flower. The
duncle is nearly upright, hollow, and thickened at top.
Calyx convex or hemispherical, with ovate scales, lying
close over each other; the inner ones gradually larger, with
membranaceous edges. Florets of the
Florets of the ray 16 or 18, about
inch in length, oblong, truncate, scored with two
lines, and having generally three irregular teeth at the end.
The pe
half
an

Seeds oblong, truncate at each end, grooved, slightly an-
gular, a little bent, witish, or of a pale brown colour.
OBSERVATIONS.
autoge matendo
Corn Marygold is an annual weed in corn fields ; flower-
ing from June to October. In Kent it is called Yellow-bottle;
in Norfolk Buddle, which doubtless is a corruption of bot-
tle; in the north of England, Goulans or Goldins; and in
Scotland Gules, Goolls, Guills, or Yellow Gowans, from the
golden colour of the flowers, which, however they may give
a brilliancy to fields in tillage, and please the eye of the
passing traveller, as Linneus observes, are no very agreeable
sight to the farmer ; this plant being a very troublesome
weed in sandy soils, and in some parts of Europe abounding
to such a degree as almost to annihilate the crop. Linneus
recommends fallowing the land one year, manuring it well,
and harrowing it five days after the corn is sown, in order to
extirpate this weed. With us it is commonly weeded out
by hand. If it be cut when young in flower, and dried,
horses will eat it. The Germans use it for dying yellow.
nato po to pounda antarabo-matzailee sets
pilotando a risanih stupid
artist toroupbagasi to sadiate
39
solistono i bateriid
qol is loob brolled aliquyana San
ghly incomidazima to zovna
หล เราทาง ทาง อานน ก า ร ล วาง วาดค่ะ
sch
Booooooooooh
Benett


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toot dir alleen oui [ III ]polime side custom
amiga mora udlant navy zo Warloos ovat
and also ad CENTAUREA. ods
moon
ar nererte
SYNGENESIA Polygamia Frustranea.in node
food GENERIC CHARACTER.songlama
Corollas of the ray funnel-shaped, long, irregular.
Recept. bristly. Down simple.
SPECIES.
od
Centaurea Cyannus. Blue-bottle.
spec. 1289. fl. suec. n. 776. Huds. angl. 375.
Wither. arr. 944. Lightf. scot. 498. Scop. carn.
n. 1023. Pollich. pal. n. 824. Cyanus. Hall.
helv, n. 191. Blackw. herb. t. 270. Lob. ic.
546. 2. Ger. herb. 592. 2. emac. 732. 2. Park.
theat. 482. 2. Petiv. brit. t. 22. f. 4. Mor.
hist. s. 7. t. 25: f. 4. Baub. hist. 3. 21. 3.
Raii bist. 321.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Calyxes serrate, leaves linear, quite entire, the
lowest toothed.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
annual. Stem from one to two feet in height,
Leaves nu-
angular, slightly tomentose, branched at top.

merous, white underneath, having three parallel ribs; root-
leaves toothed or even pinnatifid, the extreme segment very
large. Branches one-flowered. Scales of the calyx lanceo-
late, the outer ones green, tinged with purple, tomentose,
sharply serrate, the inner ones entire, Florets of the
ray,
about nine, quite barren, very wide, two-lipped, the seg-
inents lanceolate and pointed. Filaments below the anther
surrounded with a villose ring. Style beneath the stigma
bearded.
OBSERVATIONS.
This also is a common weed among corn, and flowers
from June to August.
. The expressed juice of the neutral florets makes a good
ink; it also stains linen of a beautiful blue; but the colour
is not permanent in any mode hitherto used. Mr. Boyle
says, that the juice of the central florets, with the addition
of a very small quantity of alum, makes a lasting transparent
blue, not inferior to ultramarine.
MOTITIE
gleil sito welcome to 10 |
transmet yilidgila talagang


112
8
Down Ongraved & Published Dezorygady FP. Nodder N°95, Brewer Soront, Golden Square .

[ 112 ]
AVENA.
.
TRIANDRIA Digynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx ' two-valved, many-flowered. Awn from
the back of the corolla jointed, twisted.
SPECIES.
Avena flavescens. Yellow Oat-grass.
Lin. spec. 118. suec. n. 103. Huds. angl. 53.
Wither. arr. 114. Curtis lond. 3. 5. Lightf.
scot. 106. Relh. cant. n. 97. Hall. helv. n.
1497. Pollich. Pal. n. 124. Leers berborn, n.
10. f. 5. Schreb. gran. 76. t. 9.
Scheuch. agrost. 225. t. 4. f. 19. & 220. t. 4.
f. 17.
93. 1.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Panicle loose, calyxes three-flowered, short, all
the florets awned.
DESCRIPTION.
ROOT
perennial, creeping. Culm eighteen inches, or
one to two feet high, slender, upright, round, with

three or four purplish joints, about which are numerous
short hairs. Leaves two lines in breadth, the
upper
surface
hairy, the under smooth; sheath streaked, hairy especially
towards the base. Panicle three inches and more in length ;
when in flower spreading wide, yellowish green and upright,
afterwards closing, with the spikelets mostly one way, be-
coming yellowish, brown, and shining. The calyxes con-
tain two or three, sometimes four florets, all awned, one
sometimes abortive : valves unequal, membranous, pointed.
Valves of the corolla also unequal, the least in a manner
transparent, membranous, white and bifid, the largest
marked with three or four green nerves, hollow, bifid, and
awned. There are two very small glumes, the length of
the germ, jagged at top, which are supposed to be the nec-
tary. From the middle of the back of the larger valve
springs a straight awn, almost twice the length of the valve,
which when the plant is dry becomes recurved.
OBSERVATIONS.
Yellow Oat-grass is easily distinguished from the other
species, by its being the least of the genus commonly
known, by having its panicle finely divided, and of a yel-
lower hue; its spikelets small and delicate, generally con-
taining two perfect flowers, and by having its leaves and
stems constantly hairy. It becomes larger when cultivated,
and the spikelets have then three or four flowers.
This grass occurs in most pastures, especially high ones,
in some meadows, and frequently on banks by road sides.
In
many counties it forms a principal part of the finest pas-
turage on the downs, and in some meadows contributes to
the goodness as well as greatness of the crop. It is not so

early as many of the Poas, nor is it so late as some of the
Agrostis genus : it is by no means unproductive, and bids
fair to make a good sheep pasture*. This is one of the
grasses which Mr. Miller recommends for cultivation next
to the Poas or Meadow Grasses, which he prefers to all
others.
For others of this genus see plates seventy-nine, eighty,
and eighty-one.
# Curtis.



ܥܠ
Drawn Ongraved koPublished. Dee=194
, by F. P. Nodder N:6 Brewer Street, Golden Square, .

[ 113 ]
FESTUCA.
TRIANDRIA Dig ynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx two-valved. Spikelet oblong, roundish,
with acuminate glumes.
SPECIES.
Festuca fluitans. Flote Fescue-grass.
Lin. spec. III. suec. 95. Huds. angl. 46. Wither.
arr. 100. Curtis lond. 1. 7. Relb. cant. n. 82.
Pollich. pal. n. 107. Leers herborn. n. 80. t.
8. f. 5. Krock. siles. n. 159. Schreb. gram. 37-
t. 3. Fl. dan. 1. 237. Stilling. misc. t. 10.
Bauh. theat. 41. Scheuch. agr. 199. t. 4. f. 5.
Monti, f. 35. Loesel. pruss. 108. t. 21. Mor.
8. 3. 16. Ger. emac. 14. f. 1. Park. theat.
1275. 8. Raii hist. 1281. 7. syn. 412.
Poa fluitans.
Scop. carn. n. 106. Hall. belv.
n. 1453
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Panicle, branched upright; spikelets subsessile,
cylindric, awnless.

DESCRIPTION.
Root
T perennial, striking deep into mud. Culin from
one to three feet in length, or even much longer in water,
creeping at bottom, and sending forth young shoots, after-
wards nearly upright; covered with the sheaths of the leaves
as far as the panicle. Leaves broadish and smooth; those of
the young shoots upright, keel-shaped and shortish; those of
the stem longer, flattish, weak and hanging down; in the
Winter lyiug flat on the water. Panicle often more than a
foot in length, generally bending down a little, sometimes
forming a kind of spike, but most commonly branched; the
branches sometimes pressed to the culm, sometimes diverging
from it. Spikelets slender, an inch or an inch and a half in
length, pressed to the stalk, containing from seven, eight, of
nine, to eleven or twelve flowers. Valves of the corolla
equal, the lower rather blunt, with uneven points, the upper
more pointed, fiat, and bifid. Neétary a small heart-shaped
gland, like a scale. Stigmas much branched, but the styles
not feathered to the germ. Seeds shining, olive-coloured,
naked, having two little horns.
OBSERVATIONS.
When this grass has nearly done flowering, the branches
of the panicle generally project from the main stalk in an
acute angle; the spikelets are always pressed close to the stalk
or branches of the panicle: this circumstance, joined to the
length and roundness of the spikelets, sufficiently characte-
rizes this species ; which is common in ditches, ponds, wa-
tery places, and slow streams, flowering all the Summer.
The parts of fructification are beautiful, and large enough to
be viewed distinctly with the naked eye *.
# Curtis.

Horses, kine, and swine are all fond of this grass. It has
been recommended therefore to be sown on meadows that
admit flooding: but Flote Fescue-grass will not flourish, ex-
cept on land that is swampy, or constantly under water.
The seeds are small, but very sweet and nourishing. In
Germany and Poland they are collected under the name of
Manna-seeds (Schwaden), and are esteemed a delicacy in
soups and gruels. When ground to meal, they make bread
little inferior to that from wheat. The bran is given to horses
that have worms, keeping them from water for some hours
after. Water-fowl and fish are very fond of them*. Trout
are said to thrive most in streams where this
grass abounds.
Schreber informs us, that the Manna-seeds are gathered not
only from this grass, but from Panicum sanguinale, or Cock's
foot Panic-grass, and that the latter is cultivated in Germany
for that
purpose.
Mr. Curtis has remarked a disorder in the ear of this grass,
similar to that which has been noticed by the French in Rie,
and called by them Ergot.
* Withering and Linn. suec.



114
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& Published Dearga.by KP.Nodder Na.Brewer Siret , Golden Shpuaro.

of so, the sole [ 114]
SPECIES.
Festuca sylvatica. Wood Fescue-grass.
Huds. angl. ed. 1. 38. Wilber, arr. 102. Fl. dan. t.
164. Mor. hist. s. 8. . 6. f. 4. row. 3. Raii
syn. 394:
F. pinnata. B. Huds. ångl. ed. 2. 48.
Bromus sylvaticus. Pollich. pal. n. 118.
B. pinnatus. Leers berborn. n. 87. 1. 10. f. 3.
B. gracilis. Weigel, 1, 11.
Triticum. Hall. hely. th. 1432. & 1431.d.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Culm undivided, spikelets alternate sessile in two
rows, awń as long as the corolla.
DESCRIPTION.
Root perennial. The plant in general hairy. Culms
several, from eighteen inches to three feet in height, the up-
per part of the lower joints hairy when not covered by the
sheath. Leaves from seven inches to a foot in length, five
lines broad, with soft hairs generally on both sides, the lower
surface less so, except towards the base, and sometimes even
smooth. Panicle pendulous, from the slenderness and weak-
ness of the peduncles, Spikelets from half an inch to an
inch and a half in length, with a few short hairs on them,
and nine or ten flowers in each. Valves of the calyx taper-

ing to a point, and often ending in a short avn ; that of the
larger valve sometimes a line long. The outer valve of the
corolla is smooth along the back, but rough on the sides with
minute hairs: the inner is rounded at the end, and the edges
are fringed with short hairs, except at the end, which is
pu-
bescent.
OBSERVATIONS.
Botanists are not agreed respecting the genus of this grass,
as may be seen by the names given above. According to Dr.
Stokes, it has the habit of a Bromus, the artificial characters
of a Triticum, but in its structure is truly a Festuca. It is
thought by some to be only a variety of Festuca pinnata, or
Bromus pinnatus ; from which, however, it is evidently dif-
ferent. It is common in woods and hedges, and flowers in
July. It is never cultivated, nor is it known to be of any
particular use.
Two other species have been already figured in plateş
cighty-four and one hundred and two,


116
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FAS. Nodder
. Nos Pirewardecet, Golden Agrar.

[ 115 ]
HEDYSARUM.
DIADELPHIA Decandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Keel of the corolla transversely obtuse. Legume
jointed, with one seed in each joint.
SPECIES.
Hedysarum coronarium. French Honeysuckle.
Lin. spec. 1058. Besl, eyst. æst. 13. t. 2. f. 1. Rivin,
tetr. t. 98. Mor. hist. 2. I 29. S. 2. t. 11. f. 7.
Ger. emac. 1235.
Park. parad. 339. t. 337-
f. 1o. theat. 1087. f. 1. Raii bist. 929.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Legumes jointed, prickly, naked, straight, stem
diffused.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
biennial. Stems from two to three feet high,
hollow, smooth, branching. Leaves pinnate, composed of
five or six pairs of oval leaflets, terminated by an odd one;
they are alternate, and from the angles which they form
with the stem and branches, come out peduncles five or six
inches in length, sustaining spikes of beautiful red flowers,

which open
in June and July, and perfect seeds in Septem-
ber, after which the roots commonly decay; but if the
plants be cut down before they seed, they will last longer.
The legume or pod is oblong, a little flatted ; it has three
roundish joints at most, with a border finely notched, and
covered with a thin fungous bark, rough on the outside with
little short prickles.
OBSERVATIONS,
wild in great
Parkinson calls it red Sattin-flower, or red-flowered Fitch-
ling, and
says that some foolishly call it red or French Ho-
neysuckle; the foolish name, however, has obtained.
It is a native of the southern parts of Europe, as Spain,
Italy, and Sicily. In Calabria it
grows
luxu-
riance, near four feet high, offering excellent nourishment
to horses and mules, both green and made into hay: but it
does not well bear the cold of the spring, even in the North
of Italy. We may presume, therefore, that it will scarcely
answer the
purposes
of husbandry with us at large, though
on a small scale it might do well on a warm spot*.
Osbeck mentions that he saw it brought into Cadiz in
great bundles, as food for cattle.
It is of the same genus with Sainfoin, figured in plate 47;
probably of the same quality, yielding more abundantly, but
not perennial, as that is.
* Symonds in Young's Annals, 2. 161. & 3, 155,


10
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[ 116 ]
VICIA.
DIADELPHIA Decandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Stigma bearded transversely on the lower side,
SPECIES.
Vicia sativa. Common Vetch or Tare.
Lin. spec. 1037. f. suec. n. 654. Huds. angl. 318.
Wither, arr. 776. Fl. dan. t. 522. .
Rivin.
tetr. 55. Ger. emac. 1227. I.
Park. theat.
1072. I.
Mor. hist. 2. 4. 12.
Bauh. hist. 2.
310. 2. "Raii hist. 900. 2. syn. 320.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. .
Legumes sessile, generally two together, upright,
leaves retuse, stipules spotted,
DESCRIPTION.
Root
annual. Stem erect, striated. Leaves pinnate,
terminated by a branched tendril, leaflets about six pairs,
opposite, elliptic, blunt, and terminated by a point. Sti-
pules in pairs, lanceolate, toothed, marked with a black
shining spot. Flowers mostly in pairs, reddish purple.
In dry soils it has a procumbent stem, sharper leaflets, and

flowers mostly solitary. The stipules are spotted, but ob-
scurely. It varies also in the colour of the seeds, from
black to brown and white.
OBSERVATIONS.
The Tare or Vetch has long been cultivated in many parts
of Europe, chiefly for the seed, but sometimes also for green
feed, both of cattle and horses. For this latter purpose, and
as a meliorating crop, it has obtained very much within a
few years past.


17
I
M
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ow
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[ 117 ]
SPECIES.
Vicia Cracca. Tufted Vetch.
Lin. spec. 1035. Suec. n. 652. Huds. angl. 317.
Wither. arr. 775. Fl. dan. t. 804. Rivin. tetr.
49. Mor. hist. 2. 4. I. Raii hist. 903. 19. syn.
322. n. 3.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Peduncles many-flowered, flowers imbricate, leaf-
let's lanceolate, pubescent, stipules entire.
DESCRIPTION.
Root perennial. Stem quadrangular, striated, slightly
hairy, three or four feet high, when climbing on bushes:
branches numerous, short, alternate, from the axils of the
upper leaves. Leaves alternate, very long, consisting of ten
or twelve pairs of leaflets, and terminated by a branched ten-
dril. Leaflets linear, lanceolate, oftener alternate than op-
posite, hairy, and terminated by a short point: at the base is
a pair of semi-sagittate acute stipules. The two upper teeth,
of the calyx extremely short, the lowest longest, blueish.
Flowers small, very numerous, hanging down, closely im-
bricate on one side of the common peduncle. The corolla
is a blueish purple, with two deeper purple spots at the ex-
tremity of the keel : the standard is heart-shaped, without
a sharp point in the notch. The legumes are about an inch
long, and contain 3, 4, or 5 roundish seeds, the size of a
lentil, and black when ripe.

OBSERVATIONS.
The Tufted Vetch is common in hedges, meadows, and
osier holts; flowering in July and August.
Dr. Plot, in his History of Staffordshire, says that this and
the sylvatica or wood Vetch, advance starved or weak cattle
above any thing yet known. These perennial Vetches yield
such abundance of feed, that they seem to deserve the notice
of the agriculturist*,
* See Anderson's Essays, 2, 250. &c. Bath Memoirs, 3, 67.


18
高​,

TO 117 )
HOLCUS.
POLYGAMIA Monoecia.
Natural Order of GRASSES.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
I
Hérm. Cal. a one or two-flowered glume. Cor. an
awned glume. Stam. 3. Styles 2.
Male. Cal. a two-valved glume. Cor. none.
Seed 1.
Stan. 3.
SPECIES.
Holcuš lanatus. Meadow Soft-grass.
Lin. spec. 1485. Huds. angl. 440. Wither, arr.
1138. Curtis, lond. 4. Scop. carn. n. 1238.
Pollich pal. n. 936. Leers berborn. n. 770 t.
7. f. 6. Schreb. gram. 145. t. 20. f. 1.
Aira. Lin. suec. n.917.
Avena. Hall, belv. n. 1484.
Gramen lanatum. Dalech. hist. 425. Bauh. hist.
2. 466. 3.
G. pratense paniculatum molle. Bauh. pin. 2.
prodr. 5. theat. 27. Scheuch. agr. 234. t. 4. f.
24. A, B. Park. theat. 1155. 1.
G. miliaceum pratense molle. Raii syn. 404.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Glumes two-flowered, villose, hermaphrodite flo-
ret without any awn, the male floret with an
awn curved back.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
perennial, but not creeping. Stems from two
to three feet high, upright, having three or four joints, pu-
bescent, round. Leaves grayish from being covered with
soft hairs, a quarter of an inch in breadth; the sheath
marked on the outside with purple-lines, and shining
within; the ligule or membrane blunt or truncate, hairy
on the outside and about the edge. Panicle at first con-
traéled, reddish, and drooping a little, but afterwards
upright, spreading, and whitish.
The velvet-like softness of the whole plant, with the
redness of the opening panicle, render this grass very con-
spicuous.
OBSERVATIONS.
It abounds in meadows, is frequent by road sides, and
sometimes grows on walls ; and flowers in June and July.
Haller speaks highly of this grass as food for cattle, but
it is not at all esteemed among us. The seed, however, be-
ing easily collected, is sometimes sent to London in great
quantities, as pure grass seed.
Mr. Lightfoot says that the stalks are used to inake
ropes for fishing boats in the isle of Skye; but there are
better grasses for this purpose*.
• Curtia,


ng
Drawn Engraved el
Rultihed Tob. 79 byF59. Nodelor la s Brave Sone from

[
119 ]dtage
2
SPECIE S.
Holcus mollis. Creeping Soft.grass.
Lin. spec. 1485. Huds. angl. 440.
Wither, arr. 1137.
Curtis, lond. 5. Leers herborn. n. 769.t: 7. f. 7.
Schreb. gram. 149. t. 20. f.2. Pollich palo n.
937
Avena. Hall. hely. n. 1485.
Gramen miliaceum aristatum molle. Raii syn.
404
Gr. caninum paniculatum molle. Raii hist. 1285;
Scheuch.agr. 235.1. 4. f. 25.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Glumes two-flowered, almost naked, hermaphro-
dite floret without any awn, male with a
jointed awn.
DESCRIPTION.
THIS
HIS
grass,
which some botanists look upon as being
hardly a different species from the lanatus, is thus well
distinguished by Mr. Curtis;
It is usually a smaller plant, or if it be as tall as the fore.
going, it has a much more scanty panicle. The spikelets
have not that brilliant colour which marks those of the la.
natus at their first appearance. The root creeps as much as
the worst Couch-grass or Quich. The joints are woolly,
and the spikelets large and pointed, with the awn much

longer than the glumes of the calyx. Both flowers are
hermaphrodite, contrary to what is said in Linneus's
specific character given above, and both apparently produce
fertile seeds. This grass also rarely occurs but in and
about woods and in hedges ; whereas the lanatus is a very
general grass in meadows and pastures.
OBSERVATIONS.
Creeping Soft-grass flowers in July. It is a worse grass
than the Meadow sort, and its creeping roots will cause
it to be carefully avoided by the farmer. Ray affirms that
it is very common in corn fields; but Mr. Curtis says
that he has rarely seen it in that situation,
Tobing amo da
od osoba rolos ned on sva
a domesor IT songs to do te tako
Catoon te ecioj od to arranco de
dan dibimiog bus saules siqa od bits


120
기간​지
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Drawn , Engrazed & Published
Febr
. 1795 by F?Nodder 125 Brewer Street, Golden Squares

(
120 ]
AGROSTIS.
TRY ANDRIA Dig ynia,
Natural Order of GRASSES.
GENERIC CHARACTER
Cal. two-valved, one-flowered, a little less than
the corolla, Stigmas longitudinally hispid.
SPECIE S.
Agrostis stolonifera. Creeping Bent-grass.
Lin. spec. 93. syec. 11. 66. Huds. angl. 31. Wither.
arr. 27. Leers herborn. t. 4. f. 6. Pollich pal.
n. 71. Hall. belv, n. 1473. (Poa) Ger. berb.
24. 1. emac, 26. 1. Park. theat. 1174. 4.
Bauh. hist. 2. 480, I.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Branches of the panicle spreading, naked; culm
creeping; calyxes equal.
DESCRIPTION.
THIS
HIS grass is readily distinguished by its creeping stems,
putting out roots, and thus producing abundance of new
plants. Its culms also or stems are first prostrate, then erect.
The leaves are a line in breadth, or somewhat more.
The

young panicle is contracted, but afterwards spread open.
The glumes of the calyx are equal, conical, long-pointed,
and tubercled on the back below the tip. The glumes of
the corolla are contracted into an acute conical bag; they
are sometimes white, sometimes purple.
OBSERVATIONS.
Creeping Bent-grass is perennial; and native of most
parts of Europe, in moist meadows, flowering from June
to August.
Mr. Hudson joins it with capillaris, pumila, albo and
sylvatica, under the name of palymorpha.
to get any badala ya alb yuberta
rouloomberopbergzold botten
Born toilettetap noodramaticky
SEL Sang di baszd it all star úr

ao balance

121
12-)>
Drawn, engraved Published March 179. bor LAN odda 1.s Bauerliw. Cioteket oly names

[ 121 ]
TRIFOLIUM.
DIADELPHIA Decandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Flowers in a ſort of head. Legume ſcarcely longer
than the calyx, not opening, but falling whole.
SPECIES.
Trifolium agrarium. Hop Trefoil.
Hudſ. angl. 328. Wither. arr. 801. Curt. lond. 3.
45. Lightf. ſcot. 409. Hall. belv. n. 363.
Scop. carn. n. 931. Pollich pal. n. 707. FI.
dan. t. 796. Vaill. par. t. 22. f. 3. Rivin. tetr.
t. 10. f. 1. (lupulinum). Bauh. hift. 2. 381.
f. 1. Mor. hiſt. ſ. 2. t. 13. row. 2. f. 1, 2.
Raii fyn. 330. 1. 16.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Spikes oval imbricate, ſtandards bent down pera
manent, flowers very cloſe and numerous,
ſtems diffuſed.
DESCRIPTION.
STEMS
IS at firſt upright, afterwards decumbent, much
branched, ſlightly downy. Stipules in pairs, ovate-lanceo-

late, not terminated by an awn, as moſt of the ſpecies are.
Leaves alternate, on ſhort footſtalks ; leaflets ovate or obo-
vate, ſmooth, ſlightly ferrate, the middle one on a petiolule
a line or a line and a half in length; the ſide ones fubfeſfile.
Peduncles numerous, axillary, folitary, longer than the
leaves. Flowers on ſhort pedicels, with each a minute awl-
ſhaped bracte, erect, yellow, after flowering becoming
brown and reflected. Calyx ſmall, with five teeth, the two
upper very ſhort, the lower longer. Standard of the corolla
ovate, ſtriated, longer than the wings, which are ſomewhat
longer than the keel; they all remain, and incloſe the ſhort
thick pod.
OBSERVATIONS.
No reference is here made to Linneus's works, becauſe
our agrarium is ſuppoſed to be the procumbens of that author,
who probably regarded our procumbens as no more than a va-
riety of his filiformis, from which, however, it clearly dif-
fers. The ſpecimen of the agrarium, in the Linnean her-
barium, is a much larger plant than ours; and therefore
might be more profitable for cultivation. Our Hop-Tre-
foil, however, ſeems to deſerve the attention of the agricul-
turiſt. It is very well named in Engliſh, the heads of flow-
ers being larger and more like the hop than
Trefoils. It is common in dry paſtures on a gravelly foil,
flowering in June and July.
Compare this wirh Hop-Medick, commonly fown for
ſheep-feed, under the name of Trefoil, deſcribed and figured
at No. 19 of this work.
of our
any


122
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[ 122]
VALANTIA.
POLYGAMIA Monoecia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
HERM. Cal. none. Cor. four-parted. Stam. four.
Style bifid. Seed one.
MALE. Cal. none. Cor. three or four-parted.
Stam. three or four. Pift, obfolete,
SPECIES.
Valantia Aparine.
Lin. Spec. 1491.
Galium Valantia. Wiggers primit, 12.
G. tricorne. Wither. arr. 153.
Aparine. Vaill. par. t. 4. f. 3.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Peduncles lateral, almoſt naked, trifid, pedicels
recurved.
DESCRIPTION.
LEAVES from 6 to 8, the upper ſurface ſmooth, the rib
underneath rough. Umbels on peduncles, generally two to
a whorl, oppoſite, dividing into three branches, not leafy at
the baſe. The peduncles are prickly, and bear three flow-
ers, curved downwards. Fruit roughiſh, beſet with a num-
ber of minute tubercles, but which do not end in hairs.

OBSERVATIONS.
This plant appears to be different from Aparine ſemine la-
viore of Ray, which is commonly taken for Galium ſpurium
of Linneus. It is clearly of the ſame natural genus with the
Galiums, and much reſembles G. Aparine, or common Gooſe-
graſs. We found it abundant laſt year (1794) among tares.


123
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118
Drawn . Engraved iPablished, March 1795.by FPNodele xes, Brewer Street, Golden Aguare -

123 ]
ACHILLEA
SYNGENESIA Polygamia Superflua.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx ovate, imbricate. Florets of the ray about
four. Down none. Receptacle chaffy.
SPECIES.
Achillea Millefolium. Common Milfoil or Yarrow.
Lin. Spec. 1267. f. fuec. n. 770. Hudſ. angl. 374.
Wither. arr. 941. Curtis lond. n. 63. Lightf.
Scot. 496. Woodv. med. bot. 176. t. 64. Hall.
belv. n. 107. Scop. carn. n. 1095. Fl. dan. t.
737. Pollich pal. n. 820. Ger. berb.914. I, 2.
emac. 1072. 1, 2. Park. theat. 694. 1. Petiv.
brit. t. 19. f. 4. Mor. hift. . 6. t. II. f.6, 14.
Raii bift. 345. 347. Syn. 183.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves bipinnate, naked; diviſions linear, tooth-
ed; ſtems grooved towards the top.
DESCRIPTION.
ROOT perennial, creeping. Stems a foot high or more,
upright, almoſt round, or ſlightly angular ; downy, branched

at top. Leaves alternate, ſmooth above, a little hairy un-
derneath ; very long and finely divided, compoſed of ſhort
pinnas 20 to 25 in number, each ſubdivided into from 3 to 7
pairs of pinnules, which are again cut into trifid or quinque-
fid lanceolate ſegments; thoſe at bottom are petioled, but
on the ſtem they are ſeſſile, or ſomewhat claſping Flowers
in a cloſe broad-topped corymb, on downy peduncles. Scales
of the calyx lanceolate, with a green keel, and pale brown
membranaceous edges. Florets in the diſk 12 or 15; in the
ray 4 or 5, ſlightly three-toothed; commonly white, but
varying with purple of different ſhades. Seeds oblong, com-
preſſed, with a white edge.
OBSERVATIONS.
Common Milfoil or Yarrow is abundant in paſtures and
by way-ſides, flowering from June to September. It has
been generally execrated as a noxious weed in paſtures; it is
found, however, to be eaten by cattle, and to be even liked
by ſheep; on which account it has lately been recommended
for cultivation. Perhaps this, among other herbs of paſture
commonly neglected, may be of ſervice to cattle medicinally.
An ointment, made with the freſh leaves, is ſometimes uſed
in the piles, and is reckoned good againſt the ſcab in ſheep.
Linneus recommends the bruiſed herb freſh as an excellent
vulnerary; and ſays, that the inhabitants of Dalekarlia mix
it with their ale, inſtead of hops, to increaſe the inebriating
quality of the liquor.


124
Drawn, Engreved 3 Published, April 1795 by FIP. Noldor N. Brewerelirat, friken ligaste :

[ 124 ]
TRITICUM.
TRIANDRIA Digynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx two-valved, solitary, subtriflorous.
SPECIES.
Triticum repens.
Common Wheat-grass, Dog'sa
grass, Quick, Quich, or Couch-grass.
Lin. spec. 128. Huds. angl. 57. Wither. arr. 128,
Hall. helv. N. 1426. Pollich. pal. 1. 133. Leers
herbori. 95. t. 12. f. 3. Schreb. gram. t. 26.
Fl. dan. t. 748. Mor. hist. s. 8. t. 1. f. 8. row 3.
Ruii hist. 1255. 1. syn. 390. I.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Calyxes awl-shaped, acuminate, many-flowered (4
to 6 or 8), leaves flat, roots creeping.
DESCRIPTION:
ир
CULMS
MS or stalks two feet high, and where drawn
double that height, round, smooth, striated, upright, with
from 3 to 5 or 6 joints, which are frequently tinged with red.
Leaves pointed, from 5 to 9 inches long, 3 or 4 lines broad,
waved, the lower surface smooth, the upper roughish. Li-
gula or strap white, very short, truncate. Sheath smooth,

noteeds toothed. Spikelets ovate
, blunt
; qatted, isinuoti,
except that the lower ones are slightly pubescent. Spike lan-
ceolate, blunt, compressed, distich, 4 or 5 inches long, and
near half an inch broad. Receptacle or rachis flexuose,
rugged, toothed. Spikelets ovate, blunt, flatted, smooth,
varying in the number of florets, from 2 to 4, 5, 6, and
even 8, bright or yellowish green, sometimes purplish, soli-
tary, sessile alternately at the teeth of the rachis. Glumes of
the calyx three or four lines long, either ending in a point,
or in an awn, sometimes not a line, and sometimes from 2 10
4 lines in length, but never so long as the spikelet. Outer
valve of the corolla five-nerved, 4 lines in length, either
pointed or ending in an awn from 1 to 3 lines long; inner
valve flat, except that the edge is often bent in; this is ciliate,
and the end is cloven. The seed falls out of the husk.
OBSERVATIONS.
ever,
This very common grass is the pest of gardens and arable
lands; it abounds also in hedges. Several other grasses, how-
with creeping roots, are confounded with this by the
husbandman, under the names of Quich, Squitch, Couch,
&c. all corrupted from Quick, which signifies Living: and
this grass was evidently so called, because every particle of
the root will grow.
In gardens, the common method of destroying it is, by
forking out the roots as soon as the blade appears, or by
trenching the ground very deep, and turning the quich into
the bottom, below the reach of vegetation. In arable land it
is best got under by fallowing in a dry summer, and frequent
harrowing, collecting the roots into heaps, and burning
them; also by crops that require frequent hoeing.
This pest of the husbandman is not however without its
At Naples, the roots are collected in large quantities,
Use.

and sold in the markets to feed horses; they have a swect
tasté, something approaching to that of liquorice: when
dried and ground to meal, they are said to have been made
into bread in years of scarcity. The juice of them drank
liberally, is recommended by Boerhaave in obstructions; par-
ticularly in cases of a scirrhous liver and jaundice. Cattle
are frequently found to have scirrhous livers in winter, and
to be cured soon, when turned out to grass in the spring.
It is well known that dogs eat the leaves to excite vomiting.
Mr. Miller affirms, that the blade is so rough, that cattle
will not feed upon it. No animals indeed seem to eat it
much, except whilst it is young and tender.



125
Drawn , Casawed & Biblished April 1795, by KP.Nodder
, N:15, Brewer Street, Golden Square,

Doritos [ 125 ]
BROMUS.
but TRIANDRIA Digynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx two-valved. Spikelet oblong, round, distich :
awn below the tip.
SPECIES.
Bromus sterilis. Barren Brome-grass. .
Lin. pec. 113. Huds. angl. 50. Wither. arr. 108. .
Curt. lond. 1. 9. Pollich. pal. n. 112. Leers
herborn. n. 83. f. u. f. 4. Hall. belv. n. 1505.
Scop. carn. n. 113. Krock. siles, n. 165. Villars
dauph. 2. 115. Scheuch. agrost. 258. t. 5. f. 14,
Ger. herb. 69. 1. emac. 76. I.
Park. theat.
1148. 1. Mor. hist. s. 8. t. 7. f. 11. Bauh. hist.
2. 439. 2. Raii hist. 1289. 1. 5. syn. 412. 11. 1,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Panicle spreading, spikelets, oblong distich, glumes
subulate-awned.
DESCRIPTION.
RooT annual. Çulms from one to two feet high, almost
upright, round, and smooth, at bottom crooked, the joints

swelled. Leaves and sheaths covered with short soft fairs,
Panicle large, nodding, half a foot lang. Peduncles gene-
Tally simple, and swelled at their base. Spikelets two inches
long, fattish, diverging towards the end, containing 6 or 7
1 owers. Awn nearly twice the length of the corolla, and
straight. Valves of the calyx unequal, long and narrow :
outer valve of the corolla longer, seven-nerved, membra-
neous at top, and sharply bifid ; inner almost flat, ciliate.
The nectary is two small acuminate glumes, with a gland at
the base of each. Germ oblong, slightly emarginate at top;
the bottom, whence the styles proceed, and which seems to
be the true germ, smooth and shining. Seeds purplish brown.
OBSERVATIONS.
This
grass
is
very common under hedges, and flowers in
May and June. It is supposed by many to derive its name
af sterilis or barren, from the circumstance of the seeds rarely
arriving at maturity; which is not true in faét. What Mr.
Cartis asserts is more probable; that it has this opprobrious
appellation from its inutility with respect to cattle. Ray
calls it great wild Oat-grass or Drank, which should proba-
bly be Drauk, from the Flemish Dravich. It is called by
our common people in same counties Black-grass; and is a
troublesome weed in Sainfoin, being so yielding as to let
the scythe slip over it, ripening very early, and being very
difficult to separate from Sainfoin-seed. Being an annual,
it would answer to pull it out by the roots, where it is not
too abundant.
entertain


126
Drawn, Engraved
3Published Aprait-rygs, Tu Fil Nodder. N:15 -Samewer Hd, Golden Square -

( 126 )
SPECIES.
Bromus asper. Rough Brome-grass.
Lin. syst. 119. Suppl. 111. Wither, arr. 108. Kroek.
siles. n. 164. t. 24.
B. nemoralis. Huds. angl. 51.
B. ramosus. Lin. syst. ed. 13. 102. Huds. angl. ed.
1.40. Lightf. scot. 1087.
B. hirsutus. Curt. lond. 2. 8. Relh, cant. n. 92.
B. montanus. Retz. obs. 2. 11. 4. Pollich. pal. 1. 116.
Scheuch. agrost. 253. t. 5. f. 10. Mor. hist. s. 8.
1.7. F. 27.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Panicle branched, nodding, rugged ; spikelets linear,
roundish, ten-flowered, hairy-awned ; culm
and leaves rough with hairs.
DESCRIPTION.
LEAVES a foot long, rough and hairy, chiefly along the
edges and midrib; sheaths covered with long stiff hairs, bend-
ing back. Panicle a foot long, or more, branched, and nod-
ding one way. Peduncles very long, in pairs, rough when
handled the wrong way. Spikelets more than an inch long,
slender, roundish, tinged with dusky red, containing ten
flowers. The larger valve of the calyx has three rough ribs
on the outside, and ends in a short point; the smaller has only
one rib, and a more tapering point. The outer valve of the

corolla has three prominent ribs, the middle one terminating
in a straightish awn, shorter than the corolla; the inner flat-
tish-edged, with hairs, and shorter.
Bromus giganteus is not usually above half the height of
this, and the whole plant is much weaker and smoother.
OBSERVATIONS:
Rough or hairy-stalked Brome-grass grows in hedges and
woods, and flowers from June to August. It is the tallest
of our English grasses, often exceeding six feet in height;
and
may be distinguished from them by all the extreme hairi-
ness of the sheaths which almost cover the stalk. It seems
to be annual, at least the root does not creep. It appears to
be much too coarse a grass for cultivation. There is much
confusion in the synonyms; and no grass has had a greater
variety of names, or has been considered as more distinct
species than that now before us.


127
Drawn, Engnised a Publishedt May 1998,by F. P. I lodder Ncis, Prouver Arest, Gjelden eagari

og [ 127 ]
PIMPINELLA.
PENTANDRIA Digynia.
teguente
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Petals bent in. Stigmas ſubgloboſe. Fruit ovate-
oblong.
SPECIES.
Pimpinella Saxifraga. Lefs Burnet-Saxifrage.
Linn. Spec. 378. Hudſ. angl. 127. Wither. arr. 313.
Relh. cant. n. 241. Pollich. pal. n. 305. Jacqu.
auſtr. 4. 395. Fl. dan. t. 669. Blockw. t. 472.
Riv. pent. 80, 82, 83. 1. Cluf. 2. 197. 2. Dod.
pempt. 315. 2. Lob. obf. 413. 1. ic. 1.719. 2.
Ger. emac. 1044. 2.
Park. theat. 947. 4.
Raii ſyn. 127.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves pinnate; root-leaflets roundiſh, upper-
moſt linear.
DESCRIPTION.
STEM upright, 18 inches high or more, round, ſtriated,
pubeſcent, dichotomous. Leaflets commonly ſerrate, but
ſometimes entire, and ſometimes even jagged. General

umbel flattiſh; both that and the partial compoſed of from
8 to 20 rays. Corollule white, with permanent ſtyles.
Fruit ftriated.
OBSERVATIONS.
It is a perennial plant, common in dry gravelly paſtures,
flowering from midſummer through the autumn. No cattle
ſeem to refuſe it.
oderada
home stalno bamboo


128
Drawn Engraved
* Published , May 17gs, Wil, F.P. Nodder.N.CBrewer Siret, Gjelden Square

-osionele to
[ 128 ]
PEUCEDANUM.
Als uld
PENTÄNDRIA Digynia
har doo
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Fruit ovate, ftriated on both ſides, ſurrounded
with a wing. Involucres very ſhort, .
bet af tools See
SPECIES.
Peucedanum Silaus. Meadow Saxifrage.
Linn. Spec. 354. Hudſ. angl. 116. Wither, arr. 285.
Hall. belv. n. 797. Pollich. pal. n. 281. Jacqu.
auſtr. 1. t. 15. Leers berborn. n. 197. Ger.
891. emac. 1048. 2. Park. theat. 904. 3. Raii
Syn. 216. Seſeli.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaflets pinnatifid, ſegments oppoſite; univerſal
involucre two-leaved (or one-leaved, when
cultivated many-leaved.)
DESCRIPTION.
Root perennial. Stem upright, cylindric, grooved ef-
. ,
pecially towards the top, ſmooth tinged with red above the
root, two feet high and more. Root-leaves on long, cylin-
dric, grooved, ſmooth petioles. Stem-leaves on ſhorter pe-
tioles, which are membranaceous at the baſe. Lower leaves

tripinnate; the leaflets cloven into 2 or 3 lanceolate ſeg-
ments. General umbel has from 7 to 1o unequal rays; par-
tial from 12 to 20 or more. Partial involucre has from 8 to
12 lanceolate leaflets, deep blackiſh purple at the ends. All
the florets generally fertile, but ſome of the central ones
ſometimes barren. Petals pale yellow. Germ crowned
with a glandular yellow receptacle, turning to a deep red as
the feeds ripen.
OBSERVATIONS.
It is common in moiſt meadows, and flowers in July and
Auguſt. Cattle do not ſeem to eat it.
La nostaat
12 ore
Boulott
la ling
а така кілогоо
Szalon bao
noteidzam do lo


129
Drawn, Eustaval Published , May gos ly F.P. Noddere als Brewer dimet, bolden Aponse.

[ 1293
ONONIS.
TE
DIADELPHIA Decandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx five-partėd, with linear ſegments. Standard
ftriated. Filaments connate, without a fil-
ſure. Legume turgid, feffile.
o tom
mete
Ononis ſpinoſa. Thorny Reft-harrow.at
Hudſ. angl. 312. Wither. arr. 762. Hort, kew. 3.
S P E CIES.
21.
O. ſpinoſa B. Linn. Spec. 1006.
Hall. belu. n. 356. Rivin. tetr. t. 69. Blackw. t.
301. Mor. hift. ſ. 2. t. 17. f. 3. row 2. FI.
Jaan dan. t. 783. Bauh. bift. 2. 391. 2. Ger. 1141.
1 1. emac. 1322. 1. Park. theat. 994. I. Raii
Syn. 332.ee
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Flowers axillary, in pairs ; leaves ternate, the
uppermoſt ſolitary; they and the branches
villoſe.

DESCRIPTION.
STEMS decumbent, ſlightly, hairy or woolly, reddiſh,
thorny, eſpecially from the baſe to the middle. Branches
terminating in ſoftiſh thorns: at the baſe of the young
branches they are ſtrong, but early in the ſummer not pun-
gent: they are awl-ſhaped, with ſometimes I or 2 leaves.
Leaves almoſt ſmooth. Flowers moſtly folitary, but when
two they are fixed to a cloven peduncle. Calyx hairy, with
awl-ſhaped unequal ſegments. Corolla twice as long as the
-
calyx, bright purple marked with lines.
obs
OBSERVATIONS.
Common Reft-harrow abounds in barren paſtures, flow-
ering in June and July. Sometimes it occurs in moiſt mea-
dows. It has the name from the ſtrength of its roots. It is
called alfo Cammock, Petty Whin, and Ground Furze.
The flower varies frequently to white. Sheep are faid to be
very
fond of it; and a decoction of the roots has been recom-
SOM
mended in caſes of ſtone and jaundice.
We have another ſort of Ononis like this, but without
thorns. Linneus did not regard them as different ſpecies.
They are, however, ſeldom found together, and with us at
leaſt the unarmed Reſt-harrow never becomes thorny. The
whole plant is more woody and rigid than Ononis arvenſis.
31
Savolash
to sodt vil forms
oll


130
Braun, graved & Published
gus, te e 1.5.
ho U.S. Vodder, 1 s Porever Sweet, ball a Spumpen

( 130 )
CENTAUREA.
SYNGENESIA Polygamia Fruftranea.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Corollas of the ray funnel-form, longer, irregular,
Down ſimple. Recept. briſtly.
SPECIES.
Centaurea nigra. Black Centaury or Knapweed.
Lin. ſpec. 1288. Hudſ. angl. 375. Wither. arr. 943.
Lightf. 498. Pollich pal. n. 822. Villars dauph.
3. 46. Krock. files. n. 1455.
Jacea. Hall. helv. N. 184. Cyanus n. 185.
J. nigra laciniata. Bauh. pin. 271. 1. Ger. emac.
727. f. 1. Park. theat. 468. 1. Mor. bift. . 7.
t. 28. f. 10. Petiv. brit. t. 22. f. 8, 9. Raii
bift. 325. 12. Syn. 199.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Calyxes ciliate, with the little ſcale ovate, cilias
capillary erect, leaves lyrate-angular, flowers
flofcular.
DESCRIPTION.
STEM
from two to three feet in height, angular, ſcored,
ſlightly downy, often tinged with purple ; branches alternate,

the uppermoſt in this, as well as the Scabioſa, riſing above
the ſtem, thickeſt towards the top, one-flowered. Leaves
pinnatifid or toothed, ſometimes entire, lanceolate, ſeſfile,
more or leſs downy, rough and hard. Outer ſcales of the
calyx lanceolate, dark purple, almoſt black, fringed with
long cilias, and theſe hairy; the middle rows yellow, linear
at the baſe, with a lanceolate fringed tip: the inner ſcales
whitiſh, ſmooth, ſhining, linear, terminated by a broad
roundiſh purple ſcale, ragged not ciliate. Florets all alike,
with a whitiſh, long, narrow tube, and a purple border.
OBSERVATIONS.
This plant reſembles Centaurea Jacea, which has been
confounded with it, but has no neutral ray. This, however,
is not always the caſe; both Hudſon and Stokes mention its
having ſometimes neutral florets in the ray. Long before
them, Ray had affirmed this variety to be no leſs frequent
than the common fort in the Weſt of England ; and Dille-
nius afterwards obſerved it near Oxford: nay, Thomas
Williſell ſhowed Ray plants which had the flowers wholly
compoſed of neutral florets. It varies with white flowers;
and with leaves entire or jagged.
It has many provincial names, as Knap-weed, Knop-weed,
Knob-weed, Horſe-knops; all from Knob or Nob, a head.
Alſo Hard-heads, Hard-irons, and Matfellon. In Scotland
Horſe-knot.
It is found in Germany, Auſtria, France, &c. With us
in England it is a bad weed among graſs ; being a harſh ſtub-
born plant, feldom touched by cattle either green or dry, and
being extirpated not without difficulty. It is a perennial
plant, and increaſes much by the root.


131
Drur, ingured Poblishind fure czas,by F1, Nodder, M, 95, Brewer Street, Golden Aquare .

[ 131 ]
CARDUUS.
SYNGENE SIA Polygamia Æqualis,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx ovate, imbricate with ſpiny ſcales. Recept,
hairy
SPECIES
Carduus lanceolatus. Spear Thiſtle.
Linn. ſpec. 1149. Hudſ. angl. 350. Wither. arr. 868.
Lightf. 850. Engl. bot. t. 107. Hall. belv. n.
169. Scop. carn. n. 1007. (Cirſium.) Pollich
pal. n. 762. Leers herborn. n. 625. Ger. herb.
1011. 6. emac. 1174. 6. Park. theat. 982. 9.
Mor. hift. S. 7. t. 31. f. 7. Petiv. brit. t. 21,
f. 7. Bauh. hift. 3. 58. Raii bift. 310.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves decurrent, pinnatifid, hiſpid, diviſions
divaricate, calyxes acute, ſpiny, villoſe, ſtem
hairy.
DESCRIPTION.
Root biennial. Stem upright, from 3 to 4 feet high,
angular, downy, frequently tinged with purple. Leaves
half-ſtem-claſping, running down to the next leaf below,

downy and ſea-green underneath, hairy and deep green above,
Pinnas lanceolate, the terminating one long, the ſide ones
moſtly divided to the baſe into two ſegments, one pointing
upwards, the other downwards, terminating, as do alſo the
wings of the part running down the ſtem, in ſharp ſtiff white
thorns, which are extenſions of the rib. Calyx with nume-
rous ranges of lanceolate ſcales, ſomewhat tomentoſe, end-
ing in the ſame ſort of thorns. Corolla purple, ſometimes
varying to white. Down plumoſe, almoſt as long as the
floret.
OBSERVATIONS.
This is a very common Thiſtle by road ſides and hedges,
and on fallows, flowering in July. In Yorkſhire it is called
Bur-thiſtle. It is a very large fucculent plant, and is but too
well known on ſtrong lands. Nothing is eaſier to deſtroy
than this and moſt of the other Thiſtles, for being biennial
plants, they require only to be mowed down before they per-
fect their ſeeds. It is beſt to do this while the plant is yet
tender; but if it be delayed till the feeds are forming, it will
be a proper precaution to rake the plants into heaps, and
burn them. The aſhes contain a conſiderable quantity of
ſalts, and ſhould be ſpread upon the land,


H
mun, Engraved e Published fine 1795 by A P. Nodder, N.%s Poreweryfrow, Golden ilyenze

[ 132 ]
SERRATULA,
SYNGENESIA Polygamia Æqualis,
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx ſubcylindrical, imbricate, awnleſs.
SPECIES.
•Serratula arvenſis, Corn Saw-wort or Way-Tbifile.
Lin. Spec. 1149. Hudſ. angl. 349. Wither, arr. 867,
Leers berborn. n. 632. Pollich pal. n. 7616
Fl. dan. t. 644.
Carduus arvenſis. Curtis lond.
Cirſium arvenſe. Hall. belv. n. 171. Scop. carn.
n. IOOI.
Carduus. Ger. emac. 1173. 4. Park. theat. 959. 7.
Mor. bift. f. 7. t. 32. f. 14. Petiv. brit. t. 21.
f. 5. Bauh. bift. 3. 59. 2. Raii biſt. 310. Syn.
194.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves toothed, thorny.
DESCRIPTION.
Root perennial, creeping. Stem three feet high or
more, upright, branched, at the baſe round and ſomewhat
Woolly; above angular and ſmooth. Leaves gaſh-pinnatifid,

the uppermoſt almoſt entire. Flowers pale purple, varying
to white, one or two together on a leafy peduncle, ſomewhat
woolly at top. Down of the ſeed plumoſe, ſeſſile. Recep
tacle hairy.
OBSERVATIONS.
This Thiſtle is known every where by road fides, too fre-
quently in corn fields, and more rarely in paſtures; flowering
from June to Auguſt.
It has the habit of the Thiſtles, and is univerſally called
ſo in Engliſh, though Linneus makes it a Serratula. It is
the worſt peſt of arable lands, having ſtrong creeping roots,
ſtriking down to a great depth, and then branching out hori-
zontally, ſo that it is very difficult to root it out where it has
once got poſſeſſion. Frequent and deep ploughing in dry
weather will deſtroy it in arable land. In paſtures it ſhould
be pulled or forked out when the ground is well ſoaked with
wet. Mr. Curtis affirms that repeated mowing or ſpudding,
if they do not effectually overcome, will greatly enfeeble it.
To us mowing has always appeared to make it run more
at the root.
The goat and aſs will eat it, horſes will ſometimes crop
the heads when young and tender, but no other cattle ſeem
to touch it. It is ſaid to yield a very pure vegetable alkali
when burnt.


233

[ 133 )
LINUM
PENTANDRIA Pentagynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Cal. five-leaved. Petals five. Caps. five-valved,
ten-celled. Seeds solitary.
SPECIES.
Linum usitatissimum. Common Flax.
Lin. spec. 397. Huds. angl. 133. Wither. arr. 328.
Relh. cant. n. 252. Gurtis lond. Hall. helv. n.
836. Scop. carn. 1. 381. Blackw. 160. Ger.
emac. 566. Mor. hist. s. 5. t. 26. f. 1. row. 2.
Bauh. hist. 3. 451. Raii hist. 1072. 1. & 1073•
2. syn. 362.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Calyxes and capsules mucronate, petals crenate,
leaves lanceolate alternate, stem generally
solitary.
DESCRIPTION.
Root annual. Stem upright, round, smooth, leafy,
fron: a foot and a half to two feet in height, branched only
at top. Leaves sessile, growing closely and irregularly,
smooth, somewhat glaucous, sharp at the end, pointing up-

wards, quite entire. Peduncles one-flowered, round, smooth.
Corolla large, fine sky-blue, with deeper coloured lines, very
apt to fall off. The inner edge of the calyx fringed with
hairs. Anthers and styles blue.
OBSERVATIONS.
Flax is found among corn and in pastures in several parts
of the kingdom, but is not originally a native. It has been
cultivated time immemorial in Egypt, where the land is
flooded by the Nile.
The oil expressed from the seeds (cold-drawn Linseed oil)
is used in medicine, &c. When heat is applied, it acquires
a yellowish colour, and is used by painters and varnishers.
The farinaceous part remaining after expression, called oil-
cakes is used for fatting oxen. The mucilaginous infusion
of the seeds is also used inedicinally.
Every body knows that the fibres of the stem are manufac-
tured into linen ; and that this linen, when worn to rags, is
made into paper.


134

[ 134 ]
SPECIES.
Linum perenne.
Perennial Flax,
Lin. spec. 397. Huds. angl. 133. Witber, arr. 329.
Relh. cant. n. 253. Engl. Bot. 40. Mill. fig.
1. 166. f. 2. Reii sin. 352.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Calyxes and capsules bluntish, leaves alternate,
lanceolate, quite entire.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
strong, knobbed, woody. Stems many, slender,
a foot long, spreading in every direction, but more or less
curved up. Calyx quite smooth and entire ; each leafiet
oval, hollow, with a short bluntish point at the end, not
fringed or hairy, having five ribs, of which the middlemost
is stronger than the rest. Petals of an elegant blue colour,
and delicate texture.
OBSERVATIONS.
Perennial Flax is found in dry chalk soils in Cambridge-
shire, Northamptonshire, Syſfolk, and Norfolk; flowering
from June to August.
Ray has distinguished the trailing from the erect plant,
but they are probably no more than varieties Ray himself
hints as much, and Hudson affirms that he has gathered both
from the same root. He adds, that in the first the stamens
are shorter than the styles, in the second longer.



135

[ 135 ]
SPECIES.
Linum catharticum. Purging Flax.
Lin. spec. 401. Huds. angl. 134. Wither, arr. 330.
Relh. cant. n. 254. Curtis lond. fasc. 3. Pollich.
pal. 320. Hal. belv. n. 839. Fl. dan. t. 851.
Blackw. 368. Ger. emac. 560. 5. Park. theat.
1336. 10. Petiv. brit. 55. 12.
Baub. hist. 3.
455. 2. Raii bist. 1076. 21. syn. 362.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, stem dichoto-
mous, corollas acute.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
annual. Stem from 3 to 9 inches high, upright,
round, smooth, branched at top. Leaves smooth, glaucous,
quite entire, opposite, but on the tops of the branches alter-
Flowers white, hanging down before they open. Fi-
laments united, and forming a bag which incloses the lower
nate.
half of the germ.
OBSERVATIONS.
Purging Flax or dwarf wild Flax, called in some placés
Mill-mountain, is very common in dry hilly pastures, and
is sometimes found in meadows. It flowers from May or
June to August.
The husbandman may not be sorry to know that a hand-

ful of the fresh plant, or two drams of it dry, is an ex-
cellent purge ; acts as a diuretic, and is of service in obsti-
nate rheumatisms, Horses, sheep, and goats are said to
cat it.
2


136
Popuri, Vengrisal vind het al Argon izly 4 In sten bei den forma je na 1101, putiti na Segundo

( 130 )
ECHIUM.
PENTANDRIA Monogynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Corolla irregular, with the mouth naked.
SPECIES.
suec.
n. 168.
Echium vulgare. Common Viper's Bugloss.
Lin. spec. 200.
Huds. angl. 83.
Wither. arr. 200. Lightf. scot. 136. Relh.
cant. n. 155. Tourn. par. edit. angl. 1. 233.
Hall. helv. n. 603. Scop. carn. n. 200. Pollich.
pal. n. 193. Krock. siles. n. 292. Fl. dan. t.
445. Rivin. man. t. 7. f. 1. Blackw. herb. 1.
299. Clus. hist. 2. i 43. Matth. 996. Dod. .
pempt. 631. i. Lob. obs. 312. 2.
Ger. emar.
802. 2. Park. theat. 414. 1. Mor. hist. S. 11.
t. 27. f. 1. row. 3. Raiſ hist. 498. Sr. 272.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Stem tubercled and hispid ; stem-leaves lanceola
late and hispid; flowers in lateral spikes.

DESCRIPTION.
Roor biennial. Stem upright, 18 inches or more in
height; when young single, but becoming afterwards
branched. The whole plant is rough with hairs. The
stem frequently, and sometimes the leaves, are beautifully
spotted with red. The hairs on the stem spring from glossy
tubercles, what form the spots. The root-leaves come out
in a tuft, near two feet in diameter, and are petioled. The
stem-leaves are sessile, four or five inches long; all lanceo-
late, quite entire, rugged and hairy on both sides. Flowers
numerous in spikes; those of each spike pointing one way,
and closely wedged together. Calyx fringed with white
hairs. Corolla, before it expands, of a fine red ; after-
wards of a bright blue. The colour, however, varies to
pale red and white. If the corolla be blue, the stems are
blueish, the stamens purple, and the bulbs from which the
hairs spring are blood-red; but if the corolla be pale red,
then the other parts of the flower are of the same colour,
and the hair-bulbs are yellow; and if it be white, all the
parts of the flower are of that colour, and the hair bulbs
green.
The outside of the corolla has short hairs on it, and
is marked with five ribs from the middle of each segment
to the base; the upper and lateral segments are rounded,
the lowest pointed. The filaments are red, sometimes much
longer than the corolla, sometimes very little longer, or
barely equal to the upper segment. Anthers grey. Germs
bedded in a fleshy receptacle. Style very hairy.
OBSERVATIONS,
Viper's Bugloss is a very showy plant, and if it were not
common, would probably have a place in our gardens. It

is a weed among corn, and sometimes appears among grass,
and is found by paths, on walls, &c. Linneus says it is ex-
tremely common in Scania. With us also in Cambridgea
shire, it is the common pest of the spring corn: they
they observe
that it appears most plentifully every third year, and then
many
fields appear as entirely blue with this weed, as others
do red with poppies, or yellow with charlock, to the dis-
grace
of the husbandman. The country people there call it
Cat's-tail, Bees are fond of the flowers, but it is said that
their wings are apt to be torn by the strong hairs. No
cattle seem to eat it, and no wonder, considering what a
rough hairy plant it is.



137
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[ 137 ]
PRUNELLA.
DIDYNAMIA Gymnospermia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Filaments forked, one of the divisions only having
an anther. Stigma bifid.
SPECIES
Prunella vulgaris, Common Self-heal.
Lin. spec. 837. Huds. angl. 264. Wither, arr. 631.
Curtis lond. 4. 42. Lighif. scot. 321. Relk.
cant. n. 450. Hall, helv. 1. 277. Scop. carn.
1.715. Pollich. pal. n. 577. Villars dauph. 2.
396. Krock. siles. n. 964. Mill. fig. t. 69. f.
2. Blackw. herb. t. 24. Rivin, mon. 1. 29. f. I.
Dod. pempt. 136. 1.
Lob. obs. 251. 3. ic. 1.
474. 2. Fuschs. 621. Mettb. 963. Ger. 507. 1.
emac. 632. 1. Park. 1680. 1. Mor. hist. s. II.
1. 5. f. 1. row. I. Pitiv. brit. t. 32. f. 11.
Baub. hist. 3.428. 2. Raii kist. 551. syn. 238.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
All the leaves ovate-oblong, serrate, petioled.

DESCRIPTION.
ROOT
T annual, small, with many long fibres. Stem in-
clining to be square, but not regularly so, with a deep groove
on each side, hairy, and purplish, especially towards the
top: branches a pair at each joint, rising upwards. Leaves
in pairs, rough, with little prominent points on the upper
surface, and the nerves of the lower sometimes slightly in-
dented about the edge, and sometimes not, beset with short
hairs; petioles channelled above and hairy along the edges.
At the top of the stem, and the end of each branch, is a
subcylindrical spike of flowers, truncate at top, the largest
an inch in length; at the foot of it is a pair of sessile leaves,
and in opposition with them a pair of heart-shaped, broad,
pointed bractes, membranaceous, white, with green veins,
fringed and purple round the edge, smooth and shining above,
but having scattered white hairs underneath: there is a pair
of similar bractes between each of the whoris that compose
the whole spike, and each whorl has six flowers. Calyx
somewhat longer than the bractes ; upper lip broad, flat,
truncate, with three small teeth, one on each side, and a
third in the middle, ribbed, edges fringed, purple except at
the base; lower lip narrower, cloven; the clefts acuminate,
ribbed, hairy at the base, purple at top, Corolla violet-
coloured, with a white tube, easily falling ; upper lip villose
on the outside, slightly notched at the end ; the middle seg-
ment of the lower lip is finely toothed. Stamens light
violet, forked; anthers two-lobed, placed on the inner fork.
Seeds ovate, small, obtusely angular, smooth, brown, ter-
minated by a white point.
This plant varies nuch in size, from a finger's length, in
open exposed situations, to a foot and even eighteen inches

in height, when drawn up in meadows and woods; in the
former case it is trailing, in the latter it grows upright, but
still with a flexuose or bending stem, branching little, and
have very long internodes. The whole plant is usually thinly
set with hairs. The calyx is of a singular structure, and
closes to protect the seeds. The corolla varies to red and to
white.
OBSERVATIONS.
Self-heal is common in pastures and meadows, flowering
from June to August. According to Linneus, kine, sheep,
and goats eat it, but horses refuse it. Being astringent, it
was formerly used in fluxes, and was considered as one of the
best vulnerary herbs, but it is now out of use.



138 *

[ 138 ]
RHINANTHUS.
DIDY NAMIA Angiosper. ia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Capsule two-celled,
Calyx bellying, four-cleft.
blunt, compressed.
SPECIES.
Rhinanthus Crista galli.
Yellow Rattle, or Cock's-
comb.
Lin. spec. 840. Suec. n. 542. Huds. angl. 268.
Wither. arr. 634. Lightf. scot. 322. Relh.
cant. n. 453• Pollich. pal. n. 579. Krock. siles.
n. 968. Hall. hely, n. 313. Scop. carn, n. 751.
Rivin. mon. t. 92. f. 2. Dod. pempt. 556. i.
Lob. obs. 285. 2. ic. 1. 529. 2. Ger. 912. emac.
1071. 1. Park. theat. 713. 2. Mor. hist. s. 11.
t. 23. f. 1. row. 2. Petiv. brit. t. 36. f. 2.
Bauh. hist. 3. 436. 3. Raii bist. 769. syn.*
284.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Upper lip of the corolla compressed and shorter.

DESCRIPTION.
Root annual, small, with few fibres. Stem four-
cornered, smooth, upright, rigid, sometimes single, some-
times branched, with long narrow purple spots on it. Leaves
opposite, lanceolate, sessile, marked with parallel nerves,
terminating in the serratures, underneath beautifully reticu-
lated with white tubercles, deeply serrate. Bractes like the
leaves, but broader at the base, and more deeply cut in;
the notches pointed. Flowers on short peduncles, solitary,
forming a sort of terminating spike. Calyx remarkably
Jarge, inflated, of a pale green colour. Corolla yellow, ex-
cept the tube, which is white, and widens at bottom; upper
lip flattened, notched at the end, the anterior edge blueish
on each side; lower trifid, the lateral segments flat and
wrinkled, the middle one larger, rolled in at the edges,
Anthers hairy. Germs smooth, surrounded at the base by
a membranaceous nectary, and in the front a short thick
crooked horn-shaped gland; style white, but just below the
stigma dark blue ; stigma yellowish green, slightly notched.
Capsule bordered at the edge, and terminating in a short
point.
OBSERVATIONS.
Yellow Rattle is common in pastures, and flowers early
in June. It is known in some counties by the name of
Penny-grass. Horses, sheep, and goats are said to eat it,
and kine to refuse it. Others affirm that cattle in general
at liberty refuse it, but that they will eat it in the stall or
stable; others again, that they will eat it when fresh, but
reject it when dry among hay. As it comes early, it is
usually far advanced when grass is mowed, and the leaves

dropping off, nothing remains but the stalk and the membra
naceous seed-vessels. In this state the seeds, being loose,
rattle in the capsule; hence its English name: and Linneus
informs
that this circumstance indicates to the Swedish
peasant the time of mowing his grass for hay. We com-
monly mow earlier, whilst it is in flower. The growth of
this plant is ren arkably quick, and it is supposed in some
foreign countries to be very injurious to the crop of Rie.
With us it abounds only in indifferent pastures.
us,



139
He
Drawn, engraved & Published Sept. 1795.by FPNodder, Nøs BravenSim Golden Agama

[ 139 ]
SOLANUM.
PENTANDRIA Monogynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Corolla wheel-ſhaped. Anthers ſlightly joined,
opening by a double pore at top. Berry two-
celled.
SPECIES.
Solanum tuberoſum. Common Potatoe.
Lin. ſpec. 265. Bauh. pin. 167. prodr. 89. fig. Raii
hift. 675.
Lycoperſicon tuberoſum. Mill. dift.
Battata virginiana. Ger. 781. emac. 927. Park.
parad. 516. t. 517. f. 3.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Stem herbaceous, unarmed; leaves pinnate, quite
e entire; peduncles ſubdivided.
DESCRIPTION.
Root tuberous.
T tuberous.
Stem from 2 to 3 feet in height,
ſucculent, ſomewhat angular, ſtriated, ſlightly hairy, fre-
quently ſpotted with red, branched, the branches long and

weak. Leaves interruptedly pinnate, having 3 or 4 pairs of
leaflets, with ſmaller ones between, and one at the end
larger than the reſt; the leaflets are ſomewhat hairy, and
dark green on the upper ſurface. The flowers are either
white or tinged with purple, or, as old Gerarde deſcribes
them, of a light purple, ſtriped down the middle of
every
fold or welt, with a light ſhow of yellowneſs. The fruit
is a round berry, the fize of a ſmall plum, green at firſt,
but black when ripe. Seeds many, ſmall, flat, roundiſh,
white.
OBSERVATIONS.
The Potatoe, now ſo well known, appeared at the end
of the 16th century, two hundred years ago, as a curioſity
in botanic gardens. Gerarde (in 1597) informs us, that he
received roots of it from Virginia, otherwiſe called Norem-
bega, which grew and proſpered in his garden, as in their
own native country. He calls it Potatoe of Virginia, to
diftinguiſh it from the Spaniſh Potatoe, (Convolvulus Batta-
tas) which was then much better known, and called exclu-
fively Potatoe, Potatus or Potades, from the Spaniſh Battata.
The beſt accounts ſay that our modern Potatoe was firſt intro-
duced into culture here, or probably in Ireland, by the cele-
brated Sir Walter Raleigh. Mr. Miller ſays about the year
1623; but Sir Walter returned from Virginia in 1584, and he
either brought it with him, or it was ſent to him foon after.
Much confuſion has ariſen from the authors of voyages
and travels not having diſtinguiſhed the Spaniſh Potatoe, or
original Battatas, from the Virginian, or our now common
ſort, which derived its name Potatoe only from the ſimili-
tude of the root to the other. Parkinſon (in 1629) has three
kinds of Potatoe; the Spaniſh, (Convolvulus Battatas) the

Virginian, which fome, as he ſays, fooliſhly call Apples of
Youth, (Solanum tuberoſum) and the Canadian, which,
fays he, we in England, from fome ignorant and idle head,
have called Artichokes of Jeruſalem (Helianthus tuberoſus).
The latter, in his time, ſeems to have been almoſt as com-
monly cultivated as the Virginian Potatoe is now.



ott

[140]
CANNABIS.
DIOECIA Pentandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
MALE. Calyx five-parted. Corolla none.
FEMALE. Cal. one-leafed, entire, gaping on one
fide. Cor. none. Styles two.
Nut bivalve
within the cloſed calyx.
SPECIES.
Cannabis ſativa. Common Hemp.
Lin. Spec. 1547. Hall. helv. n. 1616. Blackw.
berb, t. 322. Mill. fig. t. 77. Ger. 572. emac.
708. f. 1, 2. Park. tbeat. 598. Baub. bift. I.
447. f. 448. Raii bift. 158.
DESCRIPTION.
Root
OT annual. Stem the height of a man or more,
branched, hairy, as are alſo the leaves, which are digitate,
flender, ſerrate ; the leaflets ſeven, the outer ones ſmalleſt.
In the female plant the flowers are folitary in the axils: in
the male they are in thin pendulous ſpikes, at the ends of
the ſtem and branches.

OBSERVATIONS.
Some female flowers are frequently found among the males,
and ſome inales among the females? it is therefore no objec-
tion to the ſexual ſyſtem, that female plants have produced
perfect ſeed, when no male plants have been near them.
All the old writers in botany, blindly following the ancients,
call the male plants female, and the females male: the miſ-
take is ſtill continued among the practical cultivators, who
call the male plants fimble, femble, or thimble-hemp, which
is evidently a corruption of female.
Like moſt plants in general cultivation, it is difficult to
aſcertain its native country; we may, however, trace it, with
many others, to the Eaſt.
The uſes of Hemp for a variety of linen cloths, and its
importance to the navy for fails and cordage, are well known.
An oil is extracted from the feeds, and the ſeeds themſelves
are a coinmon food for ſmall birds, and are ſaid to occaſion
hens to lay a greater quantity of eggs.
Hemp is eſteemed a cleanſing crop, but a great exhauſter
of land, at leaſt if it ſtands for feed.


141
梁
​
( 141 ]
CORIANDRUM.
PENTANDRIA Dig ynid
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Corolla radiate; petals inflex-emarginate. Involila
cre univerſal, one-leafed : partial, halved.
Fruit ſpherical.
SPECIES.
Coriandrum ſativum.
Common Coriander.
Lin. Spec. 367. Hudf. angl. 123. Wither, arr. 302.
Engl. bot. t. 67. Woodv. med. bot. 492. t. 181.
Hall. belv. n. 764. Krock. files. n. 444.
Blackz. herb. t. 176. Rivin. pent. t. 70, 71.
Mor. hiſt. f. 9. t. 11. f. 1. Ger. 859. emac.
1012. f. 1. Park. theat. 918. f. 1. Raii bift.
470. Syn. 221.
.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Fruit ſpherical.
DESCRIPTION.
Root annual, ſmall.
Stem from a foot to eighteen
inches in height, finooth and branched. Leaves doubly pin-

nate: root-leaves larger, with broad pinnules, gaſhed, ferrate,
and even half-two-lobed: upper leaves very finely divided,
with ſlender linear pinnules, divided into 2 or 3 ſegments.
Sometimes there is no general involucre; the three leaflets
of the partial involucre are ſmall and filiform. The petals
pure white, or tinged with red. Seeds hemifphe-
rical, ſmooth, marked on the outſide with 6 ſtreaks, which
are ſcarcely viſible, concave on the inſide, with a groove
along the middle.
are either
OBSERVATIONS.
The leaves of Coriander have a ſtrong diſagreeable ſcent.
The ſeeds are grateful to the taſte, and are ſold by the con-
fectioners, incruſted with ſugar. It is a native of the South
of Europe, and of Aſia, but not of this country, though
now found wild in Eſſex, where it has been long cultivated,
and in a few other places, where probably it may have been
cultivated formerly. In the Eaſt Indies it is much uſed as
a falad herb, and in moſt of their made diſhes. With us
there is a ready ſale for the feed with the diſtillers, druggiſts,
and confectioners; particularly with the firſt.


14.2
Drawn, Cngraved Published , Occ7 1995,6472. Nodden | Nos, Bewer Sme, Golden Square

[ 142 )
SANGUISORBA.
TETRANDRIA Monogynia.
GENERIC GHARACTER.
Cal. four-leaved. Germ. between the calyx and
corolla.
SPECIES.
Sanguisorba officinalis. Great Burnet.
Lin. spec. 169. Huds. angl. 65. Wither, arr. 147-
Relh, cant. n. 119. Hall. helv. n. 705. (Pim-
pinella.) Scop. carn. n. 166. Pollich. pal. n.
164.
Krock. siles. n. 243.
Fi. dan. t. 97.
Sabb. hort. 2. t. 70. Mor. hist. s. 8. t. 18. f. 7.
Petiv. brit. t. 4. f. 11. Dod. pemb: IOS •
Lob. obs. 412, 4.
Matth. 1033. Ger. 889. 2.
emac. 1045. 2. Park. theat. 582. 3. Bauh.
bist. 3. 120.
Raii bist. 402. 2. syu. 203. 2.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Spikes ovate.
DESCRIPTION.
ROOT perennial. Stalk three feet high and more, some-
what angular, smooth. Leaves pinnate, alternate, smooth;

Leaflets 9 or 11 alternate, cordate-ovate, blunt, serrate, on
long foot-stalks, frequently with auricles, and smaller leaf-
lets between the larger ones; the upper leaflets lanceolate,
nearly sessile. Stipules large, cordate, serrate. Spikes ovate,
approaching to cylindric, naked, mulberry-coloured. Leaves
of the calyx unequal, skinny, woolly, yellowish brown.
Segments of the corolla mulberry-coloured ; tube four-cor-
nered, white, a little hairy, fleshy, inclosing the germ ; its
mouth filled with a thick, flattish, glandular ring, closely
embracing, but not adhering to the style. Filaments mul-
berry-coloured, with black anthers. Germ ovate, small,
with a purplish red style; the stigma is a fringed tuft of a
dark mulberry colour.
OBSERVATIONS.
The Great Burnet differs from the small or common Bur-
net figured at t. 69, in being a much larger and taller plant,
with a longer, darker-coloured spike, containing hermaphro-
dite flowers with four stamens. The upper flowers, how- .
ever, in the Great Burnet are imperfect. It grows also in
moist meadows ; whereas the small or cultivated Burnet is
found in high chalky pastures. They are evidently of the
same natural
genus,
and afford us an instance, among many,
of the imperfection that attends all artificial arrangements.
The whole plant is astringent. The leaves are an ingre-
dient in cool tankards and salads. It is coarse, and does not
seem to be very acceptable to cattle.


EVT

[ 143 ]
STIPA.
TRIANDRIA Digynia. Labore
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Cal. twc-alsed,
one flowered.
Cor. with the
outer valve terminated by an awn
awn which is
jointed at the base.
SPECIES.
Stipa juncea. Rush-leaved Feather-Grass.
Lin. spec. 116. Scop. carn. 11. 123. Hall. belv. 1.
1513. a.
Festuca junceo folio. Bauh. pin. 9. theat. 145.
Scheuch. gran. 151. Raii bist. 1291.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Awns naked, straight; calyxes longer than the
seed; leaves smooth within.
DESCRIPTION.
THIS is a tall handsome grass, three feet high. The
leaves, like those of the rush, rolled up into a round form,
with a longitudinal groove. The spike is very long and nar-
row, and issues from a convoluted leaf, as from a sheath,

Calyx white. Corolla woolly at the base, Awn very long,
without hairs, and straight.
OBSERVATIONS.
This
grass is a native of France, Switzerland, &c. It is
joined by Haller with another, which Linneus has distin-
guished by the name of Stipa capillata, which is indeed
very
like it, but differs in having the leaves stiffer, shorter, and
less rugged than this, with the upper surface more unfolded,
and somewhat pubescent. The calyx is reddish, or a bay
colour. The awns are shorter, and, as they advance, are
variously curved. They are handsome Gțasses, but are of
too dry’a nature to be of much use for feeding cattle.


|
Juveur
A

[ 144 ]
CICHORIUM.
SYNGENESIA Polygamia æqualis.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Cal. calycled. Down slightly five-toothed, ob-
scurely hairy. Recept. somewhat chaffy.
SPECIES.
Cichorium Intybus. Succory.
Lin. spec. 1142. Huds. angl. 348. Wither, arr. 862.
Curt. lond. 4. t. 56.
Hall. belu. n. 1.
Scop.
carn, n. 991. Pollich. pal. n. 758. Fl. dan, i.
907. Blackw. t. 183. 177. Bauh. hist. 2. 1007.
f. 1008.
Raii hist. 255. Ger. emuc. 284. 1.
Park. theat. 776. 2. Mor. hist. s. 7. t. 1. f. 2.
SPÉCIFIC CHARACTER.
Flowers twin sessile, leaves runcinate.
DESCRIPTION.
ROOT
perennial. Stalk from one to three feet in height
when wild, more when cultivated, upright. Leaves next
the root numerous, runcinated, roughish: those on the stalk
smoother, alternate, half surrounding the stalk, lanceolate,

toothed towards the base, fringed with bristly hairs, the teeth
and ends having a sharp stiff awn. Flowers generally iri
pairs, sessile in the bosom of the upper leaves, of a fine blue
colour. Seeds obovate, irregularly five-cornered, flatted a
little, obscurely streaked, smooth, straw-coloured.
OBSERVATIONS.
Succorys or Chicory, has generally been regarded as à
weed; it has, however, for several years past, been cultivated
in France as food for cattle, and was introduced here for
that purpose by Arthur Young, Esq. in the year 1788. In
Lombardy it is reputed to increase both the milk and flesh of
cattle, and to be very nutritious when made into hay; it is
an important object for summer soiling horses and cattle ;
and it is freely eaten by sheep.
This plant is abundantly more large and succulent in cul-
tivation than in its wild state. The stalks are so thick and
stiff as to support themselves against winds and the heaviest
rains; it defies drougit, being of early growth, and the first
large spreading leaves covering the ground, so as to retain the
moisture; the most severe cold does not injure it; it grows
fast, and furnishes abundance of salutary fodder at a season
when green food is scarce. Two cuttings may be made of
it the first year, and three or four, according to the season,
every year after ; cither in April, June, August, and Octo-
ber, or in May, July, and October ; or it may be cut con-
stantly and gradually for soiling every day as it is wanted, and
thus yield a constant supply of fresh food during 7 or 8 months.
Observe not to let it stand till it becomes hard and sticky. In
our moist climate, this succulent plant seldom dries well for
hay, unless the season be very favourable.

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.
Bromus asper
ACHILLEA Millefolica Hedysarum coronariun 115
123 | Holcus lanatus
118
Agrostis stolonifera 120
mollis
119
Avena flavescens
112 | Lirum catharticum 135
Battata virginiana 139
perenne
194
126
usitatissimum 133
sterilis
125 | Lycopersicuin tuberosum 139
Cannabis sateva
140 Ononis spinosa
129
Carduus arvensis
132 | Peucedanum Silaus
128
lanceolatus 131 | Pimpinella Saxifraga 127
Centaurea Cyanus 111 Prunella vulgaris 137
nigra 130 Rhinanthus Crista galli 138
Chrysanthemum Leucanthe- Sanguisorba officinalis 142
109 | Serratula arvensis
132
segetum
110 Solanum tuberosum 139
Cichorium Intybus 144 Stipa juncea
Cichorium sativum 141 | Trifolium agrarium 121
Echium vulgare
136 | Triticum repens
1244
Festuca fluitans
113 Valantia Aparine 122
sylvatica
114 | Vicia Cracca
117
Galium tricorne
122
sylvatica
116
mum

INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
BENT-grass, Creeping 120 Oat-grass, Yellow 112
Blue-bottle
111 | Oxe-eye
109
Brome-grass, Barren 125 Potatoe, Common 139
Rough 126 Quich or Quick
124
Burnet, Great
142 Rattle, Yellow
138
Saxifrage 127 Rest-harrow, Thorny 129
Centaury, Black
130 Saw-wort, Corn
132
Cock's-comb
138 Saxifrage, Burnet 127
Coriander, Common 141
Meadow 128
Couch-grass
124 Self-heal, Common 137
Daisy, Creat
109 Soft-grass, Creeping 119
Dog's-grass
124
Meadow 118
143 | Succory
144
Fescue-grass, Flote 113 | Tare, Common
116
Wood 114 Thistle, Spear
131
Flax, Common
133
132
Perennial
134 | Trefoil, Hop
121
Purging
135 ) Vetel, Common
116
Hemp, Common
140
Tufted
117
Honeysuckle, French 115 | Viper's Bugloss
136
Knapweed
130 Wheat-grass, Common 124
Marygold, Corn
110 | Yarrow
123
Milfoil, Common 123
Feather-grass
Way





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