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REMARKS ON THE USES º l
- or sour orm - .* e
BAZAAR MEDICINES" * - 2
AND º º n
COMMON MEDICAL PLANTS OF INDIA
o
WITH A FULL INDEX OF DISEASES, INDICATING THEIR
O
TREATMENT BY THESE AND OTHER, AGENTS
PROCURABLE THROUGHöUT INDIA.
-
TO WEIICH ARE ADDED
O

DIRECTIONS FOR TREATMENT IN CASES OF
DROWNING, SNAKE-BITES, &c. .
BY
--
EDWARD JOHN WARING, C. I. E., M.D º,

FELLOW OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF LONDON,
SURGEON-MAJOR (RETIRED) HER MAJESTY'S INDIAN ARMY,
EDITOR OF THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF INDIA, ETC.
3Fourtſ) (ºbition.
º
LoNDoN:
J. & A. CHURCHILL, NEW PURLINGTON STREET"
O 1883.". ºs-
" * -
Rºht of Translation Reserved.
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Printed by STRANGEways & Sons, Towcr'street, Upper St. Martin's Lane.
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P R. E. F. A. C. E.
TO THE FOURTH EDITION.
THAT this little work shºuld have reached à, Fountil -
EDITION may be taken as pretty clear indication that
it has met a recognised want amongst our Indian
fellow-subjects, for whose instruction and guidance it
was originally issued. To render it worthy of con-
tinued favour, and to make it additionally useful, has
been my anxious endeavour.
te -
Of any merit which this edition may be found to
possess over the preceding one, a very large portion
is due to Dr. J. E. T. Aitchison, C. I. E., Surgeon-
Major in H. M. Indian.(Bengal) Medical Service, who,
with a liberality that demands my warmest thanks,
placed at my disposal an elaborate Ms.” commentary
on the Third Edition, embodying his own professional i-n-
experience in India (extending over many years), and
supplying the vernacular names of the various drugs
o
e


*
*}.
Vi PREFACE TO THE FourTH EDITION.
$ the Punjábí, Kashmiri, and Leh"languages. Of
this document it need hardly be said I have availed
myself largely, my only regret being that I could not
insert it in extenso, but to have done this would greatly
have exceeded the prescribed limits of the work. As
it is, Dr. Aitchison has laid me under a vast obliga-
tion, which I am only too happy to have this oppor-
tunity of acknowledging
Five new articles have been added to the List of
Drugs: two at the suggestion of Dr. Aitchison; hamely,
(1) Sugar, and (2) Kerosine Oil, which latter, owing to
its extensive use for lighting purposes during the past
few years, is now obtainable in nearly every bazaar in
the country; the other three being the (3) Cinchona
Febrifuge (Quinetum), (4) Petroleum, and (5) Rock
Salt. The various ways in which these articles may
be utilised in the treatment of disease will be found
under their respective headings in the “Addenda,”
p. 167, et seq. - -
In addition to these ther; have been introduced
notices of Indian Hemp (Gunjah) smoking in the treat-
ment of Tetºnus, of the antišcorbutic properties of Åm-
chur (dried Mangoes), the lactifuge powers of Sambac
flowers (Jasminum Sambac), the emmenagogue virtues
of Til or Jinjili Seeds (Sesamum Indicum), and other
c -

|
PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. Wii
points unmoticed in previous editions. The therapeutié. ' *
applications of Water are enlarged upon; as also 3.1°0
| Lºrrow. The Sick Dietary has likewise been ex-
tended. Amongst the new matter has been intróduced
a section (pp. 255–58) detailing the ‘Precautions to be
taken by persons residing in Shake-infesſed localities.”
By these and other additions (occupying upwards
of thirty pages of new matter), and by the revision
and modification of other passages, it is confidently
hoped that the practical value of the work will be
found to be materially increased. Indeed, it has been
my earnest endeavour throughout to render this little
volume as useful as possible, and if through its in-
strumentality suffering humanity be in any degree
benefited my highest aspiration will be attained.
E. J. WARING.
those of Carbolic Acid, especially in the tºyatment of .
º º
º
-

PREFACE
TO THE SECOND EDITION.
OURTEEN years have elapsed since this work, in an
ementary form, was first issued for the use of the
istrict Vaccinators of Travancore, whose sphere of
ction was far removed from regular medical aid. It
was originally published in English and Tamil on
opposite pages; subsequently it was reprinted in
Tamil alone by the London Missionary Society's Press
at Nagercoil, for the use of the catechists and others
tonnected with that Mission. In 1868, a Malyalim
ranslation, by Dresser Ramswammy Rajoo, was issued
by the Travancore Government. From reports re-
ceived from various quarters, there is reason to
elieve that the work has enjoyed a wide circulation
amongst the people of Travancore and Tinnevelly,
and that it has exercised a considerable influence on
the practice of the native doctors of those districts.
Were I wise, I ought, perhaps, to rest satisfied
with these results, which far exceed what were ori-
. w






i.
t
X PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
-
.
_ginally contemplated ; but recent observation has
convinced me that there are other classes scattered
through our great Indian possessions, to whom a
work of the kind would prove most acceptable, by
pointing out to them the agents—either purchasable
in the bazaars at an almost nominal price, or pro-
curable at the cost ºf collection, from the road-sides,
!
waste places, or gardens in the immediate neighbour- ſº
hood of almost every out-station—by means of which,
with the exercise of ordinary intelligence, they may
often be enabled to relieve the sufferings of those
amongst whom their lot has been cast.
And at the head of these classes stand the Mis-
sionaries, whose stations, for the most part, are too
far removed from the busy haunts of men to allow of
their calling in regular medical aid in cases of sickness,
and who are consequently thrown, at such times, very
much on their own resources. Many of the mis-
sionaries have under their charge"large establishments
of catechists, pupils, &c.; and it cannot be otherwise
than highly desirable that they should be put in
possession of any information regarding the available
means of relieving the suffferings, and treating the
diseases, gf those placed under their care. This is not
the place to enter into a disquisition on missionary
work, but I cannot, refrain from expressing my firm
conviction that the more the principle of Medical
Missions—making Religion and Medicine go hand in
rº.

| PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. xi
hand—is carried out, the greater, humanly speaking, *
will be the success of missionary efforts. How
many a door for the admission of Gospel truth,
which would otherwise be shut, would be opened, and
that readily, to one who, with ‘the glad tidings wof
great joy' in the one hand, would bring in the other
the means of relieving physical suffering and curing
bodily disease ! The highest distinction that I would
claim for this little work is, that it may constitute, as
far as India is concerned, a Missionaries' Medical Wade
Mecum. -
Next on the rôle comes a large army of European
and Anglo-Indian officials, whether within the magic
circle of ‘the Service’ or beyond its pale, who are
attached to the Public Works, Forests, Railway,
• Telegraph, or other Departments, or employed in Tea,
Coffee, or Cotton plantations, in commercial pursuits,
&c., many of them married men, with families and a
large number of dependants, the majority at distant
‘up-country stations, miles away from medical aid;
how important for persons under such circumstances
to possess a knowledge of the means lying (literally so
in many instances) at their very feet, by which pain
and suffering may be alleviated, and, perhaps, 8,
valuable life saved.
Lastly, but by no means least, either in point of
numbers or importance, comes the daily increasing
array of educated Natives, who, as a class, readily avail

-
ºxii PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
themselves of every scrap of knowledge drawn from
trustworthy European sources, which tends to throw -
light on the products and resources of their native
land.” Whilst, on the one hand, I am perfectly pre-
pared to admit that much of the knowledge I possess
of the properties and uses of Indian drugs has been " q,
derived from Native sources, I think I may, on the .
other. hand, without presumption, claim the credit of
repaying the debt with interest, furnishing in return
a considerable amount of information on the uses of
even the same drugs, of which the Natives themselves
had previously no idéa. It is to this class that I
venture to think this little work will prove most
useful and acceptable.
In addition to the above, I venture to hope that
to even duly qualified Medical Officers, especially at
up-country stations, a work like the present may
*
rove serviceable on emergencies, e. g., a failure of the
- c 2 2
supply of European drugs, &c., fly showing them what
resources they have at command in the bazaars or in
their immediate neighbourhood, by means of which
many a gap may be stopped till more efficient remedies
are available. ->
In undertaking a Second Edition of this work, I
have been further influenced by a desire to render
its scope and contpnts more complete. With more
extended knowledge on my part, drawn partly from
subsequent personal experience in the use of Indian

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. xiii
"drugs, and partly from the Reports received from
• Medical Officers during the preparation of the Phar.
macopoeia of India, I realised how imperfect the
original work was ; and feeling myself in a position
to add much information which would tend to increase
- its usefulness, I determined upon issuing another
edition. The whole work has accordingly been re-
written and greatly enlarged. o * ,
It was evidently quite out of the question, in a
small work like the present, to include the host of
medicines included under the general headings of
* Bazaar Medicines’ and ‘Common Medical Plants of
India,' but from them I have made a selection of
about 80, comprising—l Antacid, 8 Astringents, 3
Antispasmodics, 2 Antiscorbutics, 6 Antiperiodics, 5
Demulcents and Emollients, 4 Diaphoretics or Su-
dorifics, 4 Diuretics, 3 Expectorants, 2 Emmenagogues,
4 Emetics, 6 Purgatives, 3 Narcotics or Sedatives,
5 Refrigerants, 9 Stºmachics or Carminatives, 7
Bitter Tonics, 5 Alterative Tonics or Alteratives,
2 Metallic Tonics, 7 Local and 4 General Stimulants,
2 Vesicants, or Blistering Agents, 6 Vermifuges, and
17 Miscellaneous Articles, not included in the above
classes.
In making this selection I have been guided by
the following principles:–1. By the safety of the
drug ; hence Arsenic, Aconite Root (Bish), Nux

- Womica, Indian Hemp, and some other powerful
º
ºy


-
!
U-
U
.
Xiv PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION."
medicines have been omitted, as it was felt to be
inadvisable, in a work like the present, to introduce
agents which, in the hands of unprofessional persons,
might do more harm than good if employed in un-
saitable cases. Where, however, a powerful drug,
e.g. Opium, has been admitted, minute directions as to
its employment haye been given. 2. By the acknow-
ledged irtility or efficacy of the drug as proved by"
European experience. 3. By the drug possessing a
generally well-known, recognised native name. 4. By
its wide distribution and easy procurability in all
parts, and in all the bazaars of India generally. It is
hoped that by the addition of the native names and
descriptions of the drugs (which were omitted in the
First Edition), even a new-comer will have little
difficulty in obtaining and recognising any particular ...,
article he may require.
With this native “Apparatus Medicaminum' very
much may be accomplished under ordinary circum-
stances, in the way of relieving suffering and curing
disease ; but it must be admitted that there are
certain articles included under the class ‘European ,
Medicines’ for which the Indian bazaars supply no
adequate substitutes. I have therefore (in Appendix
C) added a list of nine drugs which it appears de-
sirable should always be kept in store. They are—
1. Sulphate of Quinine; 2. Ipecacuanha; 3. Smyrna,
or Turkey Opium; 4. Calonel; 5. Acetate of Lead; -
.*
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. XV.
ºf º
6. Santonin ; 7. Liquor Ammoniae ;s. Blistering Fluid ;
and 9. Carbolic Acid.” No attempt has been made
in the body of the work to enter into a description of
the properties and uses of these drugs generally (with
the exception of Opium), but in the Synopsis or Index
of Diseases (Part II.) it has been pointed out how
these valuable agents may be utilised in the most
efficient manner. It is believed that, by adopting
this course, the practical utility of the work will be
greatly enhanced. - - -
Attention is particularly directed to the Synopsis
or Index of Diseases in Part II. ; it is not pretended
that the modes of treatment therein detailed are the
best which could be adopted ; the object has rather
been to show how much good may be effected by
- the simple means at command at almost every ‘up-
country station’ throughout India; and those who
follow the directions may feel assured, that with the
exercise of ordinary prudence, if they fail to do good
they will at any rate do no harm.
It is advisable, however, in the treatment of the
poorer and less enlightened class of Natives, such as
constitute the mass of dispensary patients, to main-
tain a discreet silence as to the source from which
the medicines are derived, as experience has shown
that the Native poor soon cease to believe in European
º * To these Bromide of Potassium and Biniodide of Mercury
ſº have since been added.
, -
-
º

xvi. * TO THE SECOND EDITION.
- **
practice when they discover that they are being treated
with Indian drugs. It is well, therefore, to disguise
them with a little colouring matter, &c.
Notwithstanding the large amount of new matter
incorporated in this edition, I am fully conscious of
its numerous defects and shortcomings; hence I shall
feel under an obligation to any of my medical and ,
other friënds in India who will favour me with any
suggestions and observations (especially with reference
to the use of Native drugs, drawn from personal
experience), which would add to the practical value
of future editions, should such be called for. All
communications addressed to me, to the care of
Messrs. GRINDLAY and Co., 55 Parliament Street, S.W.,
London, will be thankfully received.
LONDON, 1874.
w
-
tº.
º,
º
, 9

INTRODUCTION.
-º- -
º
e
THIS work, it is presumed, will fall into the hands
of many who are wholly ignorant of, or very partially
acquainted with, matters pharmaceutical; hence some
few introductory remarks arº indispensable to enable
such persons to understand fully, and follow out cor-
rectly, the directions given.
1. Weights and Measures.—In Appendix C, a small
set of Apothecaries’ scales and weights is included, but
in the absence of the former it is well to remember
that a small set of scales, such as is used by native
jewellers, can be procured for a few annas in every
bazaar; care, however, is necessary to see that the
balance is strictly correct and even.
Weights.-The Apothecary weights supplied from
England have the following marks or signs impressed
upon them — -
9ſs = half a scruple = 10 grains. .
Bj = one scruple = 20 * 55
5ſs = half a drachm = 30 ,
5] = one drachm * = 60 32
5jſs = one drachm and a half = 90 25
5ij = two drachms = 120
|

2 *INTRODUCTION.
. The small circular indentations on the grain
weights indicate the number of grains each weight
represents.
In the absence of these, the following hints may
be useful —
A new rupee of the present currency weighs 180
grains or three drachms.
A half rupee of the present currency weighs 90
grains sor a drachm and a half.
A quarter rupee of the present currency weighs
45 grains or three quarters of a drachm.
To obtain smaller weights beat a new quarter
rupee into a long, thin, “narrow plate, and divide it
carefully into three equal parts. You have thus three
15 grain weights. One of these divided again into
three equal parts, furnishes three 5 grain weights.
One of these subdivided into five equal parts furnishes
five 1 grain weights. Care should be taken to see that
the parts are of equal weights, and each part should be
marked with a figure to denote its weight. A native
jeweller, at a very small cost, will readily carry out the
above subdivision.
With these, you may obtain any small weights
you require ; thus, if you require nine grains, you
use a 5 grain weight and four single grain weights.
If you want a drachm weight (60 grains), you use a
quarter rupee (45 grains) and a 15 grain weight, which
makes exactly the 60 grains or one drachm. To get a
scruple (20 grains) weight, you use one of the 15 grain
and one of the 5 grain weights = 20 grains or one
scruple. t
, 9
INTRODUCTION, 3
Two rupees and a half rupee together weigh 450 .
grains or slightly over one ounce, which weight they
may be taken to represent, in the absence of regular
weights in making up any of the prescriptions given
in the following pages. o
Measures of Capacity. —For these, the English
Graduated Measures, glasses included, in Appendix C,
should be employed. The marks on them signify as
follows:– e Q
111 = 1 minim.
făj one fluid-drachm = 60 minims.
făj one fluid-ounce 8 fluid-drachms.
O one pint 20 fluid-ounces.
In default of a graduated measure glass, it may
be useful to know that a small cup of silver or other
metal, exactly the circumference of a quarter rupee
and 3% inches deep, will hold exactly one ounce, and
twenty of these full of liquid make one pint. Each
ounce contains eight fluid-drachms, so with the aid
of this ounce measure you can calculate the quantity
required pretty accurately. The measure should be
made of silver, as some medicines, especially the acids,
act on the other metals.
Any native jeweller would manufacture one of
these measures in a short time, and at a Yery small
COSt.
In the following pages other dºmestic measures, as
they may be termed, are mentioned; they represent
approximately the following quantities —
J.
4 (INTRODUCTION.
0,
A wine-glassful (ordinary size) = one fluid-Oz, & a half.
Two table-spoonfuls ... E On 6 OZ.
One table-spoonful ... . = half oz.
One dessert-spoonful ... = two drachms.
One tea-spoonful - - - = one drachm.
“A drop' may be taken generally to represent a
minim, though in many instances they differ con-
sideraby in Čapacity.
It must be borne in mind that these measurements
apply solely to fluids — never to solids. A table-
spoonful of some solids, as powders, would weigh
two or three ounces, whilst of others it might only
be as many drachms.
Preparations.—A few hints on these may be useful
to the uninitiated. Infusions.—In preparing these,
the following points require attention: a, the solid
ingredients should be cut into small pieces or slices,
or bruised in a mortar, so that the water shall
readily penetrate into the substance ; b, the water
should be boiling ; c, the vessel or chattie containing
the ingredients on which the boiling water has been
poured, should be covered over to prevent evapora-
tion, and set aside till the liquid is cold, when it
should be strained through a muslin or thin rag. In
hot climates infusions soon spoil, hence they should
be freshly prepared every other day at the furthest.
Decoctions.— These a differ from Infusions so far
that the ingredients are subject to the process of
boiling. The requisite quantity of water having been
heated to boiling-point, the solid ingredients, prepared
wº
INTRODUCTION, 5
as for infusions, are to be introduced, and the whole .
boiled in a covered vessel for the specified period.
The liquid whilst hot should be strained and set aside
in a covered vessel till cold. Like infusions, they
rapidly become spoiled in hot climates. Tincturgs.-
These are formed by macerating the solid ingredients,
prepared as directed for Infusions, in a bottle with the
specified quantity of spirit, for "seven days or more,
occasionally shaking the same to enstre the spirit
acting thoroughly on the ingredients. At the end of
the specified period it should be strained, and the
clear liquid set aside in a cool place in well-stoppered
bottles, for use. Great caré is necessary to prevent
evaporation ; hence if a glass-stoppered bottle is used,
softened wax should be carefully placed round the
stopper, which should be further secured by a cap of
thin leather or wax-cloth. tied tightly over it. It is
thought by many that evaporation of spirit takes place
less rapidly in a closely fitting corked bottle than in
one provided with & glass stopper.” In either case
layers of wax and the leather are advisable. Under
the most favourable circumstances evaporation to a
greater or lesser extent will take place in hot climates;
hence by long keeping, the tincture acquires increased
strength, and in regulating the dose of the more active
tinctures, as of Opium or Datura, the fact, ought to
be borne in mind, or serious consequences may ensue.
Powders—When an article is ordered to be taken in
the form of powder, it should be pulverised as finely
* Very serviceable corks, especially for temporary use, may
be made out of Sola, the nºaterial used for hats, &c.
6 CINTRODUCTION.
as possible. There is little difficulty in this when a
large quantity of the article is required to be kept in
store, as is generally advisable, as the natives, by the
aid of the simple machinery which they employ in
making ‘Curry powder,’ will reduce the hardest woody
ingredients to the requisite state of fineness. When
only a few grains or a small quantity is required, it
may be obtained by means of a nutmeg grater (included
in List-in Appendix C.), and subsequently triturating
the rough powder thus obtained in a mortar till it is
reduced to the state of a fine powder. In the prepara-
tion of a Compound Powder, i.e., a powder containing
two or more ingredients, it is of the greatest import-
ance that they should be uniformly and thoroughly
incorporated, else it is evident that a small portion of
it, such as is usually prescribed as a dose, may contain
an excess of one ingredient—it may be an active or
dangerous one, and operate powerfully—whilst the
next dose may be comparatively inert. Powders, when
prepared in large quantities, should be kept in well-
stoppered or corked bottles; if left in open vessels
exposed to the action of the air, they soon become
deteriorated. Pills.-For the reasons just stated, it is
necessary, when two or more ingredients enter into
the composition of a pill mass, to be careful that they
are thoroughly incorporated. When powders, &c.,
enter into their composition, a little honey or jaggery
is the best thing to give them cohesion and consistence.
They should be moderately hard; if too soft, they are
apt to lose the globular form which they ought to
possess, and become a shapeless mass. When several

INTRODUCTION, 7
pills are made, a little Arrowroot &r Rice Flour should --
be added to the box which contains them, to keep
them from adhering to one another. No pill should
ordinarily exceed 5 grains in weight, otherwise there
will be a difficulty in swallowing it; two 3 grain pills
are more easily taken than one of 6 grains. Pills,
when prepared in any quantity, should, like powders,
be kept in well-stoppered or corked bottles.
Ointments.--Animal fats, e. g., Lard Which is so
generally used in English pharmagy, are apt to be-
come rancid and irritating in hot climates; hence
they should be discarded in tropical practice. In
India there is another cogeist reason for abandoning
them, viz., the religious prejudices of the natives,
especially of the Mussulman, to whom hog's fat is an
abomination. The only allowable animal fat in India is
freshly prepared Ghee, or clarified butter; but this in
the hotter part of India is of too thin consistence for
ordinary ointments. Fortunately India supplies at
least two vegetable substitutes, Kokum. Butter and
Piney Tallow (the expressed Oil of Wateria Indica).
In addition to these, I have introduced a third article,
Ceromel (a mixture of wax and honey). With these
three agents it is believed that animal fats may be
altogether dispensed with in Indian pharmacy.
Native Names.—These have been mainly derived
from Mr. Moodeen Sheriff's valuable Catalogue, which
forms the Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia of India.
Some have been drawn from Ainslie's Materia Indica,
a work of sterling merit. For the Malay names I am in-
debted to the Hon. Major F. M'Nair, C.M.G., Surveyor-
8 • INTRODUCTION. .
O !
*. General, Straits Settlements, and for the Punjábí and
Kashmiri names to Dr. J. E. T. Aitchison, formerly
British Commissioner, Ladakh.
It is only necessary, in this place, to indicate the
propunciation of the vowels met with in this work.
a (short) as in about, or the final a in Calcutta.
à (long) as in all,.call.
e (short) as in elbow, or the first e in never. - **
é (ſong) as a in able or ai in fair.
i (short) as i in ink, bid.
Í (long) as ee in feed and free.
o (short) as in from. ,
6 (long) as in opium, home.
u (short) as in full, or as in wolf.
ū (long) as in fool, too.
Explanation of the Abbreviations employed in the
lists of the native names of the drugs:– 2--
Hind. Hindústaní. Mal. Malyalim.
Duk. Dukhní. (Jan. Canarese.
Beng. Bengålí. Mah. Mährattí.
Punj. Punjábí. Guz. Guzrattí.
Kash. Kashmirí. Cing. Cingalese.
Tam. Tamil. Burm. Burmese.
Tel. Telugu. - Malay. Malay.
©
*.
REMARIKS ON THE USES
c)
OF SOME OF THE
BAZAAR MEDICINES OF INDIA.
*
PART I.
sº
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE BAZAAR MEDICINES AND
INDIAN MEDICAL PLANTS INCLUDED IN THIS WORK.
1. Abelmoschus, or Edible Hibiscus. 0kra. The
fresh unripe capsules or fruit of Abelmoschus (Hibis-
cus) esculentus, Linn.
Bhindí, Rām-turáí (Hind.), Bhéndí (Duk, Punj.),
Dhéras or Dhènras, Rām-toráí (Beng.), Wendaik-
káy (T'am.), Benda-kāya (Tel.), Ventak-kāya
(Mal.), Bendé-káyi (Can.), Bhéndá(Mah.), Bhindu
(Guz.), Banda-ká (Cing.), Youn-padi-sí (Burm.),
Kachang-lindir (Malay).
2. This well-known vegetable, cultivated through-
out India, abounds in a copious, bland, viscid muci.
lage, which possesses valuable emollient and demul-
cent properties, rendering the practitioner in India
independent of mallow and other European articles of
that class. The dried fruit may be employed where it
10 ABELMOSCHUS–ABRUS.
... is not procurable in a fresh state. It is best given in
decoction, prepared by boiling three ounces of the
fresh capsules, cut transversely, in a pint and a half
of water for twenty minutes, straining and sweetening
to taste. This, taken as an ordinary drink, proves
alike agreeable and serviceable in Fevers, Catarrhal
attacks, Irritable states of the Bladder and Kidneys, in
Gonorrhoea, and in alk cases attended with scalding pain,
and difficultys in passing Urine. Under its use the
urine is said to become much increased in quantity.
In Dysentery, especially in the chronic form of the
disease, the bland viscid mucilage is often most bene-
ficial. It is a good plan to give it in soup.
3. In Hoarseness, and in dry and irritable states of
the Throat, giving rise, as is often the case, to a trouble-
some Cough, as in Consumption, &c., the free inhalation
of the vapour of the hot decoction (ante) has in many
instances been found serviceable.
4. The fresh capsules bruised are stated to form an
efficient emollient poultice.
5. Abrus, or Country Liquorice Root. The root of
Abrus precatorius, Linn. -
Mulatthí-hindi, Gunj-ka-jar (Hind, Duk.), Jai-
shtomodhu-bengala, Kunch-ka-jar (Beng.), Asl-
assús, Málathi (Punj.), Shangir (Kash.), Gundu-
maniver (Tam), Guru-venda-véru (Tel.), Kunni-
kuru-véra (Mal.), Gul-ganji-béru (Can), Olinda-
múl (Cing.), Yu-e-si-anti (Burn.), Akar saga.
merah (Malay). º
ABRUS. ( ) 11
6. This root, obtained from a twining shrub com-
mon throughout India, whose bright scarlet seeds with
a black spot at one end are universally known, pus-
sesses many of the sensible properties and medical
qualities of the true liquorice-root (which is also to be
met with in some of the large bazaars), hence its
common name, Country Liquorice. Properly pre-
pared, and according to directions in Indian Pharma-
copoeia, it yields an extract similar to officinal liquorice,
but less sweet and more bitter.” The following syrup
has been found useful in the Coughs of Childhood. Take
of fresh Abrus roots, the larger sized the better, well
bruised, two ounces; and Abehmoschus capsules sliced,
one ounce; boil in a pint of water for half an hour,
and strain; to the liquor add eight ounces of sugar-
candy or honey, and boil down to the consistence of a
syrup. From a tea to a table-spoonful may be freely
given several times a day when the cough is trouble-
some, whether fever is present or not. It forms also a
good adjunct to other more active cough mixtures.
The great objection to this, in common with all syrups
in India, is the readiness with which it undergoes
* According to Moodeen Sheriff (Suppl. to Ind. Ph., p. 18),
an extract prepared from the dried leaves of Abrus precatorius
is much superior both in taste and as a medicine to that
prepared from the root. He gives the following directions
for its preparation :-Pour boiling distilled water on the dried
leaves till they are sufficiently covered ; keep the vessel on
a slow fire for six hours; then strain the liquor while hot
through flannel and evaporate on a water bath to a proper
consistence. The extract prepared from the juice of the fresh
leaves, he adds, is also sweet, but very inferior to the latter for
medicinal purposes. s
12 º ABRUS–ACACIA.
Ç
fermentation; hence only small quantities should be
prepared when cases occur requiring its use.
7. Acacia, or Babul Bark. The bark of Acacia
Arabica, Willd.
Babál-ka-chál, Kikar-ka-chál (Hind), Kali-kíkar-ki
chilká, (Duk), Babál-sál (Beng.), Sák (Punj, ,
"Kash.), Karu-vélam-pattai (Tam), Kulit-pokoh-
bunga (Malay).
8. Babál bark occurs in large thick pieces, coarsely
fibrous, of a deep mahogany colour, and astringent,
bitterish taste. It is an excellent astringent, and
though less powerful than some others of the same
class, it possesses the advantage of being obtainable,
either in the fresh or dried state, throughout India,
the tree yielding it being common everywhere in dry,
Sandy localities.
9. The best form for medical purposes is a decoc-
tion prepared by boiling one ounce and a half of the
bruised bark in a pint of water for ten minutes, and
straining. Of this the dose is from one and a half to
two ounces twice daily, or oftener in Chronic Diar-
rhoea, &c.; it is, however, chiefly employed as an
external, or local application—as an injection in
Leucorrhoea and other Vaginal Discharges; as an enema
in Piles and Prolapsus (Descent) of the Anus, and as a
gargle in Sore Throat, and in Sponginess and Ulcera-
tion of the Gums. In all these cases, however, it is
generally used conjoined with alum and other agents.
ACORUS. º 13
0.
10. Acorus, or Sweet Flag Root. The root stock
or Acorus Calamus, Linn. º
‘Bach or Vach (Hind, Duk.), Bach, Saféd Bach
(Beng.), Warch (Punj.) Vá'í (Kash.), Vashampá
(Tam.), Vasa, Wadaja (Tel.), Wash-anpa (Mal.),
Bajé (Can.), Vékhanda (Mah.), Waj, Vach (Guz.),
Lene or Linhe (Burm.), Jarigowe (Malay).
11. This is one of the commonest of bazaar medi.
cines, and generally procurable everywhere, of good
quality, at a very small cost. It occurs in pieces of
various lengths, about the thickness of the thumb,
rather flattened, spongy, provided with numerous
sheath-like, ringed appendages; odour peculiar and
aromatic; taste, bitterish, warm and somewhat acrid.
Till very recently, it was included in the British
Pharmacopoeia. It well deserves a place in every
Indian domestic medicine chest.
12. It is a tonic and stomachic of no small value,
and is best given in the form of infusion : one ounce of
the bruised root to half a pint of boiling water, in
doses of a wine-glassful twice or thrice daily. Com-
bined with Chiretta, it has been reported to cure
Intermittent Fevers in natives, but though its power in
this respect is doubtful, except, perhaps, in cases of
the mildest description, yet in Convalescence ºfter this
and other forms of Fever, a mixture of equal parts of
the infusion of Acorus and Chiretta (98) is as good a
formula as can be employed. The same combination
proves also most serviçeable in Dyspepsia, especially
14 c ACORUS–ALOES.
when attended with much flatulence, in Loss of Appetite -
and Constitutional Debility.
c 13. In the Dysentery of Natives, and in that es-
pecially of Wative Children, Dr. Evers (Indian Medical
Gazette, Feb. 1, 1875) speaks very highly of Acorus
given in decoction as follows: Take of the bruised
root-stock two ounces, Coriander seed one drachm,
Black Pepper half oa drachm, Water one pint; boil
down to about twelve ounces (or for about a quarter
of an hour), and set aside to cool. The dose for an
adult is a wine-glassful three times daily; for a child
from one to three tea-spoonfuls, sweetened with sugar,
two or three times a-day. Astringents or Quinine
(the latter when the disease is apparently of malarious
origin) may be added if necessary. Dr. Evers found this
decoction not only useful in Dysentery and Diarrhoea,
but also in the Bronchitic Affections of Children. He
considers it worthy of a more extended trial.
14. This root, especially when freshly collected,
and retaining its full aroma, is reported, on good
authority, to drive away fleas and other insects, a
fact well to bear in mind in a sick room, as well as
elsewhere.
15. Aloes. The inspissated juice of Aloe Soco-
trina, Linn., and other species of Aloe.

Musabbar, Ilvá, Yalvá (Hind.), Musanbar (Duk),
Móshabbar (Beng.), Elwā (Punj.), Mússbar, Sibar
(Kash.), Kariya-pólam, Irakta-pólam (Tam.),
Múshámbaram (Tel.), Chenna-nāyakam (Mal.),
ALOES. º 15
Musam-bara-bóla (Mah.), Yéſiyo (Guz.), Kalu-
bólam, Kari-bolam (Cing.), Mo (Burm.), Jadam
(Malay). G.
16. Aloes, as met with in the bazaars, is generally
imported, and of a very inferior description, but it
may be rendered fit for medical use by the following
process: Take of bazaar Aloes, in small fragments,
one pound; boiling water, one gallon; stir them well
together until they are thoroughly mixed, and set
aside for twelve hours; then pour off the clear liquor,
strain the remainder, mix the liquors, and place in
open vessels in the sun, or over a gentle fire, till it is
evaporated to dryness.” º
17. The principal use of Aloes is as a purgative, in
doses of from three to six grains. If administered
alone, it is apt to cause griping, nausea, etc.; hence,
it is generally given in combination with aromatics, &c.
It is ill adapted for children, for persons subject to piles,
and for pregnant females. -
18. Few medicines, are more generally useful for
women when suffering from an Irregular or Suspended
state of the Menstrual Discharge ; but it should not be
given during pregnancy, nor whilst the menstrual dis-
charge is present. In these cases, especially when the
* Aloes of very good quality may also be prepared from two
indigenous species of Aloe, A. Indica, Royle, and As litoralis,
König ; the former inhabiting dry sandy plains in the North-
western Provinces, and the latter similar localities on the sea-
coasts of the Madras peninsula. The viscid juice with which
the thick leaves abound should be collected and evaporated
to dryness by exposure in open pans in the Sun or over a
gentle fire. (b.
16 . ALOES.
patient is pale, thin, and weak, it is best given as'
follows: Take purified Aloes and Sulphate of Iron, of .
each, finely powdered, 24 grains; Cinnamon in powder,
60 grains; Honey, sufficient to make a mass; be careful
that all the ingredients are well mixed; and divide into
24 pills, of which two are to be taken twice daily.
19. The following is another very good combina-
tion :-Take Aloes and Assafoetida, of each 20 grains;
beat into a mass with honey, and divide into 12 pills,”
of which one may be taken twice daily. These pills
often prove of great service to women subject to
Hysterical fits, and Flatulent distension of the Abdomen,
especially when at the same time there is Constipation
of the Bowels. In Headaches arising from the sudden
stoppage either of menstrual discharge or of long-standing
bleeding from piles, these pills often prove useful. Aloes
should not be given to persons subject to piles, as they
are apt to aggravate the disease.
20. In cases of Habitual Constipation of the Bowels
great benefit has been found from the persevering use
of the following pills:–Take of purified Aloes, 18 grains;
Sulphate of Iron, 30 grains; beat into a mass with a
little honey, and divide into 24 pills. Of these, one
may be taken three times a-day, immediately after the
principal meals, till they begin to act upon the bowels
gently and then the number may be reduced to two
daily. At the end of a week or two another pill may
be omitted, and within a month a single pill once or
twice a-week will suffice. If at any time they should
act powerfully on the bowels as a purgative, they
should be discontinued for a time.
ALUM. . 17
21. Alum. 0.
Phitkari (Hind), Phitkari (Beng.), Fatkari (Pugj),
Fatkar, Phatkar (Kash.), Pati-kāram (Tam., Tel.),
" . Chinik-kāram (Mal), Pati-kárà (Can.), Patikár,
Turati (Mah.), Sina-karam (Cing.), Keokhin
(Burm.), Twas (Malay).
22. Alum of good quality is generally procurable
in all bazaars. It should be in colourless, fransparent,
crystalline masses, or pieces of various sizes, with an
acid, sweetish, astringent taste. When mixed with
impurities, as it often is, it may be rendered fit for
medicinal purposes by dissołving it in boiling water,
straining the solution, and evaporating it so as to
obtain crystals, which should be preserved for use.
Alum, whether applied externally or given internally,
is a valuable astringent. Dose, from 10 to 20 grains
for adults.
23. In that form of Ophthalmia commonly known
in India by the name of Country Sore Eyes, especially
when it attacks children, a solution of Alum is often
of great service. For children the strength of three
grains to an ounce of water is sufficient; but for
adults, a solution of double this strength may be
used ; the eyes should be freely washed with it four
or five times a-day, or a cloth wet with it may be
kept constantly applied. If the eyelids are much
swollen, especially in the morning, they should be
well bathed with warm milk, the eyelids should then
be carefully separated, and the Alum lotion dropped
in. There is a native Plan of treatment of these cases
C
18 C ALUM.
which proves in many instances effectual, but it has
the disadvantage of being very painful for a short
time. It is as follows:–Place some finely-pow-
dered alum on a heated plate of iron, and whilst cit
is in a state of fusion add a small portion of lémon
or lime-juice, until it forms a black, soft mass. This,
whilst hot, is applied entirely round the orbit, care
being taken that none of it gets beneath the eyelids,
as it causes under such circumstances intense agony.
One or two applications, each being allowed to re-
main on for twelve hours, suffice ordinarily to effect a
cure. -
24. After severe Blows on the Eye, when the pain
and heat have subsided, and much discoloration and
swelling remain, an ALUM PoulTICE is an effectual
application. It is made by rubbing up 30 grains of
powdered alum with the white of an egg. till it
forms a coagulum. This placed between two pieces of
thin rag or muslin, should be kept applied to the eye
for some hours.
25. In Haemorrhage from the Lungs, Stomach, Kid-
neys, Uterus, and other Internal Organs, Alum, in
doses of 10 to 12 grains, thrice daily, with or with-
out opium, may often be given with advantage. It
is, however, inadmissible if much fever is present,
and should at once be discontinued if after the first
few doses the symptoms are at all aggravated. The
following, called ALUM WHEY, is a good form of
administration –Boil for ten minutes two drachms of
powdered Alum in a pint of milk, and strain ; of this,
the dose is one and a half to two ounces thrice daily.
..)
º
4.
t
ALUM. © 19
This may also be given with the view of checking. .
Eaccessive Menstrual Discharges (Menorrhagia) and
Bleeding from Piles. In this last case, clothes Saturated
wiſh a solution of Alum in decoction of Galls (145) or
Babitl bark (9), in the proportion of two drachms to
eight ounces, should be kept constantly appfied
externally. This application also proves useful in
Prolapsus (descent) of the Anus, especially in children.
In Profuse Bleeding from the Wose injections, of a
solution of Alum (20 grains to one.ounce of water)
into the nostril is sometimes effectual ; care, however,
is required in its use. Powdered Alum, or a very
strong Saturated solution, applied locally on a com-
press, occasionally suffices to arrest Bleeding from
Leech-bites, Cuts, &c.
26. In the Chronic Diarrhoea of Natives, the follow-
ing mixture has been found useful:—Take of Alum
ten grains, infusion of Acorus root (12), one and half
ounce, Laudanum, five drops; repeat three or four
times daily. In the Diarrhoea which precedes Cholera,
and in the early stages of Cholera, the following powders
are worthy of a trial. Take Alum, Catechu, and
Cinnamon, of each, powdered, ten grains, mix with
honey, and give at a dose. It may be repeated every
one or two hours, according to circumstances. It
proves useful also in controlling the Diarrhoea of
Phthisis. O

27. As a palliative in Diabetes, ‘Alum Whey, pre- -
- - • -
pared as directed in paragraph 25, may be tried ;
under its use the "quantity of urine voided is, in some
instances, diminished. In Albuminuria, also, it has
20 º ALUM.
been useful in some instances in reducing the pro-
portion of albumen in the urine.
* 28. In Hooping Cough, when the first or acute stage
has passed, no remedy is more generally efficacious
than Alum, in doses of three or four grains, every
four or six hours for a child from two to three years
old. It may be given in the form of powder or in
solution (Alum 25 grains, Omum Water three ounces)
in doses of a dessert-spoonful every four or six hours
for a child from two to four years old.
29. For Relawed or Ulcerated Sore Throat, for Ul-
ceration and Sponginess of the Gums, in Salivation, and
'n Fissures of the Tongue in Consumption, a very useful
gargle or mouth wash, is made by dissolving two
drachms of Alum in a pint of the decoction of Galls
(145) or Babúl Bark (9), and sweetening with honey.
For the small white Ulcers (Aphtha, or Thrush) in the
mouths of infants and young children, a better applica-
tion is 20 grains of finely-powdered Alum, incorporated
with one ounce of honey. This may be applied twice
daily, with the tip of the finger. In the severer Ulcerative
forms of the disease (Ulcerative Stomatitis) Alum in fine
powder, or in strong solution, proves a more effectual
application.
30. There is a disease often confounded with
Gomorrhoea, where the discharge does not come, as it
does in true gonorrhoea, from the urethra, but from a
sore or excoriated Surface between the prepuce and the
head of the penis. For this there is no better appli-
cation than a solution of Alum, 20 grains in one ounce
of water. It may be used twice or thrice daily. The
*)

K.
ALUM. º 21
strictest cleanliness should be enforced at the same
time. In Gleet, a solution of Alum (three grains), in
water (one ounce), used, as an injection, twice daily, is
often productive of benefit. In Leucorrhoea and other
Vaginal Discharges, injections of Alum in decoction of
Galls or Babúl bark, as advised in the last paragraph,
often prove very useful.
31. In old Chronic spreading and gangregous Ulcers
so common amongst natives, the following forms an
excellent application –Finely powdered Alum, four
drachms; finely powdered Catechu, one drachm; Opium,
half a drachm; Ceromel (167), or Kokum butter, or
Ghee, one ounce. First, rub down the opium with the
ceromel till thoroughly mixed, and then incorporate
the other ingredients. A portion of this, spread on
soft rag, should be applied to the ulcer night and
morning. If it occasion much pain, the proportion of
ceromel should be increased. For Bed-Sores or where
these are likely to occur, Dr. Aitchison describes as an
excellent remedy, as mixture of 30 grains of burnt
alum, and the white of a egg. It should be well
painted over the part.
32. For Enlargement of the Joints, especially that of
the Knee, and for other Swellings resulting from Blows,
Bruises, or Sprains, the following lotion has been found
useful:—Alum, four drachms, Vinegar and Arrack, of
..each a pint ; dissolve, and keep cloths wet with this
lotion constantly to the affected part. In Scorpion
Bites, Alum moistened with water and locally applied

often affords instantaneous relief (Dr. Saunders).
O
22 * AssaPOETIDA.
º
33. Assafoetida.
* Hing (Hind, Duk, Beng., Punj, Mah., Guz.), Yang
(Kash.), Kāyam, Perun-gāyam (Tam), Inguva
(Tel.), Perun-gāyam, Kāyam (Mal.), Perun-kayam
(Cing.), Shinkhu or Shingu (Burm.), Hingu
(Malay).
34. Assafoetida of good quality may be obtained in
most bazaars. The moister and most strongly smell-
ing kinds should-be chosen for medical purposes. It
may be given in the form of pill, in doses of from five
to ten grains; or in that of mixture, prepared by
rubbing down in a mortar five drachms of Assafoetida
in a pint of hot water, and straining, and setting aside
to cool. Of this solution, which is thick and milky,
the dose is from one to two tablespoonsfuls. Its
nauseous taste is a great objection to its use.
35. In Hysterical Fits and in Fainting, Wervous Pal-
pitations, and other affections connected with Hysteria,
Assafoetida proves most useful. ~ When the symptoms
are urgent, as in fits, &c., it is best given in the liquid
form (ante), but where the object is rather to combat
the tendency to this state, and to make an impression
on the system, the solid form should be preferred. For
this purpose it may be advantageously combined with
aloes, as advised in Sect. 19.
36. In Flatulence, Flatulent Colic, and Spasmodic
Affections of the Bowels, especially when connected with
hysteria, it is best given in the form of enema (30
grains in four ounces of water); but if this is not
practicable, it may be given by mouth in the liquid
y)

ASSAFOETIDA—ASTERACANTHA. 23
form advised above. A teaspoonful of the mixture, .
with a little Omum water, is often very effectual in
relieving the Flatulent Colic of Children. It may flso
be fried in the Convulsions of pale weakly children.
An Assafoetida enema is an effectual means of remoying
Thread worms from the rectum and lower bowel.
37. In the obstinate Coughs of Childhood, remaining
after attacks of inflammation, afīd also the advanced
stages of Hooping Cough, the mixture Itas also occa-
sionally been found of great service in doses of a
teaspoonful four or five times daily. It has also been
recommended in the Chronic Bronchitis and Asthma of
Adults; its disagreeable smell'and taste is a great bar
to its use, but this may, in a great measure, be obviated
by giving it in the form of pill.
38. Asteracantha (Barleria) longifolia, Wees.
Talmakháné, Gokshura (Hind.), Kolsi (Duk.), Kán-
ta-koliká (Beng.), Tálmakhánáh (Punj, Kash.),
Nir-mulli (Tama), Niru-gobbi (Tel.), Vayal-chulli
(Mal.), Kolava-like (Can.), Tāl-makháná (Mah.),
Ikkiri (Cing.), Sápadán (Burm.).
39. The whole of this plant, common in moist sites
throughout India, but especially the root, which in
the dried state is sold in the bazaars, enjoys a high
repute amongst the natives as a diuretic in "Dropsical
cases, which European experience has, in a great
measure, tended, to confirm. It may be given in the
form of decoction, prepared by boiling one ounce of
the root in a pint of water for ten minutes, straining,
24 ASTERACANTHA-ATís.
and taking the whole in divided doses during the day.
The following is advised by Baboo Kanny Lall Dey —
Take of freshly-dried Asteracantha leaves, two ounces;
Distilled Winegar, 16 ounces; macerate for three days;
press and strain. Of this, the dose is from one to three
tablespoonfuls in water thrice daily.
40. Atis, or Atees. The root of Aconitum hete-
rophyllum; Wallich.
Atís (Hind.),. Atviká (Duk), Atis, Batis, Patis
(Punj.), Mohand-i-guj-saféd, Hong-i-saféd (Kash.),
Ati-vadayam (Tam.), Ati-vasa (Tel.).
41. Atís, as met with in the bazaars, occurs in the
form of small tuberous roots, tapering towards a point,
from one to one and a half inches, or more in length,
and from three-eighths to a quarter of an inch in
thickness; grey externally, slightly wrinkled longi-
tudinally, and marked here and there with rootlet
scars, easily friable; internally white, farinaceous,
inodorous, and of a pure bitter taste, devoid of acidity
or astringency. This last character serves to distin-
guish it from all other roots sold under the same
name. Every root should be broken across, and all
which are not pure white, with a short, starchy fracture
and pure bitter taste, should be discarded. Further, if
on chewing a small piece, it cause a feeling of ting.
ling or peculiar sensation on the tongue, followed by
even the smallest a degree of numbness or altered
sensation, it should on no account be used. Mr.
Boughton discovered in it an alkaloid to which he gave
the name of Atisine. t
'.
*
ATſs—BAEL FRUIT. 25
42. The chief use of Atís is if the treatment of
Intermittent Fever and other periodical fevers, and in
these it often proves most valuable. It should be
given in doses of half a drachm (30 grains), mixed
with a little water, every four or six hours during the
intermissions, commencing its use during or towards
the close of the sweating stage. For children the dose
may be reduced one-half, or three-fourths, according
to age. For combating the Debility after Fevens and
other diseases, Atis is an excellent tºnic, in doses of
five to ten grains thrice daily.
43. Bael Fruit. The fruit ºf Ægle Marmelos, Corr.
Bél, Si-phal (Hind, Beng., Punj.), Bél-phal (Duk.),
Vilva or Bilva-pazham (Tam.), Bilva-pandu,
Márédu-pandu (Tel.), Kävalap-pazham (Mal.),
Bilapatri-hanmu (Can.), Bél-phal (Guz.), Bélà-
chaphala, Bela (Mah.), Bélli, Bélli-ka (Cing.),
Ushi-si, Ushi-ti (Burm.), Buah Bail (Malay).
44. The half-ripe "fruit is best suited for medical
use, and that freshly gathered is preferable to that
which has been kept a long time, as is generally the
case with the bazaar article.* European experience
* In bazaar specimens, the Wood-apple (fruit of Feronia
Elephantum) is often substituted for Bael. Though they bear
a close resemblance externally, they can easily be dištinguished
by opening them. In the true Bael, there are, in the centre
of the pulp, a number of cells, from five to eighteen, each
containing one or more seeds and glutinous mucus, whilst in
the Wood-apple there are no cells, and the seeds are embedded
in the pulp. º
26 4) BAEL FRUIT.
has confirmed the hative opinion that it is a remedy
of much value in cases of obstinate Diarrhoea and
Dysentery when unattended by fever, and the patient
is weak and dyspeptic. It proves especially service-
able when any signs of Scurvy are present. It is
best given as follows:–Take of the soft gummy fluid
from the interior of the fruit two ounces, mix this
with three or four Öunces of water, sweeten to taste,
and, if prºcitrable, add a lump of ice. This draught
should be repeated twice or thrice daily. In the
obstinate Diarrhoea and Dysentery of Children, it may
safely be given in doses of from one quarter to one
half the above quantity, according to age. The Fluid
Extract of the dried Bael is regarded by many as
superior to any other preparations of this fruit. The
dose is from half a drachm to a drachm, twice or
thrice daily for an adult. Dietetic Bael is also a
valuable preparation.*
45. In Irregularity of the Bowels, presenting alterna-
tions of Diarrhoea and Constipation, one draught, as
described in the last section, taken in the early
* Dr. Aitchison suggests that a supply of DIETETIC BAEL
(prepared by Messrs. Bathgate & Co., of Calcutta) should be
kept in store. “It consists,’ he remarks, of the pulp of dried
Bael fruit carefully pulverised and mixed with a certain
proportion of arrowroot. It is an excellent preparation to be
used in those cases when Bael is prescribed, and where the
fresh fruit cannot be got of good quality, e.g. the Bael fruit
grown in the Punjab"is not to be compared with that of the
more moist and tropical regions. Besides, using this in actual
disease it makes a good substitute in a patient's diet owing to
its pleasant aromatic flavour.” ſ
*
BAEL FRUIT-BETEL LEAVES. 27
morning, often exercises a most "beneficial effect in
regulating the bowels. Where much debility exists,
and the stomach is weak and irritable, it is apt ‘to
disagree, occasioning eructations, &c., in which case it
may be tried in smaller doses, or be given at bed-time
in place of early morning. -
46. Betel or Betle Leaves. The fresh leaves of
Chavica (Piper) Betle, Retz. e º
Pán (Hind, Duk, Beng., Punj., and Guz.), Wettilai
(Tam.) Tamala-páku, Nāga-valli (Tel.), Vetrila
(Mal.), Wiledele (Can.), Widechapána (Mah.), Balát
(Cing.), Kün-yoe (Burm.), Seereh (Malay).
47. These leaves are in almost universal use
amongst the natives of India as a masticatory, in
conjunction with lime and areca-nut. There are
two ways in which they may be usefully employed
medicinally:- - -
48. In Coughs, especially those of Infahey and Child.
hood, where there is difficulty of breathing, the application
of betel leaves, warmed, smeared with oil, and applied
in layers over the chest, often affords speedy and
marked relief. It is a native practice, the utility of
which has been confirmed by European experience. It
can do no harm, may do much good, and is therefore
worthy of a trial in all cases. The same application
has been recommended in Congestion and other affec-
tions of the Liver, -
49. For the purpose of Arresting the Secretion of
Milk, when from any cause this may be desirable,

28 BETEL LEAVES–BONDUC NUT.
betel leaves, warmed by the fire, and placed in layers
over the breasts, are stated to be very effectual. Thus
employed they are also said to be useful in reducing
Glandular Swellings. --
30. Bonduc Nut. The fruit of Cesalpinia (Guil.
andina) Bonducella, Linn.
Katkaiji,Katkaranj (Hind), Gaigº (Duk), Nati,
Nátá-koranjá (Beng.), Kanjūá (Punj.), Kazhar-
shik-kāy (Taºn.), Gech-chak-kāya (Tel.), Kalanchik-
kuru (Mal.), Gajaga-káyi (Can.), Gajaga (Mah.),
Gájgá (Guz.), Kupubura-atta (Cing.), Kalém-zi
(Burm.), Buah gorah (Malay).
51. These nuts, common in all the bazaars of India,
are roundish or ovoid in shape, about half an inch, or
more, in diameter, smooth, hard, of a grey or leaden
colour externally, contain a white starchy kernel of a
pure bitter taste. Their efficacy appears to reside in a
bitter oil. Mr. Broughton failed to detect in them
any special crystalline principle.
52. In Intermittent Fevers, especially in those of
the natives, this remedy has been found very useful.
It is adapted only for mild, uncomplicated cases,
and is best given in the following form — Take of
Bonduc seeds, deprived of their shells and powdered,
one ouncé ; Black Pepper powdered one ounce; mix
thoroughly, and keep in a well-stoppered bottle. Of
this the dose is from 15 to 30 grains three times a day
for adults. In smaller doses it is a good tonic in
Debility after Fevers and other diseases. The bark of
º
BONDUC NUT-BORAX. 29
the root of the Bonduc shrub in 10 grain doses is
reported to be even more effectual in the above cases
than the seeds themselves. - 0.
§3. Borax. Biborate of Soda.
Sohagá, Tinkál (Hind), Sohagá (Beng, Duk, Punj),
Vávut, Váwuth (Kash.), Venkáram (Tam.), Ele-
gáram (Tel.), Ponkáram, Vellākaram (Mal.), Bili-
gára (Can), Vengāram, Puskara (Cint.), Lakhiya,
Let-khya (Burm.), Pijar (Malay).
54. Borax of good quality is met with in most
bazaars; if good it should be, in transparent, colour-
less, crystalline masses or pieces of various sizes,
inodorous, with a cool saltish taste. After having
been exposed to the air for some time, as that found
in the bazaars has generally been, it becomes covered
with a whitish powder or efflorescence, which being
removed shows the transparent crystal beneath. If
brown or dirty, or otherwise impure, it may be ren-
dered fit for medical use by dissolving one pound of it
with one drachm of quicklime in three pints of water,
straining through cloth and evaporating by exposure
to the Sun in an open vessel or over a gentle fire.
Dose from 20 to 40 grains for an adult.
55. In Aphtha, or Thrush (small white spots and
ulcerations in the mouths of infants and yosing chil-
dren) a mixture of powdered Borax (1 drachm) and
Honey (1 ounce) is one of the best applications which
can be used; it 'should be applied by means of the
finger to the spot twice, or thrice daily. In Fissures
30 Q BORAX.
or Cracks in the ſongue in adults, which occur in the
advanced stages of Consumption, Fever, dºc., an applica-
tion twice the strength of the above, proves highly
serviceable. In Mercurial Salivation, a solution of
Borax (half an ounce), in water (eight ounces) forms
an excellent gargle.
56. To Sore Wipples a solution of Borax, one drachm
to one ounce of water, should be applied before and
after, suckling the infant, or it may be employed in
the form of ointment (a drachm of Borax to an ounce
of ghee). These applications are also serviceable
when applied to inflamed and painful Piles.
57. As a means of ellaying the distressing Irritation
of the Genital Organs, both of males and females, the
latter especially, a solution of Borax (half an ounce) in
eight ounces of water or Camphor julep (67) some-
times affords more relief than anything else. Cloths
t
saturated with it should be kept to the parts, and in
the case of women it should also be used in the form
of vaginal injection. . It also proves very useful in
allaying the Irritation of Wettle-rash, Prickly Heat, and
other Skin Diseases.
58. In prolonged and tedious Labours dependent
apparently on want of action or power in the uterus
to expel the foetus, and in Abortion under the same
circumstances, 30 grains of Borax with 10 grains of
powdered Cinnamon, in a little warm conjee, may be
given every one or two hours to the extent of three
or four doses. This may also be given in Convulsions
attendant on Labours. In doses of 10 grains, 10 with
of Cinnamon, thrice daily, it, also occasionally proves •
A"
BORAx—BUTEA GUM. 31
'useful in Suspension or Irregularity of the Menstrual
Discharge and in some Chronic Uterine Affections.
59. To Ulcerated Buboes, and Sloughing Ulcers, a
soluſion of Borax (two drachms in a pint of water or
Camphor julep) often proves very useful by cleansing
the surface and hastening the healing process. “It
should be applied on rags well over the whole sore,
and renewed frequently by night and day. For dress-
*ing Delhi Sores, and stimulating them. to healthy
action, a favourite application is composed of Borax,
Sulphur, and Catechu, of each finely powdered, one
drachm, and lard or ghee one ounce. This may be
advantageously used in other forms of Ulceration.
60. For Ringworm, a solution of Borax (one drachm)
in distilled vinegar (two ounces) is stated to be an
effectual application.
61. Butea Gum. Bengal Kino. The inspissated
juice obtained from the stems of Butea frondosa, Roxb.”
Palás-ki-gond (Hind, Duk.), Pálásh-gun (Beng.),
Dhāk-ki-gond "Punj.), Kamar-kash (Kash.),
Muruk-kan-pishin, Palásha-pishin (Tam.), Pal-
âsha-banka, Móduga-banka (Tel.), Plách-cha-
pasha (Mal.), Muttaga-góndu (Can), Phalása-
cha-gónda (Mah.), Khākar-nu-gún (Guz.), Kál-
iya-melliyam (Cing.), Páv-si (Burm.).
* Pterocarpus Marsupium, D. C., which yields thé officinal
JKino, inhabits the forests of Ceylon and the Indian Peninsula
as far north as Behar; but almost all, if not the whole, of the
Kino met with in bazaars is the produce of Butea frondosa or
B. Superba ; but this is a matter of little moment, as it appears
to be equally effectual as an ºstringent.
32 BUTEA GUM-BUTEA SEEDS.
62. Butea Gułm occurs in the form of irregular' >
shining fragments, seldom as large as a pea, more or .
Mess mixed with adherent pieces of greyish bark, of
an intense ruby colour and astringent taste. Its
astringency is due to the presence of tannic and
gällic acids. It is an excellent astringent, similar to
Catechu, but, being milder in operation, it is better
adapted for children and delicate females. The dose
of the powdered gum is 10 to 30 grains, with a few."
grains of powdered Cinnamon. It may be used with
advantage in Chronic Diarrhoea, Pyrosis (Water brash),
and in those forms of Dyspepsia attended with increased
secretion. In these cases the addition of a small
portion of opium increases its efficacy.
63. Butea. Seeds. The seeds of Butea frondosa,
Roacb. -
Palás-ké-binj (Hind.), Palás-pápré (Duk, Beng.), "
Dhāk-papri, Palás-pápri (Punj), Khálás-pápúr
(Kash.), Porasum-virai, Murukkam-virai (Tam.),
º Palásha-wittulu, Moduga-vittulu (Tel.), Pláshu,
Murukka-vitta (Mal.), Muttaga-bijá (Can.),
Phalásá-cha-bi (Mah.), Palás-páparo (Guz.),
Kaliya-atta (Cing.), Páv-si (Burm.).
64. Butea seeds are thin, flat, oval, or kidney-
shaped; of a mahogany brown colour, 1} to 1% inches
in length, almost devoid of taste and smell. Euro-
pean experience has confirmed the high opinion held
by the Mohammedan doctors as to their power in
expelling Lumbrici, or Rogund Worm, so common "
*
BUTEA SEEDS—CAMPIOR. 33
amongst the natives of India. The seeds should be .
first soaked in water, and the testa, or shell, carefully
removed, the kernel should then be dried and reduted
to-powder. Of this the dose is 20 grains thrice daily
for three successive days, followed on the fourth day
by a dose of Castor Oil. Under the use of this
remedy, thus administered in the practice of Dr.
Oswald, 125 lumbrici in one instance, and between
* 70 and 80 in another, were expelled." ſt has the
disadvantage of occasionally purging, when its vermi-
fuge properties are not apparent; in some instances
also it has been found to excite vomiting and to
irritate the kidneys: and thotgh these ill effects do
not ordinarily follow, yet they indicate caution in its
employment.
65. For destroying Maggots in Unhealthy Ulcers, so
commonly met with amongst the natives, Raghupatie
Mohun Rao (Indian Medical Gazette, Dec. 2, 1879,
p. 346) directs the powder of these seeds to be
sprinkled over the surface to kill them,
-
66. Camphor.
Káfür (Hind, Punj.), Käphūr (Beng.), Karruppúram
or Karppäram (Tam.), Karpáram (Tel., Mal.),
Karpúra (Can.), Kapúra (Mah.), Kapúr, Karpúr
(Guz.), Kapuru (Cing.), Payo, Piyo (Burm.),
Kapor baroos (Malay).
º
Several varieties of Camphor are met with in the
bazaars. That best suited for medicinal use should
be in masses or lumps, white, translucent, of a
4. D
34 t CAMPHOR.
crystalline structure, of a powerful penetrating odour,
and pungent taste. Much of the camphor sold in the
bağaars is worthless. Dose, from two to five grains or
more for an adult. f
67. CAMPHOR WATER, OR JULEP, as it is commonly
called, may always be advantageously kept ready pre-
pared for domestic use; it is made by adding two
drachms of Camphôr to a quart bottle of water, and
setting aside for a few days. Of this the dose for an
adult is about a wine-glassful. It is a good vehicle
for other medicines.
68. CAMPHOR LINIMENT is formed by dissolving one
ounce of Camphor in four ounces of Cocoa-nut, Sesa-
mum, or other bland oil. It is an excellent applica-
tion in Chronic Rheumatism, Lumbago, Enlargement of
the Joints, Glandular Swellings, Bruises, Sprains, Mus-
cular Pain, especially that of the loins to which women
are subject during Pregnancy and the Menstrual periods,
and other cases attended with local pain. It should
be well rubbed in might and morning for 10 or 15
minutes; friction in these cases playing an important
part. -
69. In Chronic Rheumatism, in addition to its use
externally, as advised in the last paragraph, it may
be given internally in a dose of five grains with one
grain of Opium at bed time; it affords relief by causing
copious perspiration, which should be promoted by a
draught of infusion of Ginger (154) and by additional
bed clothes. An excellent vapour bath for these cases
may be made by substituting half an ounce of Cam-
phor placed on a heated plate for the chattie of hot
2,
**
{
CAMPHOR. " 35
water described in Section 397. “Thus employed, it
causes speedy and copious perspiration. Care, how-
ever, is necessary to prevent the patient inhaling the
vapour, which is of comparatively little consequence
when simple water is being employed. G
70. In Asthma, Camphor in four grain doses, with
an equal quantity of Assafoetida, in the form of pill,
repeated every second or third hour during a paroxysm,
affords in some instances great relief" Turpentine
stupes (362) to the chest should be used at the same
time. Many cases of Difficulty of Breathing are
relieved by the same means. These pills also some-
times relieve violent Palpitatiºn of the Heart. In the
Coughs of Childhood, Camphor Liniment (68), previously
warmed, well rubbed in over the chest at nights,
often exercises a beneficial effect. For young children,
the strength of the limiment should be reduced one
half or more by the addition of some bland oil.
71. In Rheumatic and Nervous Headaches, a very
useful application is Qne ounce of Camphor dissolved
in a pint of vinegar, and then diluted with one or two
parts of water. Cloths saturated with it should be
kept constantly to the part.
72. In Spermatorrhoea, and in all involuntary Semi-
nal discharges, few medicines are more generally useful
than Camphor in doses of four grains with half-a-grain
4.
of Opium, taken each night at bed time. In Gonor-
rhoea, to relieve that painful symptom, Chordee, the
S8,10] G prescription, is generally very effectual; but it
may be necessary to increase the quantity of Opium to
one grain, and it is advisable to apply the Camphor
36 • CAMPHOR.
Liniment (68) along the under surface of the penis as far
back as the anus. To relieve that distressing Irritation
of the Generative Organs which some women suffer from
so severely, it will be found that five or six grains of
Camphor taken in the form of pill twice or three
times daily, according to the severity of the symptoms,
will sometimes afford great relief. In each of these
cases, it is important to keep the bowels freely open.
79. In painful Affections of the Uterus, Camphor in
six or eight grain doses often affords much relief.
The Liniment (68) should at the same time be well
rubbed into the loins. In the Convulsions aftendant
on Childbirth, the following pills may be tried —Cam-
phor and Calomel, of each five grains. Beat into a
mass with a little honey, and divide into two pills; to
be followed an hour subsequently by a full dose of
castor oil or other purgative.
74. In the advanced stages of Fever, Small Pow, and
Measles, when the patient is low, weak, and exhausted,
and when there are at the same time delirium, mutter-
ing, and sleeplessness, three grains of Camphor with
an equal quantity of Assafoetida, may be given even
every third hour; Turpentine stupes (362) or Mustard
poultices (247) being applied at the same time to the
feet or over the region of the heart. It should be
discontinued if it causes headache or increased heat
of the scalp. Its use requires much discrimination
and caution. e
75. To prevent Bed Sores, it is advisable to make
a strong solution of Camphor in arrack or brandy, and
with this might and morning to bathe, for a few minutes,
CAMPHOR—CAPSICUM. 37
the parts which from continued pfessure are likely to
become affected. Gangrenous or Sloughing Ulcerations
often sensibly improve, and heal under the local appli-
cation of powdered Camphor.
76. Capsicum. The ripe dried fruit of Capsicum
fastigiatum, Blume.

Lál-mirch, Gách-mirch (Hind.), Mirchi,~Lál-mirchi
(Duk), Lal-morich, Lanká-morich (Beng.), Lal-
mirch (Punj.), Mirch-wängun (Kash.), Mulagáy,
Milagáy (T'am.), Mirapa-kāya (Tel.), Kappal-
melaka (Mal.), Mémashiná-káyi (Can.), Mir-singá.
(Mah.), Lál-mirich, Marchu (Guz.), Miris (Cing.),
Náyu-si (Burm.), Chalie, Loda-cheena (Malay).
77. A powerful stimulant; the bruised fruit ap-
plied locally in the form of poultice acts energetically
as a rubefacient, and, added to Mustard poultices,
greatly increases their activity. In the absence of
mustard, Capsicum pºltices may be substituted, but,
being more energetic in operation, require more care ;
if left on too long they will cause blisters.
78. In Scarlatina, the following mixture has
attained much repute in the West Indies. Take
two table spoonfuls of bruised Capsicum and two tea
spoonfuls of Salt ; beat them into a paste, and add
half a pint of boiling Water; when cold, strain, and add
half a pint of Vinegar. Dose for an adult, one table
spoonful every four hours; to be diminished for
children according to age, or the severity of the attack.
The same formula forms an excellent gargle in the
38 CAPSICUM-CASSIA ALATA.
Sore Throat which accompanies this disease, as well as in
ordinary Relawed Sore Throat, Hoarseness, &c.
°79. Capsicum is a very useful adjunct to Aloes and
other remedies for Dyspepsia, Loss of Appetite, &c. In
Diarrhºea, arising foom the use of putrid food, especially
fish, Capsicum in five grain doses in the form of pill
has been found most useful.
80, Cassia alata, Linn. Ringworm Shrub.
Dádmurdan, Dád-kā-pât (Hind.), Dádmurdan, Dád-
mari (Beng.), Dât-kā-pattá, Viláyatī-agtí (Duk.),
Ponwar (Punj.), Shimai - agatti, Vandu-kolli
(Tam.), Shima-avishi-chettu (Tel.), Shima-akatti
(Mal.), Shíme-agase (Can.), Attéra (Cing.),
Timbó-mezali, Mezali-gi (Burm.).
81. This handsome shrub, with its large conspi-
cuous spike of yellow flowers, is common in gardens
and waste places throughout India. Its leaves have
attained a well-earned repute as a local remedy in Skin
Diseases, especially in Ringworm ; hence one of its
common English names of Ringworm Bush or Shrub.
The ordinary form of application is a sort of ointment
made by bruising the fresh leaves with Sesamum,
Cocoa-nut, or other bland oil; but a far better pre-
paration is made by bruising the fresh leaves, with
lemon or lime juice, into a thick paste. Whichever
preparation is employed, it should be thoroughly well
rubbed in over the affected part twice daily till a cure
is effected. The more recent the case the greater will
be the prospect of a speedy cure. Long-standing
chronic cases often resist its “influence.
**
CASTOR OIL. º 39
82. Castor Oil.-The expresset oil of the seeds of ."
Ricinus communis, Linn.
Arandſ-kā-tél (Hind, Punj.), Yarandí-ká-tél (Duż),
• Bhérandá-tail (Beng.), A'manak-kenney (Tam.),
A'mudam (Tel.), Kottenná (Mal.), Haralomme
(Can.), Eran-déla (Mah.), Dívás, Yerandi-nu-tél
(Guz.), Endaru-tel (Cing.), Kesu-si (Burm.),
Miniak jarak (Malay). • *
e
83. Castor Oil, of various degrees of purity, is met
with in most bazaars. The dark brown viscid oil
(obtained by boiling, and subsequent expression of the
seeds) should be avoided, on ºccount of its acridity.
The best kind is clear, of a pale straw colour, and with
a slightly nauseous taste. The “cold-drawn expressed
oil' should always be used when procurable, as it
generally is in most large bazaars. It is an excellent
purgative when the object is simply to clear out the
bowels. It is especially adapted for children and for
women after confinements. The ordinary dose for a
child is about a tea spoonful, but it may be gradually
raised according to the age of the patient, to two
table spoonfuls (one ounce), which is the full dose for
an adult. It is best given floating on milk, strong
coffee, or Omum water. In painful affections of the
Rectum Castor Oil in small doses is often of great
service, softening the faeces and lubricating the pass-
ages without weakening the patiant. (Mr. Curling.)
The same remark applies to Piles, or when it is
desirable to prevent the patient straining at stool, but,
as a general rule, it is inferior to Sulphur, g. v.
º
40 CAGSTOR OIL–CATECHU.
84. For Sore Nipples nothing, according to Dr.
Conant Foster (Practitioner, April 1872), is so bene-
ficial as Castor Oil. The nipple should be smeared
freely with it each time the child is removed from the
breast. Rags or lint are unnecessary and injurious.
d
85. The leaves of the Castor Oil plant deserve
notice as a means of increasing the secretion of Milk.
For this purpose a decoction is made by boiling a
large handful of the plant in six or eight pints of
water. With this the breasts are bathed for a quarter
of an hour, and then the boiled leaves, in the form of
a poultice, spread ovex them. In a few hours the
effects of the application are manifest. A simpler
mode of application, said to be equally effectual,
consists in applying layers of the fresh leaves, simply
warmed before a fire, over the breasts.
86. Catechu. An extract from the heart-wood of
Acacia Catechu, Willd. C.
Kát, Kath (Hind, Punj.), Kát (Beng.), Kathah
(Duk.), Khairah, Kuth (Kash.), Káshu, Kátta-
kâmbu (Tam.), Kánchu (Tel.), Kätta (Mal.),
Káchu (Can), Kath-tho (Guz.), Kaipu (Cing.),
Sházi (Burm.), Gambir or Kachu (Malay).
87. Several varieties of Catechu are met with in
the bazaars. That,best adapted for medical use occurs
in the form of masses consisting of layers, occasionally
enveloped in rough leaves of a blackish brown colour,
easily fractured, of a very astlängent taste.
n)
~,
CATECHU. º 41
88. In Diarrhoea unattended by fever Catechu is of
much value; ten or fifteen grains in powder, with an
equal quantity of powdered Cinnamon, may be given
in honey or jaggery three or four times a day if neces-
Sary ; or it may be given in infusion prepared by ma-
cerating three drachms of bruised Catechu, and Öne
drachm of bruised Cinnamon in a half-pint of boiling
water for two hours, and straining. Dose from one
* and a half to two ounces thrice daily. From five to
ten drops of Laudanum to each dosº add to its effi-
cacy, or one grain of Opium may be given at bed-time.
These doses are suited only for adults; for the Diarrhoea
of Children, three or four grains finely powdered
Catechu, with an equal quantity of powdered Cinna-
mon, generally answer well.
89. In Mercurial Salivation, in Ulceration and
Sponginess of the Gums, a small piece of Catechu
allowed slowly to dissolve in the mouth is often of
great service. The same measure is often useful in
Relawed Sore Throat, Hºarseness, Loss of Voice, &c. In
Toothache, where there is a decayed tooth, with a
piece of loose flesh growing within, great relief some-
times results from inserting into the hollow a small
piece of Catechu, and retaining it there till it is
dissolved. -
90. Chronic Ulcerations, attended by much or foetid
discharge, often speedily improve under the use of an
ointment composed of a drachm ºf finely powdered
Catechu and an ounce of Lard or Ceromel (167). In
obstimate cases the addition of sixteen grains of finely-
powdered Sulphate of Gopper to the above greatly
-
42 CATECHU—CHARCOAL.
increases its efficacy. Another mode of treating these
old ulcers is bathing them twice or thrice daily with
aii infusion of Catechu (six drachms to a pint of water),
and dressing in the intervals with Ceromel. The alove
infusion proves effectual in some instances as a pre-
ventative of Sore Wipples, for which purpose the
breasts should be bathed with it daily, for some six
weeks prigſ to the confinement, and thus the tissues
become so hardened that when the infant begins to
suck any ill effacts are obviated. -
90 bis. Charcoal Wood, Charcoal.
Lakri-ka-kóyelah (Hind.), Lakri-ká-kólsá (Duk.),
Kásh-tha-kóyalá (Beng.), Aduppu-kari (Tam.),
Katta-boggu (Tel.), Atuppa-kari, Muttſ-kari
(Mal.), Kattige-iddallu (Can.), Láka-dácha-kólasé
(Mah.), Lákdu-kóelo (Guz.), Thén-misu-e (Burm.),
Anguru (Cing.), Ahrang (Malay), Kóiláh (Punj.),
Tsuing (Kash.). - -
91. Charcoal is an article of great importance in a
Sanatory and medical as well as in an economical point
of view. It possesses no mean power as a deodorizer,
and in close sick rooms the smell of the air is deprived
of much of its unpleasantness by hanging about the
apartment thin muslin bags loosely filled with roughly
powdered charcoal. The charcoal requires to be re-
newed occasionally. For purifying water an effectual
plan is to boil it with a good-sized piece of freshly
prepared charcoal; it also forms an excellent filter,
placed in alternate layers with river sand, as is in use
1,
º
b.
CHARCOAL–CHAULMüG#A. 43
by the natives of Southern India. Charcoal, especially
that of the Areca or Betel nut, forms an excellent
tooth-powder; but it is essential that it should be veſſy
finery, powdered, or it may scratch the enamel of the
teeth. Lastly, it is of great value in forming the
CHARCOAL POULTICE, which is made by adding finely
powdered charcoal to a common Rice poultice (322)
in proportion of one part of the former to three of the
"latter. A little of the Charcoal should also be spriñkled
over the surface of the poultice previous to applying
it. This is a valuable application to Ulcers and Wounds
attended by a foetid discharge; it proves useful in cor-
recting the bad odour and stimulating to healthy
action.
92. Chaulmugra.” (The seeds of Gynocardia odo-
rata, R. Brown.)
Chaulmúgra or Chál-mogré-ké-bínj (Hind.).
93. Chaulmúgra seeds are abbut an inch in length,
of an ovoid form, rendëred more or less irregular by
mutual compression. The shell, greyish brown, smooth
and fragile, contains a large kernel, which by expres-
sion yields a fixed oil which has a peculiar and slightly
unpleasant smell and taste. The oil procured from
the bazaars is usually impure, and hence objectionable
for internal administration. 2
* In Southern India, where Chaulmúgra is rarely obtainable,
the oil of the seeds of a tree of the same family, Hydnocarpus
inebrians, Vahl. (Néradi-muttu, Tam., Niradi-vittulu, Tel.) seems
well worthy of a trial. This oil has a great repute amongst the
natives of Malabar as a remeåy in leprosy.
44 CHAULMüGRA—CHIRETTA.
94. In Leprosy Chaulmigra has been used with
excellent effect; it has also been advantageously
aäministered in Scrofula, Skin Diseases, and Chronic
Rheumatism. The dose of the seeds coarsely powdered
is about six grains, thrice daily, in the form of pill,
gradually increased to three or four times that amount,
or until it causes nausea, when the dose should be
diminished, or the tise of the remedy suspended for a
time." This is the best form of administration. The
dose of the oil is from five to six drops, gradually
increased as in the case of the seeds. During the use
of this remedy it is advisable to avoid all salt meats,
acids, spices, and sweetmeats; on the other hand, its
operation is aided by butter, ghee, and oily articles of
diet. It might, perhaps, be advantageously combined
with a course of fish-liver oil.
95. An ointment, prepared by beating the seeds,
deprived of their shells, into a paste of the requisite
consistence, with a little ghee, or simple ointment, has
been found of great service as a local application in
some obstinate Skin Diseases.
96. Chiretta. The dried plant Ophelia Chirata,
D.C.
Chafâyatah (Hind, Duk.), Shirat-kuch-chi, Nila-
vémbu (Tam), Nelá-vému (Tel.), Cherota (Beng.),
Chiraita, Kiraita (Punj), Chiraiet (Kash.),
Chiráyitá (Mah.), Chirayata (Guz.), Bincohamba
(Cing.), Sekhági (Burm), Chrita (Malay).
º
|
k
CHIRETTA—CINNAMONG. 45
97. Stems about three feet long, of the thickness
of a goose-quill, round, smooth, pale-brown, branched,
branches opposite ; flowers small, numerous, panicled;
the -whole plant intensely bitter. These characters
belong to the officinal Chiretta, but there are met
with, in almost every part of India, numerous varieties
which differ more or less from it in many respects,
except in bitterness, which pervades them all. They
- also partake, for the most part, in the sang medicinal
properties. >
98. Chiretta is a good bitter tonic, and renders the
practitioner in India independent of imported articles
of the same class. It is best given as follows: take
Chiretta, bruised one ounce, Hot Water a pint; infuse
for six hours or more and strain. Dose from two to
three ounces three times daily. A drachm of bruised
Cloves or Cinnamon, or Cardamom seeds, increases its
efficacy and improves its flavour. It may be given in
all cases of Debility, especially after Fevers, in Indi-
gestion, Loss of Appetite, &c. It may also be given in
mild cases of Ague or"Intermittent Fever; but this is
spoken of in Art. Galls, q.v.
99. A good form of employing Chiretta as a tonic
is to add two ounces of the bruised stems to a bottle
of Sherry and let it stand for a week. Of this a wine-
glassful should be taken once or twice daily, one hour
before meals, in Indigestion, Loss of Appetite, ahd other
cases mentioned in the last section.,
100. Cinnamon. The dried bark of Cinnamomum
Zeylanicum, Wees. t
v.
46 g CINNAMON.—CLOWES.
Dárcini (Hind. Punj), Dâlchinſ (Duk, Beng,
Kash., Guz.), Lavanga-pattai, Karuvá-pattai
O (Tam.), Lavanga patta (Mal., Tel.), Dála-chini
(Can., Mah.), Kurundo (Cing.), Timbo-tik-yobo
(Burm.), Kulit-manis (Malay). º
* 101. The above names belong only to the true
Cinnamon, which is procurable in most bazaars; it
requires to be distinguished from the country Cin-
namon, the bark of Cinnamomum iners (Jangli-dal-
chimí, Hind., Kattu-karuvá-pattai, Tam.), which is very
inferior. The former occurs in small closely rolled
quills, containing several smaller quills within them
of a light yellowish-brown colour, fragrant odour, and
warm sweet aromatic taste ; the latter is a much larger
and thicker bark, generally curved, but seldom com-
pletely quilled, the taste less sweet, with some degree
of astringency, and the smell less fragrant.
102. Cinnamon is a pleasant aromatic stimulant
and carminative, closely allied in medical properties
and uses to Cloves (105), for which it may be substi-
tuted when the latter are not available. It is an
agreeable adjunct to many other medicines.
103. Cloves. The dried unexpanded flower-buds
of Caryophyllus aromaticus, Linn.
Lóng (Hind, Beng.), Lavang (Duk.), Kirámbu,
Travangap-pú (T'am.), Lavango-pú, Lavangálu
(Tel.), Karámpu (Mal.), Lavanga (Can., Mah.),
Lavang (G'uz.), Krábu-nati (Cing.), Láting (Punj.),
Raung (Kash.), Lemiah-poén, Lenang-poén (Burm),
Bunga Chingkeh (Malay).
º
ºw
a-
CLOWES-COCCULUS INDICUS. 47
104. The Cloves met with in the bazaars are often
. old and worthless. Those suited for medical use
h
&
should have a strong, fragrant odour, a bitter, spicy,
pungent taste, and should emit a trace of oil when
inderſted with the nail.
105. Cloves are a good useful stimulant and Car-
minative, stronger than Cinnamon, which, however,
may be advantageously substituted when the former
- are either of inferior quality or not proaqrable. A
pleasant and serviceable mixture is made by infusing
three drachms of bruised Cloves in a pint of boiling
water, and straining when cold. Of this the dose is
from one to two ounces in Indigestion, Flatulence, Colic
and Spasmodic Affections of the Bowels. It sometimes
succeeds in checking Vomiting, especially that attendant
on Pregnancy. A mixture of equal parts of the in-
fusions of Cloves and Chiretta (98) has often excellent
effect in Debility, Loss of Appetite, and in Convalescence
after Fevers.
O
106. Cocculus Indfus. The fruits of Anamirta
Cocculus, W. et A.
Kákmárí-ke-binj (Hind, Duk.), Kākā-mări (Beng.),
Kákkäy-kolli-varai, Pén-kottai (Tam.), Káka-
mári, Käki-champa (Tel.), Karanta-kattin-kāya,
Pollak-kāya (Mal.), Kaka-mări-bijá (Can.), Tit-
taval (Cing.). O
107. The dried fruit, sold in most bazaars, is
rather larger than "a full-sized pea, somewhat kidney-
shaped, blackish brown, wrinkled, containing a yel-
48 COCCULUSCINDICUS—SULPHATE OF COPPER.
º
lowish, oily, bitter, kidney-shaped kernel inclosed in
a two-valved shell. It is powerfully poisonous and is
never administered internally ; its sole use, and in
this respect it is very effectual, is as an insecticide,
i.e., as an agent for destroying pediculi, or lice, which
infest the body. For this purpose 80 grains of the
seeds, divested of shell, should be beaten up into a
paste in a mortar; and then thoroughly incorporated
with an "bance of lard, kokum butter, or ghee. In"
applying this ointment, care should be taken to avoid
all abraded or ulcerated surfaces, on account of the
danger of absorption of the poisonous principle of
the seeds. e
108. Sulphate of Copper. Blue Stone.
Nílá-tútá (Hind. Punj.), Mór-tuttá, Mhor-tuttah
(Duk.), Tutiyá (Beng.), Nila-toth (Kash.), Mayil-
tuttam, Turichu, Tuttam-turichi (Tam.), Mayilu-
tuttam (Tel.), Turisha, Mayil-tutta (Mal),
Mail-tutyá (Can.), Mórtíta (Guz.), Palmänikam
(Cing.), Douthá (Burm.), Toorsi (Malay).
109. Sulphate of Copper, of fair quality, is pro-
curable in most bazaars; it should be in crystalline
masses, of various sizes, of a dark-blue colour, with-
out any light-green or whitish powder adherent on
the surface; if these exist they should be thoroughly
removed previous to the salt being employed medi-
cinally. Or it may be further purified by dissolving
in boiling water, filtering, and setting the solution
aside to crystallize. In doses of from a quarter grain
«»
w)
SULPHATE OF COPPER, BLUE STONE. 49
to two grains it acts as an astriagent and tonic ; in .
larger doses (5 to 10 grains) it is a powerful emetic.
110. In Chronic Diarrhoea and Dysentery the fol-
lowing pills are often productive of great benefit.
Take finely powdered Sulphate of Copper and Opium,
of each 6 grains; thoroughly mix them with a small
portion of honey, and divide into twelve pills, of which
one should be taken thrice daily. These pills have
been found very useful in controlling Dłłrrhoea, in the
advanced stages of Consumption (Phthisis). In the Chronic
Diarrhoea and Dysentery of Children, a better form is
2 grains of the Sulphate dissolved in 12 drachms of
Omum water; of this the dose is a tea spoonful thrice
daily. In all these cases, should benefit not be manifest
in a few days, the remedy should be discontinued.
111. In Diphtheria the Sulphate of Copper has
been highly spoken of. Of a solution of 5 grains in
one ounce of water, a tea spoonful may be given to
young children, and repeated every half hour till it
produces vomiting. The samé treatment has also
been advised in cases ºf Croup. After the occurrence
of free vomiting, its use should be discontinued.
112. In Ulcerations of the Mouth, whether oc-
curring in children or adults, 3 to 5 grains of finely
powdered Sulphate, incorporated with half an ounce of
honey, are a very useful application. It may be easily
applied to the ulcers by the finger. O
113. Jn the Ophthalmia of Children attended with
copious discharge, a solution of one grain in one ounce
of water, applied several times in the day, will often
* be found serviceable. In obstinate cases the strength
º E
50 SULPHARE OF COPPER, BLUE STONE.
. may be doubled, but it should never be so strong as
to cause pain.
*114. Obstinate Indolent Ulcers will often yield,
when other measures have failed, to the persevering
application of solutions of the Sulphate, of graduated
strengths, from 2 grains to 10 grains in the ounce of
water. At the commencement the weakest solution
is applied morning and evening, water dressing (394)
being applied in the intervals. When the first solution
ceases to occasiop a feeling of heat in the ulcerated
surface, the strength should be gradually increased by
single grains till the 10-grain solution is borne, by
which time the ulcer is generally almost healed. When
the edges of the ulcer are hard and unyielding, they
may be touched every second or third day with the
Sulphate in substance; and it may also be thus used
to check Eauberant Granulations.
115. In Ring worm and Scald head the following
ointment has been found useful : Sulphate of Copper
in powder, 20 grains; powdered Galls, 1 drachm; Lard
or Ceromel, 1 ounce. Mix theim thoroughly, and rub
well into the diseased spot. In Prickly Heat, a lotion
of the Sulphate of Copper (10 grains to one ounce of
water, or Rose water) often affords more relief than
any other application.
116. Eaccessive Bleeding from Leech bites may often
be speedily arrested by the application of a little
powdered Sulphate of Copper. In Bleeding from the
| Wose. a solution of 4 grains of the Sulphate in one
ounce of water introduced into the nostril, is some-
| times effectual when Alum fails.
* *
º
an
SULPHATE OF COPPER—CROTON SEEDS. 51
117. In poisoning by Opium, Datura, Nuw Womica, .
Cocculus Indicus, Bish (Aconite), Arsenic, &c., where the
poison has been swallowed, an emetic should at once be
gisen to evacuate the contents of the stomach. For
this purpose, Sulphate of Copper may be advantageously
employed—5 grains in a pint of tepid water, taken at
a draught. If this does not operate in half an hour it
may be repeated; and a third dose, even, may be given
* if necessary, but this quantity should not be exeeeded;
as, unless it is vomited up, it remains in the stomach,
and in large quantities is itself capable of acting as a
poison. Its operation should be promoted by copious
draughts of warm water. Its use, as an emetic, should
be limited to cases of poisoning when it is of the
greatest importance to empty the stomach as rapidly
as possible. In other cases it is not a safe or manage-
able emetic. White of egg is the best remedy, if it
causes any unpleasant effects.
118. Croton Seeds. The seeds of Croton Tiglium,
Linn. te
Jépál, Jamál-gótá (Hind.), Jamál-guttah (Duk.),
Jépál, Jamāl-gotá (Beng. Punj.), Nérválam-kottai
(Tam.), Népála-vittulu (Tel.), Nirvālam (Mal.),
Jápálada-bijá (Can.), Népálácha-bi (Mah.), Jamlá-
gota (Guz.), Jápála, Jaipála (Cing.), Kanakho-si,
Sa-diva, Ta-diva (Burm.), Buah toomkian
(Malay).
119. The Croton seeds, met with in Indian bazaars,
are often spoilt by long keeping, &c.; they should,
when practicable, be collected fresh when required for
N
52 * CROTON SEEDS,
use. They are about the size of a grain of coffee, oval,
rounded, of an imperfectly quadrangular form, with a
thifi brittle light-coloured shell, containing a yellowish
albuminous kernel, enclosing a large leafy embryo ;
inodorous; taste at first mild, subsequently acrid and
pungent. In their natural state they are violently
purgative, and even in small quantity poisomous.
120. The following Croton pill is said to be an
effectual purgative: Take any quantity of the seeds,
deprived of their outer shell, boil them three times in
milk, and after boiling, carefully remove the outer skin
and the little leaf-like body (embryo), which will be
found between the two halves of the kernel; if the
latter be allowed to remain, it will cause violent
griping and vomiting. To 30 grains of the seeds thus
prepared add 60 grains of finely-powdered Catechu,
and with the aid of a little honey or gum beat them
into an even mass. Mix the ingredients thoroughly,
and divide into pills, each weighing two grains. One
of these is a sufficient dose for an adult, and should be
given only when a strong purgative is required, as in
Apoplexy, Convulsions, Insanity, Ardent Fevers, &c.
Should it cause much griping, vomiting, or too violent
purging, a good large draught of lime juice is the
best remedy; and it may be safely repeated in half an
hour if the vomiting, &c., continue.
121. The oil expressed from these seeds, CROTON
OIL, is a powerful pargative, in doses of one drop, or
even less, made into a pill, with bread-crumb. It is
applicable for all the cases mentioned in the last
section ; and where one drops does not operate, the
ſº
.')
2”
%.
A )
o
CROTON SEEDS—CUBEBS. 53
dose may be increased to two, or even three drops.
In Apoplery, Fits, &c., where the patient is unable to
swallow, it is sufficient to place the oil at the base of
the tongue. Its use, as a general rule, should be
confined to adults. o
122. A useful stimulant liniment is made by mix-
ing half an ounce of Croton Oil with three and a half
ounces of Sesamum, Cocoa-nut, or other pland oil. It
causes a vesicular eruption, and proves serviceable in
Chronic Rheumatism, Paralysis, Diseases of the Joints,
Phthisis, and Chronic Bronchitis.
123. Cubebs. The dried unripe fruit of Cubeba.
officinalis, Miquel.
Kabáb-chíní (Hind., Duk, Punj.), Liút-marz (Kash.),
Vál-milagu (Tam.), Tóka-miriyálu, Chalava-
miriyálu (Tel.), Vál-mulaka (Mal.), Bâla-menasu
(Can.), Kabábachini, Himsí-míre (Mah.), Kabáb-
chíní, Tadamirí (Guz.), Wäl-molagu, Vát-molavá
(Cing.), Lada-beyeker (Malay).
124. Cubebs of very fair quality is often obtainable
in the bazaars.” It is usually about the size of black
* In Southern India and elsewhere, Sital-Chimi is the name
in use for Cubebs, and Kabáb-chini for Allspice (fruit of
, Eugenia Pimenta) whereas in Calcutta the reverse holds good,
the former (Sital-Chini) is applied to Allspice, and the latter
(Kabób-chiui) to Cubebs. In the Madras bazaars, the name
Kabáb-chini is also often applied to thesbuds of Mesua ferrea :
this is incorrect, the proper name of the latter being Nāgésar
(Moodeen Sheriff). According to Dr. Aitchison the fruit of
Xanthoxylon hastile, Wall, is often sold as Cubebs (Kabab-
chini) in the Punjab bazaars?
Gl
54 CUBEBS—DATURA.
pepper, globular, winkled, blackish, supported on a
short stalk, has an acrid camphoraceous taste, and a
peculiar aromatic odour. Within the shell is a hard,
spherical, whitish, oily kernel.
125. The chief use of Cubebs is as a remedy in
Gonorrhoea, but it is only admissible in the more ad-
vanced stages, when the acute" symptoms have sub-
sided ; in the earlier stages it may do harm. The
followińg is a good form : Take of powdered Cubebs,
two ounces; powdered Alum, half an ounce. Mix tho-
roughly, and divide into nine equal parts, one to be
taken thrice daily in water. These powders may also
be used with benefit in Gleet, Leucorrhoea, and other
Vaginal Discharges in Women.
126. The Coughs of Old Age, attended with much
expectoration, are sometimes greatly benefited by
Cubebs in doses of eight or ten grains thrice daily.
127. Datura. Theo dried leaves and stems of
Datura alba, Linn., and Dature fastuosa, Linn.
Dhatárá (Hind, Duk, Beng., Punj., Guz.), Umattai
(Tam.), Dáthir (Kash.), Ummetta, Duttúramu
(Tel.), Ummatta (Mal.), Ummatte (Can.), Attana
(Cing.), Padáyin (Burm.), Kachubung (Malay).
These are the native generic names of the Datura
plaſt, the different species being distinguished by
affixes denoting the colour of the flowers, white,
purple, &c.
128. The white and purple varieties of Datura are
common on waste places throughout India; they
º
6)
-
DATURA. o 55
possess the same medicinal properties, and although
the purple variety is generally regarded as the more
powerful, there is no evidence of its being so. Althotgh
a valuable medicine, much caution is necessary in its
employment ; as in over-doses it acts as a powerful
marcotic poison. A very useful preparation is a
Tincture made by macerating two and a half ounces of
bruised Datura seeds in one pint of Proof Spirit (356)
for seven days in a closed vessel, occasionally slfking;
it should then be pressed, and filtered, and measured,
and sufficient Proof Spirit added to make one pint.
This Tincture generally produces all the sedative and
narcotic effects which could be expected from Opium,
besides effecting a great saving ; Opium being very
expensive, whilst this tincture can be prepared at a
comparatively small cost. The dose requires to be
regulated in each individual case; it is better, there-
fore, to commence with small doses of ten or twelve
drops in a little water, and incipase them to twenty or
thirty drops, accordingsto circumstances. As a general
rule, twenty drops will be found to be equal in effect
to one grain of Opium. One of the effects of Datura
is to produce dilatation of the pupil; the eye should
therefore be occasionally examined whilst this remedy
is being administered, and should the pupil be found
very large and dilated, it may be regarded As a sign
that the medicine has been carried as far as it can be
with safety, whether it has produced its other intended
effects or not. .
1283. In Datura we have an excellent, if not
perfect, indigenous substitute for Belladonna in the
56 * DATURA.
y
treatment of Catar&ct and other Diseases of the Eye.
Its mydriatic (pupil - dilating) powers have been
exºmined by Sub-Assist. Surgeon Tarra Prosonno Roy
(Indian Med. Gaz. Sept. 1870). He first applied a
portion of a watery extract of the leaves of D. alba
around the eyes; the pupils became widely dilated,
and continued so for two days. He next tried an
alcoholic extract of the seeds of the same Species
prepared by'imacerating half an ounce of the seeds
in four ounces of country spirit, evaporating the
tincture to dryness on a water bath, and dissolving the
residue in one ounce of water. Experiments made
with this solution prové beyond a doubt its power of
causing dilatation of the pupil when locally applied ;
the strength of this watery solution being, at a rough
estimate, about equal in power to a four grain (to the
ounce) solution of Atropine.
129. In Asthma, the dried leaves and stem cut
small and smoked, like tobacco, in a pipe, afford in
many cases great relief. In some the benefit is im-
mediate and striking, in others it has little effect, and
in a few it acts injuriously; its value in any case can
only be ascertained by personal experiment, but it is
worth a trial in all cases. When the leaves fail, the
dried seeds, which are thought to be more powerful,
may be tried. The earlier in the attack it is employed
the greater are the chances of success; it has little
effect when the attack has lasted for some hours. For
a person subject to asthma, a good plan is to adopt the
habit of smoking a pipe of it the last thing at night,
whether an attack is threatering or not; at any rate,
y)
| DATURA. -> 57
he should keep a pipe of it already filled, with the
means of lighting it, by his bedside, so that, imme-
diately on an attack commencing, he may use it.
From ten to twenty grains of the dried plant is suffi-
cient to commence with ; it may subsequently be in-
creased to thirty grains, but in all cases it should ‘be
immediately discontinued if it produces giddiness, a
feeling of sickness, or any other unpleasant symptom.
*Serious, and even fatal, consequences have follºwed
its incautious use, hence too much care cannot be
exercised in its employment. In Chronic Coughs,
where the cough comes on in violent paroxysms, and
is hard and dry, with scanty expectoration, smoking
Datura (ante) proves beneficial.
130. For Rheumatic Swellings of the Joints, Lumbago,
Painful Tumours, Nodes, &c., Datura, locally applied,
often proves most serviceable in relieving pain. There
are four modes, in either of which it may be advan-
tageously employed : 1. POULTICE, made by bruising
the fresh leaves into a Julp, anti mixing them, with
the aid of a little water, with an equal weight of rice
flour, to the consistence of a poultice. 2. EPITHEM ;
which consists of steeping a few entire leaves in arrack
or other spirit, and placing them, whilst wet, over the
seat of pain, and Securing them in that position by a
bandage. 3. FoMENTATION ; made by infusing the
leaves in boiling water, in the proportion of one ounce
to each pint of fluid, and applying as directed in
paragraph 393. 4. LINIMENT ; prepared by macerat-
ing, for seven days, one ounce of the bruised seeds in
. a pint of Sesamum or other bland oil, and straining.
58 0. DATURA.
In addition to the above-named affections, these pre-
parations, applied to the loins, are useful in relieving
the Pain attendant on painful or difficult Menstrua-
tion, and in some painful affections of the Uterus; in
the latter, they may more advantageously be placed
over the lower part of the abdomen. They also prove
beneficial in relieving Neuralgic pains, especially of
the Face; for this the liniment is best adapted, well
rubbed in ºver the seat of pain, and along the space"
immediately in front of the ear, or rather, in the
narrow space between the ears and the jaw.
131. In Tetanus or Lockjaw, consequent on a wound,
Datura is worthy of" a trial in the absence of more
effective agents.” Poultices of the leaves, renewed
three or four times a-day, should be kept constantly
to the wound, which should be further cleansed if
covered with thick discharge or slough, by the process
of irrigation of tepid water (395). The Tincture of
Datura, in doses of 29 to 30 drops in water, may also
be given internally three or four times daily. The
dose must be regulated by the effect produced, but it
may be continued, unless the spasms previously yield,
till it produces full dilatation of the pupil with some
degree of giddiness, drowsiness, or confusion of ideas,
beyond which it is not safe to carry the medicine. If
* The treatment detailed in this paragraph is advocated from
the success which has in some cases of Tetanus attended the
use of Belladonna—a drug to which Datura bears a very close
resemblance in its effects on the system : employed as above
directed, it may be used with perfect safety, provided that the
case is carefully watched, and the medicine diminished or dis-
continued on the full developmerft of its physiological effects.
º DATURA-DILL SEEDs. " 59
the spasms abate, i.e., if they recur" at more distant
"intervals, and are less severe and prolonged when they
do occur, the medicine, in smaller doses at longe?
intervals, may be continued till the spasms cease al-
together; but if, under the use of the remedy, after jt
has produced its specific effects on the system, the
spasms show no sign of abatement, no good, but per-
haps harm, will result from continuing it. In addition
*o the above means, Datura limiment (130) should be
well rubbed in along the spine several times daily.
The patient should be confined to a darkened room
and protected from cold draughts of air; the bowels
should be opened, if necessary by turpentine enemas
(364). The strength should be supported by strong
beef-tea, or mutton-broth (413), by eggs beaten up
with milk, and by brandy-mixture (420), or other
stimulants; if these cannot be swallowed they should
be given in enemas, for which purpose not more than
four ounces should be used at % time; larger quan-
tities will not be retaingd.
132. In cases of Guinea Worm, a Datura poultice
(130) is said to be the most useful in relieving the
pain, and hastening the expulsion of the worm.
133. Dill Seeds. The fruit of Anethum Sowa, Rowb.
Söyah, Suva (Hind, Punj.), Sóyſ (Duk.), Sóſ-biól
(Kash.), Shulpha, Shonvá, Shóvá (Beng.), Šhatta.
kuppi-virai (Tam.), Shata-kuppi-víttulu (Tel.),
Shata-kuftá (Mal.), Sab-basagi (Can.), Suvá-nu-bi
(Guz.), Sada-kuppa, Sata-kuppi (Cing.), Samin
(Burm.), Shatha-kupay, Adas pudus (Malay).
-
60 DILL SEEDS—FISH-LIVER OIL. *>
134. The Indian Dill Seed possesses no specific
characters to distinguish it from the European article,
for which it may be substituted. The Distilled Water,
when procurable, is the best form, but in its absence
an infusion of the bruised seeds, 3 drachms to half a
pint of hot water, may be used; of this, when strained
and cold, the dose for an infant is a dessert-spoonful
or more, sweetened with a little sugar. It proves
very effectual in relieving Abdominal Pain, Flatulence,”
and Colic in Children. Its efficacy is often much
increased by the addition of a teaspoonful of lime
Water.
-
º
…
135. Fish-liver Oil.
Mach-chi-kā-tél (Hind, Duk.), Machār-tail (Beng.),
Mín-yenney (Tam.), Chépa-nine (Tel.), Minnai,
Malsyam-mai (Mal.), Mininá-yanne (Can.), Mo-
Solícha-téla (Mah.), Mín-tel, Mal-tel (Cing.), :
Miniak hati-yu putch (Malay). -
136. Oil from the livers of the White Shark
(Squalus Carcharias, Linn.), the Seir (Cybium Com-
mersonii, Cuv. et Val.), and other fish, is now exten-
sively prepared in various sea-coast towns of India.
When properly made it is of a fine amber colour; the
smell and taste are similar to Cod-liver Oil, but more
strongly marked and more disagreeable. The great
objection to its use is its nauseous taste, but this
might probably, in a great measure, be obviated by
extracting it by the process of boiling the fresh livers
in Water, instead of allowing them to undergo a degree .
FISH-LIVER OIL. - 61
ºf putrefaction before the process of extraction is com-
'menced, as is the usual practice. As a medicinal
agent it appears to be quite equal to Cod-liver Oil, foie
which sit forms an excellent substitute ; but where the
stomach is very irritable, and the aversion to it un-
conquerable, it may be advisable to have recourse to
the European imported article.*
137. Remarks on its Use. a. The best time for ad-
Jministering the oil is immediately after, ºr to those
who prefer it during, a solid meal. Taken on an
empty stomach it is almost sure to nauseate. Patients
who can take it at no other time will sometimes
retain a dose if given the last thing before going
to bed.
b. For disguising the nauseous taste and pre-
venting subsequent eructations, a good plan is to take
a few grains of common salt, both immediately before
and after a dose. As a vehicle, a little orange-wine,
* “Turtle Oil,’ prepared from “turtles' (tortoises?) which
abound in the Straits of Manaar, between India and Ceylon,
has been proposed by nat?ve surgeon, Y. Anthony Pillay
(Madras Jour. of Med. Sci., March 1870) as a substitute for
Cod-liver Oil, over which it has the advantage of being four
times cheaper. After two years' experience of it in dispensary
practice he reported highly of its efficacy in that large class of
scrofulous and anaemic cases in which fish-oil is indicated.
Specimens of this oil sent to the Madras Medical Stores were
pronounced unfit for medicinal use; but the principal store-
keeper (Dr. F. Day) adds, “If this turtle oil were prepared from
the animal after it had been well cleansed from all blood, and
the straining properly carried out, an oil would probably be
produced but little inferior to the present fish-oil.’ It seems
well worthy of notice in the southern portion of the Peninsula,
ºwhere it is procurable at very sºnall cost.
{
62 O FISH-LIVER OIL. »
º
or solution of quinine, or lime juice, or hot strong
coffee without milk, has been advocated by various
swriters. A little Omum water (317) is perhaps the
best vehicle of all. 4;
c. The bulk of the whole dose of the oil and
vehicle together should be so small that it may be
swallowed at a single draught; therefore the vehicle y
should not exceed a table spoonful, with, at first, a
teasspoonful of the oil, to be gradually increased to a.
table spoonful. The spoon and glass used for taking
it should be kept scrupulously clean, as any oil left
adhering to them soon turns rancid. In taking this (as
well as all other nauseous drugs) it is advisable to
prevent, as far as possible, the tongue from coming in
contact with it; to effect this the tongue should be
projected on the surface of the glass or spoon, and the
fluid thrown down as far back in the throat as can
conveniently be done.
d. The dose, as a general rule, at the commence-
ment is a tea spoonful three times daily, gradually
increased as the stomach is able to bear it. It is rarely
requisite to exceed a table spoonful twice or thrice
daily; large quantities either derange the stomach and
liver, or pass off unabsorbed by the bowels.
e. The diet during the course of the oil should be
plain and nutritious, consisting of bread, fresh meat
roast ºr boiled, poultry, game, &c., with a fair propor-
tion of vegetables, and fruit, and a moderate quantity
of liquids. All rich articles of food, as pastry, fat
meat, cream, &c., should be avoided. Wine is pre-
ferable to beer, the latter ºften disagreeing. Should º
***
''.
FISH-LIVER, OIL. º + 63
º, bilious attack come on, the oil should be discon-
...tinued, the diet lightened, and an occasional aperient
administered. In a few days, when the attack has,
passed, off, the oil may be resumed, beginning with
the small doses as at the first. In all cases during the
use of the oil, the bowels should be kept regular, if
necessary, by mild aperients.
f. During its use the patient shoald be as much as
possible in the open air, and take gentle exercise. ,
138. It is in Pulmonary Consumption that the value
of Fish-liver Oil is most manifest, but there are a large
number of cases of a scrofulous character in which
it proves almost equally valuablº. In Scrofulous Ab-
scesses, Suppurating Glands, Ulcerations, Discharges,
whether from the nose or ears, and Skin Diseases,
especially when the patient is weak and emaciated,
the oil is indicated and proves most beneficial. It
proves equally useful in Scrofulous Affections of the
Joints and Bones, especially in Rickets; and in Scrofu-
lous Ophthalmia. - ->
139. In the MesenterièAffections of Children the best
results often follow its use ; the little patient rapidly
gains strength and flesh, the tumefied belly becomes
reduced, the stools lose their clayey colour and be-
come bilious and healthy. It should not only be given
internally, but should be used as a liniment to the
abdomen. The Obstinate Constipation of Children some-
times yields to the use of the oil, and its return is
prevented while the remedy is continued. In Stricture
of the Rectum, as an adjunct to dilatation cod-liver oil
• is an excellent remedy: it, nourishes the patient, and
4.
64 - • FISH-LIVER OIL. n
&
softems the motions, rendering aperients unnecessary.
(Mr. Curling.) It is also well worthy of a trial in cases.
of Chronic Hydrocephalus, or Water on the Brain,
occurring in children of a scrofulous habit. .
140. In the advanced stages of Hooping Cough, and
intº other Spasmodic Coughs, which often remain after an
attack of Bronchitis, especially when occurring in weakly
children, marked benefit follows its use.
141. Chorea (St. Vitus's Dance) and Epilepsy some-.
times are benefited by it when more active remedies
have failed. The same remark applies to some forms
of Weuralgia, especially Tic Douloureux, but the cases
in which it will prove serviceable can only be ascer-
tained by trials with the remedy.
142. In Chronic Rheumatism attended with much
debility and emaciation, it often proves useful; in
fact, in all cases of Atrophy (wasting or emaciation),
whether connected with Rheumatism, Scrofula or defective
digestion or resulting from long-continued confinement in
close rooms, as in jails, &c., a course of the oil offers the
best prospects of success. If some form of Paralysis
it is occasionally very beneficial. In Leprosy it is a
remedy well worthy of careful trial; not so much as a
curative agent as a means of relieving many of the
distressing symptoms.
143. In all the above cases the remedy should be
persevered in for weeks or even longer; and the rules
given above for its administration must be carefully
attended to. Its operation is most beneficial in the
cold season. -
GALLS. - 65
144. Galls. º
Mái-phal, Mázá-phal (Hind.), Mái-phal, Májū-phal
(Duk.), Máju-phal (Beng., Punj, Kash.), Máshfk-
• kāy (Tam.), Máshi-kāya (Tel.), Máshik-kāya
'(Mal.), Máchi-kāyi (Can), Mái-phala, Máshi-ká
(Mah.), Máyi-phal (Guz.), Mása-ka (Cing.), Pinza-
káni-si, Pinz-gáni-di (Burm.), Manjakani (Malay).
145. Many varieties of Galls are met with in the
bazaars; the best for medical use are, globular, about
the size of a nutmeg, of a yellowish-white colour and
very astringent taste, with a small hole on one side of
the surface. In the absence ºf this kind the other
varieties of Galls may be employed, as they all par-
take, more or less, of the same astringent qualities.
The dose for an adult is from 10 to 20 grains in
powder or infusion ; but a better form is Decoction,
prepared by boiling for ten minutes in an earthenware
vessel 1; ounces of bruised Galls in a pint of Water;
of this, when cold and strained, the dose is from 1 to
2 ounces thrice daily, of"oftener. This decoction forms
also a useful astringent wash, gargle, &c.
146. In Chronic Diarrhoea, especially in Natives,
powdered Galls in 15 grain doses thrice daily often
prove useful, and in obstinate cases its efficacy is in-
creased by the addition of half a grain of Opium with
each dose. A little powdered Cinnamon may be ad-
vantageously added, and the whole given in honey,
In the advanced stages of Dysentery the decoction (ante)
seems to answer better, and it may be given in doses
of 1% to 2 ounces thrice, daily, with the addition of
F
Q
66 - GALLS.
Opium, as above, and a carminative. This treatment
is adapted only for adults.
• 147. In Prolapsus (Descent) of the Rectum, the daily
use of an enema of decoction of Galls proves use-
ful by constringing the parts; and this may further
be effected, especially in the case of children, by keep-
ing a pad saturated with the decoction over the
external parts after the protruded bowel has been
returned. The same treatment is applicable (the
decoction being used as a vaginal injection) in cases
of Prolapsus of the Uterus (Descent of the Womb).
148. In Piles unattended by increased heat or in-
flammation, a very useful application is an ointment
composed of 1% drachms of powdered Galls, and 1
ounce of Ghee. The ingredients should be thoroughly
mixed. If there should be much pain half a drachm
of Opium may be added to it. It should be applied
twice daily. Enemas of the decotion (ante) may also
be used with advantage.
149. In Gleet and long standiug Gonorrhoea, 20
grains of powdered Galls, twięe or thrice daily, have
sometimes a good effect in checking the discharge. In
Leucorrhoea, and other Vaginal Discharges, the same
treatment is applicable, and at the same time injec-
tions of the decoction may be employed.
150. In Relawed sore Throat and Enlargement of the ,
Tonsils a very useful gargle is composed of 40 grains
of Alum, six ounges of Decoction of Galls (145), and
one ounce of Honey. -
151. In the Intermittent Fevers of Watives, powdered
Galls, in doses of 20 to 30 grºins, three or four times
4)
y
GALLS-GINGER. * 67
a day, have been found serviceable in some cases;
or smaller doses (10 to 12 grains) may be given in
1 ounces of Infusion of Chiretta (98) repeated every
hour, for four or five times in succession, immediately
before the period at which the fever usually returns.
An aperient should, in all cases, be taken before
commencing this treatment, which is only suited for
adults. ->
152. In Poisoning by Nua, Vomica, Coºculus Indicus,
Datura, Opium, and Bish (Aconite Root), after the
stomach has been freely emptied by emetics (which
is the first thing to be done), the Decoction of Galls,
in doses of 3 or 4 ounces, should be given every tem
minutes or quarter of an hour, for four or five times
in succession. It is thought to act as an antidote; in
some cases it certainly seems to act very beneficially.
153. Ginger. The dried root of Zingiber offici-
malis, Roscoe.
Sönth, Sindhi (Hind.), sºntº (Duk, Beng., Punj.),
Shó-ont (Kash.), Shukku (Tam.), Sonti (Tel.),
Chukka (Mal.), Vanasunthi (Can.), Sūnt (Guz.),
Ingárú, Velichaingárú (Cing.), Ginsi - khiáv
(Burm.), Hulya-kring (Malay).
154. Dried Ginger is preferable to fresh or green
Ginger for medicinal use, but if not procurable the
latter may be employed. It is best given in the form
of Infusion, made by macerating 1 ounce of bruised
Ginger in a pint of boiling water in a covered vessel
for an hour and straining, The dose is from 1 to 2
K
68 - GINGER.
ounces. A very useful domestic remedy is made by
steeping 3 ounces of Ginger in a pint of Brandy for
tes days. Of this a tea spoonful or more may, with
great advantage, be added to aperient, antacid,and
other medicines. - d
- i55. In Colic, Flatulence, Vomiting, Spasms and
other painful Affections of the Bowels unattended by
fever, the above Infusion, especially if taken warm, in
doses of 2 ouñces every half-hour or hour, often affords
great relief. The addition of 20 or 30 grains of Carbo-
nate of Soda, if at hand, greatly increases its efficacy.
For children a table spoonful of the infusion is suf-
ficient. C. :
156. In Chronic Rheumatism Infusion of Ginger
(2 drachms to 6 ounces of boiling water and strained),
taken warm the last thing before going to bed, the
body being covered with blankets so as to produce
copious perspiration, is often attended with the best
effects. The same treatment has also been found very
beneficial in Colds or Catarrhal attacks, and during the
cold stage of Intermittent Fever.”
157. In Headache a Ginger plaister, made by
bruising Ginger with a little water to the consistence
of a poultice, applied to the forehead, affords in many
instances much relief. Toothache and Faceache are
Sometimes relieved by the same application to the
face. '
158. Relawed Sore Throat, Hoarseness, and Loss of
Voice, are sometimes benefited by chewing a piece of
Ginger so as to produce a copious flow of saliva.
(ſ)}
r.
&
4)
GURJUN BALSAM, or wood oil. 69
159. Gurjun Balsam, or Woodſ Oil. The balsamic
exudation of Dipterocarpus laevis, Ham.
©
Garjan-kā-tél (Hind.), Gorjon-tail (Beng.), Hora-tel
• (Cing.), Kanyen-si (Burm.).
©
160. Gurjun Balsam, or Wood Oil, is a trans-
parent liquid of the consistence ºf olive oil, lighter
than water, of a dark-brown sherry colour, with an
odour and taste resembling Copaiba, but less powerful.
It has been used as a substitute for this latter drug
in the treatment of Gonorrhoea, and trials with it in
the hands of Europeans have shown that it is a re-
medy of no mean value in this affection. It is only
advisable in the advanced stages, or when the disease
has degenerated into Gleet. In the latter affection it
is stated to prove most useful. It is also well worthy
of a trial in Leucorrhoea and other Vaginal Discharges.
The dose is about a tea spoonful twice or thrice daily,
given floating on Omum or other aromatic water, or
made into an emulsion with lime water. It is apt
occasionally to produce an eruption on the skin similar
to that which, in some instances, follows the use of
Copaiba.
161. In Leprosy the use of Gurjum Balsam was
introduced in 1873 by Surgeon-Major J. Dougall, and
the reported success of the remedy gave rise to san-
guine anticipations that a specific for this disease had
at last been discovered. Althought subsequent exper-
ience proved this hope to be fallacious, yet the lessons
imparted by Dr. Dougall's treatment are far from un-
important. His treatment consisted in the internal
w
70 GURJUN BALSAM, OR wooD OTL.
and external use of the Balsam : for the former pur-
pose it was given in two drachm doses, with lime-
water, twice daily: for the latter, in the form of oint-
ment composed of 1 part of the Balsam and 3 of lime-
water, which was directed to be thoroughly and per-
severingly rubbed in over the whole body for two hours
a day by the patient himself, as far as practicable. This
was insisted upon not only for the sake of the action
of the bintment on the skin, but because it was con-
sidered that any gentle employment conjoined with
exercise was likely to prove beneficial both physically
and mentally. Under this treatment (no change
having been made in the diet) Dr. Dougall obtained
signal and manifest improvement in numerous cases;
but this was unhappily found to be of only a
temporary character, the discontinuance of the
remedy being in all cases followed by a relapse.
Still further to test this treatment, Dr. A. H. Hilson
(Indian Ann. of Med...Sci., Jan. 1877) instituted two
sets of trials on leprous subjects (12 of each group),
treated respectively by Gurjun Balsam, used externally
and internally on Dr. Dougall's system, and by the
ordinary Til (Sesamum) or Sweet Oil of the bazaars,
used externally only. The results which he arrived at
are as follows: 1. That the application of Gurjun oil
removes the local manifestations of leprosy to a great
extent. 2. That it has no specific influence over the
constitutional taint’ or leprous cachexia. 3. That ordi-
nary Sweet Oil is equally efficacious as far as the local
effect is concerned, and therefore it is not improbable
that the benefit which patients experience from the
º
*)

º
\\ &
GURJUN BALSAM—HEMIDESMUS ROOT. 71
application of Gurjun oil is due to the friction producing
absorption of the deposits which are effused into the
skin and cellular tissue during the course of the flis-
ease. Dr. Dougall may have failed in finding in
Gurjūn oil a specific in leprosy, but he has rendered
important service in leading us to a knowledge of the
vast benefits to be derived from diligent oleaginous
frictions in its treatment ; and, as he himself justly
remarks, “even temporary improvement is "worth
striving after in such a disease.' .
161a. Hemidesmus Root, or Country Sarsaparilla.
The root of Hemidesmus Indicts, R. Brown.
Hindí-sál-sà, Jangli-chambéllí (Hind.), Nanniréjar
(Duk.), Ananto-mül (Beng.), Nannárí-vér (Tam.),
Sugandhi-pála, Pála-chukkam-déru (Tel.), Nan-
nári-kizhanna, Naru-nintí (Mal.), Sugandha-pá-
lada-béru (Can.), Irimusu (Cing.).
162. The specimens of Hºmidesmus Root, pro-
curable in most parts of India, which are best adapted
for medical use are medium sized, about the size of
a quill, having a full, peculiar aromatic odour, and a
feebly bitter and agreeable taste. The freshly col-
lected root is preferable to that bought in the bazaars,
as that is often inodorous, tasteless, and almost worth-
less. The virtues of the drug reside mainly in the
root-bark, hence if the larger roots are employed you
get an undue proportion of the inner woody portion,
which is comparatively inert.
163. Hemidesmus pºoves most useful in Constitu-
Q
72 HEMIDESMUS ROOT-HONEY.
tional Debility, from whatever cause arising; also in
Chronic Rheumatism, Constitutional Syphilis, Skin
D&eases and Ulcerations, especially those of Syphilitic
origin, Indigestion, and Loss of Appetite. It is best
given in the form of Infusion, prepared by infusing
one ounce of the bruised roots in half a pint of boiling
water in a covered vessel for an hour, and straining.
Of this the dose is from 2 to 3 ounces thrice daily.
Its efficacy is much increased by being taken while
the Infusion is still warm ; the addition of milk and
sugar renders it so like ordinary tea that children
will take it readily ; and this is fortunate, as it is a
peculiarly useful tonic for the pale, weakly offspring
of Europeans in India; for such it may be substituted
for tea at breakfast and supper. Some children prefer
it to ordinary tea.
164. Honey.
Shahad, Madh (Hind.), Shahad (Duk.), Modhu
(Beng.), Tén (Tam.), Téne (Tel.), Tén (Mal.),
Jému (Can.), Mada (Mah.), Madh (Guz.), Páni
(Cing.), Piyā-ye (Burm.), Ayer madu (Malay),
Saht, Shahd (Punj.), Mhách (Kash.).
165. Honey of fair quality is obtainable in most
parts of India. Though not possessed of any marked
medicinal properties, it is always advisable to keep
Some in store, as it forms an agreeable sweetening
ingredient for mixtures, is a good yehicle in which to
administer powders for children, and is one of the best
substances in making pills, ºvc. Should it be dirty
.
4
HONEY-HYDROCOTYLE ASIATICA. 73
and impure, it should be “clarified by melting in a
water bath and straining through cloth.
166. A mixture of Honey and Distilled Winegºr
or Lisme juice, in equal parts, melted together by gentle
heat, is an excellent adjunct to cough mixtures; and
in the Coughs of Childhood this combination, diluted
with an equal quantity of water, and with or without
a few drops of Paregoric, forms a useful and pleasant
mixture, which children will readily take where they
will not swallow other more nauseous medicines.
167. An excellent stimulant application, termed
CEROMEL, for Indolent and other Ulcerations, is formed
by melting together, with the” aid of gentle heat,
1 ounce of Yellow Wax and 4 ounces of Clarified
Honey, and straining. It is admirably adapted for
use in hot climates, where animal fats, the basis of so
many ointments, soon become rancid and unfit for
medicinal use.
168. Hydrocotyle Ajatica, Iºnn.
Wallári (Hind, Duk.), Thal-küru (Beng.), Walláraí
(Tam.), Mandāka-bramha-káráku, Pinna-éaki-
chettu, Bokkudu-chettu (Tel.), Kutakan, Kodo-
gam (Mal.), Won-delagá Can.), Hingotu-kola
(Cing.), Mink-hua-bin (Burm.), Dawoon-pungagah
(Malay).
169. This small, low-growing plant, common in
moist localities in many parts of India, has obtained
considerable repute in European practice as a remedy
for Leprosy. It is prepared as follows: The leaves
" *
74 HYDROCOTYLE ASIATICA—SULPHATE OF IRON.
having been carefully separated, as soon as possible
b.
after the plant is gathered, should be spread on a mat
in the shade, and then freely exposed to the air, but
not to the sun.” They lose about mine-tenths of weight
by drying. When thoroughly dried they should be
finély powdered and kept in well corked or stoppered
bottles. Of this powder the dose is from 3 to 5 grains
thrice daily. At the same time some of the powder
may be sprinkled on the ulcers, or, which is better,
poultices made pf the fresh leaves bruised into a paste,
may be applied. Under its use the patient, in the
course of a few weeks, improves in all respects. After
continuing its use foſſ some time, this remedy causes
great itching of the skin over the whole body ; under
these circumstances it should be discontinued for a
week, aperients administered, and then the medicine
recommenced. Though it may not effect a cure, it
often does a great deal of good. It may also be tried
in Scrofula and Syphilis.
170. Chronic Ulcérations of Syphilitic and Scrofulous
origin often show a marked "improvement under the
internal and local use of this remedy, but it requires
to be steadily persevered in.
171. Sulphate of Iron.
Hirá-kasis, Kashish (Hind.), Hírá-kashish (Duk.),
Hirákos, Hírá-kosis (Beng.), Sang-i-sabz (Punj.,
Kash.), Hîrā-kasis (Guz.), Anná-bédi, Anná-bhédi
(Tam., Tel, Mal., Can.), Madu-kolpa (Malay).
* In preparing the powder for use, avoid using any heat, as
this dissipates all its virtues. *
&
SULPHATE OF IRON. 75
172. Sulphate of iron, in a more or less pure state,
is met with in most Indian bazaars; that only should
be selected for medicinal use which occurs in the for?m
of crystals or small crystalline masses of a pale green
colour, wholly soluble in water. The dirty yellowish
powder usually associated with it in bazaar specimens,
as well as the flat whitish-yellow cakes sold under the
same native names as the Sulphate, should be rejected.
It is a valuable tonic and astringent in doses of from
# grain to 2 grains. In solution it.forms a useful
external application.
173. Remarks on the use of this &nd other Preparations
of Iron.
a. Under its use the stools become black and
offensive, but they resume their natural characters
when the medicine is discontinued. The tongue also,
if iron has been taken in solution, becomes black.
b. In order to judge fairly of..its effects, it requires
to be persevered in for Vseeks or longer.
c. No advantage is gained by giving it in large
doses. The fact of the stools becoming deeply black
is an indication that the dose may be diminished.
d. Purgatives increase its efficacy; a dose of castor
pil, or other aperient, every week or ten days, is
advisable during a course of Iron.
e. Acids and acidulous fruits should be avoided
during its use. te
f. Children may take it not only with safety, but
with advantage.
o
alº
-
- - - (.
76 SULPHATE OF IRON.
174. In that form of Constitutional Debility termed
Anaemia, when the body is apparently bloodless, when,
especially in natives, the inner surface of the eye-
lids, the tongue, and the palms of the hands, běcome
very pale or white, the Sulphate proves very valuable.
It is best given in solution as follows: Take of Sulphate
of Iron, 4 grains, Omum water and Infusion of Chiretta,
of each 6 ounces : of this the dose is a wine glassful
thrice daily"for adults, and from a tea spoonful to a
table spoonful for children, according to age. Anaemic
females, suffering from Leucorrhoea (Whites) and Ame-
norrhaea (Suspension of menstrual discharge), may ad-
vantageously take it "combined with Aloes as advised
in paragraph 18.
175. In Intermittent Fever the Sulphate often
proves of great service, especially in obstinate or long-
standing cases, where the patient has become weak
and anaemic. It may be given as follows: Take of
Sulphate of Iron, finely powdered, 24 grains; powdered
Black Pepper, 30 grains ; beat them into a mass with
a little honey, and divide into twelve pills. Of these
two should be taken twice or thrice daily, with a wine-
glassful of Infusion of Chiretta (98), or Gulancha (352).
Whilst taking these pills, all acids and acidulous fruits
should be avoided, and the bowels kept open. They
are inadmissible when the stomach is very irritable,
or when diarrhoea exists.
176. Long-continued or repeated attacks of Inter-
mittent Fever are often accompanied by a swelling or
hardness under the ribs of the left side ; this consti-
tutes the affection termed Enlargement of the Spleen
…)

&
SULB HATE OF IRON. 77
or Ague Cake. In these cases the treatment advised
in the last paragraph may be resorted to with benefit,
with the addition of a good active purgative onge
or twice a-week. Local pain may be relieved by
Turpentine stupes or mustard poultices over the
affected part. º
177. In Neuralgic or Rheumatic Faceache, recurring
periodically, especially when occurring in the weak
and anaemic (174), Sulphate of Iron, in-2 or 3 grain
doses thrice daily, produces excellent effects; it may
be given in the form of pill, with a little Cinnamon
powder and Honey, or in solution with Infusion of
Chiretta (98), or Gulancha (352). Chorea and other
Nervous Affections occurring in anaemic females are
often greatly benefited by the Sulphate, conjoined
with Aloes (18). Paralysis and Rickets, associated
with anaemia, are likewise benefited by it.
178. In Dropsy attended with Anaemia (174) and
debility, two grains of the Sulphate of Iron in a quart
of water sweetened to taste, and haken in divided doses
as an ordinary drink durºng the day, is a useful adjunct
to other treatment. -
179. In Bleeding Piles, especially when the patient is
much debilitated by the discharge, daily enemas of the
Sulphate, of the strength of 3 grains to 1 ounce of
water, often prove of great service. The same treat-
ment is well adapted for Prolapsus (Descent) of the
Rectum. o
180. Obstinate Hooping Cough, which resists Alum
(28) and other remédies, sometimes yields to Sulphate
of Iron in small and continued doses.
78 SULPHATE OF IRON−JATAMANSI.
181. In Chronic Diarrhoea and Dysentery of Child-
4.
hood in weak anaemic children the following mixture
has been used with great advantage : Sulphate of
Iron, 4 grains; Laudanum, 6 drops ; Omum Water,
10 drachms. Of this the dose is two tea spoonfuls
every six hours for a child of one year of age, and
so on in proportion.
º
182. Jatamansi or Indian Spikenard. The root of .
Nardostachys Jatamansi, D. C.
Jatámásí, Bál-chír (Hind., Punj.), Jhatá-mămsí
(Duk.), Jatámáfnsi (Beng.), Bhūt-jatt, Kūkil-i-pót
(Kash.), Jatámáshi (Tam., Tel.), Jetá-mánchi
(Mal.), Jetá-mâvashi (Can., Mah.), Jatamánsi,
Jaramánsi (Cing.).
183. These roots, met with in most bazaars, occur
in the form of short pieces of an underground stem,
about the thickness of a goose quill, covered towards
its tapering extremity, or almost entirely, with coarse,
dark, hairlike fibres; odour, peculiar and fragrant;
taste, aromatic and bitterish. In selecting specimens
for medical use, care should be taken that they are
fresh and of good quality ; much of the drug sold in
the bazaars being old, worm-eaten, and worthless.
184. Jatamansi is held in high repute by the na-
tives as an antispasmodic, and trials made with it by
Europeans tend to show that in this character it is a
good substitute for the officinal Valerian; hence it is
worthy of trial in Hystericql Affections, especially in
º
JATAMANSI-KALA-DANA, 79
Palpitation of the Heart, Chorea, Flawlence, &c. It may
be given in infusion (2 drachms of the bruised root
to half-a-pint of boiling water, macerated for an hour
and strained), in doses of a wine-glassful twice or thrice
daily. - A Tincture was ordered in the Bengal Phar-
macopoeia (5 ounces of bruised Jatamansi, Proof Spirit
2 pints), of which the dose is from 1 to 2 drachms.
:
In all cases it may be advantageously combined with
camphor, ammonia, and other remedies of the same
class. º
185. Kala-dana. The seeds of Pharbitis Nil,
Choisy. º
Kálá-dánah (Hind.), Kali-zirki-kā-bínj (Duk.),
Kálá-dáná, Nil-kolomi (Beng.), Hub-fil-nil (Punj.,
Kash.), Kodi-kakkatán-virai, Jiriki-virai (Tam.),
Jiriki-vittulu, Kolli-vittulu (Tel.).
186. Kala-dana seeds are black, angular, a quarter
of an inch or more in length, weighing on an average
about half a grain each,”having the form of the seg-
ment of an orange; of a sweetish and subsequently
rather acrid taste, and heavy smell.
187. The powdered seeds, in doses of from 30 to
50 grains, act as a safe and effectual purgative,
forming an excellent substitute for Jalap, though not
quite so active in its operation. When the ingre-
dients are available, the following powder is preferable
to the powdered seeds by themselves:–Powdered
Kala-dama seeds, 7 drachms; Rock Salt ; or Cream of
Tartar, 7 drachms; powdered Ginger, I drachm. Rub
\
80 KALA-DANA—KAMALA.
them well together in a mortar, and pass the powder
through a fine sieve. Of this, the dose, as a purgative
fºr an adult native, is from 60 to 90 grains. Some-
what less doses suffice for Europeans. ºv
-
*188. Kamala or Kaméla. The powder from the
capsules of Mallotus Phillippiensis, Müller.
Kaméla, Kamūd (Hind.), Kaméla (Beng.), Kamélé-
‘māvu, Kāpila-podi (Tam), Kāpila-podi (Tel.),
Kaméla (Guz.), Hampirilla-gedivella-buvá (Cing.),
Rúlyá, Kamíla (Punj.), Kāim-bil (Kash.).
189. Kamala, much employed by the natives as a
dye, is met with in most bazaars in the form of a
beautiful purplish-red powder; it should be free from
sand or earthy impurities. In medicine, it has at-
tained considerable repute as a remedy for Taenia or
Tape worm. It has little or no effect on other forms
of intestinal worms. The dose for an adult is from
2 to 3 drachms in hôney, or a little aromatic water ;
no other medicine being necessary before or after. In
the above doses it acts freely on the bowels, causing,
in many instances, considerable nausea and griping,
though not generally more than is caused by other
remedies of the same class; the worm is generally
expelled in a lifeless state in the third or fourth stool.
Should the first trial not prove successful, it may be
repeated after thé interval of a week; but should this
be a failure also, it will be useless to continue its use
further; then other remedies may be tried.
&
$.
M.
:
:
J
KARIYAT OR CREYAT. 81
190. Kariyāt or Creyat. The dried stalks and
root of Andrographis paniculata, Wees.
Charāyetah, Mahá-títá, Kiryat (Hind.), Charay8ta,
• Kalaf-nāth (Duk.), Cherota, Mahá-tita (Beng.),
Shirat-kūch-chi, Nila-vémbu (Tam.), Néla-yému
(Tel.), Nila-véppa, Kiriyáttu (Mal.), Nela-
bevinăgida (Can.), Chiráyita (Mah.), Kiryáta,
Kiryáto (Guz.), Binko-hamba, Hín-binko-hamba
(Cing.), Charita (Malay). g O
191. The stem, which is usually sºld in the bazaars
with the root attached, occurs in pieces of about a
foot or more in length, quadrangular, of a lightish-
brown colour, and persistent bitter taste. From the
similarity between their native names and sensible
qualities, this article is often confounded with Chiretta
(96). Kariyāt is a valuable bitter tonic, and may
advantageously be employed in cases of General je.
bility, in Convalescence after Fevers, and in the advanced
stages of Dysentery. It is best given as follows: Take
of Kariyāt, bruised, } bunce, Acorus, or Sweet Flag
Root, and Dill Seeds bruised, of each 60 grains;
Boiling Water, , pint; infuse in a covered vessel for
an hour, and strain. Dose, from 1% to 2 ounces twice
or thrice daily. -
192. The following preparation has been highly
spoken of: Take of Kariyāt, cut small, 6 ounces;
Myrrh and Aloes, in coarse powder, of each 1 ounce ;
Brandy, 2 pints. Macerate for seven days in a closed
vessel, occasionally shaking it, strain, press, filter, and
add sufficient Brandy to make 2 pints. Of this the
- G
**
82 RARIYAT—KORUM BUTTER.
dose is from one to four teaspoonfuls in a little water
taken on an empty stomach. It acts as a gentle ape-
rient, and is said to prove very useful in many forms
of Dyspepsia, especially when attended with torpidity of
the bowels. J.
193. In the Bowel Complaints of Children a decoc-
tion of the fresh leaves of the Kariyát plant has been
well spoken of. It is prepared by boiling 24 ounces
of the “fresh Yeaves in 1; pints of water down to
6 ounces; of this the dose is one ounce every two or
three hours. It may be used in conjunction with
other remedies as required.
º
194. Kokum. Butter. The concrete oil of the seeds
of Garcinia purpurea, Roxb.
Rokam-kā-tél (Hind.).
195. This oil is obtained by first exposing the
seeds to the action of the sun, when sufficiently dry
bruising them, and then subjecting them to boiling;
the oil collects on the surfacé, and on cooling, con-
cretes into a solid cake. When purified it is rather
brittle, of a pale yellowish colour, bland and mild to
the taste, melting in the mouth, and leaving an im-
pression of cold on the tongue. It melts at 98° F.
From its bland, unirritating properties, as well as
from its consistence, it seems admirably adapted for
replacing animal fats in the preparation of ointments,
&c. Were it largely produced, which it unfortunately
is not, it might be extensively utilised in tropical
pharmacy. &
º
LAWSONIA. ALBA-—LEECHES. 83
196. Lawsonia alba, Linn., Qr Henna Shrub. -
Mhindí (Hind.), Mhéndí or Méndhi (Duk, Punj.),
Méhedi (Beng.), Móhnz (Kash.), Marutónri, Aiva-
* nam (Tam.), Góranta (Tel.), Mayilanchi, Maru-
tonni (Mal), Görante (Can), Méndhi (Mah.),
Méndi (Guz.), Maritondi (Cing.), Dān-bin (Burm.),
Hinie (Malay).
197. The leaves of this common Indian shrub, in
almost universal use throughout the East for staining
the nails, &c., are well worthy of a trial in the treat-
ment of that troublesome and painful affection of the
natives called Burning of the Peet. For this purpose
the fresh leaves should be beaten into a paste with
vinegar or lime juice, and applied as a poultice to the
soles of the feet. Another plan, which is sometimes
more effectual, is to use strong friction with the
bruised leaves over the parts. Like all other remedies,
however, they not unfrequently fail to afford more
than temporary relief; stilly from occasionally suc-
ceeding, they merit at fair trial.
198. Leeches.
Jók (Hind.), Jönk (Duk., Beng., Punj.), Drik
(Kash.), Attái (Tam.), Attalu, Jela-galu (Tel.),
Attá (Mal.), Jígani (Can.), Jala (Guz.), Kudallu,
Pándal (Cing.), Miyon, Minyon (Burm.), Lintah
(Malay). o
199. Leeches are procurable, especially during the
monsoon, in most parts, of India, in the neighbourhood
84 - LEECHES.
of tanks and swamps. e. As they are a valuable resource
in many diseases, when properly applied in proper
cases, a few preliminary remarks may be acceptable.
200. Leeches vary considerably in size ; and their
blood-extracting capacity is, as a general rule," in
proportion to their size. It has been found that small
Leeches will abstract two and a half times, small
"Noiddle-sized four times, large middle-sized five and a
half times, and Sarge ones nearly six times their own
weight of blood. Hence, to abstract a certain quantity
of blood, a very much larger number of small Leeches
is required than of large ones. The middle-sized
Leech, from 1% to 2 inches in length when at rest, is in
all cases preferable. The very small Leeches so com-
monly supplied in India are objectionable on account
of the number of bites, the length of time required in
their application, and the indefinite small oozing of
blood which follows their application, and the difficulty
in arresting the flow by pressure. On the other hand,
the very large Leech is “objectionable from the large
gaping wound left by its bite, which often results in
an ugly scar; this applies with peculiar force to child-
hood and infancy.
201. Where only one or two Leeches have to be
applied, they may be taken in the hand and held to
the spot where it is desired they should bite, but
this is a long and tedious process; when several
are to be applied, they should be put in a wine-
glass, and thus held to the surface till they have all
taken. 0. -
202. In order to make , Leeches bite readily,

LEECHES. 85
thoroughly cleanse the skin with soap and water;
and then dry it ; this is particularly necessary if a
limiment has been previously employed. If they will
not bite, one or more of the following plans may be
tried;—1. Remove them from the water and keep
them for ten minutes in a dry, warm cloth. 2. Smear
the skin with cream or sugared milk. 3. Apply a
Small mustard poultice over the 'spot. After carefully
cleansing with hot water, apply the Letches. Not only
will they bite more readily, but the flow of blood will
be far greater than it otherwise would be. 4. Make a
Small puncture or scratch on the skin, and smear the
blood over the surface ; thfs often succeeds when
everything else fails. It should also be remembered
that the fumes of sulphur, vinegar, or tobacco in a
room, will often prevent Leeches from biting at all.
203. To make Leeches bite on particular spots,
take a piece of blotting-paper, and make in it as
many small holes as there are Leeches, the holes cor-
responding with the spots of which it...is desired to
apply the Leeches; they are then to be covered over
with a wine-glass or tumbler; the Leeches, finding
themselves on a rough surface, creep about till they
come to the holes in the paper, when they instantly
bite the exposed points of the skin : the blotting-paper
is easily removed by being moistened.
204. When Leeches will not drop off maturally,
which they generally do in about fifteen minutes or
less, or if you wish to remove them, sprinkle them
with a little salt or vinegar, or touch them with a piece
of Onion; the last is ansold Bengali practice.

86 LEECHES.
* 205. To promote #he bleeding from Leech-bites, use
hot fomentations; to arrest it, apply burnt rag, and
make firm pressure with the finger over the bite. A
piece of tobacco leaf, or spider's web, or the map off a
hat, sometimes succeeds better than burnt rag. If
these fail, try powdered Alum (25), or Sulphate of
Copper (116). See also Haemorrhage in Index.
Yale, 206. If Leeches 'get into the rectum or nostrils,
or any ºf the 6ther passages, they may be dislodged
by using an injection of, or by simply touching them .
with vinegar or a solution of salt.
207. Leeches should not be applied immediately
over a large prominent vein, nor to the eyelids, nor to
the bosom of a woman, especially during pregnancy,
nor to the loose skin of the penis or scrotum, as the
bites in these situations are apt to be followed by
infiltration or inflammation. -
208. Additional care is necessary in applying
Leeches to young children as they bleed so much
more freely , than adults; they should, when prac-
ticable, be placed where a bone is near the surface,
so that in case of excessive bleeding pressure may be
made against it. Morning is the best time for their
application; if put on in the evening, the bites may
burst out bleeding whilst the attendants are asleep,
and the child die from haemorrhage; such cases are
on record. As a general rule, one Leech is sufficient
for each year of a child's age up to six ; after that age
up to adolescence, the latter number continues to be
enough in ordinary cases.
209. In Fevers attended wit! much Headache, Leeches,
LEECHES. 87
are very useful, but they should only be applied in,
the early stages of the disease; when the patient is
young and vigorous, four or six Leeches to each temple
may be applied, but they sometimes give most relief
if put at the nape of the neck, close to the point
where the head joins to the spine. In severe Pain in
the Chest or Abdomen occurring during Fevers, eight or
ten Leeches applied immediately over the seat of pain
often afford manifest relief. cº e wº
210. In severe Headache, or fulness of Head depend-
ing upon the stoppage of a discharge of blood from Piles,
Leeches close to the anus frequently afford great relief,
but great care is necessary to, prevent them creeping
up into the rectum. When the Headache depends upon
the sudden stoppage of the Menstrual Discharge, the
Leeches should be applied to the inner part of the
thighs. -
211. In Acute Dysentery, a few Leeches (six to nine)
to the verge of the amus are often most serviceable in
relieving the pain and straining at stool, and other-
wise prove beneficial.” The same measure is also of
great service in Congestion of the Liver, or they may
be placed over the region of the liver, but a fewer
number afford a greater amount of relief when applied
to the verge of the anus.
212. In all local Inflammations of the Skin, Incipient
Abscesses, Boils, and in Bruises, Sprains, and Blows,
where there is much pain and heat of the part, six or
eight Leeches, followed by hot fomentations, tend to
relieve the pain and cause the subsidence of inflam-
matory action.
o
88 LEECHES-LEMON-GRASS OIL.
213. Obstinate Womiting may occasionally be checked
by a few Leeches to the pit of the stomach after
ordinary means have failed.
º
214. Lemon-grass Oil. The oil obtained by dis-
tillation from several species of Andropogon.
Akya-ghas-kā-aiti, (Hind.), Hazár-masáleh-kā aatar
‘ue, (Duk), Agya-ghans-tail (Beng.), Vásh-anap-pullu-
yenney, Karpára-pullu-yenney (Tam), Nimma-
gaddi-nānay (Tel.), Vásanap-pulla-enna (Mal.),
Purwali-hullû-yanne (Can.), Lilli-chaya-tél (Guz.),
Pengrimá-tel (Cing.), Sabalen-si (Burm.), Miniak
Sarie (Malay), Iz-khar (Punj.), Babber-i-Khát
(Kash.).
215. Specimens of Lemon-grass Oil met with in
India differ somewhat in appearance, but they all
partake more or less of the same medical properties,
being powerful stimulants whether taken internally or
applied externally. The true Lemon-grass Oil is of a
pale-sherry colour, transparent, with an extremely
pungent taste and a peculiar fragrant lemon-like
odour.
216. In Flatulent Colic and other Spasmodic affec-
tions of the Bowels, a dose of from 3 to 6 drops on
sugar or in emulsion often affords great and speedy
relief. Thus given it proves effectual in allaying
Obstinate Vomiting. e. Even in that of Cholera it has
been found successful when other remedies have failed,
and in these cases it proves additionally serviceable
by acting as a stimulant to the system generally; it is

!
- /
LEMON-GRASS OIL–IIME. 89
well worthy of a more extended trial in the 'reatment
of this disease. The dose (5 or 6 drops) may be re-
peated every hour or oftener in severe cases. 49
21,7. In Chronic Rheumatism, Lumbago, Neuralgic
Pains, "Sprains, and other painful muscular affections,
an embrocation of equal parts of this oil and any bränd
oil, well rubbed in twice daily, has been found useful
in many instances. In old chronic cases it is necessary
to use the undiluted oil in order to obtain relief.s
218. Lime. -
Chūnah, China (Hind.), Chunnah (Duk.), Chūn,
Chūnâ (Beng., Punj, Kash.), Shumnâmbu (Tam.),
Sunnam (Tel.), Núra (Mal.), Sunná (Can.),
Chunná (Mah.), Chūno (Guz.), Hunu (Cing.),
Thónphiya (Burm.), Kapor (Malay).
219. Lime in a medical point of view is of great
importance as the basis of LIME WATER, a mild and
useful antacid ; it is prepared by Adding two ounces of
Slaked Lime to one gallºn of Water, in a stoppered
bottle, shaking well for two or three minutes, and then
allowing it to stand till the Lime is deposited at the
bottom. In cases of emergency, as burns, &c., half
an hour is sufficient for this purpose ; otherwise it
should be allowed to stand for twelve hours at least
before being used. It is only the clear water which
holds a portion of Lime in solution, which is employed
in medicine. It is advisable always to keep a supply
ready prepared, as it is useful in many ways, and it
will remain good for a long, time, if kept in well stop-
LIME–LIME WATER.
• pered bºle, so that the air cannot have access to it. "
The dose for adults is from 1 to 3 ounces twice or
thrice daily; it is best administered in milk.
220. Another form, called the SACCHARATED SOLU-
TION OF LIME, thought to be better adapted for internal
use in the diseases of childhood and infancy, is pre-
pared by carefully mixing together in a mortar one
ounce of Slaked ‘Lime and two ounces of powdered
White Sugaº, and adding this to a pint of Water, as
described above. It should be kept in a well stoppered
bottle. The dose of the clear water is from 15 to 20
drops or minims in milk twice or thrice daily.
221. In Acidity of the Stomach, in Heartburn, and
&n those forms of Indigestion arising from or connected
with acidity of the stomach, Lime Water in doses of 1% to
2 ounces, is often speedily and permanently effectual.
..It is particularly useful in indigestion when the urine
is scanty and high coloured, and when vomiting and
acid eructations are prominent symptoms. It is best ...
given in milk. o
222. In Diarrhoea arising from Acidity Lime Water
frequently proves useful; it is best given in a solution
of gum arabic or other mucilage, and in obstinate cases
ten drops of Laudanum with each dose increase its
efficacy; it may also be advantageously combined with
Omum water (317). In Chronic Dysentery the same
treatment sometimes proves useful. Enemas of Lime
Water diluted with an equal part of tepid milk or mu-
cilage have also been used with benefit. It is espe-‘’
cially adapted for the Diarrhoea and Vomiting of Infants -
and young children which result from artificial feeding ; \!

º
|
|
º, IIME—LIME WATER. 91
in these cases a sixth or a fourth part of Liße Water
• may be added to each pint of milk. The Saccharated
Solution of Lime (220) has also been found of great
servicesin this class of cases. -
223. Obstinate Vomiting sometimes yields to a few
: doses of Lime Water in milk, when other more powerful
remedies have failed. It is worthy of a trial in the
Vomiting attendant on the adv ºnced stages of Fever ; it
has been thought to arrest even the blººk vomit of
yellow fever. It is also a remedy of much value in
Pyrosis or Waterbrash.
224. To relieve the distressing Irritation of the Geni-
tal Organs (Pruritus Pudendi), bathing the parts well
with tepid Lime Water three or four times a-day
sometimes affords much relief. Leucorrhoea and other
Vaginal Discharges have in some instances been miti-
gated and even cured by the use of vaginal injections-
of a mixture of 1 part of Lime Water and 2 or 3 of
Water.
225. In Scrofula, Lime Wate” in doses of ; ounce
in Milk, three or four times a-day, proves beneficial
in some cases; it is thought to be especially adapted
for those cases in which abscesses and ulcers are
continually forming. To be of service, it requires to
be persevered in for some time. Scrofulous and other
Ulcers attended by much discharge have been found to
improve under the use of Lime Water as a local appli-
cation. For Syphilitic Ulcers or Chamores, one of the
best applications is a mixture of Lime Water , pint, and
Calomel 30 grains; this—commonly known as BLACK
1 WASH–should be kept constantly applied to the part

*
(
92 LIME–LIME WATER.
vºy
by me). of a piece of lint or rag moistened with it. "
Many forms of Skin Disease, attended with much
secretion and with great irritation or burning, are
benefited by Lime Water either pure or conjoired with
oil (229). To sore or cracked Wipples it proves very
sérviceable. Diluted with an equal part of water
or milk it forms a useful injection in Discharges from
the Wose and Ears occurring in scrofulous and other
children. “ -
226. In Consumption, Lime Water and milk has
been strongly recommended as an ordinary beverage.
The same diet-drink has been advised in Diabetes ; but
little dependence isºto be placed upon it as a cure ; it
may produce temporary benefit. -
227. In Thread Worm, enemas of 3 or 4 ounces of
Lime Water, repeated two or three times, have some-
times been found sufficient to effect a cure.
228. In Poisoning by any of the Mineral Acids,
Lime Water given plentifully in milk is an antidote
of no mean value; though inferior to some of the
other alkalies. It may alsº be given in Poisoning by
Arsenic.
229. To Burns and Scalds few applications are su-
perior to LIME LINIMENT, composed of equal parts of
Lime Water and a bland oil. Olive Oil is generally
ordered for this purpose, but Linseed Oil answers just
as well, and where this is not at hand Sesamum Oil
(338) forms a perfect substitute. When thoroughly

- - -
shaken together, so as to form a uniform mixture,
-
it should be applied freely over the whole of the -
burnt surface, and the parts kept covered with rags A
º
THE LIME–LIME JUICE. 93
hº
constantly wetted with it, for some days # neces.
sary. This Liniment on cotton-wool, applied to the
pustules, is said to be effectual in preventing Pitting-
*n Smallpox.
230. The Lime-The fresh fruit of Citrus Bergy-
snia, Risso.
Lími, Níbú Nínbú (Hind, Duk.), Nébu (Beng.),
Niāmb (Kash.), Elumich-cham-pazham (Tagl.),
4. Nimma-pandu (Tel.), Cheru-nārannà, Jonakam-
máranná (Mal.), Nimbo-hanmu (Can), Limbu
(Mah.), Limbu, Nimbu (Guz., Punj.), Dehi
(Cing.), Sámyá-si, Tambiya-să (Burm.), Limowe
Nipis (Malay). -
231. The fresh juice of the Life is a valuable
resource to the Indian practitioner. In Scurvy it
deservedly ranks highest in our list of remedies, and
should be taken to the extent of not less than three
•ounces twice daily: the addition of sugar increases its
efficacy. Should the patient be wery debilitated, it
may be advantageously confoined with tonics, as Infu-
sion of Chiretta (98), or Decoction of Ním Bark (260).
Diluted with half its quantity of water it forms an
excellent gargle for Scorbutic and other Ulcerations of
the Mouth, and Sponginess of the Gums. When scurvy
appears in a jail or other place where numbers of
people are congregated together, the daily use of
Lime Juice should be strictly enforced amongst the
healthy, as it is one of our best preservatives against
..an attack of the disease. For other remarks, see Art.
Sourvy, in Index. *
~


- ſ
{
94. THE LIME–LIME JUICE. *
4.
242. AIm. Smallpox, Measles, Scarlatina, and other '.
forms of Fever, where there is a hot, dry skin, and
Jmuch thirst, a very useful refrigerant drink, ‘Lemon-
ade, may be made by pouring a pint of Boiling Water
on five or six peeled Limes cut in thin transverse
slices. When cool, strain, sweeten to taste, and let
the patient drink as plentifully as he likes. In the
same class of Čases, when the mouth is dry and
clammy, sucking a fresh Lime cut in slices is often
both agreeable and useful, though when at hand a .
slice of Pineapple is said to answer the purpose even
more effectually. The stringy portion should not be
swallowed. In Digbetes, weak lemonade is preferable
to plain water for allaying the great thirst ; like other
fluids, in this disease, it is better taken during the
intervals between, than at meals.
233. In cases of Haemorrhage from the Lungs, Sto-
mach, Bowels, Uterus, Kidneys, or other internal organs,
especially when attended with feverish symptoms, the ,
drink described in the last section, or made somewhat
stronger, may be taken with, advantage in considerable
quantities. The patient should at the same time
remain quiet in the recumbent position, and kept as
cool as possible.
234. In Poisoning by Croton Oil Seeds, Castor Oil
Seeds, the Physic Nut, and the fresh root of the Bitter
Cassava, Mandioc, or Tapioca plant, almost immediate
relief to the purging, vomiting, and other urgent
symptoms will be obtained by drinking Lime Juice;
4 or 5 ounces at a time, diluted with an equal
quantity of conjee or plain water. It is an antidote A.
º

THE LIME-MORINGA, OR HORSERADISH TRE 95
which should always be first tried, becase it is
generally at hand, and seldom fails to afford more or
less relief. A full dose of Castor Oil should be sub;
sequently given.
235. For relieving the irritation, dºc., of Mosquito
hiles, the local application of Lime Juice often proves
more effectual than anything else. Applied to the sur-
face at nights before going to bed, it is thought also
to afford protection from the attacks of mosquitoes.
236. Moringa, or Horseradish Tree. Moringa
pterygosperma, Gaertn.
Shājnah, Ségvá (Hind.), Múngē-kājār (Duk),
Sojná (Beng.), Sohánjná (Punj.), Moránga,
Murungai (Tam.), Munaga (Tel.), Murinna
(Mal.), Nugge-gidó (Can.), Munagácha jhāda
(Mah.), Murungá (Cing.), Dándalon-bin (Burm.);-
Kaylor, Ramoongie (Malay).
237. The fresh root of this tree closely resembles
in taste, smell, and generºl appearance, the common
Horseradish of Europe, hence its ordinary name
amongst Anglo-Indians. There is good reason for sup-
posing that it possesses similar medical properties as a
stimulant and diuretic, and in these characters it is
worthy of trial in Dropsical Affections attended with
Debility: it may be given as follows. Take fresh
Moringa Root and Mustard Seed, of each, well bruised,
* one ounce, Boiling. Water, one pint; infuse for two
hours in a covered vessel and strain. Of this the dose
is about one ounce and a half (a wineglassful) thrice
ſ
MORINGA, OR HORSERADISH TREE–MUDAR.
daily. IN may also be used as a vehicle for nitre and
other more active remedies. -
a 238. In Hoarseness and Relawed Sore Throat, a
decoction of Moringa root (or the above infusion) has
been found serviceable as a gargle. *
“239. In the preparation of mustard poultices when .
it is desired to make them act more speedily or ener-
getically, the addition of the expressed juice of the
freshcroot, or the scraped root, answers these purposes
effectually.
c
240. Mudar. Calotropis procera and C. gigantea,
R. Brown. Q
Ák, Ákond, Madár (Hind., Punj), Ák, Åkrá
(Duk), Ák, Ákondo (Beng.), Ak-a-mál (Kash.),
Erukku or Erukkam (Tam.), Jillédu-chettu,
Māndāramu (Tel.), Erukka (Mal.), Yakkeda-gidó
* (Can), Ákda-cha-jhāda (Mah.), Ákda-mujhāda
(Guz.), Vāra, Vára-gaha (Cing.), Mayo-bin
(Burm.), Ramggu (Malay).
241. One or other of the above species of Calo-
tropis is found everywhere in India, and although
some doubt exists as to which of them is the Mudar
which some years since attained high repute in the
treatment of leprosy, they both possess the same medi-
cal properties and may "'e used indiscriminately. The
only part employed in medicine is the root-bark; and
it is necessary carefu ly to attend to the subjoined
directions for collecting and preparing it for medical
use, a disregard of then having been, in some instances,
the apparent cause of the failure of the remedy. The


MUDAR. / 97
roots should be collected in the months of April and
May, from sandy soils, and all particles of sand and
dirt having been carefully removed by washing, they
should be dried in the open air, without exposure to
the 5 °., until the milky juice contained in them be-
comes so far dried that it ceases to flow on incisions
being made. The bark is then to be carefully removed,
dried, reduced to powder, and preserved in well corked
bottles. In small doses, from 2 to 5 grains, lor:g con-
tinued, its action is that of an alterative tonic ; in
larger ones, from 30 to 60 grains, for adults, it acts
freely as an emetic, and in this character it is regarded
by some as one of the best Indian substitutes for Ipe-
cacuanha.
242. In Leprosy, Constitutional Syphilis, Obstinate
Ulcerations, and in Chronic Rheumatism, also in Skin
Diseases arising from the abuse of Mercury, powdered
Mudar (ante) has been found highly useful in some
instances, whilst in others it has altogether failed.
The commencing dose is 3 grains, gradually increased
to 10 grains or more, thfice daily.
243. In the Dysentery of Natives it has been highly
spoken of. In the severer class of cases in adults, a
large dose, from 20 to 60 grains, may be given at once,
in the same manner as Ipecacuanha (see Art. Dysentery
in Index). In ordinary cases, smaller doses are pre-
ferable. For children the dose is 1 or 2 grains for
every year of age, three or four times a day. Its
effects are said to be very similar to those of Ipeca-
cuanha, like which, it may be given variously com-
bined, as circumstances may require.
H
.

&l
\
98 MUSTARD.
244. Mustard, "The seeds of Sinapis jumcea, Linn.
and other species of Sinapis.
* Räi Rāyān (Hind, Duk), Räi (Benj., Punj), Ásár
(Kash.), Kadugú (Tam.), Áválu (Tel.), Katuka
* (Mal.), Sásave (Can.), Moharé (Mah.), Ráyi (Guz.),
Abbé (Cing.), Munniyén-zi (Burm.), Biji Sa-sarvi
(Malay). "

245. English Mustard imported in bottles is pro-
curable in most, of the large bazaars, or is met with
as an article of domestic economy in the household
of almost every European. If not at hand, however,
the common country Mustard seed may be substituted,
especially in the formation of poultices. For this
purpose, however, they require to be thoroughly
ground down into the required consistence with a
little water. If previously deprived of their fixed oil
by expression, their activity is increased. By long
keeping they lose much of their pungency ; hence
fresh seeds should whön practicable be employed.
246. With English Mustard at hand you can never
be in want of a safe and efficient emetic. A full tea-
spoonful (piled up) in a tumblerful of warm water,
generally produces free vomiting; if it does not, in five
or ten minutes it may be repeated, and should this not
produce the desired effect, a third dose may be given
after a similar interval. Should this fail, then some
other emetic may be tried. It is especially indicated
in Drunkenness, Narcotic and other. Poisoning, and in
all cases where the stomach is overloaded with hard, in-
digeståhle food or intowicating & inks, when it is desirable
&
MUSTARD. / 99
/
simply to unload the stomach without prºducing any ..
depressing effect on the system. ft is very doubtful
whether country Mustard may be safely used as...an
internal medicine.
y^247. MUSTARD PoulTICEs are usually made with the
flour of Mustard mixed to the consistence of a potiltice
with water or vinegar, spread on a piece of stout brown
paper or rag, and applied to the skin. A few points
require notice —a. Cold water should be used ºn their
preparation; it is a mistake to suppose that hot water
or vinegar is better suited for this purpose. b. If it be
desired to make the poultice act more speedily or
strongly, this may be done by ºdding a small portion
of bruised Capsicum or the scraped fresh root of the
Moringa tree (239). c. For persons of delicate skins,
as women and children, it is advisable to place a piece
of thin muslin between the poultice and the skin; fºr
the sake of cleanliness also this is desirable. d. As a
general rule it should be removed when it produces
redness of the skin, whether it"causes much pain or
not. e. Some skins are very susceptible to its action;
in these cases the poultice should be at once removed
if it causes great pain. f. If allowed to remain in
contact with the skin for twenty or thirty minutes it
is apt to act as a blister, which is very undesirable, as
‘the ulcers which result are difficult to heal. g. In
cases of fever and acute disease, the morning or early
part of the day is preferable to the evening for applying
a Mustard poultice. e
248. In Apoplexy, Convulsions, Delirium, and violent
Headaches occurring during Fevers or Small-pow, Mustard
…
t
100 \ MUSTARD.
\
~ poultices td, the feet, and calves of the legs are often
very useful in relieving the affection of the head.
Where the patient is able to sit up for the purpose, a
Mustard foot bath [an ordinary foot bath, to which is
added a handful of Mustard] is even more effectual.
The water should be as hot as can be well borne, and
the higher the fluid reaches up the leg, the better. In
Delirium Tremens it should be used every night before
bed-tirfie. e
249. In some Head Affections, e. g. the early stages
of Insanity, and Delirium Tremens where there is deter-
mination of blood to the head, with sleeplessness, restless-
ness and anariety, a plain which has been found effectual
in some cases has been to envelope the whole of the
legs and lower part of the abdomen in clothes steeped
in a mixture of Mustard and hot water, a cold wet
towel being at the same time applied round the head.
It has a very calming effect, and is occasionally pro-
ductive of sleep. The Mustard foot bath, described in
the last section, is also worthy of a trial, repeated every
night before the usual bed-time.
250. In Dropsy Mustard occasionally proves use-
ful. It is best administered in the form of Whey,
made by boiling half an ounce of the bruised seed in a
pint of milk, and straining. This quantity may be
given daily in divided doses.
251. In Cholera, Colic, and Spasms of the Bowels,
when unattended by inflammation, a Mustard poultice
placed over the abdomen in many cases affords con-
siderable relief. Vomiting, especially that accompanying
Fevers, may often be allayed by a Mustard poultice
4.
MUSTARD–MYROBALANS. ſ 101

applied to the pit of the stomach. In C}olera, when .
the patient is very low, the pouliãce may be placed"
over the heart, or the left side of the chest. -
352. In Coughs, attended with much difficulty of
breathing, Mustard poultices to the chest often afford
relief. They may also be advantageously applied on
the back between the shoulder-blades. They may be
used for children as well as adults? Hooping Cough is
occasionally much relieved by Mustard poulticas along
the spine. e
253. Toothache, Faceache, and Neuralgic Pains of
the Head and Face, are frequently relieved by the
application of a Mustard poultiae over the seat of pain.
254. Myrobalans, Chebulic. The dried fruit of
Terminalia Chebula, Retz.”
Har, Harrá, Pilé-har (Hind.), Haldà, Harlá, Pilá-
halrä (Duk.), Hārītaki, Hórá (Beng.), Zaiti-
halélá (Punj, Kash.), Kadū-kāy (Tam.), Karak-
kāya (Tel.), Katukká (Mgl.), Alale-káyi (Can.),
Hiradá (Mah.), Marlé, Pilo-harlé (Guz.), Aralu
(Cing.), Buah Kaduka (Malay).
* Mr. W. Martindale, chemist, of New Cavendish Street,
London, has forwarded to me a preparation of another kind
of Myrobalans, EMBLIC MYROBALANs, the fresh fruit of Phyllan-
thus Emblica (Linn.), a common Indian tree, preserved in sugar.
The pulp, which has an agreeable taste, is stated by Mr. M.
to possess purgative properties in doses of one or two of
the preserved fruit. Commenting on this preparation it is
stated in the British Medical Journal (July 29, 1882, p. 173): “We
have tried it carefully in several cases of habitual constipation,
and have no doubt it is a valuable addition to our list of
laxatives. . . . It may be egen at dinner or dessert, and it
I 02 \ MYROBALANS.
255. Chebulic Myrobalans, met with in all the
bazaars of India, Sare of an ovoid shape, about an
inch in length, sometimes tapering towards the lower
extremity, round or obscurely five or six-sided, more
or less furrowed longitudinally, smooth, of a yellowish
browº colour, and astringent taste.
256. Myrobalans is a safe and effective aperient,
and given to Natives in the following form has been
Tround to act very satisfactorily —Take of Myrobalans
bruised 6, Cinnamon or Cloves bruised 1 drachm, Water
or Milk 4 ounces; boil for ten minutes, strain, and set
aside till cold. This quantity taken at a draught
generally produces on an adult Native three or four
copious stools without griping, vomiting, or other ill
effects. Youths from twelve to fourteen years require
only half the above quantity, or even less. For infants
and young children Castor Oil or Senna is preferable as
an aperient. It is well adapted for ordinary cases of
Constipation occurring in Watives and in other states
where aperients are required.
257. Chronic Ulcerations, ‘J/cerated Wounds, and
many Skin Diseases attended with profuse discharge,
often manifestly improve under the use of an oint-
would be absurd to regard it as a medicine. It is most
valuable for children.’ It should be added that it is only
in the fresh state that it possesses aperient properties; in
the dried state, as they are commonly met with in Indian
bazaars, they are astringent, containing a large proportion of
of gallic acid. Their ordinary vernacular names are Ánvulá,
Ánvurah (Hind.), Åmlā Ānlá (Beng.), Nelli-kay, Tóppi (Tam.),
Amalakamū (Tel.), Nelli-kāyi (Can. Mal.), Avalá (Mah.), Nelli,
Nellika (Cing.), Ziphiyu-si (Burm.).
->
MYROBALANS—NíM TREE OR MARGOSA.) fo3

ment composed of equal parts of dried Myrobalans
and Catechu, both finely powdépd, aſ sufficient’
ghee or some bland oil to make them into a thick.
paste : this, spread on a rag, should be applied’ to
the art, and renewed twice daily.
258. Ním Tree or Margosa. Azadirachta Indica,
Juss. o
Nínb, Nimb (Hind.), Ním (Duk. Beng. Punj.)?
Wémbu, Véppam, Wéppa-marum (Tam.), Véppa-
chettu, Nim-bamu (Tel.), Véppa, Aviya-véppa
(Mal.), Béviná - mará (Can.), Limbacha-jhāda
(Mah.), Limbdanu-jhāda (Guz.), Kohumba,
Nímba - gahá (Cing.), Tamá - bin, Kamákha
(Burm.), Dawoon Nambu, Baypay (Malay).
258 b. The Nim Tree, according to Dr. Pulney Andy
(Madras Jour. of Med. Sci., vol. xi. (1867), p. 105), 's
held in veneration by the Hindús as being dedicated
to the goddess Mariathá, the dºjty which is supposed
by them to preside ovº all epidemics: or rather the
epidemics themselves are thought to be visitations of
this goddess, in honour of whom the leaves are in
common use amongst Hindús, particularly in Small-
pow epidemics. The leaves are spread on the bed of
, the patient, fans made of them are used for fanning
him, besides which a bunch of them is fixed above the
door as a sign of the presence of the goddess in the
house. Dr. Pulney Andy was thus led to make trials
of the fresh tender young leaves as an internal remedy
in fourteen cases, and of these thirteen recovered ; but
º
ſ
Q
104 \ NíM TREE OR MARGOSA.
how fartherecoveries were due to the remedyis very pro-
blematical. VEHe prescribed about five grains made into
'a pill, with liquorice powder, and a few drops of water,
thrice daily. In the absence of fresh leaves he suggests
the use of dried ones in infusion or decoction"(5i to
Water Oi) in doses, for an adult, of one ounce twice
or thrice daily. The efficacy of this remedy is open to
grave doubts. Qi
S 259. Ním “bark varies much in appearance, ac-
cording to the size and age of the tree producing
it. The bark from the trunk of a tree above three
or four years of age is covered with a thick scaly
epidermis, and varies in thickness from a quarter
to half an inch. That from the smaller branches is
smooth, of a dullish purple colour, marked by longitu-
dinal lines of ash-coloured epidermis from one-eighth
to one-twelfth of an inch apart. The inner layer of
the bark, of a whitish colour in the fresh state, is
powerfully bitter, far more so than the outer dark-
coloured layer, which, however, possesses a greater
amount of astringency. Accºrding to the analysis
of Mr. Broughton it contains a bitter neutral resin,
in which apparently the activity of the remedy resides.
260. Ním bark is a valuable astringent tonic, and
when dried and reduced to powder, may be given in
doses of one drachm three or four times a day. A.
better form, however, is a Decoction prepared by
boiling two ounces of the bruised inner layer of the
bark in a pint and a half of water for a quarter of an
hour, and straining whilst hot; of this, when cold, the
dose is from 2 to 3 ounces. It, as well as the Powdered
º
!
Aſ
NITRE, SALTPETRE, NITRATE OF POTASH. 105
Bark, is a remedy of considerable value in Ague or In-
termittent Fever; and in these cases tº shotſld be given -
every second hour previous to the time at which the
attack, is expected to return. It is chiefly adapted for
mild, dncomplicated cases, especially in Natives. For
Convalescence after Fevers, General Debility, and Loss of
Appetite, the Decoction, in somewhat smaller doses than
those mentioned above, proves of great service, and its
efficacy is increased and its taste improveti by the addi-"
tion of a few bruised Cloves or a little Cinnamon. As
the decoction readily spoils in hot weather, it should be
prepared fresh for use when required.
261. To Indolent and Ill-conklitioned Ulcers, espe-
cially those of long standing, a poultice of Ním leaves
acts beneficially as a stimulant. It is easily prepared
by bruising a sufficient quantity of the fresh leaves
with a little tepid water, and applying it, spread on,
a rag, to the ulcerated surface; should it cause pain
and irritation, as it sometimes does, an equal weight of
rice flour may be added. º
ſº
262. Nitre, Saltpetre, Nitrate of Potash.
Shórá (Hind, Duk, Punj.), Sórá (Beng.), Saféd-
shora” (Kash.), Pot-luppu (Tam), Peti-luppu,
Shúrá-karam (Tel.), Veti-uppa (Mal.), Pet-luppu
(Can.), Shára-mitha (Mah.), Sóro-khár (Guz.),
Pot-lunu, Vedi-lunu (Cing.), Yān-zin (Burm.),
Sundawa (Malay). -->
* In Kashmir the term Shorá means Gunpowder, hence one
must speak of White Gunpowder (Saféd Shorá), which is the
name of Nitre, if it is wished ſo procure it. (Dr. Aitchison.)
ſ
106 NITRE, SALTPETRE, NITRATE OF POTASH. \
263. Nitre is obtainable in most of the bazaars of .
India, butyften in a very impure state. To fit it for
‘ internal use it should be purified by dissolving it in
boiling water, removing the scum after the liquid has
been allowed to settle, straining the solution tfirough
caligo and setting aside to crystallise. Pure specimens,
which are sometimes met with in large bazaars, should
be in white crysta'line masses or fragments, colourless,
* and ºf a peculiar, cool, saline taste. --
º?64. In Fever, when the skin is hot and dry, the
tongue parched, the thirst great, and the urine Scanty
and high-coloured, an excellent refrigerant drink may
be made by dissolving two drachms of Nitre in a quart
bottle of thin Conjee, and sweetening to the taste with
honey or sugar candy. This quantity may be taken
daily, in divided doses as an ordinary drink. Tamarind
or Lime Juice may be added to improve the flavour if
‘desired. It will be found to moderate the fever, cause
Some perspiration, and increase the quantity of urine.
Should the patient rºject the first one or two doses, it
should still be persevered in, ºnless it should manifestly
disagree. In Smallpox, Measles, Influenza, and Catar-
rhal attacks, the above drink has also been found useful.
For children the strength should be reduced one half or
In Ore. -
265. For the relief of Headache and Delirium, occur-
ring in the course of Fever, a very cold and agreeable
lotion for the head may be made by dissolving two
ounces of Nitre, and an equal quantity of Sal Ammo-
niac, in a quart bottle full of Water ; this should be
applied by constant relays ºf freshly wetted cloths. \,
A.

'',
! -
4.
NITRE, SALTPETRE, NITRATE OF POTASH. 107
266. In Inflammatory Sore Throat, a popular
emedy, sometimes successful in "the eaſy Stages,
s a small piece of Nitre allowed to dissolve slowly -
Il the mouth.
267. In Bleeding from the Lungs, Stomach, Uterus,
yr other internal organs, attended by Fever, Nitre
proves serviceable, though it is not to be relied upon
as the sole means of cure. It hay be given in
doses of ten to fifteen grains, in thrºe ounces of *
conjee or simple water four or five times a day; the
patient at the same time being kept perfectly quiet
and cool.
268. In Asthma, great relief, in many instances
results from the inhalation of burning Nitre. For this
purpose, dissolve four ounces of the salt in half a pint
of boiling water in an open vessel; immerse moderately
thick blotting paper in it for a few minutes, then dry
it by exposure in the air or to the fire; when quite”
dry, cut it in pieces about four inches Square, and
keep ready for use. Immediately when an attack
threatens, burn one, or, iſ required, two pieces of this
paper, so that the fumes may be freely inhaled; but it
should not be held too near the face, or the fumes may
prove too irritating, and increase rather than diminish
the symptoms. The same measure proves very useful
in Spasmodic Coughs, whether connected with Chronic
Bronchitis or not. Persons thus afflicted will do
well to burn one or two pieces of this NITRE PAPER
in the bedroom before retiring to rest at bedtime,
care being taken to prevent the too ready escape of
the fumes.
º
ſ
t -
108 NUTMEGS AND MACE.
269. (n Gonorrhoea, a solution of a drachm of Nitre
in a pint Vof rict conjee or decoction of Abelmoschus
(?) taken freely as a drink, serves to allay the heat on
passing urine. Obstinate cases of Leucorrhoeſ, some-
times yield to a combination of Nitre (10° grains)
and Alum (5 grains) taken thrice daily. It may be
advantageously given in conjunction with Infusion
of Moringa (237). Nitre has been found to act
‘’ beneficially as a diuretic in the early stages of
Dropsy. º *
270. In Acute Rheumatism, Nitre may be given
with advantage, commencing with doses of 40 grains,
twice daily: this may be gradually increased to 60, 90,
up to 120 grains, the vehicle in each case being half a
pint of warm rice conjee. The quantity of Nitre may
be diminished as the severity of the symptoms sub-
... sides. A strong solution of Nitre (three ounces to a
pint of water) forms a most soothing application to the
swollen and painful joints; cloths saturated with it
should be kept constantly applied ; the ease which it
affords is often very great. *
271. Nutmegs and Mace. The products of Myris-
tica officinalis (Linn.).
Nutmegs. -
Jáé-phal (Hind, Duk, Beng.), Záfal (Kash.), Jádi-
kāy (Tam), Jájí-kaya (Tel.), Játi-ká (Mal.), Jaji-
káyi (Can.), Jái-phal (Mah., Punj.), Jáye-phal
(Guz.), Jádi-ká, Sádi-ká (Cing.), Zádi-phu (Burm.), ,
Buah-pala (Malay). -
3.
2
*
NUTMEGS AND MACE—OPIUM. 109
272. Mace. ->
Jáé-patri (Hind, Can, Tel, Gus?), Jää (Beng.),
Jäuntari (Punj.), Jöw-watir (Kash.), Jádi-pattirí,
(ſam., Mal.), Wasá-vási (Cing.), Zádi-phu-apóén
(Burm.), Bunga-pala (Malay).
273. Nutmegs and Mace, generally procurable in
bazaars, are aromatic, stimulant, and carminative,
closely allied to Cloves and Cinnamon, for which
they may be substituted. Nutmegs in large doses
are thought to possess some narcotic prêperties, hence
some care is necessary in their use.
274. THE NATIVE or Country. NUTMEG, the pro-
duce of Myristica Malabarica, Lam., is larger than the
officinal Nutmeg, possesses little of its fragrance or its
warm aromatic taste, and is very inferior as an internal
remedy. Bruised and subjected to boiling, it yields a
considerable quantity of a yellowish concrete oil, which,
when melted down with a small quantity of any bland
oil, is regarded as an excellent application to Indolent
and Ill-conditioned Ulcers, sallaying pain, cleansing the
surface, and establishing healthy action. It deserves
a trial as an embrocation in Chronic Rheumatism.
275. Opium. The inspissated juice of Papaver
SQmniferum, Linn.
Afyūn (Hind.), Afim (Duk.), Affm, Afin (Beng.,
Punj, Kash.), Abini (Tam.), Abhini (Tel.) Kasha-
kasha-karappá (Mal.), Afimu (Can.), Afin (Mah.),
Afim (Guz.), Abin (Cing.), Bhain, Bhin (Burm.),
Afſun (Malay)
o
t
110 OPIUM.

276. Qpium is one of the most valuable medicines
, we posses whenºproperly employed, but as it is very
powerful in its operation, it may be productive of great
mischief if used without care and caution, or-in un-
suitable cases. -
‘277. The Opium procurable in the bazaars is
always more or less adulterated, hence the quantity
procured in one shop is sufficient to procure a good
sleep; whilst “the same quantity procured at another
shop will perhaps produce no sensible effect whatever
on the system. This shows the necessity of great
caution in its employment.
278. The uncertáinty which attends the operation
of bazaar Opium leads me to recommend that estab-
lishments at out-stations should be always provided
with a supply of genuine Smyrna or Turkish Opium
-imported from Europe. It seems advisable to have
it in two forms—a. In 1 grain pills, done up ready in
an impermeable covering, like those sold by Kirby
and others; by keeping it in this form it is always
ready for an emergency. b. In the form of Tincture,
LAUDANUM, which is a very convenient form when
small or fractional doses of Opium are required, or
when it is desirable to obtain a speedy effect. Fifteen
minims contain one grain of Opium; this holds good,
however, only with recently prepared or carefully
preserved laudanum. It should be borne in mind in
all hot climates' that evaporation of the spirit con-
stituent will take place even iñ well stoppered bottles,
and that in proportion as this evaporation takes place,
the strength of the tincture is increased, so that in
*
º
*
OPIUM. 11||
long kept Laudanum ten minims, or even less, may
contain a grain of Opium. Hencil, in *using old
Laudanum it is advisable to commence with smaller
doses than in that recently prepared ; the dose can be
subsequently altered according to the effect produced
or desired. o
279. Preparations of Opium should always be kept
under lock and key, or they may disappear at a rate
which cannot be accounted for by evaporation, of the
heat of the climate | Opium in all its forms is a
temptation which few Natives have moral courage
enough to resist.
280. The preparations of Opium mentioned above
should be reserved for internal administration ; for
external application, where uniformity of strength is
of comparatively little consequence, bazaar Opium
may be employed, but even here it is desirable that
good specimens of the best kinds should be used. A
few additional observations on this point may be
acceptable. D -
281. Of the several kºnds of Opium met with in
India the chief are:— D
1. Patna Garden Opium ; and 2. Malwa Opium.—
The former, prepared exclusively for medicinal pur-
poses, occurs in square packages of from two to four
pounds weight, covered with layers of talc, and fur-
ther defended by a case of brown wax about half an
'inch in thickness. It is solid, briëtle in the cold
Season, of a brown colour, and fine smell; it yields a
large proportion (7 to 8, or even 10 per cent) of
Morphia. Of Malwa Opium, there are many varieties;
\ -
112 OPIUM.
of these the two principal are, first, that in flat circular *
cakes, of about alpound and a half in weight, without .
apy exterior covering; dull opaque, blackish brown,
externally; internally somewhat darker and soft ;
odour resembling that of Smyrna Opium, but less
powerful, and combined with a slight smoky Smell;
taste, intensely and permanently bitter: it yields only
from 3 to 5 per cent of Morphia. The other, a
superior kind of Malwa Opium, occurs in balls or cakes
of smaller size, about ten ounces in weight, covered .
with a coarse dust composed of broken poppy petals;
colour internally, dark brown; texture, homogeneous;
odour and taste similar to the other variety; it yields
from 7 to 8 per cent of Morphia. The other varieties
of Indian Opium, the Himalayan or ‘Hill Opium,' the
Kandeish, the Kutch, &c., are less applicable than the
preceding for medicinal purposes, on account of their
varying strength. (Pharm. of India.)
282. There are some points connected with the use
of Opium, which shºuld always be kept in mind:—
a. Some persons are very intolerant to the action
of Opium ; in these even the smallest dose produces
great nervous excitement, violent headache, and
vomiting. When this peculiarity is known to exist,
the drug should be avoided.
b. Infants and young children bear Opium badly;
cases are on record in which three drops of Laudanum
have proved fatal to infants. Still, there are diseases.
of childhood in which it provës valuable, but in these
it should not be given except under professional advice .
or Superintendence. -
º
U *.
l
OPIUM. | 13
c. It should be avoided as far as possible during .
pregnancy. Recent experience seer,s to whow that its
frequent or habitual use exercises a prejudicial effect'
on the foetus.
d.The previous habits of the patient materially
, influence the effects of this medicine. A confirmed
Opium-taker requires a far larger dose to produce a
given effect, than one not habituatéd to it.
e. When the use of Opium is clearly, indicated, andf
the patient from any cause is unable to swallow, it
may be given in an enema ; in this case a larger dose,
a third or even a half larger, is required than when
given by mouth. o
f. Whenever in doubt as to the advisability of
giving Opium, take the safer course, and—avoid it !
For treatment of poisoning by Opium, see Index.
283. There are many diseases as Rheumatism,
Tumours of different kinds, Cancer, Carbuncles (Rajah
Boils), Abscesses, and Ulcers connected either with Le-
prosy, Syphilis or Scrofula, in which the pain, espe-
cially at night, effectually banishes sleep; here Opium
is invaluable. An adult may commence with one
grain pill or fifteen drops df Laudanum, taken about
an hour before the usual bedtime : if this succeeds in
procuring sleep it may safely be repeated nightly; if
not, the dose may be doubled the second night, and
trebled the third night; but it is not advisable to go
beyond this quantity except under professional advice.
Even these quantities after a week or two's use lose
much of their power, and may require to be cautiously
increased. When the pain; are lessened and the patient
I
(
114 OPIUM.
is improving, the quantity of Opium should be decreased
º gradually, ãº. than the whole supply left off at once.
To control the Sleeplessness and Restlessness of Delirium
Tremens, Opium given as above may be necessary, but
each dose should be combined with four or five grains
of Camphor in the form of pill; in fact, Camphor.
alone in doses of 2 to 3 grains every three or four
hours, exercises a ‘most soothing influence, and when
‘..his treatments is adopted, the Opium at bedtime may
be given alone. .
284. In Spasmodic Affections of the Bowels, violent
Colic, and the Passage of Gall Stones, and when the
pain is violent, a full dose of Opium, e.g. 20 to 25
drops of Laudanum in a wineglassful of Omum Water,
or Infusion of Sweet Flag root (12), often affords speedy
relief; should it not do so, however, in half an hour the
dose may be repeated, and a third dose after an hour,
should the pain continue unabated. At the same time,
hot water formentations, a turpentine stupe, or a mustard
poultice, should be applied externally. When the pain
has subsided a dose of Castor (ºil is advisable, especially
when there is reason to suspect that the attack has
arisen from the use of crude or indigestible articles of
food.
285. In Cholera the practice of giving Opium in
large and repeated doses, especially in the solid form,
in all stages of the disease, is fraught with danger.
Administered judiciously at the proper time, and in
proper cases, it is capable of doing much good, but its
indiscriminate use often produces the worst effects.
At the outset of an attack, few remedies are more
**

º
º
OPIUM. 115
useful when combined with Aceñate of Lead. (See
Index.) Again, it is a valuable adjunct to the
‘Calomel treatment' of Dr. Ayre, which consists, in
giving from one or two grains of Calomel, with from
one to five drops of Laudanum, every five, ten, or
fifteen minutes, according to the urgency of the symp-
toms, till the quantity of Laudanum has reached alto-
gether 60 or 80 drops, when it should be discontinued.
An essential part of this treatment, which has someº
times proved very effectual, is the free use of cold
water as a drink.
286. For relieving the pain and irritation of the
Bladder, caused by the presence of Stone in the Bladder,
Gravel, &c., no medicine gives more relief than Opium
in full doses, as advised in paragraph 284. It proves,
however, even more effectual if introduced into the
rectum, either in the form of suppository (two grains
of Opium with four grains of Soap), or in enema (30
to 40 drops of Laudanum in two ounces of thin conjee
water). It may also be given with great benefit in
Irritable states and Pahful Affections of the Kidneys.
287. In Retention of Uryve arising from Spasmodic
Stricture of the Urethra, a hot bath and a full dose of
Opium (25 to 30 drops of Laudanum), followed by a
dose of Castor Oil, will often suffice to give relief in
‘recent cases of no great severity following a debauch,
exposure to wet, &c. The Opium given in an enema
of two or three ounces of rice conjee, sometimes
succeeds when it fails if given by mouth.
288. In Diabetes, Opium occasionally produces the
most beneficial results, especially in old cases occurring
(
116 - OPIUM.
in the aged. It requires to be given in full doses and
to be persevered in; the effects being carefully watched;
the dose diminished, or the remedy left off altogether,
if it gives rise to headache or other bad symptoms. It
is worthy of remark, however, that persons suffering
from &his disease will take large doses with impunity.
289. In many painful Affections of the Uterus Opium.
is of the greatest service. Besides being employed in
the form of Súppository or enema, as mentioned in
paragraph 286, Camphorated Opium Liniment (291)
warmed, may likewise be rubbed into the loins, or a
hot rice poultice sprinkled with Laudanum applied
over the lower part of the abdomen. When given in-
ternally in these cases it requires to be given in full
doses, and it may be advantageously combined with
Camphor (73). For the relief of After-Pains, 15 or 20.
drops of Laudanum in a wineglassful of Camphor julep,
or Omum Water, or a little simple conjee, generally
affords speedy relief. In threatened Abortion from a
fall, over exertion, &C, a similar dose of Laudanum,
with perfect rest in the reſumbent position, may
suffice to prevent further mischief; should there be
great restlessness or pain, it may be repeated with
advantage.
289a. In Dysentery, Opium in full and repeated
doses (one to two grains three or four times a day) was
formerly in great repute, but it has fallen into disuse
since the Ipecacuanha treatment has been reintro-
duced ; still amongst the Natives it seems, in many
cases, to answer better than the latter drug. Even
where Ipecacuanha is employed, a preliminary dose of
º
OPIUM. 117
Laudanum (25 to 30 drops) is often of great service in
enabling the stomach to bear it aid in preventing its
emetic operation. For the relief of the local ſyſtin,
bearing down, and straining in this disease, a small
enemia (two ounces) of conjee, with 30 to 40 drops of
Laudanum in it, affords more relief than anything
else. Opium is a valuable adjunct to Catechu and
other astringents in the treatment of Diarrhoea.
290. Vomiting is sometimes speedily relieved by
a few drops of Laudanum (5 to $0 drops) in an
effervescing draught, or a little Omum Water. It
may also be advantageously combined with Infusion
of Cloves and other remedies."
291. There are many external or local diseases,
including Chronic Rheumatism, Lumbago, and other
Muscular and Weuralgic Pains, Spasms, and Bruises,
Enlarged Glands, Mumps, &c., in which simple OPTIM
LINIMENT, readily made by rubbing down a drachm of
bazaar Opium in two ounces of Cocoanut, Sesamum,
or other bland Oil, proves very useful. Its efficacy,
however, is greatly intreased by conjoining it with
an equal quantity of Camphor Liniment (68). This,
which may be called CAMPHORATED OPIUM LINIMENT,
is an excellent application in many painful external
affections. It should be well shaken before being
used, which it may be night and morning, or oftener
if required ; care should be taken not to apply it to
an abraded or sore surface; it is only adapted for
the sound skin, and not even then if the pain is
attended with much heat and redness ; under
these circumstances, copling lotions (325, 380) are
ſ
\
118 OPIUM–PAPAW TREE.
Jetter adapted. This Camphorated Liniment, well
rubbed in along the course of the spine, is oc-
casionally very useful in Hooping Cough. For Stiff
Neck, warm Laudanum rubbed in over the 2 part
answers better. - º
292. In Ophthalmia attended with great intolerance
of light, great relief may be obtained by fumigating
the eye with the vapour of boiling water, to which
has been added a teaspoonful of Laudanum, or a
couple of grains, of Opium. An excellent eyewash in
these cases is composed of Laudanum, Vinegar, and
Brandy, each one part, and Water four parts. Tooth-
ache, depending upon'a decayed tooth, is often re-
lieved by a grain of Opium put into the hollow of the
tooth; the saliva should not be swallowed. Ear-
ache also frequently yields to a mixture of equal
parts of Laudanum and any bland oil, inserted
into the outer passage of the ear on a piece of
cotton wool; care should be taken not to push it
in too far. 2.
293. To Painful Piles, whéke there is much swell-
ing and heat, a very soothing application is a soft
rice poultice, the surface of which has been sprinkled
with Laudanum, or smeared over with simple Opium.
Liniment.
294, Papaw Tree. Carica Papaya, Linn.
Popaiyāh (Hind.), Popáſ (Duk.), Papaiyā (Beng.),
Pappáyi (Tam), Boppäyſ (Tal., Can.), Pappāya
(Mal.), Pópayá (Mah.), Papáyi (Guz.), Pepolkä,
(Cing.), Pimbo-si (Burm.), Papaya (Malay).
w• ,
, 9.
º
PAPAW TREE. 119
295. The fresh milky juice ,of the Papaw has,
been successfully employed in the treatment of
Worms, especially the common Round Worm or Lyºn-
bricua. The juice should be collected as it flows out
from "incisions made in the unripe fruit; a table.
spoonful suffices for a dose for an adult. It should,
whilst quite fresh, be mixed with, an equal quantity
of honey and two ounces of boiling water, and the
whole well stirred. When cool, this should bé takerſ
as a draught, and two hours subsequently, one ounce
of Castor Oil, with half a tablespoonful of Lime
Juice. This process should be repeated two days in
succession. Half the above dºse is sufficient for a
child between three and seven years old, and a third,
or about a teaspoonful, for a child under three years
of age. Should colic follow its use, draughts of
sugar and water, or sugar and milk, should be freely
given. In Ringworm the unripe Papaw fruit, cut in
slices and rubbed on the spots, is said by Dr. H. H.
Goodeve to be a very simple and’ efficient remedy.
296. In Enlargement of the Spleen and Liver Mr.
Evers (Indian Med. Gazette, Feb., 1875) reports highly of
the value of the milky juice of the unripe Papaw fruit.
Of sixty cases treated with it, thirty-nine were cured.
He administered it as follows: About a teaspoonful of
the fresh juice was thoroughly mixed with an equal
quantity of sugar, and the mass made into three
boluses, one to be taken morning, hoon, and evening.
For children a single drop of the juice with sugar was
found sufficient. A poultice of the pulp of the unripe
fruit was placed in each case over the enlarged organ;


ſ
(
120 PAPAW TREE-PEDALIUM MUREX.
, but on this Dr. Evers places little reliance. From 20
to 25 days was thiſ longest period a patient was under
treatment. A nutritious and liberal diet to be en-
forced. It was found notably useful in recent Acases.
No ill effects—nothing beyond a feeling of heat in the

stomatch—followed its use. Should there be gastric
or intestinal irritation, a small dose of Opium or Hen-
bane may be combined with the juice.
Q º º
296 b. Pedalium Murex, Linn.
Bará-ghākri (Hind, Duk, Beng.), Ánai-nerunji,
Peru-meranji (Tºm), Enuga-palléru-mullu, Káitu-
merinjil (Tel.), Ana-nerinnil, Káttu-nerinnil (Mal.),
Ånnegalu-gida (Can.), Hatti-charátté (Mah.),
Motto-ghākru (Guz.), Ati-naranchi (Cing.), Sule-
gí (Burm.).
297. This small plant, with its yellow flowers and
sharp-spined seed vessel, exhaling when bruised the
odour of musk, is common on dry sandy localities,
especially on the seaboard of most parts of Southern
India. The fresh leaves and stems briskly agitated
in cold water convert it into a thick mucilage, nearly
of the consistency of the white of a raw egg, inodorous
and tasteless. An infusion thus prepared is a highly-
prized remedy among the people of Southern India in
Gonorrhoea. For this purpose half a pint of the above
infusion is taken every morning for ten days succes-
sively; and under its use great'relief to the scalding
on the passage of urine is afforded, and a cure in many
cases effected. It seems well worthy of further trial.
W
º
PEDALIUM MUREX—PEPPER, BLACK. 121
One of its effects, indeed its principal one, is greatly to
increase the flow of urine ; hence it rºight prove useful
in some forms of Dropsy. Water rendered mucila-
ginous by this plant soon regains its original fluidity;
hence the infusion should be freshly prepared each
time it is to be administered. 3,
º
298. Pepper, Black. The unripe fruit of Piper
nigrum, Linn. º 2. 2
Kálí-mirch, Gól-mirch (Hind, Punj.), Kálí-mirchí
(Duk.), Kálá-morich, Gól-morich (Beng., Punj),
Martz (Kash.), Milagu, Mulagu (Tam.), Miriyâlu
(Tel.), Kuru-mulaka (Mal.), Menasu (Can.), Miré
(Mah.), Kálo-mirich, Miri (Guz.), Kalu-miris
(Cing.), Náyu-kon (Burm.), Lada hitam (Malay).
Black pepper, when fresh and of good quality, is a
useful stimulant and stomachic in doses of from 10 to
15 grains or more.
299. In Cholera the following pills were formerly
held in high repute in Behgal. Take of Black Pepper,
Assafoetida, and Opium, each y0 grains; beat them well
together, and divide into 12 pills; of these one was
the dose, repeated in an hour if required. On account
of the quantity of Opium they contain, it is inadvisable
to continue their use too long (See Par. 285). They
are chiefly indicated at the very outset of the attack.
300. For Piles in aged and debištated persons the
following Confection is ºften of great service:-Take of
Black Pepper in fine powder, 1 ounce ; Caraway fruit
in fine powder, 14 ounces Honey, 7} ounces. Rub
()
(
I 22 PEPPER, BLACK–PHYSIC NUT PLANT.
them well together in a mortar, and give from one to . "
two drachnas twice or thrice daily. It proves useful
also in the case of old and weak people suffering from
Descent of the Rectum. An infusion of Black, Pepper
(2 drachms of bruised Pepper to 1 pint of Boiling
Water) forms a useful stimulant gargle in Relawed .
Sore Throat, and Hoarseness dependent thereon.
301. PhysicNut Plant (English). Jatropha Cureas,
J, inn. o
Jangle-arandí (Hind., Guz.), Jangli-yarandí (Du/.),
Erandá-gāch, Bon-bhérandá (Beng.), Kátt-áma-
maku (Tam.), Pépalam (Tel.), Kättä-Vanaka (Mal.),
Bettada-haralu (Can.), Rána-yerandi (Mah.), Wal-
endaru, Frandu (Cing.), Késu-gi, Simbo-késu
(Burm.).
302. A common plant in waste places throughout
India. The seeds, which in their native state are an
acro-narcotic poison, yield on expression about 30 per
cent of a pale yellow oil, which in doses of 12 to 15
drops acts as a purgatives equal in action to one ounce
of Castor Oil, but is far less certain in its operation and
causes more griping than the latter, hence it is rarely
employed. Its ill effects are corrected by Lime Juice,
as in the case of Croton Seeds (Sec. 120). Diluted with
a bland oil (1 part to 2 or 3), it forms a useful embro-
cation in Chronic Jºheumatism. The leaves locally -
applied to the breasts, as directed in Sec. 85, are
stated notably to increase the secretion of Milk; it is
worthy of a trial. More important, however, than the
.
w
A.
, - ".
Plantago Ispaghula, Rowl,
º
PHYSIC NUT PLANT—PTANTAGO. 123
preceding is the alleged power of the fresh juice to
arrest Bleeding or Haemorrhage from Wounds. Baboo
Udhoy Chand Dutt (Indian Med. Gazette, Oct. 1, 1874)
details two cases in which a piece of lint, soaked in
the juiče and locally applied, at once arrested the
bleeding ; in one of these cases alum, perchloridé of
iron, &c., had been previously used without effect.
He states that it does not cause pain nor act as a
caustic, but seems simply to coagulate the blood, and
covers the bleeding surface with a tenacious layer.
Further evidence of its styptic powers is recorded by
Mr. B. Evers (Indian J/ed. Gazette, March, 1875), who
furnishes also an interesting accóunt of a pulsating
tumour, “a varicose aneurism,' situated just above the
inner ankle, which was cured (!) by the subcutaneous
injection of a drachm of this juice. The styptic pro-
perties of this agent seem well worthy of further trial.
302 b. Plantago, or Ispaghūl Seed. The seeds of
c
Ispaghūl, Isbaghöl (Hind.), Isapghöl (Duk., Punj.),
Eshopgól (Beng.), imºu (Kash.), Ishappukól-
virai, Iskól-virai (Tam.), Isapagála-vittulu (Tel.),
Isabakólu (Can.), Isabagóla (Mah.), Isapghöl
(Guz.).
303. Ispaghūl seeds, ovate - elliptical, concave,
"about an eighth of an inch in length, of a greyish
colour, yielding to water an abundance of tasteless
• mucilage, are procurable in most bazaars, and con-
stitute a highly useful demulcent medicine.
124 | PLANTAGO.
304. In Dysentery and Diarrhoea they have been
long held in well-deserved repute when given, as ad-
vised by the late Mr. Twining, of Calcutta. “In the
Chronic Diarrhoea of Europeans, who have been long
resident in India, benefit (he remarks) often follows the
use of demulcents followed by mild tonics. For this
purpose the Ispaghál seeds seem to answer better than
any other remedy. The dose for an adult is 2 drachms
mixed with half a drachm of powdered sugar candy.
The seeds are exhibited whole, and in their passage
through the intestines they absorb as much fluid as
makes them swell, and by the time they reach the
central or lower portions of the canal, they give out
a bland mucilage, and in general they continue to
possess the same mucilaginous properties until they
have passed through the intestines. If the frequency
of the dejections be restrained by anodyne enema,
and by using only a small quantity of food, the mu-
cilaginous properties of these seeds are most evident.
It is said that a -slight degree of astringency and
some tonic property may be imparted to the seeds
by exposing them to a moderate degree of heat, so
that they shall be dried and slightly browned. This
remedy sometimes cures the protracted diarrhoea of
European and Native children after many other
remedies have failed.’
305. In many affections of the Kidneys and Bladder,
in Gonorrhaea, dºt., attended with pain, local irritation'
and scalding or difficulty in påssing urine, the follow-
ing decoction is likely to prove serviceable –Take of
Isphagúl Seeds bruised, 3 drachms; Water a pint;
A.
t
y "wº
-
º
THE PLANTAIN, OR BANANA TREE. 12:5
boil for ten minutes in a covered vessel, and strain.
Of this the dose is from 2 to 4 ouncºs, three or four
times daily or oftener.
~
306. The Plantain, or Banana Tree. Musa sa-
pientum, Linn.
• Kelah-ká per (Hind), Mouzkájhār (Duk), Kála.
gáchh (Beng.), Kadali (Tam.), Kadali, Arati-
chettu (Tel.), Vázha-marum (Maſ.), Bálegida
(Can.), Kéla-jhāda (Mah.), Kéla-nu-jhāda (Guz.),
Kehal-gahá (Cing.), Napiyā-bin (Burm.).
307. The Plantain, or Banana-tree, is extensively
cultivated throughout the tropisal portion of both
hemipheres for the sake of its fruit, which forms a
valuable article of diet, and in the dried state is of no
mean value as an anti-scorbutic (See Art. Scurvy in
Index). It is mentioned in this place chiefly on ac-
count of its leaves, which, when young and tender,
are of a beautifully fine texture, and may be utilised
with great advantage in medical ared surgical practice.
a. As a dressing for Vlistered surfaces, for which
purpose they are admirably a lapted in hot climates,
where Spermaceti Ointment, usually employed in
European practice, rapidly becomes rancid, and con-
sequently irritant. After the removal of a blister a
pfece of plantain leaf of the required size, smeared
with any bland oil, should be applied to the denuded
surface and kept in its place by means of a bandage.
The first sensation it decasions is peculiarly cooling
• and soothing, and the blistered surface generally
w"
heals satisfactorily in four or five days. For the
G.
/
jºð THE PLANTAIN–PLUMBAGO ROSEA.
first two days the upper smooth surface is placed
mext to the skin, and subsequently the under side,
pntil the healing process is complete. It should be
changed twice daily, or oftener if required. . -
b. As a substitute for India Rubber or Gutta Percha
Tissue in the water-dressing of Wounds and Ulcers. The
younger the leaf, the better is it suited for this pur-
pose. Two points require attention: 1, the piece used
should be sufficiently large to cover or envelope the
whole part ; and, 2, it should be carefully kept in its
place by bandages, &c. If properly applied, evapora-
tion of any subjacent fluid is effectually prevented.
c. As a shade for the eyes in Ophthalmia and other
Diseases of the Eye, no manufactured shade is superior
to it; the older and greener leaves answer best for
this purpose.
308. Plumbago rosea, Linn.
Lál-chíta, Lál - chítarak (Hind.), Lál - chitarmúl
(Duk.), Rakto-chitá (Beng.), Chitra (Punj.),
Shitranj (Kash.), Sleivappu - chittira - milam,
Kodi-müli (Tam), Erra-chitra-mülam (Tel.),
Chenti - kotuvéli (Mal.), Kempu - chitra-mălă
(Can.), Tâmbada-chitramála (Mah.), Ratnitál
(Cing.), Kin-khen-ní (Burm.), Chiraka-merah
(Malay). -
309. The root of this plant, common in gardens
throughtout India, is of great value as a means of
raising a blister when other articles of the same class
are not available. For this purpose take the fresh
bark of the root and rub it into a paste with water
§
º,
!”
c
W
PIUMBAGO ROSEA–POMEGRANATE TREE. 197
and a little rice flour; spread this on a piece of rag
and apply it to the surface; in abot; five, minutes it.
begins to give pain, which increases in severity fºr -
about half an hour, when it may be removed : a rice
poultice may then be applied over the part, and
within twelve or eighteen hours a large uniform
blister will be found to have formed. The fluid
having been let out, it may be dressed with plantain
leaf, in the usual way. The chief objection to the use
of a Plumbago blister is the great pain it occasions,
hence it should only be used when other blistering
agents are not at hand, and a blister is an immediate
necessity. - º
310, Pomegranate Tree. Punica Gramatum, Linn.
Anár-ká-pér (Hind.), Anár-kā-jhár (Duk.), Dálim-
gāsh (Beng.), Dhāun (Kash.), Mádalai-chedi
(Tam.), Dálimba, Dádima-chettu (Tel.), Máta-
lam-chetti (Mal.), Dálimbe-gida (Can.), Dálimba-
jhāda (Mah.), Didam-huihād; (Guz.), Delum-gahá
(Cºng.), Salé-bin, or Talí-bin (Burm.), Dalima
(Malay).
311. Two parts of the Pomegramate tree, common
in gardens and elsewhere throughout India, are em-
ployed medicinally, viz., the Rind of the Fruit and the
Bark of the Root or Root-bark.
312. In Diarrhoea and the advanced stages of Dysen-
, tery, the rind of the fruit is a valuable astringent. It
is best given in Decoction prepared by boiling in a
, covered vessel, 2 ounces of the bruised Dried Rind,
and 2 drachms of bruised Cloves or Cinnamon in a
- O
w
(?
- 128 POMEGRANATE TREE-PTY CHOTIS.
pint of Water for fifteen minutes and straining. Of
this, when cold, fie dose is 14 ounces three or four
times a day; in obstinate cases, five drops of Laudanum
c
may be added to each dose. It is said to be especially
useful in the Diarrhoed of Natives. ‘.
(313. In Relawed Sore Throat the above decoction,
9,

with the addition of a drachm of Alum to the pint, is "
a very useful gargle, and it also forms a good astrin-
gent cinjection in Vaginal Discharges ; in these cases
the cloves or cinnamon should be omitted.
314. For Tape Worm the Root-bark is a remedy of
established value given as follows: Take of the fresh
Bark sliced, 2 ounces; Water, 2 pints; boil to 1 pint
and strain. Of this, two ounces should be taken fast-
ing, early in the morning, and repeated every half-
hour, until four doses have been taken. This should
be followed by an aperient (1 ounce of Castor Oil),
and the worm will generally be expelled within twelve
hours. The Root-bark of the male tree is supposed to
possess the greatest power in these cases.
315. Ptychotis, Ajwain or Omum seeds. The fruit
of Carum (Ptychotis) Ajowan, D.C.
Ajváyan (Hind.), Ajvain, Ajván (Beng.), Ajván
(Duk.), Ajwain (Punj.), Jáwind (Kash.), O'mam,
or O'mum (Tam.), Omamu, Vámamu (Tel.),
Hómam, Ayamód-kam (Mal.), Vöma (Can.),
Wóvã, Váva-Sádá (Mah.), Ajwan (Guz.), Oman, ,
Assamodagam (Cing.), Sºmhún (Burm.), Lavinju-
larmisi (Malay).

316. These small, pungent, aromatic seeds rank
')
PTYCHOTIS, AJWAIN, OR OMUM SEEDs. !29
deservedly high in the list of native remedies; they
are considered to combine the stimulant quality of cap."
sicum or mustard with the bitter property of chiretta,
and the antispasmodic virtuº of assafoetida. This
remedy, Dr. Bidie remarks, in"moderate quantities in-
, creases the flow of saliva, augments the secretion of
gastric juice, and acts as a stimulant, carminative and
tonic. As a topical remedy it may be used with ad-
vantage along with astringents in cases of Relawed”
Sore Throat. For disguising the taste of disagreeable
drugs and obviating their tendency to cause nausea
and griping, he adds, that he knows no remedy of
equal power. Testimony of a similar character is
borne by Mr. J. J. Wood and others, and no room
is left to doubt the value of this medicine.
317. The Natives employ the crude seeds in doses
of about a dessert spoonful with the addition of a little
salt; this is chewed and washed down with draughts
of water. They also employ them in decoction, but this
is objectionable, as heat dissipates the essential oil, in
which the virtues of the seeds reside. A far better
form is the Distilled Water! OMUM WATER,” which is
procurable in all the large towns in India, being a
very popular remedy with the Native and East Indian
portion of the community. Where, however, it is not
purchaseable it can be readily prepared by any Native
who has a common country still ; in this case care
* Aarqe-ajván (Hind. et Duk.), Ajwain-ka-arak (Punj.)
Jawind-hūnd-arak (Kash ), Oman-ti-mir (Tam.), Omam-drāv-
akam (Tel.). It is also sold under the name of “Sison Cordial.”
Every Indian domestic medicine chest should contain a good

supply of this useful preparaſion.
K
(
130 PTYCHOTIs, AJWAIN, OR OMUM SEEDs.
should be taken that the right proportions be used—
*3lbs. of the bruiseſ 'seeds to six quart bottles of water,
and distil over four. In order to prevent the seeds
touching the bottom or side of the boiler, and thus
by becoming charred cómmunicating a burnt £avour
to the water, they should be tied up in a bag or cloth
of loose texture, and suspended in the centre of the
water. The dose is from 1 to 2 ounces, repeated as
“circumstances omay require ; that for a child ranges
from a tea spoqnful to a table spoonful, according to
age. The Distilled Oil is also an excellent form of
administration in doses of 1 to 3 drops on sugar, or
made into an emulsion with Gum Arabic.
318. In some forms of Dyspepsia, in the Vomiting,
Griping or Diarrhoea arising from errors of diet; in
simple Flatulence and even Tympanites; in Faintness
and Exhaustion ; in Spasmodic Affection of the Bowels,
“in Choleraic Diarrhoea, in certain cases of Colic ; and
Žn Hysteria, it has been found, even when given alone,
pre-eminently useful,(Wood). It is especially adapted
for the Diarrhoea and Flatuleat Colic of Children.
319. In Cholera mufth reliance is placed by the
natives and Anglo Indians on Omum Water, and
although it appears to have no claim to the character
of a specific in this disease which popular opinion
assigns to it, there can be little doubt that it exercises
considerable power, especially in the early stage, of
checking the diarrhoea and vomiting, and at the same
time of stimulating the system.* It is not to be trusted
to alone, but forms an admirable adjunct to other
remedies.
t
!
PTY CHOTIS-RICE. 31
320. In Habitual Drunkenness, Dipsomania, Omum
seems worthy of trial. On this point Mr. Wood obs
serves, ‘On account of its, biting or pungent, yet
pleasant taste, and the º of warmth it creates
in the stomach, it has been 'constantly recommended
of late years to those afflicted with the desire for
alcoholic drinks. It does not, of course, intoxicate,
but it is no mean substitute for the ordinary stimu-
lant, in removing almost immediately the sensation of
“gnawing ” or “sinking at the pit of the stomach,”
which the frequent use of spirits so invariably brings
on. And I have been assured that it has been the
means of rescuing many otherwise sensible and useful
men from slavery to the habit of spirit drinking.’

321. Rice. The husked seed of Oryza sativa, Linn.

Chával (Hind.), Chánval (Duk), Chāl, Chánvºl
(Beng.), Chánwal (Punj.), Thormúd (Kash.),
Arishi (Tam.), Biyyam (Tel.), Ari (Mal.), Akki
(Can.), Tándúla (Mah.), Chökha (Guz.), Hál
(Cing.), Sán, Chih (Burm.), Bras (Malay).

322. Rice may be utilised in the following ways in
the treatment of disease :— -
a. In the form of Decoction—“CoNJEE WATER,” as
it is commonly called, prepared by boiling one ounce of
cleansed Rice in a quart of Water for twenty minutes,
straining, and flavouring with Sugar, and with Lime
Juice if desired, to staste. This forms an excellent
drink in Fevers, Shallpox, Measles, Scarlet Fever and
Inflammations of all kinds, also in Gomorrhoea, and
O
132 RICE.
other cases where there is pain and difficulty in passing
"Urºne. Q.
b. In the forth of Powder–Rice FLOUR ; this
dusted thickly over *|†: forms a very cooling
and soothing application in Smallpow, Measles; Ery-
sipelas, Prickly Heat, and other Inflammatory Affections.
of the Skin. It is pleasant to the patient's feelings,
and allays heat and irritation. To Burns and Scalds,
Rice Flour is an excellent application : it should be.
used as soon as, possible after the occurrence of the
injury, and it should be dusted thickly over the whole
of the burnt surface, so as to absorb any discharge that.
may be present, and at the same time exclude the
air as far as possible. If in a few days this becomes.
hardened and irritating, a warm Rice poultice should
be applied, so as to soften it and allow its easy re-
moval; the surface should then be dressed with Lime.
Tiniment (229), or Resin Ointment (372).
c. In the form of Poultice.—RICE POULTICE.--To.
prepare this, place a sufficiency of Rice Flour in an
open vessel over the fire, gradually add Water, and
stir until the mass has the required consistence. A
more ready mode is to place the Rice Flour in a
basin, and then gradually to add Boiling Water, con-
stantly stirring it, as above. A piece of cloth of the
required size being ready at hand, the poultice should .
be smoothly spread on it, to the thickness of from a
quarter to half an inch, and applied over the affected.
part. In most cases it is advisable before applying it,
to smear the surface of the poultice with a bland oil;
this renders it more soothing and keeps it longer Soft

|
RICE—SAL AMMONIAC. 433
and moist. A rice poultice requires changing twice or
even thrice daily. It is an excellent application tć
Abscesses, Boils, Buboes, Ulcert, and other local inflam-
matory affections, Inflamed WPiles, &c. In Chronic
Bronchitis and other Chronic Coughs considerable relief
often results from the application of a large soft, Rice
Poultice placed over the chest at bedtime, and allowed
to remain on all night ; another may also be advan-
tageously placed on the back between the shoulder?
blades. The efficacy of these poultices is in many
cases increased by the addition of a little Mustard
Flour (1 part to 3 or 4 of Rice Flour), so as to produce
a slight redness of the skin; ºr the surface of the
poultice may be smeared over with Oil of Turpentine.

323. Sal Ammoniac. Hydrochlorate of Ammonia,
Chloride of Ammonium. º
Nousádar (Hind.), Nouságar (Duk.), Noshāgar
(Beng.), Charām, Navá-charám (Tam.), Navá-
charām, Nava-săgaram "(Tel.), Nava-săram
(Mal.), Navá-săgăra (Can.), Nav-Sága (Guz.),
Navá-cháram (Cing.), "Zavasa (Burm.), Namu-
charum (Malay), Näushādar (Punj.), Nausadan
(Kash). -

324. Sal Ammoniac, procurable in most Indian
bazaars, is generally very impure ; occurring in thick
translucent cakes or masses of a dirty white or
brownish colour, inodorous, of a bitter, acrid taste.
To fit it for medical use, it should be dissolved in
boiling water, strained through calico, and the clear
134 SALAMMONIAC.
solution exposed in an open vessel to crystallize.
The crystals, and White residuum should be collected
and kept in bottles for Uşe. Thus prepared, it proves
valuable in many affectiºns. Its nauseous taste, which
is a great objection to its use, is completely covered by
the addition of a small quantity of liquorice.
325. Milk: Abscesses occurring after confinements
and in nursing mothers may often be arrested, if at
'an early stage; before matter forms, the breast be
kept constantly wet by means of rags Saturated with
a lotion composed of one drachm of Sal Ammoniac,
one ounce of Arrack, and a pint of Rose Water. It
also proves useful in" removing any hardness which
may remain after the abscess has burst. It is also
sometimes successful in arresting Abscesses in other
parts of the body, when applied at an early stage be-
fore matter has formed.
326. In Tic Douloureua and Rheumatic Face Ache,
Sal Ammoniac occasionally proves very useful. Two
drachms in six ounces of water should be taken in
divided doses (1% ounce for a "dose), every four hours,
till relief is obtained; if the pain does not yield after
the four doses, no benefit can be expected from per-
severing with it. Other forms of Neuralgia, as Sci-

atica and Lumbago, have also been found to yield to
it, when administered early in the attack.
327. In Chronic Rheumatism, especially when the
7muscles are mainly affected, Sal Ammoniac, in doses
of 15 to 24 grains, with infusion of Country Sarsa-
parilla (163), proves highly serviceable ; but it is even
more effectual in relieving those Muscular pains of the
l
SAL AMMONIAC. $35
w
Chest and other parts of the trunk so often met with
in the over-worked and under-fed portion of the work-
ing classes in large cities. |n theſe cases it requires'
to be persevered in for some lime. o
338. Hysterical, Wervous, kind Bilious Head Aches
are often greatly benefited, or disappear altoggther,
under the use of this salt in doses of 10 to 20 grains
twice or thrice daily, dissolved ºn Camphor Julep.
The earlier in the attack it is given, ſhe greater arº,
the chances of its proving effectual.
329. In Chronic Coughs, especially in those of old age,
a mixture of a drachm of Sal Ammoniac, two ounces
of Syrup of Country Liquorice (5), and four ounces of
Water, in doses of one ounce five or six times a-day,
occasionally proves serviceable. In doses of from
1 to 5 grains, according to the age of the child, con-
joined with a few grains of powdered Cinnamon, it has
been found useful in Hooping Cough, it is inferior if
efficacy to Alum, but may be commenced with safety
and advantage at a much earlier, period in the attack.
330. In Haemorrhags from the Lungs, Stomach, and
other internal organs, it is yorthy of a trial if other
more effectual agents are not at hand. In these
cases, two drachms should be dissolved in a pint of
Conjee Water, and a wineglassful given every second
or third hour, according to the severity of the case.
The patient should be kept quiet, cool, and in the
recumbent posture. -> -
331. In Jaundice, especially when it comes on Sud-
denly, after a great mental shock, or after exposure,

a few doses of Sal Ammoniac (20 grains every four
o
ſ
136 SAL AMMONIAC,
hours) have often a marked effect. In Hepatitis and
*Abscess of the Liver, 'Dr. W. Stewart, after considerable
experience ill its 'use, gards this salt almost as a
specific, and he º: it very serviceable in all
cases of Liver Disease, whether depending on éganic
change or on functional derangement. The proper
period for its exhibition is after the abatement of acute
symptoms, and when diaphoresis (sweating) has been
freely established, and it should then be administered
in doses of 20 grains night and morning. The evidence
he adduces in support of his views is very strong. He
also speaks highly of its efficacy in Chronic Dysentery,
and advises its continued use for some time after the
disappearance of acute symptoms. (Madras Journ. of
Med. Science, 1870, and Feb., March, and Dec., 1872.)
In Dropsy, especially in that connected with disease of
the liver, or in that following fevers, it may be ad-
finistered with advantage in the same doses, conjoined
with Infusion of Moringa (237), or Decoction of Aste-
racantha (39). ©
332. For Bruises, Strains, £heumatic Swellings, En-
larged Glands, Indolent Mboes, Swollen Joints, Boils,
&c., and local Inflammations of the Skin generally, a
solution of this salt in hot water (2 drachms to a pint),
kept to the parts for a few hours, proves useful, not
only relieving the pain, but reducing the swelling. It
is also thought to be more effectual than anything else
in removing the discoloration consequent on bruises and
sprains. This has been noticed especially with reference
to blows on the eye (Black Eye). 'It is an important

ingredient in the Cold Lotion described in Sect. 265.
0
SANDAL-WOOD OIL–SENNA. 137
333. Sandal-wood Oil. The oil, obtained by the
distillation of Sandal Wood, Santalum) album, Linn.

Sandal-ká-aitr (Hind.), º vel Chandan-ká-tel
(Auk, Punj), Safed-chantinúk-til (Kash.), San-
dal-ká-tel (Beng.), Shandanam-talium (Tam.),
Miniak Chandana (Malay). -
334. Sandal Wood Oil is sold commonly in the
bazaars, being a favourite native perfume. It has
been successfully employed in the treatment of Gon-
orrhoea. Dr. Aitchison strongly recommends com-
mencing with five-drop doses, each dose to be made
up separately, and the oil mixed "in the fluid it is to
accompany with the aid of a drop or two of Liquor
Potassae. It is an excellent remedy, he adds, but must
be used with great care, as it is apt to produce bane-
ful effects on the kidneys if given in too large doses.
It is of great importance to use only good or pure
oil : hence it should be procured, if possible, direct
from the manufacturer. Much that is sold in the
bazaars is adulterated or of inferior quality. It seems
well worthy of trial in cases . obstimate Gleet. It is
best given in a little Omum Water or Infusion of
Ginger,
335. Senna. The leaves of Cassia lanceolata, Forsk,
and other species. Indian or Tinnevelly Senna.
Saná, Hindí-sanā-kā-pát (Hind.), Nát-kí-Saná
(Duk), Són-pät, Shin-pát (Beng.), Sanna-măkhí
(Punj.), Berg-i-sanna(Kash.), Nilá-virai, Nila-vakái
*
(a
º
|
M38 SENNA-SESAMUM JINJILI, OR TIL OIL.
t
(T'am.), Néla-tangédu (Tel.), Níla-váká (Mal.),
Nelávar e (Can.), Sana-kola, Nil-ávari (Cing.),
Puvè-kain-yoe (ßurm.), Sunna Maki (Malay).
336. The importeſ Senna met with in thſ, bazaars
is usually of very inferior quality, consisting of broken
pieces of old leaves, pieces of stem, and other rubbish.
That grown in India, especially in Tinnevelly, is
preferable tº that imported from Arabia, which is
called Sana-Mukhí, or Mecca Senna. The leaves should
be unbroken, clean, brittle, pale green, or yellow, with
a heavyish smell. It is a good safe aperient, and may
be given as follows: Take of Senna leaves, one ounce;
of bruised Ginger and Cloves, each half a drachm;
Boiling Water, ten ounces. Let it stand for one hour,
and strain. This is a good aperient in all cases of
Constipation, in doses of one and a half to two ounces;
half this quantity, or less, is required for children,
according to age. A simple infusion of Senna leaves,
of the above strength, if taken hot with the addition
of milk and sugar, can hapdly be distinguished from
ordinary tea. In this thanner it is easily administered
to children, and will be borne by the most delicate
stomachs. As a general rule, Castor Oil is preferable
as an aperient for infants.
.”

n
337. Sesamum, Jinjili, or Til Oil. The expressed
oil of the seeds of Sesamum Indicum, Linn.”
º -
* This plant (Sesamum Indicum, Linn.) is cultivated through-
out India and other tropical lands for the sake of its oil-yielding
seeds. The leaves, which abound in mucilage, have attained o
Some repute in bowel affections, and Mr. B. Evers (Indian Med.
t
w") v
!
SESAMUM JINJILI, OR TIL OIL. 13%)
e
Til-ká-tél, Míthá-tél (Hind., .Punj), Mittà-tél
(Duk.), Nal-emney º Manchi-nine (Tel.),
Nall-enná ((Mal.), Valley'unne (ban)'ohokhºt.
tela (Mah), Mithotel (Gle), Talla-tel (Cingº,
Telmäktil (Kash.), Nahú'sí (Burm.), Miniak
bijan (Malay). - O

338. Til or Jingili Oil, met with in all bazaars
throughout India, is quite equal, when Properly. pre-
pared, to Olive Oil for medicinal and pharmaceutical
purposes. It is advisable always to "keep a small
stock of it on hand for cases of emergency, such as
burns, &c., when Lime Liniment, (229) may be re-
quired. As a dressing for Ulcers, Suppurating Wounds,
‘oil dressing' has been successfully applied in Bom-
bay ; it consists of the continuous application of a

Gazette, March, 1875) made trials with them in sixteen cases of
Dysentery. Recovery followed in each case, but they were all
of a mild type, and though the remedy acted as a demulcent, it
did not appear to exercise any specific influence on the disease ;
besides, as Opium had to be conjoined, with it to control the
turesmus, the benefit may have been due as much, if not more,
to the opiate as to the mucilage. it is evidently a remedy of
very secondary value, and inferior to Ispaghūl Seeds (304). The
Seeds have powerfully emmenagogue properties assigned to
them, and it is believed by the Natives and Anglo-Indians that,
if taken in large quantities, they are capable of producing
abortion. In Amenorrhoea the employment of a warm hip
bath containing a handful of the bruised seeds has been re-
ported on good authority to be an efficient mode of treatment.
It seems worthy of further trial. In thrºe cases of Dysme-
morhoºd (Painful Menstruation) Mr. B. Evers (op. cit.) ad-
ministered with benefit the powdered seeds in ten-grain doses
three or four times daily. At the same time he employed the
hip bath containing the bruised seeds as mentioned above.
o
ſ
\40 SESAMUM JINJILI, OR TIL CIL–SULPHUR.
pledget of common country cloth or rag saturated "
with pure, Sesamum Oil to the affected part. It is
thought to be superiºr to any other simple dressing,
particularly during the hot season. In Lºrosy Dr.
Hilson has conclusively shown that great and manifest
beſſefit, though it may be temporary, results from dili-.
gent frictions of the body with this oil (see Sect. 161).
339. Sulphur.
Gandak, Gandhak (Hind, Duk, Mah., Guz., Punj.,
Rash.), Gandrok (Beng.), Gandakam, Gandhakam
(Tam., Tel, Mal., Cing.), Gandhaká (Can.), Kán
(Burm.), Blerang (Malay).
340. Several kinds of Sulphur are met with in the
bazaars, but as their composition is unknown, and
some of them are reputed to contain a large propor-
tion of Arsenic, they are unsuited for internal adminis-
tration ; the better and purer kinds, however, may be
safely employed as external applications.
341. As a remedy for "Itch, SULPHUR OINTMENT
holds a high place. Øne part of finely-powdered, or
Sublimed Sulphur to six of Lard, Kokum Butter or
any bland Oil, is sufficiently strong for ordinary cases.
After cleansing the parts with soap and hot water,
the ointment should be thoroughly well rubbed in for
fifteen or twenty minutes, till the pustules are all
broken. Its use should be confined to the hands and •
wrists and other parts affected; no good is obtained
from applying it extensively over the whole surface of .
the body, as is often done. It is best rubbed in at 4.
C.

\ SULPHUR. 14||
night, before going to bed, allowing it to remain on
the whole night, and then washing it off in the morn-
ing with soap and hot water. "This "process may be
repeated every night till a cure is effected, which wiń.
be the ense after three or four applications, provided
the ointment is properly rubbed in. The patignt
should not resume the clothes he wore previously until
they have been subjected to the protess of boiling, a
temperature of 212° F. being necessary, for the de-
struction of the acarus, on the presence of which the
disease depends. Simply washing the clothes in hot
water will not destroy the germ of infection.
342. Some other forms of Chronic Skin Disease in
Natives improve under the use of Sulphur Ointment,
described in the last section ; or, better still, of ‘Bal-
Sam of Sulphur' so called, which is simply a solution
of sulphur in warm Olive or Sesamum Oil.,
343. In Chronic Rheumatism a liniment, composed
of two ounces of powdered or Sublimed Sulphur, and a
pint of Ním Oil, well rubbed in twice daily, has been
used with great benefit insmany cases. Relief some-
times follows the practice of duºsting the affected part
with Flour of Sulphur at bedtime, enveloping it in
flannel, and covering the whole with plantain-leaf to
prevent the escape of the fumes.
, 344. In Piles few medicines afford more relief to
the distressing local symptoms than a mixture of
..equal parts of Sublimed Sulphur and Cream of Tartar;
of this a tea spoonful should be taken in milk once or
, twice daily, so as to 'keep the bowels gently open.


Should this quantity, however, operate too powerfully
* b
* 42 SULPHUR— twº sº.
…
on the bowels, the dose should be diminished. The

ingredients for this powder should be procured from a
regular chemist. The same treatment appears to act
beneficially in Chroni. Dysentery. It is likewise well
adapted for Habituél Constipation, especially when
occurring in persons subject to piles. It is well to
bear in mind that in all cases where Sulphur is
administered internally, it communicates to the
stodis a peculiarly disagreeable odour of sulphuretted
hydrogen.
345. Tamarinds. The Fruit of Tamarindus Indi-
cus, Linn. C
Ambli (Hind.), Amlí, Amlí-ká-bót (Duk.), Imlí
(Punj.), Tamar-i-hind (Kash.), Téntiul, Tintirí,
Åmli (Beng.), Puliyam-pazham (Tam., Mal.),
Chinta-pandu (Tel.), Chinch (Mah.), Hunashi-
hannu (Can.), Ambli (Guz.), Siyambula (Cing.),
Magi (Burm), Assam java (Malay).
346. The pulp of the v fruit, of a reddish brown
colour and acid saccharine taste, is laxative and re-
frigerant, and made into sherbet with water or milk
(in the proportion of one ounce of the pulp to one pint
of fluid) forms an agreeable and useful drink in Febråle
and Inflammatory Affections. The only objection to it
in some cases is (in others this is an advantage) that
it is apt to act. On the bowels as a laxative. In the,
absence of limes or lemons; Tamarind pulp may be
given with great advantage in Scurvy, both as a pre-.
ventive and as a curative, but it requires to be discon-
O *
º
rººmsps—As FLY, MYLABRIs CICHORII. 143
º
, tinued if it cause griping and diarrhoea ; otherwise it
is a valuable antiscorbutic, and as such may be taken
on board ship, or form a porton of daily rations in
jails, &c. - * O
• * *

347. Telini Fly, Mylabris Cichorii (Fabr). .
Télní, Télní-makkhi (Hind.), Ziyangi, Bad-bó-ki-
zirangi (Duk.), Pinsttarin-í (Tam.), Blishtering-
O O -
igelu (Tel.).
348. This insect is of common occurrence through-
out India; it has the following characters —About an
inch in length and the third of an inch broad; the
elytra, or wing-cases, of an obscure yellow, with three
large somewhat zig-zag transverse black bands; the
first band is interrupted and sometimes reduced to
three or four spots. There are met with in various
parts of India other allied species, which differ more
or less from the above description, but they all partake
of the same irritant and vesicant properties, the active
principle being the same swith that of the officinal
Cantharides, viz., Cantharidine. It is apparently a
complete substitute for the European article as a
vesicant, provided that due care is taken in its pre-
paration, &c. The best season for collecting the
insects is just previous to the setting in of the mon-
soon, in the early morning or evening; they should be
- killed by the steam of boiling vinagar, thoroughly
dried in the sun, and "preserved in well stoppered
, bottles. e
349. Its principal use is as a blistering agent, and
* o
9
1,44 TELINI FLY, MYLABRIS honoun.
0.
for this purpose it is used in the form of plaster,” pre-
pared as follows:–Take Telini Fly, finely powdered;
White or Black Dam har, Bees-Wax, and Suet, of each
two ounces; liquefy the three latter with a gentle
heat, then remove from the fire and sprink?6 in the
Teljni ; mix the whole thoroughly, and continue to
stir the mixture while it is allowed to cool.
350. Remarks on the Use of Blisters.-Blisters are of
& great value in many cases, but unless used with care
and discrimination they may do more harm than good.
Thus a blister applied at the outset or during the
acute stage of inflammation will increase the mischief,
whereas in the advanced stages its action may prove
in the highest degree beneficial. During pregnancy a
blister to the chest has been known to induce pre-
mature labour, retention of urine, &c., and applied to
a person suffering from Scurvy it is apt to induce
troublesome ulceration. To prevent gangrene, which
has occasionally resulted from a blister, especially in
children, it is advisable not to allow it to remain on
more than four or five hovrs; then to remove it and ,
apply a warm rice poultice. In infants a thin piece
* In consequence of the difficulty of preparing this, and the
uncertainty of its strength, I would advise that every establish-
ment should be provided with a supply of officinal Blistering
Liquid of the British Pharmacopoeia; this only requires to be
applied for two or three minutes with a camel's hair brush,
allowed to dry on, and then covered with a warm rice poultice;
in the course of a few hours the blister will be found to have
risen. The Liquid prepared in lndia from the Telini Fly is
quite equal in power to the European article prepared with ,
Cantharides or Spanish Fly.
t * A

I
TELINI A-sºn, CORDIFOLIA. $45
e
of muslin should be placed between the skin and the
plaster. If strangury follow is usé, the patient should”
drink plentifully of decoction of Abelihoschus (2),
Rice Conjee (322), or other demulcents, avoiding thºse
of an ºleaginous nature. After the fluid has been let
out, which is easily done by snipping the raised cyticle
in two or three places with a pair of sharp-pointed
scissors, the blistered surface should be dressed with
plantain leaf, as directed in paragraph 307a. * Jº
351. Tinospora cordifolia, Miers., Gulancha.
Gulanchá, Gul-bél (Hind.), Gul-bél (Duk.), Gul-
lanchá (Beng.), Giló, Gálanch (Punj.), Bekh-gilló
(Kash.), Shindi-kodi (Tam), Tippa-tige, Gadúchi
(Tel.), Amruta, Chitr-amruta (Mal.), Amruta-
balli (Can.), Gula-vélí (Mah.), Gul-vél (Guz.),
Rasa-kinda (Cing.), Sinza-manné, Singomoné,
(Burm.), Piturali, Akar-Sarimtooro (Malay).
o
351b. This twining shrub is cºmmon in most parts
of India. The root and stems, which are the parts
employed in medicine, should be collected in the hot
season when the bitter principle is most abundant and
concentrated. As met with in the bazaars it consists of
dried transverse segments of a woody stem, varying in
diameter from one quarter of an inch to two inches, and
from half an inch to two inches in length ; they have
a shrunken appearance, and are covered with a smooth
shrivelled bark, some of the pieces being marked on
their surface with warty prominences; inodorous, of a
very bitter taste.
- b L

14(? TINOSPORA CoRDIFOLIA—fooDY.
352. Gulancha is a very useful tonic, and is best
given in Infusion; 'one ounce of the bruised stem to
'half a pint of cold water macerated for three hours
and strained ; of this the dose is from one and a half to
three ounces thrice daily’; it is rendered more agreeable
by the addition of Cinnamon, Cloves, or other
aromatics. It has been used with benefit in mild
forms of Intermittent Fevers, and in Constitutional
Debility, and Joss of Appetite after these and other
Fevers. It has also been found useful in some forms
of Dyspepsia, and in Chronic Rheumatism.
353. An Extract (Sat-giló, Hind. Punj. ; Gul-bél-
kásat, Duk. ; Sath-gūló’í, Kash., Shíndal-sharuk-arai,
Tam.; Palo, Beng.; Tippa-sattu, Tel.) prepared by the
Native doctors, is held in high repute amongst them
in Intermittents, dºc. It is a white floury substance,
with a strongly bitter taste. It is, however, often
adulterated with, or consists altogether of gluten of
Wheat; its bitternes, therefore, is a good test of its
quality. In doses of one to three drachms, it is highly
esteemed as a tonic in Debilºy after Fevers, in Spleen
affections, &c. Dr. Burtén Brown speaks of it as an
efficient remedy in Diseases of the Bladder, especially
Žn Chronic Inflammation of that organ.
354. Toddy. A saccharine juice obtained by the
excision of the spadix, or young flowering branch of
the Palmyra, Cocoanut, and other Palms.
Séndſ, Tárſ (Hind, Duk.), Kallu (Tam.), Kallu
(Tel.), Henda (Can.), Rá (Cing.), Tu-ak (Malay).

'AODDY-TURMERIC. A47
b

There are many kinds of Toddy in India, and they,
are named according to the plants from which they are.
produced. The names given above fire generic. ,
355. Amongst its other uses Toddy is valuable as
the basis of a very useful stimulant application, the
ToDDY PoulTICE, which is to the Indian what the
Yeast Poultice is to the European surgeon. It is
prepared by adding freshly-drawn Toddy to Rice Flour
till it has the consistence of a soft" poultice, and *
subjecting the mixture in an open vessel to heat over
a gentle fire, stirring constantly till fermentation com-
mences, or it “begins to rise,’ as it is commonly
expressed. This, spread on a cloth and applied to the
parts, acts as a valuable stimulant application to
Gangrenous or Sloughing Ulcerations, Carbuncles,
Indolent Ulcers, dºc. It hastens the separation of
the slough and establishes subsequent healthy action.
356. Toddy left exposed to the air rapidly un-
dergoes vinous fermentation, anti becomes converted
into ARRACK, one of the most intoxicating drinks of
the country. This Arrºck, subjected to distillation
until it has a specific gravity of 0.920, may be em-
ployed as Proof Spirit in the preparation of tinctures
and other pharmaceutical purposes, and in the forma-
tion of cold evaporating lotions (380).
357. Turmeric. The dried root-stock of Curcuma
longa, Linn. ->
Halad, Haldi (Hind, Duk, Punj.), Holodi (Beng.),
º Lidar, Gandar-i-lidar, (Kash.), Manjal (Tam.),
Pasupu (Tel.), Mannal, Marin-mala (Mal.),
b

I 48. TURMERIC–OIL OF mºst
0
Arishiná (Can.), Halede (Mah.), Halad (Guz.),
. Rahá (Cing), Sajó, Tanān (Burm.), Koomeit
(Malay).

358. Turmeric has been employed in the following
affections with excellent effects:–
359. In Catarrh, or severe ‘Cold in the head,’ the
fumes of burning Turmeric inhaled through the nostrils,
act as a local stimulant or irritant, causing a consider-
able discharge of mucus from the nasal cavity; this is
generally followed by a marked degree of relief to the
congestion or fulness often so troublesome in these
C
CàSéS. C.
360. In Catarrhal and Purulent Ophthalmia, espe-
cially in that termed ‘Country Sore-Eye,’ a Decoction
of Turmeric (one ounce of the bruised root to 20 ounces
of water) proves a very effectual lotion for relieving
wthe burning and moderating the urgency of the symp-
toms. A piece of soft rag soaked in it should be kept
constantly over the affected eye.
y)
• -
361. Oil of Turpentitle. The oil obtained by dis-
tillation from Pinus palustris, Lamb., and other species
of Pinus.
Gandhá-barójé-ká-tél (Hind.), Gandhá-férózé-kā-tél,
Kāfār-ká-tailam (Duk.), Kapúrér-tail (Beng.),
Karppirat-tailam (Tam.), Karppūra-tailam (Tel.,
Mal.), Karapúrada-tailá (Can.), Kāpārācha-tela
(Mah.), Karpärnu-tél, Taipintan (Guz.), Kapuru-
tel (Cing.), Piyo-si (Burm.), Nimiak Kapor Baroos
(Malay).
K.
OIL OF TURPENTINE. Al49
362. Oil of Turpentine is procurable in most large
bazaars, but not generally sufficiently pure for internal
administration. It answers, how&er, ſerfectly well
for external or local application, and is most valuddle
in the preparation of TURPENTINE STUPEs or EPITHEMs,
..which are made in one of the following ways:–-1. By
steeping a flannel in hot water, as hot as can be borne
by the hand, wringing it out dry "and sprinkling the
surface freely with Oil of Turpentine. •2. By steeping”
a piece of lint or rag of the required size in Oil of
Turpentine, placing it over the affected surface, and
immediately applying over it flannel heated before a
fire, as hot as can be borne. Hn either way it acts
admirably as a counter-irritant, and in most cases is
superior to mustard poultices. It is applicable to all
cases of Internal Inflammations, Spasmodic Affections of
the Bowels, advanced stages of Dysentery tind Diarrhea,
Obstinate Vomiting, Flatulence, and Flatulent Colic,
Chronic Bronchitis attended withs Cough and Difficulty
of Breathing, Asthma, dºc. D -
363. In some cases, greater benefit is derived from
applying these Stupes to a distant point rather than
near to the affected part ; thus in Apoplexy, Insensi-
bility, Convulsions, Delirium, whether arising in the
course of fever or otherwise, they produce the best
offects when applied to the feet and to the calves of
the legs. In Cholera, when applied successively to
the abdomen, over the region of the heart, along the
spine and to the extremities, they often seem ma-
terially to aid other measures in stimulating the sys-
tem and raising the vital powers. Turpentine friction
b


150 oil of TURPENTINº.
0.
and turpentine enemas may also be resorted to as aids
to other treatment.
363b. In Pecnºsh, or Maggots in the Nose, common
amongst the natives of Bengal and other parts of
India, ‘the best treatment is to inject every ºpening
in the skin of those affected with this disease with
pure Oil of Turpentine, which is found to kill the
maggots, and therſ to extract any maggots that are
evisible by means of a pair of forceps. Chloroform is
even more efficacious, but is more expensive.’ (Dr. T.
E. B. Brown, Indian Med. Gaz., Sept. 1879, p. 263.)
364. TURPENTINE ENEMAs (one ounce of the Oil to
15 ounces of Conjee) are valuable agents in many
cases, as in Apoplexy, Insensibility, Convulsions, espe-
cially in those after Childbirth, Hysterical Fits, Spas-
modic Affections of the Bowels, Flatulence, Flatulent
Colic, &c. They, together with turpentine stupes,
"have sometimes excellent effects in stimulating the
system and rousing the vital powers in Delirium and
Exhaustion attendant on Fever.
365. For the removal of Thread Worms from the
Rectum and Lower Bowel, a Turpentine Enema often
proves effectual. In the treatment of Tape Worm
Oil of Turpentine is a remedy of established value ;
it is best given internally in a dose of three drachms
with an equal quantity of Castor Oil; the latter is
considered to prevent the unpleasant head symptoms
which are apt to arise when the Turpentine is given
alone. It is best given two or three hours after a
meal; if taken on an empty stomach it is apt to
produce vomiting. The patient should remain quiet
IL OF TURPENTINE. |51
O
after taking it, \ broths and mucilaginous drinks .
should be taken to aid its operation. The Oil of
Turpentine for this purpose should be obtained from:
a regular chemist or other reliable source. o
368. TURPENTINE LINIMENT is a valuable applica-
...tion in Chronic Rheumatism, Lumbago, Sciaticg, and
other forms of Neuralgia, in Chronic Enlargement of
the Joints, Bruises, Sprains, Muscºllar Pains, &c. It
is formed by dissolving one ounce of Çamphow in 16,
ounces of Oil of Turpentine, and then adding two
ounces of Soft Soap, rubbing them together until they
are thoroughly mixed. Chronic Coughs, especially of
the aged, are much benefited by this liniment well
rubbed into the chest at night.
367. TURPENTINE OINTMENT is prepared by melting
together at a gentle heat one ounce of Oil of Turpen-
time, 60 grains of White or Black Dammar (372), half
an ounce of Yellow Wax, and half an ounce of Pre-”
pared Lard (or Kokum Butter). The ingredients,
when melted together, should be removed from the
fire, and the mixture constantly stirred whilst cooling.
It constitutes a good stimulatint application to Indolent
and ill-conditioned Ulcerations, dºc. Diluted with equal
parts of lard (or ghee), it forms a highly useful dress-
ing for Carbuncles, aiding the separation of sloughs,
..and stimulating to healthy action. It should be
changed twice or thrice daily. Its action is aided by
generous diet, &c., as mentioned in Index, Art. Car-
buncle. Some Chronis Skin Diseases improve under
the use of the undiluted ointment, but in those of the
//airy Scalp of Parasitic origin, the pure oil, locally

152 OIL OF TURPENTINE–TYL4PHORA.
0 /
applied, according to Erlach (Praclitioner, Oct. 1871),
more surely and more rapidly than any other remedy.
* O 9 [g
‘367b. Tylophora, or Country Ipecacuanha. Tylo-
phora asthmatica, W. et"A. (-),
Aitá-múl, Janglí-pikván (Hind.), Pit-kári (Duk.),
Anto-mul (Beng.), Nach-churuppán, Náy-pālai,
Péyp-pálai (Tam), Verri-pála, Kukka-pála (Tel.),
Walli-pálá (Mal.), Bin-nuga (Cing.).
368. This plant is common in Sandy localities in
Bengal, and other parts of India. Its roots and leaves
possess valuable emetiv properties; the former, as met
with in the bazaars, occurs in the form of thick, con-
torted pieces of a pale colour, and a bitterish, some-
what nauseous taste. As an emetic, and especially as
a remedy in dysentery, it has long been in repute,
but it has been superseded by the dried leaves, the
operation of which has been found more uniform and
certain; in fact, they are justly regarded as one of the
best indigenous substitutes for Ipecacuanha. The
dose of the powdered dried leaves as an emetic for an
adult is from 40 to 50 grains; in smaller doses, four
to eight grains, its action is that of an expectorant and
diaphoretic.
369. In Dysentery and Diarrhoea, even in the
earliest stages, and whilst fever is present, it may be
given in doses of 140 to 15 grains three or four times
daily, conjoined with mucilage ; &nd Opium if required;
or it may be commenced in one large dose in the same
way as Ipecacuanha (see Index). If the dysentery be
ſ

TYLOPHöRA-VATERIA INDICA. 153
connected with mºunt fiver, or be of malarious
origin, it should be combined with quinine.
370. In Chronic Bronchitis, Cougis,” Colds, and the
early stage of Hooping Cough, it has been administeréd
with manifest benefit as an expectorant and diaphor-
etic, in doses of five grains thrice daily or oftºner,
either alone or combined with Syrup of Country
Liquorice (6). O
O
371. Wateria Indica, Linn, Resin of Piney, or
White Dammar. * ->
Suféd-dámar (Hind, Duk.), Kündro (Beng.), Sun-
dras (Punj.), Sindrus (Kas/s), Wellai-kändrikum
(Tam.), Dúpa-dāmaru, Tella-dāmaru (Tel.), Wella-
kūnturukkam (Mal.), Hal, Hal-dumlua (Cing.),
Guttah rukam putch (Malay).
372. The specimens of White or Piñey Dammar
are met with in the bazaars in irregular masses, which
differ in colour, fragrance, and dehsity, some being of
a light-greenish colour, dense and uniform in substance,
whilst others are yellow affibericoloured, and vesicular,
or full of small bladders; these differences apparently
arise from the mode of collection and the age of the
trees producing them. This resin burns with a clear
steady light, giving off a pleasant smell, but very little
smoke; under the influence of gentle heat it com-
bines with wax and oil, and forms a good substitute
* In the absence of White Dammar, Black Dammar, the
resin of Canarium stricium, Rowb. may be substituted. Its
native names are Kalā-damar (Hind., Duk., Beng.), Karuppu-
damar (Tam.), Nalla-rojan (Tel.), Kálo-damar (Guz.).
D

K
154 WATERIA INDICA–VERNºNA SEEDS.
0. º
- - - - •/
for officinal Resin in various ointments and plasters. .
The following is an eligible form for common use.
Take of White Dammar, five ounces; Lard or Kokum
Butter, eight ounces; Wax, two ounces. Melt with a
gentle heat, stirring briskly as it cools. This spread
on rag or lint forms a good stimulant dressing for
Carbuncles and other Ulcerations. n
373. From the fruit of Wateria Indica, Linn., com-
monºon the western coast of the Peninsula, is obtained
a solid fatty oil named PINEY TALLow or VEGETABLE
TALLOW OF CANARA, which has obtained considerable
repute as a local application in Chronic Rheumatism,
and some other painful affections. Like Kokum
Butter, it may be used as a substitute for lard and
other animal fats in the preparation of ointments, &c.
It is deserving of more attention than has hitherto
been paid to it.
373a. Wernonia Seeds. The seeds of Vermonia
anthelmintica, Willd.
Sómrāj, Bukchi (Hind.), Sómrāj (Beng.), Káttu-
shíragam (Tam.), Adavi-jila-kara, Visha-kanta-
kálu (Tel.), Káttu-jirakam (Mal.), Kádu-jirage
(Can.), Ránácha-jiré (Mah.), Kadvojíri (Guz.),
Sanni-nāegam, Sanni-nāsang (Cing.), Justan
hutan (Malay).
373b. The plant which yields these seeds is com-
mon in waste places near villages throughout India,
-->
and the dried seeds are met with in almost every,
bazaar; they are about the eighth of an inch in length,
#
VERNONIA SEEDS—VINEGAR. I º 5
of a dark brown colºr, covered with whitish scattered
hairs, cylindrical, tapering towards the base, marked *
with about ten paler longitudinal ridges, and crowned
with a circle of short brown scales; taste, nauseotis
and bitter. These seeds enjoy a high repute amongst
the natives as a vermifuge in cases of Lumbrig' or
Round Worms, which, under their use, are stated to
be expelled in a lifeless state, thus showing that they
exercise a specific influence on the worph. The ordi- e
nary dose of the bruised seed, administered in elec-
tuary with honey, is about two drachms, given in two
equal doses at the interval of a few hours, and followed
by an aperient. In this character they seem well
worthy of further trials. In Travancore, the bruised
seeds, ground up into a paste with lime-juice, are
largely employed as a means of destroying Lice in-
festing the body. The reports received. of their effi-
cacy for this purpose justify further trials with them.
- º
374. Winegar. º
Sirkó (Hind, Duk, "Beng, Punj, Kash.), Kádi
(Tam.), Kádi-nóllu (Tel.), Káti (Mal.), Hulirasa
(Can.), Kádi, Vená-kiri (Cing.), Pón-ye (Burm.),
Chuka (Malay). -
375. Many kinds of Winegar are met with in India,
but as they are of very varying strength and degree
of purity, the imported English Distilled or White
Wine Winegar should be preferred, when procurable,
as it generally may be in large bazaars, for medical
purposes. In its absence, the best native kinds,
156 vinegar. !
especially that prepared from the Toddy of the Pal-
myra tree, should be used.*
376. Iſ Syněllpox, Measles, Scarlet Fever, and other
Febrile Affections, a mixture of one part of Winegar and
three of Water forms a soothing and refreshºeg appli-
cation, with which the whole surface may be sponged
twice or thrice daily, the temperature being regulated
as described in Sect. 385. Sprinkled about the sick
room; in these and other cases, undiluted vinegar acts
in a degree as a deodorant, and is generally very
agreeable to the patient.
377. In Relaxed, Ulcerated, and other forms of Sore
Throat, especially in that of Scarlet Fever, in Hoarseness,
&c., benefit is often derived from the inhalation of the
vapour of hot Winegar. -
378. In Phthisis, sponging the chest with diluted
Vinegar is paid to be very effectual in allaying the
profuse perspirations. A good mixture for this pur-
pose is composed of one part of Vinegar, one of Eau de
Cologne, and two of Water; it is a measure attended
with salutary effects, and is generally of great com-
fort to the patient. As a preventive of Phthisis the
practice has been strongly recommended of Washing
the chest every morning with Vinegar and Water, be-
ginning with it tepid, and reducing the temperature
gradually, until it can be used quite cold. The same
measure persevered in has been found useful by persons
)
M.
c
* At Pasham and on the frontier a very superior vinegar is
manufactured from the juice of the grape; hence ‘ Pasham
Winegar’ is well known throughout the Punjab and Kashmir,
and even at Bombay and Kurrachee (Dr. Aitchison).
> )
->
I
WINEGAR. 157
º - ë
subject to repeated *acks of Coughs and Asthmas; it
often seems to diminish the liºbility to a return of
these attacks, and to act as a prevantive
379. In Abortion and other forms of Uterine Haemo”-
rhage, the continued application of cold Vinegar and
Water to the pubes is not only agreeable to the patient,
but tends considerably to arrest the discharge of blood.
In the absence of better agents, Wiſegar diluted and
Sweetened to taste may also be advantageously given
internally. Bleeding from the Wose sometimes yields to
a piece of rag saturated with Vinegar introduced into
the nostril.
380. To Bruises, Sprains, Con&isions, and local In-
flammations, diluted Vinegar is a popular and useful
application. An excellent EVAPORATING LOTION' in
these cases is formed of equal parts of Winegar,
Arrack, and Water. This forms also a good ap-
plication to the head in the Headache and Delirium of
Fever. The pains of Venomous Błes or Stings, e.g., of
Scorpions, Centipedes, Wasps, Mosquitoes, dºc., is often
greatly relieved by the coastant application of a piece
of rag moistened with Vinegar."
381. To Milk or Mammary Abscesses warm Winegar,
perseveringly employed for twenty-four hours, is
stated on good authority to be one of the best ap-
plications which can be used for relieving the con-
gestion ; it is particularly useful when the breasts are
greatly and painfully distended with milk, and the
earlier in the case it is employed, the greater are its
chances of success.
382. Particles of Lime (Chunam) in the Eye are
158 WINEGAR–WATER.
effectually dissolved and the pain eased by bathing ,
the eye with diluted Sinegar, not strong enough to
cause smarcing; Vit requires to be introduced between
the eyelids.
o - * {
2.83. Water.
Pání (Hind, Juk, Beng, Guz, Mah., Punj), Ab,
Sag (Kash.), Tanni, Jalam, Nîr (Tam), Jalam,
Níllu (Tel.), Vellam (Mal), Vaturu (Cing.), Yé
(Burm.), Ahyer (Malay).
384. Water for medicinal purposes, e.g., making
infusions, decoctions, &c., should be the purest which
can be procured. At certain seasons, however, espe-
cially during the monsoon, the best water is apt to
be so muddy as to be unfit either for medicinal or
drinking usé. Under these circumstances, recourse
may be had to the native practice of rubbing the
inside of a vessel or chattie with Clearing Nut,”
bruised or sliced, previous to the water being poured
into it. This simple measure is said to render the
muddiest water clear and wholesome. Where water
has been collected from swampy or malarious localities,
a better plan is to subject it (with the addition of a
piece of freshly prepared charcoal) to boiling, and sub-
sequent straining or filtering. The uses of water in
medicine are multifarious and important.
º
* The Seeds of Strychnos Potatorum, Linn. Nir-mali
(Hind., Beng., Mah., and Guz.), Chil-binj (Duk.), Tétrán-kottai
(Tam. and Malyal.), Tétrán-parala (Tel.), Ingini-atta (Cing.), "
Ramou-yeki (Burm.).

4
WATER. - 15 }
385. As a drink \, Fever and Inflammations, cold
water may be taken without rºstriëtion, and it may
be rendered more refrigerant and agréealºle by the
addition of some mucilaginous agents, as rice, &c'.
and some vegetable acid, as tamarind pulp or lime-
juice. For Irritability of Stomach and Vomiting in
Fever, water drunk as hot as it can be borne will
often prove very effectual; “Butº’ observes Dr.
Aitchison, “the remedy should not consist of merely a
a mouthful or so of hot water ; but of two or three
tumblers full. One would suppose that drinking
this amount of water on an irritable stomach, would
rather produce vomiting: this is not the case. The
patient may bring up a little of the water ; but
usually he simply turns round, and falls asleep as if
a narcotic had been given him.’ In Smallpox, Measles,
Scarlatina, and other Fevers, the practise of freely
sponging the surface once or twice daily with water
is extremely grateful and refreshing to the patient,
and may be used with perfect safety unless the
heat be high above the natural standard, when tepid
water should be substituted. As a general rule, the
temperature of the water should be regulated by
the patient's feelings ; it should be cold, tepid, or
quite warm, as is most agreeable. A mixture of
Winegar and Water (one part of the former to three
of the latter) is even more refreshing than plain
• Water. * *
386. In Sunstroke, the first thing to be done after
... removing the patient into the shade and taking off
the head-gear and upper clothing, is to practise COLD
• ſº
D
to
*
160 WATER.
AFFUSION. For this purpose he should be held in a .
sitting posture, whilst the water, the colder the
º better, is poured down in a pretty full stream, at a
º
height of two or three feet over the head, spine, and
chest. After its application for a minute- or two,
the patient will probably heave a deep sigh or
inspiration, when the affusion should be discontinued
and the patient “removed to a dry spot, thoroughly
dried with 8 warm cloth or towel, and diligent
friction maintained till full consciousness is restored.
Mustard poultices (247), Turpentine stupes (362) "to
the feet and calves are also advisable if insensibility
be long continued. One or two points demand at-
tention. 1. The water should not descend all at once,
but rather in a small continuous stream, and it should
be directed not so much on the top of the head as
on the back part and upper portion of the spine. 2.
It should at once be discontinued when the patient
begins to revive. 3. It is not adapted for the aged
and debilitated, or when the skin is cold and clammy;
in these cases affusion should be restricted to dashing .
cold water on the face and chest, together with per-
severing frictions of the extremities; and when the
patient is able to swallow, administering mild stimu-
lants, e.g., ammonia, weak brandy and water, &c. The
above treatment is adapted for Apoplexy and Profound
Insensibility, such as occurs in Poisoning by Opium, Bish
(Aconite), or the fumes of Datura. In ordinary cases
of Fainting, Convulsions in “Adults arising from no
evident cause, and Hysterical Convulsions in Women, .
simply dashing cold water with some little degree
º
-

P
WATER. - l,61
- b
of violence on the \face and bosom, is generally all
that is required. * * to .
387. In the Convulsions of Infaſheff aſtd Childhood,'
the little patient should be put into a hot bath, with
as litté delay as possible, the head at the same time
being slightly elevated, and enveloped in cloths
kept wet with cold water, the colder the better.
Under the simultaneous use of the hot bath and the ſus."
cold lotion to the head, aided by the exhibition of a *
dose of Castor Oil, the convulsions will often speedily
subside. The bath should be as hot as can be borne,
about 98° F., and the child should remain in it for ten
or fifteen minutes, but the cold to the head may be
continued for some hours. Should the convulsions
return, the bath may be repeated, followed by small
Mustard poultices (247) applied to the feet. A hot
bath is also very useful in allaying Colic” in Children.
388. To check violent Haemorrhage or Flooding after
Labours, nothing is much more effectual than dashing
cold water in a pretty full stream, and with some
little degree of force, ºver the abdominal surface,
especially the lower portion. At the same time, a
piece of soft rag, made into a pyramidical form,
thoroughly saturated with cold water, or vinegar and
water (in equal parts), should be introduced into
the vagina. After the flooding has been subdued,
the external application of cold water, or vinegar
and water, should be kept on for Some time. W. B.
—During a confinemeft in India, it should be an
invariable rule, to meet such an emergency as the
above, to have ready at hand two or three chatties
D M
º
162 WATER.
of cold water, for a patient may dić from loss of blood
if the water has to be fetched from a distant source.
389. In Chelºra, the free use of cold water as a
drink appears materially to aid other treatment, of
whatsoever kind that may be ; it should be as cold
as procurable, iced if possible, and taken in large
and repeated draughts; although the first four or
ºve draughts may be rejected, its use should still be
persevered in ; the stomach will eventually retain it,
and when this is effected, a beneficial change in the
state of the patient generally takes place. Whatever
other treatment is adopted, cold water (iced if pos-
sible) in copious draughts is a valuable auxiliary,
perfectly safe, agreeable to the patient, and likely to
be productive of the best effects.
390. Many forms of Sore Throat, and Coughs
attended with . Difficulty of Breathing and Scanty Ea:-
‘ pectoration, are much benefited by repeated inhalations
of hot water, and their efficiency is increased by the
addition of mucilaginous agents, as Abelmoschus (1).
In Croup, relays of sponges filled with water, as hot as
the little patient can bear, should be applied immediately
beneath the chin, along the whole course of the throat.
They should be persevered in for half an hour, and then
discontinued if they fail to produce benefit. In severe
cases, Turpentine stupes (362) prove more serviceable.
392. In many painful affections of the Kidneys,
Bladder, and Uterºs," in the passage of Gall Stones, and . .
in Retention of the Urine from Spasmodic Stricture con-
sequent on a debauch or exposure, the hot hip-bath proves .
highly serviceable and soothing. s
- ** .

k
WATER. 163
0
393. HoT-WATERAFOMENTATIONs are very service-
able in many cases, e.g., Local,Inflºymmations, Incipient, -
Abscesses, Boils, Sprains, Lumbºgo, Cºg and Spasmodic
Affections of the Bowels, Congestion of the Liver, Asthrya,
&c. Tº obtain their full effect, a few points require
to be attended to. 1. The water should be as hot as
can be borne. 2. Two or more thickly folded ºloths
(if flannel so much the better) of as size rather larger; e.
than the surface they are to cover, should be in readi- O
ness. 3. One of these having been removed from the
water, should be thoroughly wrung, so that it should
hold no superfluous moisture, and should be imme-
diately applied to the surface. . 4. A second cloth
having been got ready in the same way, the first, after
the lapse of two or three minutes, should be removed,
and the second applied. This process should be con-
tinued for half an hour if necessary, carp being taken
that the water be kept at the original temperature by
means of fresh relays, and that, there should be no
longer interval than possible between the removal of
one and the application ºf the suckeeding fomentation.
Subsequently, care should be taken to protect the
fomented part from exposure to cold draughts of air.
Some forms of severe Headache, especially those occurring
Žn Fevers, are far more benefited by hot-water formenta-
tions, or stupes thus applied, than from cold lotions
commonly employed for the purpose. According to
Dr. Aitchison, nothing relieves the Headache or great
fulness of the Head in Fevers so effectually as the con-
tinuous application of extremely hot-water stupes to
the nape of the neck. The Irritative Bilious Diarrhoea.
164 WATER.
O
of these Fevers, he adds, is more frequently improved
and arrested by large warm-water enemas, administered
at least morning, and evening, than by any other
rekiedy he knows of
394. In the treatment of Wounds, Ulcers, wººd In-
flamed Surfaces, ‘WATER DRESSING' possesses many ad-
vantages, especially in tropical regions, over poultices
sº Când ointments. The process is exceedingly simple,
, consisting only of a piece of lint of thick texture, and
of a size sufficient completely to cover the wound,
soaked in tepid water. This is placed on the affected
part, and the whole enveloped in an ample piece of
oiled silk, so as effactually to prevent evaporation.
Young plantain leaf answers the purpose as well as
oiled silk. Cold water may be substituted for tepid,
should it be more agreeable to the feelings of the
patient. AL
395. Sloughing and Gangrenous Ulcerations, and
Carbuncles (‘ Rajah Boils') after suppuration, are more
effectually treated by what is termed ‘IRRIGATION,’
which consists in kéeping up, a continuous stream of
water, tepid or cold, as the patient may prefer, for
half an hour twice daily. A common kettle, or one of
the Natives’ drinking-vessels provided with a spout,
answers well for the purpose, and it should be held
so that the fall of water should be about a foot, or
rather more, but the height should be regulated in a
measure by the patient's feelings. If pain is caused,
the height should be diminished. With each irrigation,
more or less of the slough comes' away, and in a few
days the ulcer will, in most instances, assume a healthy
º
-->
WATER. e 1,65
- *
appearance, when it may be treated as an ordinary
ulcer—with cold water dressºng, º or Wax”

Ointment, &c. In the intervals bººeen the irriga-`
tions, Toddy Poultices (355) should "be applied. ”
396: Another way in which Water may be utilized
is in the formation of a WAPOUR BATH, which is, often
a most serviceable resource in Chronic Rheumatism,
Obstinate Skin Diseases, Dropsical *ºffections, the earl)”
- stages of Diabetes, and in all cases where whe skin"is dry, *
Tough, and not much above the natural standard. It
is inadvisable in fever cases. Incipient Colds and
Catarrhs following exposure to wet, &c., may often
be speedily arrested by a vapºur bath, taken im-
mediately before going to bed at night.
397. The Vapour Bath apparatus, which should
be kept ready in all large establishments in India,
consists of a bamboo frame of a conical shape, covered
with wax - cloth or some other impervious material;
it should be large enough to enclose the whole body
(when the patient is in a sitting posture), and an
aperture with a loose frið attached, so as to tie round
the patient's throat, should be left at the apex. Under
this the patient, divested of his clothing, should sit
with the head and face projecting through the opening
at the top, and a chattie, or open vessel, of boiling
Water having been introduced, sweating soon com-
mences and should be kept up for a quarter of an
hour or more. Then the patient should be thoroughly
dried with warm, rough towels and go to bed, or to
some other place where he will be effectually protected
from draughts of cold air.
O
l 66 Q WATER- -WAX.
w f
3975. The wet sheet has beeſ highly spoken of in o
... the treatment of belirium Tremens ; it is applied as
follows :-Strip ºne patient naked and roll him in a
wet sheet till he looks like a mummy, and then roll
a blanket round this again. In many cases"the de-
lirious excitement will subside as soon as a hot vapour ,
surrounds the patient, and he will fall into a quiet
--- sleep. It should be used with caution in the case of
“an old debilitated drunkard.

398. Wax.
Móm (Hind, Duk, Beng., Punj.), Si’ūth (Kash.),
Mozhukka (Tºm.), Máinam (Tel.), Mezhuka
(Mal.), Ména (Cam., Mah.), Mín (Guz.), Itti
(Cing.), Phayoui (Burm.), Libu lubah (Malay).
399. Wax, obtainable of good quality in most
* bazaars, has 'no especial medicinal properties; it is,
however, extensively used in the formation of oint-
ments, plasters, &c., for the purpose of giving them
consistence, and a Wildly stimulant action. The fol-
lowing is stated to be an excellent stimulant applica- .
tion to ‘Blind Boils,’ so common at certain seasons
in many parts of India ; it is thought to bring them
to a head sooner than any other remedy. Take of
Indian Bdellium,” Wax, and Sesamum oil, of each one
ounce ; melt together with a gentle heat, stirring well,
and strain. A pºrtion of this, spread on rag or lint,
should be placed over each boil. It is also a good
dressing for subsequent Ulceration.
º
* Gügul (Hind., Punj.), Kánt-i-gun (Kash.), the gum resin
of Balsamodendron Mukul (Hooker), and B. pubescens (Stocks). º *
- q º
z.”
&
\ .
o (9 | º ^ -
A D D, E N D A. º
º
Cº. Cinchona Febrifuge, or Darjeeling Cinchons.---
Alkaloid. ſo º º
In 1875 Mr. Wood, the Government Quinologist,
prepared from the bark of Cinchona succirubra and
other species under cultivation at Darjeeling an alka-
loid, or rather a mixture of alkaloids, which has re-
ceived the provisional names of ‘DARJEELING CIN-
CHONA ALKALOID,’ and ‘CINCHONA FEBRIFUGE.’ A rough
analysis shows that it contains—Quinine, 15:5; Cin-
chonidine, 29-0 ; Cinchonine, 33.5; Amorphous Alka-
loid, 17-0; and Colouring Matter, 5.0 in 100 parts.
It occurs in the form of a buff-goloured powder, of a
peculiar disagreeable smell, and biºter, nauseous taste;
insoluble in Water, soluble in mineral and vegetable
acids. o
. In the treatment of Intermittent Fever this
remedy ranks next to Quinine, over which it possesses
the advantage of being comparatively cheap, and, from
its being manufactured in India, is within the reach of
all. It has its disadvantages, however, being apt to
create nausea, vomiting, with a buwning sensation at
the pit of the stomachº extending, in some instances,
to the throat, and occasionally diarrhoea. Like
Quinine, if given in sufficient doses to produce its
waſ
U
168 CINCHONA. FEBRIFUGE.
() -
specific effect, it gives rise to headache, singing in the
- ears, giddiness, ºnd other symptoms included under
, the term ‘ Quiñº n;' but all these pass away on the
disgontinuance \ the remedy, leaving no after ill
effects. It is, in act, a thoroughly safe and effigacious
remedy in ordinary simple Intermittents, but its use
is limited to these. In the severer forms and in Re-
ºittent Fevers it is not to be depended upon : here
(Quinine remains the sheet anchor. The dose is from
five to ten grains twice or thrice daily during the
intermission or in anticipation of an expected paroxysm.


Dilute Sulphuric Acid (one and a half minim to one
grain of the alkaloid) is said to be the best solvent,
but given with Dilute Hydrochloric or Citric Acid, its
disagreeable taste and smell are partially masked, and
hence is more easily borne. Fresh Lime Juice is re-
commended as an eligible vehicle for popular use.
- 402. In Debility after Fevers it promises to be of
great value as a tonic, given in small doses. It is worthy
of a trial in Enlargement of the Spleen in combination
with Sulphate"of Iroh (176). Jn Neuralgia, Face Ache,
Tic Doloureux, when asstiming a periodical form, this
remedy is well worthy of a fair trial. It should be
given in full doses (ten grains) thrice daily for adults.
403. Closely allied to the foregoing is another form
of collective Cinchona Alkaloids, to which its dis-
coverer, Dr. de Vrij, has given the name of QUINETUM.
It is said to represent the whole of the alkaloids in
Cinchona succirubra bark in Sproportion of Quinine,
25; Cinchonidine, 50 ; and Cinchonine, 20 in 100
parts. Dr. Vinkhuysen, who tried it extensively in
IXEROSINE OIL. 169
&
ys that “Quine-
the treatment of Intermittent Fewers,
tum is of great value as a febrifuge, but that it takes •
longer to act, and will not replace Quiºne in permicious º-'
fever. It has the same apyretic effectſas Quinine, btit
is less sewerful; larger doses axe therefore required at
longer intervals before the paroxysms. It produces
no ill effects, no noises in the ear, and can be taken
by those who cannot take Quinine.” It is more effica---
cious in chronic cases and as a tonic, whilst in rºasked 2
malaria it is incomparably superior to Quinine.’ This
statement is quoted from Sir Joseph Fayrer's valuable
work “On the Climate and Fevers of India’ (London,
1882), and to it he (Sir Joseph) atlds the expression of
his own belief that ‘it is a very valuable drug.” We
learn from the same authority that it is now largely
prepared in India. This being the case, and as it is
less than half the price of Quinine, it may be regarded
as an important addition to Indian Materia Medica.
The dose is from eight to sixteen grains in diluted
Lime Juice or other acidulated Water.
D
A 404. Kerosine Oil. O
Pathar-ka-tél (Punj.).
405. Owing to the extensive use of this mineral Oil
for lighting purposes during the past few years, it can
now be obtained in nearly every bazaar in the country.
º According to the experience of Dr. Aitchison, no local
* remedy is so pre-eminently useful in all Skin Diseases
as this, especially when of a parasitic origin. It is
, comparatively of little use in syphilitic eruptions.
.** b
-->




I70 KEROSINE OIL–SUGAR.
t {
The oil may be mployed pure when no large surface
is involved, but ſº the disease to be treated extensively
s” covers the bodyſit should be diluted with equal parts
of sweet oil.
\thing can come up to it, he asserts,
in removing and destropying bugs from old wood. It is
also said to be of use in removing white ants. -
406. In Itch, when of limited extent, after opening
~rºach pustule, ruly into the part carefully twice or
• thrices daily pure Kerosine Oil. If it be extensively
diffused over the whole body, after thoroughly washing
with soap and water, rub in a solution of equal parts of
Rerosine and Sweet Oil. This, observes Dr. Aitchison,
far surpasses the Sulphur treatment. In Ringworm it
is sufficient to paint the affected spot with the pure
oil twice or thrice daily. In Scald Head, after cutting
the hair as short as possible, apply a poultice to clean
off the scab, from the scalp, and then thoroughly
Saturate the cleansed surface with Kerosine Oil.
During treatment the patient should wear an oil-skin
cap. Oil alone, applied thus, adds Dr. A., will cure
the disease, but Kerosine does it more quickly and
effectually. Lice of all kinds are at once destroyed by
rubbing Kerosine Oil into the parts they occupy, and
are totally exterminated by two or three free applica-
tions. (Dr. Atchison.)
407. Sugar.
Shakar (Hind, Duk.), Bhāra, Chini (Beng.), Misri
(Punj.), Sakkará, Sharukkarai (Tam.), Shakkara.
(Tel.), Sharkkara, Panjasāra (Mal.), Sini, Sak- .
kere (Cing.), Saghia or Tagiya (Burm.), Gála
(Mal.). 0


SUGAR. 171
A 408. This articlº is not usually regarded as a
medicine, but Dr. Aitchison in leis' valuable notes, ,
points out how he has utilized j) as such with `
excellent effect; and as it is procuſble throughout
the length and breadth of , India; it seems well
worthy of notice in this place. Only the best and
purest kinds should be employed for medicinal
purposes. ‘p * \tº L11 - “-
409. In all forms of Ophthalmia (Country Sore ,
Eyes, dºc.), Dr. A. states that he has fºund a solution
of one drachm of Sugar in three drachms of Water
dropped into the eye every hour or so, never fail to
afford relief, and that generally, if applied early, cuts
short the disease at once. This practice, he adds,
he has followed for twelve years, and used nothing
else. Children, according to his experience, will
actually come and ask to have the remedy dropped
into their eyes, so great is the relief it affords. At
bedtime, in these cases, it is advisable to apply to
the eyelashes a little sweet oil or grease, and the first
thing in the morning carefully to wash the eyes with
hot milk and water. This 'solution is also useful
for removing small foreign substances from the Eye.
410. In Gomorrhoea and Vaginal Discharges the
above solution is an excellent application, though
not so uniformly useful as in Ophthalmia. In
Gomorrhoea, it may be commenced with at once, the
injections being repeated frequently during the day,
in addition to general"remedies; but in Waginal dis-
charges other remédies may be tried first. (See
Index.)
“a

!)
172 SUGAR–PETROLEUM : ROCK OIL.
t
411. Sugar
forms of Fowl,
s an excellent dressing for certain
§angrešous looking Ulcers, the Sugar
s’ (white or refi º) in grain being merely sprinkled
OVer the sore ºhich under its use soon assumes a
healthy appeard ce. As a drawing plaster föy Boils,
equal parts of Sugar and Yellow Soap, is an old
remedy. (Dr. Aitchison.)
0.
º-º-º-º-
arº*
( 412. Petróleum. Rock Oil.
Mittſ-kā-té (Hind, Duk), Mátiyā-tail (Beng.),
Man-yenney, Man-tayilam (Tam., Mal.), Manti-
tayilam, Manti-náné (Tel.), Mannunyanné (Can.),
Matti-cha-téla (Mah. ), Matti-nu-tel (Guz.), Yé-ná
(Burm.).
413. Petroleum, a mineral oil, semi-liquid some-
what of the consistence of treacle, tenacious, semi-
transparent of a deep sherry red or nearly opaque,
tar-like brown, with a peculiar though not unpleasant
aromatic odour and pungent acrid taste, exudes
Spontaneously from the rocke in volcanic regions, and
collects on the surface of certain lakes in Persia,
Burmah, Assam, and the islands on the Arracan Coast,
as well as in Barbadoes, Trinidad, and other West
Indian Islands. As a medicinal agent, it is a
terebinthinate (turpentime-like) stimulant, and as such
appears to act specially on the kidneys, increasing in
a marked degreg the urinary secretion. The dose
is about half a fluid drachm (thirty drops) suspended
in mucilage. fº
414. Petroleum is very generally employed by
**
}.
º
º



PETROLEUM : ROCK OIL. 173
o
, the Native practitioners externally tº a stimulant in
Paralytic Affections and in Chronio !heumatism, and ,
Dr. Fleming (Cat. p. 53), commentiº on this, adds º
that he can, from his own experiencſ, recommend it
in the latter disease as an effigacious’remedy, having
derived more benefit from it than from the more
costly Cajeput Oil, which he had previously used. A
case of Beri-beri successfully treated by it, externally elu”.
and internally, is recorded by Mr., S. Arokeum a
(Madras Quart. Med. Journ., July 1863), but how
far the recovery was due in this instance to the
Petroleum seems doubtful. Still it seems worthy of
further trials in this obscure affecsion.
415. In Skin Diseases, it is a useful external
application, and a case of Chronic Eczema, which had
resisted a host of remedies cured by it, is recorded by
Dr. J. W. Mudge (Indian Ann. of Med. Science, 1854,
p. 450). He used it incorporated with Soap in the
proportion of a drachm to an ounge.
416. As an Antiseptic agent *; Surgical Practice,
some trials have been made with it by Sir Joseph
* Fayrer (Indian Med. Gazette, Sept. 1869, p. 184), and
he comes to the conclusion that it possesses some if not
all the advantages assigned to Carbolic Acid in this
character. He used it, pure or diluted, with equal
parts of oil or glycerine; and he states that whilst it
certainly has some deodorising power, it appeared also
to have that of limiting suppuratioh and of restraining
the development of septic miasmata in the discharges.
He likewise found it useful as a stimulating and
‘. detergent application to Sloughing and Ulcerated
-
--
2
-->

174 PETROLEUM–ROCK SALT,
t
Surfaces, and in hone case of Carbuncle it proved most
efficacious. It ſhaºises; little iſconvenience beyond
* - slight smartingſt “The evidence of its virtue, Sir J.
Eayrer observes ‘is as yet but limited, yet it is such
as to suggest the advantage of making further trial
of what may prove to be a valuable addition to our
surgical resources, and it has the advantage of being
~~~produced in the Country.’ The summaries of twenty
, cases are appºnded to illustrate the use of this hydro-
carbon. It is to be hoped it will meet with further
trials.
417. Rock Salt, ºn impure Chloride of Sodium.
Senda-lon, Senda-namak (Hind, Duk.), Indúppū
(Tam., Tel.), Intúppa (Mal.).
418. Rock Salt occurs in large masses varying in
weight from 2 or 3 to 8 or 10 lbs. ; dull or brownish-
white externally, white and crystalline internally, of
a pure Saline taste; procurable in all large Indian
bazaars at four or five annas per lb. Though known
to be a mere variety of Chloride of Sodium (common
salt) it is possessed of far stronger purgative properties,
it is also strºnger than Cream of Tartar; but like this,
it is not a satisfactory cathartic given alone; in com-
bination with other purgatives, however, it is equal
if not superior to it, and may advantageously replace
it in Kaladana and other officinal Powders. (Dr.
Moodeen Sheriff.) 1.
°




419. Mutton Broth and Beef Tea.
Take a pound of meat, freð from fat; chop it up
> fine, and let it stand for one hour in a pint of cold
water. Then add half a dozen Okra (1) cut trans.
versely, and boil at a gentle heat to half a pint; strain"
and flavour with salt and pepper to taste. It should
be freshly prepared daily. o
111-e
420. Chicken Broth. to
This is prepared in the same manner as the pre-
ceding, a full-grown fowl being substituted for the
pound of meat. The two essential points to be at-
tended to being, that the flesh is cut small or well
bruised, and that it stands for an hour in cold water a
previous to being put on the fire. Half-grown fowls
will answer for children. Like the preceding, it should
be prepared fresh daily. so
421. Raw Meat Juice.
The juice of raw meat is an invaluable remedy in
sickness, more especially in the many diseases of the
intestinal canal from which Europeans suffer in India,
whether during infancy or in adult life. For obtaining
this juice any meat will do, but beef is to be preferred.
From a piece, say, a pound in weight, remove all the
fat; then mince the meat; after which cover the
mince with as much water as it will absorb in four or
º

(
176 RICE MILK–ARROW ROOT.
t w
five minutes; thºn reduce the soft mass into a pulp in *.
• a mortar by me hs of a pestle. £ass this pulp through
~ a cloth forciblft the fluid which passes through the
ckoth is meat lice. Children will take this readily
without any addition being made to it. Aduties, how-
ever, frequently cannot do so, owing to its peculiar
raw odour. In such cases it can be made palatable
secºy the addition of a little salt, sometimes sherry,
, Worcester sauce, or even a little acid jelly; but what-
ever is done to, this juice to make it palatable, O]l Il O
account add mineral acids, or cook it, as in both cases
the albumen of the juice becomes coagulated, making
it less digestible. Where ice is procurable, meat in
this form can be conveniently kept fresh for more than
forty eight hours. Where ice cannot be obtained, and
the climate is at Summer heat, the juice should be
extracted from the meat fresh each time it is to be
given. (Dr. Aitchison.)
c º
422. Rice Milk,
Boil one table spoonful dº ground Rice with a pint
and a half of Milk, or equal parts of milk and water;
stir it smooth, and boil for two minutes; flavour with
sugar and nitmeg. A very nourishing food for children.
423. Arrowroot.
Take a table spoonful of the best Arrowroot, and
make it into a thin paste with a little water; then
add gradually half a pint of boiling water, stirring it
the whole time, Put it on the fire for two or three ,
º

SAGO-PISH-PASH. . 177

minutes, still continuing to "stir it ſtill the whole is
uniformly mixed; then remove it” fºom the fire and’
add grated nutmeg, sugar, &c., to paste. If made
with milk instead of water, it is morſ mourishing, but
when the stomach is weak it sometimes disagrees, and
then water is preferable. It should be prepared, fresh
when required. -> , ---
424. Sago. 2 Q
Add a table spoonful of the best Sago to a pint of
Water, and let it stand for two hours, then boil for a
quarter of an hour, stirring the whole time, till it forms
a clear uniform jelly. Remove from the fire, and .
flavour with Sugar, nutmeg, &c.
425. Pish-Pash (Puss-Pass). -
This is a regular Indian dish for invalids, and con-
sists of fresh meat cooked amongst rice. Usually a
chicken is cut up into small pieces, put into the bottom
of a small pan, to which are added three table spoonfuls
of rice, well cleaned, and over the whole is poured two.
breakfast cups full of cold water. This is now allowed
to cook over a slow fire for three or four hours. Spices
and salt, of course, can be added during the cooking
process. If the patient is extremely ill the rice part
alone is used, which has absorbed, nearly the whole of
the strength of the meat. Besides being given to in-
valids, this is a common diet amongst European
children in India. (Dr. Aitchison.) -
N
º

17 BRANDY MIXTURE.
426. Brandy ſixturg.
Take of Briſhdy aſid of Water each four table
spoonfuls, the yºxs of two Eggs, and half an ounce
of powdered while Sugar. Beat the yolks and sugar
well together, then add the spirit and water, and
flavou" with grated cinnamon or nutmeg.
e ... This is º stimulant and restorative in the
low forms and advanced stages of Fever, Smallpox,
* Measles, Eahalisting Haemorrhages, Cholera, and other
cases where the vital powers are greatly depressed.
The dose for adults is from one to three table spoon-
fuls repeated according to circumstances; for children
from a tea spoonful to a table spoonful according to
age or the urgency of the symptoms.
427. In Delirium Tremens this is one of the best
forms of stimulant, combining as it does nutritive with
stimulant properties; indeed, when other food is re-
jected, the proportion of eggs may be doubled or
trebled. In the young and vigorous, and in first
attacks, all alcoholic drinks may be safely and strictly
withheld, but should there be a great craving for drink,
Omum Water (320) may be tried, as it is said to re-
lieve this condition. In the old debilitated confirmed
drinker, however, stimulants become a necessity, and
Brandy Mixture in doses of one to two ounces may be
given at stated intervals as required, but the patient
should not be allowed to sip it, or take it occasionally
as he thinks fit.
(J.
428. White Wine Whey. º
Take one pint of fresh Milk, add Mace, Nutmeg
N.



WHITE WINE WHEY—EGG WINE. 179
º d
and Cinnamon, with, Sugar to taste." Put it on a clear
slow fire, stirring until the milk • is on the point of
boiling over. Then take it off, and throw in one or
two wine glassfuls of Sherry or Maćeira. Put it "on
the firé" again, stirring it gently the way until it
curdles; then remove, and strain through clºth or
muslin. This taken at bedtime, the Ifatient being
well covered with clothes, so as to prºduce copiotsº
perspiration, has often an excellent effect in afrestings
incipient attacks of Catarrh, Influenza, d.c.


429. Egg Wine.
º
Beat up one Egg (both yolk and white) with a table
spoonful of cold Water. On this pour a mixture of a
glass of Sherry and half a glass of water previously
heated together (not boiling), stirring all the time.
Then sweeten with white sugar, and add a little grated -
nutmeg, to taste. Taken in this form it is more
digestible, but its flavour is impfoved by heating the
ingredients in a clean saucepan over a gentle fire (not
to boiling), stirring thef, one way till they thicken.
This, with a small piece of toast or biscuit, may be
advantageously taken by invalids twice.daily, or as
occasion requires.
430. Strengthening Jelly.
Steep two ounces of Isinglass or Prepared Gelatine,
one ounce of Gum Arabic, five ounces of Sugar Candy,
and a grated Nutmeg in a bottle of Port wine all
night. In the morning, simmer over a slow fire till

180 STRENGTHENING JELLY,
quite dissolved; hen stain and set aside in a cool
place till it forms as firrh jelly. A piece the size of a
nutmeg may be "tºken five or six times a day. This
jelry is admirably suited for cases of debility when the
stomach is unable to bear animal food. Cºo

º \ !
* ! - -
º º -
& º
G
• * PART II. '
G
SYNOPSIS OR INDEX OF DISEASFſ.
- $ f º, y
The mumbers have reference to the paragraph; the asterisk (").

demotes those most deserving of attention.
G
Abdomen, Flatulent Distention of See Flatulence.
Abortion. Use Vinegar externally and internally
(379); if great restlessness or pain is present, give
Opium (289); if the haemorrhage continue unabated,
apparently from want of power in the uterus to con-
tract, try Borax and Cinnamon (58), or administer a
Turpentine enema (364).f With these exceptions,
let nature complete her work by herself; more harm
than good may result from meddlesome interference.
Perfect rest of mind and body, a strictly recumbent
posture in a cool, well-ventilated apartment, and care-
ful avoidance of all stimulant articles of diet and
mental excitement, are essentials to successful treat-
ment. Threatened Abortion from a fall, over-ealertion,
&c., may sometimes be averted by a dose of Opium
(289), and strict attention to the above hygienic rules,
See also Haemorrhage, Internal. .
† In cases where there is much hºmorrhage, which does
not abate under the above means, the Acetate of Lead and
Opium Pills advised for Hamorrhage Internal (foot-note), may
be given with signal advantage.
{}
182 INDEX OF DISEASES.
Abscess. In d early stage apply Hot Water Fo-
mentations (393); if there be ... inflammation and
pain, apply Leeches (215), and keep constantly to the
past a solution of Sal Ammoniac (325), or Evaporating
Lotion (380). I matter forms, apply Rice Poultices
(322); when it comes so near the surface that it can
be felt fluctuating under the finger, the abscess should
sº opened º a läncet at the most prominent point;
and after the matter has been evacuated by gentle
pressure, the Riſe Poultices should be continued, and
changed twice or thrice daily. Should the pain be so
great as to prevent sleep, a dose of Opium (283) or
Tincture of Datura (128) at bed-time is advisable.
Should the discharge be profuse, and the patient weak,
support the strength with a liberal diet and tonics,
as Chiretta (98, 99), or Country Sarsaparilla (163), or
Ním Bark (260). N.B.-Abscesses in the neck should
only be opened by a doctor, or by one who is con-
versant with the anatomy of the part.


Acidity of the Stojnach. See Stomach, Acidity of
Acids, Poisoning with. Give copious draughts of
Lime Water (228) and milk, or, if this be not at hand,
soap and water, or chalk, or the plaster of the apart-
ment beaten up with water. Rice Conjee (322) and
other mucilaginous drinks, white of eggs, or draughts
containing any bland oil, should be given freely.
Much of the success in these cases depends upon the
promptitude with 'which the remedies are applied.
Ague. See Fever, Intermittent.
Ague Cake. See Spleen, Enlargement of.
C
Y.
4
->!
e
INDEX OF DISEASES, 183
d
Album?nuria. Try Alum (27).
Amenorrhoea. ste Menstrital Lischarge, Suspended.
Anus, Prolapsus of See Bowel, *Desant of.
Aaktha, or Aphthous Ulceration, see Mouth, U.dra.
tion of

Apoplewy. If the patient is young and vigorous,
pour cold water from a height on the he’d and spinea.
directed in 386. Keep Evaporating 3%tion (380) tº
the head; give a Croton Pill (120), or if the patient is
unable to swallow, place a drop or two of Croton Oil
(121) at the back of the tongue. Apply Turpentine
Stupes (363) or Mustard Pouſtices to the feet and
calves. Should the insensibility continue, give a
Turpentine enema (364). For the old and debilitated,
and for natives generally, a little Brandy Mixture (426),
or other stimulant judiciously given, offers a better
prospect of success than bloodletting, which should
never be had recourse to except under medical su-
pervision. o
Appetite, Loss of First, try Chiretta (98, 99°);
should this fail, give one of the following: Sweet
Flag Root (12), Country Sarsaparilla (163), Ním Bark
(260), or Gulancha (352). Stomachics, as Capsicum

(79), Cinnamon (102), or Cloves (105), may be ad-
vantageously combined with them, care being taken at
the same time to regulate the bowels.
©
Arsenic, Poisoning with. As speedily as possible
empty the stomach by an emetic of Sulphate of Copper
(117) or Mustard (246), and then give copious draughts
()
184 INDEX OF DISEASES. I)
of white of eggs beaten up in milk, or a mixture of
- equal parts of Lime Wiſter and Şesamum, Cocoa-nut,
or other bland Oil. "Powdered Sugar has been advised
in these cases, bût if of any service, it can only act
like the preceding mixtures, mechanically, by envelop-
ing the particles of the poison; this remark applies
also to Powdered Charcoal, which has also been well
Jpoken of * §he vomiting has abated, give a full
dose of Caston Qil (84) to carry off any of the poison
‘which may have passed into the intestines, and this
may be repeated every day for two or three days.
Should there be great exhaustion, a little stimulant,
as Brandy Mixture (426), may be given, and a dose




of Opium may be advisable, to subdue any subsequent .
great pain and restlessness.
Asthma. To relieve the severity of a paroxysm, try
one or more e of the following: Turpentine Stupes
(362*), or Hot Water Fomentations to the chest (393),
Camphor (70*), or Assafoetida (37) internally, and the
inhalation of the fumes of Nitre Paper (268”) or of
Datura (129*). A cup of hot, strong, milkless, sugar-
less Coffee, “café noir, drunk as hot as can be borne,
Sometimes gives great relief. Daily sponging the chest
with Vinegaſ is thought to act in a measure as a
preventive (378). A better preventive is the careful
regulation of diet. Many a fit of asthma can be clearly
traced to a hot supper, or some other error of diet.
Atrophy, or Wasting of the Body. Try Fish Liver
Oil (142), with tonics, as Chiretta.(98, 99), and change
of air.
.
o INDEX OF DISEASES. 185
Bed Sorºs. To prevent these, bathe the parts daily -
with a solution of Çamphor in spirit (75), or with
Brandy or Eau de Cologne, or apply Alum and White'
of Egg (31*), and relieve the local pressure as much.as
possiblºsby change of position, &c. A small circular
pillow with a hollow centre (just like the pads worn
by the Coolies on their heads in carrying yeights, only
thinner) is most useful for this purposº. Should a
sore form notwithstanding, it should be treated as an
ordinary ulcer. See Ulcer. --


Beri-beri, Petroleum (414).
Bish (Aconite Root), Poisoning"with. Strong stimu-
lants, as Brandy and Ammonia ; Cold Water Affusion
(386), and persistent friction of the limbs and spine,
appear to offer the best chance of success. Decoction
of Galls (152) has been advised as an antidote. Strong
hot Coffee (café noir) is worth a trial, if the patient
can swallow. e
Bites, Venomous, and §tings, e.g., of Centipedes, Scor-
pions, Wasps. All that is 'equired in ordinary or
mild cases, after immediate suction of the bite, is
application of Winegar (380), or Alum (32), or a strong
solution of salt and water. Inunction of warm oil has
been highly recommended. If Ipecacuanha is at hand,
a small portion of it made into a thick paste with a
few drops of water, and locally applied, is said in many
instances to afford great, and immediate relief. Brown
Sugar. is said to be specially useful in Wasp Stings.
Soda is also said speedily to relieve the pain in these
{
- [.
186 INDEX OF DISEASES. º
cases. Should the symptoms be severe, as is some 6,
times the case, Liquor Ammonite and stimulants, as
advised for Snake Bites (Appendix B), should be given,

* Bladder, Painful Affections and Irritable &tates of,
are best relieved by Opium (286*), the free use of
demulcents, as the Decoctions of Abelmoschus (2),
Ispaghāl Seáds (305), or Rice Conjee (322), and the use
* Šf the Hip YBath (392). The Extract of Gulancha
s (353) seems well worthy of a trial, especially in Chronic
Inflammation of the Bladder.

Bleeding. See Haemorrhage.
º
Blows. See Sprains.
Boils are to be treated much in the same way as
Abscesses, by Hot Water Fomentations (393), Sal
Ammoniac Iotion (332), and Rice Poultices (322).
Leeches (212) are rarely necessary, unless there should
be much pain and inflammation. Decoction of Country
Sarsaparilla (163) may be given internally if there is
any constitutional disturbange. A popular and useful
‘drawing plaster’ is a compound of equal weights of .
Brown Sugar and English Yellow Soap ; a still better
one is the ointment described in paragraph 399; a
portion of either of these spread on rag should be
applied over each boil. Rajah Boil. See Carbuncle.
Bones, Scrofuloks Affections of. Give Fish Liver
Oil (138). -
Bowel, Lower, Descent of . The protruded part
having been carefully washed, should be replaced by wº-y
-
y
©
INDEX OF DISEASES. 187
gentle pressure with the haml: should there be any
difficulty in doing this, the forðfinger well oiled should.
be pushed up into the anus; and iſ will, unless the
parts be greatly swollen, carry the protruded partsin
with it?" The patient should then remain quiet for
some hours in a recumbent posture, and apply cloths
saturated with Decoction of Galls (147), on Babūl Bark
(9), holding Alum (25*) in solution. Subsequently
enemas of the above solutions, or others containing,
Sulphate of Iron (179), act usefully in Constringing the
parts and preventing a return of the accident. In
weak, debilitated subjects, Confection of Pepper (300)
proves very serviceable. The bºwels should be kept
open by mild aperients, of which Sulphur and Cream
of Tartar (344) is by far the best. All straining at
stool should be carefully avoided. A person subject
to this accident should wear a pad to keep the
parts up.
Chronic Descent of the Bowel in Children may be
frequently cured by making the child, when at stool, sit
on a seat sufficiently high, so that its feet cannot touch
the ground, or have other support by any other means.
(Dr. Aitchison.)
Bowels, Spasmodic, and other Painful Affections of
Mild cases generally yield to Omum Water (318*),
Lemon Grass Oil (216), or the Infusions of Ginger
(155), Dill Seeds (134), or Cloves (105), with or
without a single dose of Opium (284). Severe cases
require the repetition of the Opium (284) in Omum
Water, &c., together with either Hot Water Fomenta-
().
188 INDEX OF DISEASES.
- tions (393), Mustard Foultices (251), or Turpentine
, Stupes (362) externally to the abdomen; followed in
protracted cases by an enema of Turpentine (364), or
Assafºetida (36). In all cases a dose of Castor Oil is
advisable when &he pain has abated. In Children :—
See Colic. For Irregularity of the Bowels, try Bael
Sherbet (45); in that of Children, Decoction of Kariyāt
... [..eaves (193). Constipation of See Constipation.
Bleeding froſſ. See Haemorrhage. -
Breast, Abscess of, in Women. See Milk Abscess.
Breathing, Difficulty of, occurring without evident
cause or in connecio, with a cold, sometimes yields to
Camphor and Assafoetida Pills (70), and Turpentine
Stupes (362), or Mustard Poultices (247) to the chest.
Great relief, especially in the case of children, is often
derived from, external application of Betel leaves (48),
or bags of hot salt. See also Cough.
Bronchitis, Chronic. Decoction of Sweet Flag (13),
Country Ipecacuanha (370), Assafoetida (37), and Fish
Liver Oil (140) internally, With Rice Poultices (322),
Croton Liniment (122), and Turpentine Stupes (362)
externally, may be used with advantage. The inhala-
tion of the vapour of hot Decoction of Abelmoschus (2)
is also serviceable. The temperature of the apartment
should be kept as uniform as possible. For the relief
of a paroxysm of Qough, the fumes of burning Nitre
Paper (268) are worthy of a trial in all cases. A
blister to the chest often affords great relief
Bronchocele. See Goitre,
º
!

º
()
INDEX OF DISEASEs. 189
o
- e -
% Bruises. See Sprains. \
b
Buboes often subside under a flon-stimulant diet, • .
perfect rest in the recumbent posture, thd the continugd
applicatiºn of Sal Ammoniac Lotion (332), the bowels
being at the same time carefully regulated. Should
matter form, treat as Abscess (which seº). Should
ulceration result, apply Borax Loftion (59), Resin
Ointment (372), &c., as advised for ulgers. ‘Juboes.
especially of the groin, when not in an inflamed con-
dition, are often immensely benefited by having a
smooth stone of two pounds weight or thereabout,
laid over them ; this rapidly, causes absorption.’
(Dr. Aitchison.)
Burning of the Feet in Natives. Apply Henna or
Mhindí Poultice (197) locally, and try Bromide of
Potassium, 5 to 10 grains dissolved in Wººter, twice or
thrice daily.
Burns and Scalds. As soon After the accident as
possible, apply freely to the whole of the burnt surface
Lime Liniment (229), or in its absence Jinjili Oil
(337), or any other bland Oil, dusting thickly over
with Rice Flour; or even with simple Rice Flour with-
out any oil as directed in paragraph 322. The object
in each case is to prevent, as far as possible, the access
of air to the burnt surface. These first dressings
should remain undisturbed for at least twenty-four
hours, and should then be repeated in the same, or in
a modified form. Subsequent ulcerations should be
, treated with Ceromel (167) or Resin Ointment (372).
--
C.
(
- º
190 - INDEX OF DISEASES.
carbolized Oil or Limiment is advocated by Dr.
Aitchison.f Should the injured'surface be extensive,
the constitution should be supported by liberal diet,
tonics, and stimulants, as Brandy Mixture (426) at
stated intervals. Any great restlessness or excessive
pain may require a dose of Opium at bed time (283).
N.B. Whenever the burn is in the neighbourhood of
arjoint, or in the fleck, it is important that the parts
should be kept in a straight or stretched position,
otherwise contraction is apt to result during the healing
process.
Cancer. To relieve the pain and restlessness, give
Opium (283) or Tincture of Datura (128). To correct
the foctor of the discharge, apply relays of Charcoal
Poultices (91), cleansing the ulcer each time the
poultice is changed with Borax Lotion (59). N.B.
On the smallest suspicion of a cancer forming, no
time should be lost in placing the case under regular
(
medical care.
ſ
Carbuncle, ‘Rajah Boil” ºf the Watives. The treat-
ment of the early stages is similar to that for Abscess
+ Dr. A.'s directions are as follows, “Employ a Liniment of
Carbolic Acid, one part Acid to 10 of Oil, carefully mixed;
apply this freely over the burnt or scalded surface, cover the
whole with a thick piece of cotton wool, and apply a bandage
over all. On no account change the cotton dressing unless
there is any disagreeable odour. If the dressing is becoming
dry and thus causing irritation, take off the bandage and
moisten the cotton wadding thoroughly with the same Liniment
without moving it. On no account allow water to come in
• contact with the injured part.”
-
---
º:

t
Q
0 º -
INDEX OF DISEASES. 191
(ante); only if leeches are Weemed necessary, they
should be placed rotund the edgg and not on the .
hardened surface. When ulceration sgts in, the Toddy
Poultice (355) is useful in stimulating to healthy
action; tınd the removal of the slough is greatly
accelerated by the daily practice of Irrigation (395).
Turpentine Ointment (367) or Petroleum (416) also
prove useful in this stage. Should there be much
foetor, apply Charcoal Poultices (91) wad the Borax -
Lotion (59) as advised in Cancer. Opium (283) may
be necessary to relieve pain and give rest. When the
slough has come away, the ointments advised in para-
graphs 367 and 372, or Ceromel (167), may be used as
dressing. A generous animal diet, with a daily portion
of stimulants, should be allowed, and tonics as Chiretta
(98, 99), or Country Sarsaparilla (163), administered.
Whenever practicable, the case should be, placed under
proper surgical care, as incisions are often necessary
for the removal of the slough.
Cassava Root, Poisoning by. Give Lime Juice (234).
© º
Castor Oil Seeds, Poisoning by. Give Lime Juice
(234).
Cataract. Datura (128).
Catarrhs or Colds may often be cut short at the
outset by a draught of hot Infusion of Ginger (156)
or White Wine Whey (428) at bed time, and covering
the body well, so as to produce copious perspiration.
A Vapour Bath (396) will answer the same purpose. .
y To relieve feverishness give Solution of Nitre (364),
º
(
*āre apt to pierce the cuticle, and by their presence
- &
192 INDEX OF DISEASES.
Decoction of Abelmosthus (2), and Country Ipe-
Acacuanha (370). Inhalation of the fumes of burning
Turmeric (359) manifestly relieves troublesome con-
geition or fulness of the head, nose, &c. See
also Cough. C. • S v
Caterpillars' Hairs, to Extract. Some Indian
Caterpillars are armed with a thick hairy covering,
and if these come in contact with the skin the hairs
create great pain, irritation, &c. To extract them the
following ingenious plan, devised by Dr. Alexander
Grant, late Bengal Medical Service, is said to be very
effectual. Take a lock of human hair, tie firmly with
thread about one-eighth of an inch from the cut end, so
as to form a short, firm, even brush, not however to be
used as such, but as forceps. This held between the
thumb and forefinger, is allowed to descend perpendicu-
larly and uncompressed among the caterpillar' hairs.
When the two sets of hairs are commingled, the brush
is compressed as forceps are, and drawn straight up,
bringing the hairs with it, and so on until all the hairs
are pulled out.
Centipedès, Bites of See Bites, Venomous.
Chest, Pains in, during Fevers. See Fevers.
Childbirth. See Labours.
Children, Debility of To relieve pallor and wast-
ing, give Country Sarsaparilla (163), and Fish Liver
Oil (139), with generous diet, and gentle out-door
Ç
\{
*\\
w;
* * *

|
* Q
INDEx OF DISEASEs. 193
exercise. A change of air Will often do more good -
than medicine. Constipation, of, See Constipation,
Convulsion of, See Convulsions. Cºlic ºf See Colic.
Coughs of Sée Coughs. Diarrhoea ºf, See Diarrhºea.
Difficulty of Breathing, See Breathing) Difficulty of
Cholera. To check the premonitory diarrhoea or
purging, give the Alum Powders (26), or Alum with
Infusion of Sweet Flag (13), or Omum Water (319) 5
should these not succeed in checking it; tr; a fe', º
of the Compound Pepper Pills (299), but it is un-
advisable to continue them long on account of the
large proportion of Opium which, they contain (285).f
Should the disease progress, Dr. Ayre's plan of treat-
ment (285*), if the ingredients are at hand, should be
pursued, together with the persevering use of Lemon
Grass Oil (216) and Omum Water (318), for the
purpose of checking the vomiting, and stimulating the
system. For the latter purpose also give an ounce
(two table spoonfuls) of the Bºandy Mixture (426)
every half hour or oftener, unless Champagne or
other sparkling wine is available, this being decidedly
the best form of stimulant in these cases—only
+ One of the most useful forms of Cholera Pills, which
should be commenced at the earlier stages when the purging
sets in, is composed of 24 grains of Acetate of Lead, and two
grains of Opium, made into a mass with a few drops of Honey,
and divided into eight pills. Of these 9ne may be given every
hour or half hour, according to the urgency of the symptoms,
till the whole eight have been taken ; but this number should
not be exceeded, in consequence of the quantity of Opium they
contain. Each pill may be taken in a wine glassful of Omum
º, Water.
§
O
f
t
194 INDEX OF DISEASES.
it must be given in moderation at stated periods;
*more harm than good" is done ‘by over-stimulation.
The patient should be encouraged to drink plentifully
of vold water, iced if possible; though the first draught
or two may be ‘rejected, it will soon be retºined if
persevered in, Chicken broth, or Lime Water and
Milk, may afso be given plentifully as a drink. The
other accessories to the above are Mustard Poultices
•(251) of Turpentine Stupes (363) over the heart (left
side of the chast), bags of hot sand or salt to the
spine, feet, and legs, and diligent friction with the
hand or hot towels. At the same time the patient
should not be moved'about more than can be possibly
helped. N.B. During an epidemic of Cholera im-
press upon everybody the necessity of applying for
medicines directly they feel unwell or have the slight-
est purging; those who come thus early for treatment
stand a much better chance of recovery than those
who delay even a few hours. Here time is of the most
vital importance. ,
Chorea, St. Vitus's Bancé. Fish Liver Oil (141),
Infusion of Jatamansi (184), and Sulphate of Iron
(177), alone or in combination, according to circum-
stances, are worthy of a trial. N.B. This, as well
as other nervous affections, is often due to intestinal
worms: attention should therefore be paid to this
point. (See Conſulsions.)
Cocculus Indicus, Poisoning by. Having emptied
the stomach by an emetic of Sulphate of Copper (117)
or Mustard (246), give copious draughts of Decoction ,
*

y
:
o
\ º
* O e
INDEX OF DISEASES. 195
0.
of Galls (152), followed by a full dose of Castor Oil
to carry off any of the poison which may have passed
into the intestines. Brandy or other stimulants are
required should there be great depression ore ex-
haustiºn. e o
Colds. See Catarrhs. º º
Colic in Adults is to be treated in a manner ide.
scribed in Spasmodic Affections of thé Bowels. T.&
Colic of Children, usually connected with flatulence,
generally yields to Omum Water (318%), Infusion of
Dill (134), with or without Assafoetida (36), and a
Hot Bath (387), followed by a dose of Castor Oil.
Constipation. "For the immediate relief of this,
aperients are required. Castor Oil (84) and Senna
(336, 337) are best adapted for children and delicate
females; Aloes (18, 19) for women suffering from
irregularity or suspension of the menstrual discharge ;
Myrobalans (256) and Kaladanas (187) for otherwise
healthy adults; and Creton Pills (120) or Croton Oil
when strong and speedy purgation is indicated. The
Constipation of Hysterical Females is best treated by
Aloes and Assafoetida Pills (19); Habitual Constipa-
tion, by Aloes, as directed in Paragraph 20, or by
Sulphur (344); that of Children by Fish Liver Oil (139),
together with the use of oatmeal, as an article of diet.
A remedy for habitual constipation ºn children, as well
as in adults, is to be sought for in tonics rather than
in purgatives; the répeated use of the latter lays the
foundation of great subsequent mischief. N.B. The
o
196 INDEX OF DISEASES.
practice of native ayahs of inserting a piece of tobacco
stem into the anus qf young children to relieve consti-
pation, cannot be too strongly reprobated.
consumption, Pulmonary (Phthisis). The persever-
ing use of Fish Liver Oil (138) is chiefly to be relied
upon, with or without Lime Water and Milk (226) as
an ordinary drink. & As a preventive sponge the chest
daily with diluted Vinegar (378). Mustard Poultices
(247) or Cºton Liniment (122) to the chest some-
times gives relief to the Cough and Difficulty of
Breathing, as does the inhalation of the vapour of Hot
Water (390) or Decoction of Abelmoschus (3). For
the Diarrhoea, try the Alum Powders (26), or Sulphate
of Copper (110). For the excessive Perspirations, sponge
the chest with Vinegar (378). For the Sore Mouth or
Fissures of the Tongue, apply Borax (55), or Alum (29).
For Bleeding from the Lungs try some of the means
mentioned in Haemorrhage, Internal.
- O
Convulsions in Adults, arising without evident cause,
are best treated by cold Affusion (386), Mustard Poul-
tices (248), or Turpentine Stupes (363) to the feet and
legs, and a strong purgative, as Croton Pills (120),
Croton Oil (121), or Kaladana (187). If the patient
be unable to swallow, a Turpentine enema (364) may
be used. When the Convulsions are due to poisons, &c.;
taken into the stomach, an emetic of Mustard (246) or
Sulphate of Copper (117) should precede all other
measures. In the Convulsions of Labours, Turpentine
Stupes (363) or Mustard Poultices (248) should be
applied to the extremities, and Evaporating Lotion
*
\s
...
C.

s^
tº
\, INDEx OF DISEASEs. 197
(380) to the head, whilst Camphor and Calomel Pills
(73), or Borax and Ginnamon (58), are given internally.
A Turpentine enema (364) may also prove useful.
The Convulsions of Children are bést treated with a
Hot Bath (387), and a full dose of Castor Oil (84),

preceded by one or two grains of Calomel when at
hand, or a dose or two of Assafoetida Mixture (36).f
When the child is very much exhausted, a few drops
of Brandy, three to six, or more, according tº age, are
often most useful. Convulsions of early childhood are
frequently connected with teething, hence lancing the
gums is often of essential benefit.
N.B. Convulsions and nervous affections occurring
in Natives and Anglo-Indians are very frequently due
to the presence of worms in the intestines; their ex-
istence may perhaps be unsuspected, or even denied ;
hence in all cases which resist ordinary treatment, it
is advisable to give a trial to one or more of the 2
*
+ In the Convulsions of Infancy gnd Childhood, especially
when the cause is obscure, unconnected with teething, &c.,
Bromide of Potassium is often more sérviceable than any other
remedy, in doses of a quarter of a grain for a child under six
weeks of age, half a grain under three months, one grain above
that age to nine months, and one grain additional for every
year up to three or four years of age. And these doses may be
safely repeated every two, three, or four hours until the con-
vulsions subside. The smaller doses may be obtained with
exactitude by dissolving, say, one grain of the Bromide in four
tea spoonfuls of water, and giving one, two, or three spoonfuls,
or the whole quantity, as one quarter, one half, one third, or
one grain respectively is required. It is worthy of a fair trial
in all cases which resist ordinary means, but should not be used
to the exclusion of the hot bath and careful regulation of the
bowels.
(\ - A
198 INDEX OF DISEASE8. 7 º’
ſ
remédies recommended for Worms, especially those for
the Lumbricus or Round JVorm, which is so extensively
prévalent in India. *
t Q
t}orns are best treated by immersion in hº Soap
and water, paring off the hardened cuticle and wearing
a piece of thick plaster, with or without a hole in the
centre, to ward off the pressure and friction. For
Coºns between the Toes nothing is more effectual than a
pºsce of thics frotting paper worn so as to protect the
opposing surfaces: it should be renewed daily. If
only ordinary thin blotting-paper be available, two
folds are advisable.
Corrosive Sublimate, Poisoning by. See Mºrcurial
Salts, Poisoning by. t
Coughs. Try Sal Ammoniac (329) and Country
Ipecacuanha (370); with Rice Poultices (322) or
Mustard Poultices (247), Turpentine Liniment (366),
or Camphorated Opitim Liniment (291) externally,
and the inhalation of the vapºur of Hot Water (390)
or Decoction of Abelmoschus (2). If severe, a blister
(349, 350) to the chest may be necessary. In Chronic
cases, especially, when attended with much expectoration
and debility, give Fish Liver Oil (140). In Spasmodic

Coughs, violent paroxysms may be relieved by inhaling .
the fumes of Nitre Paper (268), or by smoking Datura
(129). For the Cou% of Old Age, Cubebs (126) is
worth a trial. For the Cough gf Childhood, Syrup of
Country Liquorice (6), Assafoetida (37), Honey, and
Vinegar (166), and Fish Liver Oil, may be resorted to
(S
º-
º
o
.
0.
N o INDEX OF DISEASES. 199
according to circumstances. Camphor Liniment (70),
Mustard Poultices (247), or bags filled with hot salt,
or better still, Betel Leaves (48), applied externally,
tend to relieve difficulty of breathºng th these cases.
Sponging the chest with Vinegar is, thought to lessen
the liability to attacks (378). "
º º
Coup de Soleil. See Sunstroke.
Croton oil Seeds, Poisoning by." Sea ºg. *.
Croup. Sulphate of Copper (111) as an emetic,
and Hot Water Stupes (390) externally, are valuable
accessories in the treatment of this disease.
‘The best and readiest emétic,’ writes Dr. Aitchi-
son, ‘is, a pinch of Ipecacuanha powder placed dry at
the back of the child's tongue. This usually acts in-
stantaneously, so be prepared for the emergency.
Sponges dipped in extremely hot water, then rinsed
out, and continuously applied over the throat, will
often check a coming attack. , Poultices are useful,
but are apt to do much harm if allowed to become cold.
Mustard poultices should not be applied, as without
due care they are apt to make the skin tender, and
thus prevent the use of hot fomentations.”
º
Datura, Poisoning by swallowing the seeds of, d.c.,
... is to be treated in the manner directed for Opium
poisoning. Where Insensibility arises from the In-
halation of the Fumes, Cold Water, Affusion (386) in
the open air often succeeds in removing it at once.
The patient should, be aroused by any or all of the
means enumerated in poisoning by Opium. The
( ./
200 INDEx of DISEASEs. ſ
º - -
nervous symptoms may continue for two or three
days, and yet recovery follow.
Debility, Constitutional, requires the use of the
follówing tonics, either alone or combined: Chiretta
(98, 99%), Sweet Flag Root (12), Country Sarsaparilla
(163), Kariyāt (191), Nim Bark (260), or Gulancha.
(352). When attended with Anaemia or great pallor of
the surface, especially of the inner surface of the eyelids
evl tonghepſulphate of Iron (174) is indicated. The
efficacy of all these remedies is increased by a liberal
animal diet, and gentle exercise in the open air.
Debility after Fevers. º See Fevers.
Delhi Sores. The Borax Ointment (59) is strongly
recommended. See also Ulcers. º O
Delirium generally is best treated by Evaporating
Lotion (380) to the head, the Mustard Foot Bath
(248), or Turpentine Stupes (363) to the extremities
and a strong purgative ; for that occurring in Fevers,
see Fevers. º
Delirium Tremens. To relieve sleeplessness and
anwiety, give Opium and Camphor (283), or better still,
Bromide of Potassium, as advised in Sleeplessness in
Head Affections. See that article. Try also the
Mustard Foot Bath (248, 249), or the Wet Sheet.
(398). To support the strength, give Brandy Mixture
(427*) and a nourishing diet.
Diabetes. Vapour baths (396) in the early stages,
Alum Whey (27) and Lime Water (226) internally,
with Opium (288), at bed-time, provo occasionally
º
.
V
º
\
\
useful as pâlliatives. Their operation is assisted by a .
full animal diet, with a diminished quantity of rigg
and other farinaceous food, and by warm clothing.
Use Lemonade as a drink (232). 2 * º,
º .
INDEX OF DISEASES. 201
e- º o
Diarrhoea. In the early stages, especially if attended
with heat of skin, &c., give Country Ipecaduanhã (369)
and Ispaghūl seeds (304), with a 3 mild aperient, cas
Castor Oil, if there is reason to think that the attack,
arises from crude, undigested food in the intestines.
The Acetate of Lead and Opium Pills advised for
Cholera are often very successful in these cases. One
may be given every two or three hours, or oftener,
according to the urgency of the symptoms ; they are
especially useful in Epidemic Diarrhoea. In the ad-
vanced stages or in Chronic Diarrhoea try Sulphate of
Copper (110), Catechu (88), Alum (26), or one of the
following: Decoction of Babál Bark (9), Infusion of
Sweet Flag (13), Bael (44), Butea Gum (62), Galls
(146), Decoction of Pomegranate, (312), and Omum
Water (318), with or without the addition, in each
case, of a small portion of Opium (289). Turpentine
Stupes (363) to the abdomen are useful if much pain
is present. Where the disease is apparently of malarious
origin or connected with periodic Fevers of any kind,
Quinine (three to five grains twice or thrice daily)
should be associated with whatever other remedies
are being employed. Try also Warm Water Enemas
(393). When connected, with Acidity of the Stomach,
give Lime Water (222). When caused by Over-eating
or by Indigestible Food, follow up an emetic of Mustard
O
202 INDEx OF DISEASEs.
./
C. I
(246) or Country Ipecacuanha (368), to timload the
stomach, by Omum Water (318), and subsequently by
a dose of Castor Oil: Capsicum (79) is thought to be
specially useful in Diarrhoea arising from the use of
putrid food, e.g., ásh. The Diarrhoea of Children often
yields to a dose of Castor Oil, if given early ; if not,
one of the fºllowing may be tried : Acorus or Sweet
Fleg (13%), Bael :(44), Catechu (88), Sulphate of
Qopper (J19), Sulphate of Iron (181*), Saccharated
Solution of Lime (222), or Ispaghāl Seeds (304).
Omum Water (318) may be advantageously combined
with any of the above. The Diarrhoea which precedes
Cholera. See Cholera N.B. In all cases of diarrhoea
the food should be mild and unirritating, thick Arrow-
root (423) being the best suited for the purpose, and
in all obstinate or chronic cases, a flannel bandage
should always be worn round the abdomen. º
Dropsy occurring in the young and vigorous is
best treated at the "outset by strong purgatives, as
Croton Pills (120) or Oil (121), or Kaladana (187),
followed by medicines which increase the flow of .
urine, as Decoction of Asteracantha (39), Infusion of
Moringa (237), Mustard Whey (250), or Infusion of
Pedalium (297), with which Nitre (269) or Sal Am-
moniac (331), may be combined as circumstances
require. The Vapour Bath (396), twice a-week,
proves useful in reëent cases, where the patient is
strong enough to bear it. Where the patient is very
debilitated and anaemic (174), Sulphate of Iron (178)
should be tried. -
- -
,
* *
o
N. INúEx OF DISEASEs. 203
-
Drunkeaness. After a debauch, a Mustard emétic
(246) proves most useful in unloading the stomach of
any spirit remaining in it. A few drops, six to twelve,
of Liquor Ammoniae in water subsequently given, gre
often of...signal success. Strong Coffee, “café noir, is
also most useful. To allay the subsequent cravings for
drink try Omum Water (320). 2 O
Dysentery. In the early stages give Countſy
Ipecacuanha (369) and Ispaghāl Sedds: (504), or
Sesamum leaves (Foot-note, p. 139), with or without
Opium (289*), and apply Hot Fomentations to the
abdomen and Leeches to the verge of the anus (211);
the latter tend much to relieve the pain and straining,
as do alsº Opiate enemas (289), f When of malarious
->
+ The treatment of Acute Dysentery by large doses of
Jipecacuanha, re-introduced into practice in 1858 by Dr.
Docker, is acknowledged by the most experieñced authorities
to be far more effectual than any other. It consists, in the
main, of administering, as early in the disease as possible, 25
to 30 grains of Ipecacuanha, in as small a quantity of fluid as
possible, premising half an hour previotisly 25 to 30 drops of
Laudanum. The patient shºuld keep perfectly still in bed,
and abstain from fluids for at least three hours. If thirsty, he
may suck a little ice, or may have a tea spoonful of cold water.
It is seldom, under this management, that nauspa is excessive,
and vomiting is rarely troublesome, seldom setting in for two
hours after the medicine has been taken. Mustard Poultices
(247) or Turpentine Stupes (362) should be applied to the
abdomen. In from eight to ten hours, according to the urgency
of the symptoms and the effect produted by the first dose,
Ipecacuanha in a reduced dose should be repeated, with the
same precautions as before." The effects of this treatment are
soon manifest and surprising; the griping and straining sub-
y side, the motions quickly become feculent, blood and Slime
4
,”
- O
204 INDEx of Diseases. ſ
origin or when occurring in the course of periodical
Jewers, Quinine (three to five grains twice or thrice
daily) should form part of whatever other treatment
is being follówed. In the advanced stages, or when it
passes into Chronic Dysentery, apply Turpentinº Stupes
(362) to the abdomen, and give Sulphate of Copper
(110), Bael (44), Infusion of Kariyāt (191), Decoction
of, Pomegranate Ränd (312), or Sal Ammoniac (331).
When an ºperient is required, give Sulphur and Cream
disappear; and often, after profuse action of the skin, the
patient falls into a tranquil sleep and awakes refreshed. The
treatment may require to be continued for some days, the
medicine being given in diminished doses, care being taken to
allow a sufficient interval to admit of the patient taking some
mild nourishment suited to the stage of the disease. As the
disease abates, the dose should be redtºced. It is well, how-
ever, to administer 10 or 12 grains at bed-time for a night or
two, after the stools are, to all appearance, healthy. Fomen •
tations or Turpentine Stupes to the abdomen, lessen griping
and diminish suffering. If a little diarrhoea without the
dysenteric odour remain, it may be checked with a little
astringent mixture, with or without Opium. Astringents in
any shape during the acute stage are not only useless, but
dangerous.-(Dr. Maclean.) & To sum up, it appears—1. That
acute dysentery is more successfully and speedily treated by
large doses of Ipecacuanha than by other means. 2. That it is
more effectualán the acute than in the chronic forms. 3. That
large doses, such as are mentioned above, may be given with
perfect safety, without fear of ill effects; and 4. That it is less
successful with the natives of India than with Europeans. In
the acute dysentery of natives, small doses, e.g., from six to
eight grains thrice daily, so as to keep up a slight degree of
nausea, short of actual vomiting, seem to answer better than
the large doses mentioned above. It may be advantageously
combined with Opium, from quarter to half grain with
each dose. - -


N.
\
0. º -
\ INiKx of DISEASEs. 205
| of Tartar (344) or Castor Oil, with the addition ºf a
| small portion of Opium. For the Dysentery &f Natives,
Decoction of Sweet Flag (13), Galls (146), Mudar (243),
Opium (289), and Decoction of Pºmegranate Rind
(312), seem best suited. For the Chyonic Dysentery of
| Children the Saccharated Solution of Lime (222), Bael
(44), Sulphate of Copper (110), or Sulphate &f Iron
(181), are indicated. See also Didºrhoea of Children.
N.B. In all cases of dysentery the food should be
mild and unirritating, and a flannel bandage woºn
round the abdomen. Soups containing mucilage of
Abelmoschus (2) prove useful. -


Dysmemorrhaea. See Menstration, Painful.
Dyspepsia. See Indigestion.
ºw Ear, Discharges from, in Scrofulous Subjects. Syringe
the ear daily with Lime Water (225), ºr tepid water,
or milk and water, and give Fish Liver Oil internally
(138). Buzzing or Noises in the Bar often depend upon
an accumulation of wax in the oater passage; to re-
move this and effect a ture, all that is necessary in
many cases is to insert a drop or two of sweet oil for
an hour or two, and then to syringe the ear well out
with tepid water or soap and water, afid repeat the
same twice or thrice daily. This also sometimes relieves
Har-Ache: if not, use Opium as directed in Para. 292.
Elephantiasis. The paroxysms of fever which ac-
company this disease are to be treated in the manner
directed for Intermittent Fever (infra). The only
, means of arresting the progress of the disease is to

\
o O
C
C 7, -
206 INDEX OF DISEASES. º - º
c
Ten) OWe permanently from a locality in which it is .
endemic or prevalgnt, “to another situated at least
ten miles distant from the sea-coast; the higher
and drier the site, the better.
Epilepsy sometimes. improves under Fish Liver
Oil (241); its use may be combined with Sulphate of
Cºpper, in doses of a quarter of a grain twice or thrice
daily. For this purpose, dissolve two grains in one
wance of oimum Water; of this, the dose is a tea-
spoonful.f See'also remarks at the end of Convulsions
in this Index.

Eachaustion from *Hoºmorrhage after Fewers or other
causes, give Brandy Mixture (426). C
Eyes, Affections of Datura (128). For ‘Country
Sore Eye,’ apply Alum, as directed in Paragraph 23, ”
and Decoction of Turmeric (360) to relieve the burning
sensatfon. Try also Solution of Sugar (409). For
other forms of Ophthalmia, attended with copious dis-
charge, try Sulphate of Copper (113). To relieve great
pain and intolerance of light, use Opium locally (292).
Blows on the Eye: Alum Poultice (24), followed by Sal

+ Far superfor to all other remedies for Epilepsy is Bromide
of Potassium in doses of 10 to 15 grains, in a wine glassful of
water, thrice daily. Should the disease not yield to these dose;
they may be gradually increased to double or even treble these
quantities. The earlier in the disease this remedy is resorted
to the greater are its chances of success; and as a general rule
it proves more useful when the fifs are severe and frequent,
and occur mainly in the day-time than in the milder attacks
which come only at night. In all cases it is worthy of a
fair trial. - - º
O t
ºt,
y
o
-
\
w
O o
- \ INDEX OF DISEASES, 207
)
- O
Ammoniac" Lotion (332), to remove discoloration. .
Particles of Lime in the Eye may be dissolved and
removed by dilute Winegar (382). Particles of Dirt,
&c., may often be speedily dislodged and removed. by
drawing the upper eyelid well, over the under one as
far as possible, for a few seconds. This simple plan is
often successful when others fail. If this fail, try
Solution of Sugar (409). Fresh Blantain Leaf (397)
forms an excellent shade for the eyes.in all affections
of those organs. O
Face-Ache, Weuralgic or Rheumatic. Sal Ammoniac
(326), Sulphate of Iron (177), og Fish Liver Oil (141)
internally ; and Datura (130), and Mustard (252), or
Ginger (157) Poultices locally, are measures which used
conjointly often prove successful. When periodical,
ACinchona Febrifuge (402*).
Fainting generally yields to dashing colds water
over the face and neck (386), and applying strong
Smelling salts to the nostrils; whea partially recovered,
Omum Water (318) or Assafºetida (35) may be given,
or should there be much exhaustion, a dose of Brandy
Mixture (426).
Fevers, Ardent or continued. In most cases it is
advisable to commence with a purgative of Kaladana
(187), Castor Oil (84), or Myrobalans (256), or if the
patient be a strong adult, a Croton Pill (120); after
its operation, the Solutiºn of Nitre (264) may be given;
and Decoction of Abelmoschus (2), Lemonade (232),
or Tamarind Infusion (346), to allay the thirst and cool
o
º


nin
(
-
- ſ º /
208 INDEX OF DISEASES. '.
l
the system. A very useful and refreshing drink in all
feyers, especially if thene is irritability of the stomach
is a mixture of equal parts of Milk and Soda Water;
with the addition of a piece of ice if procurable. Suck-
ing small pieces ºf ice, also, allays thirst and cools the


system; for this latter purpose, also, Sponging the
surface with Water (385) or diluted Winegar (376)
may be employed. # The diet should consist chiefly of
Rice Conige (322), and other farinaceous articles, and
the apartment should be kept cool and well ventilated.
To relieve Headache or great fulness of the head, apply
constantly Evaporating Lotion (380), or Nitre Lotion
(265), or if these fail to afford relief, Hot Water Fo-
mentations (393). Leeches to the temples or nape of
the neck (209), and Mustard Poultiges to the feet (248),
may also be necessary in severe cases. For any severe
or acute pain arising in the chest or abdomen, Leeches".

(209) over the seat of pain should be applied, but if
these fail, try a Blister (349). For Vomiting and Irri-
tability of Stomach, ‘give Lime Water (223), or else
give Hot Water as 'a drink (385), and apply Mustard

Poultices (251)—For Bilious Diarrhoea accompanying,
use Warm Water Enemas (393). For Sore Throat or
Fissures of the Tongue, apply Borax (55), or Alum (29);
jor Dryness of the Mouth and Fawces, sucking sliced
limes, or, better still, pine apples, generally suffices,
In the advanced stages, when great exhaustion, delirium,
&c., are present, give Camphor (74) and Brandy
Mixture (426) internally, and ºpply Turpentine Stupes
(363) to the extremities; Turpentine Enemas. (364)
are also valuable in this condition. For subsequent

º
y
$.
©

e
• N o -
l ... " INDEx of DISEASEs. 209.
Debility, and during Convalescence, give one of the
following tonics: Chiyetta (98), Atis (42), Bohduc (52),
Kariyāt (191), Ním Bark (260), Gulancha (352–3), 3: .
Cinchona Febrifuge (402). A combinatioh of Chireſta
and Sweet Flag Root (12), or Chiretta Wine (99) is per-
haps best suited for this purposé. A liberal animal diet
should be allowed. N.B. Throughout the attack it is.
º keep the bowels properly regulated. , f pº
ever, Intermittent or Ague, and Rem?ittº or Jungie #97
Fever, Commence with an aperient, as in Fever (ante),
and should the stomach be foul, give an emetic of
Country Ipecacuanha (368). Iº. the cold stage, cover
the body well up, give Infusion of Ginger (69), and
place bags containing hot sand or hot salt along the
spine. In the hot stage, give plentifully of Lemonade
- (232), Solution of Nitre (264), and adopt generally the
other measures advised above in Fever." In the sweat- ,
ing stage, do nothing but protect the surface frox, cold
draughts of air or cold winds. In the intermission or
ºperiods between the paroxysms, give one of the follow-
ing—Atís (42), Bonduc Nut (52), Chiretta (98), Sul-
phate of Iron (175), Ním Bark (260), or Gulancha
(352). When one fails another may succeed; when
each fails given singly, they will sometimés prove effec-
tual given in combination. They are all greatly infe-
rior in efficacy to Quininet and Cinchona Febrifuge
as
† In mild, ordinary, uncomplicated gases of Intermittent
Fever, all that is required, due attention being paid to state of
the bowels and secretions, isºto administer Quinine in doses of
from three to five grains, Šo that 10 or 12 grains be taken in the
l, intermissions between the paroxysms. It is best given in
4. - P
! o
210 INDEx of DISEASEs. - *
(401, 403). For these Fevers in Watives, Galls with
Chiretta, and, Sweet Flag Root (12), have been favour-
ābly spoken of Shelling of left side after Ague, See
Spleen, Enlargement of
- - * c .
solution, in water & coffee. In the severer forms, or even in
'. cases, Professor Maclean, of the Netley Hospital, has
proposed a treatment which appears very judicious, and which
in his hands has for $ears proved very successful. It consists
in administering 30 grains in three equal doses during the
ptriod of intermission; the first dose, in solution should be
given towards the close of the Sweating stage, and the last
about as far as can be calculated, an hour before the next
anticipated paroxysm. Should there be much irritability of
the stomach, it should be given in enema in doses of 15 grains
in place of 10 grains. After the paroxysm has by this means
been arrested, a moderate degree of cinchonism, i.e., giddiness,
buzzing in the ears, flashing before the eyes, &c., should be
maintained for some days, by giving three or four grains in
solution every four hours. In cases where the fever returns at tº
the first lunar period, as it is apt to do, the patient a day or two.
previously, should be brought under the influence of Quinine,
which should be maintained until the time is past. Should it

fail to influence the fever, attention should be directed to the
state of the liver and bowels. When from any cause it cannot
be given internally, trial may be nºade with it applied endermic-
ally; the experiments of Dr. Guastamacchia and others tending
to prove that it becomes absorbed into the system through the
skin, and operates as an antiperiodic almost as certainly as
when given internally. He dissolved eight grains in half an
ounce of spirit, and rubbed first one-half, and after the interval
of a quarter of an hour, the second half along the spine. When
this was done at the commencement of the cold fit, it very often
prevented even a single"recurrence. Dr. Daunt also bears testi-
mony to this method in the fevers of South America.
In Remittent and Jungle Fevery Quinine is a remedy of the
highest value, but its exhibition requires more caution and
discrimination than in simple intermittents, Dr. Maclean's,
*
º
-
º
Y INDEX OF DISEASES. 2 11
o
Fits. See Convulsions, and Hysterical Affections.
Flatulence, and Flatulent Colic, Give.Onium Wafer
(318), Lemon Grass Oil (216), Infusion of Ginger
(155), or of Jatamansi (184); with *Mustard Poulwces
2 *
treatment appears to be worthy %f evºy attention. After
'premising, in most cases, a cathartic, immediately on the first
signs of remission, he administers a full dose of Quinine, 10
"...sº
grains, often 15, sométimes 20 grains, never exceeding ºhat .

dose, and not deterred by the presence of headache or a foul
tongue, nor because the remission is slight or imperfectly
º
º
"Q
marked; and this dose he repeats every se&ond hour until 30
or 35 grains have been taken before the hour of the expected
exacerbation. Should the stomach be too irritable to bear it,
it should be given in enema in large doses (20 grains). As
soon as the second remission appears, it must be given as
before until full cinchonism or distinct abatement of the
disease occurs. During the remission the patient should have
mild farinaceous diet, milk, chicken-broth, &c.; as soon as
gastric irritability subsides, beef tea should be given, and on
the first sign of exhaustion, nourishment and stimulants should
be resorted to at short intervals. With regard to the adminis-
tration of Quinine during exacerbations, Dr. Maclean is of
opinion that in the adynamic forms of fever, as met with in
some parts of India, and in neglected or mismanaged cases,
where depletion has been căriedstoo far, and the fever assumes
more of a low, continued type, it may be given at any period
irrespective of remission. Here it requires to be conjoined with
the assiduous use of support and stimulants at short intervals.
º preventive of Malarious Fever, the power and value of
nine have been proved beyond a doubt. Every person
engaged in forests, swamps, or low, malarious sites, should be
provided with a stock of it, and four grgins of it in a cup of hot
coffee should be taken the first thing in the morning or in a
glassful of wine later in the day. Even if it should fail, which it
rarely does, no harm can rèult from its use, and it is essential
that it should be continued for at least fourteen days after
quitting a malarious locality. ** . - - - ---





0. Q
212 INDEX OF DISEASES. |
(251) and Turpentine Stupes (362) externally; in
severe cases an enemy of Assafoetida (36), will generally
afford relief. See also Bowels, Spasmodic Affections of
Of Children, See Colic.
Gall Stones. So, allay the severe pain attendant on
passing; give Opium (284) and a Hip Bath (392).
*Genital Organs, *Great Irritation of Try Camphor
(72) internally; and use Borax (57) and Lime Water
(224) locally. Sitting over the steam of hot water,
or a tepid hip-bath, often affords great relief. When
the irritation arises, as it often does, from worms in
the intestines, give some of the remedies for Worms.
Crab-lice, which are very difficult to distinguish on a
dark skin, are also a frequent cause; if present, use
Kerosine Oil, or other remedy named in Art. Lice.
c -
Glapds, Enlarged. Apply externally, in the early
stages, Sal Ammoniac Lotion (332), Betel Leaves (48),
Camphor Liniment (68), or Opium Liniment (291).
If matter forms, treat as abscess, and give Fish Liver
Oil internally. O
Gleet may be treated with Cubebs (125), Galls
(149), Gurjun Balsam (160), or Sandal Wood Oil
internally, and Alum Injections (30); these last
named, however, require great caution, and should not
generally be used ºxcept under medical supervision.
† In these cases Bromide of Potºssium, in doses of eight to
ten grains dissolved in water, twice Cr thrice daily, is, well
worthy of a trial, especially in females.
c -
.


º
{
wº
D º
\ INDEX OF DISEASES. 213
J
Goitre." Give Sal Ammoniac (324), in ten grain
doses, thrice daily, persevering in its use för weeks Qr
months if necessary. Dr. Stevens (London Med.
Record, June 15th, 1880) obtained signal benefits
from it in six cases. Biniodide j Mercury, in the

..form of Ointment (16 grains ºf" the Biniodide to
one ounce of Simple Ointment), is the best local
application we possess. Its effécts are best pro-
duced by exposing the surface one which it has
been rubbed to the direct rays of the sum. If this
cannot be done, then to the heat of a fire : this,
however, is not nearly so efficacious as the solar
heat. (Dr. Aitchison.) e
Gomorrhea. After a purgative of Kaladana (187),
Myrobalans (256), or Castor Oil, give Nitre (269) with
Decoction of Abelmoschus (2), Ispaghál (305), or Rice
Conjee (322), for the purpose of allaying the pain and
heat in passing urine. Pedalium (297) is said to be
very effectual for this purpose, and should be tried if
procurable. Injections.of a solution of Sugar (410)
are recommended by Dr. Aitchison. When the in-
flammatory symptoms begin to abate, one of the fol-
lowing should be given:-Cubebs (325*), Gurjun
Balsam (160), Sandal Wood Oil (334), or Galls (149).
Alum (30°), locally, is of great use in certain cases.
To relieve Chordee (painful erectiºn at night), Camphor
(72) is one of our best remedies, f *
+ Bromide of Potasſiuh, in doses of 20 to 80 grains, in a
wine glassful of water at bedtime, is highly spoken of, as pre-
venting the occurrence of this symptom.
- 2






0.
214 INDEX OF DISEASES.
ºuinea Worm. On the head of the worm appear-
ing, it should be gently drawn down so as to secure it
by rolling it round a small piece of twisted rag, or a
thin piece of quill; and Water Dressing (394) applied,
or should there bºmuch pain, a Datura Poultices (132).
Every day gentle traction should be made, and if this.
can be done whilst the limb or part is immersed in a
rulening stream or in a chattie of cold water, the ex-
traction is rendered additionally easy. Great gentle-
ness is requisite to prevent the worm breaking, as this
accident is followed by inflammation, and the forma-
tion of abscesses, which are difficult of healing. See
Abscess. c)
-

Gums, Ulceration and Sponginess of, may be treated
with one of the following:—Decoction of Babúl Bark
(9), Alum (29%), Catechu (89*), or Lime Juice (231).
0.
Haeºnorrhage from Cuts, Wounds, dºc. When the
blood is of a bright rºd colour, and comes out in jets,
indicating that an artery is wounded, apply first a
stream of cold water, iced if possible, from a large
sponge, which will not only wash away all clots, dirt,
&c., but promote contraction of the vessel, and perhaps
arrest the bleeding at once. If not, try the fresh
juice of the Physic Nut Plant (302*), or Alum (25).
If these fail, or are not at hand, at once apply pres-"
sure with the finger, or fingers upon the exact point
from which the blood is found to issue, and there
retain for some time, pressing against the bone or
hard substance. If the mouth of the bleeding vessel
be clearly visible, and the haemorrhage still continues,
t
©
§ INDEX OF DISEASES. 215
o
it may be pinched up firmly between the finger and -
thumb, or it may be seized with, a pair of pincers Qr sº
forceps, drawn forward, and a ligature, silk if protur. -
able, passed round it and firmly tied. “Not more of
the surrounding flesh should be ingluded in the liga.
...ture than can be possibly avoided! If none of these
plans succeed or are applicable, or if the wºund be
large and bleeds much, apply pressure to the limb by
means of the STICK TOURNIQUET figured.hglow.f º
In order to apply this properly, ‘tie tightly, at
some little distance above the wound, a pocket-hand-
kerchief or cravat once or twice passed round the
limb; then, obtaining a piece of tough stick, push it
under the handkerchief, and, by turning the stick,
# The above woodcut, and the mode of applying it, is re-
printed by permission frºm First Help in Accidents, by Dr. C.
H. Schaibe, published by R. Hardwicke, 192 Piccadilly, London.
A very useful little book.


t
216 INDEx of Diseases. 't
()
- twist the handkerchief more and more tightly until
the bleeding ceases. º As soon as this result has been
attained, fasten the stick by another handkerchief
round the stick anti limb together. This rude tourni-
quet may save life not, unfrequently, by enabling the



injured person to\be transported even for some dis-.
tance without fear of further bleeding.” Position is
a vºry important consideration in "wounds, the bleed-
ing sometimes being at once arrested by raising the
injured limb above the level of the body.
Haemorrhage from the Lungs, Stomach, Bowels,
Kidneys, Uterus, or other Internal Organs, if attended
by feverishness and heat of skin, a solution of Nitre
(267) or Sal Ammoniac (330) may be given, with the
plentiful use of Lemonade (234), Tamarind drink
(346), Vinegar (379), and other refrigerants. In the
absence of fever, Alum (25) may be given with safety
and advantage.f. In all these cases perfect rest in a
recumbent posture, iſ a cool, well-ventilated apart-
ment, and the avoidance of all excitement and stimu-
lants, are essential to the Šuccess of the above, or any
other remedies. In these cases Ice externally applied
in bags exercises a marked influence in checking in-
ternal haemorrhage, especially from the lungs. . It
+ A far more effectual remedy in these cases is the Acetate
of Lead in doses of three, or four grains, made into a pill with
half a grain of Opium, and followed immediately by a draught
containing a little vinegar. These pills and draughts may be
repeated every three or four hours Éll the bleeding begins to
abate, when the interval between the doses may be lengthened,
and the quantities decreased. -
t t

- º
* INDEX OF DISEASES. 217
d
should not *be kept on sufficiently long to produce a .

chill. Sucking small pieces ef ice is alsó a useful
practice. Eachaustion from excessive Haemorrhage re-
quires Brandy Mixture (426) and “othér stimulants.
Hamorriage after Labours, See, *!" From Piles,
See Piles.
º o
Haemorrhage frºm the Wose may generally be
checked by one of the following simple means: 1, the
application of a cold body, as a key of a "piece of ice,
to the nape of the neck. 2. By compressing the
opposite nostril. 3. By standing in the upright posi-
tion and holding both arms in the air for a few
minutes. If these measures fail, recourse may be had
to Alum (25%), Sulphate of Copper (116), or Winegar
(379). Should feverishness be present, treat as directed
in preceding article.


Haemorrhage from Leech Bites. See Paragraph 205.

Head, Affections of, where there is determination of
blood to the head, with sleeplessness, restlessness, and
anwiety. Mustard Bath"(249*).
Headaches generally must be treated with refer-
ence to their cause. If from Constipation, Castor Oil
(84), Kaladana (187), Myrobalans (256), or other

purgatives. Of Fever, hot-water stupes to the nape
of the neck (393). From Biliogs derangement, the
same purgatives preceded by a dose of Calomel (three
grains) if at hand, and followed by Sal Ammoniac
(328*). Nervous, Hysterical, and Rheumatic Head-
aches often yield to Sal Ammoniac (328), persevered
- t º, - .*
218 INDEX OF DISEASES. º ;
t
in for a few days, and the local use of Camphor Lotion c.:
(II*). Hºrow suppression of the .Menstrual Discharge,
Leeches to the inner surface of the thighs (210). From
stoppage of bleedihg from Piles, Leeches to the verge of
the amus (210); in bºth these last cases Adaes (19)
should be given Mºnºny. The other measures occa-
sionally useful are Ginger Poultices (157), Hot Water
Fementations (393), and Mustard"Poultices or Mustard
Foot-baths (248) to the extremities.


Heart, Palpitations of See Palpitations.
Heartburn often yields to Lime Water (221) given
with milk or with Omum Water (317); or with Chiretta
(98), if associated with indigestion. o
Hepatitis. See Liver, Inflammation of
Hoarseness may be treated by inhalations of the
vapout of Hot Winegar (378*), or Decoction of Abel-
moschus (3), by gaggles containing Capsicum (78*),
Black Pepper (300), or Moringa root (238); by chew-
ing Ginger (158), or allowing a piece of Catechu (89)
to dissolve in the mouth. - * .
Hooping €ough. In the early stages regulate the
bowels with Castor Oil (84), and give Country Ipeca-
cuanha (370) and Sal Ammoniac (329). As soon as
the feverish symptoms have subsided give Alum (28*);
should this fail, “try Sulphate of Iron (180), with or
without Assafoetida (37). Ifeweakness and emaciation
exist, or in very obstinate cases, give Fish Liver Oil
(140); Mustard Poultices (252) and friction with

s t s'
º
* - INDEX OF DISEASES. 219
4.
Opium Linment (291) to the spine seem useful in the
- - - º
chronic stage. 0 - - " . º & 6

Hydrocephalus (Water on the Bain), occurring in
weak, emaciated children of a scrofulous habit otca-
sionally improves under Fish ‘Livey Oil (139).

Hysterical Affections. Amongst the means’ useful
in controlling these are Assafoetida (35*), Aloes and
Assafoetida Pills (19), Jatamansi (184).Qmum Water
(318), Turpentine enemas (364), and Cold Water
Affusion (386).
Indigestion, or Dyspepsia. . Tonics, as Chiretta
(98, 99°), Sweet Flag Root (12), Country Sarsaparilla
(163), and Gulancha (352), combined with stomachics,
as Cloves (105), or Cinnamon (102), Capsicum (79),
and Omum Water (318*), offer the best prospect of
success. With great increased Secretion, Butea Gum
(62). With acidity of the Stomach, Lime Wate? (221).
With torpidity of the Bowels, Tincture of Kariyāt (192).
Without strict attention to diet, and careful regulation
of the bowels and other secrations, medicines will have
comparatively little effect.


Inflammations, Local or Eaternal, require, according
to circumstances—Leeches (21.2), Hot Water Fomen-
‘tations (393), Water Dressings (394), Evaporating
Lotion (380), Sal Ammoniac Lotion (332), and Rice-
Flour or Rice Poultices (322) as external applications.
A solution of Acetate of Lead (30 grains in a pint of
water) forms an extellent soothing lotion, and one
} which may always be resorted to with safety. The
(
Q Q
220 INDEX OF DISEASES. - t
0.
inflamed parts should be kept constantly wet with it
by means of moistened cloths. , ,
Influenza. Give plentifully of Solution of Nitre
(264), and treat otherwise as described in Qatarrh.
- s
Insanity. Aºrce action on the bowels by Croton
Pill of Crotón Oil (120, 121), and the employment of a
Mestard Bath (24%), are of servicë in the early stages.
No time shoplit be lost, in placing the patient under
proper medical gare.
Insensibility, from whatever cause arising, may be
treated in the first instance by the cautious use of
Cold Water Affusion (386). A Turpentine enema
(364) may also be of service. º
Irritation of the Genital Organs. See Genital Organs.
Itch. Usé Sulphur Ointment (341), or Kerosine
Oil (406).
Jaundice. Mild cases often yield to Sal Ammoniac
(331), and the free use of purgatives, as Kaladana
(187), or Myrobalans (256). -
Joints, Injuries or Enlargement of In the early
stages apply lotions of Alum (32), and Sal Ammoniac
(332), and subsequently liniments of Camphor (68),.
and Turpentine (366). In Chronic Enlargements,
Croton Liniment (K22). Scrofulous affections of the
Joints improve under the use of Fish Liveſ? Oil (138).
G
Kidneys, Irritable state, and ‘painful affections of
Give plentifully of diluents, as Decoction of Abel-
wº

...sº

w
Q
3
- º
‘. º INDEx of Diseases. 221.
o
moschus (2), Ispaghāl Seeds (305), or Rice Conjee
(322). These with Qpium (286), and the tse of the
Hip Bath (392), are calculated to afford great relief
O) 0.
Bleeding from, See Haemorrhage. ©
Labours. Don’t interfere unneceſsaril ; Nature, if
left to her own unaided efforts, will accomplish her
work in natural uncomplicated labours. Manye a
woman has lost her life through meddlesome intº-
ference on the part of ignorant midwives. Should the
labour be very prolonged, apparently for want of action
“ or power in the womb, a few doses of Borax and Cinna-
mon (58) may be given. For Flooding, lose no time in
resorting to Cold Water Affusion (388), and sub-
sequently use Winegar locally (379). To promote the
Lochial Discharge, if scanty or arrested, use Hot Water
Fomentations (393). For After-pains give a dose of
Opium (289). Convulsions attendant on, see Convylsions.




Leech Bites, to arrest bleeding from, see Paragraph
205. o
O
Leeches, to dislodge from nºse and other passages, See
Paragraph 206.
Leprosy. Chaulmigra (94), Gurgun Balsam (161%),
Hydrocotyle (169*), or Mudar (242); with these may
be advantageously conjoined a prolonged course of
Fish Liver Oil (142), or the latter may be tried alone.
- For the ulcerations, poultices of Hydrocotyle (169), or
Ním Leaves (261), may be applied with advantage.
ºf Opium (283) is often necessary to relieve pain and

º -> O o
&
- w)
- O
222 INDEX OF DISEASES. -
procure sleep. Whatever other treatment may be adopted,
diligent oi£y fictions over the whole body should form an
essential part of it (161–338). Carbolic Acid promises
to prove a most valuable agent in this disease.f
ºf The treatment ºf Leprosy by Carbolic Acid Vapoir Baths,
introduced by . W. Johnston, M.D. (Times,
June 3rd, 1882), promises good results, and seems well worthy
of further trials. All that is requiredeis an ordinary Vapour
Bath Apparatus (387), in which the patient sits, and outside a
ck attie or vesseſ ºf sufficient size to contain about a quart of
liquid, and made with a lengthened curved spout, to fit
accurately on an elastic tube of sufficient length as to pass
within the vapour-proof envelope. The calibre of this elastic
tube should be such as Would admit of a continuous and abun-
dant supply of the vapour as it comes from the vessel, resting
on a spirit-lamp having a flame sufficient to keep the fluid in
the vessel boiling briskly. Prior to the fse of this bath, spong-
ing the body with tepid water, holding a piece of Washing soda
in solution, seems to aid the absorption of the vapour. The
Carbolic Acid should be Calvert's Disinfecting fluid, of which a
mixturq, of three or four parts to six or seven of water may be
employed. In this Vapour Bath the patient should remain
from 30 to 60 minutes (care being taken that a continuous
supply of vapour is kept up from outside), and it may be repeated
every second or third day accor&ing to circumstances. Dr.
Johnston informs me that he has never seen any ill effects
result from the use of this carbolized aqueous Vapour, even in
cases presenting extensive ulcerated surfaces. Some care is
requisite in arranging the fold or frill round the aperture.
through which the head protrudes. ‘Were the patient to breathe
a little of it,” Dr. J. remarks, ‘little injury would result,
possibly good, but still, for obvious reasons, he should not be
allowed to breathe $od much. Dr. Aitchison directs leprous
ulcerations to be treated with a solution of Carbblic Acid (one
to Seven or ten of Sweet Oil, according to circumstances, and
that at the same time the whole body should be rubbed with
a weaker solution (1 to 20). This treatment, he remärks, at *
o tº

|
3.
- º -
0) - INDEX OF DISEASES. 223
Leucorrºwa (‘Whites’). Cubebs (125), Nitre (269),
* Gurjun Balsam (160), or Sulphate of Iron (174*),

internally; with vaginal injections containing Balſil
Bark (9), Alum (30°), Galls (1499 or Lime Water
(224), * indicated.
e º
Lice infesting the hair on variouſ part of the body,
especially the pubes, may be destroyed by Cocculus
Indicus Ointment (107), Vermoni!, Seeds (373),” or
Kerosine Oil (406). Carbolic Acid Wask (1 Acid to
20 Water), applied night and morning, is said to be an
effectual remedy.



Lime, Particles of, in the Eye, may be dissolved and
removed by dilute Vinegar (382).
Liver, various Affections of, are often greatly bene-
fited by Sal Ammoniac (331). Enlargement of Sal
Ammoniac (331*), Pawpaw Juice (296). Congestion
of this organ, especially if arising from over-feeding,
often subsides under a dose of Galomel (three or four
grains) at night, followed, in the morning, by an active
aperient of Kaladana (18W), or Castor Oil (84). Further
relief may be obtained by Hot Water Fomentations
(393), Turpentine Stupes (362), or Betel Leaves (48),
over the region of the liver; if these fail, Leeches to
the same site, or to the verge of the amus (211), may
afford manifest relief. All, however, will be useless
once remoyes the horrid odour usually attendant upon these
- cases, and the patients will readily adopt it, when they dis-
4?
tinctly refuse to wash or clean thenselves. With a change in
diet, under this treatment these cases, he adds, improve
remarkably.
O)
o
- C. c
224 INDEX OF DISEASES.
º
without strict attention to diet, and careful avoidance
of all stimulating articles of food and drink.
(L. º, "
C. t. O
Lockjaw, See Tetanus.
t -
Loins, pain in, the, See Lumbago. ºo

Lumbago Sai Ammoniac (326) internally, with
Lilliments of Camphor (68), Lemen Grass Oil (217),
Opium (291), Datura Liniment or Poultices (130),
ofº Turpentine (366) externally, often succeed in afford-
ing relief. Turpentine Stupes (362) may be tried in
severe or obstimate cases.
Lungs, Affections àf, See Coughs, Consumption, and
Bronchitis. Bleeding from, See Haemorrhage. .
Maggots on surface of Ulcers, to destroy. Butea
Seeds (65).
C
Maggots in the Nose (Peenash), Injections of Oil of
Turpentine (363b). e. -

Measles. An occasional mild aperient, just suffi-
cient to keep the bowels gently open, the plentiful use
of Lemonade (232), or Rice Conjee (322), with or
without Nitre (264), together with confinement to bed
in a cool well aired apartment, and farinaceous diet
for a few days, will generally suffice for recovery in .
mild, uncomplicated cases. To allay irritation of the
surface, sponge with "diluted Vinegar (376) or Water
(385), and dust the surface wé]] over with Rice Flour
(322). Should cough occur, use some of those means
enumerated in Coughs. The advanced stages, in bad
- * C.
º
*

º -
o INDEX OF TXISEASES. 225
o
cases, chardºcterized by great exhaustion, call for the use ... "
of Camphor (74), Brandy Mixture (426), and plentiful
nourishment. © g
© -
Menstrual Discharge, Suspension, or Irregularity of
(Amerbºrhoea). Aloes (18), Borax (58), and Sulphate

of Iron (174*), alone or combined, łay prove service-
able. Try also hip bath with Sejmum Seeds (Foot-
note, p. 139). Eaccessive or long-continued Menstºua-
tion, Alum (25), and Vinegar (379). "“When attended
with much pain and distress (Dysmemorrhaea), Opium
Liniment (291), or Datura Poultice or Liniment (130)
to the loins; also hip bath containing Sesamum Seeds,
which also may be tried internally (p. 139).
Mercury, Salts of, as Corrosive Sublimate, Poisoning
by. If vomiting is not already present it must be
excited by a Mustard (246) or other emetic, and the
stomach having thus been emptied of any of the
poison it may contain, prompt recourse should be
had to the white and yolk of raw eggs, which may
be given alone or beatgn up with rice flour into a
paste with milk or water. The after treatment
consists in the free use of Rice Conjee and other
demulcent drinks, gargles of Alum (29).or Borax (55),
to control the salivation; small doses of Opium, should

...there be much pain, and a milk or farinaceous diet.
Mesenteric Affections of Children are best treated
with Fish Siver Oil (139).
O
Milk, For Increasing the secretion of Leaves of
Castor Oil Plant (85), or of Physic Nut Plant (302);
O O o * Q
c
Q
226 INDEX OF DISEASES.
for Diminishing or Arresting the secretioſ, of Betel
Leaves (49), or flowers of Jasminum Sambac.i
o o t C O -
Milk Abscess. In the early stages apply either
Sal, Ammoniac Lótion (325), or hot Winegar stupes
(381). Should matter, form, treat as Abscess.” “ .
Mouth, Ulceration of Try first Sulphate of Copper
(1,2) or Lime Juice (231); if these fail use some of
the other remedies mentioned in Art. Gums, Ulcera-
tion and Spºnginess of For Aphthous Ulcerations, i.e.
small white specks or ulcers in the mouths of infants
and young children, apply Borax (55*), or Alum (29),
or Sulphate of Copper (112); Country Sarsaparilla
(163) may at the same time be advantageously given
o
† This twining plant (Jasminum Sambac, Aiton) is culti-
wated throughout India for the sake of its white fragrant flowers,
which are used as votive offerings. The lactifuge property of
these flowers was first brought to notice by Mr. J. Wood (Ph. of
India, n. 136), who speaks of the fact being well known in
Madras. Two cases illustrative of their efficacy occurring in
the practice of Dr. Mackenzie, C.B., are recorded by Dr. Bidie
(Madras Jour. Med. Sci., Aug., 1870). In one case especially,
an English lady, all ordinary meåns had failed to arrest the
flow of milk before the flowers were applied; within a few
hours they afforded complete relief, and the secretion of milk,
which had been unusually copious, was from that time entirely
arrested. The results of the other trial were equally satis-,
factory. For this purpose two, or three handfuls of the fresh
flowers bruised are to be applied unmoistened to each breast"
and renewed once or twice a day. The secretion is sometimes
arrested in twenty-four hours, though this generally requires
two or even three days (Wood). . . The native names of these
flowers are Mogra ka phūl (Hind.; Duk.), Mographül (Beng.,
Guz.), Malligraip-pâ, Mallip-pâ (Tam.f. Mallelū (Tel.), Mullup-
pú (Mal.), Pich-chi-mal (Cing.). - -
..) - o - ©

º
o INDEX OF DISEASES. 227
interially. • In severer forms (Ulcerative Stomatitis); try
Alum (29). • * • ... " o
Mumps. Beyond a dose of dastor oil (84) or Tn.
fusion of Senna (336), so as to keep” the bowels gently
open, little is required beyond keeping the swollen
parts covered with a piece of flannel, to protect them
from cold draughts of air, and the use of a fariñaceous
diet for a few days. “Should there bé much pain, Opalm
Liniment (291) may be smeared over ...the surface of
the swollen gland at bed-time. Should there be much
fever, heat of skin, &c., a few doses of solution of Nitre
(264) may be given.

Muscles, Pains in. Give Saf Ammoniac (327) in-
termally, and use Liniments containing Camphor (68),
Lemon Grass Oil (217), Opium (291), or Turpentine
(366) externally.
Mosquito Bites, to relieve the irritółion, try Lime
Juice (235), or Vinegar (380). . - o
Nettle Rash, to allay irritation, apply Borax Lotion
(57). . . " -
Neuralgia. Try Sal Ammoniac (326), or when the
pain returns periodically,i Sulphate of Iron (177), or
better still Cinchona Febrifuge (402*). Some obstinate
+ When Neuralgia of the Headoor Face (Tic Douloureux)
recurs at stated periods, and is apparently of malarious origin,
no remedy is equal to Quinine, which may be given in one
large dose (ten grains) shortly before the time when the pain
is expected to return. Should it not yield after three or four
doses, no advantage will begained by continuing it. Another
plan is to give it in three grain doses in a glass of wine thrice
daily between the paroxysms of pain. - -

(
228 INDEx or Diseases. º
casés which resist these and other remediev yield to a
course of Fish Liver Oil (141). , Among external
applications are Datura Liniment or Poultices (130),
Lemon Grass0il (217), Mustard Poultices (253), and
the Camphorated Opium (291), or Turpentine
Liniment (8%). \, ſ
Nipples, sore or cracked, are benefited by Borax
Lotion (56), or Caſtor Oil (84), of Lime Water (235),
HQgally applied: As a preventive use Infusion of
Catechu (90).--|To ensure prevention, the nipple
should be carefully washed and dried immediately the
child is removed from the breast, and the tissues may
be hardened by washing them for a short time before
delivery, and after each application to the breast, with
a little brandy and water. It is aſso a useful practice
to wear over the nipple a metallic shield, which should
be constantly applied when the child is not at the
breast.—Prof. Ringer.]

Modes, or Painfuswellings on the Shin-bone. Apply
Datura Poultice (150), or other means mentioned in
Tumours, painful. ... "
Nose, discharge of Matter from. Use injections of
Lime Water (225), or tepid Milk and Water, and give
Fish Liver Oil (138) internally. Maggots in, See"
Peemash. -
Wuw Womica, Pohsoning by. Follow the treatment
advised for poisoning by Cºculus Indictis. Bland
Oils, e.g., Til, Cocoa-nut, or Ground-nut Oil, seem to
retard its action, hence may be given largely. . . .
Q.
º
INDEX OF DISEASES, 229
º
Ophthalmia. See Eyes, Diseases of e
0 º
Opium, Poisoninº by. The stomach having been
emptied as speedily as possible by,an ºmetic of Sul-
phate of Copper (117) or Mustard (246), every means
should be adopted for rousing the patiént; this is to
be effected, by dashing cold water &er the head and
chest, walking him quickly about, supported by two
attendants in the open air, applying strong Salts, &c.,
to the nostrils, irritating the leg by flageflation with a
wet towel, and administering strong &offee, “café noir,’
or if there should be great depression, a little brandy
or other stimulant. When the patient can swallow,
Decoction of Galls should be given as directed in
Paragraph 152. In extreme cases artificial respiration
(subsequently described in Appendix, in Art. Drown-
£ng, Recovering from) must be tried. These measures
should be long persevered in ; as long as life lasts,
hope of recovery is not to be banished. te
- * , , . .
Pains, Muscular, See Muscles, J’ains 272.
Palpitations of the Mearſ, Wervous. These may in
a great measure be controlled by Assafoetida (35),
Camphor (70), or Infusion of Jatamansi (184), either
alone or used conjointly. Palpitations or flutterings
in the region of the Heart whith occur in weak, ner-
vous, hysterical subjects, often yield to Bromide of
Potassium, in doses of five to ten ..grains dissolved in
water, twice or thrice daily.
º
Paralysis. Little can be done by non-professionals
beyond giving internally Fish Liver Oil (142), alone
d
º



*

4.
t
230 INDEX OF DISEASES,
or with Sulphate of Iron (177) in anaemić or debili.
~
tated subjects, and applying irritants, as Croton
Liniment (122), Petroleum (414), externally.
(Peemash. (Maggºts in the Wose). Oil of Turpentine
(363b). º { tº
Philisis, see C\nsumption, Pulmonary.
Physic Wut, Poisoning by, See groton Seeds. -
‘Piles. Sulphur (344) internally, and Gall Oint--
ment (148), “or' astringent enemas, as Decoction of
Babūl Bark (9)," or Galls (148), suffice in ordinary
cases. In old debilitated subjects Confection of
Pepper (300) proves very useful. When inflamed and
painful, the Hip Bath, or sitting over the steam of
hot water (391), and the application of a soluttion of
Borax (56) and soft Rice Boultices (322), with or
without the addition of Opium (293), give great
relief. The Acetate of Lead Solution advised for
Local Nºflammations (p. 219) is peculiarly serviceable
in these cases. It may be used cold or warm, as is
most agreeable to she patient's feelings. To control
bleeding from, use Alum (25),"or enemas of Sulphate
of Iron (179).f Persons subject to Piles will do well
+ When bleeding from piles in residents in hot climates
has been long coſitinued, it is unadvisable, so long as it remains
within moderate bounds, to take any means of arresting it
suddenly; the suppression of the discharge having in some .
instances been known to be followed by congestion and even
abscess in the liver, and ‘in others by congestive headaches and
determination of blood to the head. It seems to be an effort of
nature to relieve the abdominal cirpulation, which it is unwise
to interfere with, unless the discharge be so profuse as to
debilitate the patient, and then the object should be rather to
moderate, than to arrest it altogether.
- º º
ta
o -
INDEX OF DISEASES. 231
to avoid the use of coffee, as this often appears to
aggravate the severity of the symptoms. Cleanliness
in these cases is of the greatest importance: the párts
should be well washed with soap and witer after each
motion, sand if the piles are internal | protrude

..during evacuations, they shoulê be yashād before they
are returned. º
© 0
Pregnancy. For Pains in the Boins use Camphor
(68), or Camphorated Opium Liniment (291). y’,
allay the Vomiting try Infusion of Človes (105). A
cup of hot coffee and a piece of dried toast should be
taken in bed very early in the, morning, after which
the woman should remain quiet until the usual hour
for risińg; by this, means the vomiting may often be
prevented. When procurable, a glass or two of Spark-
ling Moselle is often productive of the best effects,
allaying the vomiting, and enabling the patient to
retain and digest food. º >
º
Prickly Heat may in a great measure be relieved by
Solution of Borax (57),”or Sulphate of Copper (115),
and subsequently dusting the surface with Rice Flour
(322) or finely-powdered Sandal Wood.

Pyrosis, See Water Brash. ”
Rectum, Stricture and Painful Affections of Castor
Oil (83), Fish Liver Oil,(139). '
º
b;
º .
Rheumatism, Acute. Rheumatic Fever may be treated
much in the same way as Ardent or Continued Fever

*
Q
232 INDEX OF DISEASES. Q
Q
(ante); by confinement to bed in a cool, well-ventilated
apartment, farinaceous, diet, and , abstinence from
a cºholic and other'stimulants. "Nitre (270) should
be given freely, with Lemonade (232) as an ordinary
drink. The flowels should be carefully regulated,
One or two º procured daily by a dose of .
Calome! (thrée or four grains) and Opium (one grain,
or even two grains if there should be great pain or
restlessness), at bed-time, followed by Infusion of
Sénna (336), or Castor Oil (84), in the morning. To
the swollen and painful joints a strong solution of
Nitre (270) should be kept constantly applied; it
generally affords great, relief; if not, a Datura Poultice
or moistened Datura leaf (or Tobacco leaf), applied 8.S.
directed in Paragraph 130, may be fried.
Rheumatism, Chronic. Here Sal Ammoniac (327)
and Country Sarsaparilla (163) promise to be of much
use. Chaulmigra (94), Mudar (242), and Gulancha
(352), have been advised, but in long-standing cases
more benefit may be expected from Fish Liver Oil
(142). The action of the skin may be kept up by
Camphor, both internally and in the form of Vapour
Bath (69), and by hot Infusion of Ginger (156) at
bed-time, and by constantly wearing flannel next to
the skin. Amongst extºnal applications, Camphorated .
Opium Liniment (291) and Lemon Grass Oil (217)
are the best ; the others comprise liniments contain-
ing Camphor (68), Croton Oil (122), Oil 6f Country
Nutmeg (274), Petroleum (414), Physic Nut Oil (302),
Sulphur (343), and Turpentine (366); Piney Tallow
t º q
(
º
&A
wº



w
tº
*
O
º INDEX OF DISEASES. 233
(37 3) has been well spoken of Should one or more
joints be specially,attacked, make trial of the applica-
tions advised in Actite Rheumatism, or of Flour" of . .

Sulphur, as directed in ...] º
Riºts. Fish Liver Oil (138) may be used with
great advantage; it may be combihed with Sylphate
of Iron (177) if the child is weak and anaemic. Lime
Water and Milk (222) forms af.eligible ordinºry
drink. tº e a tº "

Ringworm. Apply Borax and Vinegar (60), Cassia
alata Ointment (81), Unripe Papaw fruit (295), Sul-
phate of Copper (115), Oil of Turpentine (367), or
Kerosing Oil (406).
Saint Vitus's Dance, See Chorea.

Salivation. Use gargles of Alum (29), or Borax
(55), or try Catechu in substance (89).
Scald Head, See Ringworm. *
o
Scarlatina or Scarlet Fever. *Commence with an
emetic of Country Ipecacuanſha (368) or Mudar (241);
place the patient in a cool, well-ventilated apartment ;
give plentifully of Lemonade (232) or Rice Conjee
• (322) to allay thirst and feverishness, and give Cap-
sicum Mixture (78) internally. For the sore throat,
inhale the fumes of hot Winegar (377), and use Cap-
sicum gargle (78). Sponging the surface with diluted
-Winegar (376) or Water (385) is attended with great
comfort to the patient, and is otherwise beneficial.
N The advanced stages, complications, and subsequent



º o O e
t
º Q q e
234. INDEX OF DISEASES.
& -
debility, are treated in the same manner as in Fevers
(ante). v. t
* * c. (1. ( t
Sciatica, See Neuralgia. Enveloping the whole of
the “painful lºmb in the ‘Wet sheet’ (398) proves
sometimes º when other remedies fail." Qui-
nine in, full dºses, Ave to eight grains thrice daily, may

be given at the same time.
( Q.
< ,
, , Scorpions, Stings of Alum (32), See also Bites,
Vºnomous.
Scrofula. Fish Liver Oil (138) proves most useful
in cases in which Abscesses, Ulcers, or Skin Diseases are
present. Sorofulous Ophthalmia is also greatly bene-
fited by it. When the patient is debilitated and
anaemic, the Oil may advantageously be combined with
Sulphate of Iron. Chaumálgra (94), Hydrocotyle (169),
and Lime Watter (225), are amongst the remedies
occasioxally useful. A dose of Opium (283) or Tinc-
ture of Datura (128) may be given at night, if the
pain or irritation from ulcers or skin disease occasion
sleeplessness. A liberal animal diet, gentle out-door
exercise, and sea-bathing are valuable adjuncts to the
above remedies.

&
Scurvy. Lime juice (231) holds the highest rank
both as a curative and preventive agent. All acid- .
ulous fruits, Lemons, Oranges, Tamarinds (346), &c.,
may be used with “he greatest advantage. As a pre-
ventive of Scurvy in jails, &c., Lime J uice and other
analogous agents will prove of comparatively little use
unless attention is paid to hygienic measures, e.g., the
ſº º º •
Q
D º
INDEX OF DISEASES, 235
b
cleanliness,”ventilation, dryness of the building, reduc-
tion of numbers in cases of overcrowding, ahd tha us;
of a liberal and wholesome diet, containing a large .
proportion of fresh vegetables.f Piaryoea of, give
Bael (44). 0 -
Seminale Discharges, Involuntary. Give Cºmphor
(72) at bed-time. When attended with much sexual
excitement, a full dose of Bromide of Potassium, 20 to
30 grains in a wine glassful of water at bed-time, "is
often most serviceable. These discharges being some-
times due to irritation caused by Thread Worm in the
lower bowel, attention should be directed to this point.
See Worms. -

Skin Diseases. Country Sarsaparilla (163*), Chaul-
múgra (94), or Mudar (242); or where the affection
+ A new antiscorbutic called AM-CHUR has lately been
brought into use amongst our native troops in India, and
promises to be a powerful rival to Lime Juice. It consists of
green Mangoes, skinned, stoned, cut iflto pieces, and dried in
the sun. According to Dr. Clarke, Deputy Surgeon-General
IEastern Frontier District, Äm-chur not only maintains the
digestive energy of the men, but its use amongst troops, where
neither a variety of food nor vegetables is obtainable, com-
mends itself strongly as a result of practical experiment to the
military authorities. One ration Should be half an ounce,
Q
b%
which would be equivalent for an ounce of good Lime Juice.
(British Med. Jour., Sept. 30, 1882). Another antiscorbutic
well worthy of attention, especially as an article of diet on long
-voyages, consists of DRIED or PRESERVED BANANAs. When care.
fully prepared, they are agreeable to the taste, much resembling
dried figs, of small cost, and will keep good for a lengthened
period.
ſ
236 INDEx of DISEASEs.
Q
occurs in debilitated, scrofulous, or leprous individuals,
Fish, Liver Oil (138) may be given internally. One
of the following may at the same time be applied
extºrnally : * alata (81), Chaulmúgra (94), Lime
Liniment (22.5), Myrobalan Ointment (257), Sulphur
(342), Turpinting (367), Kerosine Oil (405%), or
Petroleum (415). The Vapour Bath (396) is often
very useful where the skin is haºd, dry, and rough.
Borax lotion (57) in many instances will allay the
irritation.
Sleeplessness in Head Affections. Mustard Bath
(249). A full dose ºf the Bromide of Potassium, 20
to 30 grains in a wine glassful of water, taken at bed
time and persevered in for days ard weeks, will often
be found more effectual and less hurtful than the
most powerful narcotics. From pain attendant on
Ulcers, Rheumatism, &c., Opium (283) or Tincture of
Datura (128) at bed time. [N.B.-Sleeplessness, arising
from no evident cause, as bodily pain, mental anxiety,
&c., is often dependent on an epºpty state of the stomach,
and many a sleepless night may be prevented, and
many a wakeful hour obviated, by the simple process
of eating a few biscuits or a crust of bread before
going to bed, or during the night as occasion may
require.] -
Small Pow. Gommence with a mild aperient of
Castor Oil (84) or Senna (336), place the patient in a
cool, well-ventilated room, and give freely Lemonade
-
**
(232), Rice Conjee (322), &c., with solution of Nitre
C. O ()
**

r
* ,
c
ºt
© isors of Diseases. 237
(264); sponge the surface daily with diluted Winégar
(376) or Water (385); and, still further, to allay irri-
tation, dust the eruption freely with Ricë Flour (322).
The Carbolic Acidf treatment promises, the best re-
sults. With the view of preventing pittinſ, apply Lime
Liniment (229). In the advanced stages, attended with
great exhaustion, delirium, &c., give Camphor (74),
Brandy Mixture (426), and other stimulants, with
nutriment. Subsequent debility and tomºlescence, treat
as in Fever, q.v. O
G.
Snake Bites. See Appendix B.
Sneezing, when violent or proibnged. Insert lightly
into the nostrils a small piece of cotton wool. A case
in which this gave instantaneous relief, when all other
remedies had failed, is recorded by Dr. Bradley.
(British Med. Jour., Dec. 1879.) o
Spermatorrhoea. See Seminal Discharges.
O -
+ Carbolic Acid, as an external application in Small Pox,
is strongly recommended by Dr. Aitchison. He directs that
from the very earliest stage of the disease the whole body be
rubbed with a mixture of the Acid (one part) and Sweet Oil
(ten parts) twice daily. “This application,’ he remarks, ‘re-
lieves the patient marvellously—the oil soothing and cooling
the skin, the acid deodorising the stench, and destroying the
• contagious influence of the particles thrown off from the skin.
W
k
The oil is as much a part of the treatment as the disinfectant,
and is an old Egyptian remedy for this disease. In many cases
the application seems to destroy the Small Pox poison to the
extent that the disease does not reach the pustular stage; the
vesicles form themselves into hard lumps, dry up, and dis-
appear, without the usual Small Pox pustular cicatrix.' .. 5
º t º

º f
C.
238 INDEX OF DISEASES. C
"Spleen, Enlargement of, ‘Ague Cake.” Give Sul-
phate of Iron and purgatives, as advised in Paragraph
173, or Papaw juice (296), or, better still, Cinchona
Febrifuge (4Q2). , Extract of Gulancha (353) is worth
a tial,f - & ©
Sprains, ºlows, and Bruises. Solution of Sal Am-
moniać (332), Hot Water Fomentations (393), or
Egaporating Lotion (380) are most suitable appli-
cations for the early stages. Should there be much
swelling and heat of skin, Leeches (212) may be
necessary. When the active symptoms have subsided,
Liniments of Camphor (68), Opium (291), Lemon-
grass Oil (217), or Turpentine (366), are indicated.
In Sprains, warm applications, with perfect, rest of
the part, are best suited for the first few days. The
sprained part should be kept in a raised position, well
supported, and should on no account be allowed to
hang down. The following treatment is highly spoken
of in cases of Sprained Ankle. As soon after the
accident as possible immerse the foot in a tub of hot
water for ten minţites, and then into a tub of cold
water for a similar period. Afterwards put on a wet
bandage pretty tight, and cover with oil-silk, plantain
leaf, or other, impermeable covering. To remove sub-
sequent swelling, apply. Alum Lotion (32). To remove"
discoloration, Solution of Sal Ammoniac (332).
ºf Quinine, in doses of five to eight grains thrice daily, pro-
duces the best effect in these cases; it may be advantageously
combined with Sulphate of Iron (176). The rºost effectual
local application is Biniodide of Mercury Ointment (16 grains
of the Biniodide to simple Ointment, 6ne ounce). In obstinate
cases change of air is the best and only remedy. -
-
*
r”

º 0. c wº
•0
e
b INDEX OF DISEASES. 1239
Słiff Wack. Apply Opium Liniment (290). “
Stomach, Acidity, of Give JLime .Wäter (221).
Bleeding from. See Haemorrhage frºm tnternal organs.
Pains in. See Flatulence, Flatulent cº and Bowels,
Spasmodºc Affections of &
Stomatii is. See Mouth, Ulceration of. o
Sunstroke. Employ Cold Water Affusion and offer
measures advised in Paragraph 386.” “Artificial Re:
spiration, as described in Appendix A, is worth a trial
where the insensibility is deep and prolonged.
Syphilis. On the first appeatance of a chancre or
ulcer op the penis, sprinkle its surface with a little
very finely powdered Sulphate of Iron, and this having
been removed, dress subsequently with Black Wash
(225) till the sore shows signs of healing. As a local
application, Dr. Aitchison advocates Carboliq, Acid.
“No time should be lost,’ he remarks, ‘in obtaining
medical aid when an ulcer on the penis has formed.
But when it is impossible to get" such aid, touch the
sore with pure Carbolic Atid, taking care that the
healthy parts are not touched with it. Apply Sweet
º
Oil to the parts after burning the ulcer; and then dress
"it as you would any healthy Wilcer until the slough
caused by the acid falls off.” Mercury (if at hand)
should be given so as to induce slight Soreness of the
gums.f çountry Sarsaparilla (?63), Hydrocotyle
--- + To effect this, give oae grain of Calomel, with a quarter
or half a grain of Opiuſh, night and morning, and should the
gums at the end of a week not be affected, the dose of Calomel
º O O O
---
*...*

to
0
240 INDEX OF DISEASES.
O
(169), and Mudar (242), are better suited for the more
advanced stages of the disease, or when it becomes
&onstitutionaf. Thé use of the ‘Country Sarsaparilla,
however, may will be conjoined with the mercurial
treatment frºm the very commencement. N.B., Avoid
all the crudl preparations of Mercury in use by the
native doctors, or sold in the bazaars; they are likely
tado incalculable mischief. O).
- -Q
G Tetanus (Dockjaw). Try Datura (131). The treat-
ment of Tetanus by smoking GUNJAH (INDIAN HEMP),
introduced by Assistant-Surgeon A. C. Khastagir
(Indian Med. Gazette.Aug. 1878), promises to super-
sede all others in India if it were only from the fact
that the remedy is procurable at a trifling ‘cost in
every bazaar throughout the country, and that its
application is simple in the extreme. A pipe, hookah,
or Indian hubole-bubble, charged with about 15 grains
O
may be doubled. Sorenºss of the gums, with a peculiar (mer-
curial) fetor of the bréath and metallic taste in the mouth,
may be taken as an indication that the remedy has been carried
to the required extent, and othis condition it is desirable to
maintain until the sore heals or the symptoms subside; this
may occupy four or five weeks. No good, but rather great
harm, will result from carrying the use of mercury beyond this
point. Should it cause much increased flow of saliva (which is a
very undesirable), use the remedies advised for Salivation, or
if during a course of mercury, the sore, instead of improving,"
becomes worse, it should at once be discontinued. Stimulants
and all kinds of excitement, as well as exposure to atmospherical
changes, especially wet, should be avoided during its use; in
fact, this treatment requires the greatest care throughout, and
should, if possible, be never undertaken except under proper
medical Supervision.
-
* *



J.
ºt
P INDEX OF DISEASES. 241.
of dried Gunjah leaves, alone or mixed with twite as
much tobacco leaves, is to be kept in readiness, and •
immediately on the findication oft spasm coming ºn it.

is to be lighted and handed to thopatient with direc-
tions foesmoke. By the time this is finished, or even

before, the spasm relaxes, the eyes dose, and the
patient faşls into a kind of slumber. The pipe is
again charged, and kept in readiness for the apprºach

of the next spasm, when the process is repeated with º
similar results. In this way the drug is administered
day and night uninterruptedly, during which the irri-
tation of the nervous system slowly but steadily yields
to its influence. Mr. K. details five cases successfully
treated in this manner. No auxiliary medicine, be-
yond an occasional, purgative if required; no solid food
allowed ; milk and soup the only nutriments. This
treatment is further advocated by Dr. J. C. Lucas, of
the Bombay Medical Service (Med. Times and Gaz.,
Feb. 21, 1880). The advantagº which he claims for
it are—(1) the spasms are cut short; (2) they reappear
gradually at longer and longer" intervals; (3) they
gradually become not only less frequent, but less
severe; this (4) saves the patient's vital powers, and
thus, by prolonging life and preventing death, life,
which would otherwise have fluccumbed, may event-

ually be saved. He places the dose at from eight to
thirty grains, commencing with the smaller dose, and
- . - - - - -
gradually increasing it as tolerance is established.
He insists,"properly, on, "the vast importance of quiet,
perfect quiet, in a pure air (without too much breeze
** Or draught), and he directs that the patient should on
º O O º
R
-
º

D
- (0.
O - - º
242 INDEX OF DISEASES. O º
no account be disturbed to take his food or for any
other reasqn, for which opportunity is to be taken
when the patient awakes of his own accord, or from
the recurrence of Spasm. In the case of very young
children, this mode of treatment cannot, of cqurse, be
carried out, but in all others it seems well worthy of .
a fair trial. {} o
• ‘Fºroat, Dry and irritable states of, giving rise to
corgh, inhale the Vapour of Hot Decoction of Abel-
moschus (3), or cof Hot Water (390). In Inflamma-
tory states of, without Ulceration, use the same inhala-
tions, and allow a piece of Nitre to dissolve in the '
mouth (266). Relaweł or Ulcerated Sore Throat. Use
gargles of Alum (29), Capsicum (78), Moringa (238),
Black Pepper (300), or Pomegranate Rind (313). Ca-
techu (89), Ginger (158), and Omum Seeds (316), used
in substance, prove useful in some cases, as do inhala-
tions of the vapour of Hot Winegar (377), or simple
Hot Water (390), . -
©
C Tic Douloureuw." See Face Ache and Neuralgia.
O
Tongue, Fissures or Cracks of, in the advanced stages •
of Fever, &c. Use Borax (55), or Alum (29).
Toothache sometimes yields to Opium (292*) or
Catechu (89) locally applied, with or without Ginger
(157), or Mustard PQultices externally. Extraction is
the only certain citre in the majority of cases.
Tumours, Painful. Apply Datura in one of the
forms advised in Paragraph 130, and give Opium (283) ;
º O g º


*/
o
º 2 INDEX OF DISEASES. 243
or Tincture of Datura (128) at night to procure sleep.
* A Tobacco leaf may often be advantageºusly substi--
tuted for Datura” " o º • * , ,
Ulcers may be successfully treated by the local ap-
plication of solution of Sulphate of Copper (114*),
• Ceromel (167*), “Oil dressing’ (338), Water dressing't
(394), and Rice Poultices (322), varied according to
circumstances; if "attended with ſºlid discharge-ºnar-,
coal Poultices (91); if with much dissºurge, Categbu
Ointment or Lotion (90) and Myrobalans Ointment
(257). To destroy Maggots on surface of, Butea. Seeds
(65). Sloughing, Gangrenous, or Ill-conditioned Ulcers
require Alum Ointment (31), "Borax (59), Camphor
(75), Nîm Poultices (261), Oil of Country Nutmeg
(274), Petroleum (416), Toddy Poultices (355*), Tur-
pentine Ointment (367), Resin Ointment (372), or
Sugar (410). ‘Irrigation’ (395) is most useful in re-
moving the slough, and stimulating to healthy action,
If the pain and irritation are so great as to prevent
sleep, Opium (283), or Tincture ºf Datura (128). To
excessive Granulations (; Prºud flesh”), apply Sulphate
y of Copper (114). In all cases Country Sarsaparilla
(163), Hydrocotyle (170) or Mudar (242) may ad-
vantageously be given internally; “and for Ulcers
occurring in Scrofulous subjects, Fish Liver Oil (137,
138) proves most useful. w

}


t Dr. Aitchison states that for years he has discarded Water
dressing ine any form to ulcers, but has substituted for
cleansing and dressing them a mixture of one part of Car-
bolic Acid and ten of Sweet Oil. He pronounces this a far
ºr more effectual mode of treatment.
o
º O O a

(9
t) -
244 INDEX OF DISEASES. º **
Örine, to relieve pain and scalding on passing. Nitre .
‘(269), with. Rice Conjee (322), Decoction of Abelmos. "
chus (2), or of Isphagúl Seeds (305), and the Hip Bath
(392) generally afford relief. For Retention of Urine,
Opium (287°) and a Hip Bath (392), with Hºt Water
Fomentations Oto the pubes, often succeed in recent
cases; if these fail, no time should be lost in placing
the patient under medical care. U.
a. -º- º
“Uterus, Płºſul Affections of Camphor (73),
Opium (289°), Datura Poultices (130), and Hip Bath
(392), either alone or conjointly, are calculated to
afford relief. Chronic caffections of Borax and Cinna-
mon (58). For Prolapsus or Descent of, use vaginal
injections of Decoction of Galls (147), or of Babúl
Bark (9), holding Alum (25*) in solution. Bleeding
from, See Hºmorrhage, and Menstrual Discharge,
Excessive. -
Vaginal Dischargi. Cubebs (125) and Gurjun
Balsam (160) interſhally, and vaginal injections of
Lime Water (224), Alum (80), and Decoctions of Babúl
Bark (9), Galls (149), or Pomegranate Rind (313) are
indicated. [Employ at first simply cold or warm water
injections, regulating the temperature according to the
feelings of the patient; if these do not benefit, try .
Solution of Sugar (one part), Water (four parts). Add
Alum or other astringents, if necessary, but do not
commence with them until a fair trial has been given
to the simpler means—Aitchison.] For the Waginal
discharges of young children, the local application of ,


g º º St.
*/
o
INDEX OF DISEASES. 245
Lime Wattr (224), with Fish Liver Oil (138) internally.
- o
offer the best chance of success. & O
o e º * *
Vaginal Irritation is often removed, like a charm,
by the application to the parts of a very weak so?ution
of Cárbolic Acid (one to 40, of Sweet Oil), if used
stronger it, is apt to cause great pain (Aitchison).
Voice, Loss of Catechu (89); or any of the ºther
º 2.
measures directed for Hoarseness. . . .
- © . º
Vomiting. Amongst the remedies to allay this, are
Infusion of Cloves (105), Infusion of Ginger (155),
Lemon Grass Oil (216”), and Omum Water (318),
with or without the addition of a little Opium (290).
Apply’ Mustard Boultices (251), or Turpentine Stupes
(362). In obstinate cases try Leeches (213). Lime
Water (223*), though especially adapted for Vomiting
'arising from Acidity of the Stomach, is "well worthy of a
trial in all obstinate cases, especially in the Womiting .
of Infants and young children: It is best given in
milk, Vomiting in Fevers. Hat Water (385).
Warts seldom resist the persevering application for
a week or two of Sulphate of Copper (108); a piece
of it moistened should be rubbed lightly over the wart,
avoiding the surrounding skin. It may be applied
once every day, or every other day.
Wasps, Stings of See Bites, Venomous.
Water" on the Brain: See Hydrocephalus.
Q
, Water-brash (Pºrosis). Butea Gum (62), and Lime
º, Water (223) may often be used with advantage.
º
O O D
º
ſº
D

tº w
º
º
246 INDEX OF DISEASES.
c
Whites, See Leucorrhoea, and Vaginal Dächarges.
C)
6. º:
* Womb, Affections of See Uterºus,' Affections of
Worms. For Tºenia, or Tape Worm, give Kamala.
(189), Pomegranate Root Bark (314), or Tuſpentine
(365). When Öne fails ańother will often succeed. For
Lumbriºus or Common Round Worm, try Būtea Seeds
.(64%.Vernonia Seeds (37.3b) or Papaw Juice (295).f
For Ascarides; or Thread Worm, use enemas of Lime
Water (227), Assafotida (36), or Turpentine (365).
Wounds, Ulcerated. See Ulcers. Bleeding from. See
Haemorrhage. º



+ The best remedy in these cases is SANTONIN, and cºnsider-
ing the great prevalence of these worms amongst the people of
India, and the many anomalous nervous, and other affections
to which they give rise, it is advisable always to have on hand
a supply of this drug. The dose for children under four years
is from two to four grains; above twelve years from six to
eight grains, rubbed up with about twice its weight of sugar,
repeated every six or eighi, hours thrice in succession. A good
plan is to give the Santºnin at bed-time, and a small dose of
Castor Oil in the morning, three days in succession. In many
cases, it has been stated, no ãperient is needed, one or two
stools succeeding its administration containing the worms, if
any are present; still it is safer to follow up its use by an
aperient. It is of little or no use in Tape Worm; and in
Thread Worm, though it will aid, often strikingly, in removing
the worms, it will not prevent their reappearance. For Round
Worm it is by far the most effectual remedy we possess.
o
9.
- *
-

o 247
APPENDIX •A.
º
ſº
DIRECTIONS FOR RESTORING THE APPARENTLY DEAD FROM
o DROWNING. & o
(Reprinted by permission from the Directions issued by fºLoyal
Humane Society.) º
e
* > ."
As soon as the body is taken out-of the water, ty it.
on the ground, wipe it dry, and let the wind blow freely
upon the surface. With this view, on no account let
people crowd round the body."
The points to aimed at are—first, and immediate-
ly, the RESTORATION OF BREATHING; and secondly,
after breathing is restored, the PROMOTION OF WARMTH
AND CIRCULATION. -- ©
o

Treatment to Restore Natural Breathing.
RULE 1.--To maintain a Fite Entrance of Air into
the Windpipe.—Cleanse the mouth and nostrils;f open
the mouth ; draw forward the patient's tongue, and
keep it forward; an elastic band over the tongue and
under the chin will answer this purpose. Remove all
tight clothing from about the neck and chest.

+ A good plan is to turn the body gently over for a few
minutes with the face to the ground, some of the hands being
"placed untier the forehead. By this means, the water will run
out of the mouth, and the tongue will fall forward, leaving the
breathing opening free. On no account should the body be
º, held up by the feet, as has been advised by some old writers.
º
g
(' V
248 APPENDIX A. - g
RULE 2.--To adjust the Patient's Position.—Place
the patient on his back on a flat surface, inclined a little
froin whe feet upwards; raise and "support the head
and shoulders on a small firm cushion or folded article
of dress placed under the shoulder blades. * .
RULE 3.—To imitate the Movements of Breathing.—
Grasp the patient's ałms just above the elbews; and
draw ſhe arms gently and steadily upwards, till they
meet above the head (this is for the purpose of draw-
ing air into the lungs), and keep the arms in that
position for two seconds. Then turn down the patient's
arms, and press them gently and firmly for two seconds
against the sides of the chest. See Engravings I. and II.
(This is with the object of pressing air out of the lungs.
Pressure on the breast-bone will aid this.)
Repeat these measures alternately, deliberately,
and perseveringly, fifteen times in a minute, until a
spontaneous effort to respiré is perceived, immediately
upon which, cease to imitate the movements of breath-
ing, and proceed to IND'UCE CIRCULATION AND WARMTH
(as below). e
Should a warm bath be produrable, the body may
be placed in it up to the neck, continuing to imitate
the movements of breathing. Raise the body in
twenty seconds in a sitting position, and dash cold
water against the chest and face, and pass ammonia
under the nose. The patient should not be kept in
the warm bath longer than five or six minutes.
RULE 4.—To excite Inspiration.—During 'the em-
ployment of the above method excite the nostrils with
snuff or smelling salts, or tickle the throat with a
. . c 4.
r:

\

e APPENDIX A. - 249
1,
d e &
• 3 e º * *
- Rºss .* a - *Rs - º
*sº § º 20// % A/.../ - --> * §
- – * º º 'ſ
- *=º º Z/ ºl | -
* || || Tº
%iº w
==
=
===
o
II.-ExPIRATION. •
o
º
TO illustrate the position of the Body during the employment of
º, - this Method of Inducing Respiration.
*.*
º O P - -










- - N.
o -
250 APPENDIX A. 2.
feathêr. Rub the chest and face briskly, "and dash
'cold and how water alternately on them.
* * g c
-
Ç
Treatment after Natural Breathing has been
Restored.
RULE 5.—To induce Circulation and Warmth.--
Wrap the patient if dry blankets add commence rub-
bing the limbs upwards, firmly and energetically. The
friction must be continued under the blankets or over
the dry clothing.
Promote the warmth of the body by the applica-
tion of hot flannels, bottles or bladders of hot water,
heated bricks, &c., to the pit of the stomach, the
armpits, between the thighs, and to the soles of the
feet. Warm clothing may generally be obtained from
bystanders. Ol
On the restoration of life, when the power of
swallowing has returned, a teaspooonful of warm water,
and subsequently small quantities of wine, warm
brandy and water, or coffee, shºuld be given. The
patient should be kept in bed, and a disposition to
sleep encouraged. During reaction large mustard
plasters to the “chest and below the shoulders will
greatly relieve the dissessed breathing. Great care
is requisite to maintain the restored vital actions, and
at the same time to prevent undue excitement.
The above treatment is to be persevered in for
three or four hours, or until the pulse and breathing
have ceased for at least one hour. * It is an errongous
opinion that persons are irrecoverable because life - &
} - ... • c c º



*/
O -
APPENDIX A. 25T
e O
º -
does not soon make its appearance; as cases are on. •
record of a successful result even after five •hours”
- ©
perseverance in the use of the above means. º
w O
©
O
APPEARANCEs which GENERALLY INDICATE DEATH.
There is no breathing or heaft's action; ºthe eye-
lids are generally-half closed; the pupils dilated; the
jaws clenched; the fingers semi ..contract&d. ; the '
tongue appearing between the teeth, and the mºuth
and nostrils are covered with a frothy mucus. Cold-
ness and pallor of surface increase.

Q. APPENDIX B. t
C &
suMMARY OF TREATMENT of PERSONs BITTEN By
VENOMOUs SNARES.”
• 6 s. º Ço
•. As soon as possible after a person is bitten by a
snake, apply a ligature, made of a piece of cord, round
the limb or part at about two or three inches above
the bite. -
Introduce a piece of stick or other lever between
the cord and the part, and by twisting tighten the
ligature to the utmost (See Stick Tourniquet, p. 215).
Apply other two or three ligatures above the first
one at intervals pf four or six inches, and tighten them
also. After the ligature has been applied, scarify by
cutting across the pun:ture to the depth of a quarter
of an inch with a penknife or other similar cutting
instrument, and let the wounds.blºed freely; or better
still, excise the punctured part.
Apply either a hot iron or live coal to the bottom
of these wounds as quickly as possible, or some car-
bolic or nitric acid. e
If the bite be not on a finger or toe or part where
a ligature can be applied, raise up the integument
with the finger and thumb, and with a sharp penknife


+ Reprinted by permission from Siſ Joseph Fayrer's splendid
work, The Thanatophidia of India. Folio. London, Churghill,
1874.

º APPENDIX B. 253
cut out a gircular piece as big as a finger nail sound
each puncture, i.e. round the points of the finger and,
thumb, to the deptlt of quarter to half an inch. Then,
apply the hot coal or hot iron to ...the very bottom of
the wounds. O
Give fifteen drops of Liquor Ammoniae, diluted with
an ounce of water, immediately,”and repeat sit every
quarter of an hour for three or four doses, or loyger,
if symptoms of poisoning appear. * 0 - -49 ** . .
Or give hot brandy, or rum, or whisky, or d?her
spirit, with an equal quantity of water, about an ounce
of each (for an adult) at the same intervals.
Should no symptoms of pºisoning appear in half
an hour after the application of the ligatures they
should be relaxed, or the part will perish from gan-
grene; if they should however appear, the ligatures
should not be relaxed until the person be recovering
from the poison, or until the ligatured part be cold 2
and livid. 3. ~
| Suction of the wounds is #kely to be beneficial,
but as it may be dangerous to the operator, it cannot . .
be recommended as 'a duty: -
If, notwithstanding, symptoms of poisoning set in,
and increase, if the patient become faint or depressed,
unconscious, nauseated or sick, apply Mustard Poul-
tices, or Liquor Ammoniae on a cloth, over the stomach
and heart; continue the stimulants, and keep the
patient warm, but do not shut him up in a hot stifling
room or "small native ‘hut—rather leave him in the
fresh air than do this.”
To nét make him walk about if weary or depressed,
O

º d *s º
C
| .
t" t *
254 APPENDIX B. º
rouse, him with stimulants, mustard poyltices, or
ammonia, but let him rest.
• If the person be first seen some time after the bite
has been inflicted, and symptoms of poisoning are
present, the same measures are to be resorted to.
They are less likely to be successful, but nothing else
can be done. C :* o
In many cases the prostration is due to fear; the
bite may have beer that of a harmless or exhausted
snake, and persons thus bitten, will rapidly recover
under the use of the above measures. If poisoned,
but, as is frequently the case, not fatally, these mea-
sures are the most expedient ; if severely poisoned, no
others are likely to be more efficacious.
People should be warned against incantations,
popular antidotes, and loss of time in seeking for
aid.
Q To the abové remarks, Sir J. Fayrer adds:–“The
O
c measures suggested are no doubt severe, and not such
as under other circumstances should be entrusted to
non-professional persons. But the alternative is so
dreadful that even at the risk of unskilful treatment,
it is better that the patient should have this chance
of recovery.”
--
- W
o
- º | "a
O APPENDIX B. 255
e -
e 9
- o
PRECAUTIONS To..BE, OBSERVED By PERSONs RESIDNG IN
-
SNAKE-INFESTED LOCALITIES.
Q
Th; prevention is better than cure is admitted on
all hands: hence those persons whose lot is cast in
snake-infested localities will do well to lay to heart the
following passage, from the official ‘Report on Indian

and Australian Snake-poisoning,' by Drs. J oseph Ewart,"
Vincent Richards, and S. Coull Mackenzie (Calcutta,
1874). o: -
The poisonous snakes of India, as a general rule,
‘are, until provoked, perfectly inoffensive to all animals
not required by them as food. They seldom assume
the aggressive until they are rudely and accidentally
disturbed. Thus a Native sleeping on the ground
rolls over a venomous snake, or whilst walking in the
jungle, or long grass, or in the dark, treads upºn some
part of a snake's body. In either case the snake bites
if he can. It is in this way that a large proportion of
snake accidents happen. o -
“A large number of lives would be saved annually
if the Native population could be prevailed upon to
sleep on charpoys, and if they got into the habit of
never stepping from their beds at night without first
seeing, by means of a light, that the ground below is clear,
and free from snakes. Much of the immunity which
Europeans and educated Natives, enjoy from snake-
bite is due to their using these very necessary pre-
cautions, especially during the rainy season, and in the
mofussil by their never walking abroad at night without

º (2 **
O ,
O
o 9

! t
6 ſ
t" | º
256 APPENDIX B. Q.
a light. There is scarcely a European of experience in
‘the mofussil who cannot recount examples of lives
‘(oftef their own) havfng been saved by means of these
simple precautions.# ſ
To the above judicious advice (the most impºrtant
points of which I have “italicised) may be added the
following excellent practical precautions, communicated
t to ºmº by friends whose Indian experience gives great
weight to their suggestions. -
1. Snakes meyer voluntarily traverse rough or
broken ground : it is therefore advisable in snake-
infested localities to surround your dwelling with a
cordon or belt of broken bricks or kumkur—a breadth
of three or four feet is quite sufficient for the purpose.
Dr. Worman Chevers. o -
2. Be careful, especially during the wet season, to
keep the verandahs, &c., free from frogs: a frog is a
temptation which a snake has little or no power to
resist. Dr. Norman ſhevers. The same remark is
equally applicable to ‘rats. -
3. In the cold season, if you see a snake coiled up
or in an apparently lifeless"state in an open well-fre-
quented road or pathway, be careful how you approach
him. Should you handle, or disturb him roughly, he


will in all probability reuse up and bite you. He is
only torpid from cold, not dead. - Dr. Worman Chevers.
4. Have a piece of perforated zinc or tin fitted
to the opening made for the purpose of carrying
off the water out of the bath-room, if it be on the
ground-floor. A similar piece should be added to
the bottom of the bath-room door should it not (as

º
," º o

o
K-
º APPENDIX B. 257
it rarely does) reach the ground beneath. Mr. Arthur
J. Waring. - º ºt º
5. Discard vegetation, especially'thick straggling
shrubs.Vike the Rangoon Creeper, close to your house.
They age very apt to harbour snakes. -
6. Important as are the above ‘ Precautions,’ they
are comparatively-of small moment compared with
the destructions-extermination if possible=-of "the
snakes themselves. And this cañ only be efficiently
carried out under Governments supervision. That
this is the only mode of effectually grappling with this
gigantic evil, under which thousands of lives are
annually sacrificed, f is forcibly set forth by Sir Joseph
Fayrer, in two able papers in Wature, Dec. 28th, 1882,
and Jan. 18th, 1883. Most earnestly is it to be hoped
that Government, agreeably to his suggestion, will
lose no time in establishing a department, with a
responsible chief and subordinate agents, undºr whom
a system of organized, deterºined, and sustained
efforts for the destruction of the Snakes shall be
adopted and carried out. It” would be a public
boon if Sir Joseph's "two papers were reprinted in
pamphlet form and circulated throughout the length
and breadth of India. º
ºn the meanwhile zealous individual effort should
be brought to bear in the same direction. To this
end money rewards (heading the list with eight annas
for a Cobra) should be freely offered to the Natives for
every dead poisonous "snake brought in, but for
--- ->


+. The numbers are 19,000 in 1880, and 18,610 in 1881,
besides 4588 cattle in the two years.
Q - S
(tº o


258 - APPENDIX B. O
poison%us ones alone. Of these there are life-like
Čoloured plates in Fayrer's Thanatophidia of India,
and ifi Ewart's Poisonºus Snakes of India, one or other
of which works is to be found in almost every large
station, and which it is highly desirable for every
one to make himself aſcquainted with. One other
point remains to be noticed, namoºy, the necessity of
carefilly impounding every such dead snake brought
in and paid for; otherwise it is likely to do duty a
few hours later, or, even next day, or it may be made
the means of extracting further “bucksheesh' from one
or more of the neighbouring ‘Sáhib-lóg l’


ºl
O 259 **
\ - º © 2
, * APPENDIX C. *
List ºf article? required for garrying out the direc-
tions contained ºn this work –". ... * * ,
A set of Apothecaries' Scales and Weights (with
an extra set of Weights). " wº-
| Wedgwood Pestle and Mortar (medium size). t
2 Measure Glasses (up to 6 ounces).
2 Minim Glasses. -
l, Imperial Pint (20 ounces) Pewter Measure. *
2 Glass Male' (Urethral) Syringes. -
2 Pewter ditto.
2 Glass Female (Vaginal)"Syringes. -
1 Metallic ditto ditto (large)." -
1 Enema Apparatus, fitted with metallic tubes, &c."
1 Clinical Thermometer, with plate and some hints , \
regarding its use. -
2 Earthenware Slabs for mixing Ointments, Pills, &c.
3 Spatulas of varying length.
1 Nest of Wedgwood or Tin Fuñnels.
1 Nutmeg Grater. 0
2 Lancets in a case.
1 Sponge. º
3 Yards of best Diachylon or Sticking Plaster (in
tin case), , ,
--
o
** These with Indian-rubber or Caoutchouc flexible tubes
, are to be avoided, as they readily spoil in hot climates,
- - (w o 0. - o
o, -
O - º


!,
S. 260 APPENDIX C.
(~
&
.. 2 Yards of Lint.
* | º § { q
. . ſ (? "
Q.
º a
. . Small Actual Cautery Iron. | For snake-bites, ad-
1 Sharp Penknife or Scalpel. ) vised by Sir J. Fayrer.
6 Pºeces of Whipóord. - ſ See Appendix 'B.
e
(o
O -
e MºDICINES. , 0.
. Suſphete of Quinjie, 2 ounces. *
* Pewdered Ipecacuanha, 8 ...
Calopnel, . • * 4 ,
Biniodide of Mercury, 4 , o
Santonin, 4 ,
Bromide of Potassium, 4 ,
*Acetate of Lead, 8 ,, º
Opium (in 1 grain pills), No. 200"
, in Laudanum, 8 ounces.
Blistering Fluid.
(Liquºr Epispasticus, Brit. Ph.)
Liquor Ammoniae, &ounces.
Carbolic Acid, 2 pints.

} 4 ounces.
N.B.-These should be kept in well glass-stoppered
or well-corked bottles, and protected, as far as possible,
from the action of light and heat.
© *
PAGE
Abelmoschus esculentifs . 9
Abrus precatorius 10
Acacia Arabica • 12
,, Catechu .40
Aconitum heterophyllum. 24
Acorus Calamus . 13
, AEgle Marmelos . 25
Affusion, Water 159–60
Ajwain Seeds . 128
Aloe Indicº (n) 15
, litoralis (n) . . . 15
, , , Socotrina 14
Aloes 14
Alum - 17
,, Poultice . 18
,, . Whey 18
Ām-chur 235
Ammonia, Hydrochlorate of 133
Ammonium, Chloride of . 133
Anamirta Cocculus . 47
Andrographis paniculata. 81
Andropogon, Sp. of . 88
"'Anethum Sowa, 59
Arrack 147
Arrowroot 176
Assafoetida - 22
Asteracantha longifolia 23
Atis or Atees 24
Azadirachta Indica . 103
Babtil Bark ;
Bael Fruit 2
,, Dietetic • *26
Banana Tree . ... • 125
rºanan's, Driºd 235
Bºsleria longifolia 23
º O
- º
*INDEX OF ARTICLES.
º
2. 2 º
º º o w
1.
º t
- AGE
Beef Tea. • ** 9 *|†,
Bengal King 9 - . 31
Betel or Betlé Leaves .** 27
Blisteriñg Liquid, B.Ph. (m) 144
Blisters, Remarks on 144
Blue Stone . 48
Bonduc Nut . * . 28
Borax . - 29
Brandy Mixture 178
Butea frondosa 31
,, Gum 31
,, Seeds 32
Caesalpinia Bonducella 28
Calotropis gigantea. 96
3 * procera 96
Camnh.or. - - . 33
* Water or Julep . 34
,, . Liniment . . . 34
,, . Vapour Bath .. 34
o Capsicum fastigiatum 37
* x Fruit of 37
Canara, Vegetable Tallow of 154
Canarium striqium (m) 153
Carbolic A&id in Burns 190
, , in Leprosy. 222
* * in Small Pox 237
} % in Syphilis. 239
3 * in Ulcers 243
Caricº Papaya . 118
Carum Ajowan - , 128
Caryophyllus aromaticus. 46
Cassia alata 38
,, lanceolata 137
Castor Oil - . 39
* * Plant, Leaves of 40
º O


-
º - -
t -
262
& PAGE
8. - - - . 40
eroméº . º - . 73
*Chârcºal . . " . , 42
55 Poultice . . 43
Chauligigra, Seeds and Oil 43
Chavică Betle . - . 27
Chicken Broth. . . . 175
Chiretta . - . . .44
Cinchona Febrifuge. `. 167
Cinnamon - - . 45
*, * Country . .". 46
tº - -
Cinnamomum iners, . 46
• * , Zeylºnicum 46
Citrus Rorgamia . * *. 93
Cloves . - - . 46
Cocculus Indicus . , 47
Conjee Water . - . 131
Cookery for the Sick . c. 75
Copper, Sulphate of . 48
Contry Ipecacuanha . 152
5 x Nutmegs . , 109
,, . Sarsaparilla , 7 |
Creyat . - - , 81
Croton Tiglium - . 51
7 5 Seeds . •. ... 51
,, ON . - . 52
Cubeba officinalis •e 33
Cubebs .* 53
Curcuma longa , 147
Dammar, White . . 153
25 Black (m). . 153.
Darjeeling Cinchona Alka-
loid . • * - . 167
Datura alba . * , 54
,, fastuosa e 54
,, Poultice - , 57
, Epithem . . 57
,, Liniment . , 57
Dill Seeds - - .* 59
,, Water - . * , 60
Dipterocarpus laevis . 69
Drowning, Treatment of , 247
Egg Wine - - . 179
Evaporating Lotion. . 157
t"
INDEX OF ARTICLES.
t
| a (t
!,
i
º º EAGE
Feronia Elephantum (n), 25,
Fish-liver Oil . - . 60
Fomehtations, Hot Water 163
2
Galls . . . . 65
Garcinia purpurea e. , 82
Ginger . - . * , 67
Guilandina Bonducella . 28
Gulaytha • * , . 145
3 y Extract of . 146
Gunjah fºr Tetanus. 240–1
Gurjun Balsam , 69
Gynocardia odorata. . 43
Hemidesmus Indicus . 71
Henna Shrub . , t , 83
Hibiscus esculentus - 9.
Honey . - - . 72 N
Horse-radish Tree . . 95
Hydnocarpus inebrians (m) 43
Hydrocqtyle Asiatica . 73
Indian Hemp in Tetanus 240–1
,, Sarsaparilla. . 71
, Spikenard
,, Liquorice
Ipecacuanha, Country
35 in Dysentery 203
Iron, Sulphate of -
Irrigation -
Ispaghūl Seed.
Jasminum Sambac . 226 '',
Jatamansi - - . 78
Jatropha Curcas . . . 122
Jelly, Strengthening 175
Jinjili Oil - - , 138.
Kala-dana - - ... 79 -
Kamala or Kaméla . - º
àriyat . - - -
#. Oil , " . , 169
Kiifo, Bengal . - , 31
Kokuſhm Butter. - . 82
º º
- *
| Laudanum . - ºl,0
• \s."

Q.
º O - OF ARTICLES. 263
- -
Q º PAGE J PAGE
Lawsonia alba. 83 Oil, Sesamum . . 138
* Leeches . . . . 83 ,, Til . . . . o. 138
Lemon-grass Oil . * tº 88 ,, Turpentine . a 1482
Lemonade - , 93 ,, Turtle (m). 61
Lime . * . • Q. 89 , Wood º' . - , 69
º, Linimént 92 ſ Okra . . . .”. 9
,, Sacchārated 90 Omum Seeds . . . . 128
,, Water . 89 9, Oil - 130
Limes *, - "y 93 ,, Owater . • Q 129
,, Juice of . - .* 93 Ophelia Chirata 44
Liquorice Root, Coun'y. 10 | Opium 2, . - ... O 2109
,, Rules for administering 112.
Mace . - - 108 O. O. Coo
Mallotus Phillippiensis 80 | Papave. Somniferum ... 109
Mangoes, Dried 235 | Papaw Tree . 118
Margosa Tree. 103 | Pedalium Murex 120
Meat Juice, Raw 175 Pepper, Black. 121
* Moringa pterygosperma . 95 || Petroleum - 172
Mudar . - - 96 || Pharbitis Nil . - . 79
Musa sapientum 125 Phyllanthus Emblica (n). 101
Mustard . - . 98 || Physic Nut Plant J22
,, Poultices . . . 99 || Piney Resin 153
Mutton Broth . 175 ,, Tallow . 154
Mylabris Cichorii 143 || Piper Betle 27
Myrobalans, Chebulic 101 , nigrum . 121.
3 * Emblic (n) 101 || Pish-pash, Puss-pass 0 177
Myristica officinalis. 108 || Plantago Ispaghula 123
27 Malabarica 109 || Plancain, the . 125
Plumbago rosea 126
Nardostachys Jatamansi. 78 || Pomegranate Tree . 127
Ním Tree - 103 5 * Rind . . 127
Nitre 105 3 * Root-bark . 128
... , Paper 107 | Potash, Nitrate of 105
"Nutmegs 108 || Proof Spirit 147
,, Country 109 | Pterocarp"s Märsupium (n) 31
C. … Ptychotis Ajowan 128
Oil, Castor 39 | Punica Granatum 127
* , Chaulmügra 45
, , Croton 52 | Quinine in Fevers (m) 209–211
* ,, Fish-liver . 60 ,, 5 in Neuralgia (m). 227
,, Jinjili 138 | Quinetum 168
, Lemon-grass 88
,, Nutmeg, Indian 109 || Raw Meat Juice 175
,, Omum - 3 130 | Rice 131
ºf '' Rock p. 172 ,, Flour 132
* , Sandal-wood 137 ,, Milk 176
. o - °) -
ty -
o º º - º W. --

º o
O
1'. , W’ |
264 INDEX OF ARTICLES. Q-
- PAGE 0.
c Rice Poultice . . 132 Telini Fly . * .
Ricinus communis . 39–40 | Terminalia Chebula
..Ringwºrm Shrtib c & .38 || Til Oil ". . . .
Rock Oil. - . 172 | Tinospora cordifolia
,, Salt . . . . . 174 || Toddy ... . .”.
- º º Q , Pottice i.
Sago - - - . 177 || Tourniquet, Stick ". .
Sal Ammoniac * . 133 Turmeric
śir a 105 Tºyº Oil 3.
Sambac Flowers . 226 Enéhma.
Sandal-wood Oil •. 137 º, e Liniment
Santalum album . . 137 3 * Ointment
Sântºnin . Q1 .0 . 246 5 y Stupes
y Sarāparilla, Country .. 71 | Turtle Oil . . .
Sat-giló &Iind.) . . . 146 | Tylophora asthmatica -
Senna - . . . 137 -
Sesamum Indicum . 138 || Vapour Bath . ... • º
7 5 Oil . 138 || Wateria Indica. . ."
Sinapis juncea . *98 || Vernonia anthelmintica. . .
Sison Cordial (m) . 129 || Winegar º
Snºke Bites, Treatment of 252 -
5 y Prevention of 255 || Water • . . . .
T- Soda, Biborate of 29 ,, Affusion 159,
Spikenard, Indian . 78 ,, Fomentations . 1
Strengthening Jelly- 179 ,, ‘Irrigation' lſº
v Sugar . . - 170 ,, Dressing 1.
... Suiphate if Copper. 48 wax - lº
, , ,, Iron , o 75 ,, Ointment 1".
Sulphur . , ſº 140 | Wet Sheet, the T
,, Ointment c 140 | White Wine Whey . 1.
% o Sweet Flag Root 13 e Wine, Egg 1.
* Whey - ... 1
Tallow, Vegetable 154 || Wood Apple (n) •
,, . Piney . 154 || Wood Oil - . . .
Tamarinds . t . 142
Tamarindus Indicus * 142 Zingiber officinalis . p
t
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